Download the Mungret College Annual 1912 - Mungret College Past ...

IIN,IAITURAQUILA—

f MLO'MAHONY & Co.SUTOL BOOTSI:iI20 GEORGE ST.,LIMERICK,Booksellers, Stationers, Fancy goods Merchants,129FOR MEN.PR I f12 ,1 9Picture Frame Makers, Dealers in Religious Pictures,Rosary Beads, Scapulars, Crucifixes, Holy Water Fonts, &c.4wSchool Stationery of all kinds, Pens, Ink, Gum, Sealing Wax, ExerciseBooks, Drawing Books, School Books.ii i:i: I -I a •. PallI . ".II;Ls11rt. thsit lit i,..ls the *;Lrrr ti iIiiiI, t,I'..r Siri..... t[if vith tttid h•F 1.1THE MARCHEASY BOOT at 14 6 and It,(,Prayer Books, Irish Bog Oak and Connemara Marble Goods.Photo., Post Card, and Scrap Albums, Autograph Albums, StlokybackAlbums.DI. Stamping for Convents and Large institutions free of charge.Fountain and Stylographic Pens. Our 2 16 Cold Nib Fountain Pen isunrivalled.TYLERs LIMERICK BRANCHES:140 (ThOIGE , L1E 1' and 25 WILLIAM STREET( ,,h. F:s'., ( ....... STFIti s.r. Sri l.srr,

A. \l. 4I'. G.A. M. iji Ii (;.P'\UNGF?iT COLLEGE. S.d.,LIMERICK.IV. AGRICULTURALI )cplrtulelit, ivhiii-.t ;tticlihitig fir slit i )tit s it - tN i Liv the liss tit 'itler thit;I t- ii ii ii I oininercial I tepartinents, and thus receiving a solid getieral e(luejtiiii, hear specialImitstr4t Iii -ricultural Science every week from an instructor from the Royal College of Science,I hehihun, and iry trained in the practical work of the farm by the College harm Steward, who has.1ahII at the Albert Agricultural College. I )uhlin.-NUiIciit5 are prepared for the Entrance Examinations to the Albert Agricultural College,•h. Scholarships ill Agriculture of the Royal College of Science. I )uhhiti.The College is beautifully and healthfully situated on an eminence a little to the south ofthe Shannon, and less than three miles of the City of Limerick. A splendid wing and someiither important additions have been erected at the cost ofr,000. Ihire are several spacious,well-lighted, and well ventilated dorrnitorie, lecture halls and class rums also lavatories andbath n 'urns, constructed on the must improved principles. The Natural Scicr,i I iepartment hasa very, large and valuable collection of instrunient. In addition to the play gru 'unds and cricketfields there is all uxicnsive aiiihuluriiiii for exercise and games in wet weather. The College islighted throughout I y elect rici t VThe Jesuit Fathers, who have the niantgeiiient of this ( 'ill-ge, seek, above all things, tooeducate the Pupils in the Principles of the 11 'athioli Religion, and to hahitii,itc tlit'ni to the faithfululiservaiic&' of its precepts A course of relig iu instruction, So ripture, ('hurch History,and Christian I )uitrine, is obligatory on all. Prize,, are offered or p1Ieiv ill it, and no buscan obtain a medal, ne, or distinction in any other iiIijct who tails to quality in religiousknowledge. Special attention is paid to the improveni-tit if iii.tliners and the formation ofcharacter.The Sodalities of the Hlssed Virgin (Przni,z J',vii.z,,z), and of the lIly Angels, areestablished in the College, and it is the earnest wish of the Fathers that the I-- lv their conductmay merit to be enrolled.The Superior will at once resign the charge of any Pupil who seriously violates the rulesof the College, or whose general conduct or neglect of study, is such as to afford no reasonablehope of amendment or progress.To secure thor iughi and effective teaching, the College is divided into four departmentslrepar.itury, l'ri fte.ional. ( ')nuiierial .ini .\gi icultural.I.- PREPARATORY,This I epartnient is intended li b is iii lit eleven years of age. They have their owndormitories, study, and play fields, ili,irwt imill the iii r cr wn h(ivs. A matron looks speciallyafter their wants. Their course tif stitch-s aiiiiS at pr-paring thc'ni for entrance into tine of theother I )epartnients.II. PROFESSIONAL.The special aim if this delcittineict 1, I picimie hus icr the Matriculation ot the NationaUniversity, and the other entrance exalliiii,tii cti to the Protessii,ti,, ----law, Medical, Engineering,Veterinary, &c, The Matriculation course lni always formed a very s1ccial class in the College.The successes gained by Mungret in the examinations of the Royal and National Universitiesplace it as the first ( 'ollegc in I rebind. In this I )epartment, students who are sufficiently advancednii.iv attend lectures iii i gic and \lental and Moral Science.III COMMERCIAL.l,.ctures in Agriculture may be attended by students in the other Departments.Ihere are two vacations in the year, one of ahioiit nine weeks in Summer and one of three• Ii is I 'hristmas, During, these intervals no pupil is allowed to remain iii the College.I'wii months' notice is required b.f ire removing a liiv fn on flw ( lIege during die schooli..'. i Iortnight's notice is sufficient when a boy is withdrawn at Suiiiiiir vacation.To safeguard the health of the boys, a certificate of health, stating that the boy during• mum has not had or associated with one having an infectious disease, must he sent to theItes hr a few days before opening of schools.An experienced Physician visits the College, and there is an Intiririary distinct from thc(lege Building, with a l'raiiid Nurse ill charge.Ik'fore being admitted to the College. a Medical Certificate stating that the applicant is free* luherrulcisis is required.iqihieatioii for adrnmission must he also accompanied by a Testimonial from the last schooliii I a Certificate of Birth from a l'iihlic Registry of Births.Eu -h I'i11i1l will tiring with him at least tivi, suits of clothes, a great-ci iat. six shirts, eight*en of stiickiiigs, eight picket haiidkerihiets, six towels, six serviettes, three pairs of sheets, fourg$Uow cases, three night shirts, three jurs if strong boots, two pairs of house shoes, caps. cricketill outfits, twi, laundry hacs. and a dressing caseP.. IITERMS.fusion is sixteen giiinis h cllveirle ( ice ciii Library, los extr,iMusic -Two guineas half-yearly.liotion by Correspondence with grinding establishments ill Dublin or London fromr.ir lyIfurther particulars apply toTHE RECTOR,Mungret College,LIMERICK.ii cie iii II ci a ( itcicietcial career ,irc trained ins busifless methods, and are NUNUNIT ANNUAL, VOLUMES I, II AND III, IN RED PERSIAN, 6 EACHpre pan d for Bank—,, Railways, 11tC Special care is .,i'. en to English, Commercial -\rithrnetic -dl I I r I 1- lai n i Lu'_:-: iI il!m,i,k keeping &c. As the time for public examinations approaches, 'i special course Of tuition by I 0#' 4A /1 P cop : •f \itNQRi r ANNVAL, IQ.i'.. Or 1904 o k a/i iext to t/€ Editor hi IC accopl€d in frauo Q/fucorrespondence will be arranged with the best grinding establishments in Dublin or London.as-a— -Aftevsisom.

J U N E. 191 2.•• 1)' c -..,,1I•'5 -SAESI'- r'NI(- I: ONt= Sr-iILLINC.- S -IpL.rOF I'F kujION:pamGRET COLLEGE ----- -

CONTENTS.I'rospectus ii iii Sodality Notes . 41. Debates .............. . 43The ilismonil Relellin ( l'ri,e l.....i>) ç 1 The 11 Erin Petrol (a.s Plant 51Sanchoan . 12 ('(liege Theatricals .......... ..ASt. latrick's flay llon,dv l' ii UT Past ... ... . ... 02Lop head ail ' The Ijute All, it Athletics .68('a"hel ofthe Irt.'. (\'acaii,n l'o 21 Exchanges ............... 75IriSh Coll,ges in I.oiisijn 20 F dd Experiments 76The Gate 1 the Allis . an ( rave li,,wers (Poem) - 17• 32 Reviews ... .. .. 7836 1)1Putt ... . SoOccasional Lectures ... . S ('liege Roll ............ . StTHE*MUNGRET4,s,kNNULILLUSTRATIONS.Frontispiece-In the Clare Glens Layhty -F ir$ luI.... ... ... . 44Shanid Castle ........ . 7 lay It"), -Second Club ........ 45Decmonil CaSt h'5 . . . t Liv It v -Tb i rd Chit, ... 411Sinerwick I fart our-Oilean.an . hr .......ii Aposi he, Sent iT I list, It .......... 47• 11110 the Sea 1 2 Ap. st ol ics itni r iii i'd it ....S:tnch. an -The Chapelof the TombSanelii,iii I.aritliitg on the I1.oui ........ i; The BA. ('lass ............. 411Sanchoan-'hhe I hiapsi if the lnh . •. 14 I\lSitl 1 iii th Petri ............ 5'I.ip I lead, G.. (dare 17 Tit,- Fern Pelt, i 1 Plant -Water-driven type 52The little Art, . iN The Erin" Petrol (a., Il,tnt -\Veight.iriven type 5I.liiih heat froiii the Shaniii ..-. iii The I.ady of Glin-.\t'naitery Scene 50Fr. \tidail Median, P. P. ü The Lady 4Glin ...... .The Rock of Cashel . 21 I iii ii tihit Scene on Guard Bridge 59('atle and Cathedral . 22 NI T. I ;ilts'ri' I lee Club 60Corinac's Chapel......... 23 Rev. E. IL rite ................. 02Entrance to (.orrnac's Chapel 24L's I'. Tracy ........... 63Round rower 25 Liv. I. Sheil, S.J. 64Louvain ........... 28 \\ in. Meagher .. 64Cividale ... .... . 30 M. ;ar .................. 65Brussels . La I ;r,snd Place- \tarche au Fleurs 32 M 7slcMahiin, h,Sc.......... hOBrusek La Grand' Place-Maison du Li...... ; Sine f lUT BA'S. of last rar 67Brussels- l'alais de Justice 4 Football Xl..... 09Shannon, near Doonass .. . 7 hurling \\.. 71The Strong Walls of Old Limerick .. 35 11 arling .Mungret v St. Munchin's 72The Clare (;lens .................. Cricket XI. '' 74Sodahity lii the B. V. M ............ 41 The Agricultural Cla 76Sodality of the I holy Angels ............ 42,'.i— — Etditorial.R. McK LX N A'S Irish Phrase Ilti Ii riary19' appeared ltst N vein her. Its at iiiand scope is to help Irish scholars toattain fluency and idiomatic accuracy inriling and speaking their native language. Wemay be certain that such a book was very closelyrt*mined by its reviewers, and their unstintedutiIe is a Stttficiutit ItO f of its merits. TheiMlur and study rcliitrtil hi write a dictionaryI .11001 be conceived e\l It 1% tltlise who haoi eksne such work, intl ii usc hiieiitly we fail totontiniale the atliultitit oh research and tiilthat lies behind t',h phrase and idiom. In.ingratuiating Fr. McKenna on the success ofkit hook, we must therefore bear in ittitid thepratt of study and rt-scarch which have producedsi it a work and in SI) (1(litL we titay safely adoptthe complimentary phrases whi. It have beensbpwerc

4THE MUNGREl' .\NNU\L'Ill I. I )lISl( )ND RElEl.l.i( )N5For the views of the Desmond Castles and ofSmerwiek, the Editor is iiitleljtctl to Dr. G.logerty, K. N , I.iiiierok. lit. I ogclty very kindlyplaced at our dis1ieeii his si of Ii ish photographsand without his assistance, s e should have beenat a loss how to illustrate the essay on the I )esmondRebellion. Dr. F gerts , who is wellknown to the Cultic scholars of Munster, hasa coml)iete set of 1,hiotijrailis illustrating &Ithe important historical spots in Limt rick,Tipperary, Kerry and Clare. We would especiallytiriv the attention of our readers to the Viewof Slianiti Castle, which, on account ol theini1ort,iil,'e of this stronghold and the beautyof the plate, we consider a very vilii.il,leJ.t.I 1uisitioil.Ii. O'leary has as usual been Very l)us\ thisyear in the various branches Of his ( )hscrvati irvwork. To take the facts in their order. Last\ueilst lie visited the famous scisnio!ogicalohs. rvaturies at Strassburg and Gottingen,eoiidueted respectively by Professors Mainkaand \Vierehen. In hebru;try last he lecturedon seisiiiulogV in 1 )ubliii. in this same iimnthhe was elected a Fellow of the Royal MeteorologiculSicicty. In March the l iiiigrct ( )hsrvatorywas ci instituted one of the Si '.tecn represelltation Inete( iO iii gii'al tatic ills of the UnitedK iiid tin, whose daily observations are publishedill full by the Meteorological Office. Lastly, Fr.O'leary is at lifeseit constructing two newmachines, both of which have of their mvii specialfeatures. One of these instruments will recordthe vertical movements of the earth and will hivea ge oiiictriCal suspension withi out points, whichwill be frictionless. The second instrument willdistinguish inoveutieilts due to tolling frommovements due to swaying, which otherseismographs record but do not differentiateThis instrument will, it is hoped, drcidc thequestion as to the nature of these seismic waves.on which different opinions are held. Theimportance of Fr. 01 .carys ( )l servatt ry is thussteadily growing from year to year, and we hopethat it will take no small part in developingthe new sciences of mete in ilogy and seismology.*A speciality of this 's ears Number ; thearticles by our Past. It is pleasing to record thatthe suggestion made in the Editorial last year onthis point was sit generously responded to thatthe Editor has articles on hands which want ofspace prevented him from inserting. This indeedmakes FIlE Assu.i. a meeting place for Pastand Present, where both may speak, each ontheir special subjects.there was very keen conipctition for tilePH,.e Essay. Louis Nally is the winner thisyear, and we publish his article on the I )i'iimondRehelliomi. The Irish Essay, is by R Johnson,Senior Grade. 'l'hie Vacation i'ssty, '"Cashelof the Kings,' is written by M. Gilbert.As we are on the question af Prize Essays wemay draw the attention of our young historiansto a few important points. The revisal of Irishstudies has, amongst other things, resulted in akeen spirit of enquiry into every age and eraof our history, and it the same tiome ill a ln'maderoutlook on the political position of Ireland inthegeneral history of Europe. Books likeNI r.,.\.t',reeris "Irish Nationality, Ci ClerighIn 'In iol to the Coming ofl lent) Ii," ( )Coiinor' sEli,ai ethan I rebind,' and " Stuart Ireland,'*are u%i irks which profoundly change thit' itsl)CCt OfIrish history. We hope, therefore, that those whocompete for the prize essay will endeavour toenter into this newliirit. and avail themselvesof such works ofaccur1ite 0 5'the .\ero' tilt ural class, mid, I- iii' carefultuition of Mr. Griffin, our land steward, has thissear made .t very systematic course of studythe number of boys attending the class is notso great as should be desired. Vet, as the growthof iiitituLions that are durau.,le is slow, We arein hopes that this small number will mci ease asthic years go b'. Now that Autrit iiltumrc isdeveloped on such highly scientific lines, itessential that those who will be responsible fi Irthe prosperity of the country should have athorough knowledge of the subject. The'levelopiiieiit of an education on these lilies isoily it i ivattt'r of time. I ut it Must lie b me.*'the 1934 issue of tIle \ll'sm;Rm.i .'NNU\i.has been exhausted and tli,it of 11)00 15 ntatrlysit. We shall be very grateful to any of ourreaders who can procure and send its a copy ofeither of those numbers. We. shall be mosthippy to accept each such copy in lieu ofsubscription of two years.In conclusion, the Editor wishes to thank hisii inn y friends Is for t Ii '.1 r valuable tie assistance. Hewishes to thank, tiNt uI all, the various writerssvhiii have comitrul uted articles I r. Fogerty forthe picture..; of the Desmond castlts, and hismany friends who in various %s'lys have assistedhim in his work.I)..I'HE DESMOND..' •1 — .: — _ ., — . (V4 I C ))C C- l. _I_ l ) _:REBELLION- - t1' - . c I ) (I)•••'5 e I rraIthine. y' Gerallirips : fuuu r yallv i reignedt.),.r I Ie-miu,urid ii,ad, uuuul rich l ildar,'. amimi Eigtis)m In disl:uineil\uiur sword (male knight,; your iu.mnn,'r %%-i% ,d free Was ummr fuugl- call.ly Glean ui's green slope, a nil I is inge:in' mile ii mu Ii -sri Ima lank it) L .chail I.'—Davis.'l'IIl' (;i-:R.\l.l ii\-sI lIRE is no liamlie that slurs iimorm'lr'qmieiitl iii the annals of lri-l.ind, fro iniii,' 12th) to the ifitli century, than theu,imfle of the Geraltliii,'s : aiiml there isin family whtt'hi plays a more '1111 Portantin Irish history during that pt rind. There06 no family which drew glmrv from more varieddII, I'S, none which sas so great fit its time ofp.s.cr, and whose fall was so sudden and tern l lIe.I hi' east and south of Ireland is full 'tithe 11.11--oo ,i Of this great rare. Their spirit seems to hr od.i'.l finger over all the hills and ld.LiflS of I It's-.iuntI the traveller in that region sees on everyINI, traces ofa power that once was almost regal.It1' stones of their triumphs, ihs, of tIuui r defeats, ofiht it power, (if their niagnifieeni'c, and at times,.4 tIii'i r cruelty, are to be ouch with wherever onefuel,% Flit-mr shades are sui1i1i0si,'d to i dwell inSlwiu blackened and shattered strongholds, andShrrr is no stronger tradition living among thepwoIllor(if Munster than that which tells ofIhc last Earl of Desmond with his horse ofIhr silver shoes. who sleeps with a Comiipamiy ofIuIghIts heneWth Lough Cur, with whommm lie idesalloollejad once in seven year'.The family, which came to tru'lamid ill mmt had behind it alread a glorious past. Aat annalist of the house traces it back- to onesd fbi' young mcii who act imillianit'd .'ti'micas toliii> after tIme destruction ml 'In u',, ss lu 'iii ,'ietleas.urdi'd with "the ru-giomi if II mt rnri,i, sr him-ri'f.,q'ice now stands. \\'hatei mr we nuay think--96 this, WC cannot refuse to credit the connectionPRIZE ESSAY.it Iii I ,'r.liluiu k% it!, Il'ieiI'i, themIurcsm'rs''d a vopv of a letter, hearing the date1st 111 11c. 14 ;c, ii hi hr 'ssed to /)ov,/,,o face/i. a,(,'/i rilrdo, "a ( 'i'nj/, I)l'smiin,a,', from the Secrr't,u 1 I if time Ri -Imul lii' of Florence, in which itis st.ilu'ml Iflat the h luiruntines give thanks to Godfor thue h urv which the greatness of the GVlAhlmrs rr'fhu'u'i, on thii,'ni tile Ci'raltlimi,'s, who l'°'css gre it iii umnuil,iiiitn not mmierelv in .\ItuIia,;mu-ecl arid I hmirigars, but even in " hlihiernia,us Ii it-li is til,' miit,'rnui st of the island,,'''l'hi,' f'uiuimuilu,'r of the Irish family was Mauricei"itigerald. whmn aint' toI relatid with StrongbowAs his share of thut' plunder, he received vastrails of lim I in I .mnierick, Cork and Kerr)'.The famil', soon ramified in all directionsI heir's and Desmond Passed into their lianils,'I'hm,' ii, 'ad of the southern family was the Earl (ifI I 'u ion ml youngt r branches had as their headstile 't'hiitr Knight, tilt' Knight of Kerr',, or thelllam'k knight. and the Knight of GI n.The first right by which they held their broadlands was the right of the sword. They cameamong an alien race, dispossessed them of theirland, and, therefore, their very existence was astanding challenge to the natives But theirposmtiu in soon changed. 1 hey were surroundedon all sides by a lift and civilization to whichthey could not reniaimi long indifferent, 'I'heIrish civili,at:u,mu possessed a peculiar and subtlel>ow'r'r ot aisurJ>titin, and. in a single generation,tIn' (ir'rildmuies had yielded to its t'harmn. 'I hebecame, as their enemies said with cont,'m1tuiuuuisbitterness. I/tf'e,',,h l/ili'rn,or,'s, 'l'hey threwthenist lves tmtwt'si'rvedly into the life they Sa%V

6 niL \ll'Nt;RE'l .\NNI \l.around. They nittriiiarrie&i with the nativechiet the' sent their sons to Is- fostiral inkinillv Irish homes they adopted the I rkli dress,langua2e intl cusli oils, and, in a few generito )ns.their position had completely changed. Thepeople began to ft irget that the had come atnoligthem as a conquering race, and began to lookUl)OIi them as thi'ir chiefs Their right of conquestwas -;()(tit re1d. iced by a right I tased on free(li(IiCe and br_thy.ttheir 1n%vr was st tm':hing peculiar, and suchas no porch Irish chief possessed. They coiil-I)ifle(l at 'IS' ilie posIti)iis of Norm in earls andIrish clock; tIn- latter gave tileni tit- free andgenerous !nviltv of their people --the 6trni-r gavethem a certain frilogmi In rn tribal lervaIicesand uiistonls, especially Irm the law if 'l'anistry.'I heir subjects followed them a lovably as theuIhrn of 'I') r ()wen fihlowetl Sli_imit' or I (ugh'N, I 1! : and their foreign intl ii tItle ancestrywas no tlisaiivant.ige to iliii in the e\cs of apeople who possess, in a reimi.trkalde degree, an innatelovaltv;iuid respect for mioltmhityofimrth. i-mmthe English govern iiicnt, too. honours ti wIt I outto them several of their house wt re vu,'rovs, antithevwere.tiiiointcd Earls Palatine by Edward Ill.ihi-ir j-ocitiiii was, aftr a nI.inncr, that ithiclithe Fr-n(h harons,sucli as the I )like id Burgundy,occu!iie(l a lw centuries earlier, in French hisstory.iii- Sovereignty of the Inghish king wasalways at kiiowledged in them, and, frequently,the king was wise enough to ask for n thingmore. \Vitliiim their own lands they were supreme.and had the rights of king-i. They app tintedtheir own courts of justice and slit-rifts ; theirswords made knights ; the k im's writ did notrun within their borders. The historian of theirhouse writes of tlit'iii l-itty lords and baron,(lid them honour, and were reads' to ni.ioh undertheir liaiiiitr. flesi(IeS the l';ilatintte of Kerr,the country for i 20 miles in length and a inbreadth was theirs. The PC0I)le did them homagein all their holdings. They had, moreover.i oo castles and strongholds, numerous seals rts,lands that were charming to the eye, and rich infruits. The Mountains were theirs, toetht-r s iththe woods theirs were the rocky coasts, andthe sweet Itltie lakes that teemed with fish'So they stood during a long period of Irishhiist try --stroiig in a people's loyalty and in prideof p)'rer--and working out that aniaLamationof the two races which, if not interrupted, wouldhave made of Ireland a great nation. Theircastles stood UI) Square on every Iieiht. andstill are seen at Shauid. Carrigafoyle, ILtilimigloughane,Adare, katlikeahe. Askeatin : whiletheir position, and the niaSS!ve fragments thathave outlived "tile wreckful siege of batteringdays ' give some idea of the power of the racethat own! tb-ui, at a time when artillery hadit vet been used in itarfare. But a new orderof things was ,ilout to pen, and before it theli(ue it I )-sinoiid went down, and great was thetall therc ,f.'l'lic advent of tilt- Tudor (lvnastv marks anew era in Irish lust1 rv. I'm- Itoh irs were tilefirst sovereigns who had the s w-r and theopportunity to deal with Ireland. TI to ir policywas as simple as it was drastic. ilie land wastt be cleared of the Irish, and pinited i'itli ctlmistsfrom Etugland. 'lbs policy e itohinedmany advantages : it meant the txtermiii:it it in ofthe country people of the Irishry." who had sopersistently refused the English civilization itgive air ow-ning to that spirit of foreign c doni,ationwhich the discoveries of the New Worldhad aroiist'd in England : it 'ttIetl the religiousiitt'stlon iii Ireland, which had failed so signallybut above all, it siibstitiit'il a rich and 111)-alkingdom, over whit It the king had vxti.oirdinarypower, f r t de1 sm ld-uic\-, not merely 1111-conquered, but conllthtelv alienated, and whichalways invited the uit,rferenee it the etcunicsof England.'1'1 plan strip-k at tIn' native In-Ii and tin-(Iegcn'rate - Enghili, a, th-_' .-nglt IrishWere called, who did nit idruuniv their cause withthe Irish : and the I tNt-ills and the I tesniondso crc the rn st hirotiuimummit nuembers of the twoNUTS. The history of the reign of Eliiabeth,ihiemi, is little more than tit, hi-tory of thesuppression of these faniihi-_Sill J\tE'-' Frm,i.srisi: iS i72.lor some time till-re 0 re .ne rumourstlta.ut thi,ut nothing less thami the 41C.1truction oftilt- wh, tie ' Ii i'hr) - was uutiiihrd. Andconfirmations WI re not wanting to wv- colourto these reports In 1577 the nobles tif LCi\ andOffal l, NN-Ire mmii deret i in cold b1 so I at 5 ml highmast,'Ihe)- had I)ee(i invited, in the Queen'sname, to hold .t peaceful conference there withthe colonists, but they were treacherously stirroundedand slaughtered ti t a man. Thee\cess(-s. too, of \hhliv, g rior tit Connaught,and the Blood)' tssite of I )rury, governor ofMunster, (lid not allay the dark suspicionsthat were entertained by many of the nobility..\ll these causes, together with the unjustc.ijitiure of the Earl and his Itri the-r, led to theformation of what is called in lust try ' TheSecond ( traldinm- b,e;tgue. It was a It rmidihil' co;ulitiomi of the litigt-r.dds. \li( arthvs,0' hhrieiis, 1-hither-i, in a word, tile flower of theMinister nobility. In the absence of the Earlof Desmond, hi-i cousin, lames l"itzniaurice,hecanue tile head of the family, and the mostvigorous spirit in the rebellion.'1.

THE MUNCRET ANNUALI [is character has been well described by hiscontemporaries. He was, according to thetestimony of an eiieniy, hooker, a deepdissembler, passing subtle, and able to compassany matter he took in hand ; courteous, valiant,expert in martial affairs." It may be added thathe was deeply and sincerely devoted to hisreligion, so much so indeed, that his influencegave the whole war a religious aspect. He isdescribed by a eulogist of the rival house ofOrniorid, as one whom nothing could dejector bow down, a scorner of luxury and ease,insensible to danger, impervious to the elements,preferring, after a hard day's fighting, the bareearth to a luxurious couch " 'l'his descriptionbears a close resemblance to I ivy's do.scriptionof Hannibal, the great Carthaginian gk neral.The Irish knew that it would be impossible tocarry on the war without foreign assistance.And so, for this purpose, Fitzniaurice, who waschosen leader of the confederacy, sent anembassy to the Pope and the King of Spain.When Sydney came to know of this, he straightwayproclaimed the confederates traitors, andmade immediate preparations for a campaign.'Faking the field in person, he marched againstthe Desmond fortresses. His promptness andactivity was crowned with success. The confederateshad not counted on such rapid action,and so they were wholly unprepared to meethim. Castle after castle fell into his hands.His successes inspired many members of theLeague with fear, and some gave in their submission.In Limerick, Sir Edmond Butler andhis brothers were induced to surrL nder by theirchief, the Earl of Ormond. l'issing throughGlare and Galway, and taking many castles onthe way, he returned to Dublin by Athlone.Many, following the example of the Butlers,followed and sued for pardon. Of these theEarls of Clancarthy and Thomond were themost distinguished.Most of his adherents having now secededfrom hint, there was no alternative for l'itzmauricebut to retreat into the wooded fastnesses of theGaltees. At this time the sons of the Earl ofClanricarde, whose father had already beenarrested, and who were themselves threatenedwith arrest, offered to join him. He gladlyacceeded, and so, leaving the fastnesses, hemarched forth and united his own forces withtheirs near Galway. The united armies took anddemolished the works of Athenry and Athlone.Induced by those successes, the deputy soonafterwards released the Earl of Clanricarde.On this the soils abandoned l'itzniaurice, andsuhniitted to the Earl. Once more Fitzmauricehad to return with a heavy heart to the Galtees.The rest of the country being now at peace, SirJohn Perrott concentrated his forces round theGeraldine retreat Nevertheless, t'itzmauricesucceeded in baffling them for a whole year, forthe Glen of Aherlow, where he then was,afforded ample shelter to himself and hisdevoted little band At last, most of thesebeing surprised, or cut off, the heroic captainhad no resource but to surrender. In a aborttime he, his son, and a few followers rode UI) tothe castle of Kilmallock, and gave themselvesinto the hands of the president. On his kneeslie besought the Queens pirdoit, and she,probably for political reasons, grunted his request.Soon after this, he went to the continent intovoluntary exile.Meanwhile, the Earl of Desmond and hisbrother were transferred to Dublin, where theywere treated as prisoners on parole. One day,while at a hunting party, the hrothcrs put spursto their steeds, and escaped into Munster.When they were stigmatised later on for thisbreach of trust, they replied that since theircaptors had designed to waylay and murderthem on that party, their only hope dependedupon flight.When the Earl, by this means had returned tohis friends, he was only too glad to obtain theQueen's pardon, and he left in the peacefulpossession of his great estates. I his brothers forthe moment followed his example, and Munsterappeared to he restored to peace. But thispeace was a mere cessation of hostilities.Sin Jattlns l'rrzMAulsicE— 1579.As we hate seen, James Fiizniattricc had goneinto voluntary exile, and during all this time hewas not idle. Passing from court to court, liewas everywhere received with the greatesthonour. He visited Pope Gregory XIII., whowas then on the Papal throne. From him lieprocured a force of about one thousand men, allfully equipped. These were put under thecommand of an experienced captain, HerculesPisano, and sailed from Civita Vecchia invessels, under the command of Thomas Stukely.This latter was an English adventurer who hadjoined Fitzmaurice in Spain. lie had obtainedfrom the Pope the title of Marqu s of Leinsteron the grounds of being related to theMcMurroughs, and he was appointed now byI' itzmaurice's own wishes vice-admiral of thefleet.While this force was waiting in the harbourof Civita Vecchia, Fitxniaunice himself went toSpain, where he had collected a party ofadventurers. With these he was to proceed toIreland, and there to await the advent of Siukelyand other forces promised hint by Philip II.of Spain.Il- .-.-L1SNCrji.1,l1,NamS,a"•DCSMOND CASTLES [D G R N, Lime,-jck->-.•-.acn CASTLE, LOUGH GUn.

-I,161111; \lt'\;Rl;T \XN[.\l.LOOP HE\1) .\Nl)'lIIF 1.lF'l' I.E .\RK"/ Loop Hoag an Tli6 Little RfVor \front the north, while the t d of the suconditives another fixiti hea'ing for vessels ii ituirigest (I' mil the sh (flhl()fl *I'roueltng to the end of the head wr%liected a great iiiass of rock separated from theuuiiln cliff by a narrow iharinel thri ugh wiiit'hthe waves surg.'d with titarvellous fot ci'. ( ;rvathocks of sea birds were on the water. In lilt Csthey seemed to hi: dts1 used in lines, gi%ing atfirst sight much the same effect as tin corkIjoats of it net. We winilired was TI inc ii'III rents or to tin' jirecial' i- of sb 'I ti}i.it still forms; it tos ,uiiml sheltered nook where aI marty IIIJ recline and I feast their eves oil thelmauaui expanse of waters, and oil tile islands,strands, and mountains of tilt, K ni-a it ins " oflx errV.It was now lime to return. We had heard1urei'iimtisly (if "The Little Ark," but onk thislay bt,iml We Ie,lr!lt'ti titan it was still Itresers ed atthe ('athiilie u-iiuiri'hn ni-ar Kilhaha We deterruinedto visit it. .\ sb mrt miii,' front the light-'.Ini' k 'if iii ill ttiuh ru;iul tvaruis tilt ,H- ii littialu a hitl li.imlt withIli)i ( 'hl tile weather was cold fur July,th , lay was fairly pronlisill, as we leftK iL' ''ii our iron steeds to ride to loopI Leaving tin gulf links to ourii. lil gaitieil tin' line ntotlerii rutil which,hull1 'I' IrL. tin' coast line, winds ill and out prettynhuicil oil a level with the cliffs. On our tightlies the vast ocean, here mottled with Purplecloud shadows, there with its fresh wave crestsglistening ill the glancing suiliije.urnS, and close bysnnudiiig itself' ill the ceaseless roll arid dash of itsbillows into the caves of the rocks.Passing I )uiiunlii'ky ( 'astle arid Oil tile left allextensive r.tth, we strike a little inlet where ourroute turns sharply inland, affording a glimpseof tilt: ruined castle of K ni ck rlag.iriim in i onthe cliffs to the west. Liter we run into the1)1(1 or uiIa:tI road to Looll Iii-ad, which keepsfairly along the centre if tilt , pi'iinstihi. 1k-forelong we Collie in sigh it it tile Sli,innon, and geta view of ( arrigahi It, a wile arid a half to thesouth, with its castle wlii're they say Lord ( 'hireused to drill his dragoons before they left Jr, landto serve the King over the water."From Kilkee to Loop hlcail hardly a tree isto be seen, or if a few stnuggle up at the lee sideof it will, the angle at whit It their toll ipr.tniehestr,'rul away is a clear- siii of the i'itttin force ofthe S. W. gales across this wind swept reIon.Xiii fir from the village of 4 'russ wi niuflieciliniithir evidence of this. In the centre of itpasture tiehi was it stone stru, tiire i' insisting ofthree walls radiating ft oil ,i ('I -litre at tingles mit20 il grees, clearly fir the litirPi use of i'nraiilinigthe tattle ti, find shelter no nl,itter from whatmllttrtir the St 'rot might blow. 1kv minI Crossthe road i,entj- further lit the si muitit, touu'hiog theShannon shore at Kiiii.tlia h,t'. '\'iiuling out ofthe little liatnilet litre we pass a lilodurn churchof cut stone. It is shut till and deserted. ,few CoWS are taking shelter by one of its walls.SeeiiinnigIy it has no oilier Use, 'Ihits is the Prost.tilti hurchi that was built ft ir the Soup&-rs."as to i ivh ii 'h un ru- anon,. ride of two or three ritiks inure brought U.sto I .imi.mp I lead. l"roi,i the top i nii.igniifim'eiitpanorania is dnsplave(l. Looking towards thiiniirtii-e.tstthe eye, liv a succession of Joiningheads and points, follows tile west coast of ( "Lire1 1.Lst ()iitltv (where it great ship was wrct'ki-,l notso long ago), pt Spanish lunit and lii,' cliffs ofMoller on to hil.ti-k I lead, then lakes nip liii- .\raiiislands, and liii' mouintaiiis arid licaillarnils ofalway with many it western isle, 'l'rasi-rsiilgthe broad e.Sptrlse of the ,tl,,titi', with here .ini]there a white s,i 1 or the smoke ii ,nl of it distantsteamer. It aaaiii rests en the I )liigle priuiiii ontori'en crowned 1 v I mimi t I ra id, in, a id Sweepsman)' a noble hay and sandy spit till it lights onKerr)' Heat] and the harrier cliffs of lhtll'hntiriiun.Further away ti the suiuth the giant 4 'arrailtwi,.hill and its might v fellows of the Reeks, loomingacross the broken clouds, form it nl.ljctie backgroundto this iiilnessive lmittrir(.hhirough the kindness of the keeperinspect tile Lighitlim Olse. The glass house at topis furnished ivitll blinds to keep iiut the sun'srays during the day little, lest (as th guardiantolil u) they ntiiglit italipeil to lie brought ti afounts b' the lenses, wlleii tb- li-it wtutihl heenough to Osist a man in a few lilt inn -ills Thelight is a flashing one. The 111LI haninsiti forcontrolling this is if interest. 'Iwo shades.e,ii'il vollsisting of a half cylinder. are pivotedaIming ono, edge on .i vertical rod. \\'hieli closedthey lot iii a hmmli,ii' siutic closely surroundingtile lamp, arid cm miwi'.uliiig its light for a iert tininttrval. Then sprirugirlg hack ,uii the verticalhinge thu-v display It to view. l'llev are drawnhack, hi iwever, only so fur as that the edge ofone of the screens hermits the light to hue visibleon a certain hearing out to sea for sili1)S coiningKa,imrijilis and giiillciii'uts went nit i'rowds, but1uttins did not ,Li)iivar to be in anything like asrt'at number as at the cliffs of Moller.I' inally we had a look at what rcni,u ins of thehanging gardens ' On a narrow irtigi' helmthe brow of the tIn ft towards the south a smallucirace had heeii made by I ringing down soil,and this had been cultivated as a garden for awhile. All signs of culture have vanished, butThe light is 277 leer atsure sea level, and is vkitule atra it, a radius of 22-it 23 hit Ii's, at, fri,ni, near ,l tin ionluau,t on the Clare cu -or. In shows liriglut iii 20src,,nhls, and is then &'cliisemt lii 4 su,'cu,nmls, t )iining Iimgsan explosive signal is fired every 4 minutes,an unsavoury smell, and at the first '' crossturning to the right towards K ill u,iha, we foundthe church sonic iv.L)' down this liv road.The .lrk is preserved inside the church nearthe door to the It-ft. It is it plain woodenstructure, about (m feet iuung, 5 feet wide, and 7feet high, open at one cmi, and with windows atthe sides. It is now supported higher than tilt -heads of the iw'tuple, so as not to encroach onthe space available for the congregation. \'h. nin use finrniierly it was lilaet'ii tin a jmlatfmuriitfurnished with wheels Sc) that it mould he iirav' iifrom place to place and afford a shim-Iter for thealtar and the priest to say Mass, it being

ISTill: Mux(;KEF ANNUALIA IJl,li \Nii '' iiii: I A I' FLE, \I'&l'" Ii)iinpos'.ihle it the time to obtain an .ite far.& Catholic church.the story i. a singular one and instructive.At the time of the Ianiiiie the paithcs of kit-Lllvoiven the extrt-nie west am! ( aruotalioltti-re unilt-il, 1orniutig in 1111meil'. - parish, calledto the Litter millie, extending some twenty unitesIli length. and three miles llrlui on an avcr.ige.BY 1841? it iiuIttuin had been cut down byit i bird, from 00 to S,000. ()it a certain(Jayall Its three priests Were illown with cholera. TheParch irit Fr. I )uge.in, hail atti-iiiIt-it eiit it, -eneases Of 4-tullei a and taflhinc icy, r tan the dayIt,- hiinst it took iii. in this I \ticfl?'t Ii. \Iitha,-1\lt-t-haii wa- itisjiart'h - ti frill?? the ill iithhotiiingparish of Kilru'-li Ili till the gal). His wink washietiirt' lijiti Nil si toiler had he liassctt the terryIii nt kilru-.ti thin he hat to begin visiting the, Wk as Ii- went aiming, and before he reached thehouse where he was to spend the night lie haltui Inini-ti-rel the last Sacraments to I, irt%1 -nlile. (fit the death of Fr. Duggan, 1-r.1et-hi.tn was appointed to succeed him asl'aristi truest.It was at such a niome'nt and utitlir suchcircumstances that a campaign of pr selytisniwas opeiied, of which the 111051 activ, - -q i nt wasthe agent of two ext,-Iisivc iiii intlut-ittial hindowners.( hie of tin-sc was it )illorl of ii t ofthe priqn-rtv within tell unit -s of I otip I leal.and the agent was also his I,oil-iIl-ia%% - 'ihietenants held "at will In black 'ij -- the—notice ti quit and the crowbar I rigade had beenactive as well as the famine and fever. 'Fhiepeople seemed almost to i have lost hope, .11141small winder Proselytising began tinder theiLi51' of charity. Schools were set up in whichthe children ii the tenants were tO re('t'ive eduatii it tree and it was represented that tIn-re01jul11 not be the sii'httst iriterfertuu'c with ther ligioti of the children. 'I bus, an(i thIr luLh ft-arOf incurring the mlisplcasure of the agent, manylIt the lLrei1ts were jndiie,-d to send their children.\'yt, the foal hers wi-re all Protestants,save one. \bat Iollt, i-il might easily havebeen foretold. Itt-fore long the cLiildieii Werebeing taught liii the faith of their parents Was'p •,.!'' - -4r L11. -. - —:-..... '•:'.. 1 :• ' - -v.,,,I'J/.I.l,I lill ill 11.1. \iI-.false and idolatrous, and that in Ilartit lilar it was"it keil to pay reverence to the tl,ssm-d \ irgin,to her whom Elizabeth, filled with the Holy(;host, proclaimed to is blessed aniotig wont -il,and the mother of her Lord. In one school anettit e of our 11essed lady was passed roundto he slit upon by the children is a token oftheir abandonment of superstition.Developments loItowed. The supposedCatholic Iecl.tred himself a Protestant. Twonew ministers appeared in the parish, and a setOf scripture readers : a new Protestant churchwas built at Kiltrellig, the most distant auidpoverty stricken district of all :and the agent'shr ither was appointed local representative of the-' Irish Church Mission " at a handsome salary.Not to send one's children to the new school..tiwas I001c li fl A , tIll agitn-t tilt- 1.111lord comic .\ ni 1 qi? it i' ukl be servedwithout ari\ trail in -is-i-ue-d_ But iihat n'cil toallege a iii' live ? It wi old he perft-(,[]\welliitok-rsttiil, It -ill 'tood out .tgaiilet thir-atsthey might I' Caji 'I I! lilt) am-i-rpting ' I lie_tSrthe niastm-u' a tia,t or a l,ii,Ii-, cvull a IBible, so that the IntseI}tim-r u -i toll all theirl.?lne-s ti the list of " converts" to he r tunneleililuliu\ cr5. to still! Well or hau1i - with,the landlord or his agent meant life or tic.ithi ttithese poor tenants at will, hit what straitswere they cast l)ttwerll terror lit tine lt:ipd. antiiii the other favours and ix-tietits, 110sf unjustly11,11 he-arilt-cst>- hit-imI out I, ti?riii to ill'Iucr fbi-rnto act against their i 'OuiSiie?lieSlich was the iiisj

20 FilE \l l.\(RIYI' .\NNUAI, ('.\-llI.l. ill.. ..Ill; 21The searchlight being thus turned on, the fore.of fut)1lc OiItliOfl, indignant it siiih an unfairand itiliunian persecution of the tetiantrv, 501)11('omlirl led the landlord to iotiet.'de a Site 5% hereonthey nhIi1t liuikl a elitir. It to shelter them attheir worship. The existing ( )thi& strlt(i nrcWis eiiiteiI. S11i,staiu ii VII I irs II,LU h-en_iiiieil. ( ;dlk almost all who had fallenan ay retiirine(l to the fold, though several ofthetii, alter their reconciliation, preferred toeti1iirate rather than face the odium they hadincurred through their backsliding. The conflictlasted SOflhl' tin pears. The "dwindlc(l to one laniilv z and ilk late I )eanWhite, ss ho ssas a curate in the parish dur:ngthe struggle, has left it on record that in i asingle individual was the outcome in full of theprolonged and costly undertaking.A tablet in the church Wiiii It he built pnselVesthe name of the iiiditnitable lr.\k,'ha,lMeehan, but a still better iiieiiiorial • if the greatthings that (od did In' his hands is "The littleArk ' itself.Leaving the chapel and turning to the north-- ist we were soon close to the natural bridges• across a couple uI fieldslight Its to III( [it. The oi'tan waves havern an' luorti iii of the shal.y (urination, andtillIS f. urmed t 1 passages through which theisiters surge, but leaving in each case an arch ofsu iltil rink am uSe. The larger of the two Is sonic70 feet in length of span, Ond about 30 in wid&hthe length and hreailtli If the smaller being 45and 9fLrespei'tive]y. lheioiitortiuinsol thestrataare uvell shown, especially in tIle snialler bridge.Souiiuwhat nearer to ( 'ross I was nivstifn'd bssiring a ling of turves burning ill it nook li theidside svhcre the rubble wall was bent kick ini kind of hay unite close to a rivulet A vlosursailhiiiatiOil served to solve the t11vster AlongIc was a flat circular stone with a hole in the''uitre seemingly tiitrd to take the hub of awheel, and am ing the turves an ttin ring wasI itig heated. I 'learl this was to serve as there of a cart wheel, and when sufflu iently expandedby the IOat it euiiild he shrunk on tc therim of the wheel, thus joining the felloes and(Living the spokes firmIN into the huh, the waterI eing handy for t lie lurpuse of coolingit. Theforge itself we Spied perhaps 100 yards t ii rtlieron, so we learned that in west Clare the smithdues much of his work in the open air tinderthe canopy of heaven, and. I trow, is all thehealthier and happier fit' doing so.From Cross, keeping to the unlijil road, wenoticed the great stretch if hug tritim which thetenants about Loop I lead have to fetch theirturf, some of theiti driving their carts fourteenmiles each way as sue were told. Sonic distanceto the south lies I )uu,iriaha, famous as the Ilacewhere Eugene 0' ( 'urry, the great Ii sIt si lii,lar,was born and I red .Afe sv miles more and wewire back at Kilkee, very well pleasiil with ourday's run to Loop II cad.@e 1e[ of the K ,l'l..\KlNt. •. I I. I- 11WIn All lrel,nl theic isSiii, ll ii I so I oiuresi5 C and soLuiterestuug is thus .eruli)lis ol \lunster.i\ liether von eonstmler its lIuthiri s lnene to theVACATION ESSAY.. tj"r t1gtPA ,!, I I I 1 5, 1 \-!i.- i,, 0's.,,,eye, or its value as a monument in the historyof Irish u-uvili,ation. Cashel stands without arival am ungst all our anciu lit groups of luiilulnigs.and for the mere feaut of the prusjueut fromis tcmous Roi I, it is worth a I. ung days journey.I ushel carries the mind hmiik into rentuutc ages(It Munster kingsh.u, and down through thegr,.Lt d,ivs of Irish mliristiuntv;u',irries it t',rwarulIlion through centuries of alien, yet assiniflateddoniinioui under rulers, P° Norman, part lush.and brings it finally to the ahurihiut close, theliii ,uILlIi ll aIP it ii i, f ail tilt Iii L,i Ireland toher venu ral Ic just \V Iii iever has stood onthat fain' us Ruuik. and viewed till' noble pile ofbuildings 1uere'hed iii its summit, and gaiedUp. in the magnificent scenery which ks spreadout on ivery side, I atinot fail to grasp thesigihiliu'oscc of these words'the Rock of Caslicl is a Steel) limestone hill.thmuuut 300 feet high, rising .cbruhutly out of the.\ good view is obtaintA from t lie-tit,u Ill it. To the north are seen the purple1 Ices which, sweeping towards the east,ii I willy merge into the ( uuuiieragh lliuihflttiflSIn tile fu ureground lies the Vale of ,\herlow, sorich in historic memories. Keeper Hill, it name

22 tilE \IUN ;RlT \NNt.\t. (ASHEL 01' THE KINGSflhiW 1)01111(1 up for ever with that Of Sarsficld,stands in the western horizi in, while on thefl irth the Devil's ]!it " fri wns down on the;oldcri Vale. The whole country encircling theIi inely Rock Is thickly wooded, and the greenPastureland I etween the clumps of trees looksall the brighter when contrasted with the darkerhues Of i,ak and ash and cliii.The summit (if the Roo k is 1 level Space Ofabout two acres. 'I'll(- ruins are clustered opthe south-western p- 'the oldest and n1otInteresting is Corni,n-'s ( 'liapel, 1)uilt in the I 2111century by (orinac '1.iu( 'art!iv, Kill ,-, and Bishop( -' I Li. .(', i I iii Iof Cashel. Considering its antiquity, thisi'ertaiiilv I tie (if the best preserveil structures InIreland. Not a sinlc' toni' is missing from Itswalls or its roof. It i, N coniplete to-day aswhen the old Irish ulptor, more than eighthundred years ago, gave the finishing ti iiiches to ithe dect,ratiu iris.It is not it large huildini, ,mhoiit fifty feet bytwenty, but many of the great churches of ouriwn day cannot boast of such a wealth of heautvits is compressed into this small space. Seen inthe soft twilight which continually reigns there,the sculptured animals, grotesque figures, thezig-zag orilamt'rlts, and the delicate tracery,bring to our minds visions of the departed gloryif the Gael : and it would not seetli much outp1Cc if we were ti I 5CC the mailed and mitredfounder, ( orniac. rise iii> from his toiiili.The exterior also is rii'lilv dei-iriii'd mid ifwe consider for a moment the age in %%hich itwas built, orniai-'s ('liapel must indeed rank asit marvel, and isatritimpliant prof that apur1y Irish style of architecture existed beforethe Norman.; i'.Lnl&' With their i-iiniiiient,tl 1111111Vat 0115.the largest of the ruins, and that mostintimately connected with the history of theu - u iuntrv, is what was at once the Cathedral and(it,tcic'l, 'l'bis uvas built about ii (0) iv I lot , it( l( )'lri,'ri, king Of limerick. It is cruciform insli.i pt,', but of somewhat irregular formation, it.,;the nave is inily Itiii as long as the chancel.The meeting point of the four arms of the crossis p,t1e1 by t huge arch, some sixty feet inheight, partly in the Irish, and partly in theax,in style of architecture. This arch supportsa lciltv tu iwer forty feet square. The tower andlie Who'll: %Vt Stern portion of the buildin ḡ wereused solely for purposes of defence, 1cr in theturbulent days of the first Norman invaders sogreat a vantage point as the Rock could not heleft uniortitied.At the ii' irth-west corner of the cathedral risesgrateful round tower, it is built III` freestoneunlike Al the other lciiildini'gs, \uhlicli are oflimestone In lucthit it is ninety feet, and itscircumference is fift% ii (ur let -I. It consists ccifive stories, each of which hail, as it appearstoni projecting livers Of sti lies, a sepiratc'window. 'the door is small, and at it height 4dt is tire feet from the ground. 'L'lme date of III,erection of this building, as of all our ru unittowers, is uncertain, lout antiquarians affiriii it tobe hiy far the oldt existing structure in theRock.Let its iii iw glance at the history of C,islielarid sec what notable personages ,(re ii innectedwith it, and what part it has played in thehistory of our land,'I'hcre seems to i lii- s,lt isfautory i i cunds forisserting that for ages lieb ire flic I 'luristian era,.isliel was an iltill'crtatlt centre III p.Lgan i'icrshill)arid tradition says that it was long .0 ki' \residence, and that thie conning iii St. i',c Iwas foretold to title Of its niotuimri'his.'hen St. 11,mII tc'k canoe to ( •,uslu-1, aboute,ir A.D. 45C, lie was ruceiveil with royal n iii mnie by the reigning King. \ c iign s, who, withis whimihu- I I iurt eniiliraied ( histtanii'.Ahe,iutiuI story Is icilul of this ,'vent by thu anri,-rili hirotiiu iiis. \\'lic'n aiRiuIt to ha1 ill/i- the K ireSt. Patrick slrui'k his cruller, the fmilicii'Stall' f Jc'srts, into the earth, hilt ill si diui_lu aui'td,'tit.mlIy 1mim'o d the foot cii the KntiHe on his l(mrt lii ire the Pill in silence, all,:when the Stint saw tIc, stre,ims Of blood, iii:rrprocclius I hitusIf fur i-Losing si i much sufferiuig, the King, replied that he would liiictnlil.lin -d but he tIioutlit it Was ])art of tIu'ere,Ii, inuy. Ihi: Tripartite Life filellticitis thicilierclllituil St Patrick priututseml hiitii happrites.ini! soc ii'ss, intl points iultt that twenty-seven (clhis sui('(-ssors ill it ultrm-mt line rt'eI1c'il at I msla Icrrnae Mac ( 'ulni.iti, King and Bishop.'liii ceded to the dir (lie in the year i)0O at thuuge of sixt -five. Continually r'iiihirciiled in \var.ini1 fueds, he was an &' \aliticlut rather Of tIePrince- Bishop found on the continent during tbmiddle ages, than iii an Irish iuii,iik lie was atlast slain in battle by the I lanes mIte r a ret-_TIsixteen years.A King and warril ir, ('(cr111.11 uv,ms ,ils a ' itscholar. His " ( flussars,' a tu;ugnif'tcent nit cliiiriient of Irish erudition, still sun ives. To himalso is attributed part Of thte Psalter of Cahei.In y90 Brian Born strengthened arid beautifiedCashel. It is sIIpluicsedl that tins was hisstronghold in wInch lie fell hiai-k whenever Kinwasplundered, as frec lut'iltlY happenedduring his long arid troubled reign.,5ts time went oti the kings of I .imcnii-k seu'tfliii have been most frequently in ppssessionof the Rock. It will hi- rctiueitihcered thatIt was a King if latijerick who built th (2athw-dralin i 169. and anu ithier made a grant of whichthe l"uiur Masters speak ]it these tcrms —,'i niucctiitg cci LUX II Much was held at (a'IucI l,y"1iuircheurr.uch 0liriauic wiih the chiefs of the laity, and01 )cetiun, ccciii iciiu'ci> and chief su.'niicr, with thc chiefscli it \i S i II 'cii- III thu.' cti_-r',i .ini-i ni thi, ,cc,':ul' uc Muircl,,',crt.0 I()Triam tulle a ,ulut uch as n, kticg had u.'u.-r icc-cu.'tcefccre, namely, he granted Cacu.'ai nI the King, III thereligious, stithout an claim if taymnier. icr clergymenup in it, but the rehigi us of Ireland in general,'l'hus happened in the year 1101, and thenceforthCashel became to the south what .rniaghwas to the north. But it was not left completely

24 lii I MUN(',REI' .\NXV.\I. ('-\-dl hI ()l- 'nil-: KIN(;S 2to the religious. IT) every war it wits it sufferer,and was repeatedly sai kd and burnt.iii 1172 king Henry II. it Itigland visitedand held a general assenilil of the1st Iltister chiefs, who, as far as appearances went,paid him h image, and ackriowh'dt'd himI-N I R 5\i m•u u i C' 0551 \U istheir sovereign, but this tIny did rn ire or thesake of gratifying his lirtli' and tt:r rid ofhim, than with any real iiiteetiiin of aei'eedingto his wishes,The town was burnt 211(1 plundered lere(l in I IN,but W25 SI tifl rebuilt, and in 121 f rtceivi'tl itscharter from the then bishop.On Palm Sunday, in the year 1316, EdwardBruce and his army rested here on theirvicti irii ius titarcit through the couritty.Iii 14S5 the Great Earl id Kildare " burntthe ( 'atlieilral, and when in)peaclied, api iloLtlsedto the king for Ins conduit h saving that he(lid not 011:211 to Injure tile I uildirig, but burntIt it the hi ipe that tile .\reliiiishuli was tusk'.Ili 158 i 1 )crinut () I htirli'v of I .iiiieriek, a111211 of great IvarmilLr, 111d ability whit hadlt'.titlguishli'(l liiiiisull ,ts it iiuil1er in tlii' SCIMON• 1 I .1IIIV2ITI, W.IS .tipiIilited 1h51101) of Cashel.I hv,r wire tilt* (hilvs ubeti t' lie a Catholic Was.1 (rink, and to lie' a pltet It high treason.hut braving all dani () hurl v worked %]titiritiririg ,i'ai for his 11.k, and during two yearssi'ah)i'(l ileteitioit. Once at a dinnui ji.(it itwilulil uu;ulty adherents of tile' iiiuv religii in wereliriSellt, lii heard same caluninies against our'lv religi ii and refuted theni with suIlli iti'rly skill, that his real iiliSlllIiil Wast lv s(tslie('teil ,-;U(.Il brilliant 'altnt 21111I p learning ciuld not belong to the It41r1,4114 ,rant rilati he pretended to be lie was(ri estid and ti irtitred on the rack, and at last'lied his hhio&l for the Faith.The next hishii1i of note in ash I is lii hr\ltr,uth. it very different mail from (I I Iuirliv.I Ii 'I%IS e(lU(',ltt(l Ofl tile CI intln& Ii. 11111 It liiia pricst with letters irolll thr I'i i)U.laken hietttre i;hiiabethi he prislaillllil Ins ,iliItIrrerile tot all I'oper. and openly Urn hitliel I thelitruned religion. This No , Iuicased tile (tIitt1111:11 slit- conferred on him four Irish Rishii1itiis,awing them being Cashel To do humjustice it is said that he did not perstituti thni'Catholics, but left them alone u bite he itil amerry life himself. Ills tomb, erected lt humsellahi tilt it year he6 ire his death. isatroiiderfuipiece of orkiiiansitip, and worthy of a hitteruntIl. lies epltuhmhi in neat elegiacs, also writtenIt)- huttsilf,may still be read.Lii 1647 1.i;rd lltchitiutin, ii iuitniotily kniovrius 1st ttrrough the htti tier,' it di'giiii'i.tie Sill) ofthe urn e grtat family of the ( )flrriii, II Iflr(tltt&'(irightful atrocities in tue town. liii- garrison Sentlit offers of iapitulai iuuii, winch h- refused tit141-Itt unless lie were Liven a ui(tith p.mv for hisiluliers, a slim of f;.000 'this was refuse I,and straigiitwa) he attti-ked : the whtdt' garrisonWAS [)Lit to ulit' sword Great crowds had takenrefuge in thc Cathedral, thinking that in auhristitrt ii uuutrv the sanctuary wortiul tffnrdthem it 0 -filge. But they were mistaken. Allwire indiscriminately slaughtered. and overtwenty priests lay dead on the very .tells of thitaltar. Such was the work of a degenerateIrishman.Fri in) the time of Miler \lagrath diuwn to1744 the Cathedral was used for ProtestantserviCe. lit t but year Archlii,htop Price Wasal)pitilitil ti till Sec I be W25 2 01111 whiiu likedto lie 'lotte euiuuiiortahule and at his (,Lse. AtCashed lie' found his palace sittiutid uoniuiitduuuuislyettuiughi at the foot of the rock, Itiit hispeace of uiiiiiil and body was deeply disturbedby the Lict that his Cathedral was at the suiluiiiit,a (hiS.iStl't' whit It neccssit.ured a weary chitiihi, andWIli(h prcveuutcih him friurn driving to it in stateTo) get rid of this Inconveuicnec he resortedtO an e\iieil(ei)t which has left it bItt ''P1m° hisn,uu)il', ,tritl branded him as a selfish uii pat ri utIcmarl, is ii ,, for his uiwni mere euuiveilleitie,Iulih,u-r tidy destroyed outu' of tin' Most vi-iicrtluk'I uthieihrals in tIle Ci iuiuitrv. lie prouuurcd, firstui all,;tit Act of Parliament ti the t'ffi'ul thuwho -u, as in several (hiuM'esCs. t tthiuh idihurch, s are sin uniI'(mmliui udtottsly situate-il thatthey c.innot lie i onvenieiitly resorted to 1"()r1 )ivtiuu si-rvuce, power should be given tit tiltthief uhiue-ctor to re-nmmtve the siti of a ( 'atheilialchurch to some convenient purish i hut nh.'This, iItIiu )ugh stati-d as a general jtriiiitide, hadreferunic only to Cashel. For at I ishmel imbuesits it ,ictiil upon and the Aruhhtislt4i1i itiscrimp we-ri-il to ruriuove the Cathedral haiti tileIuiu k 4 )f utmuirsi' this renioval itivant, a ciiriliutnto tit(- but, liii lung rniiure than thii' uli:mrutluutitu.tof tlii' I 'athi-uhral. but Prima- lliu11ie(1 at it IIIllifferiiuu light the took it to mean also its toi:l](test ruiti Iti lie l'IilliIut)t'il .1 regulrttut asuilulters to 11 11) 1-if the ri,uuf. Stuhi v,mudaliuttwas sinttuiuuu'tl in Ini'lanil not more than 1century and a hi.ilr ago ! This was the eiiii iithe glory if I 'ash-i of thu King It hi-tani,from it hurutud kingly residence, arid the ma1tii,tiof ihi,- richest P iuie of Ireland, it mm urnhilruin. ovtrgr '5 it with wu-i-ds, and strewn wokrocks ,urul his -t masonry, In this stile 0ri:nl i ned nivil '5 r ,tlt -aiori Cotton, it gt'nuli I''.pit jut, icpaiirtl ind resti ri-i I it to its lures(01(11 ito in.Sir \\lltei Sott visited Cashel on his wayI )uihilni. " and being unprepared for im spcctau Iso niagnificerit, one so situte'ul to the peutiturhuluit of his soul, forguit his iuit,'ndu'd jiulirnes.and Wis Ii uund wariileriiig in the hint' aisbe-s iithe I 'athedrah at the appr i,u It of night.'I ('li)tuu)t better end this sketch than byI uotlnig tit( - words of another eminent IrishmanRichard i ,alor Slid I It-re " he ex, lai tilednay i-r,muile was first rocked, and the first objectthat in its' childhood I hi'arni-uI to ninore wasthat ninlmhe ruin, an vitalilcin as well as a menutirlul of Inland, whichits( inmls i'i'tt,re is, atortuc it tu'niluie and it fortrl-ss, the seat if rihigioraand natioitaliiv when- -oIluii its wire hi-lu, whereprinces ,usseuithili'd, the scene of ii uuii ts andSyuu(u(1s, and inn which it is iiiijt'usihle ii, lu iitk,ii Iwithout feeling the heart at I inie- il-v,utet1 andtouched II)' the noblest, as sue11 es the' 111(1stsolemn recollections.' lcctioiis.

26 ME, MUN;Ri:I !NNU.\1. 1 kislI ol,LEt;I-S IN IA u!.'\\IN27IRISH COLLIGS INl( .\I ill. \,LI lot It, 1111 eict ) iiI it II tic ill, 1It ii Hi., the Itt insicciwer'ii I rti,irrcl .iitci the ( LtllclIleI r,i F'.It\' of I. cnvain alwaNs b-in l it a'it lnj.tie rl.ttilre. At all tillics the namesot Irish siuilt'rrt', have titer) rnscrilcccI in the roll(If 1.oii .1105 ililItilni, .1111l lilicrc than once artIrisiiriiait has held it l'rii6ssccrs chair in thisVCl)ei.ticte I.liiVersit. Rt.ttlrng the ],]story ofI.oriv.ijn we cHtc'rl tinci .tcccciints cci 1cubhie tiitcsiicciily and .ii clv tletiiidctl by Irl'.lrrii'ii. dliii IreiilleiitT\lit' reach of '.cc]cnin c'(r(lIIofli,•s ill thcii 11" L!iatc church cci '.,iir)i Pierre. at whichllitvis , of liii' Iri.iiI.t I Iiiciiirljni iii c_ivtd tiltDill tcirs ( :111 intl Gran. 1I ire than 00Cc anIrishni,.irt ira rtihc] tlt ttllvcr'.iiv, and sic cii scIfl-'riri's cins h.cte .oiciid i.iuiie anti histrc Ii, their.\lna Mater. Fiit thin' is one pnod of historyduring with It the is between Irclailil andI orivarit w,re isptiall stroiti, and whenIrish situ lents were rn ire hUmeri in'. at I, cuvairithan at any other tOni. I speak of thePenal trifles ill which Irtlarni, crushed and tiersei nh-il, lint unvdraluishitci by the tyranny oreturni,cii ' EriLurici, was furred to St-nd hersons abroad to :qluire the educaticiri deniedthem at iii cnie (ci) acennirit of their •tdhererice tothe f.c it Ii (if their fathers. I hiring nh cSeterrible fillies the halls of Louvain Univc'rsitvwere tinncirigcd with Irish clerical students whowere j>reiarIng theniselyc-. for tile clutlictilt taskof ket-ping alive, amid tin stccrili cci ptr'.t-cnlrccil.the flame of Irish Catholicity. In tluos claysthere were at Louvain three Irish ( 'cclii sri,tnieiv, tile College of St Anthony of I 'a ui. aFranciscan ( 'olic-ge the ,hcls-v if the I Icily'rc sM, which belonged to tilt- (hider of St.I )icniinic, and the Irish Pastoral ollege, whichwas directed Icy the ecular clergy. To give itbrief actcount c leach of those colleges i the Jcur-J)oSe of the writer uf this t.ssay.Of the three colleges, that of St. Anthony ofcadIla was the (oldest and most lam. ills TheIrish Franciscans canoe to I,ccuValrl nit tb' yeari 6o t. Iii that year Florence (onry. .\rchuhcrshcipIN liii. I'I N.\l. ll\lI.,Lou VAIN1 I'tu,crn .1 111111 cci rc,it luIct 11111 110114111 a reslcl ri e rican the icresi-ni Church I liSt. lames. The i'nars 1 icnitir)Ined to iriivaiuit thishouse icr sicmc ears, lint it soon Icc-idiot' ni,&csmu,tll br their even -increasIng cccllllIuttnuui\.\ccordinglv thii resolved tic erect it lurgendwelling, and Ili lOot) ( 'onry comtlteIlri cl tiltbuilding cci St. _rnrhonv's ( 'ccllegc' on a site In tluistreet nciw kunc cwni as tile kite de \i,ir,ur. FlitI' rain uscaits icuck ill) resicit-net' in this conventduring tIle i1rovrncralaie cii I )ccnat Mooney. Its.14 111 ticaine a ureat sliccccl, .iricl was t;inicctistlurciughiccut all Eiurcc1ur. It ivas a Coflycilt towhich Ireland is unieicr great cciclngaticcns, 6cryear lv ear, Irish prit sts left it to minister ticthe Want, lot their lwrsenuk'd eccuntr nieri, andmany of them criiwtieil the wc irk lit their lives icya glorious iniatt'rciccnn. In this cc Invent dwelt(..olgan, the ilinitruicus Irish haghcraphier, whoWrote t hi-re his famous I, cta Sactetc cruiciThen-, ti'. i, ( ) ( herv, one cci iii,' I'ccrur clastcrs,made lit,, studies, and hlrellarcdhiniSelf for tbgreatwi irk in which he was to hart' a Ito, tinhinsticry ()f Irc'l,nnd. lherc also lrdrenowmnt'ci for his piety and h - truIng, wltcirut aclnromnic-lt-r describes as a man held in sitc - iidfor his singular skill in tin' Ltntgn.tgi- and historyof Ireland," 'I'lims college was also lanticus liii itsIrish printing lirt'ss, the icoly one ccl Its kind on)the ( 'cintimlent. From this Pres manly cookswere mmcd out in the Irish langn.dgr fccr ciretilalion in Irt-lanil, the flu e.t funnccu-. of them being 1Metrical I athecism in the Irish tcinigtte.Irishmen i'rcnisnderenl the (.'ccnvent of St.Anthony as one 01 the glc cries of Ireland. .\writer of tile time says that ill no other conventwas the i'r,unieis(ani motto 'I )it'triti:n ut 'ientiaSO Well maintained, 'I'irns euhcgitunu has beenwell jni-.titlecl by the renowned sam tity andlearning of hlte nioriks (hiving to their great 1 1 11'crtv the fru.n s hall to suffer marty privations, In1667 de I dinah states that "the Irish minors livedpoorly, and their poverty aldlccans in their dressas well as in their ihta1ue'l ' They were forbiddento seek alms ill Louvain certain suicsidiesii fill Ii tle\ Iii re in tht Ii,ulit ol teeeivtnig frontlie S1amuish ( ;t,vtrnnllt - ttt svc-nr' not .tlsva)saularlv iitl liii ever, tli,icrks tc i private,a,uiicS arid l,eiluests, they w,-rr.' ahile to keep liiiPp i invent until its c oil list athi in in j 70c).Iheir eunuch, lvii nit is still in tuch the same asa rho' 1 7111 celltUrV. is Wdimtilv ii iiiemttlon Itsir-t sicinc.- seas laid dIn the ctlt cit May, 1617,ii the ,\riluthnke ,-\lhuent. lii-. onsortI cud, was also present at the ceremony. Thec ii tls ci! ,\lhccrt diii this occasic inn arc- worthy ofide iii- -aid ' I lay thus sic inc in tile name ofthe I t sh ii.m(pn for tine glory and good of theIrish ret tugies who c may c clue here to obtainTilt- ediiiatioii which is denied then) by unscrtipuilccui'. tyrants in their own colic-giate hallsat hiline. ( c )tl Save Ireland." A mural tabletcc ,iucuuettnor,clivr of this cs'cnit us still to lie Seenin the 1rccrchi of tIle church, The church,.110 1 01.1,UJI not very large, is ver\ Iieaututnul It has aII -all Altar ( If the early eighteenth (cuitliry st k'It-. ivails are dcc( crated with 501111- s-er>- tinepaintings the iliccst menti.irkabcle is one fnccnii thesehcic dl of ii ~ )twiifin Matsvs, tine ftnnotts Flemish1iainitt-r. (in mile ( i 'pel side of tilt' cluc un therens ,t iuiuitil tWiet to) the uuienncdm'c of I dmnry, theicdliiutler cci the cc cllt-gc-, wino (lit t, at Madrid ill1021). Iii .1 iussage leading tuccutc tine choir areto Icc se, ii tue toitibst( does of I )omunitli de Ihunguc,iclic, diii it I ;o, annul ' If \Idllt-. Ri isc_- ()1 )cihc'rtv,wlnc Uteci in iO(co. Iiicse st cites ticrriicrlv laneglected ill th- convent garde-in, and were putill their icre'.e-lit position iii I n. R>-an, thehc.-:iniuc-d l't,t'cticr of St Patrick's Collt 'IhuricsIn ilue year T 74 1 7, 01 which year hr. inn - s('cuwani sits siihcericcr, tint - cccniVeflt was suppressed.It WaS ucicl by alt-ti in Ili two lots at htrimssclson till- 6th ccl \I,u of mitt' sante year. lather( 'iwan Icccinghit one hit, and alter sdcnie mgi dti,itin'.got 1cciss(-ssionl of the second portion, thusiiecicniiing sc Ic 1ircc1druetccr of the eons-emit AfterCowan's death the consent became successivelya military barracks, a school, a hdorccll(tn sitoic,and a granary. In i S2S tire Itrccthe'rs ccl I 'hiaritvgot possession of it, and ( c inserted it into itschool for the poor of Louvain, in whichcapacity it still serves. Such is the liistor>- (ifthe Franciscan arc ill ege-.The I )rcmliimiidan ;\hlc,' ccl the- hot>' (recss ne\tclaimcis. ciur ,tttenrtion, .\icc cut rite tintie of time chetiiof l-liiahetii, I )anucl ( )'( 'riedagairi, I'roi iuicial oftine Irish I )ominican province, and T. 0' I )ulmn,who afterwards sueeeeeled him, Were- on tile Continent,set-krmig t site for a convent winch was toserve as a Noviciate and Si'holasticate for thes- oninig mcmlii cr5 of the ( )rder, They svene- mostanxic cus to found a convent ill h Ic lguunl, hut at firstIrene- ii misnicc c -ssful ill obtaining, rig I de- mutiussic cm) t4) thuO. h jcdue- \ er, ditirinug tine l'roviiic Witte of RccchuMu' ['cgli.lgaum. thc-y wi-c.- pc runuitte'ci too found aiiri.lste-ry mi louvatru itt i(c20 thc.-v rented titr,t terini of six years fro lin lion Iadihiues demartinet, it Idict ci Lund tiu.ur Mint Cesar.lit-IC they dwelt ic cm sdlitte tunic, and like theIrI'r,u neisea ml brethren brent soon acquired a ri-u cut at ionsii in sum titv and learning. The Rcdti di \Iagnu -tens of the Univemsiu . writing to tb- lutiantiaIsaicella, speaks set)' highly of them. ,tticl SIIVStii.ii their love of Sttici'c' and 1ikt> was ser1in,ut-,cwortiis'. Like' the 1-raneiscans, thu_-v werese-my poor. \iueui first they came to I ,ous-ain,the y had 1w en let ting intone) from I rt - I liii I. butthis help cliii not last hcdng, and thnt-ir sutu,lticnnwas hid-dc cmtcun)4 lcrc'cariiduts, wiic-ii mui the >c-,cr imite lnitntc Isabella wri dc' to hdhlthi1u tile Fourthof ,pain praising those I rishi I )i cI 11111 d ai,s, arid1 ic-.ceeitini.t the mnccrt,urch liii' to their aidIhilnic re'.1cicncIed icc this IcidlCul, and granted totile an annual Icensuoni 41f (lint -miicuusautd ilc Iriuts. 'l'hte religious continued tonc-ieive this pension UI c to the little (If the suh c-jiug,uti cit ccl itc'lginmu hd :\ List nia, it huc-ni the.ristl .Ini 'c len ntlicelil ne'du( ed it tin tinre-e- itundm edflorins. The )cdniimuliu'ants also rei't'i\c-ti irdcnttilt- Prt ,p,iganda an annual jwnsion ill CcitthunnIncd and twenty Rccniani Crowns ( oil c idnidtii rn that they sent four niussiudnianies to Int'latlihtic -iv six s ans. In i 66, thanks to thue- gc ncrccsitv lot tlie hrccthers( ;re'gmdrV, \Vilhi.nni, and I l,-nrvIccc, tiuc we're ahuit- tuc crc-ct it new Inlicniiu'.tery.- I Ill, mild ufia ster)', which svas t hut' ii OP ie of itian vf,unlmiuus nii-uiiicc'rs id the ()rdc'r of Idneai iucrs, wassun uuin'cl l i t the street now knc.cwmt as Irish1) dluuinid.lmi Si rue-i. Here resided many ttniditisicr lessors of the l_nivc'rsitv, such as I II 'i inflell,(1' Reilly, and ( II iuiui.The convent continued stamitlinig until ill,-Year 1 ;97 . In the July of this year tine dciiiIliunity were exu chic_I, arid their hitch>' home razedto the go clinic I. Irn 17 W) the church was demolishedNoriitmig low remains of this oncefamous Abbe), and the site on wiiieii it stotcd isnow ocetiiiieei by dwehhintg-houses. However, itis not altogether f( ingotten, fur the street inwhit h it stood is Still called Rue des I )ciminicamsIrlandais,"It now nenilninis for its to say a brief wordtliicut the Irish Pastoral College. The work ofthis college was to t -dudatt - secular priests G otthe Irish Mission. It was bounded j02 3 byi- ugi-uie \Ilutiie-w, .\rc -Iuhcusholc If Dublin. Itwas under the jeirisclictic.imi cil the Propagandafninni ichich it receirc-ul uttuitit financial aid. Illthis ccclIe-14e', ivlticli ii,mmt,uiine'd tburn-e' ladliltics,'I'iitschicg, i'huilccsoldht\, antil Rhetcci ii. iiultl)\ Irishhinut -sts itcacie their studluc-s, lit-re nnamiv a priest,Will) ti te'rw. mcis watered W ith Iii'. blood thesoil of his native land, received his spiritual

2 THE MUNGREl .\NNUAI.1H L' GATE OF 'I'll F.ALN 2()I rii1,it IL In I l H iii! Ie_, n,inv 01 thoseiiiart\ i', who Call's are now licing discussed atRollie, studiel Many famous professors of theU niversi t eloni4ed to this college. _\ rn rgtb' iii ,t illustrious were Freit h, who afterw.irdsbecante .\rehbkhp if I tul liii, and Kent,wIn lies buried in St. Irter's Church, Louvain.e tatitous Stapleton was also educated here.plctoll, who was Rector \l agill Ii its of the.vi'rsit no le'.s than ten different times, wasii ii', throuciioiit Euro1 it loi his great lrarniig.was a native it l'ethard, iii 'I'ipperarv. lie,.noii of St. Peter's Collegiate Chun It, ill-Ii lie now Ii-, I uried, and win -re a mcii n.h.ill(- t nmii ii a Im,t .ini inscription, has lwcnti_-d to iiini. It is interesting to note thatof hk voi k-' treatise on the Church, hasn published Litt IN by I )t'silcIi ish Pa-Loral ('liege was situated ill theii w known a-' Rue Vital I )ecoster."N thing now remains of it, and the place whereit ne stood is now occupied by ordinaryI liii mg Ii )USeS.In i'oni'hitdmg this brief sk-th, I would saythat it is a pity that some Irish historian (hoesnot make some researches regarding thoseancient glories of Erin. Vets' little is knownabout (bern, and it is said that ample informationis to I be Icid oil the subject in the State papers inflrussels. as well as in the archives 'f tb: Irancisi'tnIrish Province. It is a pity thatcolleges which were a glory to Ireland, ill, [ anhonour to the University it 1.41LIVAill shoiihiI heallowed to he orgottr'n. let is hope that '. inichistorian will arise, to tell their story ade1rmt,'lvand etihighten his cuuiltrvmnen oil these I III IrishColleges.I 'ii( ,SCRICK.'the Gate of the J1psNil I Ii 11 'SNOk\M\. -EGJ.lE 'I. PIF.RRL.4—h(;i.isI: 51'. PIERRE.4 1N'IF:RI 1K 4!)F tN iVi'.KSii V.i•iii' extreme north of the fertile plain1 I riuli, some seVenty miles north-east\'euici', stands the I ittle town ol()s'i,tak', or, as it was anciently called,in, Giulio. TO the world at large it is butlittle known but fr the Italian tind Austriangovt rnilleilts. it is a placc ut no. small iinpuurta?ili',it is situated at a point where the Alps affordaii exceptionally easy es'.agc from Austria IntoI alv. Its peculiarly advaittagc&iei'. lioslOoll wasru -u I ignised centuries ago, br I 'ividak' is 110liii nil'rti town. It cistcd while, as vet, imperialis tile swivel tint' world it saw the inroads iI•Barbarians, and tit those dat k and storm) ittyii it witnessed iimaiiv a fierce battle, and inId defiance' closed its gates against I nesieging'lines''lii' famous historian of the I,omhiards, Paultin' I icacoll, himself a lonibanil, ariul a native of'ividale, has given a lull arcotnit ol tin' partplayed hs' the citv during the rule if thos' barfiariansit Italy. '111ev were he'll anus'. thu Alps,about the middle of the sixth century, by theirrenowned king, Aihnnh u. Hut heforu' lit' lesienddinto the plain, 'the king,' sass tIne 1"(:Iimbed to tim,- top of a v'nv hugh mountain, andviewed the land 1 lt.ilv lying lefmure loin, shutlit On thu west and tioi tim by mountains, but opento Pannonia on the e,ist, liOn he h'1 (lOwithis vast army into Friuln. Numtlnng could with'st.uil(! his hence followers. ('ivimiale tel beforethem. With fire and sword the)' sW Pt OVen theplain, and simon their Situ ri 'usarimly encampedin '.iiI,t of1-Ioo,'ver. luetrmre Inivitig siege to thus city.,\lhioitl) tliuoight well to su'unre thr 1ussnige iiithe Alps Iuehiind hint lie, ti,er fl ire', fortifiedI ividale, leaving his itelihluw, ( ;k,lt in untmaitil." l'htcn ' says the !iistoi ian, that tlprince might remain there content, it,' urdem edhuin to choose htis eoiliiianitts t'ionm amongstthe noblest families of the district and tite newruler prayed the king to give hint, also, a troopof noble horses : and these, also, the king gave.'Alhsni,t thin set out to conquer Italy. FiveNears later lit' was trenilierously slain, hunt ( iisuthfofixed his ah0dC at Cividitle, niel hlil sway overall Ii iuli, Before long, however, die I Inns, oncethe friends ond allies if the Lombards. joumni'iinto It,ils, slits ing friend and hue'. (hsulhu wentonth to iliect them, hut he and most of hisfi ullowers were slain in the battle, and the stirvivorsretired within tIn' strong wall-, iii ( 'iviulule,'I'h&' grand Khan of tin - Huns invested tit,- u,iy,and attacked it from all assailahIe pints but inviii : the city, safe v. ithin its high ramparts,

30 T!II MUN ;Rl:'l' .\NNU.I. 31defied all Ins eff irts. Vet, what force conid notat'iiltnI)lish, w35 4aille(i hV treacllerv. One ofhe inil hit 11115 tijeileil the .:ttes to the lesieet'rs,md ill tin' dead of' night, whie the liv layhitried in sleep, the &'nctiiv entered t1i't'lesslv,md, before tile alarm it mId he LiVCll, the (it%was taken and sa(-ked.The Sons of ( ;isuliii, triistine to their fatherswift steeds, tied hr their lives. (;rinitIdo, thei)Ulle5t of tlit SoIls, t,ts still hut a eiiilti, andone of his irothers, rather than have hiiii failinto the iiortiless hands tit tile victors, W.about to run him tilroiIi) with his sti irti, mt henthe bos l4tell to he 1tLt ed,it lii rshaik, andfollowed ltt'liind the rlijigin.g tiriiilv tohis teeil, alld holdil tile leillS ill his littlehand' But tile Huns iilrsnm ii, and ( rnoialdoilavmg no 511(115, was itvt'rtmkrii. His u,m1ttr,taknig h,—Id of his rein, turned kick, well tintent with tile lii i tiler he had little , for the hi ivwas t otulely ill ililteatanet, with liright e i, antifair fitwiutg oils Yet, ill that little lutist,heat a hero's heart. The sin lit the gii.tt ( ;iiiliwould never subunit to slaver lie would le,iinhis tree I till, ill die in t1w attempt.. And 0 thelittle liii drew iii', small swi rd unilotiut (Landwith all his forte, drove it into ills captors lie:oi.So will dirt-4 let1 was the thrust, that the l;itttifull, his skull Ilierted to the brain. Then iiihuti tnt tied his lltirse again, followed, and ovel -took his I irothiers, and ii ild the tale of his alitulu'intl eseilk'. '[']its ( ;riin i,tldtt, with (tilt' of hishrotilers, Iiilallv til,uie his wa as fir si nih asiiCileventti. Hire lie rtsiiled with tIle nigilingduke, to whom he was related, and ill timesucceeded to tilt' ducat cOta II, which Ii'on to a long line Of illuistrit its destC!ld:itlt',But tile tille ianle whit tilt' l.ulliliuil". illtheir turn, hail to kiti tinailv to othti em in(hiIer)rle.t tile invitation iii Pope til ill, ii II.'llarlerllaent' (ltset'nded lilto It.ul', 31111 01 theVe,lr 774, I )tsiderio, the last king if tilt- Loubards,was forced tit sutrrenticr at la Ia,11. '11 an t'nlagne, however, allowcd R util galls t, Jut'(It Iruuli, to continue to rule his tiukeilotti hutthe following \ear, he, Alld sttiuie tiller 1.1 ittliarilchiefs, reltt'llt'ti against tilt' I'rallkishi ('uiiii1iltrtirs(2harleniagni' itivatled their territory, will till tilt)lain of Friuli the l,onll)artls filiigllt their listfight for siuremacv. ( 'tvtulale hail been their firstac lutsition i iii coming into u Italy, and, al'tt,r rulingiit(ir' than two centuries, it Was the last stintthe striiggli'th to hold. Afte r its fall we heir toiiui)lt Of tilt.' Lombards ill ItalyI Jui hg the ages that followed, nuanv andnlunv a hostile anliuv made its way into I t.ulv lu)tin' '*(;,tic of tIle ,hhs "—tile Porti deghi .- \IIO,"tilt1 .u.guitl and mgiin Cividale had tit he fought1(,i etc illese u'iuil&l continue their %\.IV aliutig tilt'iiliilu of i'riiili. ( )n .1.11114 ),It ever\ iCi,isiilu tilulittle elt\ had 5(1110' dirttlg lieu t it) deterlil itanti Lnaim' are tilt.' rl.utlit uuf tilt--(- that hi e i miiiiiov,ri tim the prisilut (liv Ill tIit i.iges of history,lull nI h)uiptllir It genii auth ttlitiuin, Rut ofntitut are the irtiitiuitints (if ('ivlilt!- si lirouth us ofthen fist and gre.iuesu I hike, the t,iii:t us ( ;isuiltutAbout tort Vi'. r' agm while stun - it -pairs IV( rubeing made to liii a 1uetiuu t ill the iiuddl ill thecity, ill tlut.' " di-I \lert,itui, or, as it is lowmore ('ittlitihu lIly tilled, tilu - Pia//o di Pju joI )iuuuuno,' th workers t'anii', liy chant e. ito iiIhiassive white niurlule Coffin, whit hi hi ire till eatilside two shields, Thu Coftill Was oiueflt'ui, atuildue relivains of tile artllOuir ti Sollue iritietitii ri mr were huulltl iilsi(le. 0)I the tuittiti, theitIturs 1 t t' i, euuiihi Ill' taint lv distinguisllid,intl tit is gave risi' to tile hieliuf I hiU tin' rtuiain'.if tilt (;rt.t Duke hail ioille to light. It 11l;iVhe uimutiiutemi tvhetlier ( ulfit, whim fell fightill1.iLauil't tile I louts, jt a distance Irtuill Uivitiah',ii iltl il.iVi hlt'll I uitrted ill stit'ji state, ill tilt .iiuititilu itt the u it's. Still the luemiplt' hold to theirtuultu I, that tile white marble itittlil, now to lii'Sm i - Ti ili tilt' itnIst'uiuli, is really that of their tiNtin Ii its ruler.'l'iitgreat ileruies and warriors of ( 'iviilale havelt.issid away, thi' city has uiwinilleui ill jrlhlort,loie,,inth hits undergotie lltilrtt riuuis uii.tluges Ili ni.iilvplat es Its stiong wills Iiavt' irunolul,ti trlttu ihut.Vet, (;iuliui it,ilhls its liulhimitt;Lnee as thii;,Ltc of the Ils hi these later years, whenwar lutuveen .\iistrI,u anil Italy is griuwing ti.tillii ri' uninlinent, tile lt.tiiall giiVt'rlhillet)t has iii'rt'ast. il tile girrisoil (if this valu;ul It' frt intut'rtutu Ii , new iiiiiitti', Eutil fritiii ( tvi(i,ile it.Ii irtrtss tin the borders (if Austria is Ill (iuuirseOf Cu instruetiu in, and ( ngiitecrs are ui.irinitIi irtilit'itions on tilt, rum'ighisiuring hills. It wool I1101 lie rash to ft uujt'iturc that ( 'ividale. whichhts 'itch 5(1 mu('il fighting and ilooil'iheul in dasguru' liv, fll3V Witness sjllldt,lr Sietlus iguhil, arid,like Solterirti, and San \lartiniu, li -i -in, famousill till,' ilistulr)' of modern liaR - But is such itfuture to be hutihieti for or dusireul ? Nuv, ratherlet is trust, that aftcr t'enturies of strife. ( iviulaIclilly t'011titlue to enjoy the hulessillgs ofarid stand tilllllmilcsted by the itluit Natist it.uritiur the h,tthuiw of th .iant moilnt.uins ill\%hich it builds tli k, y.I )u u- ' v, S.J.j \l uhtigrt't, 05. j

32 liii: rN(;Rl. F \NNL'AI. INf1BRUSSELSIINC,London,one CSUIIT. 5iI friend sand I11\ clI jourrievtd\ Trails Sri 1 1.irwieli rr herr' we riiihirkt'il1 \ 511 4 Iii ilir itit IITtiL 1% TellW. .1111 Tilt k I --tile (I.Tlr 1 lIlt 11111 TI I. aml. I't jr II 11Cr! i 1the babel of foreign S I rug Le. I 'he great IiFront ilititit Ihirt'. anti Il\ ing the flags (it ditartTi itinus. t will 1 II 4)4 mr I III 4 titleS as Tilt) hr.lv • wtr. iiiiloading i h!IU1III 1.I1rf2jOFill I— VU1btUIMeves. We were now gliding up the Scheidt. Thesky was clear and the sea calm. Tue 111.1tLint oldwindmills on tither hank. as they rev dyed lazilyIII the iteeze, served to lnreak the Innmonnily ofthe iluir uiltivated and swauliln\ lands..wav iii the distance, .-\ultwerp scents inn riseout of the waters ..\syet the spires appearsmall, and the city is onl a tin) speck in thebend of the river. But raduahly the spiresIs-come larger and better defitied, the nit) seetitsto grow as we approach, and soon its bus) iiriFreaks upon ourears\Vn: are now entering the immense docks, and\I\\J lOt \i\I(TIi \I\ I liii -TTl'arw ics, or gettiul Jr, idy I r a V 1 age. Lver -thing bespeaks work and prosperity. the (1(44 k-i,extending for over two titiles. present a SeelIn:of hustle and activity it is interesting to watchthe method, the sliced, the facility, and the irtcision with which the world's commerce ishandled.We now land, and 'e t it glimpse of AlIt wnr11as we drive in the station for Br (esels. Thetrain Journey Is short, but still we get t goodidea of Belgium by watching the country as wespeed along. On all sides are to be seers richharvest ficlds and well cultivated gardens. Theil.__!J• .. tit-,4;Tj11JTilliL;,;;'j'.JrnrárrIIIi1i•,•-.TA Ft. -____W-wvv%7""ilI I i- 1.1 \1 I 'I \I -N I 'I P1.1;:

34 'l•IIE MIJN(;REI .\NNU \L IIRLSS1-1 35thrift f the inhabitants is shown in the e.lrc antinterest they ttLc Ili the wi rkini 4f the soil.Every held, and every pint of ground amplytestili's ti the pains taken in it, ('Ulllv(tt,ln.At l.it l]rusteis is readitti, and we alight atthe (,'a Iii .\',/. It is a er', tine huildiiig.In I root is tht /'/rt /tc,'I,r, whose 1tih housesremind one if the skv',,'rt1 let s of New York.lrusse1s liii luestittnahly is a most l,t'autit'ulcity and it great capital Of a flourishing stiltlohliwing the long boulevards, we notice tia'hiaittlsniiie and 1tatclV buildings whii If rise onIthici .ide, the ulto-date liottis. sunllitii itisLii 1 I r;, live ii 4s, ill,' C, J11 I LIIIever increasing stream of hUe and traffic whichiittokens the wellbeing and proshiel ity of itnun try.. few niinnt e. walk 1 ru ii.ht us to the Grin,!1/,c. Iii this Irihttrnnn lorutul is summed ill)histu ry of I]ro ssels a rid tile Netherlands. Itwas here that the gui his tt uht for, and won, theircivic treed rn : it was here that mighty primesproi latmed the laws and issucd their edicts itwas litre that it tree born people took the oathsOf :ullegitii c: and on the bright (lays of hi,lvfeast or glorious victory, it was heretic. I4eoPlCthronged in crowds to telehrate the glad occasionin song and feast, and evening revelry.'Iliese STieS are living vet for 110 one callstand amidst these historic initldings withoutrecalling, the night drama of the past. We seirnto ste giiit these sttirtiv hurglicirs, crossing theniightv sluare, dressed in thor atulint tostuities,siognig their 4414.1 songs, tvinIi_ ever and anon aglittering caivatade sWethS in stately processionpast, and fiiii these galled onoliws arc heardLife j )V4 us cries of wife or I ver.liLt Iltel lie \jjIe IS ttrtiiiilv the ii)tstimposing tuiIdig in the square. It occupiesearly the while of one side : and is uJne of thelarst ;Ili([ no—t lint In] :hifi 1 t1w kind inI; rn I- vih Ii. i'- 'I - :-'.-- '• , -. q — a — --, -- . .._rWi •1w ' ' - . –. •AM" WIL-1I 5- II H - LI-of rich detail-, an a-u Ill tilation of niches, heads,and curious foliage. \teauhi angle if thebuilding is a turret, while a iigii tower (nipletesa structure worthy of the city which itoverlooks and i ru,tects.Opposite the lIt 1 de Ville, we see thc1Iz1n di Re, I h is luilding may well I)described as (ie of tii' gems Of tIe Grand P/11?.'l'iie mind is at 1411cc iilihiressetl liv its statelyhiguiitv.and delighted with the e huisite delicacyot its detail.Leaving tile Gr ma I /11. we prnceel a shortrtdistance, and then cuter a over, 1 lL-sLt', whichis called the GaZerz'(s 'ti. 11w-i-' Ihis aicadeQqis one of the finest in Eur pu- It connuls twonupirtLuit streets. It is line1 un tither side livattractive ships, whose ext - rI IS in- decoratedwith luusts, statues, and nic r? l's of differentcolour-;. the galleries are very bright, being afavourite promenade and meeting place for tilebuss' and the gay alike At night especially thescene is very lively, as each gallery his its owntheatre, which is generously 1i:itrtinisicl liv thecitizens of irussels.itrig ti) It steel) lull we cu tiute to the Cathedralf Ste.( udtiie The exterior is simple, hut, likeIT Gothic architecture, massive and solemn.[he intii,ur is heautifullvdecoritted. I'hie-,tainedTss wllluluitvs dating from ever ejuu4hl Slilcelil, i tht enturv, strike us on accolitit of theirluisite ci Turing. the pulpit reprcst-ntlug\ lam and Eve being driven from larae ise -nil the uiakett confessionals testify to tileIILIIu)rtant hurt ph;lyel iv the carvers chisel inrIlinienting thC liucuse of GOd. Several beautifulI nibs ot fioiunis men further efllhelliSh this old.lid historic building. This cathedral is onr ofIli.—se masterpieces of that religious art whichmistituted the glory of the middle ag's.lug the church ni I nae to thi: /ui,,./1-it'. l'his attractive resort. wli its lit il'ilks, its stately thus, its f,iiivaius alld statues,t favourite hiruleitlt]e of the citizens in the-inituler scisciit ()it the left side of thc larkto ill be su'uit t1w Parliament blouse -11141I L:1-11 lilt ( )tfi u -s ( 'rus-dng the irk in aHiLI4hit line we enieue it the square tIllersuds tin- kosaT Pala It is it haii,lsoiccI nililiui', and ad Is to tile heiUtv of time mainIratile it) the lark.At till' tIlil of thi /i,, i' At rises the/'z/zt i/c Ji,ciie 'iInr gigantic edifice itwtnluh he bird to fiiiul in Enii1te. Stauiuhttig 411tie Most t-lu-vated ]art If tile town, this colossal,ti It tire, when viewed front afar, brings ill)huefore the mind a vision of the citadel of Somegreat lIai,vloiiian city. 'iii idea of its site canIll - got, when it is remeniher d that thie building;c)o feet long, anti yio feet broad, fit usci eupYilig an area of nearly S acres.The Interior is decorated on in elaboratescale. The great tvaltlng rum, tic uipies thecentre of the huildmtg. ciii m,-,csures 295 feetby 130, while it tine dome, more than 260 feet,finishes all elegant and artistic "Salle des lislerdiuslion this great hill tour slulinlillmarl-Ic staircase-, lead to tie - first flu tr. Theaudience chambers, open c iiirt..anl other ru cuts.numbering in all 2 7o, are l,cvislclv decuratt-d,esl)eciallv the sacous Courts if Appeal, whereno trouble Or tXjeilse has iten sa-d ill ctiuiibinirigbeauty with utility.The next point of interest is the Avrnui[titus'. '['his thoroughfare is 2, 7 35 yards long,and (10 yards wRit : .c double rilt f chestnuttrees cit e,uhi suIt Irituits the 1edu--,truan frutnithe icl.iritiltg rays i the suit in suniucuer, Whilealong the avenue are to lie seen several lceauitifmulstatuesAt thit end Of the .Irruui 1_ui's, is the woolRiis it/c, Ca,nli,-,-. 'i_lie I,tWIis and picttlresluehollows, the spacious alleys, the rustic bridgeOver the principal ravine, the trees and rharmingshady nooks, the island, with its excellent restauraIn,all cuintriicute towards making tli,- woodtIc favourite resort of all classes in lirussels.I Itvlitg no seen the important iniltlmngs and- ttr,i' -tins, let its take a gent-ril VieW of thecityitIld its inhabitants. The townspeople. ondi ndee:l all Belgians, are vi-r% tond of a iii useni tilt.- t niav he I lercic i-ed by Ivat h rig the large cm nd swhich frequent tile u -aft's and ticeairi -s every- veiling. ]'hev are Ver llalulv and Cuullteiitetl,4111. .15 gcotl practical Catholics, lily greatat teOtic ti to their religious duties,hIeing most polite, they often appear. per hapslittle tin exacting in their manners I hey arevervg id natured and kindly, especially tOw,trllstime Irish, whtiui they hold in high esteem.Every inhabitant of Ilelgiuni is prtutl of hitscapital, and so well Ice might, for, mud, fewcountries tail boast of a cuiv Sol well built, hat]Out it such a picturesque Illaniler, itithmug such beautiful and nu.isive buildings. Ihit'streets arid lculevard,w hi hi are splendi.lv kept,an- v.re-cl here :utih tb-re with itiirmilniu'uit5tndetmitcenud hy sparkling fiutitamics. The u-stilt-niservice of trains and taxis is it itucui h>uctli to thetuUitess man and the pleasure seeker. Theipiilation is steadily increasing, and ni Wi tIller,10 )T lirussi-Is is an ideal City.In le-autv ,uicl Ifl huistirie tulcnlorie, it YIeldsIn no liroliu - cn city, ticehit, perhaps. to I'.tris\'et, does it )iell to itirms ? For, if we I u ,nsi herit, the Iceatity cf Paris seems to he a fric'iuliuumdwantccuu beauty, and tile historic uictiimc urlesof Paris a dark and bloodstained ru-cohlertli unNot so with Itrussels. Whether we nI s with the11.1111 uy throng in tile (,iz/r'rt,s V 1/ni r/, or museh i'rteithi the shadow of the I/H/u' Ii V,//e, ourminds are ever tllle'h with sober thought,,. liiitwentiethcentury of material and social progressscents here but the ri-tiection of the Middle Ages,when lland:rs \va it market for the traders ofthe wucrlil, and, the huirthl]l_icc cf that free spiritof dt'nioc-racy sit characteristic of thi, 14th ecutur)in Europe.. 'rid the rfleetoun is all diemule iIn1,rcssive when we see to-day the brightlight cf the Ages of Faith still shining overmicro I el4Iulu, and the city Of Itrusselsstill the Ii' tflte of religion, of industry. and ofthe arts.

pi36 '1111: \1 t.' N RE I' ANN1..\1.Im1I1II1((II 1 1I.'S ('111111 1 1 1)'r ' 1 (•('.41 1111(1(1(1 ,1 C .11 t 4 '.1 lii 1(111111tLI ,'1 H)l.41 4 I ii .lp)u' Nil l' S 4'.'l).hlt lii, Il'Il1'.1I11.\p .45.4'IJ ,ll (pui' on ('.1p,lI .IIU•fl.1 Ill 11.1 44(4411(1 ('(Ill I ('.4(1 Ii (('Iii'.nr 11,N ( ' limp i' iii ill l. iip .iiIN 11,4 '((4' '((.4(4111111 tlml'tr mill. ('tIll .1(41 NitIliUM) ('.11 4.111 ('(JIll til*' .1(11 I 11,1 S('.411.\irI1.- I1iI1,IIII l)1I,1(",\iI I iii 1 ('.411 111114(.4111 I' 4' 11111 I ' to 4 *11 4' .411 .41111,1 .1 11 (1.4 ('l.((l1((114 '14 F441111l'' ' 'I1 (4 4I( 4 F4 ,i1 ,'4 lilfihlIl 1.4.41'II'.\S 1,111 "Nit ('4,44 ,'IIl 1I,11(,\l4(' 4 Ill 11,\1 Itfl1(iCMII .1I( I' kS . N (.14 .'ic ()JlllN. 7 41.4('.11.4.\i1t Sit( 1To(' .15 1 ( 11 .M111'.11 I - 1_'11.hl.hI1l'l" 11.4 5.11 .11 1 4 '5 l'('4',4fl15.1Il11.4 .'tiI.U' .15 44 lIni',lll tic.11''' I11H'.lp.l 5() 11.414 Iljç,l l(l1()l5I 41I1 Ill' t).1(,.4('Mill I 11,1 1.it' .15 54(' I'.'4 '((S 14 ,111)I. .i ( '' ,1(• 1 14 (UI I' ,' hi It'll' I'iIl 1 hilIt,\l tlI 1 (lulI,l 544 h4Ip 511141') ..I1),I It'll 5(41(1' 1I1'n(',\' 4 on (mix.r.414 tIr r.lnl.li1 1 ('1111111 111.11 4 V' 1(().411 nl.lIcIrrip hllM' 1 t (l.ir('.nl.i1 541.4111 ''I' .111 '0Ifl 5)4 'III .1411111 .li1I ('1li .411 1.1(1IllH' .111 ('((ll.lIi(r Irr 4 '.\(l',lIl ,ll(Iflh1 IHI plc 5.U' .l((II1I1)' 5)4 11U1 11,4('l((I'((IV 111n1\fIlll)' ) ',ll.t 11," 11.114')' 1l( 1..lI1 .114.'I4 .11111 1 LI.41 l.l1 4 .411 4U)lll.\111.441 lllol)'N 1vo 'N,, - 1'(' 4 '111114'.11 .1 Ill .l(' "1' ."Il.IIUII1I1. lli( lilt ( 1,..4l(.1 5tli .\Il1 t' ,1 ' 5(4(111 41.44)ll.11lIr)', - IllIn)ir 1 41.4 (41.4114 ('((1111,14'1)1.411.4 J111.414 141 4 4.15 1n'.c Ill 5tt' C 'illu "1.45 i'iip IH' 5(4 1 (I.IC C lit '.11'Il.l I 1.4I'l,\li, S('n'.hl.1 Ill .Nil 54) 1. 4 111 14.4(4(1 iIt.4)11.4111 "1' .441 1'4I.\i'41lIl'' .1 lIl '(5 0r,n1,'it 1"N 11.IICII1I1 1 5.111 lM' .4151' .14 All ill t)oh .4 11) U.4It;•l14 .141 I11.'ISII'r 1 .1 ""I'' (.4I1'1((',411.4 1')711 ,11, .111 ('('(( .4 c.1II( .'4I1 111.414,4 jIil.11i. 1.11.41111.4 5,414.1111 .111 I (1.41) 7 1'111 -0 '1 I 11l1'L .P ci ' 1 Il.1IIi1(1' r1lt'.1'ii. 1.1\I1n1'iI1 i'll I .111 .1 S(' Ill )11l4 1,t,1' .411 41.4Ill .li(('.lt'.lIl ( l'l'lc' .45 't1P 'Mi)h ç(( rlLlç .4CC' ni.1(1 .1(1 (0 I11 )',1 I I'f lI1 .41 .411' •1 11.4 ('.41.4.41.1.4114S.111 .1 1(1I11V.41( 'l''" tu'l( iI'l'" .\('U tlNI'1h1 .4 11 ,4 .1 Viol( I'C,\MIlt)' I. t,; 1 14.114 .4(11 1t(l_1'( Il (11.414' .lt .4 Itl Ill tuc I c )'(C'' 1('l.\I('t'.lIlIl.\ 1411 51.111.11 i cM )n".4l'('.4ll' '11(111.4(1 (11.114.4 p14.11 11 1 4 tII' 1''l' 141 1 1 )'.l" I 1411,'.nrnl,ln 14.441 1''" 111,411 '1l1 . \I 1 4 .414('('.44 11 ,4111 .4(1 11.4111) ,' ('I lI.4 (1.1 .4111 So 1(4 1 PIll .4 'N I 1,Nil 111'4)II .1t(ir ('.4k' I''' ' I1_,1I' .45 1U',lIl,ll)l.1(1 5('t'.'ll.'". I I,'1l."ll 1 1''I hFol,\(' I 41,1.41 1.1 .411' V ) 'lll 1't .441 i' (1.1.4111. Oi ( 1114.411 .'t 1 11 1 1'.411 41.1 ('.4 1. 4.411. .1114 11 .l1 1(1 ,1 ('(115 11(4 .1 I'' '1(4'1)111111 ( ' 11 11('.4 1(1(114 .1111 re 1.4(1 (p1(114.41't) 4,11111 11.4 FI.N1,1111) ('1111 .4)1 'l '.4111)1,114,1 1 4 11 ,41 I'( ill 1444 p1I,l.414 .\111.\( 'si' .411lp4 1. .IC, .4(4" 1.4 1111111 . I llr.11 .'( 11.\1(,1 I( 1\ 1411,17)'t.1111 .11 1.)')) 1 I11 M'Ill( ' ,'ll ( 14.11 1 1 1 .4. ,'4('C' Ill ((1114.414im(III (441(4' .44,' (I .1I1I1'II1 11) .411 14.1 In '.14 .4 1 111(4(414 1.4 S.11(.IljI 14(4 cup "1' .441 Ill h.\l,\IUMlp( (((lI'(' ,'141 14,1 1',1iiirt' .1 14(11' .111 .1111(4,41 .44)1 ill *'.1I'C,1l.rM (III 11.4 C)'ll(' 111I.4I(1)1 5,11' .10(111(1 I''. 4 II1 .IS.l1I1l1 ('11,41011.411 ()(11011) 1 13011r,\(" l).lIt4' illic' ('oiii t,'4((l'( "1'((Ill) ('1.1', .1(4' .411111,1 Ii 4.' "1' .411 411.414,1 I t tl .44).45 plc I' I 11114.41114 .4 .111.4111,4 rpl'0(it,\15 t'"PI 1"1 114 ''1 ' I4( I11.li(1' ,41)1 ,I1I 7114.1111 1" .4411.41 ('out .141 tIll I1'l - ('11.4111I h1,inll ,\ lI .4)111. 1114 lit 1' 4.\'.11u.\11 .41.471' l).4 tlllll 1 .4 iil,11%11.\1')1 .441 ('U111'.l 111I4'.45 .4 t115 1.4T1 1(1111111 .411 1."1 1111 till 4' .1(1 I l 41 .1)1 ('('.414 ).'1II(1'.\t U5 All I'll %.I 11(1.41) ('(.41(11.4 P011 1(1111111.(:11.414.4111 . 41 .4 I1 I11'l (Ii 1 1) 4"ipell C'Al p1. e .5111 11..4Ic.11114.II1( l'n'It 1'( )'.4Iils.4lI I .15 5I,\r.41111.\IS.111 Ill .Sl.Z,Ii'(Il4 5q 11,51111 , ('t'.\l..4In.1Il'4 (- tiq' 5)) 11.h15 111,414.4 11 1 4 ,414 tilt' '1' ('•ll''llli'('.4CU,l .1('( 11' 4 .4 ill .4454' 5.4 114.4,11.4111 11.5'14 5,\'i(.1l1 140 l'4,1IllL5,vO t o ('(Ii.)' I11\11 (Ii1 11 4 .44(11 4)1,114.1:. ':;i.... •"•' - '- iI --d-% -.-- . -- .'. ,-.--.'-.---'-----,-.- - -i.45.111141 .411I 11 'NI'lill \it'P p MNli 54.4 '4(['i lllIj' .4111 II "1'( (.415. '( )J..\11 41.4 I11,4il('.lIS 7 11.44'.\jlhl.\114 .lp .411 i11 I )44t.11 ( 1)' 111111 11.4 115.414.4144444 h.4lt .15 14(145 1'" ('out 1 5('l()IlI) 1l('l('111.111114')' no 111 .11 4 I'll) '444) j'('('Iflhl 111.114,1 14 (1 ,411.1111.11" or .171 11,()41 ('1,111 14)1) ('MIll, (u5 ]'C.15.111) Nli 4I1 Ill )i 4'. t\11 f'1 n '11,111c 11.1 11.414,41111.14")" ''l'"'(' Su114.41111 () ('(1.1114 1 1 II"IIC ( ''i' ','ulli"lll(' 7 U.lp( 'II' 1)11114' lull 1'4'.11l '14)) ('(IjI 144' '((4)'''1' 1'"1 1(14'0 1'hi11 4'4111 11.111 (.11' 44I1 . 1111.411)('11m, 11.l c('.lt p115 11,1 "., .\14,1I1I .1 11 4.1,4 lti" 1,14111' 4111 In) lil.\1ll41IIS)'iI).4il I'.l\llI1j'ilIl (ti S'Il 111 .'ISII'UIjI .4)1 C0l1.4ljl( 514('MIll 11.411(1)1. Ill 11141114 V,411,1 1,1211111l'n'lt .11111 1111,11 1 1 (" 4 4)1)1.1 4.1111,114 111,11 414 11,h1).4 II11U('.14"( l'll' .lj' .41) 544(111,PC' I,v 4"P''l''" .\I4'6' .\C'.\ (Ii' ('0111.411 4 .441rI5C 1116114 1)1 1)11)1 1' r.p .471 5(141144' 4114)11.4.4 ru ill ("(',lll. 11.4 .hI1'('(' 1 1111111 "1' ''u1_.lulIlM' 4 1 ll(jl'l 4 11,4111' ,'"PP'111' 't)o ii''(' lllil.(' Ii)) I11,4I lI1 IIC t Ill(')'.41, 1,.4l1 I1 I'011 ("(1,4111 1'' ('4.41111 "I' .15,111) .411 1PC'11.4l1(lI1.S?1 .11 111' I'll .411 i'I'IiII',\ l'o .4u),$I1u,\ll'( .ljI11,4 4 ' ,1l.l ,ltl.1Il 1, I)ioi.p 1 115(1.411' (UlCI?))j'11.1 1.4 (1111 5 .411 U.tlul'C)' 5)41)4(1 11 ill 14)11414.1 1 Ml 1.1.51111 .411 .lt' 144(11 "1'ii .111 1(l)Ij4't'.11.'(' .45 (€'.4(C. '1)411415 .1 1.5111l('' 41.4 1l1 .\1(C.$".4l1 "1' .411 14(4(1 1 1 . tlU.4 IP l)i.111 l-' p4" pill ('11j(('.\ 1'l 11111 .15.411111 - j'111l' Il)p.41c 1'4 011 I Il-MCI' .411 (4.11.415 1 .4 15('.4l.hlII I rll.1l )('r.4 (' ill pt.4 1 Cllll'lt'.4lllI1.45.5 mll.11nr 'iT' I 4114' "1'' 41.4P.415144' .41,1 - ,\Il wTi0q. I 11.1 11j11 uui4.lU111 5 (lI4111 1),'. MMCIII 111111 5)4 1 4 111iiIj'('l ''1P1 1)411 'I I 111.'' '-,IWill Ill111.'('44111..411 411,414,1 iltI.I'U Aip. l..&'i rc t.iti il11t.4IS "(l'•Ile..%1'Oil. r.411 M1' 1)01' 11.41 '14.14' 44 '4II.\NN( (N NE.'.k Ill I 14 4""

38 THE \1UN;RI:l' ANNUAL'( '\t'I( )\.\l. LI:(:'I'[Rl: 39Limerick and its SiegesOCCASIONAL LECTURES.It wit 1 titiiuctjit lecturer showed us a slide1 tb 11,51st iltr;int tnt, if King John's Castle. intlc''uulieiltv, I it the happy cli. ite l,iiiierick hail made inselecting these lowers as her civic anti,, together w&hthe Ulotto Uri,, aritiqua fuit stiiiiiisue aperriina lielli.Ile said that these n ,rds if \ ergi I are in —t appropriatelyapplied to I,tnieri.'Is, fir ci er since th5 Danes list madethe city their go it -i tith' 'Iii, and down through theLaDuring these years the moving spirit in the city wasSarafielti, anti round him were grouped the duel eventsif t lie sieges. The ,]escr i1it ion of the night rid,' to Ilally.neetv, and the capture if the siege train, roused u, toan enthusiastic appreciation of the ilashing cavalry olticer.Then followed soiiie inl'i.iei1ts of the siege iii 11,150,which were ah,i,iriiitiv iiI,iiraiml by slid,''. trill —nn ,, HengravIng, siton ag the positions ''I liii Vi iii i' ' 'lee here in Limerick a sjuleuiliii monument to hisulory. Mark the soldierly attitude of the figure standingthe walls, with sword upraised, facing the foe. Itiv seem to us now that this statue is in an out ttf'thie'iy position Itut really it is just htesitle St. John's (lateiii the Breach, where his valour was displayed. Perhapse pass it I.)., with a iitere glance or, we may think weIi our duty to his memory by just reading of his exploits,and h,estowing empty praise upon him But there isanother form of the study of history, the philosophy of, history, which makes us apply its lessons to our own livesatti I 'ci tnt] uct , Do zve allen I to t this Do our grandlilenuiririls f a girl' tti .1st, and 'i gIiriiit- ancestry,with another magnet, or by passing a current of electricitythrough a coil of wire wound round it, and in the case ofthe latter, termed an clectrut-niagnet, the magnetismceases M il.11 the current, and varies in strength with it.If a liar magnet lie suspended in the middle by means ofa thread, it will invariably turn in the direction of northand stir th t suing it) the influence of the. earth which is amagnet. The ciii) turned towards the north we call atiuiih npole, and the other end a north pole. Magnets actreciprocal[)- on one another, like poles repelling, andunlike p lies attracting.Tb' Fe isaiw nyc a flag net field at right angles to anloin,' chin -flits that it .1 tinge I non t sri' loTI"-p••I •' ___ -.• t; 1•.,"r' - ' , ,!r'I!';q-- 4I1*.ikHages, the din of strife had echoed front the banks of theShannon.In order that we might understand more clearly tilecourse of events, the lecturer asked us to go back in spiritfrom the Limerick of the present day, with its widestreets, modern churches, and nionster warelit tu,vs, tolie Limerick if Sartieiii's time. What was our surpriseit learning that I ieorge Street, William Street, and iurin'other scenes of our holiday rand lea and shopping toll iswere, about a century agi t, lucre It, rsar.,i nirirshes,the hunting ground of the plover alit] the curlew ! By aseries of splendid slides, made chtetls front his iwn mapsand photographs, Mr. O'l).tn.ighue then gave Us a veryclear idea of the nt.lin outlines of ui1 Limerick, its streets,bridges, and old Dutch-galileil ht,uses,Having thus described the theatre of events, he brieflyexplained the causes of the sieges of 1690 and 1691.THE STRONi, WALLS OF 0I.D LIMERIi K(;uar,ih,s,,s and Cit5 W..Its in the I ;rden if Si John' IIanti guns, and the outwork's of the city. The deeds ofbravery and heroism in the breach, the tragic end of theBranileuhturgers, and the failure of the siege were mostgraphically described by the lecturer. Here we reachedthe cltuiax of success in the defence. The siege of Giuikelin 1091 let] to the signi n of the Treaty, whose i itniediateviolation was only to lie a new lt)o5Umflt to England'sbroken faith. AsSarstielil had played such a prominentpart in the defence, the lecturer then touchingly rislerrucito his death, fighting for a htirein flag, on a foreign soil,tittering, as his life's blood flowed away, the well-knownwords—'' Would to (Id that this were for Ireland.''the lecturer went on, ye. Sarstielti, likeCromwell and William, I telieved that this was a countryworth fighting for " his lneniorv is enshrined in thehearts of his people. They look back to hint with prideand affection, That is his great memorial. But, besides, wi'remind us of the debt %%c tt'tC to the memory if the deathThey, men and wi men, fought and bled, and died forLimerick, and for their Faith Do I we value the heirloomsthey have left us, purchased at such a citatThe bestway to conic to appreciate these treasures is ttt read andstudy, with reverence and athection, the stones of theirlives, that we may lie filled with their spirit, and thoughwe may not be called to ilr.nw the snort] for our country.yet, we have the tip[ntrtnnity of doing far greater thingsfor Ireland, by becoming high-minded and energetic men,true to our hail h and fatherland,Electricity. -Si: intl og w jilt a I ar of iron, Fr. Byrne showed [low itc ,n:ll he converted into a magnet, either by rubbing it'.11"-a clipper wire carrying a citrrent, it Sets at right anglesto the 5% ire, The lecturer shi wet I the attraction tn ant I repulsion(if magnet poles by means of solenoids. Thishiring, us to the connection in f Electricity and Magnetism,Pie elrct,ic itell is a simple application of out prililaryprinciple A steel spring is attracted liy an clectrti'ins gnet, and hieing in the Circuit, 1 urraks the current, and Ithe tnagiieiisni ceases. The spring returns in S'irttiu h itselasticity, thus completing the circuit again, and the pitt'less is repeated with a rapid oscillation of the hammer,which is tnaile to strike against a I till tin resonator. Iflw the spring be so tightened that when the key isdepressed the resonator unIv responds once, we have convertedour electric hell into a telegraph.This fact was first observed by an American named

43 \l tN(R El \NNU.\I -( ii )\ 1.1 I\ NI II 1-b- 41Morse, and he dcvi.. I a uiei:,-t II Itnj iithrough long d ista nce ..stee I IiClk I -.i itt k x aattracted and released a.s the liaminir ift he I Lit, ill was astrip I paper, worked I y clockwork, pa.seil iler thepen, alt.l according as the key sias iic pressed for a lingeror sit ncr lime, the marking if the ink on the paper tookthe form of a series of dashes and dots.Mor,.e then drew tip an AlLlhahiet consisting if cotni,inati. n if dot,. and dashes, and si placed t.ef ire us theinialern means if conimunicat un ttnis crsally kiios astlieMorse Telegraph." Cowper iiiqiriiveil this instrumentand iiiu,ie the penwi Irk in t 1111(1 directions, vertically an dhori,otitahlv, so that the Message was rcceis cii in theform If ltundw ri t ng.liii-, however, was not required, as telegraph clerksi,ec.inc so accustomed Ii listening to the tapping of tileham ncr against tile elect to - ilagn et, that [Ile), can atonce read the message and ti rite it down.'iiiilicriius attempts have lven iiiadu' to apply electromagnetisma a motile lloAcr in niuchitiery. fite expensewas ti,ii great to aiiiiw it ti I,. '.15th to any loge c5te1t.We have seen that 01 liii Ii piece of jr in i, ii i.igni ijz.Iit exerts an attractive influence on ititatlic suhistA tic e,. iiiclose vicinity to it. Various C. nt rivahices .rc devisedAter this prtncihile, so that tihen a lar would he pulleddown it woultl turn ttii eccentlic Olteel, atuit could lieused to oork it sessing machine or turn a lathe.Tiieoretic.ully, this oorkcd all right, ),,it it WAs hiutid toI.e of no practical use.Then the ohieci itself was attacked, and it Ilasconceived that it 11.1 ts of it were magnetized seli,irately,and attracted towards a fixed point, the wheel wouldresolve. Accordingly, coils if xi ire were wound round thewheel at equal intervals, each coil Icing insulated andUflCiuiiI ecteil xi it hi the others. Apiece of iron is fixednear the wheel. The te rnontls. .1 the c.,jls a i e so sit ua tedthat when the xiheel turns, the ends of one coil wouldsini til ta nci iusly Make contact with the xi ire., of a battery.That part of the xi heel which is directly- encu inpscd 1.)the coil is magnetized, and is attract cii towards the ironat the stile. A second coil shll,s itttii tile place oft he first,and %% ith this frequent rcl.etitiiin l lie whicel revolves grad.uaily until it gets to a ott ii rio speed, is hen it continue, torun 5iitiiuthhy. 1 hits tlictt r-uliped all other primitivedevices and was considered more efficient in the is i.rkju -g.This machine Was t.il Ic I a motor, and was afterw.iOlsmodified I and perfected by the mi r.iiiuct ion of per iiu:ine IIIheld magnets and armature.. of Vali ILls descri1,tiu un. Ittook tile place of an engine, which it isas tiuiluglit couldnever lie supplanted, and can i.e made to do all the workof an engIne, such as pumping water, driving trains,working a printing press, etc.Finally the lecturer showi ii how a no Our ci in d Icc. onea dynamo, a machine by itteatus of xi ii ich motive I ocrcould generate powerful I electrIC Cit rren is. Iii tile np ,lorthe cur rent makes the tielih magnets, and a Is, • I tie vu iii,uu,parts of the xi heel as it revolves : the ily itani., starts wit Iino current, but has corresponding permanent Ihieulmagnets, and as the wheel turns round Currents are setup in the coil, liv these magnets, and all comline to produceone strong current which is draxin off 113' copperI,i uIues. and can I.e used for lighting aiiii other Purisixes.Tile lecture ende-i with a hurief recapitulation xi lundi leftus with clear ideas on the subject iject art. I xi cli pleased wit iithe concise handling of the itt at icr in the itattil,. Of Fr.Byrne.R. lI( )VLE(211.1 Arts).The Passion Play at Oberammergau.• I;i lij- i I I.. P ii . lecismu ,iilii II , !L its ui-u-i, tiulur Si, us. ,iuuu,.l stotIIle I.. thu 1si.lsoil of Lent.I i.e suiluject isa,. the Passion lI lyI )leramitnncrgau. The play was first :octet] in tile -1633, xi lien tlte tnhial stunts of Ilte village nellie ato revive the niem,,rvof tile sacred Passion (If I )ttr 1_rince cx cry ten years ltc a certain period. huh This I eriodhits ii.uxi elapsed,111-It tue Custiti, 5,1 productive of good,luttlu ahntohigst the spectators anti the actors, is still keptUl. lind every ten years crowds asseulihule fromall hurts.1 I lie iii irhil 1-o xiii less This sacred ilnanna in the quietvillage of (Pbueiuuitimergaui. The lectitte was ni,.st iitiii.The it ntcrit sI ii ic. gave one a splendid h iuheaOf the uluiv I -i. Rector isa • most careful to i-s la n tilev.Lrt,,uu,.cc TiCs, and es ecia liv to call our at tent ii it todetails if dress, puise amid tcti.in, xi loch the or,hin.im vspcctal-ur might easily ttii- and, at itilervahs, tilec hi. r chanted '. erses from the I 'sal ins. Vs huile Iiiiten-st was tim. kept Lili, we isete citttstatithy nemtuli:l -luy t hiuuse sacred hiynttns of tue great s.uieuiiiiity of IIwhiu,l,. action, and this hi a great i Xtetlt iistihhih ill IIIThat spirit oft voti.in ishichi the actual sight of the pl.,vmust tIlt U rally engender.1 here were a few 1lI,iilts of intrtictiltr iiutr-rest to xshcji0-c must Confine our attention. [he stage arruincnlenitsgive rite fullest so pc to ill-- r.i ri auc to in (if the tariusscenes of the l'.is-uon. There is it large open spec whichis neachue-ui h,v two roads which run into it on either side.Tile iu.ickgroutiii is taken till by a large covered stage.It is hire that tile jut P irtu, ii t Actions take place, is In he tileci ins d is niassi d in the large i1uare iuittsilhe. The slutiesctiah,icuh us to get a close % c%% ..f thus stage, and sic werethus able to ex.'.innnie, at leisure, all the i art his I n t ofintuit. ,t. The scene i'cre ill the Sinhudtiti was of particularvalue-, is it was carefully mu delIctI Oil the ..rigin;ul.large crow. I is henevet it a1.1.c-areil adult -ui to 11,reality of the picture. and I-ne SCe-tltell to hue tr;ins-ot -across the centuries To Thu trtI,uual of lotitius l'ih,itcTue second Ii jilt of interest ii;., the stuil Of -varim Ills characters in the play. I r. l

42 'Full \illN;RE]' .\NNI'.\l I IF. BATESSODALITY Of Th1 HOLY ANGELS.DEBATES.- - - -- - ='I I.1 \l (itIN. First \ssis1tiit—j. P111.1 \N, Sccolid \Ssist.iiil \l 11'Ti.O l 1< ivine .\l ,t'tur has clearly iltaile'n own to ill, that if any are to inter- kirwdom, they must set hel4retic uX1ii1)le of the young Vet, in-i trig this, 1k did not forget that it was possilrleitt the little ('hiltiren themselves could tallva v through the i nIl Hence of had e xa n lie.N,%% it is the i,ri,it work of the Sodality of liiiI 11)1\ .t flLeI 5 ti) preserve the salt of the earth, sotIi,It It may not lose its savotir, and carry on the'v rk of Christ by the example of holy livis. mdtheir iittluen('e for good alliongst the lowerhills. It may he stated with confidence thatthis great work has l,rotilit with it this year, isin the past, its harvest 01 grace and blessing. II'Ii xiety of the 1)0)5 to 1),—conic members, andis to take tii>on tlieliisclves the responsibility1 leadiri others, shows how deeply the spirit ofvii' true-il. Ito- v ri' flhiW till',members of the Sodalitv, e%,-ry one of whotitmay I (i1ratulate himself ri the reliiousexam1 Ic lvuil and the good spirit shown in theschool.Ver Rev. Fr. Rector was Untiring in Ii'interest in our doings. His earnest and pract iiexhortations on the occasions when iinienilii'rs we're rel-riveal not only apis -a cii tonew Sodalists, but erved to keep beforeeves of the older nienihers the vocation to wI ui1they were called. Fr ( ' \I ira, ' )iir itt reel 'r,spared ito pains in niaking t1w Sodality mostefficiciīl in every depat I itietit 'I it work.Ii fine our Sodality has not failed in itsInto_-s. and we feel great (oid-i(Icnii that outMA-ter will graciously rei'e is I is! 'iv irk w( , nay have done fur I i1. \h (i IelI\. 1 1ri '- 1.4(i'll0.1,1 J dli uflior, I.. Ski - I. I liii. I - - ' "luv,u, H I s-s' - I - 'ii , SI. - - -- . 5. - I SI C-,,i-k ii Fii,, miSt,I). (xlv, I, tiiiil.y.l't•, T. l.oIius. N. Rice, M. Kelly, N. Pimmwvroy, I i.uIutII T. IIuian-y, F. l,iuiCI.'y, F, O'Cui,umu,,r, 1. Hyrru-- - i. McSu-e..ney. J. PowerJ. \trmrrtiu, J - ()1Sultjvun, 51, Su,ItjvrM. 'it ,)uiii. J. ti5tuf- iou, u Purr, J. itci2uuriiu-i (Prefect), Rev. P. O'Mara, S.J,1; I, Phelan (Asjst). M Butt, B. LeeC. ii G, ,-!v. I dii'Lmiittvia,T, tor,rsIv- I II--... 5 1 I KON ( It t li -n I ith, 191 i, tlii session i if theAl'o,tolic I )eliating SoCiCtNt was inaugu'i--I l'he i1uestion before the house was- - l'hat the Irish have had a greaterlit-i ii.ttiotial influence than the Itsilish, 'i'hespeakers in support of it were K Ibitler. P.llrunnati. and K (('I haio4huen-hilt' against it spike:-- T. llstiii, 1. ()'('intlor,F. ()'Riurke, and Janie. \l-,\rlli-. Frs. Cahillanti kaou tlsti ji)inl.d iii the tItS('tiSSillil.thatIiisupport if the proposition it was urgediglisti influence had been i-\erci-.tsl mainly in- I'- material or ptyocal, not in the uiiRttrrt nat -it moraliler. For the ni.t part it cnIr'reit only with their army,lien it had been sis in ii in the fiuiiii of t'sti'rliiinanflg theLOVeS, 115 1' i,'. Iii iii-rica aint 5i'i% tidanit, 1101 topeak :.f ou I Stfl (Stilt ri.The inir'riu:ti,ti:il intliii-nce of Ire'lanil ss'a active before- it if England hat begun. In the i\ih century we linte great monastery of lii it lit) in north Ii alv, founded by-tumhianuc. Elsewhere un the continent we have then.inies of Saints (tall. Killian, hirsey (the last a precur. ir'if Dante), and a host if iuihers.The conversion if England was, indeed, begun by therenedictines sent liv St. ( regi ury, but the continuance inuarice 1ftic work was (lie to the I n.h monks (nun 1 na (thet,iinulatiuun i-f ('iulunikillel, who may lie said to haver,--inverted England it) Cli rist tOil yThe names if Scuitui, l';rigefla and Dun, i'Ciitus serve ti,i.tfatC Irih intl utence on the philosophic thought ofI urope. In the sphere of cilucati.,it, it was strong from- he' eleventh century. and especially towards the end of the- Iiirteenth century, when the Irish had a leading share inip.st of the cdli ges if the continent. Milan, Pailua,1. muvai n, Rheims, all hear witness ti their end gy. as later- ii do Salamanca and I ivay Consider ti, the great- titevenients of the Irish soldiers abroad, au, S hether undert.trice at 1.antten, Creniiina, hintu-nuiv. .vc • or in therv ice of Spain, Austria, and even Riissi.t.The Ccli ic note in English literature itself through. .-.- iv Ossianic legend.) has been comparatively overlooked,,it of late its importance has been recognised by critics1.kc M. Arnold and Muirte1-. So ( uitdsniith's great novel--s'-rcised a determining influence on the great Germanet, (;othe, it the crisis if his life. Cuiiupare the far'aching influence of Eit11 rid Burke oil political science..gain, in and through the U.S. A. the Irish exercise anruititense influence. ()fthe signatures it) the I)cclaration oflmuilependtnc. - about half were Ini'h. The spread oftie Catholic lie Church there has ('en phenomenal, and isin example to the world, white its Cardinals anti rn St ofIs 8ishops are Irish.1 he influence of England on religion has been that uithe false views of Luther and Calvin, as in philosophythat oferror f,mmiii the time of Locke tim II. S1um-iicer,For the Negative it was contended : -I .ik tlt.ct of other nation-. the histimi of Iiil.cnml haslu-en chequereit stiiIt Ill igtit and dark spot., tuut it cannotbe denied that she has exercised an e'numrnteius influenceon the civilised wi hI 1. and much uf this has teen forgm "l. She has pr veil ,t mother If nat ions. A, va rI y asA. ii. 215 her tuariulis, guided iiy Stephen l.atigrmutr .Archfufitnil)of Canterbury. wrttn, from a tyrant King, Magna('luartu, the 1milla,tium mi visit and 1vutiiicah hhuvrtv, notfor t humsel vi's a lu ne, hut Ii ur all the people. That streamha. firnaileneul domn in the l'ettiiuin of Right, the HabeasCorpus Act, and siniltar safeguarils These free instiliiiions she has r\i,'nuleih, in suhistance. and according tot imes and circsi ll,ti itices, lip her colonic, aunt moist o if hersubject ilmitiuinii,ns. [let Parliamentary institntiuins, andnull iIly the syst t'fll lift n-ui legislative cha nil sirs. have beenI.t rgely admi1 lu-mt by inoiltrol states, and those the mostcivilised. (in lid' wtlotI', i tie people's are well satisfiedwith the institui ions titer his-c under. Take, k, 'sinaitat bit' re 55 as trouble ittl Ic i here. liii t I tiut has passed off, and theCanamiiar,s are thoroughly loyal to the connectii in withthe crown.The other side luring Ill) the case of Ireland. That isan exceptional case. and due to very peculiar circumstancesIksuih's many re-firms have already been effected,and itlier difhrences are in a fair way lii tie satisfactorilyset tlu'el.The extent of the Empire, and the variety of Britishtrade, manufactures, and ciurnnterCc are so tillt1tense, thatit is difficult to form an idea of them, 11 LU I estimate I Ifthe resulting influence. Consider also, the tong roll -ifgreat names England has given to letters, philosophy,and science. The supremacy if her literature amongmodern nations is practically admitted even by foreigners.Of civilised languages, her tongue is the most widelyspoken in the world : it is the great international meihiuttiin cuutumerce, seafaring, ingineening, and oilier tines. ItI, taught as a leading sit1 ije--ct in all ii reign colleges. Onthe oilier luanul, where is, or was, Irish spoken outsideIreland ? Then, again, what uuf lite influence of itacon. ofNewton, ut statesmen like the two Pius. of 5-riters likeShakes1ienire, liuhnsimn, Ityrmun, of inventors like Stephensonand Arkwright. Miure recently still, take Ruskin and('anImal Newman : bins widely known are their writings,and into how many foreign languages have hey beentranslatedIt may lie edit that much of this influence was not forgood, at least from a spiritual and religious point of vies-.Xis-. first, that is not the real puiint under debate. Al.ii,the notion., if justice, tnoral life, are in themselvesinile1mv'nilent of revelation. Apart even from this, theIltujed- timmn is not wholly true. The foundations offieeulom were laid liv Magna Charta lung tiefeire theReformation," and liter times built on these. So, inthe times of the Crusades, England played a notable part

44 'i'iii; MUXt;Ri;i' \NNLl. I ti:lt\I'lS 45}IC lie Ill t.iir11111', (Ill sleilell Ill tile illIlIltIls t.IV&ll tIflVI.O III and learning She gave a I' le t the ( iiurch,acid llunihers (If Irartvr since.Since i645, tile Political lea Ssl (III llf Fit Ilk dc1 lendchiefly In the Balance of PIller. I Jr Ill till. Stallt;iightnd fILLS been the 111151 intliteiitt.cl in prl serx ing iIt Napoleon hall not I Cult overt hr n, he wi, Id ii tueI vran I liver all Europe. Ilk'. In fine, LtiglLLfld ha Ire.1 itith ..pirit III tllturance, of justice and fair lI:L1iethe cases the other way hai u I ecU relatively len()ut IIppiltt('nts make light ofall flLn-(atiiIlIIe 1n1111 ISas not true illilIIettce. \liether true Hr not I'tlJinfluence 11115 tIll, /1 (Il /. 1 r II:, that iiay Ile a 5.111 i.tithut it I .1 ILLCt all t ile ttitte.lile Negative is a ClInCitNilfi of coinitmu eli ,e, 1,1,1ehI Hid nt be IIi'pl.Lceli by lucre prejihce or seltilnent.hr. Cahill remarked that some s1meake rs so mcli toassuitle lIlt the 1.1 hI III. III lIver of the empire belonged illitiglinti and the Engli.ii Was there 11111 a rllnlL.IlltI IflilIllie ideal of political Ireelilln), and LII constitutillnalIverlI 1111111.Iii tile 11111.111 Ill hieing Intl tile vIltilIg wa- -LIIr till titirtitativeIll till tleLt.ttiVl_-p Irttv for the affirmativeApostolics' Literary Academy:7iIlilillil III III till tILtl.iitiIII)al I )&heitin'lllItl t\, LVI lttv till l,ilcr.trv '\cadeinv ivhithiltIs CstJlllsltol slIme blur vIa's li.lI\ftIrall tltu' shift ings and cliLtil t s ttstiititarv to t ft ivllllrri mnstitutiotis, the Academy has ttkeit tici,iIand definite shape.Till- tiil-elittts are Itt_ill on SttnIiLlv I'IlItt1t.\!ellIis -rsltliIilIl h il ii IIIOur first subject was very topical : 0 .restrikes justifiable ?" The world of to-day may hedivided into two camps, that of the proletarianmillions, and that If the few wealthy capitalists.The ClItllIitiItt, (If the wllrkniatt--the li,ind, as hI. iscalled— are daily lIeCiIfliiTtg SLIlOC : he is shut (ut frlliiLmIllIe Ill the comforts aflli luxuries of life ''1 (lie I Iflkittaste r grasps the whole Ill lillaili 'I even the p sI ti lfl Ithe workman as a hu sian I ietng is han liv reel gil• Surely, then, it seems just for the wICker 1, a-salt lii,ri ghtt s. and a strike is tile most etticacil IlLS lLle.Iti- of d in511. (In the other hand, it cannot Ile IheflhI.ii that strikeIII' 1111 l\ :ll'CIItillIl tii I II\- nuIlllIr,Itls llI'5I III the StalINIll itlll tII 1 ile it t_il, •Il (Iiiand tile analogy between Ireland and Alaska were urgedin favour III I Ill. thinly p pnlated lands.° ( itight I .tpital Ptittishttim.-nt he Abolished ? -,(II cllttrse, very welIottme tll the philosophers.Sch iitistic text hooks On Ethics were' rtfled, andthe argtinients Sm) familiar Ili the Mcdteval LatinWCruI -resented in a retuarkal dv titodern garb soto 1 ,L! s(iarcel recognisable.far two next discussions _IL (',all Ireland atPr, -s- !itbe regarded as the o hief missil n.trvlillil ing cotititrv ? -. md Shottid ieni1lcr_tIteI -ht. IIIVI Icatel I 1 I tel . I 1(1 Ill I I fit •\I IS• :. iL !Y- , Ci1, JtRill Cit_It.T. ()'}1d1_'n, W. till. P. 'LIII - IN }lartnetl, 'LI, I)a,iIClieI. L. Nally, I. \VI.l1. , II I1._11i]i I'. t'. II, I. f - IL, I I I_CILI,tI.lM Ha I.1 R. J.I I_a J I I 1 1 f I L is II I Hick I J t I I Li-Il cs J. J I_a, kIt>P. 'LIulcahi', NI. Murphy, P. \i.t_.rtll, 'LI Hickey. 'F. Caffey, H. Spi1inT. 'LlcC,auran, I. ONvilt, I). O'Cu sic II. K. Murray, W. tJ;irIlei? fN,v, Fr. Hectar, W. R,stl1s, H. Scant_Ill, P, CICary, 'LI, Maloney,J. Hnrtv.thought in that Others might well hold that the greaterpart III that influence, in the moral I itere It least, felonto the Irish rather than III the Engli-h .At all events tilequestion dill not IlelIenl I oil niece 51CC. Greece was avery small cOtifltrv, yl t it had exercised an enormousinfluence I In the 5II ri Ii. Palestine WfiS smaller still, vetUII country hall exercised a greater moral ii ft Hence on thewhole world Nor (lid that IiCjIeflli oct n hat languageOur Lord had used, IlL? t On LI hat lie hi1! and said.Fr. Kane Ill served that the c tict 11)11 CLIII Id not Ile puton whether the influence exercised was trite or false,LI hut wise, for us, there would not be an issue to debateThere remains, therefore, t lie i lest il In Ill fact, - ill] Iloteeactually ex,-rcisell. There were shI (rtc(lmings al l(I(tt alllungs human 1. ]till it scenic (I to him Ili-it the best sure iceEngland had (lone for mankind was the IlevelIIl)Inermt of aGrade and tipsvtrds-. and three are electedannu.tlly to fortit a governing body. ['his cliii)-mittl e issue, Lit the beginning of each term, acalendar in which appear the names of theappointed ess:i Ists as well as a list of subjectsfor furtheontitig discussion.This year thirteen t sstvs were read (iii therefectory) (oil various toiltcs —religious, histlltlltil, patriotic, literary, and philsltsophicalthese reached a very high degree of CX x-lle,tcethey were enliglitetung and interesting. Here,however, we are more concerned with theacademical discussions.lCI IN • .. 1 il11 IlIeley, J 'LtILNaIuara, H. tl5iIV, H. ClitIlalLe, J 1_shill, H. llhloH1. i 1)1 II lv,; LI PIsar,J. tN I--IL. . JSI1OLILg.., N. Ryan.C. lellninga. -D. Hays, J. DiLicIlIm. P. Noollun, C. 'Lilt.11 the, I. 1:1111. P. fluffy, J. 1j111zI'v. A. II Neill, W. McBride, 1'. Midigan,K. Ruiigy,M Sheehan. J. Murrill, M. tiIsC,lr,vitL, J, Ii I,nhtIIlri.o, J. 'LI-I 551. I. 'LIa lair, J. Phelan, Ii. Flaic nery. F. IrIimr v. 11.-v. I. 'LIcKS 1.. II. (1.1--ii. J. I,fili Ill??,, I) Cayle, P. II utlev, 'L.RII'eI. \t5_ietis, H. SlIlitIl. II. Fi 1. PIll?Our tiuxt discussion was more of a religiouscharacter : '' Are thinly populated lands moredeserving of missionary labour than those thatare thickly populated ? The opposition aftera hard fight carried the day. In fly 'ur (Ifthickly populated eItilitnics it was urgedA iii i.li ncr is likely III ,avc mllre .011 5, teach rn Ireefficiently, and is especially Ileellell to stein the tide IIIvice.The tuissioner's greater chance of self-sacrifice, theexample of Our Lord not giving preference to population,—were mainly conie'rnetl with statistics of onekind or another.Itistead of the usual del lates, we hail oil threesctlIcssiVe Sundays papers read in the AcademyIIV three of the members. ThI first was that ofr. Butler on " Socialism." I'he writer puthIforl- its clearly, logically, tnll succinctly thenature, history, progress, and all that can heknown of the future of Socialism, 'L'hc paperwas a veritable mine of facts.

46 Ii I I• \IUN ;REI' ANNC. -I. 1) I -. I'..'I'ES 47On 12th November, Mr. Mc Ardle favoured uswith a paper on the National University.The paper, in consequence of its happy andsparkling style, proved intensely interesting. Inthe course of a discussion whirl) followed, somenoteworthy figures were presented that stillfurther instanced how %vull entitled this colleteis to affiliation with the National University.Sliecial nieritiun should be made of %fr.I h nn I I] art esay on Newman,In our minute hook we find the followingciltrv : '' Sketching hritiv the Car l y lit-C ofIn' uth nil lo t \nti-Riii In-er ultius, which, as the writer says, containsthe happiest suminary we could have of tliideal which p'r.tl-d the remarkable lift- o Iardirial Newman. The style of the essay- -sohappy and han ni ng th sug h not furnied e x -pressly after the manner of Macaulay, oftenresembles it in its wealth of illustration, and inits ieneral brilliancy.Our next ni-eting was, perhaps, the mostimpoltailt one of the year. Ought we torennimend the reading of Fiction ? was ourSill) j-t. Unfni lit natelv. the negative side wasIt a.i iii 1 -The three discussions of the Easter termIs the work done by priests conintensuratvwith the work done by nuns ? '' That amini ni urn scale of wage for cach Ciii lul i\ mci itshould lie ad i1it ed by the govt ri iii let it, - md ll'I'hat the introduction of English literature hasbeen productive of more list iii than god '- -Wut e, purhaps, too recondite to admit of senvre-.thle discussion.The .\cud,-oiv has his very successful thisv(-.tr, and wi wish it esery m--ess for the future.iii'S III'-NN , in,M. Naughten. R. Butler, J. Morris, F. Okorke,and R. 01 )onoghue and for the negative\\ (;llltr. R. Boyle, I'. Feeney, J. Farrell,I. (I' ltrien. . Scantlehury, R. iineiiliail, and\I. I 'lash)'.Mn. I \lalsonv spoke in favour of the motion,while Fr.- r.(: aln ll opposed it. .\fter a gooddiscussion the votes were taken ,and weredecidedly for thc negative. 'l'lie principalargiiiilents brought forward were as follows.On the affirmative suit it was urgedI iavc us iii lolti,- itil t:leit i' make uqeof,Iii ti- -or- I- I -: I i- - ,I,l.4. _I• '4 f *I.I *4 , •?11644bAw# .4 I.IlePikon k , ~,~ * -'~ l;IIIlIIT. GO, l,c.\l0,,5i.iiii,i , I, I. i. it. ivv \l.t'i.u,-,. .1- ii. \V,kh. C. Kvliv.M. 0 Sullivan, Si. LNasy, J. iorr.-'.,, I. loft,,- 'ii. Kelly, N. Pr'u-,..c-, f. R. '.,,n M. Sletini, , F. (tC.u-uo, - li.iury, J. SiCorr,,i kG. Ocnnr,J. I i.rlan.,y. C. tGv0 Iv. R. S., ilk,. Si. (C lIr,v, C.J. r)e Couruy, T. t Sim, J. O'Connor, L. hater, S. CAM— %. F4iv', F. l0hff, K. loury J. lIvr, Si.Iitni,l,v J us iv \.Ro,I,J. OSuitir,,. T. Kean.J. Keitv, J. He-ion, J. L.ichifoot, L. DiMin, T. iow,r. R.- K. FJti,,n, 5J, Jo Itru,,, J Si nv- il, I Poser, F. LofT.P. CuIIen, 1'. Firory, P. Corny, T' K.-,urIIy, 1LasIc..jSl, Es-ily. J Fs,reit, J. Nyu , 1). 0 Peirno, i_ Joy., LF. ')' k',,rke M. Ksyr W Nyolut,, J Mr is, J. I lo-vy R . itt tsv.y,:J. 0 Curser. 0. leon, f Si Soil,-. C. (i lSi,,,l:,,, SI. Gill—t.P. Fluky, M. Nauht'in, R. (tl)-n..hu V. ii,tlrr, R. Stsvi, Iss. K. Cahill, t'.J., T. Fly, F 'S ,onrv. It, (1K-I ,. R. liv.W. ( .11aher.i' (iii'-. R. Iloyte. j Mill,.ism '—the writer dealt more dab -irately with thCardinals subsequent carver, laying enl hjsis )itthe lerl1 of his rectorship in the Catholic University f Dublin. The vast intellectual powersof Newman - his clear, sut tie, and intenselylii.tj,'jl nnnd, as well as his powers 4 th in ughand trite s nthc-sis of thought- —w(-re exucliu-ntivrecalled by Mr. Flynn. Of Nrwniaiis winksparticular flint inn was made of the Dream ofIt is ly reading fiction that we lay a solid and soundtaste for reading in general. When 'ce have this we mayeasily proceed to more scrius study. It seems plausil 'ivto argue that very few would face Macaulay's II storyof England,— Ruskin's Modern Painters." or CarlylenFrench Revolution," nithout having laid a founiatinfrom Dickens or See .Aain, are not most novels illtie regarded as good classical English, and surely it welllie a pity to throw them overboard, Can we not classilsdramaticworks and poetry as fiction, and who will sosthat we can afford to he ignorant f Shakespeare. Milton,Shelley or KeatsOn Stittdav. N ovi -nih, 'r 26th, the Apostolic-_,' ,stites'I )ehiating ocietv disu-ussed the question '' Iliittmoral 1uriiir,'ss incrc,ises with dii' menial an]material progress.'Fhie debate was so interesting that it wasa Ijiitirtsed to sunday, I ) voi'ntiier 3rd. Rev. Ft.Kin was in the chair. Frs. I 'ahtili and 0' Kelly,and a large number front the Jay School wereslit oil both nights. 'I'he s1akers for thieutlir.niative :—M, Gilbert, B. O'Reilly, I). O'Beirne,depends upon reason, and its culiivat iii. l,ini rileyarises rat her from the limitations of mirt hanfrom its increase.Among the ancients, the Athenians led the Greekstates loth in rental and in moral progress.The Church has always recognised intellect as thehandmaid of religion. In the early ages the bishops'houses were also schools Many if not most f the tillUniversites if Europe were esialilishel by, or under thepatronage if tie popes. On converting a country, thefirst care of the ( - hircit is i set up schools. On theother hand, Maiiunet taught his followers to despiserental culture see the result !

FIIF \IUN(;RI;'I .\NNUAI,1) In _'t'I' E'41)Neglect of education 1 ri n.I psi I V .1 III Ct Ole.It has been well said that he ss It- i o pen a iii I dies apriil. sii Iii fact, since the Ei lucat ititi Act in I'nlatol,there has been a great decrease in the number ot criminals,notwithstanding the Increase' in population. Moicover,sight cons ict prisons have been closed.Even scientific knowledge i, not if itself iltsised toreligion. A nil tog t hi tusa nib of ermi i., ( eani antiVolta may lie name(]. Si, Pasteur's celei,ratiil researchesin Biology left hi,ii with the simple faith of a Ileettinpeasant."lhlactically, we cannot lead moral lives without advancingmentally, and esen materially. Again, conditionsmay lie' iiiistaken for material progress which are nott rule such, -----where vast si ealth is accumulated in thethe' (hutch has alwav ttr.itii-eil the liberal altswhile the tie nks handed ii ten to, it the treasures of theclassics of ( i reek and I Roit te. If they t it tight with our°IF neilt s, they would ri t have tl ne .. If the latterlie in the right, why are we engaged here in learning atAl Yet, it mar ss e'll he that the Church has lost moreat ceIt.titi pert-ti, by the ignorance of her clergy, thanby the intellect itt apostates. Th negative view wouldlend to tleslr. ty all civilization, and to land the race' inIlolili, tale if nature.For the negative it was arguedlucre are two chief points of view before the humanmind, knits ledge, anti duty. These' are largely mileeachtitter. \l.inv i itt-n, di.tinui,.htsl Itolie people. The Fiv pot ians were the most civiliseil nationii antiquity ci tlietr nit irality was bow and filth. Ti ithe t bitt I I un ic war. the Pi,mans maintained the t radit iiif R- ,wan vi ri ut afterwards t hey at tat net to the cmlii retol the world, and they fell into t tint trill let I licence. St.P.iitl add rr setl the Athenians, the most cultured pci i1 i1eof his time he was listened l ot with interest vet himaile hut few fill lowers. I his Fort pc im ci is cii nit rallysince the l-ieiiai.ance or the reverse The church canliver fijI. lit) ne it s-sir il :i loser sri1 Il. thinN. isle - ohio II ud-lt'l 11,i liitt Sitof faith and virtue has never shone itti ire I rightly thanii rough the lark and I trotthiltius days.It has Itt'eti said that much passes, now forui:tterial progress ss lich is not truly no. But what isC- 1111101 iOly meant liv niateri-il progress ? i'urelv, where aI litre great trades. manufacture,, rai wars, etc.1 ract cii lv, it is iiletit itiel ss ith wealth they go together.No t%%- our I.. rd priiclaintn that wealth is very dangerous.It is .5 temptation and fir the niitst part men fail underit, and are 711 11 liii pr is-ed. Similarly, mere natural knowledge. oil ttiIil lv the ,.1irit iii faith. dii-' it ,' seem tii_.•_ t-'_-.,.-._t\tuisliiiIV- . UNIt. jli\Isti,\ &'/i,, ttsdn'L. U.iri R. ( p. Stortian U. (I Sullivan, St & Li-tv I. t(.iy . A. Nititititiult IL Ca,iiiii. I. Oliutthliii.ILitisit, C. te.iiitt-liurs-. 10. SUitty, J Citron, J Stats. I. tit.. V. tYCitiior J. ((ntis -s-i R.J C) C II t I it J H t. I> C 'H. it,, Ro,v. A I K 10 S. J I St t I Ha 5 M. Ut t Ii i J I It tJ. Roiirkr, C. I) Kesnnly, Ii. ILi i, J. Corsittaii. 1 JoIn o,i.hands of a few, while the liitdy of the people is stink inpractical sl*rery. Such instanc,tn, if relied uptit, arc notin point..lso, material irilgrt-ss titliends on mental, is secondaryto it, and usually its result. If it lie had ss it bout mental,it may even iii iii re no intl priigresa. lii st ever, the naturaltendency is, that morality shi iu hI I tettelit eveti by 0111 trialprogress, though the free-still of luau can to flit er thatresult. In the l'artguav Missions all I liree were hadci tncu rren tI).The ( ),.ford miivtment, which had, and has such greatinfluence, was preenilnently an intellectual movement.learning and culture, have been equally sit for profligacy.Material progress, bringing wealth, tends to inducecitvctitusnens. In the modern sen,", i.e. nhiinev-getting, itin liv no means conducive to honesty. )n the other hand,learning very often leatin to vanity and pride Such asyield to these income the most vicious. Abstract andex:lusive study tends to dry up the affections of the heart,ate I the moral side of roan.I lt,wever, this 41ltestiitn should ite jLttlge'tl of by what/111 happened. We appeal to history with confidence.Sttlotnttn began as a holy anti wise ruler: he becamewealthy and very powerful, and oppressed and scandalietl1'.K . Ituiter. P 1 ceney, R. 0 1 lannetin, . J. It Ciiiiir, M. I i1 t,rrI Ft_i k;6. I Flynn, W. Gailalter. ( t Reilly.lee. Hil, S.J. Rue W. K..it, s_Jilt Florence under the Medici : while in F'rtncc, theItt ii help, but rather a hindrance to in rio . It in aglories and enlightenment of the Ur.tnii .l ilnul ri Ilte '' foreign ini,,ionary cliii iii ry, a 11eL1n( lie IA, ii. vii: ct' cii.are followed by sic iii corruptioniii the Rev ,lute ins. and gi Viii the knowledge it the scie usc,, ill lie be ase'Ssil) cliii Vs n.h Ii Christianity as itt1' ireAmerica has nat I marvellous strides in progress,cop.cially material. IIi. morality advanced in the same - -In reply i t was saidproportion, if at Al Flie iasitv of d ivorce laws there isit scandal to the stilt il ss h tie their 1tresi lent lately ( )u r opponent, ci it make their chief attack in the efkctn ittwalked out of a theatre in sheer disgust at the rrliresenl inatert.il llrtFt1'5. But if that he taken alone or chiefly,ation. On the other hand, in our own country the l.&mp it is beside the question. Ireland appears to be the onlyBoyle-

lIIE.\IINC,RI:r .\\Nt .\i,l'RIN -: FE FR((JS Pl..\N'i'case of a nation which has improved morally, Ui it ii Ii -tanding the want of material progress. It is an esceptintit the general ride. There are modems is heroic as theheres f olden tint's, s..'., the iiiis5littis, whetlici nwitii women. : gain, we have the xit nple of In r L rdo I. ad%aitccd, simultaneously, " in w,sf.'m age. and'I here votedFor the affirmativeI' ir the negative 2 12d,tjority for the negative 1 2till iii f, Ott nut-s Stth>hihieil, itt IlArl, lv Jas,Farrell, M. \,Lttghton, and P. (1 llrt'tt.Oil April t 4th, 1 9 12, the stibj-t fir (Ii'.i'ussionwas 'i'ha: i)icketts as a novelist is superiorti I lntckerav.' 'lb.- upholders (it the alhriiiative'rev- M. ;lh -1, Jas. Farrell, C .Scantlehury,illd I. I' cutiev;while the negative was supportedby - 1. ()'Connor, M. Naughton, J us I )cmiisey,attil L. ji 0ye Of the Liv buys, l'. I Jartnett andft ;i - in both spok for I )iekens and Frs.Cab II and Kane joined in the debate.The chief points fur the affirmative wereThough both were itiast Is if style, I). i, unrivalled infelicity of expression. His iiii.Lgination is ofthe highestkind, and he excels in the delineation of the type,u1 icawlier, Pickwick, Mrs. (;amp, and Fagait. Ilehas left us, as it were, a gallery of characters, inoreextensive, letter k ni a n , and above all, letter Red thatlie pictures due to T. II is ho mliu r appeals t ill'[hackeriys to but a limited circle. 1). ha, a very stringsense of the grotesque and of the pat bet iu- and hisdescriptions are %ivid. and enthralling in the Itigluotiligree -a sure sign of superior genius, lie is enuleaedill its by his wide svnipathies we find in him what suit,everyone, lie was the first to write with perfect sympathyif the poor anti has been well called the v.,. t hnmz,zzliterature.T's outlook oil life is satirical, and even cynical. Sucha bent of wind i, untrue, and I ii it improving yin to the reader.In all 1'), wurL there is a high moral purhi.se. Mire.over he achtevel valuable results, lie laughed abuses todeath. ' 1) the Boys " schools are things if the past,and thin ugh I )/z't ci' 'J'wis/ he did much to ii1i iigaie childdi'iverv. his abiding popularity is. A s.tng test bit ny tohis te - ciii i nence.On the other side it was maintained thatjudgments on a tlUestiiin of this kind are largely amatter of individual taste. Careful stuilent, must allowthe style of T. to be most captivating, mile-eu, incu uni1ar.ably superior ii, that of D. itie of D's most strikingcharacters, as, , - iuitilp, are simply griteajue's. Eventhe best Id- I ' -_ileiits. of exaggeration which mat-ctlie'iiu untv,ul. Ill - lu_tics. ,nid heroine-., not exceptingS. Carton and lame)- .l itch, are mawkish, or toil faultit , lie human T's. University education, wide leading, a ilextensive travel fitted hint to lie, and he was, in lact •keen observer of niankinil, lIis chief characters, whethertitey Is heroic or not, are at least real men and witnen.Its ohutinmistic view if life is 111casanter to the reatlrr,but not on that account more true to nature. T. uilerlthat things are worse than thee appear who shi.uIl sit)' tItthis is false, Vet T's cynicism is rather on the surE''.i1e is no heart less monster. Trite, lie makes ban of tI(si I ks f h u alan nature but he synt path t isis with it allthe time.D's plots were so slight, or even inconsistent, that theyhad li-itt described is" fairy tales." T's works were carefullythought out, and hail the essential merit of unity.Ili, I henry Eiiiund '' is pa ihith h the oust perfVCtlit st deal novel ever wi itt enI). could no doubt hue very funny, often hioisteru its.attil rather vulgar. The htmniiiitr of 1'. is inure refined,and iuf a deeper sort, appealing ti, more t'uhtiyateuh winds.Contrast rust the passage i he',cril i ng I 'enu lenti is at the theatrewith, i,"., the scenes in which Jerry Cruncher figures.T. knew the value of suggestion, as coinpartsd s'. itht overetmujuhtisishe appreciated the Greek c.tnuun if art whichsays that " the hill is greater than the Whiuhe'." Merestrengthof impression is no sit re sign of superiority thustie-toil ramita may reaL e a more vi'. hI i it Iire'sii in thantragedy properly so called, yet, tragedy :s, hicyonul iii mlii,the higher.A writer of novels may at the sattie time its a socialreformer bitt that dies not belong ing to u the sphere of artand /,-l/cs 1/0 nor of itself make hint it better novelist.novel with a purpose " is seld,uni a work if art,Nor Is popularity a decisive sign of superior merit.A titling the writers of to-day, few are more WI 1 espreailthi:tii Marie Ci,iri,-lli ; yet, her hooks alsuith in granintati.cl mistakes., and hter style is often grote's.tLte.In reply it was urgedThough I tickets li.til to itt ravelled touch in early life, yethe was a reaihi r, and he haul earned lii, living in London, in,the-itt whithi there is no better school of thu.- wi rlth.''\\'hiethier exaggerated or not, his characters Were fireeminentlyIi unman.A to his plots, allowance sb-mid be it uric for theci rcuitstan es under which must of his work us us. '.s itten.in numbers. The interest has to he ki'1tt tip in eachnew i ns.taltnent, and each has t it hat, to i si toe extent,in' lependent of the others.I). dealt with it lower s.tratum ui society than did 'F.,hut in ibis there is nn essential vulgarityEven in the line if historical novels, I). has his trophiesI, show, and one at least of it very high excellence.If his 1huits Ii called fairy tales, they are none the les,effective for that. What, for instance, can ic ni iregraphic and compelling than the parah It's of Our Lord.On the division being taken there votedFor the atfuniativc ... 20For the ite-gitive ,\I a] iritv fir the atflrttial seflTHE "ERIN" PETROL GAS PLANT.II V great success attending Father.earvs seisttlu,hi igiciti work during tltelist )-ear wttttltl niore than i vujr lead itstuu e'\juu'i'l a Iutttg article on the suhuj,et1-111111 hits pc. hut s'.hie'n the Editor approachedhtittt on the Walter lie thiuugimi it well to Illodifyhis request to the extent of asktitg for an ,tt hOleoil a completely different setcttific subject Thereason is that Father ()'l.eary has lately beenworking at two new theories, and lie isn.ttttrallv e'tiuuuglt Unwilling to lutthultslt any resultsuntil he has constructed tlue rit-cess.Lry instru-ii__WTL5t.,eItiit.\IOtc'tI ' '',Pis.nTjBuSNERs,xt's,RIMF:xI uSStill ii- ittnte'nts, and perfected them in cv,-ry detail.One of the-se new instruments will record theverticalmovement of the earth, The secondwill, it is hope(], decide the question as to thenature of Seismic waves. It will disttngttishmovements due to tilting fruunt niuivetute'nts dueto swaying, which all present existing unstrtmniciitsrecord, but do not differentiate. 'Flits latherinstrument will have to be fitted with a photo'graphic recuirditig drum, and it is to be fe,uredthat the expense of making it will lure'et't Fr.O'Leary from taking aii' steps tusvtnls its construction,at least for the Pre'se'ultI leuwever, Fr. O'Leary has kindly consentedti write cl.11 article on his I'etrul Gas Plant, andis he de-scribes the various stages of its con--triietion, there is no heed for any introductoryremarks— Ed.lii -. 1 1,t'iix surpt,IIoi a' Fit. O'l.t':,i-tv,I 'e'rliiius the easiest WI)' to explain svhtat petrolgas is will be to i describe the simple little laboratoryexperinle-ttt that first suggesteti the Erin gasapparatus. 'I Iii' iu'i'iuitiji.tii'iuig figtire SlitiWsthe arrangement. .\irw',us Nitwit wn by a bellowsthrough a tube into a flask partially filled withpetrol, thence it passed to the incaul hi,'si'etitburner. Let us number oIl' the effects no ti( eel.- The air on passing i iver the petritl vain risenIt, and the niis..tttre- of air and pe-tt'ol vapourconstituted it gì whitIf was capable i if lightingLilt the tliintle.2 Rut this s'ibuiis.ituutut uiiu'kly ditile'il thepett uI, so that va1s trs,ttti itt became slower, tilegas I w'u'tlile poor, and tile light be-gui to wane.Ott putting the flask ill a vessel of WaTMwater the vaporisation was restored, and thelight quickly became very brilliant4 'Ihen it began to grow dull again, and aheavy yellow flame succeeded which smokedand blackened the mantle 'I'he mixture hadhe'euuuic too rich in petrol.'I'lte flask was removed Iruuuit the waterthe light '.u'asgraelttallv restored, tim-ti began towave again, and finally, as the' va1iuirisjttuil grewweaker, it %Vetit out.hi The ctirrent of air uvas continued, and soonthe chilling produced by vapo isatloti was sogreat that ice appeared in tile flask, and uinalhvhhe.ckeel the tithes.On rettewing the experiment the flask waskept in water at an even temperature. Underthoset ciri,'utiishtttu'es the s'aI)itrlsutmetti was fairlyunifortut for some time, but it gradually beaniepoorer and would no longer give light. 1'hereason of this was that petrol is a complex mixtureof several different hydrocarbons whichvaporise unevenly, consequently the lighter coltstittttentsare u'trrieei off first, and there is lefthehinul it residue that hei'i,nies poorer andpoorer.'I'lt' lutii'tiatiing of this apparatus shows uswhat petrol gas is, and what must be theessential parts of a petrol gas producer. Indesigning the Erin plant we set to work ni'thoi lieallyto cope with each off the dit'tictiltti's use hadencountered,Z'//r' .-hr i"/u)t(v't To supply air we must have ablower of some sort, and we must use iuosvcr towork it. For economic working it is evident that

--the power required to keep one jet burning shouldnot lie the same as that for ten, (Jr twenty. or ahundred. That would mean waste of energyand proportionate expense. lksides this, aiivsource of power to be satistactorv must be selfstartingand Sel i-s ot liii ig, by nw-re I y lightingj,t or turning it out. Hot air motors have beenCXtUnsIV,IV used, but they sin on both counts.SI lii- I: -) ': iS 1.a i 'i MILl. y1 lie-v1 cannot he regulated to supply energyonly in himttpirliomi to the demand, and theyoust he started I c-fore any light can begot at all.the simplest alt' i most ecanonli, source of poweris, undoubtedly, water iriiii the house tap, andthis is what %%c use in the Erin -- model A. Aninverted iron bell sealed by water in an outertank, is operated by a hydraulic piston, so as todraw in a charge of air. The descent of timebell drives the air through the vaporiser to the'l'FlllUN(Rl'1' .xxi \l - l'FIE "FRIN I'El'ROl. (AS ENGINE. 53burners, the action of this blower is corn-)letely aUtuTnatir 'I'urii on the gas in anyroom in the house and the machine starts working.('Ut down the number of lights suddenlyfront fifty to one and the blower CotitillUeS tosupply the single burner, while exwnding only,,ittiIti1 lii J If tile power it used it rini1ierit before.Turn 'It tht , last burner, and the machineii tantlr StOlis working. There is thus1(1 Waste, and no l)JJthl,'r about havingstart the niaehiia- The supply otlItter required is not large, as tlt:iiie!iauical ultl(iJ nry if the arrangementis very hi-_, h. I. )iic IV mid tlu'ikhit a suitable watr'i siiiplv could beii id anywhere ]it In land, nCVCI the--ss this is not always so, and eonuentlya second type of liii wtrIS designed to meet this case.lilt' flhJJtiVe power in model ii is aavv weight geat ed by wire rope tod runt revolving in a water sealingink. The main principle of thisurn blower is that of it reversed giitie drum, but the design is sonicli,tt i)J)Vel. The weights have to InIv lund up every iii(iriliiig, that is alltat is required. On lighting a jet,flow of gas relieves the pressure on- drum, and as it slowly revolves thepi,aratus begins to manufacture itsh supply of gas. In this case, Liii,• i energy expended is dirt-ctl) lintI rtii,iied to the number (it' lighttually being used, and turning oiiil- last jet stops the alilhtratus.Ii iwever, we have been ru' miiiilitad soniewliat Having got (ill)1uired air supply, the next thing toI) is to introduce it tithe carl iurettor,it S api irising clamber. Remembering( lim wjs said if the various flue-.itins of light itisurvt-d in the priiexperiment, and knowing theiritises, it will he seen that the work"lore us was to (leViSe a earburctt iri iat would colic with the matter autoiiiatically..Attc r a good (teal of (.111-ltdlilannmngande\j erim-nting we evolvedan aliparat us, siiii1ile in the u\t reilic, that answerse very deniand mitler the severest conditions.JI,t G:r/'iiret/or. This portion Consists iitwo parts, aim automatic petrol feed, and ;ivaporising ctianiber Now in order that th:light may he uniform the gas must he of all)lutly uniform composition, and therefore, itperfectly definite quantity of lictriil must tievaporised by a given solurne of air. The firstthing therefore was to make the air supjilvitself measure oil automatically the SU1ij)iy ofpetrol that it was to vaporise. This wasaccomplished by gearing the belt or the drumof the blower to a little wheel carrying anuinlser of tin\ buckets. As the bell descended,or as the drum revolved, and delivered air tothe carburettor the wheel turned round, thelittle huck,t, caught up each a fi:w drops ofpetrol, and this Ilas tipped over into a funnel,from which it flowed down into the carburettor.fly giving a suitable gearing to the wheel wedeliver the exit amount of petrol, which whenthoroughly v.ililiri-.l iii I niix-1 with ih, , ,_responding amount of air sumphieiI, gives themost efficient light effect. So far for the deliveryof the petrol Now let its see the carburettorI caving aside some very important structuraldetails, this is ,-ssentiallv a long coil of pip_-'I'll(- petrol drips in at the top, and at the sanu'time tlii- air Sulmill)- blows down through thecoil. the current of air vaporises the petroldehiv,.-red I ng be-fore it has been able to makeits was- ti the hi ittomn of the coil. The whilecarburettor is immersed in a water tank in orderto keep it at a fairly even temperature. Bymeans of this very simple arrangement wehave been able to completely eliminate all thedifficulties that were met with in the originalexperiment. The gradual chilling caused byvaporisation merely has the effect that the pettolflows a little further down the carburettor beforebeing completely vaporised. If warni Is-Latherhappens to heat up the apparatus completevaporisation takes place sooner. In all circumstances,thur, fore, the same quantity of petrol isvaporised by the same quantity of air, and thegas produced is absolutely uniform. It willbe seen too, that the difficult) encounteredin other gas plants due to the impoverishedresietmie, is ii 'it-existent in the Erin.' Thor,.:-i ii r- -.tl LI dir ,f t,. di ic IS ii trouble,--_:D ' J.-..-.illiir•'- ___s_ ,r _•__________• fl -, -_ --III S I ' I \ii Si-i'll iLI' •' - ' ,-' - . ',- -The tests made on this carburettor havebeen severe in the extreme, yet no fluctuationcould he seen in the quality of the light.Let us mention one of these tests 'I'll(: tanksurrounding the carburettor coil was packedwith a mixture (if hr iken ice and water, andtinder these conditions the plant was kept workingto its full output from morning to night.At the end of the test the machine was taken topieces and examined It was found that thecarburettor coil wits surrounded by a solidcvlimider of ice-. Nevertheless the quality of thelight had never varied by a shade, It is hard tosee how any severer test than this could possiblybe devised.-

54 Till' MUNCRFT ANNUALCOT] .EUE '1111".....Rl( .\l.i'his was tile last difficult) tobu UvercunieThe air and vapour thus mixed and churned UI)into a gas of perfectly Ullitorni quality passes intoa wat,r sealed hell liver the carburettor, and isthence drawn oil 10 the burners.This is, of ('nurse, only an outline description,and the ilei.nls have lint been touched on asthe are of interet to the engineer, ratherthan to the average reader, who wishes to get ageneral idea of what petrol gas is, and hi ivit is made Nevertheless, it is the :tailthat must ensure eitucjencv and theii irk incout of this has been a long and ardu 115 1.1entailing many separate inventions.*This then is the .i n iliiit. \\liat muststrike vervine who follows the experiiulcnt isthat inn Spite if the great obstacles to heovercome at every step, tile finished engineis singularly free from any C0n11)le\ iiiechanisnii.'le need not enlarge on the advantages in thisrespect. But there are sortie practical questionswhich arise, and if they are s,itisfa.torilv answeredthere ran remain no doubt ill tin readers mind,as to the lalue md utility if this pituit.z. Is Petrol Gas Dangerous? ()n ageneral Principle it univ lie ,ti1 that inthingthat will burn is dangerous lbS holds true ofcourse with letrll as liii it is far lessdangerous than cal gas. In fact a snia IIleakage of petrol gas will blow nun a match.IL2. Is it Dear? .\ very iml)ortant (iuitin. TakinL , the cost 1 petrol at r - per gallit is I issihic ulijintam lIne 50 i'.tuidle-poiveburner lighting for ten litours for the cost of incpeiniiy. For the same anliounit one aetvlene or(iii I liii rner an I u nia or a iii il IM )-!I!% foul. What is the Quality of the Light ?null a i s t.&i i ur,il l lvii h c .il gasin its tine iviui licht, and Ili the abs nr C oltii.Lgreen dirge nitiertirle in the other... Is it Healthy ? It does not vitiate theair in .t null, i nil L,-as will do. lliis isexlilamud l ill, Ill. I that petrol gas draws itsupply of air fn nn tile plait, and not front thesurrounidiriL ltmu(islulicrc% save in a very smalldegree indef.;. Is it Poisonous ? N. It thus flitills 1sl)l\\i.iiIuii \sit,oiitkills os air it.ini, lrutl ll]iliuuiii,L\ IljuiIutjUuiluiU.6. Is the Erin ' Plant Made inIreland ?llielV a IllIestlull ii rio niall fillnice. It is Irish nanuli inc lIIU Plint that lather OJ.earv his insisti ii up ii.uid in is niade tlirtigliiiut in the wiirksho1is\Iessrs.MaLuire (_.itchjl, in I )iiiPn. 'ilFun is 11 it.: only petrol gas lint invented lvIrish iaaiiis aoil made by Irish hinds.'Ilues, 11iestionls will prcliaoly lear up nyiloults arid difficulties that remain. I shIll up.l'oniiniy, Efficiency. Simplicity, these .ini di,characteristics of the Erin plait.zflIll. ..liit chill I un th'.iiri.il \ar1,15, 0111 lUesti 111.11 uI\. I r. (,iliills play.ThAj 1.tc iy it ( ; in. Based onGerald ( rittics tale [lie Invasion,"it [,rs,nits a picture of Irish lii un tile seventhcentury of the Christian era. '[he scenic is laidin the western portion of Co. I mnneriek, and i liipit I irielly is as followsIhere is a feud between the elan of 1 I\I uuuiiiil and ,i pagan tribe living in the valley of1 ;i. Eitline, "'['lie Fitly Of I din." wit liysun or the protection if th cmii, has become aChostitn. [he Chief if llv-&'uuiaill is capturedin Lite first act by th clansmen of tine valleytrite. Ijut, It the intercession if lithnu, his life issp.ined. ,ittI lie is Set free, but he carries away rihi hart it tender affection for the gentle iuiaieli% h,, has been the means of saving hint from theanier 01 ins foes. While these events weretaking place, Baseg, a chieftain, who, ill yearstie by, let 1 tried, Li treachery, to obtain thechieftaincy ccl I iy( 'oniaiLl, is returning to Ireland.with a hot it Nortlitimlirnani pirates, ti asserthis liretemli I ights by fore, lie cisnipebs thevalley tribe tic support him, and seizes Eithneas a hostage. Elini, the chief of liv t onaili.uininiciliately sets out with his army to attacklItseg, and rescue Eithne. A great battleensues, i ti will If the chief of (;lilt conies to tInrescine (It liv 1 inaill, and their combined arm isannihilate the pirates. After this great victory,the valley people embrace the I hrist an religion,and the two clans hcconic reconciled for ever bythe ha11i union i_if Flint and the Lady ofGlin.ci miiiilete study of the play is here out ofthe question, and this shirt notice must, therefore,confine itself to one or two points oftruuhiortanee. The scene in the 14111 of (din(Act I. Scene Ii), and the Monastery senieAct I[.—Scene i I may be selected. partlybela use they lead Ill to the dracnaiie: climax, andpartly because they represent some of thecharacteristic features of the Irish life of theperiod.THE LADY OF GUN.urn ii the I h ci i t ',l n, ups a pagan, andoft unirse, were his I lautsrncn. but 1',itlinie,the I ,aclv of (;lilt, has become a Christian. Innthis scene we hive represented, the conflictbetween the new Faith and the old pagan ivorship,and it is if great ninliortanie to note thegcuuuleness with which the religion of Christasserts its claims. At this moment. Ice it remcml irreil, the Saracens were eitiriiig out ofArabia to nuniliose their religion miii the world,their scimitars flashing like their lren,ted eye's.and Catholic Europe had unsheathed the sss'oi dto heit titenll back. But in this valley scenicconflict is waged, not against savage fanatics,but against a paganism which was iuoun I upwith the heart and soul of Irish life, si Iticlitreasured the memories of the past, arid whichembodied the national ideak. And all this hadti he taken up by the roots, and another religion.a Faith, had to replace it. And who rnciretilting for such a task, than the gentle ni,itd ofC Inn, beloved of all. It was silt' who i was 10speak to the proud chief of the meek and gentleChrist, to tell the hard that all his gods wereIlI,Lnitasies or superstition, his heroes merelymien, to le.itl the rude kernes to adopt the waysof domestic life. .\rici ill all this she succeeds.The exquisite deliciv wuth is llieil this transition friin Paganism to Christianity has beenexecuted must Ice carefully nccted. The cherishedtraditions, which even we recall with pride, hadto be set asidu arid repudiated, and a new Faith,whose future glory was then unseen, had to lieocelited with humility. The Sung of Feargalforeshadows the triumph Of ( liristianiity. Itcommences with a mournful dirge for the past,but soon tile hard Iirushec aside his tears, anilwel-ecmes t lie new order of things. Such genuerisitvwill not without its reward.In this I )un scene, therefore, we have thesilent working of grace on the souls of the paganclansmen, and its influence is to Ic traced inthe prevailing spirit of gentleness and tolerationWhich has replaced to such an extent the sternerspirit of paganism.

56 \lCNGRlF .\XNI'.\L ('(')l.l.EGE THEATRICALSThe Monastery scene carries the action forward,and is connected with the previous act bythe appearance and onversion of leargal. Thisscene has ni c connection with the main plot, forthe religious spirit does not intrude itself intothe coming scenes of love and strife but as it.for a brief iflhcinent, sets before the spectator thevisible presence of that religion which, in theperson of Eithne, is struggling against the oldsuperstitions, and as it breathes its sanctitythrough the whole play, raising it from the ieyelof mere clan strife, it must, under the circuThstances,be reckoned as the very soul of the plot.It is impossible to describe the impresciorlproduced by this scene in \i ungret Abbey.To understand the liI.i, it niiist I' sen, notdistance a solemn chant rising and falling on theevening breeze. And as the music swells into ailuiglits burst of melody, the light of Faith flasheson the old minstrel's soul, and as he sinks uponhis knees at the threshold of the hurch thechoir takes up the refrain, " t't exultavit spiritusmeus in r)eo Salutari tile''.This is the dramatic Ii max of the play.\l uiigret Abbey of saints and scholars has replactd the myths of the past, and the new Erinthat has arisen will surpass the wildest flights ofpagan imagination. The great note of religionhas now been struck, and its echo will minglewith the trumpet blast of war, and the clash ofcontending armies. And then with a witch rushthr action hasten forward: the Nortliuiiil ruins4..,I.is deep below the surface, and if one fails totrace its influence throughout, the most I undamentalpoint has been iiiissed.It would be a pleasant task to make a carefulstudy of each separate scent' and act, in order tounderstand more clearly the various sides ofearls' Irish life. But space will not permit this.amid we can but mention ,Lich scenes ,i i )uachscottage, the attack of the pirates. the midnightscene on the gula rd-bridge, where old I' eargaltells a weird story of the terrible figure that waswont to rise from the tomb, the various Scenesof doimit-stic life, and above all the beautifulscene at \l ungret Ahihey, with its divine spiritof pc t. and holiness. Alliii-sc are clelightfiul1.1, iii st ,iriiTit ltcLiiicl. arid if tv' ti.' theF. (1 Rorke, who acted the part of Feargal, thebard. His conversion at Mungret Abbey wasa difficult piece of acting. which he pet formedsuccessi idly, avoiding the d:ingo m idingmsolemnity with scritimentahisimi. john .\i urnsdivides the glory with F. ( )'Rnrkc.Asl4aseg,the traitor and murderer. u ho brought in theNorthumbrian pirates to ravage his native land.he had an important part. and his acting,especially in the final scenes, is worthy of thehighest praise. llini, the hero, was played byI. Mc.\rdle, who did his part well. T. Johnson,as the '' l.adv of ( limi. is a graceful actor. liedistinguished himself in the SCi:flC at I )ua'h',cottage, and esin -c'i:tllv in the I tim scene, whenh 1 us'' ut, .1rt'kl Iv ili' hritis ThenIr lop ' 0- -A"4s4 • ,,4merely read, and one must hear the solemnchant of the monks as they simig their neverendinghvmif. The scene betseeti the Irishand Saxon schoolboys is delightful : the procession of the nlic, which I fear caused moreamusement tli,i ii reverence amongst our audience.was most impressive, and no one could fail toappreciate the charming interview betwev n themonk and the bright young brother of thechief of Hy-onaill, ( ' who has deei(led to enterthe monastery as a religious. But the solemnmoment is when the 01(1 bard arrives. Theschoolboys insist that he should sing them asong : his heart is heavy, and he pours forth amournful dirge of joy that has for ever fled.When he had ended, there is heard in theTHE 1. MN ci- c,I,is. U- Nt- il c -c IN). -i.are sighted, there is the trampling of horses'hoofs, the country is aroused. But all thewhile we feel thu.: influence of the 1101)' scenethat has Just taken place, and we know thatthe Lady of Ghin in her prison. and everysoldier that flies to rescue her, are inspired andstrenthened by this holy spirit of Faith. Andthe final triumph over pirate host and paganworship is fmtl crowned as the assembledwarriors solemnly entone their 'I'e I )eiim " ofthanksgiving.The Monastery scene, therefore, is the underlying force of the play. It is trite that it is acomplete scene in itself, and besides an integralpart of a drama depicting Irish life in the seventhcentury. hut its real connection with the plotspirit of religion which pervades them, we shallhave grasped the essential feature of Irishnationality. vi,., tIme harmony which existsbetween religion and every phase of social life.Thc Ireland of to-day will not lag behind theIreland of the past. That spirit of Faith andfatherland is still as fresh and vigorous, as whenthe chiefs of Limerick drove hack tlic piratehordes, and the monks of \lungret chantedtheir song of never-ending praiseThe acting was good, and in parts attained avery high standard of excellence. It is hard tosay who was the very best, because the variouscharacters are SO unlike that they defy comnparon.However, on due consideration, I thinkone will he justified in giving the hahn toI \iiV (ci- 01 r\there was I )uac-h, who was ready to swim riverand lake to do the bidding of his young mistress,but had a decided aversion to the hum drum ofdomestic life: I'uathal, the impetiiccus, vacillatingleader Scanlan, the dashing chief of RathkealeEiiihir, one of tIn- Northumbrian soldiers, anindividual whom it would he unpleasant toencounter, and who showed great alacrity incarrying out the wicked designs of his master.The geml'ral in.r tiagemuient of the stage was inthe hands of Mr. 01 )onoghue, S.J.. and W.Gallagher, who wit kd untiringly during thelong months of preparation, to bring everydetail of scenery and stage effect to the perfectiondemanded. We must congratulate themon their great success, for the scenery was really

l'HE MUN;REF \NNU.\I. ('ol,I.E(;E I'HE.lI'RT(.\I.S 51very beautiful. Nor must we ti r4rt to !liciltl(iflJ. Bulinan, who, in the recesses of the sidescents, was responsible for the war notes. alarunipeals. and other VdrItttt s of martial mush.In conclusion %%t, lutist say, that the highestpraise may be lavi,h1% I il'st( iWi ci U ii all whoare connected with the play. 'l'lw scenery wasver beautiful, especially the view of the Abbey.and the banks of the Shannon. To Fr ( 'ahillwe owe .i ,peiial word of congratulation. A IWwork it dramatising history i5 ole of inliiuitelab(ur, and presinting great difficulties. Buthis sut cess his am1d) repaid the pals lie histaken. It is imutiih to lie rcretted that our stagewas fir too small to do real jutui'i' it, the iilaThe 'it lie ji, the .\hii 1eV, the Pirate, and thegreat conflict at ( ;iin demand at once tiahu iratesceiier and ample space for the massing ofnumbers, a ciiiuihin.ution hitlu can be effeiteulonly on a l,ire Stage....un, Fr. Cahillshortened the play cinsitlerahlv, to keep withina definite time limit. This. indeed, was alamentable nei cs'itV. I lot we understand thatthe play is heing being revised, and it is our sinicrehope that it will he expanded 1 antI cii larti I. SI)that wc may have a finished luiflire of Irish lifein pe ac and war, in the cloister and the thin..\ain, It is to he hoped that many sill be foundwho will turn their attetitu ii to this IIIllnlrtantpart of Irish literature. Surely there is inipiematerial Ili th vai id story if Irish history.Now if these kri.Lt events of the past are ilratiiatiseil.they will bring hihire us the life and spiritof the time. Wc h,tll i:oiui to tiiiiierst.iiiil mcii,see its they saw. feel as they felt. It this is donesucces,ftillo,. Irish history will lie rev ilntioniseil.it ii: LAM' ii ;ii x.'". lit)' in t 'III Aciiiuii hf ..n Ger.it,t Griffin's Tate ''I " Fit, Invasion. —I crii iii —The 7111 Cciii iii y.l)R,ssI '511 lERsO. I1;lini, ii.' sung Chivf Chid t,f IIy.Cinaitt . 1. \tiAiifle.lactua, luiu. niili.a rh nuiitltcr . . B. I ) licully1)iariiuuiih, haul of Etinu'. t'iiiiitv Ii. i iIt,irliecanIari. Chief if RaT hkeatr. fri.n' t • 1 Ehiuu T. I ..uti iesFlann, . V. lit •nnorClansmen of ti ui(.Iaraiu. . P F t,-ncy.engLis, Him', cii he r . . . T. \ I ;thi iiiDonal, A Mink of Mungr''t , Etiiii's tnctc I. M- nian(_'ur,t'ii, (hid of i din, an _\rcliihruiil .. M. i ;ihlKriEuthneTIlL 1.ailv of the \allrvA (.Iirutu.un,. -'.ui'ce..•f(.uuraii.IT. T'hn'onFeargal, Bard uI (',tin 1 . F. 0 Ri urk eItum I a, Eu h n '-u i. cuter- moi her NI. ( hi -.1I luach, Fe tines f.isier.fathcr. . I. ( )I •iiiiiirTuuat hit,Curs II'S Son, after wards ( ti cfof (,luri,IR. I .rrn nanEire, TeLl hats mother . . . D. C) nyF:uuihr. f'i-tt'r.briiihn'r if P.asegI. Farrellsiep.hriii her of Flint (lrce'a-. fItacg father and formerty i .tniiofGhinJClansmen, Children, Northumbrian boldiers, Minks, c.LNl i-n'i'.\INMt. II )i-i . 3m.uEGruat preparations N% ere hieing made duringthe mouth of November, and it was in opec.see let that ' The Pris ate Secretary " was Ii beput on the )ii ungret stage on December ;rd.llut to our great disappointnient, various unfore-Si,.c n ii ri 'U ill 1 thinS it mu 1i ned to postpone thelit'rfimrilianee to Al indt'hoiti date, aioh finally toput it (ill until another '1i'ar. But \lr, Fell, whois the one man for an Ciii t-rge ray. St Li[ icd fi i r wart 1and or canisc'( I an t'ntertai ii mnent ft ir the Ci aiii in,Ili,- cliii I itt-ru of which was a play of uk owneouiposutii iii. ' The Anarchist. We iuve thepr igrarloile lore, and we would dr.iw particularattention ti the I )ranuati I'er-ion.i' 'if the lilly.is we firmly hin'hlevn' that a close stink of eachindividual chart icr wi iuuld reveal rut mv deeptruths ttitucltung the infinite variety of hiuniannature. An aeu'i itlflt of the var 11115 events leading up to the great climax e;uIIrliit lie given.The play must he seen acted. Suffice to saythat it was a ,uit_'t-e in \Ir. Fells best stI-, an I.therefore afforded as much fun and excmteiiii-iitas could p issif ily he in iwdi'd mlii a ,1ui Itt tilIli -.lasi I.ltl_INI i lIt •;. C-..in One A(ii .51151 i111i5.,'.actiLru.ufuN11117gall4 i •Mr. Iliuuile..I. L,.Pedestrian , . . W. \I c Ia u-i,I'olueeiuuan .. W. ItoileCiNcEkiI PlauL) , I'itgniuii''. (hintF. It •iik,2 ltecitatii,n ' I)reuni (it I lIilin ,' .triuui, Ill"iii. Felt.ttig '' Ireland. I I'.I i•( i,i, .4 1 i,i:ice)A) I, t;.iv5 SimuigT. livrncto S•iuug Maid ii itme \lihl. \.f .11-.T. G. i uIlrjr,7 "elecOtiti-. " Iiiifieiiiltn (_,irt. li,1 lie['in In. ( )rche-.i ru.l'iei II.Tttl'..;N AR(ll1-T.'( I'.xir.uv.i.suuti in (Inc ActiUAiAi' rIcKsII. R. II. The ( -'rand 1)uG' .'texikiift ofIttu-.-.ia ... .- .. I. t Ii-...u,nII. II. Prince hituiski of A,rrakhan (aliasJohn Smith) ... T. ( )Itnit'nJohn I iull, Pr,i1irieor of The Internatii)flS I II otel " . . P. I ,iti us. 'UI las iii, Il-Il-ky at The International . Mu ir.inyateon Fovi-. f Scotland YardS I. ButtAugu-te- LéoniiteIc ( 'tic1uituteSt. Coitic:uu \l r. FellHis Voi,,tuuji ihi,- \Ii'iir tif I-li-anon ... W. ll.irro'tiTown-crier md (inijianotogist ... I. i —ughA. i.I . uhicee mn... W.. -1-licheB. i. ... E. ',caiiianCol. I'aii..e-i-uuftof ''The Imperial Guard" 1. If NeillTIIF. As.si- rinflhlLIcuIMajor Souki-nu iii' ''The Imperial Guard -- I. i i(,,nni,r(:m1itauul Kurhuepi't •. . .. T \t cCaurtnLicut. Fanciehireileki .. . ... . McNamaraThe Drum M iji ir . . . . . P. 1.1 urrusficsSword-f,earcr ... ... ... I. \lc('uurtinI lehnset.hirsrer - .. hi I ,'crahdSiundarif-learer .. It, I 12)Cstev' toolI. tiurkcI)ui'.at 7surse'iuiuuil ... I.. tliurrmsN,ite, (iii,,'n-., etc--Vt. M,'Iinits-, j. list'. mod - -theF1.i - Riiiui in '' The Iiiinrn.utiiial I l,iei I-te-xion.Is' liii% ]At Nil ii . applause. F. 4 )uigltv and J. Ih mc have very-. Ma,, It • 1 Ow (,,-..uiks w thc lion,' front Wagner beautiful seijmranil voices, and as we hope theyIvan the TerrifIc.will he with tic for some nuort' years, we look for-Itusi.un Natuoii.mI Anthemward to some very hii.-autitttl music at all futureNoi i -1 hi' fliniti-1ir,f Military Umforiii strut I.) !hcconcerts,)ttiicrs ii thin' Imperial (Liar,1, iii c • "ii- icily tip it i for I tie cc.sThe Pro-,.ir.inime- of the 5th Dec, ii miutaine'dtwo hlla liv Mr Fell, anti also a lr11 )rmarlecby Mr. Mat. Gill n-rI's ;ke ('hub, a wt-11-knownmusical iminm)an connected with Mungret.Mr. F, 11's acting was, as usual, first class, andthe other actors reflected his careful trainingMr, Gilberts Glee I lub gave us some characteristicsongs. his Itme arid popularity can beseen on giant iui at the jirogramnue, where wefind representatives of all nations thronging toenrol themselves in his ci inipany. Vet I seen)lii recognise sonic of these foreigners,' and 1.1111 illclined to rn-him-at the ri-nitark of an Irishmanwho had seen an Italian iouuhian\ similar inniany ways , to \Ir. I iill cr1- ' tluuy were all Irishmcii. Foli. M urfi. an,i tin' rest, and that the-rewu I iuiy i tile It,iliui lila ingst then, f ind Jo 7501it ,S/ltflh(it',/,Th van it-. -.ut's wet.- r'i',-iyeil with gritI - -.I-;NT TO THE T4iWFI.l,IA Farcel,1.uuiiicchiin B;uiul.-, f I l:u-. tI1curifheTwo Poliuicuans - -I olin I uildih,r,t I Mr. Fell( ;a- - her ... ,, - -. M. (dlt,rrtSCENE—The Tower of London.

W(o 'I'll MUN;RET .\NNU \l. COLLEGE i'IIL\L'Rl('.\LS 6H. 4I 'e5'tIofls. ------- -'Ii Orchestra.2 Song 'Fts l,ut a little Liled flower.' I. K. Thomas; Dance ...Frank (uigIcyIrish Jig .. -Aiph. RIgers.4 Song There's no one like Mother to flie. -Jo livme.Seicttn from GILC Club." ... -ititicior- Sivnor \l. ( ;tllt'ri,. assisted I M.M.loacittut MacArlello, Ricardo Boileau (Soloist). I_en J_Nerne. Jltarii tIill5l_ i. Ion.tihait Nefa'.," tl,%J.'l.snais \l.i.l I ri., I lii \'s,ti liriirkna, .ittclIiIII. •riii: .15 l'foie).l.Nttnt it\\tiNi —JI-LIiI'.\itV, 0, 11.1111111- it ii i,irl H'i ur.t ItNl).(I the programme, especlall) 'I'Iut' Soldier ofChrist ' sit to the music of 'l'ht Pilgrim,Chorus in lannhausPROGRAMME4 Ivet or ,. Bohemian (in.'' litheOrchestra.I ant It a The .5 Idier of Christ. -The Choir.LI FE S 1.4 (Nt; Sli LittIARA I ElisThe Poison Doctor •.. K. lhrt , t( astnijr, it lrisnr . ... Mr. I IISiRNE- Casjtttr. CcIl in the prison of T.liik.Violin ... ' Al I' tesco.' I old1'. I Iirley.MR. M(CARTIIVt' }.Ni FR[.\IN\li.Nt.Mr- 1'. Mi 1 'arthv, whom we need hardlyrecall to his comjtani tis of a few years ago,very kindly brought some of his friends togiVe US tItle ntertaiiiment, and we liii! tmost enjoyable evening I'hc variety if theProgramme was not its least merit : music,piamla, CoffliC song, Sefltiilieltt.Ll son . sacredsong, all came in rapid suressiom>, and all wereenthusiastically received. Mr ( lone's 1itpularsings were called for often. \\hniiever Mr.Alma Fitt appeared on the stage, we ill waitedwith htrathlrss escit'mi'nt to heir whit lie wasgoing to say, and after mill> clearing of histhroat, and efforts at looking sh, he wotildbreak the silt-nrc, and we ivi utld 1111 thu hall withl.tuighter..\Ir. Cliffirul's s1tlutidid baritone voicew.i Ittily appreciated, espeiitllV in hi,; rentlermug1 \Jundclssohns ' ( ) Rest in tlti lord, ( )til who Ic we load a t horoti ghil v e ii jo il di'fling. We iiiuut think \I r. \l i ( 'srthv andfriends fir their great kindness aol. if it be not-I fish w i'.h, w hope that we mturuvoiten meet themH-.1'MUSICAL. RECITAL. —I ;r.Ot>Ih tic ' ' Roaming in the Id tilting.2 Sing . . lie I'rtntpet-r. '' .. [)ixW. JL ChtL,l3 li.tutit,i . . I rc-luule ii 3, No. 2. Kc,chitiarutiioft4 Sing . ' The Rice will lii ,w, ' Wilton KingMi.H 5' r i IC5 I ;nmph it,- Il se it Turd '' I'' F .IutC . 4, unod0 'sing ' .. N tint ((tie Again. -M. I I. k (icr7 Recitatitiin I-ilS Iian,Ia . ' l.a Li5angera. ' ... Charninisle9 Sing . 'u;,,d L. ntpany. . . AdamsM'. Wilit tII.t.vAnts Ironi ''The 4,lUeefl of Sticks.''to ( 4>m1h lieii S tog ' 1 lie Wearing of the Green. —'Or. Phil C-12 I ;r.uii.t1h.i- ' I hear you cdliiig nt'1 ; lianla . . . ' Scarb Dance.' I hi.oiuttadc14 Sing-I ramaphine 'i; ul. \I I' fir I (itt is Iiii Song ... ' lltinirsti-.. -Sir, Wile lit-ar'17 ( ;rtriiaphne' '' ''lie i, tin hr Ii tile I,.oul.is It,'citati,n - -- -to l'tanla .'Ir..Sl,r, Fill'' Fuji-San V-rIce."ollwa30 Song .. '' Farenell in the I)es,'il ,.Sir ti' I, 'Iu.I .-,, SI I .\Vwho took his vows on February 2nd. Mr. Fellagain produced two plays. and with the samesUCCeSS. We must here especially ttongrattihtteT. ( )'Brien and Gerard Holmes. 'I'h.'ir actingin this phi was U!> to a very high standardindeed. I'1tev played the hart of lunatic ,. NOWit must 1)1. ii ,,tcd that no mediocre ti tor ran d( Ijustice to this part. The phases 4 e\travag.tntenergy and weird solemnity, Si) eharaetcristit ofmad in in, Must he carefully ml in id tired, andmust lie ItemnIetted by that Itt' uliLr level ishrestlessness, which marks them omit in a crowd.Any tile who watched these two actors could seeat t tire Itiw all this was done to the life, andwhen, at the end, these gentlemen worsted thecostumier from London, our only wonder is whyhe ventured for the moment to trust himself tothem.The music and singing formed a pleasant partDance ..,I). Hayes.Song ... ... -I. Kvrne.ACCOflII)!n ict 5 . - C. I )e v nt att i F. lint rk eA ('ASE OF MISTAKEN liii NTIT\(A F arce in ( )ne AdCIIARAcrEks(In the order in which uhy ap;c.r 1.Dr. Sttapcntdown .. ... K. JohnsonTimmins, an attendant ... .. •J. \I ci. urtittlulian Tylufi, Shah if Persia ( II oltiirsEvan 1.mghtlti.'al, Prince - Monmaniacs\5 tin Lung I I T. (('I it i itTimothy Ti ppins, :t Cl '.t utile r . . .........IIS - t.;xi. -A Room in Dr. Strapenilown's Sanat , amm,Sltimpton.Nil t:—A Play The \Iysirry ola Taxi-Cal " ( ir:tgeilyin five acts), is in course of Preparation at theSanatorium, and the following are taking part in itJulian Tyloti as Alderman Guzler.Fvan Lighihead, ' as A lank Manager.- :- -------s _- ---- i-I'

6zTHE MUN(;RET ANNUM.OUR P.\T63___• .••CT• .-.OUR D1are very (ccc indeol. We cc i..ii loin cc cry success in hisartluc ens '.1 mlies,Rev. Nicholas McNally cia.. cc,daineul in I)ulchin lasts-dr, .it.l c-ti ]c,c.ecrcii sc..tking tee ll,.i.iri, T,e.tet,unia,I et it let --r tic ciii Rev. Patrick Geehan, svtio is now-:I; _e ci le_cntn, cc,' le.trtt ccciii go ut ldr.i,ure of theof tie st-i A...........1 hint, ci.ccctiirs ccc icier c--ct ci Rev. J. Colgan, '5! , ctI ccia -.1 _'c .ciccl,.nt, Obtained, with three tethers, firstplacc ti il c-iti it c I lieologv last November.(cctucc 0 Sc - itt ii. cue, we learn of the great reputationwiucelt W. Tobin ,i me.juire-'.I a, lecturer el All Ilallcewec.John Sexton cii James Murphy are to he ortl,iinntdlii, eti,cti']i leer lie dljcceto.cS re..jee'ctivel>' Of \ulcania,A 'e ii it,ci I lc - .sech, \--c /r-el.inci. Titcuglccc • t. -:. - i ,ih, tli is IICIti di e.i - Rev. E. H. Byrne1 great I .t lieu Jr.h%rne Ce' ntnie.'ncr'ci hi, rccle'i liii -trili -. iii IF, LL1111,e --teLin Phil. e'ceph luring the ve.'.tr' 1137 and ie.toS it St.['eter', College, Ve'sIcnrel. In t e, at Ilw request 4 Ili,ilirlceep, Dr. ('.r',certrlli. he 'vent liver to St. \lrerv\CoIie'gc,4 )'.c.rtt, tic peiroce' Ili, Theological stietline., and waordained en jititic;erv 21t, 1012. Fr. Ilvene is at creentin M,cutciie-ter, In till, great ineiu',irial city he fine!..iiitpie work, and %k,. cc ti him :i I. ctit 0cc] ti olul ttc inthe Master's Nill,% alll.I.ii..i Fc'lcru;crc Very Rev. Fr. Joyce, P P.'transferred freern Ili, 1oii..h - -1 lt. illy ntttccc.ird and ( ;irte-ento I]allinasl.ee.- tier i- ii- to hi, ch])tLrticrc, he 1c.tri..hi cue r...........u:I,!-% eli ni ci ircg It v. hich Fr. 4) Ic ceci.thlnc,iii.iilect cell and the jean ..h ie inn rs presete tnt F r. 1") ccccjth an ;teIcires. They thanked him for the great Liheur,-he hail it ndert aken on their behalf— If— he had cc inch lerai .liniicriivcel the parich chui,-h, he' had erected a t'areecieealI I ill, org.cioscd a 'fq trance Seeciety, and hail used hijrie..i h influence tel n..0 re. the pr( per working of the LanAct. icr these go-1 corks, hi.. 'ari'liionrr, thankedhim, and cc iiietel hi,,, prei..1ierci lierec'er he ..hottIei Ice.This 'alit intent was te - tCh"U11 in ['al ii eeti..lc cc by file \IiRev. Dr. 4 ;ilniariin. who, while s rnjcatiii'.ing veib tile.-peecftle in the less Of their former pa..ti.r. u-i cngratulateclthem on file acujui..ic ion ci Ft. loyce. ic/cc /111/ a.c*ed teo Iirfl/ccldcfl tnJ'a,e?.ii /clSlit'i, Fr, Joyce veill nc,t take it ann. -if cce uncle with hi, irienels in praising hint, and ceingraiuPiling hi,,, On the success if his work. Such SUCCC5S Cationly ping Irene great ce'lf.racrihei'. tenet this sjcirit of sellsac, tie.' is clearly indicated iiy Ik Jeirdslip's ci oreis toPalI i a'In. 1or- such 'a- rca itt s .1 C .d, what go ti gilthill we uck The P..al,rii-..t supplies ci.. with the ansccr-iS,ni, etes tui. I)ccniine, ineluantur enstitia."In the Aecicitil ci to(); cciii be found the picture ofPatrick intl Bernard Tracy. 1: A. veho, in the prec iou'. yearccl taLc te cccii tile_-jr c1.-gre't'. It 1, ccith gretitpie.tourc' th.ti ice again pcihhi-ic the phe.tee if the forme-r.netce Rev. I'. Tracy, .t prie..t in New \eerk. We mgr, cvery ni irchi that we have not Itt, brother', juiucctceg ruph itorder to again unite the two, and liis site cci at a glanothe analogy lwtcceen the present anti the pa-I. 1ernar ci15 .LlSO in New York. Where he is practising a, a ccl:cttcrr.ant i.. doing very well. (In turning liver 'a due ci tictgc-- ft former Annual, one' will find in the .,eIalitv ittile 1:1--d Viritn, the ni inns of ['at rich Tracy. I re feetrtitri I Trecv, See. and First Assistant. Item ri cc rite_-the ScccPihttv notes cr the Annual. i,nt nit qttcete a lenline... A Society uuiler the Guidance if a hilly intlable lii,-, tilt cc Icc SC memhcers rnte..t have altained a highst and crc] ccl V rt tie' and pie' v. ntttst necessarily have on itthe il ....itcg if God. Such is our little Soelahty of.Iitngret." And the Iele.-.ing of Cci is not worn aci cvby time, but marks a man for life. Surely it has marketthese tWet ret leers, now gone forth front the liLliet halls clMitngret to face the noisy world in the great capital ofhe United Stt'tes. To heejth we send best wishesfor '.ucce'.', each in his tliffcrent station of life andtlt,ite''lt their vi,idcu. eiiitie.. mti.iv seltarate then), their Alnc:sMiter cull decay, re-cell tide_-tic tie her nmemeiterv, a, side icc.icle lie) 1e.eoa'di their %ct,'. 4 'tttelv and play.Rev. Joseph Shiel. S.J., is at pre.,ent making Iii-St ti lie- at \lac nc in ' parit ton for the Indian \I ission.In a letter heunie lie iccctclie.. in the tcee, theme', clearevery I r iili,,iait, the F .iilh and the Irish cc dIe ny. Speakingof Cci ic In, lie says t hit there are very titany prosleeroti.Iri'.lt iettcihie-s tee lee ic eticid in t lie various parts of the island.while one Irishman--a native of Limerick—unfornir-eLhim of iti, intention to return to his native landhusicinel ccitt life's taper at the close."-N, to the ce.inelittc flcf tic I .cthcelic reiigiecn in India, Mr. t"ittcl tell' u' lit1i, ic i.. spiendiil cceurk to lee done, hut that the uht..sdc,nei-

6.1 III I: M 1N( ;REl ANNUAl.OUR PAS1'in Touch with 'tic of their old masters of M ungret , I-Au.tralia and New f.ealand are in the Irish Provincethe Society :1 Jesus.Christopher Sheehan i. at Mavnooth College. liIli, tiegr. I ill little, .iii,1 is ill Ile oril.iiitl illshort time.I.: ngratulaiion.. ti Wm. Meagher, who has Iceitlately married. \\',- ss i.h hint it long and happy tile.lie is a solicitor at Teiiipleiii r, ( Tipperary. We areha1py to be able to putli..h hi, ll it this year. I [is oldcompanions will thus le attIc to see that he still retain,the bright and cheery disposition which made him 5iii lar Nkiih everybody..Aiiittitg.t the many Mungret students -t it lying iresent it tile National University, the naliie if MichaelMac Mahon .tantls rut, on account of hi. I,rilliant -ittcc.. in the exinjinations last autumn. In thee i..iijflit -ifor It. c. lie tool first place with fi w t -class 1110 Ui.. liewas the only .t uilent at the I )u 1,1 in College who scoredhigh honour marks, lie especially distinguished himselfin Anatomy and Ilysi 1 gv, and did "ell in Ititait andZoology, lie was awarded a[lost - gre I eat e still ilarshi pof £60. lie is at present floing research win, ii jilt a viewto presenting a thesis next October for M.Sc. lie reada very able papr recently before the \lelicil Society ofUniversity College on the " Cagul.iti i of Blood.The distinguished career of Mungret -itilents in theII Royal is, we are glad to crc, to be c,ntinueil illthe new National University. Michael Mac \lahon lead,the way this year in Science itt otlering hint our congratulations,we look to the many Mungret boys at presentstudying medicine at the various constituent colleges of theI itiver,ity ss Ii ni is e hope to see coming forward, year.iltcr year, to earn high distinctions in the various branches.1 their siork. Michael, we regret to say, was ratherohS -Il at the beginning if the year. bitt is he assuredthat hi. illites. %%.I, -in] , v slight. sie trust that he is nowit -rib i trsta - t I. %\e wish him i pleasant vacationti: ti- liii iMichael Cleary a--cd his tir.t Irifessional exam.ii. II 11.1.. h sever, girt-n tiji medicine, in orderIt.ttii I oh iii.ine..s. We offcr hint our sin..1 .s -;whi ,---ii the death of hi. hrothur.Bertie French i : 1 present in (ct In, Ile i in the.1 laittitg itt-lit t --.. dog is it Ii hi, dIet liother. WeI hat t it- .t i'i.-ii''. tv -s.- liii I ii, 1 tilt we send• -is- tilt -ii- .1 II t--.t- H i. in, iii -i till_C awl gird wishesI-i I heirCharle ted Alex. McCaithy lit - lilt ill it- I' itL111.111 l,r -,L • , IIO II' ti 1 Ak. S. Pegum tI,j P.\ATalshe ti.- II in- \lttit.i-r ,ttt I. it-tI-i liii, WillieFrench i- -ti's I -I in sliihlleton.W Deevy i , tI .uI.ng well Ili SrI.-. II - i- utii11111 .., ( hi.irtt -rel Aec oil iti:it, Soutii Mall.Jerome Pomeroy i, it present .tudt big in I Juilin.I- .iuti'. I- Cl un-- It iii.- .-' jii it i.tilig-, nil stilllie tj ti:ti ill I!.0.1 t - ,t:-'i,tI Ui o. Paul McCarthy -it his success--il c.ui.r-.tl .,ttl.ii. -lit ItO. II- u-:.-.ts-.i hilly I luahtieii- --iicitr..triu I -I r;u i I it ligo.E. O'Sullivan t. .: ui-It tug ''i F tn.t Arts at theIts - - n - Its .t I ii,. lie i, doing stell in sTarts. Icing-ii il11 I nIt. -_it liii, .inI also in liii- County Xl.hi. .tvurage if 57 .1..iL. lit-il fern irisAubrey O'Connor .- kin-, i-i I !11: 11 lit tIeIIu itt - ,We ho1w i rcC.ir,l his success next siimnier, and to con -'ritliI.lu'' }ijTti oil the cnclitsi,n ii hi, l,'ri' tt'ar- 1T. Fennessy 10.. - i :. tliiuI \!iIi-_tl I_ct Maicli.Fit- tie ti, ft i tn -tt-..n'i Medical -J Garry. A McKenna. P. King, J. Cremin, M.Graham, T. Slattery, W. KellyIli lit-i \l'hut..11. J. Fxtzniaurice tti-. - i Iii. i-s,uiii. inlii -:.-- n Ea.i r. lii- c-'till- -i. are Hubert Kelly,R. Keatinge, H. Hackett. J. Nally, iii E. O'Sullivan.lit -Ili I —Iii-.4-of tin-ge, 'in.. Dan Crowley, ulnrl HMcKenna ---u-I their tin-' —w. I.-t \lar.Ic F.Crowley is mlt lint- _ct ..ttiI - ut.g 1.1 dii.. c-ant.TI' Vioi, i-ti ('ilL-ge-ti I .tksay itilniler.. wit)Mt t:t'i. t _i ii ut.. lii its r,ll. Sirtit' have Iini.hc'd their-lull It - -, niud' it he-ri are yet drinking in it isd iii.Denis Morris I- a fully Ilitaitiell doctor, and is losenttrkrt,:: i I--it ito-. lie has lately la-un to India. 1kiii ''it-- iii' r-ling account of his s-o)'age ti l'r.line-. We nt-gil-i s cry itiuch that it arrived too late f .rpultiicatiti in the Annual of this)tar. In it he delail,the various es-ellIs on karl ship, and tIc' man)- difft-r&-i,uports the vessel called at in coiintnic.. so ii udely differentas France. Egypt. Arabia, and finally IruI:a. We arevery glad inihei'il that he has lienefitcul I,' the oplairtiinivof tr,is-i-lliitg. au-il we hope that sonic if the highway..sshuu, lu it tiili ott- ice in the future will lead lii his old\l c,-i ''it in Limerick.-Charlie Smith i. .iitit itH l,jst.J. Fitzgerald r. -tu bing Ii Ii liuli.iit I 'us-il Sent ('c.Dr. Barragry, M- B.. B Ch . BA.O. , qualified li-iI Icir nut h- ---- - -----ti I ui- i.lIs it-ni ilistingiti.It iic -liner -.1 .InI 1'. l.a.t t iin.it.t. I, sit. 'li-ct-il1111j.1it HIN -ntu rut tr lilt- N1 OCT }lu..jIi;ul_Dc- Thomas Nunan i1iialjhnI in the ('llugt' -'IStir.-, ''TI, It-i I- -: , T.James McMahon I - -ti home .i..-isi ing his father in hisin.. .tt I nitu-.Gerald McCarthy. B. L.. i, practising with su"ci.s atI:..Daitiel C Bergin i, o'- it!, in .-ikl,,w and doingitit ti I, 11, ,i, itcunilt appointed Solicitor ti theL- ,,- ii,11.J Bergin i- ii iitlti'g at Nest calIc, Ilazelhatch.Joseph Paferty 'itnuhied Engiiieuriiug at I.'itivn'r ..iiI tilt, II tints up recently for the 1uuli1inges.trti. .i .\--i-i.iint i univ Suivcyirs. Out of thirtyIll, -.c itru'i tir.t 1t1,ict' with an arsrage ill S'1 ti-ni. lu tory -uI'tr-el. The next step he intrnl, itike'i, that t -t i-:itginc-er to D.C. I). Ikuarl,Jack Raferty hulls an important position i n the-1 -ii if 1 tIe.. I lenric'tta Strict, Dublin.George Hartigan I. 'i I i.iutistry.James 0' Farrell I-;it 1 Lllillk 11 in Vaterfinl.John 0Hart Devineha- ''u important post it 11:-1 - tJoseph Connolly, CE., - I ractisinig in Cashel, no -IC ':Richard Connolly . -ri ii-.ing as a Solicitor in thei'S--i'l,.- Ii Ii u -g -Tom 0 Malley . .-uuiiirig at home,Arthur Cont oran - uri.snagiilg his own lusiniss withJack McCormick i, iii hi - fatTier's iuusinuss in Nenagli.Dick Foley i, it, I, , - IIffice if Ili,- sltiri.ie'r andI, itt-lu -i buk. I ttil-lu:r Cyril Byrne is in tile IIuIc-rniait.James DArcy. Solicitor, i, practising in lii. nativeJack D'Arcy i. I,riiin i 1- Tilt',Maurice Flanagan h' Ii. in rm1urt.inii apitlinimentI ii..irutial D1niiitc'iit in the ('.imhuriIgc'uuuit> h uiiicil. lie i, at present studying for a lkgreeat the University.Din Alphonsus Dowling Ins, taken up his abode inl';ngl.utoi, uI bill. it) tIp iuutiluent as Medical Assistant.Michael Garry iii, at hi-i it coverc,l from the seriousilln,.-s- ssfti, h he I - 'I lot %, it W. vu ntu;rc-, then-f-re.1' iii.li-it I:. : I ,..t!,iH ,u'tui.-. Ill, I, t-,I,itu-ttias't1 I A' ll\a I'iugliv lil.t er is to is till knots n to mel any nut ice her',During the Foitlall sea-n, he played for lit-utive, andthe efficiency ii that club is owing in a great measure tihis connection is jib it. Michael's illness has thrown hintback sIllieSt liii in his studies. but we unIcr'.tanu I that lieis going up ilti, sear for his final in Medicine.Joseph Garry ha, passed third M ehie.,l, N - I' L, rujlut st ill the iiuusl stages of his work,Joe Dwyer holds a position in Scotland in the firm o

66 l'H II MUNGREl' \NNL.\I.OUR PAST 67Dwyer lr I lu il very UCCU'SI ul. and in a, p iu tar iseverRichard Fitzsimon is ihuirig oiirnali'.t work in lie,n.&tis e T,wn IfPeter Ward i hilnt Student in die Richmondltipi!iI oil i,irkit Ii liii last portion of his finalCXI m.Michael ODwyer, B. A II,itItieil as a S licitir lastlit 1 r, au I. a I. ii i N. 43 I lame St eel.ictr as a .ikt r .ial ii later may Ile judged front theIII is ir.g facts. II got two certificates in the Solicitors'.\pprnhires' f)lirt ing Society, a sperini certificale forrat rv. ai I a u ii i_i I jIli I i i III it Ill 'EU let lie.'ii. 't \l\'C, I:.Ile thu. po.scses all the nattiiat gifts suitallit for a nanof his profession. We hope that they will enable himto make his isa, to the fr nt, and that a successful and11r, . icni IllS Ca i err lie, open I ef,re him.Iii . Ing liter Iiieti tic wrote to his Prefect if pastfr. I erotic ( I' \l ahtanv, we learn of the loing, ifPhilip O'Donnell (tqcS. 1910). He writes from VeIIingill,'suw tealanit. his story is full of inheri-t. HisI ri 1 liC r, who was already in New Zealand invited him tcome and join him. They intended 10 set nut i husintes.,between them. his brother is connected with the patentbusiness. Philip is to make hi, tuite. in Law, and whenhe is fully qualified he and his hrother will set up asPatent Agents and Solicitors. Vie cannot refrain fromexpressing our commendation f such union, and tIi sic is i.li all the success that they most jL150ii, ulesurve.Philip gives an interesting account of his impressionsXci., Zealand and the culu,nitils. In these latter he findshimself agreeably disapliuuinteul. They are excellenti' plc in every way. lie gives slime striking facts onthe Temperance u1uestiu un. which will interest many of hiscountrymen. Vie quite his own words.The Temperance question is a very lively one hereat present. There has becri an agiiation to abolish theliquor traffic, riot and I ranch. This agitation securedthe passing in parliament, some feis years ago, of an Actiy which It was agreed to put to a referend iu nt two ue,I ins regaol i n'g the liquor traffic. The first of these lita,that, if three-fifths if the voters in a licence districtapliriveil, no licence to sell alcoholic drinks should huegranted, and that all existing licences should hue isithIra wn . The seciuiirl was a more sweeping n case re. Itin v idel that ri,i liquor should lie allis el into , thel)uniiniuuo if tliree.tihthis ifthe riutr-rs dcciii, d in favour if\.iii,inal h'ruihii iiiuun. This sias .iuluject to a clau.ewhich provid,d that wine, etc., iou lit tic had for\l cit iei ruil tint Sairtinenta I purpce.es. There was aiir.Ltul cicct in for the t iso quest ii ins. The poll forNational l'ruuhiluitiuin resulted in 5S2 per cent, suitingfor the pri up sal is hi ile ' No Licence' was carried in fouror five di,t ric,Of the Dowling I,oiiilv. ii. 1 . hut fur menuhil rshue lii tuglu the sUce. H5 tiukes nearly arccuuuil rqitIilul c str1oss 1, ptil,il .. only by theiickartli ut tsiig Joseph Dowling I - uç) is cartyingon the tuisiit ss ut Ili- Ii lutlu i ill due i it v ofl.tnicric':. his Ii iii, I Bertte u i; 1. gIl inhiusiness in Saii franci,c. 'I h , iliuiul lurutlu i Alphonsuswas u1iialitiu1 ill \lu 1 iIuI last year II I illIlt. .iniis na i.tuIusing in ltutuiu. Yin .ill), Frank it,is 'till I lug I suit at r) in flu1 110.Richard Hartigan I -'ot, our suit l,uI.ui ii Ellis'citu/tru, usa iuutatle ua\iunent if the s'it,.tslu,ut tt ill theui.uv silituc, cdlii II liii ( irerk nanie f Luiirapeléii, i.e.,ii nih Ciullcs '-Ile ii I I uuuse iuttt such .tiluUseiiieflt as willii use liglttu'r tile hiuiriln ut life, without pandering tihans luasur nature. This virtue i5, pci liaps, 1110 liable itIi " ṡide tracked. The world gu ies t ii ph easti re is it houtsit it or reason, is bile t lie moralist is iii i apt to frown.lhiween such extremes it may easily happen that those'en repoiveul PIeu1sus lice" will fund n place in ourlire.. Their absence is a very sirius liuss, and unlessthey ire supplied, that hiss suIt shu itself in agr ii ing dulness if mmii, and a consia(1uient incapacity fursr thing with the great trials oflif,. Now it is h)iek'ssitiu un to keep up 'he shirts if Liiirerick. liii successm) one who lives in the vicir,itv of this city is ioi,ill local[ for any mention. lie is a splendid , urganisertillS, of sluuirtc and games, and it private thieatric,ils.• are glad ti fit),[ a Catholic lie lavrtia n holding such auisjeurisi I he position, and we oust that he will supply hislclluuw-cututcns ii ilh iiiaiiv a " cruruiiina nun pnius auulita,"and III, s.. iii cieniris ut ruiaxatiuin is lien the day'sulut ie. tire liver,Thomas OShaughnessy ( t907t910) i, currying unll:tiIss a' huh :11 hrtitl, while his Iruther PatrickI rio'- till t I t , in buy is, I.iiiiu'rick, as aHu hit, is PatrickGerry I si, rl.iratuury to taking up in,nearK I lvsa ciPatrick Walsh icc,utt Ii ., mlvi I at I he i. un-tel andLi .i ItuTh,. lii., lick. liii t Irk. At the limerickBrai,h 5 also Edward Sutton,-it lu Irk, who was t?dttiigicr ill lii talIN iii letis.J ames Hayes i i tlLij - t iii I Is I .sck fr urn Australia,crunch itn:)r, ,vi,d in health . y his tour, as we are glad tolteutr.Joseph McCarthy is helping his lather in theextensive Concerns in George Street, Limerick. hisname and thiuse of some others of our past receivehionoural Ic n]t'ittuuun in other pages of this issue,James Spain (19o;.I9of)) is working with his iuru,ther.l ishu:iurl 51t.oit in Limerick since last autumn. TheiriurC hit \Vdltam has benefited much by his stay in•\ius'r,ult,i, and is now it hivadt, N.s.\V.James Stack ( 1Oui4.1r)7) is bound apprentice to Mr.Itvrna. ..uuluciiuur. If Listowet, while his brotherEdward Stack (—ut is in hiusiness it Told, Bturos \Wc lug is u\1is'ss our sincere sympathy withMichael McCarthy I iq03-1905), of Fethiard, on thehit I I tie. tills,. N%1111_11 u,ccurre,l suline time ago, butus lit-h, is. Its I ,tuiv lttttrul. Mr \lut('arthv, sciiiuur,t 7:77T7,Ifhad nit at Itch If appendicitis to which lie suuccu ml 'ilafter a .lu ri illness k.l.v. \lichaul's turotblur -utu.iaw,William J Ryan (19021907), Is irsusuci ung in hisbusiness II (.'iIucl lif the Kings. Joseph Connolly(1902-1i)05) is, ii, ru'gret to hear, nuT in thu list ofhealth. \Ve trial he may soon pull up again.Michael O'Donnell, JR. ha, lately been electculChairman sf the I lingle Rural District Council. At\luungret he pa seul the ?ihatric. anuh First Arts of theuRoyal University. Soon after he went to Kings College,I.onsiuuui, where he studied general history and ecinonmicr.Ile holds at the present the office of paymaster ant subaccountant under the Cu ingested Districts Board, and lustJune was clect.'ul, although unIv 25 years i1 age, Justiceof the i'e.ee fur the Cuuuuuty of Kerry. This is, indeed,a very 5UCrrssl,l start in luic. Mr. ( )I)suitiiell, Ii uwesuar,Iran yet It tier ullicitil pusitluutus in new, and we huu1ienext year Is a huh I the number here given.Paul Mulcahy, one if our boys of last ycar, Is connectedwith the '' (ui Is Examiner.' I Ic visited his .\lnitumI titer tills s-ar suit Ii hi, old iii IjIIII III. I tuck I' lust.Tom Frizelle i. iv srking tit'l I, . lather in the Countyst I. \Y '1ih.we iv ii' l-ilglutsl to I Willie Malone come toIli, .\iuius \l,uT'ar It • a 'I us.inv strangeexperiences, and has seen t c- l u iii u • u 'I cunhbSi uut I lit lit_ti tt-\s I iE ii u I• Cotter. J. Cast ly. F'. I ectiaii.ti,,n Ile h1 k in important luositiin in the PublicInsturailu' a-riWa 01ir Iii altZr,iIIui hun, lo the U. A.', of lust ye-r.The Ill "; - ira tile ,uiCCeSs1ul candid we,Edward Carew B A flay school). lie is now atIll' s uI i I I in), at Thiurles.John Cotter, B. A (lay school) whm - is at present inNess \ ik \Iiuriugst the .-tios'cIicu. therc arc johnBoyd. B A in the \Iisaionary (,'sllei'ra at Muin'real.James Cassidy B. A , at All Iiiblu,ws, Duiilitt andJames Cotter, B. A., a Testis.

68 T111" MUN(;RE'F \XNU.LATHLETICS69IHAVE Iteeti asked Its the F.ttittr titlit \tixoior .\sNttsi. to \s!ite .1 11101 tlit ttl. t ali4Mt tilt Iti)ttiIall SIJSI)II II thisear. 1 pointed out to hini that, tliuniha keen interest in the amu, I was, t(s irious reasons, to be Seen inure Ire 1uentiv oilthe touch line as a spectator than taking' part inthe struggle. 1'his ohjection (lid not carry withit much lorce. (in the c titti dlv it was the veryargii niriit the Edit',r iircd to support his side ofthe thtiestittli It was ,hittitilt, nay impossible,tli- writer of the l'ttOtl),ill Ntttus to tell us a/ihe knew 1)11(11 01 hiiinselh and others. Hisitiudesty wtaild prevent 111111 from chroniclinghis own deeds of valour. perhaps his Prejudiceniight hinder him from extolling these at whoseIi 111(15 (hut this is fret ) he had suffeied. Ithei cf tre set down here a few general remarksoil the foothill of the various clubs, leaving atin tIc minute description to the official reporter.'Ihic feeling e\jtellenied at the opening ofF(Pi,thalland Cricket Seas ills Is ti nerally Oneof doubt and iiiisgiving. \\'hire, where aretIlv rile) of mioght ? the p itt may well ask us,and lot king rotititi us we are forced ti admitthat many of them are with its no more. Itcannot fttr the iiioiiieiit be denied that this carwas no exception to the rule but still on carefullynumbering our forces, we found many whohad in former years taken no small pitt in thefight to maintain the fair name of sl Uligret onthe football held. There was W. Harnett, nowour Captain : there was I lick Johnston, andWillie Rot iie and Ignatius O'Neill. 'l'hese weremen who had played on the house lean) last)car, and WI re roam1 lured amongst the bestAlid again li)(-k- inu to the 11 Club ut last year inwhich thi' coming men of the loll-ling Seist illtrained ls'tt trt• their public ap1)arJilce. I findthe name's oil Eddie Bourke and Dick Murray,whit I thj ve,tr won their places (it) the firstXl. ,•\gain and here we have the real test oftuturi' success all the lower clubs and this isionsshi w,. d that they knew what football oil was, thatthey' had gi asi tell the fact that the galile calledfor the display of muscle and sinew, of nerve andgrit, and that if there was a time for lighterIOOTBALLPitwo, -..,ilttU'.tIii,'iil. It cit,tiitI\ Od'. iii (It'll. To anyne who stood oil the tounli lilies 01 the various(hubs (luring the 'I'hiursdav and Sumiday matchestins fact was fcrt'iblv hirt.ugllt lionie, hide wasgood ltIty everywhere. F. Quigley and (;eltrge'O'( Toninir. in the IV Club, are but twit namesout of many lii the Ill (luth I have scull somesplendid niatuiiu'. Everthiog that goes to makegood f(lOtl(alI was thitre. The players wereenthusiastic ibii' 'kileiS the game : thcv playedthe) game J Mc( urt in is an excellent fulllack, and a sure kick. The forward line couldnniiitter such Players as Michael Butt on thcW ng. lIt)) ( )'Shea, whit plays ;lit I 'scel lentcentre forward, iteltig able Ii, break throuhhalves and hacks Ni. Mc()uinn, .inI itlier fastwing ftirward, \Iil'i \it'weenev, hull hack, iiiwhom the side have liwLys full ci tiltlileicu' atthe critical t)1(,mtnts:,\l.irk ( 5)tiigley. EddieI .ahiff, Ilk Smvthe ri. I to flictItOill all thegood nieti. I had well nigh exhausted the list.The II ('liii, also must have their lull niced ofpraise'. I shall not enter into the detailsof individual rncrit. It is amply stit'tit lent toremark that 0) watch them play gives one a lovefor football To an onlooker there appearedthe gefler.iI sense i if unity of action, and of ,itiltrough knttwhedge of the game, especially bythe halves In fine our house team of thisyear was riot a mere selection of the very bestin the strictest sense of the word it represented).l nngret College And so this 101 ttlnlll SCaSI riwas a great sic' ess, keeping up the traditionstf former yearsFlow do the .\p' ,stoiics play ? I thinkwe will all admit that they can It'll tli,'irown against a1 Cowls. Such name-; as I.Flynn, R. Brennan, I'. Feeney Will remindtheir ttitl(ttileotS that vlt'tor\ if it is (I' i'e obtainedmust ite fought fir. For the first time in ourhistory di] StOic of tile ,\jiostoiies Ilay on thehtme tedm 'I'ht'v certainly desi'i 'ed theirplaces Hit jr 11 Club number sw li men asI. Curtin ,iiitl F Barry, Tom Johiiist,o andothers. Scliarated front its during recre,ttit ill, WeSeldom set' their practice matchit's. But weknow well that they are quite as good as we are,and a challenge match between us and thinalways means a hard ti ught game.Now, a few words on the H ttisc XI.Villir Harnett, oimr Captain, l(Iavs cei)tr' Itoward, and even the least observant onlooker tannotfail to see that he is the nucleus olthe forwardline, lie is unquestionably the lit-st at passing,trill so suce,'eds in ui_iL iiig the cOilll)illatlon avery pretty sight to sir. Willie Rot - hi htlaYsb't'rntint'th g,ilil , lit iht kind of -t 111.111 Itirstrong attack. Eddie Bourke, as centre halt,tackles splendidly the opposing forwards nl.i)'e\pect little peace from him, As for the fullbat k5, Dick Murray and I'. McGrath, the)' arestalwart men, worthy zo defend the goals of anyteam. Our goalkt'e1ter is A. ('antwehl. It issufficient praise' to say that in all the ,tlitmatchesof the season only three times did theball pass between the posts. In fine, the wholeFt It 'TIl.tLt. XI.R. I, it N- I, I' ti to, ti , .5. CattiwlI, I', Hatitt-rt. M. Murphy.55. k. \i .rr.t,V,' Il.trtlt(C,,pl) W. i

70 'I'HE "tlUN(REl' ANNUAL - - - I AT E-ILEI'ICS 75eftorts to score, but McGauean, the goal-keeper, savedagain and again, finall . v stopping a brilliant '.h 1 byHarnett and clearing. The visitors now broke away, andNestor brought the ball passed the halves and hacks antiinto the goal area, but Cantwell had yet to Ic' reckonedwith, and a hard shot was splendidly saved. The lullbacks now did their work, and once again the Miingretgoal was relieved. A few seconds irrotight our forwardswithin the visitors' area. A penally for hands," andHarnett had scored the first goal.At the opening of the second half another free wasgiven against tire visitors. I. tlt ttst on sent the bail tollarnett, who again scored. 'l'at goals to nil Thevisitors were now put on their mettle. They seemeddetermined to score at all costs. WeH supstrtetl bytheir hacks, their forwards again and again matte splendiddashes and stormed our line of defence. lhtt it aas allin vain. The halves harassed the line as it advanced—the backs were invincible, and uheti the light raged inthe goal mouth, Cantwell was there to save, in this halfour backs Were called upon to do their share in thework, and when the whistle linallv blew, they had provedthemselves equal to the responsible task. Scoretlungret College .. 2 goalsLimerick . , nilI-'tic ',t;RET V. ENt;INEERS.Nov. 8th T, the I';nginecrs brought out[Ilk ifiii. some of the .-t pustolics played onour \I.Ti vi sit trs won the to ,s and I starter I with the windltehinil them. Mungret, as usual, pressed forward at thestart, but Hitchcock cleared by a long kick to touch.Their ft,lltrwe I some very pretty play I ry tire visitt,rS'forwards, which lrroitght the ball (]own to our goal. Leeshot but missed. McI ;rath kicked-,tit and the Houseteam attacked. I larnctt shot, and the full back stoppedthe ball with his hands and usas penalised. We, however,failed tit score. Again the visitors attacked, butour fulls heat them hack. Unfortunately the itahl struckone of our halves. and Forrest quickly ,cored. I JaIl timeEngineers ... ... I goalMungret ... ... nilIn the second half there was Splendid play. Mungretpressed vig.trouslv to the attack, but the defence couldnot be broken. The griitntl Iteing very wet and slippery,the wing forwards tried some long shots, but Gough inthe goal could not lie beaten. 'I'lte forward line of thevisitors played a splenthith game. It was a pleasure it)watch their passing and comltinattrtn. There was goodplay on our side as well. The ssing forwards wereremarkably swift, and made some s1tleiithiti rushes alongthe line. The halves tackler] well, but in spite of all ourefforts tie were unable to score. Full time score : —Engineers ... ... I goal\iungret .. ... miii\1l'Ni;Ieitt V. MR. II. NsiriR" TEASI.Dec. 17th. harry Ncstor, whom we defeated lasti )et . . -r, I reiught out ii very string team to-day. Aheavy fiallstirni prevented us front starting the match atthe appointed time. At about 1.30 p.m. I lazlett kickedif for the visitors, .unii Simon our goal was in great danger.McGrath, however, ttat back the attack, and saved amidgreat enthusiasm. Morrissey and O'Neill on the rightwing now got away, the former passing into centre. Thehall, hirituever gut across the tieltl, and we missed anopportunity of scoring. Nestor, with his usual brilliantplay, led in rush, and getting to close quarters. all butscored. The g.rnie at this moment was splendidly contested.Both sides 111,rred with great vigour, and firsettle minutes neither could gain the upper hand. At lastMorrissey and O'Neill broke away again, the latter passedto Johnson who scored from the wing.III the second half the visitors had better lurk.\tsirtr again made a rusit, and this time succeeded incoring. Soon after a ieri2I1y agaimrst Mungret arltlemlitt them goal to Limerick s score. Mungret then attackedwith rigour in order to at least equalize. but in this theyfailed. Afte r some minutes of hart play on either sideit fistic flew. lravitii the vIslitrs stttitmious. ScoreI,i m5 rick .. 2 goalsMiingrmit .. I goalThe Easter TermAs the ( 'ollege did tiol re(open until the endif J itt u.ury, we were unable to have man)' I iUtmoat-lIes. We were sery sorry for this. Wecould look hack to the ( hristmas tern wttliotitshame and find there, that in spite of ourdefeats, we had fought good fights. Still, wehad been defeated, and so we were anxiotts timetitet the lists again to win the vict try witchwas certainly due to our prowess. We playedI)tlt title match, but it show-d what we could dowhen we again caine forward to maintain theFr - f itlation of .\Iungret.I Si.RI I V. (.51st. sN IMarch soth. Rev. Yr. O'Mahmtny, S. f. (I.rte of-tilt S team of present and past CrescentIts. I[,,. sue.ither was very bath, and there was acinserluctit delay in starting. The teams wereCrescent - O'Brien Guerin, McNamara I)untlon,Clune, O'Sullivan C mn r, ('lunc, Spain, O'Connor,Rev. Mr. Montague, S.I.Mttr.gret —Cantwell ; \liitr ry, McGrath O'Reilly,Bourke, Maloney; O'Neill, Pm nitan. Johnson, \lorrissey.liar net t.Itthnstmn kicked -it iii Mittigret. O'Neill and Brennan.rtiiickeml, but McNaiiia,a checked their progress. TheCrescent forwards then got possession, and Spain put ina vigorous shot, which, however, was saved by Cantwell,Once again the Mungret right wing i5 dashing down theline. A shirt struggle round the goal resulted inMungret scoring. At the kick till Crescent broke .twas.and though their forward, were harrassed by our halves,they succeeded in forcing our defences and they scoredtheir first goal. Mungret, however, followed up withanother goal, and at halt little the score stnlMungret ... - -. 2 goalsCrescent ... ... I goalThe second half was somewhat slack. rhevisttor, did not attack anti defend with the formersuccess, and our score was steadily mounting. Itwas now that R. Brennan distinguished himself by hisbrilliant dashes, which were rewarded, when, with hisleft foot, he tcored a very difficult goal. When thewhistle went the score stood -Mungret - . - - 6Crescent ... ...This was the last match of the season, and wewuiti by a large margin. This year's footballseason has been a great success. in everymatch the Hoine XI played well, and broughthonour to their school and their companions.In two matches only were they defeated, butthese defeats, we feel certain, will be wiped outin the coming year, svheti others come forwardto It11 UI) the ranks of the past, and to maintainunttincd the honour of the school.R. D. F. JOHNSON (Rhetoric I).HURLING. The enthusiastic support ofhurling by the boys themselvesii tilt: hl-,Ij standard of excellence amongstthe players contributed in no small way tothe great success of the hurling season.Hurling has been gradually growing in Muttgret,and it would sectii that it has finallyestablished itself as one of the importantgames. The practice matches, and tile manyweekly contests between various clubs andti tinties tended to improve the play allii tund.Mr. I Ialv.'y was often with us onorsHUMAN-;.J. Harty, J. MeCirmick. H. Spain, P. Minlc.thy, A. Cttiwtt, W. Itinil, M. Shrtrphy. W \tattrey, F. Itomieke'• W. Itatnert, R. MOramb (Capt.), Rev. P. Ot)onsghue, S.J., T. Coffey (Sec.), P. Cleary.R. I)easy. N. Ryan.Stindays, and tinder his tuition svr- maderapid progress. Vet we were anxious to testour strength against outside teams. .\ challengeto St. Mun'hiti's put us all on our mettle, and weworked harder than ever to bring our f'tftu-tti tothe highest i10t!n1C degree of effiieniv. Theresult of this tmtatult, and of the match againstthe Catholic Institute show to what e\tent wehave succeeded.NOTE'S.ilINmlIF.T V. ST. MUNCHIN'SWe Is k-il ii rrw,trd to this match with hoperim it .1 little mixed with fear. The reputationof St. \l tLtichins hurling team was well knownto its. We were assiduous in our practicetnatchir-s, and no effort was spared to brirg usinto good condition for the coming contest.The great tIny came at last, Nlarch 1711 1 The visitorsarrived shortly after noon. Mr. Ii al vey, the referee,sriiin had its in lint. St. Muitichilt's won the toss, andml:)) l 111to zil, (- lIri_- t , .rl ft iii lust half Fr iii t1wstart their attack was very strong, and they soon had theball in our territory. From a puck out INItingret brokeaway, and were awarded by I larneti scoring a major Thegame was very evenly cinnte-stvmI in the next few minutes,the hacks in either si Ins inlaying very well. But theattacks of Mungret 55,-re attended with greater successthan thtrse of the visitors, and at half time the score stoodMumigret ... 4 goals.St. )nlunchmn's ... Nil.On resuming Nlungret got well away. A " 70" takenby )slcGtatii resulted in a point for Mongrel. This

di'l'IIE MUNGRET AXXCAI.A1'HIEi'I('splendid drive ex okcd the applause ane imrat Ion of lot Iiplayers and spectators. Alter this Munchin'.c led a brilliantattack, which resulted in their first goal. But the hometeam resi oniled by an equally 1 dli ant move, which, inits turn, was rewarded. The visitors play now became veryvigorous. They had great leeway to make, Mungret wasequally determinett to maintain her lead, and even i increaseit. The lilay thus raged in the centre of the field,now sweeping towards the home territory, now rushingthe visitor lines, and when finally the whistle went thescore had renlainel unalteredM ungret . . . 5 L,:111 3 points.St. \liinchi' ... i gil.\Ius;tti.i' V. CATHUI.IC INSrlrtJTF.This match was arratigcd for April 1 7thMPA V—i.4.exactly a month after our great victory againstSt. \Junchin's. Mr. I Ittivey again kindly consentedto referee. Rev. Mr. Ol)onoghue, S.J.,played on the team.When the tea!tis lined out :i in ttcld it seemed that ourXVII. must expect a crusimitig defeat. The Institutelooked far to strong and too heavy for us. But thts onlymeant that ye should have to put forth more than ourordinary strength and skill in order to gain the victory.The opening of the game witnessed adetermineil attackfly the visitors. Mungret was the fir.t to score, but theInstitute soon responded liy putting one point to theircredit. Then play confined itself to the centre of thefield, each side striving hard to break away. At last ourforwards advanced on the Institute goal, and Ilaity witha fijicdtic, scored. At the puck out the Institute broughtthe ball into the Mungret area. An exciting struggleraged around the goal, the visitors at last scoring. Whenhalf time at last came see led by 2 goals and t pint.The opening of the second half was characterised by adetermined rush of U r 1 irwa rds, but t he visitors' play nowbecame very fine indeed. Their defence was strongand our attack.s were beaten back. Their overheadhurling was excellent, and their forwards succeeded inadding to their score. fhy were catching on us steadily.This aroused l'otli teams, and every man on the field Wasworking hard. Suddenly an unexpected rush I,) thelungret forwards found the hacks unprepared, and a shotfrom a very difficult angle added one goal it) our SC IC.This was coon followed by another, and when the whistlev 1.1 iii ii it r.. The nwtl. ii ugh t hei hr -g1All—:'-lit I-I it... \it.N.kti , '.t. Sti \i HINcmire w uld seem to indicate the contrary, was very even,and plenlilly contested throughout.MungretInstitute... 6 goals 3 points.... 2 goals 3 points.The results of these two games, to say nothingof the weekly matches in the various clubs,speak volumes. Clean hurling and swift hittingwere to be seen everywhere, and the absence offouls shows that the gatite is played in theproperway. We- must congratulate our F irst XVII.on their splendid display of skill and efficiency.There are many in the team whose hurling is reallyfirst-class. We must thank Rev. Mr. ODonoghue,4t.. oLII.S.J., for the unwearied ititrest he took in ourvarious matches, and for the support which hispresence ave to cur national ganlu. We must alsothank sl r Ilalvev. wit was often with us to showus the iits and-Outs' of hurling, and who verykindly refereed in all our important matches.lii fine the hurling this year in Mungret showsthat the game has come amongst its to stay, andthat it has the support of the school at large.We '.vtsh it a Icing and prosperous career.I COFIEv Sec. (Senior Grade).HANDBALL. (in tb' 170 if November the captainsdl First and Second Clubs got UI) aft mm II 1' mi rn.imenl . This year a geiih num her corn'cii, and great interest was taken in the tournanienton the whIle, in the first round a well'ce.ntesteil andexciting match was witnessed between E. Hartnett,J. Mrrin v. J. l)urcan, T. (YGrailv, the formerwinningby three aces. At this stage also \\ . Roche, J. Val sheteat T. O'Neill, T. Coffey, alter a hard fight on thepart if the former. The final was as expected—a fineexhibition of handball Isriesee-n W. Ilarnelt, I'. Noonanv. E. Hartnett, j. Morrin. Some nice play was witnessedon bath sides, but the former proved to lIC too strong,winning the first tw I games out of three, and, therefore,carried off the honours of [lie tournament,\V. lI,sexmTi (Middle Grade).HOCKEY NOTES. ,\Itliotigh the various h cLeyid mis of last year liniLi icedU, .i smug \l. iii~ —a—ii, we were en the wholedi,appoiritt 1 . It can only IC said that the play was['re • icc er at ui n ing to i lie high standard expectedof it. N su this falling off was all the more unaccountableMien we remember er that eleven out of the fifteen or,ktcn players who secre considers! the best last year.acre still with its. The reason memos to be that it,,atienti in was paid to passing and general comh,mnai imii,with the fatal result that the fundamental princilmlr',of the game raimie to lie Ciiiiluletl'ly disregarded. Again,with regard to our fixtures, we had very had luck.The days appointed for the out matches turned out Verywet, and later ran, when better weather promised us achance of measuring our strength with sonic of theLimerick teani-., the loss of many of our best men throughvarious causes Itrevenleel us from putting a good XI. mliithe field. However, a Junior XI—the " Under ifichallenged the Catholic Institute Under iti." and agiol strong gene resulted in a victory fr Mungret.The team was as follws I). (de'.son t). hayes(eapt), K. Fitzgerald K. Cuissen, A ( )'Neill, F. Skinner:1. McCurtin, G. llolmues, G. O'Connor, R. Sadlier, F.Johnson.The match at the start looked es if it would result in adraw, so even were the opp sing players, but towards theend of the first half O'Connor sent in a hard high shotwhich resulted in a goal. The play of the visitors wasexcellent. Their passing aol combination would reada lesson to any team. But they were unable to pass ourfulls with success except once. The Mungret score allthe while was steadily mounting, and when the whistleNew the score stood :--Mungret, 5 goals : CatholicInstitute, n goal.Now, our best thanks are (Inc to Mr. Kelly, S,J., andMr. Montague. S,J., for the untiring interest with whichthey helped on our weekly matches.K. D. F. JOHNSON (Senior Grade).CRICKETCricket started this year on'rhtttrsday. April 26th. 111batting was fairly strong, but the chief strengthof the team lay in our two fast bowlers, W.Harnett and Ign. O'Neill, E. Bourke, and I).leeson are the rliartge bowlers, the formerslow, the latter medium. Some good scoreswere made by ONcill. Murray. Harnett andJohnson.MUNGRET v. uATlhi 1,11 lNsTITUTE,On Thursday, May 1 01h, sic tan I our first out matchagainst Catholic Institute, and beat them lv thesubstantial margin if 6 runs. The chief feature f theplay was the howling of Ilarnelt anil O'Neill, the I rmercatitring 7 aickets for S rims. In the batting Rev. Fr.Dillon Ion seas on top with it carefully made 17. ScoreM ii NO i( Eu.W. llarnett. I' hayes . .. 6R''. Fr. Dillon, . b - , li Roberts . 17K. I) V. Johnson, fm Bourketgri. O'Neill, c II. Ne-sir. 1 Roberts .76R. Murray, ,- L. Nestor, I Hayes .. 6T. O'Brien, I, Robeti-. ... 7I:. hiourke, I Ilayes ... ... oI-'. Scanlan, c H. Nr.tmr, b hayes .. çW. Roche, I Robert,-.-Vt, Bull, c Bourke, I, Hayes 4t). (;leeson, not out ... - ' - ci7I 'Atiloite 1N' itt ti I".Total 70J. McMahon, e Murray, 1 Harnett . 0J run out .. -31. Sullic Cmi, 1 I larneti ...Hr. Robert-. I HarnettW. it' miurke, c Roche It ONeill - 0I. Lynch, I Hartnett .., 4ll.N estir, c Roche. 1 1 larnett ... 0I). I Ivgarty. c Roche. 1 , Harnett 4M. Ilayes, h Ilarnemt . ... oL. Nestor, run out ... 0L. Roche, not out .. ...Extras .. ...... 3Total... 35MUNGRET v. MR. J DUNI)ON'S XI.On Whit-Monday Mr. J l)ui,domi brought out thestri.ngest team that has h,t,e'n seen here in recent years.Taking the batsmen in their individual merits we werewere very lucky in getting themni out for 142 runs.j. l)undon's innings was quite the feature of the gamehis brothers, M. and G. Dundon, contributed usefulscore-. of 19 and 20, respectively, and assisted inbreaking ok3r attack. P. ('rosve scored his 26 in a veryshort tune.For Mungret T O'Brien and V. Bull, who made 20each, were the principal scorers. ScoreSIR. J. K. l)UNtONs XI.Capt. Robinson, c Bourke. li I larnett.. - 12A. O'G. Lal 'r, c Murray It I larnet t . aA. ('leeve, fr Harnett .. . oW. McDonnell, b O'Neill ... . 2\l. I)undin, li Harnett, -. ... 19I. H. t)undon, c and b I larnett ...43

74 i'll E \I UNGRE'I' ANNUALATHI.ETICS 75S. F. Ebrill, Ii I lartnett(;. H. Dundon, b BourkeT. ltucklev, not outI'. Crowe, c Scanlan h O'NeillT. F. Mulcahy, b BourkeExtrasTotalNI I I NOR FtW. Harnett, c IIrtll, 1. LalorRev. Fr. Dillon, S.j ., h LalorR. I). Johnson. c Lalor, b ClueveIgn. O'Neill, 1, LalorR. Murray, Ii LalorT. )'Brien, c and I, (_'apt. R I,inson¼I.Boyle was first with 19, while F'eenev got 6 wickets for iS• 20 runs.226 Lsv BVs.2 W. ilarnelt, 1 ( ('flingituc ... 3•-. 15 R. J ln,n. c J ye. b Feeney •.. II'. Mci ;rath, h ()'Donoghue •. 0142 T. ( )'Neill, c aid I (1 i)noghue 2T. O'Brien, c Mc,\rcile Ii Feeney •.. .350 W. Bull, cJ. ()'(otnr, b Feeney ...7 I'. Morrissey, Ii I es'nev 2W. Roche, h Feeney •..• IF. Bourke, c Naughrn, b Feeney •.. o2A. Cantwell. I V. ft (.iiflflor20 F.)MUN(;RP:i v. RANGERS. W. Roche, not out •.. .••Maloney,On Sunday, June 20th, a strong combination of thuI). (dee'on. dii not hat.Rangers, aided lv four of St Michael's Temperance F. Scanlan,team, were our visitors. Fennell won the toss, and sent Extras ... 17Muttgret ill on a serv last wicket. The feature of theinnings was the stand made ly 1. O'Brien and W.Total (6 wickets) •..Harnett for the third wicket, carrying the score fromIns. declared.20 to 9). O'brien made 47 in faultless style, whileHarnett plavel very steady cricket for 51, rot out. With Tim o.ts'.the ball Ign. ()Niili was lest for the College, getting 4 W. Flaherty, c bull, Ii llarnett 0wickets for 31. For the visitors Vi. Thornhill made top \V. Thornhill c Bull, h O'Neill •.. 24score, while II. Thornhill got three wickets for 32 rites. \V Gallagher 1 ( ) Ne ill 1. 6The match resulted in a draw, hail the visiting dIe being W. Keane, b O'Neill - 14out, re(4utring 73 In win. .1. Fennell, not nit ...15II. Thornhill, b 0' NeillMi'\;RF.T. M. McNamara, not out •.. -. 3it. Johnson, Ii King •.. 12 M. ('onwuv,ign. 0 Neil], h Murphy •. 4 W. kti1'. t Y lInen, c Conway, II Murphy •. 46 J."I urjhy.Ii ,l not batW. Harnett, not Out 5111 Murray, c Gallaher, h II lie rnhtll.. 4J. I,)iittiiii.it,F:xtr.i •. .. ... LSF. II urk., c Keane, Ii H. Thornhill 0W. Bull, t Keane. I Ii. Thornhill is I Total (5 wickets) . Stj— EXCHANGES'.cWt-- IR'g to ,iiktioss ledge with thanks the flhwitig,&CRickEt XI.1. IlOri, I. uNcut, i( lIurr:iy:\V,.liulI, E. II', k. I. _Cuutuu , I.. iCarl,, ii.Ft. J ohnson,'cV. Harrwt t[l C it., Rsv. I'.. liii i! • S. I. 'iv. ti],-, -1 . IiE. Bourke, b Cleeve ...V. Bull, c McDonnell It 1 Dundon ... 20H. (;le'e.son, h 1. Dundon ... ... o Total ... 72V. Roche, not out ... ..• o A-- IL11i• --.E. Scanlan, c. Al. Dundon, h Capt. F. F'sc. H li, Ill, : •.. ... 19Robinson • •.• o I. farrell, F llaricett •• 0Extras •.. ... S. 10 .1. I)etnpsey. c Bull, b Ilarnett •..-- j McArdle, c O'Brien, I lfc,utke ... iiTotal ... 73 T. Flynn, 1 Harnett •.. ••• 0Fl ( )'Donoghue, 11w hlarneit .. cilb (USE Xi. V. AIOSTOI.ICS. P. Feeney It Harnett ,.. 12On Thurolav, May 30th the Lay Boys retrieved their I. ( ('('nor. I I larnett ... 0long lost ashes " hy defeating the Apostolics by the L. T Jove lh,w O'Neill .• 7narrow margin of 7 runs. This was mainly clue to T. V. O'Connor, nt out ...3(Cltri,n's hatting i he played a ('inc innings of 35. hisM. Nsnghtn. 1 (),Neill ... ... 0chief hits isdug seven threes, and six two. while Cant- Extras ... towell scored a useful i t. II .srnet t bowled splendidly angot 7 wickets for 17 runs. For the Apistolics K. Total ... 65The (,ofliO2t '010 fl.Rt /a/ions lie C/i/etc.Oji r .1 liii a 1Ii icr,('c v/on ci ,hfaciaiaSt'ar,.11/ 1I1/1i71's' .'lnnna/, .1/i '101/S Bilges.T/ic Jic'IZ''/eriiifl,I)za/,1ntrl..e\b\lt 111titi ilu.s'it,en,I'rci/iizi,z _lIoni/tly,Ijeau,noniGtor4,'e107C'n College Jiinrna/,.S'fnv/mrf .h!agazint',r ,I/a'ai'jne,St. Sc'7'171S (I.ie's'),The Xavier, Zi1Ji II 'e Co//c.,'e/ournal,S/o'in, Hill Review,.ilVc'rtii/i ( ('inn//a),/"leur-de-J.i.c,6-on :agiz (Spokane),.S/. Jgia lius' College R1'vii'u', 1 illerlal: ('o//et,'e Jii///e'Ii,, (Loz't'azii ),.Sii/e'.s ta,i B,iilciuz,Car/or/an,The Jfciun/aine'er,11 Fe,znisi.Marquette Gollege' Journal.

76 TILE \IUNGRET ,\NNUAI.FIELD EXrIP\ENTS AT /diNGfT COLLEG1.I )u rtni Ific Near III I a n twit r 1 F\I i iti..Ilt , I'll IManuring and Semi I n if the I ii to Crap, were carrie Iout on the College Farm, under the supsr;1sion of theCounty Agricultural In,tructor Mr. ( ;1ec,n. The cr01experimented upon were : - tl l.a lw I lay, Ott , l'itatoes.Mangel-., Turnips, Catch Crops, and in the followingnotes a short summary -. given iii the nature of the Experinientsand ii the results obtained.1. —MsAitO'V HAY_-MANIIRIAI. TEST.On a portion of land, devoted to the growing ofmealon hay. four plots were carefully measured andmarked - ,ut, and manured as follows per statute acre :-lit I. —No manure.II. if, tons manure put on early in February.Ill. ifi Ins Liquid M anure half put on early inlrirII.Ir\ li.tlf pill on 2rlV in April.II I li. Ili:IEl r l\ll-I:Islt.\t.T I e-.t III, rd.it ivi merits of v.irving 11 ua fill ICArtiticial \laiitres on the Oat (nip. A nitniiter of III.%% .is Laid Ii 'so and manured thus5iiIer. .I, \phi- p. kau,tIII 1.— No manure. II 22IIIII.. 3 2 I 1 25'.IV. 4 2 I 17V. 3 3 I Ill 303 4 I 17 2 31III. II-ITATWs —OIIpcT OF EXPERLSIFN 1.T the ida I ire nerits of varying I 1uanhIttes 4 thesine .\rtitie;al \ltnurcs )Ti h: i'ai iiiIV.—M,SNoEI.s —0113 cit nt l-x1-t51515.N 1.To test the relative merits of two artificial manuressuitable for Mangels along with manure, against manurealone.Taut F '111M% I'll 'ii %.ttkEs USEti AND Viut.is it-atIkilt Ac CE.\l.uiire-.Vi,.IitIll res al ne53 tonsII.\iaitii i cI and 6 cwts. Superphes.6 ,, Salt -711Sulphate ofAmmoniaIll.Manure and 8 css t-.. ulp Silt2 ,, Shate of -Ammonia 14Ntt'teofSieia.These plots were sown with " Essex Prize VinnecYellow Glolw %langels." The artificial manures usel inGRAVE FL ,O\VERS 77Plot 2 are those that have given the best results on theMangel Cr p liver .1 number of years in various countiesin Ireland.V.. —SwEtiEsA variety trial Ii test the ciii iping powersof a hewchief kinds was car rim I out, atill tire results obtained al .regiven herewith.Nate of Swede. Yield per In-li 5. r c ion- Ca-..Magnum Ilinum 30 12Superlative ... ... 38 12\ orlil ,, (test .. . . ... 35 6Thee plots receis cii no mli.tnure lit llcitig reserved forIn rowing of Autumn-sown Catch (:rops), but wereii,wurel with the b.11( wing artificials: -6 cwts. Superphisphate 354 cwts. Kaititt '. icr Irish AcresI cwts. Sulphate of Anttnoniai-cS.(.S57-c5-irSSSa•.SS.S.t.S- -l-*-1. (.,RIFFIN.- GRAVE ILOWS.SONNGT.- LiIA iltilti, 'mid sun and song, from some old tombMay pittik a flower, nor know what dead live gaveIt Life and loveltncss, nor deem its braveStem bred of dust, its beauty Intro of glconi./-;. n-li I lit \.ti I III I- Al. S 1._Se-.IV.-2 cwt. Superphosphate 3570 put oil -ail) it2 cwt. Kainit J February.2 cwt. Nitrate of Soda, put on in April.The results obtained are as under :-\jsld of Iloy. tsr -.t.lttc acne, —Teas Ci I-.. Ilb 1 1. ... t 1 2 II1,11. ... 2 215 2The artificial tiaflure, eel! on Plot IV. cost at the rateof 25s. per statute acmc;value of hay increase, IS cwts.over Plot I.,at 2s. 3d. per cwt. 40s. 6d., thus showing a clearprofit of 15s. 6d. per statute acre in favour of manuringthe flay Crop. It will be noted also that the LiquidManure—a product too often allowed to go waste aboutfarm yards—gave such an incleasell yield over the Unmanuredplot, that more attention might reasonably liegiven to its conservation for use on the farms.'iiII. U!i...r,..4 -.l .....TABLE ShowiNG MANulocs USED AND YIELDS PERSTATUTE .Acga.Slintiurs-. Super. Sal. of SIdle -.1phisp Aetti. P. ta-h. YieldPLI F n, Cam'. Cu I- Cii . Toe'. Cwt,.1. 5 — — — S 1311. 13 3 I 1 9 14III. 13 . I t in C)I\. t5 5 I t 0 10V. 13 4 t2 t ti I\J. 15 4 I 10 ii\lT. 4 I 1 4VIII. 15 4 1 2 It 3On hg to the very dry season the Ii 121 cc W1 hi plotsgut "turned" or checked in their gross ti, ii Inch militatedseriously against their yield. It will be observed thatthere is nevertheless a substantial increase in each of theartificially manured plots over that receiving manuic alone.Thus thoughtless hands may gather, front the itt smiOf broken hearts, a synipatliv, whi soif warm i1td-dr:itights is drawn fr to H1t's ruth graveNor care what ashes nurse its thirsty hloitttIttt if amongst the living, thou art dead,If, taught by kindred atugutsh, thou dust knowWhat kind sweet fruit by s rriw may be fed,)h, soften thy sad silent eves to IlowWith tears, and make the Grave-flowers o'er my headMore bright for heart-mists of an uttknown love.RoufRi KANF. S.J.• jhi- P,,ii ha- a1ipeii11d --I.:fs. sly. ci The 1,-oh .I1sIhI5, fir Sf1. -q(Swirl initialswinch hut SW would neoginc—Ed.

i s I'IIL MUNGRFT ANNUAL REV! E 'VS 79'ENGLISH-IRISH PHRASE DICTIONARY."i,,-, . ' i' ;•'tviRi-i-I- i. i;ids'il \l'Kir. I i 11 A lii lit il liidi IIui.(,-v'., towhich the lditiiria I of la-u i-al alluils'(i as I ri hinting hassince made its appearance-. It has, we are glad to say,met with a most (as iii rahic re-ce 1i in from writers wellknown iwo in Irish public ilic life. I ndes'i I we believe we arecorrectin saving that it has already In-en extensivelyadopted in the teaching world.As Fr. NI - Kenna is a nieniler of the College staff,our ian jraiss-c if his work might perhaps be lookedupon ii iI s j( . 3, it at least might not curry the sameweigtit as apiiriciatins from outsidesUrces. Accordinglywe think sse can hardly do better than put before ourreaders a few assiges from some of the reviews whichhave appeared. .part, altogether, from the expression ofpraise, there seems to be a genuine agreement that Fr.M'Keniia has both recognised the existence of it distinctwant . e. , -if ii hook dealing s'. iifi the rendering of phrasesand idioms trout lie- ne- language to the other, and hasproduced the very k to supply that want.Vhat father \l'Kenna undertook to do, he has doneexhaustively and "ell Anyone who tries it ,express thought in Irish, and -A ho is not a master of th4modern language will find this took indispensable. Itis thoroughly reliable."-7/u Cak Exa,,,i.,r.Since the appearance of Father l)iniieens Irish -English Wirti,mary in 1904, WC In not remember thepublication if mv book of so much general usefulness inthe study if Irish, as this new phrase-dictionary by FatherM'kenna. It is new in every sense-. It breaks entirelyIew grilincl, so far al lush is concerned'''''''I admirable llst condensatii in, Father sl 'Kenna has tilledhis l,iiiik hull to the hiriuti of all that it Aa, possible to putinto it of Irish phrase and ilioii taken from the livingIrish speech, AS it is fount in the best writings of livingIrishmen."— 7/i,- Ti/ir,"The essential characteristics of Father M'Kenna'sbook is the agpreciation of the fact that word., have life,that they live gregaiiusly, that they are highlysuscepi it k. of corn paniunship, that their significance canbe studied only in the actual phrase-- - - - --it theword, but the phrase is counted the unit of spi.ecti. It isthe grasp of this principle that makes lather l ' Ke-nnasbook unique en) ing dictionaries. -- It hi, Ciii ,i-."One necI only glance at Fattier M'Keiiuua's ho--k tisee what it vast field there is in Irish composition, andwhat a copious intellectual (0(341 it provides. ...Letptnupie say 34-hat they like about Berlitz methods auntother easy methods of language, it is only by doingcomposition that one can becorn,- an al i U 'a/i speaker inIrish or any other language- - - - ----rice the specialvalue nil a book like Father sl K' nni s. By producingit. he has lo-come a member ofa .iiiudl and select tinily ofIrishmen, those who have iloni, something. As fortalkers we have an infinite inultitud."—Chanel, in 7kLeader.WIn a shirt review like this We can say but very little,if a work which ileserves the highest praise. - -;et this phrase dictionary, read it. study it, digest r,31111 lent will acquire ea.e in Irish composition, ti ueilc I:.Irish i1e bate, and, given a good hnlas, YOU will pass inative speaker in the very capital oft aeIdint,''— fit rrMathew A' ord.In a ceitulin practical sense, this book is a greatergain to Irish than a library of excellent literature, Thisfniiiik in the right hands-- and it is sure to reach ihetitwilltie, as it were, the Cecil of literature. ...NitIrish si rite r. and certainly tini student tent at any Si age beyond nitthat if the first '' Easy Text " can afford to he withoutt. it, in[)- thing of its invaluable kind. -Journal.The nanise Irish s1ie-.k"r must Cs er re-fiat') a iiPZfi/ui: non: in the Irish literary a orldNevertheless. itwould be extremely unwise to dedicate to him a uuionopivin thu iii iutihing of a natiinuiud literature. --- -01this rca Si in alone, it for no other,Fatter \I eKe-n neclxii uk will hue- regarded as one of the iii,ist fe-au Ii lul ci intriliuiionstin Irish scholarship th,it has atini'areil sstifiinrecent tines.—E. ()l) ii'ighuie in conk Free Press."LESSONS IN LOGIC." lip, Willioxr T,xe.m, S.T.D.the laths/ic ',5ir-e-sity itt ,4,,,geica.it/i II I 5IiC'ijfl 1I'i -i- - iI.iiitinitox, 1L(. R. aa 1'.are very glad ilisit D (, it William Turner, of theCatholic University of Vusshiutigion, one of t 1w earliestand most distinguish cii pupil, of iI U ngrct College, hasbrought out a treatise miii Logic which promises to be amost '.usluable addition to the few Catholic works writtenon that subject in English. Doctor Turner. as our readersknow, has aIres-tv pufihished a Catholic Hisimury of Ihilos'oplis-, which has supplied a great want, and proved iiiilist brilliant success. We have great confidence that]it, new treatise inn Logic will prose, at least, equal toi him' II isiury in its utility for Catholic students, and hiringi ouch, if not more, reputation in to himself.Almost the only fault Ste have seen in the bniiik is, thatthough it contains three hundred pages, there scents notto be quite enough iii it, what it does contain is sin goodand so pleasing Fs1irc.ihly ii little more on Mill's Logic,a hiiclt 34-as made so iuuuclt uI in the us x;itiii nut ions of thedefunct Royal University, would lie useful, if not inAuto-rica. at least in Great Itniaiti and Ire--and.l'tie .tutent of moderate abi lit tee-, whose great objectis it good pass, will obtain in Doctor icti ir Turner's work thehelp he wants fri in, the excellent order, simple and lucidh_Li lguag'r', and careful attention to essentials. lIlt thetither hand, the :tsjuur:mtit to honours ss-ilh find the 1pookequally useful for the deeper questions, and also for thefinal crani before this examinations in the most difficultsubjects.t ,This treatise is reinarkatile for its guest clearness, andat the same time for its condensation. There is brevitywithout uihiscuriiv. If the hackneyed exhiru-s.ion, ,siu//u,iin pa,vo. is ever verified in any tniumik. It ictiur Furiis-rmay m'taiiuu, with good ri-ui sun, that it is s critic-ni in his Logic.There are no duiuhii Iii passages. Es cry sentence is astransparent :is the ai ,st of ra ii nest tire of the work a ill her in it.The- style us model what a philosophical style oughtA more perfect seim, iii- I mr i hue ci nut inc nui-.i I Ii in ifdifficult '"be truths is not easib Iii nil, and many, iii ich larger,works by logicians of high rejiututtliiii ilmi not gisi' si muchInuia'Iedgc. Indeed, the autli,r need not fear ciiini1usirisitiwith any recent se rite r iifl Logic, Cat hit mc, I 'ri itesiusn t orRationalist. inalust.STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF CLASSICALTEACHING IRISH AND CONTINENTAL, 1500.1700."The work before us may be regaideil as the first fruitsof learning that have mimlime hi its 1mm time NsLtiimimal (JunVerSitV, It is now lour s-ear, since the University aaslaunched, and people 3cc-re 1K-ginning tit look fir Someresults to j ustify the high hope-s el/ten aineni at Its IOu fl'datim nn. (If curse, a learned work does not s ring p ina night, it requires aliutiuci is ruimichu time for grui athi as atree resf it c'Ci'Ul/O cu u/ it/sir act -_ I-lit still there a assomething needed-some token in show that the I - ni -versitv was fulfilling oneof the fund iuuns u snaIl y ass. me IAtviIWilli a University that of advancing 1.-imia-leilge. Thistoken is found I iii I- r. I i lri'ora ii's work it is time Ii r't si utmeaid in what, we are cm-n timhetu t . will he it stalely and List -ing edifice, and we therefore cry heartily /uoil fuli.t/bustumi1ne sit.The hook is uhiviule-il into two very distinct parts, thefirst of a hid i (teals wit ft the life and times u if Fr. William iamBathe. S. I. and his lube I, ingna,u in or si eci.ml nit-i hodfor Ie.uriimnmg l.Lnituuige-s. The second part dls with thegeneral aim, and methods xis if classical em Imicani in fri (nut the151h to the n7th century.Fr, Vuui. [lathe. S. - has received ha nt ire-al intuit attie hand of hicmniry. Not uuuc-relv have his sets ices toeducation been gene- rud lv gnu eml, but even his just gloryhas hi--en given In ant lit. But allan finnn his sirS Icesto education, his IiIu Is il i's,nsiilrruthilc iumte'uu'si fir thestudent of hi stm irv. It t h tin's much light un it ilifticulbut important perils! in Irish history--the reign ofElizabeth on the relations of the Angli-Normans aiththe native chiefs on the spread of I'rmntestantism mimiElizabeth's treatment of Catholics—on the connection, ,Ireland with Spain and Rime in the years after theArmada. P,athii' a-as the Sifl of a I,murd ('fiance-limit itIreland, an Anglo-Norman of genind family while on hi,mother's side he was connected a ith the Earl i if Nililuir,and half a dozen of the oldest native families. Like Iii,• • father he was a nlesiuiml Catholic. He spent a fist 'carsat Oxford at Si. John's College, where the rnenuiiry ofBlessed E. Campion, S.J. was still - rung In uimustlyrespects his career rescnililes ('antpiiin'x. Like hunt liegained the notice of Ehissahieth, and was niaufe much of bythu-st fickle Princess : like him he seemed to have abrilliant career at court or in the University tie-fore him,and like him he flung all these hopes aside, and joinedthe Society of Jesus. The rest of his life was spent tinthe continent, althumugh he was nle-stinenl for work in hisnu.il ive country, and hail tieen appointed adviserminI t cmliii.ian ii un to the Apostolic mc I )elegaie despatched by time I'mu1 icto aid the O'Neill Rehlelhiiin. The friendly relationsmshich sprang up between England and Slain at thedeath of Elizabeth, stopped any Spanish aid to Ireland,and Bathe spent the years till his death, in 1614, chieflyin Spain teaching Classics, and writing and inimriuving hiscele I -rat em I /iunm:: I. i,,m,'uaruin.Histin-ih III consisted in setting short sentences forcommittal to I nieuiui)ry.There were imS er 1.200 suchsentence's, anti is the same- wond aas never repeaicnh thelearner hail a ci unsiilerah lit ,iu ick i if a n irulș,ii hi, command.To facilitate the work of learning by heart. the sentencesacre ilis dcii into groups, each of which s u - re concernedwith some silt tue or vice, or in general had uume moralai ui - This is the method adopted in Conueiiius' Jaunt1, iuumzp nun /i','set-ig/a, a- hiich appears-nI about 1630, withthe itifterusuice that the groups in CuimiteniiLus ulo null treat ofvol Lies or %ices, but rather diffis rettt branches of know-I-d,,. I (ut a bile t i inienius figures largely in the lii stiITV- I Flucuuiiuti, ou a-ill look in vain for the name of Fr.- it tue. Ituit the learning and ulil igei.ce of Fr_ Corcoran'ill' iltseniotittm, it him, and restored fun to his nIne 1sus-- - s-it, n lie pi usi iii in of an active and successful pioneer in- , - scienceit education.but it is the cu-omit part of the is-irk that has the_,ie,iter susitue for those is-te-te-sie-il in education. I IdleFr. ('umrciruin sems forth the inns if the tu.uictiisrs if theIbtIt and 1 711t centuries, uunI Contrasts Ill, in wiih the aimsof Ihe 11111111-To teacher. lIe sums 1(11 the differencesclearly. ' ' Eut uuc:ii II fl il. ri mimgtm Latin ii nil I; r,-u-k tends oflate to lie done at what may fir icr tutu! a loss- piut cntia I,Reading of alit hors, accunuulatiiun of facts on lsistiir)-.archi.e-iuhi ps. philosophy, persistent memorizing of theviews of eminent scholars, on questions of grammar.textual criticism, variant hates, and theories, all repre-s--ntwork iuf a devitalised kind, alusorpiiiin rather than assimilatiiin,storage rather than use, inactive retention insteadof uiutssl cry issuing tilt, - personal handling. rig. The oldertie-i hi xIs suhiuriliumumied reu'etiiis Ity to exjrcsiiin illreading and e-nimi!it ii in led Uhi Ii u a riting and item,Imoumaiion,iutiltviituai s.xplmsution of views, i-iumtined with controversy,hisclissilln, ilisluUtumtiuin....The ohnjci-t of languagestudy was universally understood to lie self-expression,and the e-xi-rcies ahich were rei1mlisile mherefor, weres-sa-nti.ihIy ucmus e and personal.'To suiii up. Fr. Cuircorans 'sanik is a valuable coniribut ion in iLl a pi irt in if the II is tory i-I Education, of whichvery tilt Ic has hitherto I ceo Is cm mss mm. It is a learned workhut, ntmith morl- important, it is this' am irk ofan experiencedteacher. If I'eilagiigv is to his-ciiiuie anvmfnnig more than asvsteiui if general atie-tract principles, it mtusi not losetiucii ss imlu the work of the class-room. Fr. Corcoran isno ii etc I him in Is I his Views are checked, modified, andtested it every step by the experience derived front yearsof exceptionally successful teaching."THE CATHOLIC WHO S WHO, 1912.' R,i,',,, tie!"A leisure tm muir nay always be very agreeably spent inturning over the Images," said Macaulay. of Johnson's1_mid lilnarv, .011! the remark uuoghii be applied with es-eugreater uLhipniihnuiaieness to the " Who's \Vhrn, for 1932.''It is still edited Ii)' ir F. I urnand, unnti this is a satisfactoryguarantee if its merit, In autihimilin to the excellence ithas in Chinumnhiun with the preceding nuinituers, the pree-i-ntedition has nh.sny if its Iissn. The Compilers, likeexperienced travellers they are now four years on theross-h - huts-c learns-il how to make III,- rn st of the space attheir ilispnisutl, and have remlticed their iinpoiieienla In mitesmallest mhiui,eiusiuns_ The ne-still is that IIf intliciouspacking unit omission, by sulmst hut ing %%hal i5 ]letter forabut is guninil, rimnim has been found, without any inconvenientincrease in size. for a good deal of fresh information

So THE \l t' N( ;RET VIIAUAI, II 191 2 Stunder inatsy of its old entries, intl for Malty new namesamongI hem nit a fesi l.eirg Irish. I erhaps the moststriking featurt of this rear's edit I' ii is i seleci ii in ofphotos of the leading Cathol es-am ng These are Dr.\Vintile anti Hilaire BIl nc. There is also a photo (if theMotor Chapel of Fr. Herbert Vaughan.The Catholic Vlinn's Vh " thficrs widely from otherIn oks of the same class. These others are remarkablefir a certain dryness and baldness. People are entered,marked and distinguished like specimens in ii musinunicatalogue: dates, names, a,idri's.ses, etc., are given in.1 nun, l.ince. hilt there is more needed to give ill,- naderins S I in - .1 1'.;- flDR. JOHN LYNE. ,ot In. ii nI 'i. I in n2t. kusslnnn kin-ss ii,. finn Lynn,., -f ( a.IIs!nnst;nn,n,c, innsknnncknnI inn In -nt 1 111, nnrninnn:nI' dc.ttlt list Octinlner, 'Iciitt3i' of tint' I.ni.il LlIInnsS 500 Inlititil'pinisofling. cause,] Iinflammation in the eve, caught Iron a patient he nattending. John Lvtie ,nniern'tl \iLtngret its I n U.and having matriculated in the R.1' I. left in usn.lnegint his medical studies in the Royal College of Surgefin' read a brilliant mn.inilc,ul course, and, altnn -iimmediately, on obtaining his degree, he succeeded tnfather's position as Medical Officer in his native tn!.Here lie worked, leading a life full of labour ancharitytill his unexpected death last October. (.ini' nknew hi in well in Castl etownf tere writes of him : -l.vne was a credit to his Alma Mater, 11' as 'Ins':.,lie ablest doctor we have had in Cast let i wiii em- 1,very long time, and his life was a source of enlificattnntnall, lie was at linly ('intittit [ITT inIll tnvnrv Su III lav ssln1nOssiln]n' in.. tm -u Olin the hr- njI.:nn, .1 inn-intlDR JOSEPH HORAN. It n- sn:iI: nCnj I . .That we n'}nm-nincie- nin.In Ii! lii. lnnsnl 1 11.1.111, .1stuietnt nit ul.ngtn''. I ..ph I I--ran spent four or nyc Vt inits Mniingre', nt -U wa if the most popular ann]known 1 sr.. of his time. lie was captain if the hand distinguished himself in various games, winnirni. hUCmile race and establishing s record for inowlling ss filch.think, has fltt been beaten yet. On leaving Mttngun-:went to l)tilnlin to study medicine, .' short time n!:he was qualified, he was appointed ll,nuse Surge.. in.Jervis street lii nspit.ul, Dublin. On the expiration nil hiengage-turn there, he acted as /On'UPPI 1,15, .'/S i n I )nnl I- -nfor a r51 ininnnnhs ills -latin -ni'nnUrtn .1 snnn].'- nii .0 IcBut the "Catholic Who's \\ho " is not a mere coilectin in of d rv I none,. Short, but judicious fin 'graphics 51 I Ichief Catholics are given. Not merely are the facts ciii itlives given. but there in enough of I tilt rtttat it fl .1character opinions to give the people described t iiiindividuality.A leisure hour spent liver the " Catholic \\'lio's Whwould be not merely agreeable, but even profitable andinspiring : and there are many to shont the number ofCatholics eminent as writers, especially novel writers,would rime as a pleasant surprise.This %'ear's edition is brought out in the usual elegantI 'III Ui,l t lUll 0.1 nUn! ii. 1,Ininlohnn-r-,( ttnr4 f)DR JOHN LYNE, Castletownherc, October, 1911DRJOSEPH HORAN, Dublin. October, xrzDR JOHN F RUTLFR HOGAN. Tottenham, May 1912N nh Star lintel tin Thursday night, 7th October, 191 iiii. lint au's piculaturc 1 ciutli --lie was scarcely morethan o years if age-must have come as a dee1, shock in.,111:01%! oIl 'lnnin1tn-t Innnvc. ( In iln,-ir ins'h,tlf, and n IPLITDR JOHN F. BUTLER HOGAN I- n. ink.1.1,:, i 'I_nt 0 0!. 0 U . c! I U 0- -i finn leath itl L)rII -gun. In Wren' the life nI .tICII .1 nlnoinguishedi.t.t student of Mungret cannot be done at a moment'snotice, and we art' forced to he content, this yt-.nr at least,in it Ii m erelv notifying to the readers of the Annual hisUntimely death, lie was a native of Latin. Co. Tipperary,miii wits ft,trn in 1564. He came to Mungret in iSSa,the year the college was opened, and was elected h'aptits1 the I louse. In 18S4 he commenced his medical studiesit Cork. This was the opening of a long career of studynitni success, lie took out his B. A. degree in the RoyalI niversity 1557 his Li.. ii. in 1904, and 1.1.. 1). in1107, and won an exhibition in jurisprudence in Queen's(Jollege, Cork To mention his other degrees would belengthy task, but we give some if the more importantmere: MIt,, Brussels. 1904; 1..l,.(' I'., l..hi.C.S., Edinninrgh1). Ili., Cambridge, 1S9,j. lie became a Barrister.t.l.aw, (rav's Inn, 1905. lie held the pitnition of\ledical Officer of health for To:tenham, until his death\l.uy 25th. 1912. lie is the author of many works onii yg Ic ne,'' Sanitary Dwellings," Citmutun Skininseases,' Improved Meth,ntls in the Treatment of SmallI n,''' HealthyI .i via," awl litany articles in leadingUnntslicaI jntarn.sls. To his wife and children, Ix h,- inn urniros. iv. otter --'jt ieepnnt -Vnlnjn;1IIIV. Eli'.MUNGRET COLLEGE, NEAR LIMERICK.1911 1912.RECTOR : I! I' V. \'l('lb if..\-. I 'In i\lkINS, SI.COLLEGE STAFF;lLr,s %It,t,tist llitsi,. s..l.. 'ilnint - li Lt.s. \\'ii.i.i sit ls,i:, 5,1.ILr., %s hum, n,l,, ]nI(Iln(:L] l :it In,!', lilt. h''.ii,t,'kl t'tl iii, ,.J.. ltii.Sl. hln'Iv.'iuIgt'ls.Ituti, .J,iiis I' (t:\ S.A., I'i'ttn,t nt Sttttll('.'S. lt.m 'it n.n-.i si it Kit.t,'. SI., .'issistaiitIt uts . .s 1: 11 1 ' ititi 1_ " ....'ii - nil-i-it, nt' of the NJ -.'i1t,dt' i",,'lnnnn.l,1, EX, ,lnitt'slii:s. Fi,is.t;tn I)ti,t.ts. 5.1., It'1. ''1 I)I..ctlnjttt,.. Es hi .oliii, Vttt,i.tssm t) l,FSI:% t",.l,, Ifti'. Sin,1. 1,.\ NI. Li n l'1II:In' l)J)t\ti,Uttt h.Sun1 lint', of lln's't'vlitnitV. lii . .lt.i.nnit i. 'ii Slit'' r. SIlii . \'iii.t,I ('it iI n'('ntt;'l ink, 51 ln n 'lost no. .\uii'nr (it I-:, s.f.liii i,A'tttll'!I!I \li'l'ti's\(. SI. I'l. .1. \lit.nn'i,. h'-... IIi. l.,Il.l'.S,l,, tllihjn'L] ,-\nlvsn-t',1'. II tlt-;i:itss, 1:.._ I..lt_i.. lii'lil,nI 'nnI_.......\_ It, r'tr/,it;t:,st.i,, 1-:..,.. l'i'..t -.,..nnr if \lit-,Ii'.hniii E'.SI:I!i.u,t., I,'.,.. I)l'.i;n:in_ NI" 'I I i. .1, (I:Ii'i t, I's,i I..uiinl St, 'iiotsl.LAY BROTHERS:llt. lii \st. i"_.I. i:. III Ini.I ".1. l:i:. lnn i, tt'i. litU, 'ii('tiii.. S.. 1.LAY SCHOOL.1: .1.COLLEGEAPOSTOLIC SCHOOL,inIi'. Ihit I . IkFliitn, 'l'InnnlnnS'.I I 'ti'I. "InnUlhi St tu,l'.• n I iUt'_iInI't',I II. I 'liths.)It. I itt lttis,'n.h Pi,-f. IPatrick riskI I ''Ill It nt', .1 nIt IiI I I Inttni-__iltitt', Ie-nitin 'itt!Ill boll. Iient'itardWt-,f. 1. 'Itt!,.)I ht't'Ittt,(Ii, li,,Ii-.iIt -n-f. Ill. (liii.)i'm', ,Intttutn..'ii- 'Ii i, •Jn 'Intl(Pref. 5,-tn,Itittirk-, khiuni,ti,1 lIar-cs'. Em :tt'nl(('alit. II. I hith. ) liltItlutlIt, .InnluitBull. 'iV ul lt:tt inI tit rk t', Patrick tickBurke, •I,iluti .1. I 'any. PatrickI 'out ad1, .In'Sd1thiI Snum- t'tst;iutCantwell, (sell, .i-tltnur l)ettuIisi- , .I4tsi'1ihi'I'lin,tiunts}'at-t-n-]h, .J,uI,ue''.I t;ttutt-_ilun-t' tltntruee' W],.-f. 11th, -tS.)I k inn-li 'I'hnn -tunUt'.,lnivn', I'ttit'ittee11011 Intl. l',iIO UtI''l Rn-Il'., .\lu'IutsclI'ia't is.. I, P. 'S M, l,.-nnin'ntn, I )%% ell11 1 11111 unit,,''.. .Ini htu N 'ui_i] itii, i%I;Llaeliyu lu,-h;t'l N-t' lie . LeoMurphy, (liCIIlbCl 'ieVuii, J,nhuROLL, 1911 1912.LAY SCHOOLAPO1OLIC SCHOOL,ni in_it In, Itt 'ink t i it n,. 1:1 nit-](non_nIl. lIt tOO,', ii hinnurk,', I''t';ttnkNt Iii, I.n,nuisSe-tttilcltiti'v liii tin',.'Ii, .1 hunI SIn- .n_ I E-t'titn 'tEli,, \\ thhtattiii,it It,Ia In'htuL1ti. I l,'tutvIhtttt. .J.5-1hI'ashu_-tt, lb, htt'nlI 'nn,uLIi's', .JrsepliI 'lni',hItit,. I';iti'ti-k l'itt-tiit. .In,hulII )OUisS . Ii ln'lIULI'tIII OVS'S, Hun itutt,III I 'loIn I - non_i 'l'ttis ithyIII it' h':tti'in'k 'Slil].., .Iinlutt\'iilln;ittt'apt, II. ('liii. H. otit , C, (l 'flailIInl'tn,'ti, \\ thlt;tttu II I',iit;nt'. \ttnn','t(I(C3ill. I Iii),) Shiel, 1'mtt.ri'kII(uItt1iItt'Ii's,.I.I ISniltyari, I)ntiitt'lslatui'ie,'I l'.t'nn Ii. 'l'lti iitttisN,'n II, I,tiat itsIIilillULtt, .1 i si' nittttithi. .Ii htitillis tu, 1, tI tutu'EIll"i'1-tt [Es's itt),I I Vrni,i ('nit-sr. I )nitttt'l.JctttIItIg'i, I Ii'itIi" I )s'VItti, I 'fitt'b'..l.nfttu, 'I'ht.nittar. .li nlittst,,tt, 'I'hn.ttta-nMel 'nirtiti,(('alit. III. Club Otis!Pref. S- .I. If . A.)llut.Ititt, Jairii.'ni

82 THEMUNGREl' ANNUAL.LAY SCHOOL.l,k,i. l.ui.f')APOSTOLIC SCHOOLl',tiiiIl. I1iu,;isI l;tll , I livid Iili ii, lIi"iititvii'. I lividMurr:iv. Ih,1ul!iiv'k4 l'.i'itll. II, l,:'rt"lti'rIil3l1. F'r;itit'isII irli'y. ILtriil,,:,ni,Itt .. hullI lirist lii'I.'ii intl. .1 11111uIrv':tiiv.I )iuliiti.I wr. I Ziclutrd,'-Jf If's!) OFI.l:i/iI. .11iti hi:llli'It. II 1111.Iiitl. ;I :iv. IililJll4 liars. han, k G.I 4:iti:it_llsr. .11llI, I it:,. I, iii..'II i,Ii;i.I Ctill,i,. I 'at ri1.I)lilIlII'u. 'sli lvii l,, r. _\lltlin115 H. .11 il I liv., E.I I;iitv. lull II ii. .I;iitii'.I):tiiit1 'sIl aifrey. I'I,irl,i.II ickI. . '1-' , II Mall.tTly, .Jalli,_SII ky. NlitifirltI iii_ Ill. .\IiStHIlI:iii_tti'. '411,11:11 i'll 1I:ill, J' '"I IiIII 1:11 I, .1. '41 iii. I. ii'.I 'illilt\I 1111115, .1, liiil'llls,l,. ihil,;i.1 jilli lIrlill, .JillllII,ll'llllll. .1,1Stack, Iiii'hi:,t,ll:ii:itI. Iulvii1. (4 lIt. I\. 11111).)I;.. \\llllitlli.1 It Ii • . I ,',•illvii :ik . .1 el iii%lIi hf . ''4 illititi11. tI 1.5', I'litrlek'ti ,il;thv, I':tlil\lllrjllS'. '4\illiii,iIii'li,iriiII lit lll'. .1 liii444 l',LilV. Iii, Illiui.I N't1lII Iii 11i411111'''f Patrick I'll_k'lil1 \Iiit,IillLIl'S, 'si irk11iLV, N eli Itst]tilI. :lIl IIIS'lltt'IlllI. 'ti 'li:,-1lalllliI'f. }'1fi;ll1. (5, I's. Ill,; Lill 1, .1 1 I llll1tl rile. 's'sillltiliiByrn(., .Ji uij IiI )i'laiivy. ,J titteO F u!:.jJIjl.i i.(1st 1)IVII.ill)Barry. liellI:, 'i(_'uuiiilian, .1 aiiiis()'Coiiuj11, JamesLAY SCHOOL. APOSTOLIC SCHOOL.'//f//f)(1 St I 414151 , II I'' 11th ).I I 'I:,,,, v Ih Ii HiS IIit'i I:ilI. ;t irgeII,' 4 olics.l'iatillil'\. 11,11 IS'Ii. i. 'if IllMil-113CI'111 litif . .l'i'j IllN I 11-11MI, l';LtrlekI '.1111. .1 allies44 I' 'Ullill'. I't'iilerick44 ('I nut,'ll, DenisIII ',I'Iell. ,JrtttiesI l5lI et. ,J liiii'i,Ililt.tIhV, I'115.111. N:itliailtt'lIitihltllV. \\ illIttlIl's's Il-il I.lg:LII(21111 I )tv1u.i 'II),I'Ill lii' iI;i - i...'4liIl',v IIlIiIl,414 I 'I I',lllttll I,\l'',,\ii,hi.icI'i.-.ti. .hi si' Ii .144 1,.. lh 1111115lllIlllll_. Ililsit III k,'.,}i ill. i4ttillIsl:ili. I'iI,'. '4I la'lIi Il'4tilh. 's's ill viii 'tI I I I'll. 'tIll It livI Iii II. Lt- 'I 11111 it'll. I.lI' liii 1,f. 'hlilil:,. I\IIIll'l\ .II III Ii. 'Iii, Iii.1I... I',tii:trlI huh, • 1h\I'I,llillili. 'tllvlliiiIi.,'tit.y .."4I i11\i;iil hull I, 111111 t1i'51 ii 'all, Iii lUlls44' 1111111. .1 liiiI I'Iiri'n. II II Illi'iill .'4htt.;iIl4 I • 4 ' 11111 1• 4Iill ;rI', I hi:irl,i.)'Sullivan, Mirk'''Ill I.I'IIV, N iii, lasPsvei, .1. 4111l, '.v&t, liii lIve.Ili lgl,l'i. 's II h1111 'J)lJiiV T.O'MAHONY & Co.120 GEORGE ST.,LIMERICK,Booksellers. Stationers, Fancy Goods Merchants,Picture Frame Makers, Dealers in Religious Pictures,Rosary Beads, 8capulars, Crucifixes, Holy Water Fonts, ccc.School Stationery of all kinds, Pens, Ink, Gum, Se1.ling Wax, ExerciseBooks, Drawing Books, School Books.Prayer Books, Irish Bog Oak and Connemara Marble Goods.Photo., Post Card, and Scrap Albums, Autograph Albums, StickybackAlbums,Die Stamping for Convents and large institutions free of charge.Fountain and Stylographic Pens. Our 2,6 Gold Nib Fountain Pen isunrivalled.

Download the Mungret College Annual 1912 - Mungret College Past ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?