tariq mahmood kiian department of special education university of ...

DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE DIAGNOSTIC 

PROCEDURES FOR CHILDREN WITH SPECIFIC 

LEARNING DIFFICULTIES 

TARIQ MAHMOOD KIIAN 

DEPARTMENT OF SPECIAL EDUCATION 

UNIVERSITY OF THE PTJNJAB 

LAHORE. PAKISTAN

CERTTTICATE 

Thi! is to ertiry th.t lhe F!.5rch wo.k d*crib.d in rhis thcsi3, ..DEVELOPMENT OF 

fiE COMPRTHENSIVE DIAGNOSIIC PROCEDURES FOR CHILDREN WIfi 

SPECIFIC LE{RNING DIITICI'LTIES" is tt origi&t m* ofo. aurhor -T&iq 

Mdrbod Kho", 2001/Dos06. ed hls bea Mied our undq Ey tliEd slp€nisid I 

n vc peemlly goe rleugh dt th. dab/quhtmsLriats reFrtd h |h. haueiipl ed 

eniry ilcil @meBvdrhariciry. r fllrq ctit lh.. rlc mle.id iBludcd in lbis 

theis hav. nor been ued in pan or tull in ! mdu!.rit atrlrdy subDifEd or in lh. 

rilc6s of subnision i! p.niry@npt.rc tuIilttMr of rhe .w.d of a.y oth.r d.gre 

non dy orhd iDejrurim. I .t$ qriry thd rhe il*b M Dctr F!p!!d urdd my 

sup.ruGion uodilg b fie pGcnbcd fomai .ad I endors rb 4du.rion for rhc lward 

ofPhD d.ge rhmud l[. official FoccdlB ofth€ Univdity. 

, i !.4-- A.'\ I . 

(Pni, n. N.sUd-Di!) - 

I!$irule of EdBarion & Reseh 

clml UriBity D.t. Kban NVFP

DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPRf,HENSII'E DIAGNOSTIC 

PROCEDURXS I1OR CIIILDREN WITH SPf,CII.IC 

LEARNING DIFIICULTIES 

A THXSIS SUBMITTED TO 

THf, UNIVERSITY OFTHE PUNJAB 

'iJf +lf iJSsl%TF"J:,'#Hfff $.Hffils 

SPECTAL EDUCATION 

BY 

TARIQ MAIIMOOD KHAN 

DEPARTMENT OF SPECTAL EDUCATION 

UNIVERSII'Y OF TgE PUNJAB 

LAHORE. PAKISTAN 

2001

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 

I owc all my wor* to Atlih Alnighry .UndoD6i.dly thesc .re his bountics who 

blcaed n. wilh th. $En8rh ro @mptet lhis dGsriatio, dd .tr Gsp.crs d. tbr lhe 

Holy Prodicr O.& bc uDor hin) eho imqsty hetpcd .nd l@k mdl* p.ins to 

I fel pleasure to .xpEs hy d.cp6l sensc of gEtitude ro ny ddonng ruide3 

.rd Espcclcd cchd. Dr Nd€, ud Din prof.s$ in ldnul! of Educarion di 

Rc@h Com.t uniBity Dt Kna p.tajld. His in+,nrron .td c@Ls 

guidmce, v.lubl. suegcsrioG dd spehl alfation mldc id.tibte inpdrts on ny 

hean. Wit oul of ttr.e n woutd nor h.ve b€.n possibte tor ne lo @nducl tud 

c@pr@ lhis rdious bjt 

I dem ii ny privit.ge to th.nl Dr. Atdut lld*d prof€s dd H.!d 

Dcpartncnr of Spei.t Edu*rion UnivcBiry of th. punjab LtnoG pakisto aot hjs 

k hnisl guiddc. dd exp.n dvice in te*ing, 

I cndoE lhc rh&ll3 ro Dr. Z.r d Mrtnood ctinial psychojo*jsr in ctsgo* 

U. K. for his .xp.n suidr@ !I @ly sragc of lh. d.vcropmor ot ieis dd 

prcqtus. Sinccr sralnu{b isduc forprofesr Dr. H, M_ rqbrt fo, hh insishtful 

sugg.srions rhose erc hctptur in ri. €onptaion of tne sn|lty. 

I d inrLh.d ro .I stut nb ad rh.6 *tD Endq $.ir pario@ fo rhc 

r€st3! sery wirh out l])en sinceE pMi.iplljorj I qould hav. beeD !@re ,o @ptcL 

Finally y.t iDpo.rlndy, my lhant lo my 

€v.r ben I coenl $@ of inslanrion tdn h 

spousc sh@ cncouEgm.nr hrs 

T, M, KBAN

, 

DEVELOPMf,NT OF TEE COMPREIIENSIVE DIAGNOSTIC 

PROCEDURES FOR CHILDRIN WITH SPECIFIC 

LEARNING DIFFTCULTIf,S 

Abtraca 

Thn drsturion si d.letop M insishr inro $. o$eropncnr or lhc 

@npftrcNr. ddgnGricjre.duE\ for chitdru silh \pcirrc ttuins d,m, uhi.. n 

l'_,1111.jT,1*lp'l rh..pmF. ofdmrinirion $irh Fr.Rn.e ro d. sF..nc 

uam-ng u rLdtrs ot rh. chitdrcn rn fie ib:room i: nor .rirenr. Ths loltJ bc 

onc or s. rsons ior lase !cat. drcD oui m p3lis. 

Popularion lflhe nudy ws sixih ed evoth EDde boys dd gtrts srude,rs oa 

8s emmmr nhmlr ofurhorc cq. Onb l0|r nude;b {erc,.t(kd ror rhe rhote 

pro(rour.s d he dmritrarid of \LD hmuch pulponye smprins rc(hniq,e. the 

lT1g_"1 ,::,:1ll.l^ldd- d. p*panrion or chalid ior lhc s@in8 oi speinc 

klmng ,um(dfti ro di.3nos a whok tus. or diebilnis di lsidkd 

pJoum\ u.ed on rhct&h.ts prio, ob*ârion m |Jle .talsram and j.je.(on of 

rhe,.irteia,,br rhc \.tid:rion oi rhe ch.c in ror pEdrron t.he\e crir.na rcF 

iillfifilg"f * -. "**, *r,i*.nri oro'ma z*g.a. "r,,a.ns ii 

,,,ATeq Bdnery.onjerngordineturcr!ase$ineo,fi.EnlFobtcm\Rtakd 

hb \-LL, wa d*doped sd EtidaEd. vahd,D or rh;* $6.sobh\h.d rrth 

::1":j:.lT::.-:T,I,, .lq. dMrimne, u;r}sb mdhods. R.riab,riry or ,h. 

LoN6krc) ot,.hc r6h qA mrtyzed sirh (onbach Arpha. sbbiliD rctiabrt.q \as 

:::Tln.! lr,rx ,i!rcS' m.'hod ror Tes B.,r.D. tkm M,rr\is 

baEry !0s 

ofuBr orrd 

madc. {idr ir.m rhRshotd/{m 'Jl. djmcuky lnd discrinirrrion ,nq!ue tevcl 

trem pr.!c \cdll* plo, {,.h Rsp

Actolowt.dgcdcd 

LblofTrbL! 

Lira of^bbBhrtoB 

Ch.prer I: Introducllon 

S$laer ot{E ftlold 

ObjccliE ofrtE Srudy 

RcgKh eu.rioDs 

SiSrific.e oflhc Sndy 

Table of contetrts 

Ddinni@ ofrtE T.m U!.d 

chrrr.r It: Rcview of Utersrure 

fhc ooncar ofslD 

Eely id.nrific.rid .td s@t ing 

Bles of Dystqia/Sl_D 

StD.nd S.qEmi.t probt@ 

Radins Dcv.tolrat Radi,g Di6oli6 

Rc.ding CohpFhosion 

SLD &d A$.ffid 

Th@Eri.| CdlirtoriN in T6r D.EtoFft,r 

Correnr v.lidtty 

Crltcrid R.trr.d Vatidiry: Co,r@nr V.lidiry 

Cofir.N V.tidiq 

T6r c@mdio !trd hcn Adysis 

tldn vliidir, Iid.r 

tii 

vii 

viii 

I 

I 5 

5 

9 

t2 

t5 

It 

l3 

m 

24 

26 

29 

30 

3l

cb.pa.r m: Mctbodolo5, 

RtunDclt8. 

Cdtrpc[@iE Di.gnGdc ptuedG Mod.t to. rlE 

Id.mi66rion oachik r.n sirt! SLD 

lE .ntjm of S.@ing Cflckli* 

PEp.rlioo ofTcs Bcr.ry 

Pitor Study of Sc@ing Ch@ktisr 

Pilol Srdy ofELD T.r Bfiay 

AdniniiErior, Sdins tud tndrsdo 

prc..duE tor Sccnlng Chektd 

Pop!t.tio 

Adnilisrdiol, Sqtug !d htqDcdio! 

prE dG fsTca Edid, 

Cni.nt v.litily 

Conc@'n Valldny 

CdlriEr v.lidiq 

Di$riniqr Vdidit 

I!.n AEttlis 

Di$r.pdrcy 

cr.$r tv: Amtyli! ot Drrr 

cor .!t v.tidiry 

C@@ Vitidiry 

Cost4rcr Vatdity 

Disinier v.tidii' 

R.ti.lfliry 

Illm Amltst! 

cr.d..v: SuDDrry, trln thgr, Corctuiol' rrd Dilcruio 

34 

34 

35 

16 

31 

3a 

J9 

al 

It 

13 

52 

5t 

7l 

1l

.!h hG 

Slldila. n 

Dqdd & 

C@lu.ho. at 

R&oridd !9 

R.folncdddBtbliogndv el 

SoafuCL*t'i 106 

Sr.DT.ntey tw 

D6e.|t.ritoaad, ||5 

ftd R.toc Mo.btitrr It- Cn *ra-t Crc br 

sd.tubdotrt TdE-y 

Ih- R..pd.. t&d.La b !r,r ofr.r.d Dtrtde 

dRtqorlto.td n E lll 

Ih R.td.. laoddi{ !o IH.ld tu E rl-d 

q@t |E B t35 

h!.d.r r,r-r SDt Ond.ddOd.rl|aG&.6. 

rd Er.rrt B7 

Ihllrtt tdadfcdtoa ofdrc Ctilda qili sLD,fti 2 

u l4?ct ItG l[.t\ii h rb T.3B.rr'y la

List ofTables 

T$1. No Ttd. 

4.1 cml im cmci.nlMons s4, of l.n, of rh. Tcn 8,n ., 

ed aoi'.veme.t scoB in Uid! &d re (N: t 0l3) 

Toled compoMt t\,t{dr or rrE enfmdory r*6 4tF,s tor 

ne,kbE ror rh. idmrificarionot$. ScRnine Chektij 

proDr.6 r& 106 ob*Bed by Efh.6 

Robr.d-Cmpo.nr Vraix or dr contmiroD t&toF nrh $ tor 

mcro6 

offie sLDTej B.hery 

'oldentificotion 

44 lDd.p.rdnr smpt6 !i., ror@npuen of tow (n-69r .nd hrsti 

r-44r so"ngSrcJpc ofrhe keningcha rn qirh lne Tcn 

4.< lndependenr Slhpt$!k*tor@opeibn oftoq h_69,lnd high 

'ffiti::T:ffi*,{* "*ninc chauis $nn s'o* u 

.u lo:f"jfl' :-tf, :"" lor mnpdr$n o, ro$ od h,sn @nng 

gmpr or tisls ofih. T6r Ban.r, * h Udu ren $06 

u' l$r$ll::ltlt :*r roronpanoi of ro$ Md h'e qconns 

smups or | 63 orlhe Td Bery sllh tQ T4r ec 

4.8 Cofttflionccfijch bd@n th. prc ed Doq i.jB or tud.nb 

tn4) o, dE 16 Bafi.F 

4.4 c@nba.h rAtph.cefijai.nr for fi. idennficatronofEh.br|I) ol 

ne scceninE CheUi{ 

,,0 t:^p-.,I,:1,1"n::TT.'.ir for d. ,&nrinc.od or Rehabnir) 

roerrcr.nr ot lhc T.sr Brri.r, (N=t O I I ) 

a.r I Conqmnco.mtiad trn Rejpons Mod.linE rEdiliodl 

a12 Cinqle! cmedti4d hem R6porj. Mod.hng:km imjJ{sot 

ft rersutrt *rlharcandoncEspoR,cnsiN=tot r) 

6t 

6.] 

56 

58 

60 

67

Lirt of Ffuurer 

llt|. 

llrb R4p.o. trrodctiIg tcn ctE d.niis cl,rc by s!5 for 

SPr lcm of tn. T.n B.dcry 

Il.m Rdpoe Mo&tins lcn Chlm.rtude Cud.s by sEr fd 

NPT h.m of lnc T61 Blrb 

Ih R.spoM Modetiry ti.n Chelertriq Crc hy ffi fo, 

RUT lrlE of d. T.s B@ry 

llrh Rlt r!.lrod.ti4 tbn Ctrrcbnnicsclro by sB ftr 

DPt lanr old. T.n B@y 

67 

68

Lirt of rbbrcvirtiorr 

S, No AbDnvl.do!! D.fttablt 

l- sLD SFdfc Lahitrg Ditrotri* 

2- Q b,.lli$rreFriar 

3. SPT S.q!.nti!t pDbleh T.!t 

+ NPt N@\qtdpqEpdGrd 

t RLIT Righ kn l&nlifc.tion Tcn 

G DPT Dirse p.ic€prioN T.!r 

?. LRT tdq R@snilid T.!r 

& RCT It .nnicmFttdjiolld 

9' wCT Wrirh8 CmFdr@io! md nehdie T.n 

l0 lRT llcn RcapoB Th.ory 

t t- SD Sr&d.rd D.li.lim 

12- ICC ti.n C||&r.rairis Clre

CHAPTER I 

INTRODUCTION 

Sraific Lomirg Diffrdhie (SrD) is . sisnifi@t pbbtch of dc childEn. 

They Bully .Muicr u ealiiy dd disunging tming cxp.n.nc6 in th. rgutar 

clssMns. Th.* exp.riences tead mon oi rh. b.ginneA loward .xctBion frcn rutl 

@ge ofeducarionel oppofrurilies which.e.vaitobte to rhe mljority chitdren of &en 

ase. All childdr shoutd enjoy cqulir, of .c6 to lnc badth of cduatio@l 

exFm.s. qhich e.njold by rh.i pcrl, tur it G a chauenS. fd Lach.rsr Dsm6 

dd pofcsrionals or sp@i.t eduotion. h G .[ duc b nmbcr of dittcE sds tud 

*vcBl difcEnr cootexk in Nhich rh.ohitd is sEd Dp. prior (t996) depicred rhat d 

lan one in cvcry ten ohitdEn of school as. wil have difficuhrs w 

or lhe shool cudiculum, nosl anhonty Mding sd sp.ltin8. tf te tdins 

difricuhica p.6in in dE @li&.gc ii *i hid.r Oe su@s D I 

ditrculti.s c diogno..d 6 SLD, *hich is {t fin.d 6j 

An lQ score grea!.r rhd 80 dd d.ficit! in at lan onc ar.. of &ademic 

ach'.vem.nt (rc!di.g! spe ing, and narhcm,rict Nocialcd with specinc 

cognidv. imr{nno$ scn 6 snon tcm mcmory pobl.ns, por aldilory 

discnmiMtid lbitity, VisiGpceflurl pDbt.ms! atrr, rh. likc {p. 4) . 

Childh rirh SLD e rl$ .si!r.d *jrh srEnS.hl ed w.t.css in difrcHr 

aE s, E.ngor Dydexia U,n e002) d.snbed lhe difarculries dd lbilnies a a 

conbi@tion, which alleds ftc tehing prccc$ in on€ or nor€ of rccdin8, sp€Uing, 

wting and sooc lime iunemy or longuagc. The katness in rhc a6 of speed of 

pro6ine, shom.m ndory, $qu.rcin& ,uditory FE€ption, rtuat p.cptio! 

spoken larsug. md firc o sb$ moror stilts c 6uly diaSno$d 6 drst.xja. The

dtsl.xic pEeh@l chitdis havr p6bt.ms with nursry dryn6 dd orh.r tdsuaS! 

g!m6. Tncy lroid Eadine adivnics .G onq di$.gdiad md fdgcl thi.g3 4ity. 

Sch@lchitdEn wiih defcic@ics in difi.rnt m.dcot ehi.vs.nrs i. Fi{tin& 

qitinS.nd spelling usuuy pe.fom th.n d.ily tiG &liriries sie.incd|ly b.n4, Thcy 

oomoit sm. connon mis&kcs i! E din! wordsi ohil soms tencls in Eadins or in 

writiog an r copyirg itfrDm&y soue. Such ryp.sofprcbtdsofth..hitddndeprive 

them ,o .odemic achi.hcnls in subj..ts in *hich sch ba,ic ofridinS ad wdring 

carry ndr. lflh.G is no pmbtm of lisid lnd.udiiory abitiiiB *i.h rh* chjtd@ 

inen $.) rd del.Rd SLD in one or moR spcific e! or t@in8. 

Thqc Childrei in rh. ehot s&n rn ining exp€ricnc.s in Eadin! and witing 

skilk at .81) st.ges oflhe ri6t ysr, bul afi.r some dme ther apped sonc symptons oi 

problch3 in E.ding ard wilin8. Consqlcndy, lh.s. childE. h.v. ro t@ nmy 

dimcuhiB Eg.rdins $c addenic &hi.v!n.nrs. Th., bmft stow &hi.v.r in lh€ 

cra c conF rd to then rge mr.' For $. difr.Enliar di.gnGis of rte Fo6tos, 

sp.ci.liz.d essdr is n*sry whi.h n porsibte ar ehot asv. 

childrcn with d'st.xi. s)mproms sn b. diasno*d at arty schooling. prcblem 

situ.tion in l.ani.s develop in sond lhdc tevet mons these childrcr. An €rty 

idcntifieron of sLD @ b. hetpfil for lh. s!fi-*r. Th* chitdEn tu b. eEncd out 

ed ntcfl.n.d al dty r.s6 (Maid, t97t). Functio of eEnins is si-pct nlion 

and prebLns dhgDos.d at dty skgrs G noE .sity @p.d wirh. Mr.y chitdM with 

SLD le.m ncurarety bul unfonunarcty! lh.rc is tek of,bility to t.m in sFciti. No 

tlong with th. l4k ofapFftpriate t lchins dircctions. fte childE, wirh SLD csn lo 

aeuntely wnh apprcpriar sd spei.liad teaching t&hniqu.. Th€ srly dialnosis of 

th* childEn e lcad to ihe removal of s@h bt@ks lo nooat leming {Joh,son, l98o).

Differert pbcedures dre adopred to a$as the chitdEn tor SrD ii the wodd. 

Prior ( | 996) $gg6id six .sssrhb in lh. .lfficnl of SLD thal inchd. iitclliede, 

rod.nic achidemena, linglage abititica, fienlion dd n.mory. visuit, sparial, md 

nolor sp..d oap&iti€s. Dydexia Asecislion ot rr.tdd (2003) h6 eivcn citeria 6, th. 

prrho.dlcatoml esmdr of rhc dystcri.. I. rhis sm.nt in.ddarid lo hding 

and sithlj l.ning reachd rcport is ale coBid.r.d h€bftI. Bansor Dyst.xh Unh i2002) 

oficr pclimi.ary scre.ning nd rhen asesenr senies eFied or by chdcEd 

Edlerional Pstlnobsidr. Blmi6 (2fi8) h6 Mmm..d.d rhe di!8!6is or sLD !o 

s rh. .xtrcme di$Ep.ncy beN.en ead.mic perfom.n*s particutaly ii te8urge 

readine orsp.llineand shdotdi4dtesr! of co8ririvcabitit . 

Among cd@ritul ptlhoto*is|l, SLD is a w.lt |@8riad pDbtcD *hich t€ds 

towads dysfundion in difi.Mi oes of skils. ChitdEn wirh SLD @ found in every 

dNem Th.E e no sF.ific pmcaduB fo. th. idcnlifiation ofth SLD in r€din& 

wning ed sD.Uing in pa*islari hngug. Udu. fi is d.si6bt. ro i&nlit *h@lchit&tn 

when tn.y h.vc spent sm. yqu in leahing readins, wririns od sp. ins. Ehployi.g 

diffeftDt peed!res h idcdiry lh€s chitdcn, Sc@ning Chccktjsr has bai devetopcd 

in rhir srud, ro Eotd rh. ctds r&h.u obe.varion abor rhe cnikEn. lt als 

pmpdses to 1d.nliry auditory, visual od orher physicat disorders. Abitiry re rsi is ats 

u*d io ch*k its di$repu.ics riih lh. rchicvcm€nl $oar i, din*nt subjeta ris 

tud, B cls ehicwDdrs frdn $h@t datulrion dod or nud.mr, Fbaly. 

ditreEnl tcsts in s.quenrict tlsts, non,r.rbrt perceptions, ishl len idenlifianion, dd 

dK.n@ p.Mplioi\ verb.t tit.Ecy in rclding, witirg dd sp.Uing hdve h..n dcvclopd 

ror lh. i{kndficafion of lhc problan in olh.r sp€ciaE @s or tming. Thc criniog 

siluation oirhe idcnlifi€rion dd ctr$itic.rion wth refcrcn€ ro the SLD ofchitdr.n in 

cralsem ts ml a@uE8ing. pr+d.ion of lhc mpEhdsih di.gnctic prc.dEs

for childEn uirt SLD cn.bl6 a klchq ii $e dstum io ttcnri& dE liudenr sior 

sFcilic t oi,g Dmculrics ln derctopang e idividuatiz.d .d@tion.l dD for rhcs 

childrcn. This is p@bably ! leoding and iniovative task in idcnlificdion oithc cnikd 

Srlt nert of th. prcbt.m 

Thc pbblem Dndcr rhis sludy was io d.v.lop conpFhensivc dlago$ic 

p@cducs rtr rlE idcniifiodo of cniBd wirh sLD in E ding dd wirjnS Uilu. tr 

inclu.lcd d.v.lopnor ud votidarion ol Sca.ni.S Ch@&list &d $e tu.,.rdjz.d Td 

Baicry addE$ine in di,Tcrcnr e6 or tcd,ins 

fic obj4riEs of rh€ srudy eE ro: 

Obj.ctivs ofrbe Saudy 

Dcvelop od v.lid.t the ohec{isr for scE.ning ofSLD lo diasnos a mne. of 

disbiliiier dd asiaLd pobLms. 

D.wlop dd tud.tdiz a Tec a.ncry co6iei.8 of th. ao @n,s s. 

l- Sequ.n tiat Prcbten T?sr (syr) 

2- No-v.rbat p.cpdos T61 (Npr) 

3- Rishl L.ii lddaficlrim Tcsr (RI|T) 

4, Disrancc p@plions Tcst (Dpr) 

5- Lcno Reoennid Tcsl (LRT) 

G R.adins CmpEh.nsid T.sl Ecr) 

7- wdting Compr.hcnsion cnd nshanics Tcsl (wcT)

R.6.mn eu6tiois 

TIE snidy wa @nducr.d b ssEr ltE fo oBing qrcnions: 

Q- I \vhd ws lh. pd.t4c of SLD oong 66 & / Bnd. slutdls in cgut 

-h@ls 

in Patise? 

Q. 2 Hop rhe tcachds ed potesion.ts w.rc dcltiog wnh lhcs. chitdr€n? 

Q. 3 wcre SLD penl i. on. or hoE !c.d.mic fts? 

Q. 4 WeE SLD present in verbat &adcnic aEas ,tong wiri tle M6ted pmblems? 

Q. 5 was lhere My disrcpincy bcrwen the lbitily (le) dd &hievde (sEs in 

Udu) ofth. cnitdrcn wnh SLD' 

Q.6 weE lhe ehiereoent scoEs in $. subjer ofUdu of lh. childEn whh SLD 

Q.? 

Q.3 

osiste.r wirh rh. diagro$ic Lsrs h @di,8 ed *rili,g? 

Wcre khe6 obe^dioc 63isr.nl with rh. diogdic t srs &rd pc€d|B? 

w@ thft uy diftcE@ oa sEs o ditrcdr i.s6 lmmg gdder and 66, 7i 

Significrrc. of th. Saudy 

It is on of lh. oajor pobl.@ of th. .e.rrion.t chitdFn espeialy vjrh 

lsmi,g diebilitics in Pbtislan rhal lbcy e ,ot DBperly degno*d dd lre.cd 

.oording lo then spccific dimcutli.s in sFcitjc a@s. Chitdr.n wilh SLD cd not 

pe om well in lelbal l.sks but rh.y arc fairty ged .t non-verb,t abitily p.fomece 

tlsts. Especiolly fien p.rfom.ncc in eadcmic a$i8nhenls is not eood. 

I he lelch.r 

onen dcs.or kno* thc nalurc oflhcir pobtems, as $cy e eusi.s huble ih doins 

aigm.nis. Teohc6 @ &sing $.n p.rfomo,c. widr our h@ns $cn Bl 

d.ficiqcics in Erbal .nd noD-vi6lt ae ofahiad.nt Thcy lrEd dd ercn punnh 

tfim harshq cmsiderins rh. lru&nr l.zy sd du .

Childd w n difrioldcs f@ pdbhm i, ii0crprclarion of$. eds afttr eiDs 

il r@n lhe b.6rd, nor.b.ok or fM ..y othcr b@q e u,.d. !o Ep|$d@ rtE s. 

woid or 6pd!d a pmpcly s cquiEd. Such tF.s of ,rebtcns of r[e childEn are 

b€oni.g hindtmes in lhd ctss@m D.rfomqcc, Mdy of rhe chitdEn md cope 

with circumslancB dd quir th.ir funn.r .ds.lion, lrn r (2000) reported rhe 

pe@nta3e of sLD Mong alt di$bilhi4 t 51. to by rhc us D.p4naot of Edu€tion 

1993 in rhe Annual Report lo Co.8r.$ on lh. imptcnc otion of tle Individuats *ith 

Disabihics €duoation Acl, which b rh. greatd perccntase ,s conpoEn to a olher 

oat4ori6 ofdislbiliry. ln P*nl!n, thc h.rucy rdc al primrry levet is,or encoumging. 

No .xact sLtisliB aor rlE prevat.ne of SLD e available. Howevq, tire@y EL in 

Pakista4 @rdin8 ro thc Lit.ey Codni$ion of prkisiin, Mi,isEy of Edncation Cor. 

olPakislnn {2{xr0) is 47.2 %. Accodins to CrA world Fd B@t (2002) LiFEcy in the 

Natios nd T.Ei1ori6 of the wdld. fi. s.risri$ for 

's6 

2OOo md 20Ot, tit tu, Etc 

is 43 % ed Patitu slatrds r rt'c r 9On posilion i. rh. tisl of 210 counEi6. rn uo{hd 

EFfi oftne Dairy Pati$n Tim.s (2004), tiEry dlc ot p.tistan isjd 54 %. T1* 

Epots do ml snow dcdEgiog a&r, lbout fi. |ncGy @ndnion of pakistd_ Anons !I 

rh.s f&rs ofrh. lir!@y, drop oul 6tc in prim!ry cducarion in pakistan is ats high. tt 

6 Ep.ded in daily Davn (2002) rhlr J0 % chitdr.n .,@[ed in prinary schmls, 

drcpp€d our berore conpledDg gndcs tiv., This dmp out mte is highest in sourh Asia 

dd comes at l12, as smpar.d ro 98 tor lidio, t9 for Sri tant

tm.dial m6ucs lo qlter fie problens ofrhse childrei. be.u$ ideirifi@ion lools are 

Id.ntifiotion of SLD is posiht. only when dEE N sui6bt. preduFr.nd 

stlt.h for diogndis lccording ro lhc t@.t noms. Thes. conpreheNive di.gnojric 

pMedurcs will bc hclpful fo.lhe id.nrifiotion of childr.n wirh SLD. n *outd b. 

h.lttul for m.di.l Lshing dd os!rc ih. aadcmic uptift otdc cxetionlt chitdan 

who .omally dDp on 6on $h6t. Tn.e p@do6 pDvidc tu 6y ipp@hi 

cohpr.h..sive rehniquca od Nbt. sy$.m for b.ih ,.gutar ..d sp*iat eduqrion 

rschcr lo h.lp rhcn *ud.nrs wilh sLD. 

Defiritiotrr of thc Te n$ Used 

Il is $. prNc$ of usins €ns and othq m6uFs oasrud.,s, p€rfonrn* md 

b.hatiour b nalc .d!6rioot daisions. lr @sisr or arolln..r of &chniq!., for 

cvlludins cslin.lin& .ppEisiDS. dd mlting @nctusios ,bour rh. bch.viour, 

p.do6de, and lening ofstudcnts (Venn, 2OOO). 

tu is to decmiE rl'. d@ lnd $!rcc of a F@ s lbndmt bcnaviot &d 

cleiryins the b.h.vior pavd wi6ii d i6.pr.d diaenodic aysr.n. (cEeory, 1996). 

Dlr8ndIic,l$erd.rt Pm.dtrB 

Th. developm.nr ot diag.ostic s,r!.n includi4 @rpEh.nsjE $cDirg ed 

r6llls ,.tu nts !o lint dudd6 t@in8 abitni.s to rh.ir ehot lchi4€mcB in orc 

connnuoB srsto of mc$urement (cregory, 1996),

ll h. @np&is of ffi lo dclnin. sjg.ifetf dif€E.e in.xFd.d ,td 

actll ahidodts in thc i&difiErid of Spcific rffin8 Diebitiri.s (Mctoushlin 

Dyslcxia is evidenl whcn @uEr. ed nuat ed reading dd /d sp.Uine 

ddclo'' vcry i@ompl.t ly or uith grlt dimc!ry. This tels on tiLEcy tadins al 

thc wod l.El dd impli* dar rh. pFbhm is sv.E nd p.6ki.nt d.spic of t6ins 

opronuniti.s (SqoiB aJi MGKGIM, 2006). 

A di$rdcr in one or nor€ ot (hc b6sic psychologioat pr@sss involvcd in 

usin8 l.n!uog., spokcn . NnftD, or ro do md)emaliclt eLutaions inctudi,s 

conditioB s@h 6 p.cptu l hddi€ppcd, bdjn injury, nininum bha. dysf!rction. 

lr it not imludi.g a l@irg pbbLm, which is prin&ily rhc 6uk 6f vist h*in& 

or no|or hdda@ps, or ncnllt Elli.rion, of dod@al dislurbocc, or of 

envnonm.nril. cunudl or snonic di$dvrnrlg. (Lrner, 2|)O(, 

S.enins h d initial sbge durjr! which nud.ds tno. my hav. diddc. ora 

tan'culr p'.dl@, {,i$nt . rftt diebitili.s G $r.d o non $e gcc6t poput.rion 

.nd od.r disbiliri.s. ft t rhc irt.Biw p@.s ofdar! @Iedo, which B ncc.$ry for 

aesm. (Srlvia& Yeseldyk.,200r), 

spelllc L.rnlng Dimctrli6 

Pobl.m in lemi.g thal con iot b. .rsity crplained by tact of i.t ctsl 

or by d.ficidr $hoolins. Thes dificuhicr e i. teftsl od ,on-vcrblt @ 

ldgqrgcs, E dans, s!.ttirg, wirirg..d n h.rorial qtatrids (pior, |996),

CHPTER II 

REVIEW OT LITERATURE 

The sludy @Nist d ot the d.vctorhent ond lrtiddjon of rhe @mDrchcnsive 

di.gnoslic p@d!res fd rh. idc ifi@ on of chit{tEn wirh sLD. This kind of nudy 

Gquncd inrensiv. theoElicat freework. For lhis purpose, the lir.rar@ prolided rh. 

tu€t{ut dimqsio$ of SLD ed th@Eliqt bash ot r.st {Grctopm..r During ttE 

rev,.* of lir.mtuF. em. s)ronlmourty usd Efts like dystexia md t*ming 

dis$iliries w.E @Bid.Ed. Ch.tuLrhtics dd sp.cific pbbrehs of ch,tdEr wilh 

dt3l.xio e fEqlcndy rhilabt. in rhe lircmrlE. Th. tiieEtuE includes some sp.circ 

pobren aB such d S.qucnriot prcbtrms, R€di.g ed Witing Conprchension ofrhc 

Tne lirraru@ on lh. pobtem aM of studenrs wirh SLD aho betps in the eqrly 

tddrificjrion of rh.F sludcnq o Micn lhis nud, pt.es Ducn dphsi, I$., Ehrd 

lo ile a$s.nr ofdEe studcnrs, s avait.ble in tbe In mr@i leE 

The litenruE aho Mincs lh. thmljcrl isu6 Eslrdins rhe nBuEftenr or vatidit, 

.nd eliabiliiy oarh. resrs lscd in rh. nudy. Lir.EtlE on dd qatys,s h.lp.d ro 

derhhe ihc diffrculty tcv.t ed disginimlioD indcr or a ihc r.as us.d for 

The Cobce ofSLD 

SLD lii.mtuE lg rh. rm .dystcxi!, srron)mocly ri,r chjtdd D fe 

ditncuhiB in langlage rctarcd e6. Wod ,Dtstexi., can b. brok n dorn inro lener 

Sroups d's ed lexia,. Nhich ma djnod.d wohds in adins sd wnins A@tding 

!o spa,loil ald Coser (1996) rhe rem ,dyslexia, is nor presnr in h@nE untit tatc 

1800. Hinsh.lNood (s circd in Spanord & cDssr, 1996) epon c fial rhe sjmile

diftcub oflanruase w6 tened as.ldyslcxia', by Bcrtin in t877. In t962, Kit u$d 

th. Em "lming disabitity, in rhc Iouowing dcinidoo. 

A reding disabitiry cfds to Elardarion, dierdcr, or detsyed devetopnent in 

one or moE of the p@s of spcch, tssug.. ddin& w.irinS enhDclic. 

or othq eh6l subjers Eslhing frcm a psychotogic.t hddiclp aued by a 

posible ccrebral dysfunctioi dd / or emolionll or b.haviou {tinulbance. lr 

r not $. Esuu or mcnLl Erardarim, es.y d.privalon, d cun@r lnd 

'hstncr'onat feto ip, 263). 

The Em ..leding disbilfty.. adoDr.d 6.fucraonlt m w,hour pd.d.nrs b 

tuid. those who atEnpted !o dcfine il .nd silho €sEh or @moon us,gc rnich 

would asfi in irs approp.iar. fomuration s a fuctioMl t m., (Cruicrshotq 198t. p. 

8l rs cired in Obai t99r). 

A simjlq d.finition lDpc@d in t975 in public Low 94, 142, the ed@lio. for all 

H.ndiqpp.d chitdm acl. tr *6 ate i@rpodcd in pubtic Lae lot, 476, th. | 990 

Individuals wilh Disabitilica Educalion Acl (IDEA), and h lh. 1e97, Amendmcnrs to 

IDEA iPL( l0t- | 7). The d.finilion of heins disbiliri6 in re{cEr raw h lnc bljis of 

nost eare d.nnido6 ad is u$d by nlny $noh (M.rcer, .,ord.n, At$p & Mcftcr, 

I 996 6 cicd in Lcmer, 20OO). The redcmt definition of tem ing d,sbir ili6 in lh. I 997 

IndividuG eirh Disbitiri.s Educalion A.r is: 

The tem ..Sp€cific Lcaming Diebilily,, atus thos cbitdrcn who hav. a 

diFrdcr ir oe or moE oa dE bsic psFhoto8iqt p'lBss ,nrcj\d in 

unde6bnding or in using ttrsu,gc, spoken or wiinen, whioh disodcr 6ay 

ndif€sl irs.tf in inp.rfet sbitiiy ro lisLq rhinlq sFlk , Ea4 Nnq sF . or b 

do narh.ndical qlcutations . Th€ r.m includ6 such condnions a p€rceptorl 

hqndidpp.d, bain injury, ninimuD brain dysfun.lion, dyst.xia and

developmental aphaia, The Gm does not inctudc a lming pFbhh, which h 

prindily $c tNh of visut h@jng or noror hediap6, of n.n1!t dad.iio, 

of enolioml disrlbde, or of cnvionm..rat, cul@li or snomic 

died@t gc (ltrcri 2000, p. 9)_ 

TheE .rc fiEe nain B$mplions b consid€r rhis d.finnio, foi diagnosis, Fi6! 

ih. I@iDg pbblm is sp@ifrcj individut hs di$dq in onc n ioE hdc 

psrcholqjc.l p@s d cognirik ag. Si.g.t (6 cii.d in ob@!, l9l ) !'su.s rhd rhis 

kind ol sp€citichy is utr .lislic. Sies.t nllntoi,ed rhal if djes knds of chitdcn hove 

pDbhnr h oft c.gnitirc @ n {utd .t&.r ! wiry of o{ha ..!L, 6 @din& qidn& 

spcati4 and lisr.nins d wcU, 

s@.d amplio of tming djs.rbitiry d.finnms I le ehjdch.nl 

o$Epdey! which is atb @nnDBid. lr ssm€s rh.r Chitd,, &hi.vdd desuEd 

with the stddaidized ahicv.m..t tesls is ind.Fnd.nl of$e obili.y thll is n4@d by 

sundlrdi4d lQ rsl ed te ses ,ilt nor tc sff,cr.d by die pEsc@ or SLD. Thiil 

d$urplion lhal l.oins diebilny is no! ! Rsutr ofsom. orhcr on

.m "dyst.xi." is ! uinry rcm vi$ en. $@ific d.vidr ondirio.s (pmfEy dd 

Rason 2003), Tnis study used the lco SLD 6ai umbrcla, which inctudesa divcue 

sDuD of childM Nirh loins pbbtcms jn 

'E 

ot udins od wrilins U.du. Th.s 

sluddis may h.re int.rul q.xremit @.ens fo, fajljn! b Ld. Id.spcliv€ of @son 

for failu@ in laming lh. interv..rion, prc€$ is de sc fomu sudenr. The toltowine 

dcrini.ion sivd by Ausr.tid Natio,l Hqtrh od M.dist R.s4h councit (1990) is 

Speific lming dimcu cs Et r io substa.tiv. popodid 1016 % of 

childEn od adolc$ols *ho cxnibn p,obt.m ii @rcropodr,l and 

eldcnicskitts. Th. dimcuhes arc considered ro rcsuti fbh on. or mor. 

oroE followirg a&iou r@lkcMt, dcv.topmcnr!1, phrsiot .dr $nsy 

dcfet, inadcquarc .ovimM.nr.t expeie@, hck of apprcpriaE 

.ducationat opponuniti.s (!. 2). 

Errly Id. ilic.tio. rnd Scr@ ng 

A child h coBidcrcd beinE SLD ro an e*nr hi&lu che&Lrisdcs, nalching 

wid the list ofsigns sivcn by $c qp€tu. towner, ttu.&EBage o u. wly s,8N 

ol SLD hr rhR evidcnc.s. Tm.r (2000) desrib.d rhe .vdcnc.s 6, co.stanr 

f.atms, pEourcoN od conomitans. tn onsrrnt fedu,.s, il is @nsid.rcd rhst lansurg. 

cdt_ol dililcuttics prnicutatt in wordl erndts, pcuis nom osc 4lo t? 

'€s. tn 

lhis p@blem child may show disrurbon€ in phonotoSial prG$ing, turing .rc, 

PEc@E includc the fDily hjjory dd childlood symptoDs tik legnase dct.y. 

Con@nibna G de indidr tunlEs thar ma, @onptuy ln. diedfr at uy Civcn 

$a8e. rn concomjrulq onh*raphic sbitiiie: ndory and sohmlchitd\ ideresl arc

Fmily hisbry is import ,t for .dt idenlif@tid. SLD h b.ti.ved !o b. g.retic 

rclat.d prcblch thar sivcs riF io *u,ologiat problen, Esuhing inlo cogritiye 

dtsalrcrid 6 w.tt (Riddick, 1995)_ B,irHr lrystcxi. Ashiion dcpiccd (s cii.d in 

Turner, 2000). rhor e&ty *rccnins ce b. nade !r erly ase iD aI chitdM just ln.r 

joi.an8 lh. $h@li.g. fte indk 106 e not ph,siqt $ indianj@s EguiG rim.: rhis 

is oncn a gEdual prcce$ fi.t |.k6 plae over a pedod ofdnc. prior (rq6) @nrods 

thal child fetinss od sp..iri6 ro d6t wilh .ss.sc wo .sssmr shourd bc 

consid.Rd. Th.rc h shoncr co.cenhrion in younger ohitd dd l6t lhould b. pEprred 

aEoding ro rhc !8.. A@,!in8 !o Riddick (1995), Rqd,c Agc should b. @si.t F4 

to follow *ith chonolosidl ig.. As f& as cdccm is about irhily hinory, if cto* 

fioily ndbcu ft sdenr wilh SLD, siens in child my b. co,sidered for sLD 

di.grosir b{r ifnorhr o. aafi.r is sLD rh. chd@s of SLD idolitic.rion incr@. 

Riddicl ( | 995) indicat d rhal in siN ce5 ! farhtr ed in tivc css a morhcr ofa 

sLD, childEn s4 .taiD.d ro h. SLD or lo h!w, hd 3imitar difitcufti6, Ai.r th€ 

fdily hislory, orher eely iidiotoN !@ Elqtcd lo p4nr and !qohe6, obscdationr 

ahout th. child. Ftr ch&nolosiql ad qdin3 !g. s TMcr (z(x,o) &ctaEd $ar, 

rcaoh.^ md Fdr.nh aE succ.$fut sutc for rhe colcction ot dir! .boul lh. chitdEn in 

childE. wilh sLD fe. 3Deeh d.t.y and difijcuhi.s donS chitdEn wnh SLD 6 

cldk, Sllclnou$ dd snowli,g (6 cir.d in Riddicl, 1995), Epdled. Ahhough 

SDowli.g a(t $ackho@ (s cir.d in Ritdick r 995), direEd to em. dEnq bur in dEn 

eudr.i ftey included .infomot indiaiion,.such as hr. sp.4h, * dce folhalion 

dificultics, siopl. srd pMooming dificuhies, til. sying .hum- or "&d., ed 

unclcar voice. Augur (6 cir.d ii Riddick, 1995) incllded notor djmcuhcs, s d 

tddnioul Ehred siSn fd SLD idqrifrdion. prcbt.m in t.mjrg nuery tirrn.i poo.

shofiem n.morr. diilcutty i, temin! ncw nm.s, t.n r 

probt.m tud 

dislikins for rcding bookr m rte th. rigns ofSLD. 

'd€ntificaion 

TteE rE obvious @ding aod wn.ins probt.ms in fics childE.. .n., e do* 

tud rae eme moE dificulri.s. Slo* spc.d of*od

sLD rdd S.qu.llDl pbbt.os 

Sod.nr5 with SLD hak dificutrics in m!.y .B_ TlEs dirautrie vrry in 

scvcrily. Frcquency of$quencing and sp.tiat rtllionsnip diffioulti.s in SLD t hish 

scqkncins is doins Ihinls d pudi,g rhinss in rlcir colEr ord.r and fottNins 

diEcrions. It is ob$rycd, for.Mptq rh.r chitdren wirh SLD fEqucntty lack rl,. idea 

abour orde, of no ts (poltek & w. q t995). A 3uncy indi@lcs th.155 D.Ent ot 

rhc rotal stoddtl coutd d @iE ihe Dorh of y@ in co'Er order. A G! 6 bn risnl 

id.ntification h co.cemed, SLD showed nor onty highq rate ot@ntusion witt ight bn 

6{ .l$ ah.oi rh.t body pan5! i. ., ngh! Lg, bn d, rignt c}q .a. Th.} had pobLms 

wirh lhe s€qu.nce ofndths ofy..r. days ofrhe wek, wods m

orher asFcts of l.nguages! lite oFI telurge spetdng md writing (Seyoor dd EvdN, 

r999). 

Ev.rt individuct has to ps thrcugh lhe equentiat sr.gcs oI teaming io @d. 

Defici.nc, in dy stilt of Flrrins ala,r.d b a padicur, s68. grc ,r$ lo Edins 

probl.hs, wheder lilh word @ognilion o, with E.dins comprehe,sion, N.vennebs. 

ir h inpotuit 10 consid.r rhd *hclh€r rlr individut ir no-SLD p@r Ead.r o. SLD 

poor eld.r. Therc ,re mot rherics .nd dcscnpdons of rhc wars in whioh chitdcn 

red io Eld p4enl.d in rh.ir dieNion. Horcvd. lh€E & mry 

the ids rhal rherc is a *quential developme of tehine prccess or eadi,g! staning 

fion b.sinnins tewl or qding to rrr cnd or st ilt.d @di,g s|ls. (Ma^h, Fnedon, 

weloh and Deiberg as ciled i. prior, 1996) 

wqd ognitio is all,incd i, sr.g6. Fid s6& Dcnrocd by r,hn (2000) is. 

''logogmphic" (p.190) 6 prior(1996) dd Elis (1995) have sEred nlwo suEsllgo, 

in fd sbg. "clu6 .e ttr6 for @ds @gniri6 m.dncs by rrsut ,i{uE. Whjch 

may b€ a lcner in a word, then llophisri@l.d Cuesin8,, (p. 22), whrch js d crrtiesr srdgc 

*h€E childm do nor urddst Id,o.d, e conpos.d of phoM.s, or sDcch ebd' x 

is a Ecognilio. sk8c, ro. @Uins, lhich $an fDm ctues loms oI loeos, picruEs, 

colc,.id sharcs tud .(G.r .!e of vitut simihriry a, Gpone ro uE ed b.ang 

rcad" iPrior, 1996: p, 22). Sighl v@butary incEes allhis suse. The sc6nd siaee is 

phonrc or .!tph.b.ric sL9.." *hich involves acqlisilion of 86ph.ocDn@hq 

decodin!, ond eurdin8 out ntcs. This srase end3 ar nai@ alphabetic sr4e, vhcF 

child is abl. b DaI. ,oF*ords. 

l-ast slage is onhogaphic 

strge in which chitd ser rhc bo*led8. of sr[ablq 

lnd nolPh.n6. In go@t, rh. r&!oR.fidirg rh. word @gnirion e? fimiti.rir,

fieq@ncr, and agc of acquisilion, Ep.liiion, neaning dd conlcnt spcuing, solDd 

ESorqity lnd i .@lioG ofll aborc f&ro6 (Ellis 1995)_ 

SildenB with SLD do nol .chi.v. lne s(ces .r a sEges; 3ucces &pcnds on 

culy E€ding foundariq sElc ..t@ing disbirjiy driFs who th.E is a flitur lo 

d.wlop rnhc. on. d rhe orhq syslen or to nde su@$6ltty from om n 8. ro lh€ 

.cxt (rher, 2000, p. 23), ChildEn otun stuck lo togos,aphic s!ds.. ChildEn *nh 

SLD naj hav. pobl.n wilh sia, sh.pc, @nc.pb hctpj,S dd by Siting thc coeprs 

of sia and sh.pe tike t.Bc, sroll, rcuid. circte. oval, bhnsl€, shon, wid.. clc. , 

(Pollek oftl wllkr 195). Som. chitdm show pbbtd in deodins *ords. Hoscrcr, 

if ho$ pFblcG p.în d. Esutt is in ev.rc disbiliry (pior, lee6). 

Di$cpMcy assed dwins @dins wirh rspet to th. .gc of lh. chitd h 

indi@d orlh. pobt n. ta.8c od a&tilg.s*sm.nr h nor co,risLn. wilh lh. noms 

rhcn pobl€m h susFcted !s Doyte dd Snowljn! (20{2) de$ribed thai actu.Iy 

@$mqt slan d wnn $o baic qEslions 

l - How wclt . child shoutd be exp*led r ud? 

2- HN ell (or badly) b lh. chitd r.ding? 

n B uetul ro l,ow nos nuch indivi{tuat hs elu. y ud.6roo{t of whot h. h4 jlsr 

rc.d. Thcy nrdhd desrib.d, "A D@ud ot. chitd\ @np,lhosion ofien is vatuble 

di.snsing dimculiej (p: Irl-t4). Comprehensio of t.nsuag. cM b. ffincd 'n 

by 

a Nhb.r ofm.lhods. The$ methods inctude ability to copy. abjhy ro tok€ diontion, 

lbiliry ro ass rh. e@y oa tpetti.g aid sped. FE. wiring nry .ts be jldgcn. 

Pollocl ond Woll.r (1995) dcsdibe! sonc lypicat SLD kdng nlslokes, such as rqd 

vcry rlo*ly !d show h6ibliotrs. fouow tilr wtn hi, figlrq ed l@ pt@ by Disins

Rodilg C,rpEhdior 

Alon8 wid rhe @ding pobl.6 rheE !E rcadin8 co6D6ncBion problcm in 

sLD 6 Loer (2000) d*rib.d thar iD SLq t@ins diebitiry 6 @ur wi$ onc of rh. 

bdic Eading skilh, "vord rccogrilio.,or edine "comp6h.nsion,. ORcn sadins 

compEhcnsion is o b6sic pobl.m, be@ue $ne SLD srodenu sa nery o fic hs,cs 

of rod @gnilion.lher pobleh disr wirh Mdin! onpEhensio,. tr is.Oded by 

the lhintiDg ol @dd, eadafs bekgbund knoNledg., inteEn sd Edjng situ,rioD, 

wis.nd olen (l9t) harc d.srjbed fiat reading conprchcnson pobtos m.y aie 

Nnh deficn in dy word Ecognilion p@s. whcn probld is with Nord Ecosnitjoh 

be. n bnds ro a.uht und.6ilndins. sonetim.s wh.n diebt. Eade,sec€d in 

idenlificslion oa rords! but Gmains tes bpid in .uiomiticit, nerted for noency of 

E dinS cmpGhdsion. Sde oth.r prcbtms nry atF g&c irs ro Fading 

comprehen$on pDblcn. Dunns, Mdk ed waddt (s cited in wis &otei, l99t) 

lound dat @din8 conDEh..sio n nc d€pendenr m ,sd @gDili@ rhD listeni.g 

conprchension. Word recognilion qn b. identifi.d by lerbat inlelicene toctor of 

wIsC. lf rcrbat inr.Iigc@ ir nomar, rhq mpah..sio poblch ts drc ro *sd 

eoS.irion. According ro Hcl.y! A,a, Ho@wiE and KessLr (6 cii.d in Wis &oten, 

l9l) $c Fople with n@!t te md low *ord @snnion abitiry @ a .d sLD. 

Diasnoses of Eodin! cobpEh.osion cdn be done with verbar hr.tjige,@ dnd word 

e4,ilion ability olchi&t. 

stude.ts virh SLD show pmblen in .l wilin8 prcces deordmg ro za,aSoa 

(a ci€d in sprford, & c'bg, t996). t1E qni.g pllr@ nay b. divid.d in0o 

primary, middle, ed sond!ry kidngs. pdmary Midn! EfeN ro heh&ios ofkiling. 

which includs s!.tlir8, puncrulioq mpiEtiz*io,, hind*rjiDs, tegibirig, gmm, 

spac'ng etuen Enc6 dd spacinS berwEn words.tut pmg'aph' fie niddl. dd

lt6(,lrt witing dal ei$ qutir.riv. @npn..B of wirins. puncnrrids' 

capitllizations, .nd smmoar .106 ore sonedmB igrocd for yourg ohitdEn, Some 

gpiol sLD sp.llins hislat s dsib.d by Bomby ( 1984) m $Ms o.dcr ot terbs of 

sp€llins, bircr wriline for nunb.r od tdter, poduci.s in incoftcl sn.pc, Nrning 

r.v@ i.n6. sEh .! b 6 d, hd inwninS t.deE such .5, n s u. 

ln sunoary, dimcuhica in rcadiig ft ooc of th. signiiiqnr pobt.ft ofthc 

sludols wiih SlD. Thcy suEly ha pobt.n widr l@ins 10 rcad. Arthogh rh@ e 

e mary othcr.ssiard ditlcutrieE tik! pe, sp.lrin!. stow dd inharurc wririns dd 

inabilit b de.l with nmbc.r, bul readjng dinculty h th. pinc,pat l€&. chitdEn wid 

SLD nrk s hih . caus for corceo in firn plc. tr is idpotunr rbar cnrtd wirh SLD 

should b. Ms.d for rc0di.g .$@idcd dificuln6 s ee as mduft or rn. cNtd,s 

cooprchensio or rcxr rd SLD diasnGis (Snowtins, 2oOO). 

Speed oi rcadi.g is anorhd probl.m of sludcnrs winll SLD, *hicb suppon, dr 

ido rh.r dey c& b. diasmc{t *h.n @pyi,g nuh bold ir .ts nvorv€s @mpch.6ion 

whar the child Nds r@n bo!d. Aocording lo po oct dd Wo er 0995) and fie 

rouddaon ca8., sr E dins of !s! ? and .borc, mpEh€nsio ot uding F6isr5; *n 

olh4 rc.dins p@bt.ns am over@ne. Further, ,lpcah pbbr.ms e. oti.n onty 

@.sid.rd if rniclhtio. is ldC $ it is nol inctudcd in SLD djlgn6ii ahtDuStr spe.h 

ptrcepnoi invotr.s codpEh.hsio, of tanguige $d lhis is a specific sEa of ttugugc !o 

bc @n!i&Ed for SLD di.gnosis. Trre chitdcn als shq..@ntusi@ ov.r sinird 

sound'n8 wodJ' (p. I 8). whit vods .@ ro b. confus.d by sLD dep.nd on norher 

longlc qhich sholtd b. &sd fo dysl.xi,_ Doyl. (2002) bclicv6ltul dlc b th. 

slafos or lmgoag. .s secmd tanguag. ,@di.8 @utd tkc tons.r ro s.r BlablBhcd.

The dialrosis is .s io dermin. rhe naluE, eurce of ! peMn,s abnoml 

bch.viou dd clsirying fi. b.navi@r pslr.n wirhin o !@pad dia*no6tic sysren 

(CEgory, 1996), TheE is . diaFoslic jysten for thc comprehcNive l6tin! to linl 

$uddrs lming abitirig b ricir $h@l ,chi.vd.nr. This system hs r*! ldvellg6. 

On. is.curalc cohpori$n ofscoEs sd sccond b convenience. Thh diagnosric sysien 

povnl.s dciv.d $06 fo.ll ndc in r&ious dohaiN ess.d in rc di.gnostic 

srsLm. Diag.ostic aysrcm povides norc rcu6t cohpdhons of a pcMnt 

perromoe in dift-cmt dom.ins! Nhich is baen on fi. s. gmuF dd rh. dqivcd 

scoEs BE m rbc differenl donains. Th. diagnoni, sysr.m prcvid.s a co6rEh..si!€ 

scccnDg and e$mmr mcthds atong rilh dj. noridal nomi 

noms ror cop€risn (Salvir .nd y$tdyk., 2O0l ). 

Asesncnr ol chitdEn witn sLD is not e simplc, Tnen probleDs ii Eadins sd 

wnjrs m (ulii-aaer sr!d..b *irh SLD cmc frcD difeBr blctstuundl *,hich 

inlchct wirh rhcir difficuhics, Ase$n.nt otcbitdrcn dd ldultr shoutd b€ mqdc widr 

difcmr m6ues. TMq (2()OO) sugscskd rhar in $m. childrn orty sisrc or SLD e 

ovcrome wilh $he.lfon o! hhavioat modifi€lio. bur nol se..6l odutthood .lrhoDgh 

beinS SLD. Brlor dd Br.dly (6 cit d in Rjddictq r95) depEcd smc faruB in 

lhE. Md fou. y.4 as. chitden who Bcftt risk bur not bid for d1}hing. Tney 

@mncnd th.r lh. child shoutd no! b€ dir8no*d s sLD utit al 7 yG oflsc. 

Ehl@tions inctude sed.rdi2cd r.sri.g oa inlcllig.ncc md !{d.mic 

Frfomance, s wcll 6 additioEl diagnorljc poccduB for daem,oing lhc sp.citic 

natuc orlie@y Md rolirnlf.s {tcv.lopn.,n. Clss@o obsRlnons e condsred 

on as ned b&sis, A$e$ment p&*aCes inctude pmni,nd cacher confeEn@s, winen

i.pons d.r.iling 4*sme.t d$lls, dilgnostic iDpEsro.s, 

plans (Trevalha,2001). 

'n|enenlio. 

For dilgnorins etuiog dd As$sm.nr n is sugg.ncd $ar Cha.r*d 

Ed@tioMI Pstrhologisrs shotd ca.rt oul Ksot for SLD. tt noy be codd€d 

rhough od lnc ag. @se lilm pa sh@tchitdEn ro adutrs tud Ef.ft{t aohd

sr.ndardi&! inohdins stud..6 with toning diebililies ere, @iviDg speiat si@s 

'n 

school scni.g {WehsLr, t 92). 

For SLD dilsnosis dd !ss.sd( 0@6 of te e iot.@gh dd s. 

ooer iesG .G lls usd. wood@k R..dins M,sr.ry TGls- R€vaed (WRMT,R t9s7) 

is us€d ro pinpoi 3nddrt watres &d jFnsrhs in roding. tls fom (O) conbjned 

visul Audilory kming Len.r td.nlifiotion ild suppl€ment L.rcr Checktisl of 

Rading R..dinesr which @ ormonly us.d fd sLD diacnosis. T.st of w ten 

SFlli.g '2 CrWS-2) h us.d aor sFling skiu. trs bodr suhrdr e s|ldldi4d dicrarion 

te'ls (cEloay, t96). Td of wrina t!8ue. ,2 Gowt 2) cmpris.d o t6 

suhlGls.nd ued for Mding ed wridn! sljlk. h is ako a sed.rdiz.d tsr 

(Mol,ughlin dd L.*in I99,t). 

Di$Ep€rcy b.NM dE dill.Enr rasls in Edjng od wiring dd ehool 

.chidch.nB lad us lor ttE diagnosis of rhce chitra. A(ddirg to rcb ran 

I,cp.dl@r ol P3r.hoto4/ unit*iry ot K.nnrcty rJK (20oj) rh. crmon f6llB of 

th. sLD rE, rh. signifi@l discEp.my b$*en vdbrt dd wrin.n Frfomae, 

misding wh.n copyiog or 1*ing notcs, }oubt. in followins a squcnc. or kephg 

pe wh.n elding trcbl.m in ordcrin! things equeDtidtx uo pc 

poblcm wirh stEltins. Mdn rd Suikr {a citcd in ArFr, Ry Ll&Sc,ht6,2OOt) 

dd.lopcd H.dbo.* in Diasmric T*hing. which snd ro bc. good se or jda 

rbour anfom.l iDcllire dd Rding Gscs.nt. Smir, s (6 ciLd in AlFr, R ndak & 

Schlsi 2001) T..cher Di.gn6h of Edsilion,t Difiioutlies *ss also . e!tue of sLD 

diaclosh, which irchded lh. @ of spcling, readins wnn!. expErsiori sp@h dd 

lmguce sii[o.dc .tn psord ooiiotul-s@iat .tills. Dyslqi! Asiarion of 

lElsd (200r) hB siv.n dE folowing.rii.rh fd th. ssycno{d@ri@l lssrcnt of

l - Conh.l the child s eh@t, *t ch D.y age tul r pbblm drs, 

2- Hav. fi. childt heing and 3igh rn.d io ens@ rnd fieE @ no &uiry 

3- Arege lor a psycho-edualion.l .$c$mdr wirh a qualned psycholoBhr, 

as$mctu shoutd d.sib€ $c Mturc ed ex&nt of rhe pmbr.n ud of.r 

sF.ific advie on ren.diatio.. A t !.h.1s cpdt is atM's vcry h.tpaut in rhis p'!c. 

L&tjng lh. q[h. di*Epancy b.Mn rh. r.im.nts in difrdnl aE $bjeB ot 

lh. urionrl curicutm or widr in oc sobjer, p€nicut.rty i, regu.gq rcadin8 or 

sp.lling ed sr.tutudn.d tesrs ofcognirivc lbitiry, dd onl compchension h h.tpaul 

Th. discrepdcy b.twcn IQ scocs.Dd acadehic pdromoce con b. identilicd and 

u*d for di.gnosins sLD, wtsc-Ifi povide, spmre le $ores in vob.l md 

P.raomne 'tw snd di$EF cy s6 b.tqan rh. two al4 h .te dsid.rld fd 

SLD dhgnosis. Ar individul dsEF,cy of 9 (p < o.Oj) ro 12 (p < O.r) poinl is 

si8nifi@t lndividD.l dieEpacy is nor Bually onsid.red ctjnidly significdr ul.s 

tr 6 gr*t r rho 15 poinls (wechst.r, 1992 dd Klurdo, 1990). Satvio lnd ys*ldyk. 

(1992) whed rhe usN lo be sNirive !o thc contenl or &hisen.nr t$ls lh.t shoutd 

coftsp..d wilh stude s! cuficulum. Thcs. pDbtns in dE a$essncnl of ehi.vcn.rt 

and atih, c& bc aLed by dittedt rsi! n suri.g dr sp€cinc porenist. 

Thc esdr of childEn wilh SLD q b. c6@d by mpa,ing te rsr sr 

wnn dc $h@l achi*enmr! Ldoing disd.6 is djasnosd *h€. th. individqt, 

achrcv.nnt on i&Iividutly adminbreEd, sn

adiviri.s of daily living ltlr DquiE cading, m.0En!li@I, or qiring sldUs iwshinsion 

Th@ e ditT.E.r pccdur.g ,hich e ,vsitabt rd tE i& ifioion of 

childM wnn SLD in rhc difi@t counrdcs of fi. *orld. p'ldrs us€d ror sLD 

idotifidion elwh.€ 6nd be u$d in p.listln du€ !o difemr si@omnic &d 

cnymn(e al condirions. Th. scenin! and sLD T6t Blrcry dewloFd jn this study 

co b€ ed for id.nifislior dd ase$ncnr of SLD studdrs in eFdes 6d dd ?s. 

However. there is ned for d.vclopncnl of st.rdardized i,retrie€nce ond rhievemenr 

le$s i. difeMr @s for stt shoot lmdes a@rding to pokislani condilions. 

Tbeoreti@l CoBider.tions tn T.rt lr.velopmeor 

Witi the con€ptual dim.nsions of .sscnl ot SLD atong ihe nslery 

hackgFund, n is now deiEbt. to Evid rh. licEruc Elalina i6 rhonlkrt 

e6i&dic h rd d.Elopn.nr. Fi6r qoatig ot rhc cc ro b. @si&Ed is iG 

validir, Validdion is a p@s us.d by ! r.sr d.tctop., r i.n us to olt61 did.M 

hal supFtu th€ typ€s of infc@es ro b. dd*n tbm t.n soc (cDnboh, t955). 

validity of a tesr h dcfimd: s Etrr.dftss ot a csr wirh olher simitd n6ubs 

iBlrumdts {NuMlly, 1978), dd s fic dclac to which the L$ n6ms ,b,r it ctaims 

lo neasuE (Vashcsrj 1993). Sp.cific m.rhods ac cmplored for lhc detmiMtion of 

A@dins lo Nunnilly (19t8) rhcc !E rh& msjor tuncrions ot psychotoeical 

m.auEs, ti6r is lbe esLbtishncnr of sbtisriol rlctionship witn a panicule variabte 

s4nd is tne reprst lion of dc speific univ.e of conL.r dd rltit is n6uEmcnt 

of psycholdgial hiB NuMU, d.$ribcd d,@ rr?c, of vllidiiy @Gp.nding to rh. 

abow thr n4uEs' fi6t h6N k Epcer.n by Fldictiv. vatidiry, sdd by 

@ntent vrlidity &d rhird by @sM vatidiry.

wnd Ancri@ Psychotogicat Asi io 0994) 

sr.ndads four bF$ ot tatiiliry KE idcnrin.d *id drfitrnr 

v.lidiricswercr (o) conrenrj (b) predicrivc; (c) concurent; ed 

Am.ricqn P!)cholog'crl Ar$ciahon 9ftt Educed pftdiore 

volidity inb crirerion Elicd vrtidity. 

Cdl. validiry h a @Ept Etsl.d ro tc speinc @me atEady r.ush! io rtE 

nud..r. ibdn vhich rhc rec is ro b. pcplEd. Coror vatidity Equicd lnar conrcnk ot 

a tesl should adequtely Efler rhc p@btcn invotved. Conlcnl taUdily is morc pdip 

wn.n n.6ur.d variabte is wetl cxposcd, which h ide,tified silh the judgm.nt of 

cxFft. The onrem validily is u$ful qhcn nesu,able vadlhte is known jn advec. 

(Sh.lly snd Cohcr! 1936). CESory (1996) pbDoss a tour Doinls ini.r aicr !g@m. 

mod.l for rh. ding @nt ni htidily o *h iEm. 

Aaotding to Muphy ed Davidshofd (t983), .ss'ne rhc 6c!t mtidiry is 

not so sjnplc ond dieE e no cd ocrhodj, MuDhy dd Dnvikhofs $88.st thE. 

sleps for det minarion of @nknl vdlidhlL: (l) lo ctGsig e&h iten bcin! rirhin 

boundai.s of the domaint (2) election of iLms ba5ed on lhc nost rpresnr.rion of rhe 

ch$ifi@lioq 6nd (3) stucture or d. r.* cm b. comFDd witn th. e@luE of rhc 

Crit.rlo! R.L&d V.lidity: ColcurElr vdtdfty 

To d4min. th. &ii.rio EIa|.d vllidjrt, 161 ws e mp.r.d witl' cxGting 

crit.rion ol .tuibutes. Th. sinpt st mahod of dclcmining cntcrio! vatidity i3 

c.lcularing the d.g@ ofcoftl.tion ot r$ts $oB wirh existing n€as!6 of. Fnicul.r 

anribulc, rhich is Efeoed as crilqion and it cd b. ohained qusritallety (Mlrphy and

Mcloul]llinand Lr*is (1994) argu. rh.l6e tem concurEot vatidny is used rhen 

ctuenon mesurcs ore obtained n@ly al rh. soe line as the t.st scoEs In pEdiclivc 

ulidity, lne cnErion n6DB e obain d in tut@ when rhe e,I.c(J of$c ditftE.r 

vdablo hav. @uEd. The iderdncaaon otd. el.rio$ip hr@n $c cnbion od 

pEdicbr @ m..s!cd lhrclgh rhe coGhion. Tn. @fttarion caftci.nr ohain d non 

rhe study of oherion retared votidiry is wonh ob*frine lo id.ntify rhc dn*don od 

sia.gh. Th. positire orelation b€rwc.n th. crirerion ed pfdicro, is providing dE 

suppon ror d.t minirs th€ Elidity. Mctoughtin ed t uis tunhe dph6ia rhat 

Dlik rh. clirbiliry ftc is no $r ol.s tor arLqucy of rh. m.gnilud. of lll. wtidity 

ccfiicidr, Accordins !o Afiisi (1997), rh. cocfi:cidr or @Etation .r mininm 

shduld be sigiifiqnl dd intomation about rne stalislicat si8nificance of tests 

iclationships should b€ povid€! in relesrnanurt. 

Thc lnird IrF of wlidiry i @salct vrlidity_ fic An.ricu prrhotoeiol 

Asaiarion (APA) (a cid in Aln&slsi, t97) oflicialy i rcduccd th. rm @Brrucr 

validity inro lh. psychoherrics I.xicon in 1954 in lhe lechnical ftcoDmendalion for 

psrlholosical lcsls ed diae.oslic rechniqud. The @nslrucr lalidiry of a rcsr is the 

qLn ro which it n66 dE th@Eriat drrwt or F.ir lak vcrbd nrcncy or 

mehdi€l @mpEh.Nion. Jhe @Mcr5 e d.riv.d rlm rhc EtdjoBfiips mong 

rh€ beh.viohl n6uEs. Nmauy (1978) d.&ribcd lhe consrrlcr, as snethins nol 

exislcd 6 dn isolar. or obs.nabte dimcnsion of behavior. Ansof (!s cilcd in venn, 

2000), d.eribc! @nirucl vatidiry as . @nc.pr mdEr ihan ! sel of rehniques. which is 

Elaled wirh dc inLlPEiarion EulGd nm cn sEs. 

Swdsn sd WorN (1989), illBrdl. lh.r to {r.icmirc lh. @nnnct v.lidiry of 

a Ee 6ne musr paisty de6nc thc ch@l.ftics beins studi.d. prcdicions ft ma{te

a!.d on va ations oa 6e individuals on ftis @.srruct, Th.s. Fedictions seec as 

guidelincs lor the resl devetopncnr Crawaord ed Me$ick (6 cil€d in SNinon 

Watson, 1989), @nsi{to lh.lest vilidity lo b. s oleFU jud8odl of ttc ad.guacy 

Esuus obtain d ilm rh. rcst onsrocls. Conbach ed M*hl (1955) b.ti.ve lhd 

s'nslc .xtDal ciLrio is suficicnr ro v.tidac dE ofrci 

CoMct validiiy @ b. dbhlish.d though d.viring cmh s}3|.mdic 

pbc.(iuEs or sleF. fte.duEs tor d.t minjns thc 6tud vatidny ha!. b..n 

su8sesred in steps dhr e ft.q!.nlty usd in consrrucr vatid.lion. Thee sLps ar 

g.nctully rouow€d 6: (i)- fomulatin! hyporh.sis .bout how those diller on lhe prcpos.d 

construcr! do they h fet dilf.r in Et.rion !o olhq consrruols alF2dy v6ti&ted: (b). 

dcvlloping a meNllMent ine.ument which coNiss of itens spejficrly rcpEs...ir! 

thc consrud; od (c)- lsing .mpniot data @ el.d fron hc r.st lo chek ur. 

hyFthdied Eldio.ship (c@tq ard Algid s cir.d in 66oq 200,1)_ Ccgory 

(1996), oli* thc follo*ins ch@.rijics or con$ud hridiq: (r)ts A@tysis ro 

d.ffiine il rh. H ibs d suh6G aE hmoSee6 ond rh*foE ncslG a singt. 

consrtucri (2), srudy ofdevetopr.nat chrngcs ro d.Eoinc if they m consincnl with 

thc lh.ory of ftc onntooq (t)- Reearch ro @e!iai. it group ditrerc 

irc fi@rclicrrly cohshrenli (4)- Anatlsh ro dcrcrmine it itue*enins .ifers o! tcsr 

sorcs arc lhsry conskdri od (5)- conel.rion of $c t sr with olhs rct.rcd ed 

lnElared t.sLs dd d6uEs. 

Consaucl hlidity subsh.s rh. @nl.nt dd criierim rtard v.tjdir, 

r.quirenents (AMi! t99r. Consrld vrlidiry shortd b. d.te.,ni,.d empiria y, s 

psychom.lri€llt fae v.tidity is . Bct .vi&ne of lhe o.srrrct mtidiry wilhour 

.mpnislly esiabhhed @Rici.nr lH{lor .nd p.ndlcro. 6 oit d in Donnelt, l99l).

Coostucl vrlidity is .l$ a f&lor brsd or rh. Mepl m6uFd lhFush ih. Est, 

ot scales. co.sdlcl validiiy could b. givcn do$er nme as rtuionat validily (Nunn! y, 

1978). In faotor dalysis, lh. itehs wnhin . givcn scab snout be *tercd wnh .n 

.bsolutc value of { lea$ .50 for .n iNrum.nt (Fish &d Dane 6 cited in Walk.r, 2005). 

Fed .MlFir sunmi2es $. hr!. d!t! lo subsumc inlo @n!in set othirJ. Thc iiF 

or r4lor &.llsis L to a3xfui, thc fu Ln.nEt McruE of ! r!4! *r of vei.bl.s 

c!l$ (20{N) rnnher irdicild thll CDnLeh ltphr i mdty us.d ro 

.stlblish inlcmal oBinency with ,60 vltucs consid.cd eptoble for .rptosio,y 

purp.sc, .70 values coNider€d qdeqla|c for continlrory puQoss qnd .80 good for 

corfimatory pueoses, ln oddition lo i wh.n.. indic.ro. vdhble h6 towoonnunatity 

.nd tlt a&ror mod.l is nor e*ins w.ll aor lb.r idicaror lhen ir should bc remov.d 

fom th. mod.l. Ho*€b, c@nun.tiri6 mlsr bc s iD Eradd ro $e inr.rpGrbitary 

ollh. f&to' A cmmlity ol -?5 ffii hish hIr is ndinsts unl6 tn. flclor o 

whi.h th. vdiable G loaded is int.edilblc, An ilcDt .ll@uEliry ot .2t sahs low 

bur it nry be a ndingftl iLn conLiburing b . w.I

NuD..lly (1978) !Bu6ltur inrmll coNisr.nc, is n*ssary brt,or suffci.nr 

condilion for consract vrtidily. He p@pos deErEiraion ot discliminail validiry 

thFUBh disimin.tory ulysis. tn disrinin bry ln.lyris rnr prcbtcff a !o b. 

coBi&Rd: (l)- is ro d.lcmin€ whdh.r $6 b difiernc. i. sooE prcil.s for No or 

n@ crcup5 (2)- @imizins drc disimi,!.ioB doDg g@ps by combini.g rh. 

vdiabl.s in sc My .{t (l} to .sr.blish ot6 t6r |h. ew itutivjdul ro bc pt ad, 

Nunnally funhei sugs*!.d tnot Hen coutd be usd lo t6l rhc slalisticat significdcc of 

the difr.qc6 b€Nen thc lvdge pbfit.s of two 8oups. If rh. null hrporhcsis j, 

rcjEGd lh.n n is inf.frd lhd b.rb tn. cai.go.i6 e dife6r. C@i (2004) his 

endosed tut di$rininaiory tuoqsis for nctu $ores on any t st o, obsed.lion b.nv€n 

th. so smu!6 in wnich Di$rihbli. Functid Anal,sis is u..d ro ctsiry @s inro two 

Rclirbility is rhc .xcfi ro dal 16r is euEr. ed sr6 em. Buh ,n E 

odminisrrarion. Wnd ey rest is re-odmini$cre! to an indidduat !o hss@ any 

behaviouftl spe! rlE csl 8iv.s se eoB. Th@ @u6 $n. emr in thc Btimatid 

orfrcs@oldt indivjdull. Md oath. vdi.bitiry ofdc s(E dn b. afi.ibDtd to 

eiior conponctu iJohn$n, l979i swan$n, 1989 od Swanson &Walson,l9s9), This is 

d$ clerd 6 sbbitity of rtr m@rinB ini,u,Mi. fti, sLbitity @ b. m@Ed by 

corel io c@moieDr b.rw.., two serr of eom fial is th. .xpFssion of rhc er6nr oa 

Elarionship and dirtio, (W.rdDp a cibd in SwaNn & Warson, l ese), 

fic Elhbility @mddr is dE rgEm€nr belwn rK sc or |wlll fi,on rtE 

sane pc.dure. Ten-rccsr retiabiliry ocasures the stabitiry ot dE lesr ov4 rime. Th. 

lme ENer hlo obs*.rions should .DDDpdare excndins or. s.6l E*' ThcE 

rE .@in pobl.ms or nmor, n,odion cfccrs. Ho*cv.., r€d_Etcn d.silrs e srill

widely 6.d. Cut ofi cncris aor retirbitiiy @Frddt by @nvdrion is .60 for 

.xploatoa rcsrch dd il is ar t.sl .?O or hieher lo erain an nem ror d ad.q@rc $.te 

dd .80 for good el. (CaNn, 2OO4). 

cFnboch s .lpha incs&s as lhe nunbd of ir.ms jn rhc sb inoc&. An iren 

sh@ld b. dopp.d in torge splc it ctnci.nt ltpha t lcs thd .l (C.M.2004). 

Ccflicient atpha is tos iflh. tcsr is too shon. The lcsr shoutd b. Bonsidercd ifatphr js 

o.ly .30 (Nunnalty, t9?3). Low €liabiti.y insm.rni&ms B roreBbt. *hfl deision 

k@nfimcd by othe de (LiD & CMtund, l99o). 

Th. lonser lcsr3 aE noE Eriabla, blt in il€m Eaons nsn6 short lesr {n b. 

als EUlbL. In sunm.ry, Etiabilig oalh. t6t ir.ms depends on the t.ngd ofth. ies! 

nirure or rh. rsr and natur ofrhe ren Fh.bitityiKIine.2000J 

T6r our{criotr rld rt o Aubli. 

Tlcft are six srascs ofrcsl @nsnucion: lt)- defihin8 ihe rs! which isdetimited 

to ja sF dd purpo$ (2F et*tjng qtj,s ncrhod, *t ich 6 oe p@es or 016 ad 

lcst Esultsi (3)- conshciiog of tesi icmi *hi.h d€pends on cHlvrly or th. c.r 

ddclopcrj (4)- r6lin8 rh. n€o, which irctudes lhe sllisicat pecduB Efeftd as h.n 

lmlysis; (5). ualrzing iten lo &t min. *hich ian shourd b. dinc4 Biscd, ud 

rcplaced by nN on. and (6! producing !.sl hcms for insrun.nr on lbe basB of fe.ibsok 

E'IeriveDes oflh. tesr is aftribulcd io irs ir.ft lnd icns, e ccriv.ne$, rbich 

cd b. dct min d by rhc mtysis ofstu&nG, Espoi,$s ro n. riin dalr.n h gen.ntry 

don. wilh r.feEn6 to noms and ilds drc basd on desiEd ddticurr, tcvets and b€sl 

di$rini,.rory indiE b.rwa. th. hish od low &htuving studnrs. rrcm mtrsis is 

usually dsigncd 6 che* lhe funcliming of d irm, jt5 di0iclrty tcrcr, disrnninlrion 

po*cr. dd orher d€fcds (Lim & Crc"tund! t99o).

vilidirJ ind.x inctud.s difficully tcvets Md di$nmi,.rion indies tor lh. lcsl 

tr ms, For nems dilficulty t*cts it is dcsiEbL ro stecr irns *nh ditficutty t.v.t 

ranaing fom.l o,7. th di$rimir.rion indq iss shriniol iftr.x ofhw €Frcicntty 

!n iten dis niMl.s b€t'rq iidivi

S@Es of lh. Fsls @ nd @mnmly inrc,p,El€d wath Efc@6 ro mms. 

Noms .rc th..npirialty povcd sooEs, *hich a p.uon achicv.d on a lcsr in a goup. 

Th€ Ew so6 4 onv.n d inio deiv.d scG .xpcsed in tvo M),s: (l) !s 

d.v.lopm.nbl leveland (2) a3 r position ofindividu.t within sr.cinc ercups {Anlsrasi! 

GEde dd g.nder noms aE *idety used in rne sondddized te$s. C6de no@s 

aE ftqE {y Ed in $hot s.nings. Omd€ nm e noE usftt s rhe e&na 

actucvem.nb '. contcnl m.s drpends lpon gddc-based curicltm icrcgory. 1996), 

Mmy psrcholosirt ch@E.istics clb8. ,irh lh. p.ss. or tim._ ThcE mij b€ wirb 

la'atrons o6ong p.opte 6 thcy Erow !t isr€r o! stow rale (Muahy and D.vjdshof.r, 

1988). SFcific nms @ld E rl$ devien rd na!:wty dcfin.d Dopul.rid b en $e 

specinc purpo*s of cach test(Ai6tasi. 1997). 

Noms cd b. ddctoocd fo. a D.putnion by $l-1i,8 cpt*n@,v. emprc. nc 

lesr devcloper has !o define and deiemin. ttE apprcpriaE sdpL. R&dom spting 

oay b. adoprcd for nominE .,ton5. cluscr smpting is suBtg.st d fo. ta46ste nom, 

ba5ed on dnnic b&kgrcud, $x, geoemphical ESioni ur6m vctsls,ural qnvnomdri 

siH@mic tcvcl dd n.n, olns tado6 (Mu,phcy & Drvishord rr88). rt. 

rt{d.rd sres silhin group noms m rh. mo* $risfrb,y rype of d&ilen $ocs. 

S|lndail $6 cxpcs dE F&n s dbraM 6!m rh. h@s in lems of lh. iand.d 

d.viationsoltne distributions. p.rcendtcs e lts u$d tor.oms to indieic lhe Etaive 

positioD of8 Fen in . sF.iljc gmup (Anan6i, r 997). 

ln this charc,, tn€ reus is o. ihc und.sr&ding of lh. @n€o.r of spe.ific 

l@mina diticuhi.s..d 6s.sdr. D.tiiirionlt j$u6 m Esorved In lh. begi.niig 

ard ditreEnt chamccristjcs of SLD a di$u$qr. Th. lileduE lte jdiecs 1hlt le 

12

.trd rchol rdLv.d.a! h foglrse[cd $q.c! I! tr S!.d nftc tr dr 

tr..r|ft4 ot SitD Difrtdn3htr {da of cl nEdtS.D@.lo 

Eriteqt b t lllre Fh.t9, dlft!. rt o.td..t od&rd@ h t* rd 

&rd.pcd dd dldrdidio Ftc.hs G di&.d

CHAPTER III 

METHODOLOGY 

PuDo$ of lha slndy Ns ro dev.lop dd vdlidaie ihe ompEb.nsivc diagnonic 

poc.duB ror lh. id.ntificlrion oflhe chitdEn w r! SLD. 

fi. srudy ws of dcsriptiv. drua in which sctMing.haklisr .nd Lsi3 wcE 

develoD.d 0ircugh lo[ dislincliv. ddetop,n.n6r phas: 

L lnnDncnronrrucrio, 

2. Inirum.d adminituhm 

3, Inndnc sing 

4. Ir{M.m inrclPEtarid 

Thc ddign of rhe Comprhensive Diagnostic prcc.dlFs Modct for rh. 

ld€nilic.lid ofchildEn wirrj SLD is p@ftd i . diasm on $. rol@irg pasc_ Thc 

dcsiF of rhe study inctude{t th. prcpararion of .hcktisr for th. sEning or SLD lo 

drlsrc a whole asc of diehitiri* 8d Mnr.d Foblctu b.5ed o dE re,chq! 

pnor obscdarion in rhe cla$bom ud $tccrion ofa crit ,ion for tne vdidarion ofrhe 

chaklis ad prdictioi. The crireri, rF imhd.d Abiliry e En &d ctsmn 

achi€vem.nls or 66 and 7u smdc students in lhe sbj.ct of Urdu. 

S.mins Ch*ktij for de r.&h.6 w6 dev.lop.d lo @od rrlc ra.n.6, 

obsesotion abo the.€denic behaviou oflhe chitdrcn, Conlcni co.cMcni, Fallorial 

Disimi@r !d Cowrgcnt uti{rir, wE eiadnh.d. Rehbitity or th. scdning 

Chstlisrw6d.remined silhCodba.h Alpha

Comprch.miv€ Dirsnostic Pro.edrErs for 

th€ Idcntifioation Model ofSLD 

rQ 

r! 

SLD 

o E 

0 

EE r r 

Id.nihqriotr of SLD led or

A Tcst B.n ry for di.gncis difi.mt pdbl.ns Elalin! b studo$ eil[ SLD 

w6 dcvcloFd {d vrlidar.d, Coi.n! @rcur..rn, dsrjniMi .!d onGscnt wti{tiri.s 

ofksl3 *@ esrablirhed. R.ti.bitity ot rh. lc51s ws d.t mincd wjlh eabitiry c&trcieDt 

oflh. l.s r€t61D.rhod. hr.Ml ConsisLncy oadr r.s1s ws dtlzed with cmbrh 

Ii.n Mly3is of r

Following @nsters h!v. ben cmploy.d ir rhc ScdniiS Ch6tthr t)- tjw 

Self E3M; 2). Sequdcins; 3)- Ancndo. Detichi 4), Revde Reter,lion, and 5). 

Prcp.hlior olT6t E.fiory (Appedtr B) 

Tests oflhe Test Bln ry reE b.sd on wcb.t r Diagnostic T.st for Dysldh 

(Web$g, l9?3) dd Tne adlor Dystcxii Tes (Mil6, 1983). tr included: Scqrcnriil 

ProbLD T€sl iSPT) with 4 ircms: Non-Vetbat pc@ptio. T.sr (NpD wiitj 4 ir.B in 

NPt Pln A 4 n ff in Pan B, 4 n ns in parr C; Righr L.ft ld.ntification T6r (RLrT) 

silh 4 ir.ms in P.n A, 3 it ms ir prll B; Disbe p.@ptioi T6t (DpT) with I nems iD 

Pad A, .nd 3 n@s in pd B; tdrer Rsg.nion Ted (LRI *nh 3 itns_ 

T.d aancry onraibin!, $€e paaSaphs wE etecd spdlety to, udin& 

wiing dd dic|rlion in Udu tbn rh. Urdu texrb@ks of6d ed 7r}t gnd6. Th* 

prEgEphs *ec rcprc$ ins t sts of ll.t. Tcsl B.icry R.ading ConpEhe,sion Tcs1. 

(RCI). \v.iring Coop€n€Gio ..d ndh{ics T61 (wCD. 

Pjlol Study ol S.r.ert.g Cb.ct|br 

For PrElini ry rrls .nd an tysis ot jrcms EEj{diDg th. v.tidiry ed Elilbiriry 

2t itens *eE consructed usire tne above n.nlioied fiv. conslrucls, Sccening 

chekli$ *a giv.n ro ren r.*h.s. 5 hat. mir 5 foah *ho w@ rc€.t rg sbjer 6r 

Urdu to 66 ed 7u clo$ for pilot study to Eport O..ts@n obenadon of stu{teDrs 

wj$ M. poblns in €dins and wirj.g in Udu. Tt scHins cheUin ws 

adDinistcEd 6 169 (50 boys ..d I 19 Bnb) stud..B for grades 6d ond 7s. DaL co €kd 

n6 dc pild siudy b u.ty2!d 6ins &..or etysis for @nsldcr vatidiry in lh. ron 

of tutoial vaudny. ExDtor.tory Rorarcd compoicnl Marix ot tador .natysis of 

scening Chcktin f&ios vales tused liom _j7 ro .89 lrd Condmalory Rord.d 

conpoem Marix of iidor .nalysis Bnsed nom ,64 to ,92, Exptomrory &

Confindory Rohl€d Conpondl Mardx of faclor lmlysis for th. faclo,s hl rhe 

id.ntifierion of ScffiiDg Chetlir pDbld frto6 obsrcd by l4h6 for pitd jud, 

h gi@o in Appcndix c L Frcios wcE ale setercd Nnh noving sed Etirbitiry 

catrddt CMbeh atph! w omput d fo, rhe Elilbitiry @fficicm wilh rhe lEtp of 

SPSS conpDcl softwe, livd in ADp€.dix C 2. Thc fmt6 nor wilh goo

coml.rio B nor signif@ . neE wa tow bur tignitimt @Gtnjon b.rwa SpT, 

NPT, ed IQ le$ sd tulpd tron .t9 lo .2?, lxepr tcsl tus of RLIT ed DpI sh@ 

oc @n l.rid ra d 3aglifie! Comldid c€fiicidr sag r.*s of rtE T61 

Bdtt ry, ehool gEde in Urdu ud tQ esl $oEs for pilot sru

ScE.ing Cneklsr @sisr.d of pln A dd p.!r B. Th.E wft t@r sr&m..15 

i. P.ft A which weE EtaEd lhh lhe idcnriicorion cd.iia for lh. chit{rren wirh SLD. A 

siuddl ws .ligibl. ld tunh.r inv.$ig.tim jr hislrr r@nd cponden ..ycJ, for rlE 

starch..r l tud 4 $d ,No,' for fte st lcm.nr 2 and 3. plrt B consisledof2l srdemenls 

i. |nc b.gidins_ rler on fir sfiradts vcE dctlde4 s Espo tcnls @utd nol 

und.ut nd lhcm, If tne chitd w$ with ch3fuErkracs frp@nting SLD lhe dswd w,3 

siv.n orc sc &cordhg r! ley. lf rh. chitd w6 rcl wnh rhe ch@rnnics 

dpt!*nring sLD, thc osK ws givo zrc sco6 eording !o k.y. To bc.tiSibte for 

sLD idgtifierion . eudenl must anrin . $oE of 4 in pan A. Fd pon B se ,€a 

co.r.d and add.d wnh in Pd A, Cd ofi point fo. Scccnins chlcktisr wls 2 SD b.low 

Snidc.is wid hien sG 6ging a|m G - ll) d ScEoing Ch6*tasr reE 

consdcrd al risk ftd N€re s.tdrcd io dermjn. disr.panci€s on djfreEnl t 3rs. firy 

rcE tunhd adrinisr.tqt .bitity re lcst Raten prosBiv€ M.rri6_ Th.ir Uidu 

acncvcme scoFs wer. @Iccted from $hool record for tunlq dot,sis, 

A.lEl.Ltntio!, S.nrlls.!d lir.rpE.rrtotr prduc for Sr,I) T6r Bri..y 

Tes Bmcry w6 pEp.cd in bookLl fon and insruclions for lh. sludcnts wee 

wircn on rlc firn pqsc. Two chpks rF !l$ ci0.d to f!.ili6r. rh. stu{t nt' Th€ 

sludcnrs who got high $oe on S.Eeni.g Ch-klist and Ie wilh in rd8. ofgo _ I t 0, od 

achicwmdts sc in Udu b.to* 5O!,a 16 arj,ninist.,ld ttE Td arlrdy. 

Th. siudcnls had to wdrc mne o.d ct$s, sch@t on lhc lop oflh. t.sl in lhc siwn 

sp4. The' wrc io pd i chet nek d c|6 mark on 0E ngh dsw in Spr, NpT, 

RtlT.nd DI'T ofth. Tesr E.tr.rr. h LRT dd RCT, fi.y nad ro cad $€ p4lgmph dd 

MtL it .gain on ihc s. pag. in rhe givci spse. h WCT ih. eue.ts wE drcraLd a

For $orins of SPI, NPr. RUT and Dpr, sE on ws sign.d to dghr esws 

r lzmb9fu8!lwd, LRT @6ist d of 6r plns @h rEl m6icd fiE t.fl.B 

.nd studcnrs wcE requiEd to rewdt thc letrcB jD th. given spaoc, s$e onc was 

a$gn.d 10 @@t r.ier !d z.o io i.cof&t tetrcr RcT @nsisrcd of No prEsaphs 

8d the studdB reE eiuiEd to lffiL rh. padgoph in lh. givci sFe.. Fitocn 

Flccled Nords of @n pelEDh EE ldjudB.d fot scorins ed onc mE for @ch 

cocct wn ws Niancd. ln wcT, a p.6anph ws dicr!.d ro studdls. Ifstu&nr 

providcd wrir. words. dne $ore for emh wod ws a$i8!ed and toral $or€s for thh tcn 

Tor.l tim. ofcompl.rion oatest hy 80% ofsrud.nls @ also Ecotded for th. rime 

n&&rdiztid of fie &sa t r Ssa d.sh Esr indist d djc prcbld @ ofdt 

srud. in l6ing, M.4 rnd srad.d d.riarions w.E catcul.r.d 6 all lh. rcsls. 

Chde ed gcnd.r noms for .&h l€sr weE dtablished. D.enptvc alaristics in lcmJ ot 

Mces, sD and P.@ntit6 EE ohraincd td 6', ?6 cts to'r ed Sarts $p€Et ty fo. 

clch l.s oflhc T.st Balrery, CDt oil scoe for i{tenlificarion ofcbildEn wilh SLD ras 

cdculared by subl.Ictilg 2 SD 6m m{ sE o eh tcsr of rh. T.n B{tcry. The 

slud.nls oblainins s.es toer tnd this cul otr w.c bb.led s chitdEn *ith SLD in tne 

sixlh ed Sewn$ Cradc boys and gnb stldenrs of govemm.nt sh@ts of Lrlrore 

qry codinncd rh. popuhrior ofrh€ srudy. 

Th. tupL of dE fidy E stet d frn rh. poplldlid mid.ring €cI sh@l 6 

clusr.r oftiiorc ciry. Foriy schots ctusr.R were ddomly setded foi lhe sludy oul of 

lhc toid 152 gnh rd boys gomcnl $h@ls si.8 b! oli,8 n.rl$d. crad. d

Sendcr *is disribution of smpl. is eivcn in Apps.dix C 8. !n {ch schml a[ rhe 

i*t6 la.hing Udu ro 6' lnd rh cLs *w invotv.d rd id.nrifidion ofchildM 

wilh sLD. Scrc.ning Cbccklisl w6 adminisl.Ed lo 2l()O sludcnls with SLD sJanproDs 

s id.ntiicd by lb. ra4he6 r&hing Uiiu. B6.d m rh. dalysG of S@ins Chektist 

l0l3 studdts wcE $l

do. @l'sis ws M for rh. cofm.lio ol $6G3r to @nfim rh. v&i.bl6 i. rh. 

t€sl as wcr sleLd in thc cxplomtory rcror tuatlsis in th. pilot t sl. 

Thc di$rimimnr validity @ d.t mio.d ror Screnins Chec*tist oatdng rwo 

crteeon4 ol lor scocs (0,l4)md high sEs (r5,2r) in tilot rsting on &h;cvdor 

$ms in Uf,t!. ln tunn.r 3rudy, lh. S.@ing Chcktin % inlDv.d od f..ioc 

sleted rirh god sd sullicicnl lording, Th. di$rimiMnt v.lidiry w.s rhtr d.teDin d 

ror scding cheuisr mrling two c&8on6 or tow (O - 7) &d high !.G (3 - D) 

*nh achiM.nl sEs i. Urdu md *irh $. $c of 6ch r.s't of lhe T.d A6tGry. 

The 6nver8e.t vdlidity of tesls of thc Te$ Birkry was.s6blish.d with abilily 

IQ td sB ed a.hia.mar sEs in Urdu. S.oE d *n tes-tof rh. T61BalLry 

NeE ditid.d inro No cabgoricE tow @Rs and hish $oca, 

R.li.biliry oft sr, 6.r\*miDd in i.fr, of inkmr @nsisLrcy Md stahili.y_ 

The sEbiliry oilh. tcst w6 dd.mimd using fic lestj.tdt ftthbitity datysis. 

Consiscncy in rlE f&l@ w6.sublbh.d sing cxptoBlory f!.ior Mtysis sd 

In il.m aalrsis' ii.m disiminrrioo pow ed dirr.utry lcv.t ws stcut.cd_ 

Individul itcm pl&e sicr ptor wirh sp.cr to dlc individual dd ir.m ch.@rerinics 

weE plofi..d. Itcn Ntysis wc @ndrct.d *irh dE hctp of Conqu6l C.ncotircd n o 

R6Fos Modcling $nwE. h provid.d rhc dieriniDraon porc, ircn tnahotd (ir.B 

diniculty) lnd $atter plor of individD.t irem pleemor (ADp.Ddix E). xcn 

w.E .le oht i..d (Appendix F). tLm R6ron& Mod.th!

Trdiilo.l St tirtiG w.F c.lala&d md mnged fd thc idcntifiorid of B.5at aln 

c.ililg poinrs ro. rtc gnb, bys of6: !d 7. cLs, 

Nms w d.v.lopcd in ihc fom of nds, st d.rl ddiotion! ud pcMdld 

forsnq boF itr 66 {d ?6 clrs s.t6rir.lt. Tte f6.n nF of ct t i B ddd .t. 

M@s tnd 9@d.id &vi.!ioB wE c.lcuhi.d for alt t.st! ofth. Ten Bdtcry (Arp€ndl\ 

C). B.!.1 od CeiUrS polnts for rhe gidsr toys of d ed / das wF !t!o jd.mi,i.d 

ltdlh sna ph iridividu.t irco pt-6an F!c.dc, 

Th. !.!t 3@r wi6 2 slutud ddiei@ b.kq $e m6 qd osidald s 

di$t rct soB ft. dierlp.ei6 in tRT, RCT, rd WCT,d ot h.. @ of tt 

sPr, NPr RI-IT od DPT w@ c@tt rd for SLD di!8n@is giv.n in rhc Tabt s

CHAPTER IV 

ANALYSIS OF DATA 

For the developm.nt hd sLndfudiafon olroh, louowing slcps wd. follow.d: 

L Dchrninirg lhe validily oflhc Screenirg cheLtisr and Test aaftry 

2. Colledo ofrhc aft in urdu rn fim $h@t Ec.rd 

3_ 

Iddrificdion or IQ ldel oa!h. studd6 by Rlq Prer|Birc Md.ica 

Det minin! de Eliabiriryofrh. ScMins Ch.oklisr dd Test Bin ry 

lar analysis or the SLD T.sts B.nery for sludcnt 

ldcnlifiodo ofths eud.nrJ hsvins dispey on Ihc difiddr Es6 

Pr€snbrion oflh. nonarivc dlb 

The oalysis and Esuhs obrlin.d tDn the spte of rh. stldy werc discussd 

under the fouowin8 hodinss: o)- V.lidily; b> Retjabilnyi c)- rren Anatys[ d)- 

lddifidion of sdd.mt wilt sLD r.d. .)- Nming: 

vilidily of!h. ScEenins chftktist.ndTesr Banery and .dm inisrBlion p@durt 

ws i.v€niearedwnh rhc iollo ng validiiy ryl6: t - coDr.nl v.tidiryi 2_ cm@nlj l- 

Cmstua Elidily od 4- Dis..inimr sd @nsaat Elidiry. 

conrenl validiry of tbe screening Chektisr and Test a.dci, ws iN*liglrcd 

thbugh extEn opinion. Conrd of dE csr *cre pttgcd lo cxpc6. p6net @nsining 

ol G&he6 r.ehing lJrd! ttugu,se. S@c of rh. .x!.nt h.d ! tds qFridc of 

psychologiql aid .ducarioml l.st connnction. Contenl vat idity of lhc Tee Ban ty *!s 

cspeoially dei.mined in Eading sd qiling compehension tesls in Udu. Twenty-frvc 

$h.ns of .hc Sc@ing Ch€tri{ *.c Evis.d_ Fite riateh.nrs w.E dopFd on th. 

b6i5 ofdp€6 opinid. Sev€n $b !.sts }a inctuded i. rh. Tcn B,ri.ry onllininS

itctu: 4 ii SPI, I ii NPT hn a! I i. NpT p[r B, 3 id NpT p.rr C, 2 in RUT p A 3 

in RLIT Ptt B, 2 i. DPr Pln A, 2 iD DPT Pan B and j ln LRT,. ft@ prnglPh, l@ 

eler.d iFr,&ly fo qding wnitr! !d dictldm h U'd! 6m ||ic Ud! r.xtbootj of 

6d !'d f gnd6 Tle F6sqlh. qrcer.d RCTed WCI of $.T.n Bd.rr. 

For dd.milinB d. cmumq v.tidiq or 6c StD T*i Batcrt e dr! t 

qii.ri@ B Lrd wbich * $G in Udu r..G &d te r.n_ RdXs e FFlod nr 

Comldtotc@tbi.fu e,,sffi 4E4t 6ttr r:d BdE r, d,.t dti&,t,t M 

sPr 

Nrr 

RLIT 

DPT 

LRT 

RCT 

"p

SPt, NPI, DPI LRT, RCT, ed wCT had posiriv. mtdioG of ,t4. _tr, .02, 

06,,09,.l4,.nd.l46F.riv.ty indiqlcd in TlbL4.l. Th. @tarjons oaSpr, Npr, 

LRT, RCT, and wcT wer sienificer ar d = ,l)l while @ftlarion of Dpr wirh Urdu 

icsr scorc was significotala =,05. Th.E w.s no sigrifi$l corclotion tal{ccD udu 

lcst sort ond RLn sFs. 

SPr, NPI, RLIT, DI,T. LRT, RCT, rnd WCT nad Fsirjv. .@hrids of . j?, 

.09, .07, .12, .ll, .m, dd .33, 6peiv.ly. Th. @Gtarids of NPT, Dpr &d WCT 

w.E significet at ! = .0t white cmt.iio of Spr, LRT, md RcT wirt te r.n $c 

so rolloring null hltorh*s *ere rejerd 

| . Thee is no sisnificdt co@tarion bcrren rst si6 or rh. SpT ed scoEs in 

2. TlrcE is no tignifmr @hrion b.rEn rh. i.sr sE of dE Npr ud scc 

3. In.rc is no signifi@. @ctalio b.tren rh. cs w of !h. Dpr ed scoEs 

4, Thcre is no sigrincdr coml.rion bctwcen tesl mrcs otlh. LRT and sEs in 

5. Ttqc is no signifiql aEhrid b.tqen tes sres or6e RCT lnd s@s in 

6. TheE is ro signili@t mt.rion bcr*an lcsr sEs orrlE wCT ud sB in 

?, Thcrc is no sierinsft corclalion h€rw*n tesr $oB ofthe Spr ..d Ie eorcs 

3. Thcrc is no sieninqd orclarion bclr..r tes sEs of the tesl NpI aid te

9, Ths. is no signilicer conclarion bcts..n thc &n eoFs ofihc RLn iid lQ 

10. ftcE is no signific.nt coftlatio b.le.en th. t st sEs of$. DPr dd Q 

ll, TncE is no 3ig]ificdr comlalion b.s... lh. E r sFs of thc LRT .nd IQ 

12. Th.E is no iilnifiqnr @lrrion b.tw..n th. r.n sos of thc RCT rld rQ 

ll. ThcE b no siSnifi6l @Ghtior b.r*en |lt. l.sr ec of lh. WCT dd IQ 

Null hyporh6it thlr $.E is no iig|lifi*r cmLlion bdlff dE rn s@ orri. RtlT 

ed s in tinlu , *hach s6 e!E4 

Athden Doll oa rh. lbovc Eport 4 @dladoB wE signific.m bur kepang it 

tia $.n b* vllws' th.y m.y hrrc pEtiol 3isnific.M. I. smr diinol !o 6t.blbl' 

mclmt slidity, Hw.r, rhcs @ftl.rio$ indian d!,t sD. El.rionsnip qi.,l5 

Cotutucr {lidi9 of $c ScEning Cfietdisr .d T.sr Batt ry ws car.blished 

usin8 princi!61 @mpoMr ed dplorarory fldor dlylis *irh vsiM Robtid M!!ix. 

s.varen oL@nt3 of rhc Sffiing Ch*klbr wcc fduy *tarcd bes.n on frbr 

.n.lysis. F&ro salFis for lh. Scc.ing Ch*klbr is F!$ .d in dE TrbL 4.2.

T.U.4.2 

Rdr|r..| CdnF{Ht Mtrln ofihc sfmlo.y f.dor! Dhir for rlE idc|tifidlion ot 

tlE S€in8 CheUls Fbhl@ ho6 otsrEd !y i'..lER 

LEI' 

LEI6 

LEII 

s6 

s? 

s5 

ADll 

ADl2 

RRI] 

RRI4 

sK9 

sKt0 

sK8 

.aa 

.€6 

F*!or tddins N"l0l3) 

S.qu*iig An6dd R.t@ Stipping 

(S) D.frit(AD) R.r.nrio(R ) (sX) 

.84 

.62 

Firc fr.ro6 .r&s.d in Vonru Rohior G irdicr.d in T.bt 4,2. Th A.rc 

lodi.a 6 fiE f.do.! qfim.d htTodtaid fmrod( FbF.d fd rtF Sccning 

Cheui!| 3 iicmr of Lo* clf En Gn f&r.. htd fdd ta.tiry! of .l& ,85 dd .E6. 

nrcwvayaoodtuorlo.ding h6Fihlri!rhi!6.10.. 3 ir.mrof Scqcring 

red h.d n.t6 l6iling' of.61.8a xd.75. TIEE I Ery good flcor lottin$ ai 

irms 6 rd ? ed 8@d in lid 5. 2 icn of^rEnrid D.fE f-ra h.d ficrd l6dir8! 

.u 

.azl 

.cl 

.67 

.82

of.84,od.84. Theft @ t.rr good faatd lo.dinca i. holh iiens ln rhis feror. 2 iids 

of R*F Rct .iio fctor hll f.dor todings of .87, ! .sz TIEE iw rcry So.d 

ft.lor l@dinls ii bolh acns h tn is f!.lor, 3 icm of Skippins faolor h.d factor lold ings 

of,6r, .35 drd .62. T1s! w! vrry good ftcrn b.di.e in i|qB lO.trd s@d in iran 9 

..d lL Mon ofthe B ircns w@ hiving v.fy €lod f&ror tedinS tud som. *c 

h*ins god fetor lddinB!, F&torial ntidiry of rh. S@ing Ch..krn qs g6d 

F&lor mlysis was run ro .slablish rh. consrJucr validiq/ otth. SLD T.sr Brtrcry. 

s.rcn r.* @ninins iicftr 4 in spT, 3 in NpT p.n A. 3 in NpT pfi 4 I in Npr p.n 

C, 2 in RLn Pnt A, 3 b RLIT pM B, 2 in Dpr pan A,2 in DpI pln B d{t 3 in LRT, 

rcc irclud.d in the Td A.tcry b.s.d d @fimnory p.irciprt f..tor et 5i, widl 

Vdi.@ RoLEd Morrn rFlor Ladins. Thb b prwnd in 6c ribl. 4,3_

Pot r.d C@pocr Mrlrix ofd. qtinnddy 6.io6 ultsis for fi.roB f6 fi. 

id.irif'c.rioi ofth. SLD T.!r B.tr.ry (N-1013) 

sPr 

sPt 

sPt 

SPT 

NPT 

NPT 

NPT 

RLTI 

RLIT 

RLTT 

DPI 

DPT 

LRT 

LRT 

LRT 

2 

I 

2 

3 

.31) 

,65 

.58 

,50 

.71 

,47 

,81 

.84 

.E4 

.u 

,82 

.15 

2 

l 

I 

2 

t 

I 

2 

It is idi!.d in rh. Trlt 4.3dutftrij.@ofsprhldnt..todii8sof.50, 

.6t, .80 ed .6, 6p.criv.ly. Tn. faaru lddinBs in it m 3 r@ rcry t@d wnil. il ws 

8ood h ir.N l, 2,.tn {. 3 it tu of NPT p.n A hrd iclor l@di.8i of _7t,.59 &d.67 

.42 

.31 

,51 

.E0 

.78 

.8E 

.88 

2 

I 

3 

.83 

,El 

.68

ctDe Kly. The f&tor lodins in icm I s3 rcry sood whit. ii nons 2 &d I n 6 

Cood. 3 ilos ofNPr P.n A hrd hclor loldings of.J3, .8t ed ,8t dspeljv.ty which 

wls v.ry good for items lnd soods i. irs l, 3 items of NpT part C had v.ry g@d 

fa.ror lqdings of-3t. .33 md .63 6F.rivctr. 2 ircns ot RL|T p.n A h!.t ws rcry 

g@d f&d l@

Indepodc Slmpl6 t-rcsr fd @npdison of low witn (.d9) od hieh with (n=944) 

rditrs guF ofine ScEning Cher|il sirh rlF Tca B.!dy 9]c 

T613 C-ps M SD 

2,19 

bic 2.a 

8.t3 

7.68 

2.54 

hidi 2,27 

hi8ll 

1.88 

LRT low 12.46 

bith lj.ll 

RcT low t3,tJ 

hic 11.99 

r.05 2,t3.. 

Ll6 

t,42 2.06. 

t.39 

,El 

,82 

,19 

2,11 

5.t0 

4,88 

2.00. 

wCT lw l.4E 2tj 6,81.. 

high 3,j8 2,j2 

"P

2- 

3- 

5. 

mco m3 0t th. sruderB 0f 

13) Coup 2 ol tne Sccening 

sisniiq difTe@rc. b.ts@n lh€ NPT 66 sr€s ofrh. studenls of 

i0 - 7) Croup I ed hiSh ioring (8 . IIJ Crclp 2 of lhe SceniiS 

Thet is .o sienifioinl difi€Ene brrw€en lbe RLIT hsn scoB offte studenls 

or roq sri.g (0 - 7) Crcup I dd hish srinS G . t 3) CNp 2 of thc sc@ning 

Therc is no signifiqnr dif.Mcc b.rwd lh. Dgr m.M ses ot srDdonls ol 

lw srins (O - 7) ODup I ad high sing (8 - 13) coup 2 of d. scEnang 

Thqc is ro signi,itur difeMc. b.nvs |h. RCT md sEs oalh. studenrs of 

row $dins (0 - 7) Gop I ed hi8h si.s (8 - t3) cDup 2 otlh. S@nin8 

Th.E is ro sigitcrn df.cM b.t@n rhe WCT nd st]6 ofrh. nudcnt 

or low $qins {0 - ?) Coup r dd hign mring (8. D) c@p 2 ot rhc ScEe.i.g 

Exepr null hyporl€is 6.r Tfi@ is no sie.ifi@,|r dif.GM hdv@ lnc LRT nd 

*oEs ofth. studeds of to* sco.ing (O - 7) ceup I .nd high so,ins (8 - I l) chup 2 ot 

thc Sc@in! Cnektiu which s6 a@plcd.

Indeprndcnt Sanplerrks lor amp€rhon or to* *irh (n-ogt Md 

$or'ng grcups oftne ScEcning Chaklin wirh ehieven.nt scoes 

IQ 

hicn 

'.p

Ind.pendc Smpl.s t-lcsr for onpdison of tow sd hj8h lcoring !rcups ofT.ns of$c 

T.st Batbry wil|.| Urdu T.* ffi 

T* cop! N M -D ---- 

SPT low 17 43.00 435 2.40r; 

high 916 45.t7 5.42 

NPt low 55 42.60 5,05 l.5t,r 

high 958 4s.21 5.19 

RIIT lN ta 4t.28 6.67 1.43 

high 93 45,12 5.38 

DPf bs D 44_Og 4.4a t29 

htgn l0ol 45.11 5,41 

LRT low 32 43,25 4.Or 

hidr 93t 45.tt 5.43 

RCT low 3t 43.t6 4,4R 2.02r 

hisn 982 4J.15 5.42 

wCI low 148 ,t4.t3 4,02 -2.95.! 

hicn 865 45.26 5.59 

.. p

2- 

t. 

5, 

2- 

t- TIEE is no sisnificant difcmcc bctrg rhc U'du 

of 16* scoriq (0) Cbup I dd high srins (l - 4) 

TheE n no sicnifisnt di6cr.ne b€nr€en lhe Udu 

lo, $ding (0 - 5) Cmp I od high $ding (6 - 9) 

Th@ is rc sisnifi@t ditrc@ bcr*en rE Utlu 

of low eori.g (0 - 8) coup I ed hish $odDS 0 - 15) Croup 2 of LRT ofthe 

TheE G no 3igrificd difeeoa bawd tn. Urdu tesr n.an e@ of srldents 

or low $oring (0 - 4) cbup I ed hish sring (5 

Thcre is no signifiqnl ditrerc.€ b.nvd thc 

or los eqin8 (0) cDup I ed hiih sing (l 

rolloBing rnc iull htpothG l@ ac@ki 

Thft is no sisnifianr dilf*nc. b.n{en lhc 

r.s no ffi ofstudots 

30) Goup 2 of RCT or rhc 

Urdu re$ n6 s6 of srldenls 

- | 5) cbup 2 or wCT of rhc Tcsl 

urdu l.s mcfu scs of srudots 

of loe eriig (0) C@p on 0d hirh sqing (l - 5) Coup tyo ofRLIT ollhe 

TIE€ is no sjgrifisi ditLrM b.6sn rhc Udu |e51m{ s6 of qudflts 

of low $qins 0) Crcup I sd high son.g (l -4) 

Gmup 2 orDPT ofrhc Tesr

lndcp.dLn. Sepks t{6r for oomplis ot lN .nd high snng gbuF ofT.ss otlh. 

Tesl Blit ry snn IQ T.n sB 

TqactupsNti 

SPT lw 3t -8- 6.-hidr 

976 loojt 15.96 

NPr bw t5 96,59 10.76 2,30'. 

hiCi 953 100.14 16,20 

RLn bw B 99.61 10.87 ,01 

hidr 995 99.95 t6.08 

DPT low 12 91.65 9.66 2,96r. 

htl' t00l l0O.O4 16,00 

LRT l@ 32 94,32 1s.43 2,o3, 

hign a3t t00 t2 tJ.9t 

RCT lw 3r s4.23 l4At 2,o3. 

higl 982 tOO.t2 tj.9J 

WCT tw 148 89_98 r4,j4 .a!n,. 

hjsh 865 IOt.64 t5,51 

" p < ,01 l*l of st8nii6c. 

I p < .05 Lcwl ofsigrifi@ 

SPr, NPT, R!IT, Dpr, LRT, Rqr, od WCT h.d r_ldei 6.J3,2.30, ,07, 2_96, 

2.03, 2.03, ed 8,92, Gp€.tircty iDdicir.d in T.Uc 4,7. Thc r.v.h6 for SpT, Npr, 

DPr, ud wCT *s! sisdf,rclm d = .Ot .d r-v.t*, fd, LRT xd RCT sig'ifrcer !r 

o - ,0r. For RUT t.v!lue, .0? wa nor lignif@r, Folowing nul hr!.ttt& wrc

l- I]ier h no signifrtuI ditreMe bctw€r tic tQ En med s6 of siu

.diid$dld io {E 6d .!d ?6 gl!d. (dcnt3 &d !fur fiE @*g itE !.m ie* B 

ldbinis@d with |ne 5@ @ndniN to tn tuc nulta !. Thc Gdb of c@Lrtod 

cfiicioB sc giv@ in rt. T.ble 4.E. 

Coftl.tis c@fit ient bcrw6 d. 16l dd E E!r5 of studhrs (n-t4) of th. T*t B.!sy 

sPt 

NPT 

RLIT 

DI'T 

LTT 

RCT 

" p

I- Tl'.E h no stnifrcct cftlation bctwd rd.r.t.!t sffi of SpT of ttE T.d 

2- TIEE ii & signifdn ftbri! b.rwr i's{n 3l ffi of NPT of r[c T6i 

l- Th@ i. no signifet @reldio b.n@! lanrad 3rG of RLIT of T6r 

4- Th.F ls ro sisniflml aret tion bavm Ed-r.tolr jco6 of DpT oI lh. T6t 

5- T[et! ir m sisnilicut @lation b.r6 icr-Et6r tus of LRT of ln. Tclr 

G Tt@ is m signifior ftttrion b.reEr t'sct !l cm of RCT of th. T.st 

7- It@ b ro siglifisr cmhtid bc$er jcd-Et6i !c{m of WCT otln T6r 

Mon of rhe lbow EDorr.d c@lrdos *@ d9i6Mr T.!ts corchtion 

*trci.rt apporr.

Cdh.dr'r Alpb! cffra'* for d* ida ificdio of Fti.bit[y of rtr Sclaing 

Scdc tui6 Nmheroftlens 

AboE Trlle 4_9 5lb$ |t!r Cd!.d' Atph. rtilbitity @ffiaiq w! .!3,*nich 

B hiSh fo low slf

cMb..h'3 Altlb @mcidr fd d. i&idfidlid of Rdtlitiry Cc6ct of tt T.s 

Bdidy (N-1013) 

SPT 

NPT 

RLIT 

DPT 

Ir h indicar€d i. th. TabL 4.t o lhlr rh. cDnb&h Alph. etiability cmciors lor 

SPr, NPt, Rllr !d DPI wE -51, .60, .58 rn.66 c!€tisl'. ft Sorcd rhr dt i6B 

orth. T6r B$Ery h.d g6d Eli.Ditiry. 

Co.qrcst Gel@liad lr.n R€lpoe Modeting Tnditioid sLti6ris for $. Tat 

Bll.ry r@ dso qlculed fd Eti.liliry a6ci{i!' which gfr si@ in dE T.bt 

4,|l 

_51 

.58

ll.m R.spos. Mod.ling Tndilimt stafni€ for d. T.rr B.t.ry wtrh d ed orc 

T.ft M s. D skcw$ sE SEM Cc6ci6r 

sPr 2.79 r.16 .61 .(x .81 _51 

NPr 7,90 r.31 -1.80 _04 _8? .60 

RLtr 228 2:2E .t8 ,ol r.o3 .6 

DPr 3,61 ,71 2.60 _02 ,45 ,J8 

ft. .bovc T.bt. 4, I I lhom fi.t NpT n6 Dc8.tirc Skm$ C6fiiciol Alrh! 

msing ton.Jr to.66. tr $std I|i6r dt dE r.ns h.e le.pa.bt d8. of Cetrciqr 

Alph., *tich b $trciot !o B|lbtish 6. ilr.mt c$irlncy ofd. i.rt iEni 

Disilrin ior i!di6 !d ditrcuny hEts rw ohutdd ft. icd .a.t lii 

It n Mlyris B condur.d with th! h.lp of Co,4u.n Cindnliz.d tt n R6pow 

Modeling $0q6- Ir !'olid.d dc dieriniMtio indic* ed itcn lnGhotd (iEm 

ditrody) Sih in .h. T.U. 4. t2

Ird R6pons Mod.ling item Nlysk of 6c T6r Baitery wilh *o dd o.e respde 

nens (N= l0l3) 

SPII 

SPT,2 

sFr-3 

SPT-4 

NPTI 

NPT.2 

NPI-] 

NFT4 

NPT.5 

NPI-? 

NPT-8 

NPT-9 

RLTTN 

RLIT-z 

RUT-3 

RLIT4 

RLTT,J 

DPTN 

DPf.2 

DPT.3 

DPI.4 

.59 

,59 

.63 

.50 

,51 

.13 

,J5 

.51 

.72 

J9 

.66 

-,50 

.32 

24 

214 

,.53 

1,09 

-.90 

-.20 

.39 

-.94 

-.33 

.01 

-.53 

1,05 

LC2 

1.02 

I.|l 

099 

LO9 

l.0l 

l_01 

t.06 

la 

1.00 

t.00 

t.03 

t.05 

1.03 

1,07 

Tbc .boE TlbL 4l2 irdidrd ttd dE disiriEli@ Lrc|! of.I i0cE of.[ rt 

r.ca tugd frw .20 ro 0.79, vhid k &!pr.bb mge mpr d. iln of tnc RuT d 

which k h.vlng ,09 disqininoti@ indiccj, Thc ildn rlftshotd ofrlt rh. ircns Msld 

fron l0 io .98, which b also Elatiwly lo! di,lcltiy mg€ ex*F $. ilcns Npr 2, Npr

4. RLIT /t .trd Dgt l. vitl 2.(X, 1.09, -1.4? lrd Ol iloD tlt!$old tBlciiEly. Io tlr€. 

iEnr RI-I[ 4 k rdriEly eilh lN ihr dilfculty. NPT 1 NPT 4' .!d DPI e sitb 

rlLdEly wilh his! ildt ditrcttlly. 

lt 3l$ed thi .ll i!o! it dh of th t 6 h.d disioidid Dowr with h 

ru€. cxc.r m itdr MdaE, dl ia!i6 h db of th. lc5t3 h.d dcl!.. iicn 

rbrBlFld ntaE diftculv qilh iD fugc dc.Da fou itci.!. 

lan| Cl|' dairig cuG (lcc) by !cor! fd ah ihr of dE lcr. of lhc TBt 

Bdtay rit! rao dd * E!!.c wE it E h ih fi6. CombiN.d iiaB ffi 

for SPI c Fel!'d in Fi8@ | 

Itcn PalDc. Modclils lh CLr*lciidh. Cuc by !co{t fd SPT lclnt oftL T.n 

! 

ICC of ir.h SPT I E CiShdy nd sith '. t .r io lhocli€l c!rc h w 

!.4r..blc nqp ofditrcttly. ICrc of ilcn sPT 2 E.bo diihlv nd qiih lt{..r io 

d.oraicrl cuw€. It iidicd.d los ditrcuhy lcv.l. ICC of iEo SPT 3 B 3lighlv fln 

6

wilh spcct ro lhloGircal cw.. Ir indic.Ld d !ced!bl. ditrculy l4el. ICC or n.n 

SPT 4 M 3lighily flat wilh rs!€t to thor.tical cue, Wnich hdidLd los dimculy 

l.rcl of th. itcm .nd it wa e eay it n. 

Cmbi'.d iI.Bs cffi for NPT c pEht d in Fisu& 2 

Ito Rcapois Mod€line ftd Cbu&t ridi6 CllG by $oB for NPI Il@! ofdE T.s 

i 

tt 

t 

tCC of it n NPT I Colc E iGGp wilh Flrcl ro th6sl&.1cwc, It indiat d 

0E a..eirble bd l.ow difFculty l*1. ICC of ilcn NPT 2 slo!. E 3lisldy fld wi0! 

BDc:r ro lh@t r1c.l cl|rc. Ir indiqr.d !E hig! difiicdq l4l. lcc of it n NPt 3 

sloD.6 {.t $d Esoel to th6r.ti6i cwq 'ftjr itdic.Ld low dimcttlly l*t, ICC 

of ir@ NPT 4 stope I in s..p wilh Br.ci io it@rical .@e. It indicat d 3li8lr{y 

our ofmg!diffi.ulty l.v.l. ICC ofitch NPT 5 doF. * flat witt F.p€t to th.r6ticd 

.le. lt indic.l€d rh. low difrcllty kst. Icc of iten NPT 6 sloF ws fl.l wiur 

F D*t to tlE@ticd cwe lr indiclr.d thc v.ry low ditEcdty ldcl .nd dcltt d E.y

6y it€n. ICC of ircb NPI 7 slop€ *r, flai *ith Fsp6t io lh@Ftical cwq h 

indj€tcd lhc lov difEcllty l4l. ICC of iadNPT8dopcwflnv h Fa.cl lo 

rh@.di..l .wa It idic,r.d i!. vay ld difrc'Ity lcwl rod

&*pi!bl. but lo* dimculiy krcl. ICC of it n RLIT 5 slop. sd .t .t with E p€t to 

th@r.li.rl c|e. h indid.d 0r $.pet'b but difrculty lcvd. 

Conbin d it m3 .w6 for DPT d prrst d in Figw 4 

Il.n RdFM Mod.li.g lcm Ch!tut dni6 Cw! by $6 fq DPT h.ms of rhe T€sr 

- 

ICC of nan DPT I slo!. w 0n wit rBFcr ro 6or.ric.t curc. h iidicjLd 

bw dificdty l!rcI. ICC of i|.h DIrI2 doF ls d..p with crdr ro tt6Fri.d cw€. 

Ir indi.lLdlh.q.ptrbLdifficuty Lwl, ICC ofitan DpT I sloF s fld *irh cpar 

ro th.or.ricd ffiq It idi€r,.d ll!. &adlbte bur low diificulry la.l. tCC of iten 

DPT 4 sloF E fl.l {itlt ElPocr ro th@r.tiet clft. ft irdic.r.d thc !o* difEc'nty 

Thc !rcc.din8 ICC a!.lysis of SPT 2, SPT 4, NPT I, NPr l, NPI 5, NPT 6. NPT 

7, NPI 8, NPT 9, RLn ?, RLIT 4 DFf I, DPT l, dd DpI 4 i.dic{cd difficutty td.l of

$*itntwslow, ll6high fn dE ircms NPT 2, Npr 4, RLIT r, Md RLrT L tt 

*!5 eceplable for RLIT 5j and DPT 2, 

rjl.nr Disfibldon fld R.+oM Modcl p.6ftre6 M.ps i.dic.c ln ir.rs for 

Bael &d Ceiling runclion or th. r!$s itehs (App€ndk E). 22 itens of SpT, Npr, RLIT, 

ed DPI wre afus.d in *ri.s ro d.Emj,e rrr ilcm rhBhotd for bel ant eiting 

il.hs using Conquc$ cene6li4d rl'n Rcspons Modeling pmeLr. This p@cdG 

rcd !o@ds th. devclophen! oarh. Ccnd.t ed cnd. nms (ApFndix C), 

As r rcsut! t ircn including irens I I, t9,21, lO od 22 amtrgci h.E @orling 

ro rhct dimculty t.!ct an bc ued as ba.t ir€ms for 6s Cle 8nts. 8 ird includin8 

ilcms 7, 9, | 0, ll, 2l rnd aru8.d hcE .@dins ro rheir difrEutry tmt 6 b. us.d s 

b&l itens for 7t Cli$gnh, 9 hem i.ctuding irN t0,22, Il, 12,9,21,7, Ij ed 19 

.ms.d h.E ac.ording ro dEn dificutry ld€l tu bc usd s tael ilcns fd 6n crlrs 

boys. l1 il.m i.cluding items lO, ll, 22, 9, ll, 2l, 7, t2,19,5 ed 20 MCed her 

r@ding lo $.n dim.uhy tcvct on b. u*d 4 bdst iEm, tor ?6 Cts boys. 

cdd.r dd Crade No@3 w4 @nput d in rm3 of p.@tres, nss, md sD 

for gnb ed boys ol6q dd 7r dls (Appcndix c) 

A soc or 2 SD b.toq th€ na N6 @nsideEd di$EFrcy sE. The 

discEpanci.s in ach r.$ reE 6lcut,cd dd deged fof boys dd gnb of 6d and 7d 

gdd.s rlpcrircD. h br.t 66 8i,ti 0? grade 66 sd 29 gr.dc 7th).!rd B6 boys (71 

gnde 6b .nd 65 gddc th) ftrc id.mified os sLD, 

SLD pEvdde in dE Sirh *.r 2. 5 yo ed 2. l % 

resp€cr'v.ly and in fi. boys *6s l. 4 %.nd 3, 6 % in s!ad. 6u

CHAPTER V 

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS A.I{D 

DISCUSSION 

Thc probLm un&r fih nudy ws lo devetop @npdhensive dilCnostic 

pm€durcs for ln. ad.ntifidion ofchildEn wnn SLD in Edins e{t wirins Udu_ tr 

included d.velopm.nr dd vatidnion ot S.@nins checklisr ond rhe shnd.rdped T.sr 

Bltkry addEshB in diff@nl s@ of t.min4 Th. objcriG orrh. sludy w.@ lor r- 

d€velop lnd valid.l. rhe ch*klin for scEcni,s ofSLDlo dia8oose otuBc ofdiebjlirics 

ud Mja&d probt.m$ ed 2- dd.top ed slodlrdia a T.n Brtr.ry. Tnis Tcn 

Ban.rr consisred of thc fotlo*ir! rds I, S.quddal p,obts T.d (SpT); 2- Nonadbal 

P.rc.prions Ten OPI); 3- Rishr L.R rd.niiaiFrion Test (RLIT); 4- DGt!,ce 

Peeflions Tcsl (DP/D| r L,ll., ReogniijoD T.sl (LRT); 6- Rading Comprh.Nim 

T.n (RCI); 7- wrning conpEh.nsion .id m{hanics Tcst (wCD. 

sch@lchitlEn cmDil &nc 6onon nisi.tcs i, aadi,s wordsj mn sm. 

lcneE in rcoding or in witin8 .n r copyj,g it fiom any $urc.. Such ryFs ot piob tcm s 

of lhc chaldE. &priv. rhm i. ed.nic &hi.Mcnrs in subjers in vhict ech bsics 

o r EadiD8 and wriring c0ry manci rfth.rc is no pebtcm oflbion Md auditory abititi.s 

with the childa th.n rhey a detaEd St-D in on. o, n@ speific 'E of l6njI3. 

Childrcn wilh sLD p.rrom scneral abitn, l.sk in d g@d nanner, Nev.det6s, l11 n 

pcrfm&e in acadmic Ni8im.nrs is nd ftc dr Thc r*hcr Fcivs d.n 

peblems, as they ac crusing trcubL in doins ssignncnr,. tdtrlifiqdon of SLD h 

p6ible wnh lne cdpr.heDsit. di!3ncrac p@€duas. It Mold b. h.lptut ao. rem.dj.l 

raching ard cnse dr ccademic uplin or $* *.rriod chnoEn.

Thm G no speific pd.d6 for rhe idenrifiodo offt chitdci ehh SLD ii 

rsdi.g, wrilinS lnd speuing io Urdu paliislani hngua8e. rr t desiEbl. ro idenlio 

sh@lchildtu wh.n in y h.v. sFnr s. 

'td 

in l@i.B cadin& wiring fld 

sp.lling. ll h funher desimble lo $er our suoh child@. fom lh. Eguld sch6l 

stul. r !t sinh {d Fvc h g6dc. 

T1. design ol$e study in lud.d rhc prepaRtion of checktist aorftescB,ingor 

SLD.o diagm$. whotc turc ordishititic dd ashd pdbtm bas.n on $. 

te&h.fspriorobsdarion infi.ctN6m lndstecionof acrit rion forthsrltidalion 

ofir!. chaklist for pEdicrion. Th.s &&ri! reE inctud.{t Abitity te resl ed clssllm 

&hi.v.menbot60ed 7u gdd. nu&nts rd rhe $bjed otLni,. 

s.Mins Cbecklisl for $. le!ch.6 ws dcv.loped 10 @rd lhc t rchets. 

oberyotid rbour rh. aqd.mic b.hwiour ot rhe cnildEn. rt inotud.d rhe oh$frrrion ror 

physiel pbblems of hding ed vision. Thc ch@klisl w6 for ldch.N ba!.d on geedl 

obed.rion oft. chikrq *nh SLD Fo owin8 c63lmr. haw b+n imtudcd in dE 

scEning Chetl& I) Low SeU Esiecm. 2) s.qucncine. 3) Anention D.icn. 4) 

R.w R.tedion, 5) St ippin& Sccnins ChaLtis *6 giv.n ro rno$ roch6, 

reaching subj@t ofurdu b 60 tud 7d ctslca, ney wde brietc! lboul thc SLD of the 

childErl Ih. purF6 od oruc of rh. S.rning Chellis. th.y ecE !5t.d ro 

ovcBrew the studcnls ponfotio and prior bcn.vior on dineent cc.sions. They w.rc 

tunhcr a*€d lo Epon rhe ql Ett*rion of di.n ob*B.tio about lhc $rdors. TtEy 

Gpon d misl.k s csp.ciatly in rask of rcadin8, wriring dd sFlling i. Urdu, .Irl.y 

funhcr i.diaLd difiGt dllc of dislalc ot $u&nLs dums $e'r cr.s wort ed 

hom.wor*. Th.t rc als givcn ct* di@rids for fi inS of thc Scenin8 Clrcktie. 

SceninSCh4ktisl.oBistcd of panAddpan B.,n,crc *.c Dursqcmdts 

iD Pld A which w@ Etar.d wili rhe id.nification oirgi! for lhe chitdFn with SLD. A

studcnt wis eli8ibl. for flnh.r i.venigotion if hi&rhd rrher cstorded .yct. fo, th. 

trr&mcnr l md 4 rnd "t{o" for rh. satcBcnl 2 lnd l. pdt B consisEdot2l srddols 

m lhc bcginnins. Larer on fiv. slateb.nB w€@ cxctuded, .s r.spon{tenb @utd nol 

urdffi.d rhd. If rh. chitd ws Mrh chdcterinic Epres.ring sLD ln. .tlffr w., 

gilen one sE ecording !o kcy. !f the chikt was nol whh rhe chdet.rjstics 

repEeths SLD, t. dso ws siwn ao $oE ec@dins to t.y. To bc.liBible td 

sLD idcnliirorion ! (udenr mlsr anlin a sE of 4 in pdr A, For pan I sE rurc 

coul.d lnd added with ir Pr.t A. Cur otrpoinr for ScEntrg Chektjj @ 2 SD b.tow 

m.!n. sludenB Nith bich eorcs msinE fbm (8 _ r3) on sc@ning ch.cltist *ere 

@nsid.Ed at risk .nt wE eldp

slldcnG. Tne sud.nrs Nho got high scoE on Sccning Ch6ktisl dd te whh ii Mse 

of90 - ll0, dd achi.vdcnr @E in Unlu b.low 509/. were ldminiiqed thc Test 

B.tr.ry. In sud.nrs h.d ro wrik ll@ &d ct6, $hooton thc rop ofrh. rqsr in tlF 

givcn sprcc. Thcy w@ to pul o cbak mrk or cro$ mark on rhc riBht mwer in spr, 

NPr, RLIT a.d DPI of ttu Tcd B.f.ry. In LRT dd RcT. rtcy h.d io @d rhe 

pdrgraph .nd s!ir. il aerin on l]le sc paSe in lhe Sivch sp.ce. In wcT lhc studenls 

e.E dicbt.d . pmShph fd srhing 

For the purpoe of scorins ot syr, NFr, RLIT dd Dpr, scorc one *is a$igned 

ro ri&t 6w.r ard zm lo wbng mw.r LRT @nsisEd oalhc Fff, Bch pdn 

@niincd fiv€ l.tr.^ nd siud.nts wer ftquiEd b Frirc lhc l.trc6 in th. Bir.n sprce. 

Scorc on. 6 .sisnd ro @mcr tenq and ao to in6@1 tencr. RCT ansisred of 

No p€aeFpnr tud th. srud.nrs reE &qoiEd ro Fwite lhc p.c8F!h in lh. givd 

spae. Fitoen sclerd w6ds ofe-n paEgtaph wcE.djldsed for srins ed onc sore 

for.&h 6d wod ws eign.n. In WCT. a pra3arh w {tic..r.d to euddrs. If 

slud.nt prcvided witc words, one sco@ for @h word ws ssj8ncd od iolrl $ores for 

66 lesr *eE I 5. ft.m mtysis ofte*s ofT.n BalEry s6 n.d. for iLm difi]crh, aftt 

disqimi.0rion lcvcl, Individuat irn de sc.ber ptol wirh Esper ro rhe hd,vrdurt md 

iLm cha@l$i$ica q.ft duined. n.o ch'eldinics crc *.E .re obr.n d rron 

Respons Modcling nidnionat slrtistie w* cdlcutaied lnd atueed for fte 

ideD(ficarion of Bad dd Criling pohis for the gnb, bo's oa6d ed / ctass. 

Tobl rin. olcmptclio oftee by 80% ofju&nls w6 ako doded for th. time 

stlnd.rdizalion of lhc r.st, Low ScoEs oi each t $ indisled rhc DmbteD e! of lhe 

stud.nt in laning, Ma dd sE d.nt dcvi.rioD w.E otcul.r.d @ !U dE rns, Cade 

and gcider noms lor dch resr weE esbblishcd. D.seiplive shlislica in r.ms of Metus, 

SD ..d Pe|qril.s EE .,brai..d for 6\ / cte$ boys .nd si.k cplncty f@ {ch r.sl

orthc T4r Banery. Cltoffscoc fo, ftlendfr@rion ofchildrn qnh SLD *s @lcuhled 

bysuhdcring2SDfmman sc on ech |cn ofd. T.n Baftry. Tfi. sidcrc 

oblai.ir! scores lower tne $n 

cDt o,I weE lab.led 6 childftD wilh SLD in tn. 

Thc d.sisn of lh. study funner inchded drc $l*rion ot poputaiion, 

smplca fn *hirislrdi@ of ch@hisl ud c.r5_ Si{h !d s.vcn$ gEd. boys od sjns 

sMents of sov€ho.nr $h@h of rrnorc city constitud rhe popltllio ot l1)e study. 

Th€ $pL of dE srudy @ sldrcd iiom rhe poprtain c@id.ri,g ach shot .s 

clBi.. ortih6r€ cily. Forty sclDols clusGb rcE rddohly shcr.d fo,lhc stody oul of 

lh€ ro€r r52 gids &d boys s('fud. st@ls cin8 bdktinS n.rtDd. In qch sh@l 

dll lhc l@ners t 4hinB U.du lo 6d ed 7rh cte w.re invotv.i for identifi@don of 

childr6 rirh SLD. Scrnin! CheHist B adninisr.d !o 2rO0 s[&.rs wiltr SLD 

sybptoms 6 id.ntjiied by rhc le&hcu t.&hing Urdu. AB.d on thc .Mtysk of 

s@i.g Ch.cklie l0t3 sdcnt3 eE st*rd 6. Ehabi4 tO8? stlddrs v.E nor 

includcd, is lhey did nor meel th. c,it ria t.id dou ior SLD jn rhis ,tu

std&rdiz.d ehicvdor t.srs, Urdu rchiercmcit 3@s EE lhc b61 ov.it.bt. 

Fetor d.ltsh 6 fln for th. cxptorarory aebr loadins to map out rhc m6r 

np.rbnt veiabl.s for rhe s.Ming Choktist !trd ao, rhe Tcsl Bid.ry. Confi@iory 

r&ror @l,sis was run fo. lh confimrion of surrcals b confim rhe vaiibtes in the 

csl 6 wc slet d an dE d?todlo.y f&!or mlysis in rh€ pitot t6t. 

Th. discrimin.Dr vllidiry was dclcmined ror Screenin! Cneklkr nakinc leo 

cegoi.s or low (0-'t) dd hid $G (8- 13) with ehi.kocnt s6 in Unlu ,nd wilh 

thc scoE ofach r€sr of$e Tcsr Barery, 

The o.rcrgol vrlidity or tecs oarlc T.st B.rGry B 6bblislEd wirh abitiry 

lQ test smrcs dd ochievem.nt srs in Udu. Scoa on each rst of rhc Tel Banery 

s* dividcd inro No @gori.i tow sEs ed high scc. 

Reliabiliry of tcsts Nrs dct mined in t ms of inledat .onsisimcy ud si.bihy. 

Th. nabilir, of $. rd w.s deGmimd 6hg fi. r6l-*si Enabirfty eat,sis. 

consislency in thc f@ios rs €slobtisncd usinS *plomrory faclor anclysis ud 

Noms we€ dcvetoFd in drc fdm ofnani sllrddd dcrilri@ dd p.,6ril.s 

lor girls, bots in 66 lnd 76 ctas scpm!.ty, Time tor 6rtenF orach r.n rs @cordcd. 

Mtus dd srodard d€virtions w.E stcul.rcd fe . lcsrs ofrl,c Td Ban ry. Bot dd 

C.iline poinrs for th. !nk, boys ot 6d od ?a cte w.r. al$ id.dified th@ugn san.r 

plot idivdu.t ncm pl.emer p@dus. 

Th. t sl sEs wid' 2 d.nd4d deialions bctoN fi. 6cm w.c @nsidecd a3 

dieEFrcy sE. The dis.cpsfties in LRT, RCT, ..d wCT .nd ar td om oa rhc 

SPT, NPT RLIT ild DpT *.c oorsideEd for SLD diagnosh.

Findirg3 

2. 

3, 

sev.n sub tes|s wec in luded in rhc Tcst B.ncry @nhininS it n' 4 in SPT, 3 in 

NPT Pln A, I in NPt Pan B, 3 in NPr Pa.r C,2 i. RLIT Pan A,I in RL|T p.n 

B, 2 in DPT Pan A" 2 io DPT 

elered *paEl.ty for Eadine, 

t xlbooks of 6u ed f gnd6. 

P.n B dd 3 ir LRT,. ThEe peasFphs wE 

wdting &d dictation in Udu ftom lhe Urdu 

Tn* FEeftrns EpEsnred RCT dd WCT ot 

SPr, NPI, DPf LRT, RCT, qd WCT hd posirivc @mt rion *irh Urdu of , t4 

.12,.02,06 ,09,,14, and,t4 Esp@livety. The an.l.rion of SsI, NpT, r_RT, 

RCT, rnd wCT l@ si8.ifmr .r a = .Or whit. cmt rion oa DpI *itn URlu 

1e$ sor. was significdt ar q = .05. TheE qs no signifi.&t onclatro, bcrw€n 

Utdu td @E .nd RLIT sco6. 

SPr, NPI, RLIT, DpI. LRT. RCT, dd wCT had posniv. @ftl ion willl re of 

.17. ,09, .01, .t2, .13, .Oj, sd ,33, Esp€crivcty. Th. cofttaljons ofNpT, DpI 

ad wCI *.8 sisni6@r ar o =.Ol *nih @mtado.s of spT, LRT, dd RcT 

with IQ tesr sorc was siSnificml .r d = .05. so nu hypo$*s rcj ed wilh 6tl 

thc c5r5 mG Ejdcd qc€pt .ull hypo{heis Et r.d w n RrlT, *nich B 

Th. a&ior loldinss o. fiv. fa.r6 confmcd hrDorhdicat nincBfr popord 

ibr lhc s@cnirg Chec*tist. 3 ircms oi t w *r Eneh tulor had ftctor 

l@din$ of .88, ,85 ed ,86. Tn.E @ wry Sood f..ror toadrnSs In $R ncms 

in this lanor I items o I s.qu.ncinS f&lor h.d fador t@dins of .62, .84 dd 

.?J.Th.E Nrs v.ry sed t&ior todings in ir.ms 6 dd 7 .nd god m e6 5. 2 

nos of Art j6 D.ficn racror hrd r&tor lo.dings of.8.r,od.84. ftcrcb 

very gtud factor loadine i. bolh iGhs in lh is f&ld. 2 itcns of Rc vcNe Relcnlion

fldor had f.clor l@dinss oa .8?. dd .8?. nrE s€re vcry g@d f&!or loadings 

in both iLms i. ihG fador. I nds ofstipFin! focior hrd a&!or tddinss of.65, 

,85 sd.62. Tterc w6 r.ry s@d l&tr lodings in nems ro ed g@d in item 9 

5- Four il€G of SPr had facbr loldi.g of.5o, ,65, .30 ed ,65 Espetivclr. Thc 

l&br l@dings in i&n 3 *cre v€ry Smd whitc il *6 goo{t in irem l. 2, dd 4. l 

hens ofNPI Pan A hrd facior lo.ding of,71, .59 dd .67 6p€.tivcly. Thc 

fftbr lGdins ir irn I ws vcry good whit. ii ircns 2 .nd I n wB good. l 

ilcms or NPI Pd B had f.ctor loading of.5j. ,81 sd .31 EsFclivcty ehicn ws 

v.ry good ror irens .nd so.d i. il.n L 3 il.m of Npr p.n C hld v.ry good 

r&tor lediogs of .3l,.83 tud,68 Espeiivcly, 2 icne of RuT pan A hd wis 

vtry sood f&lor l@dings of_37 lnd ,87 EsD..riv.t, I n ft ofRt_rT part B h.d 

vert g@d f.ctor l@din! ot.69,.80 cnd.?e Esp4lively. 2 iEns of Dyr pan A 

hld.ve'y goodfacbrtoldingsof .84.nd.S4EsperiEty. 2 aEGorDpf pd 

3 had a vcry gmd fator lo.dinss of,88 ed .88 rcspelivcly. 3 ftns of LRT hld 

! v.ry so.d f&tor todinss of.75, .34 dd .82 Esp*tiv.ty. 

SPI, NPI, DPT, RLIT, LRT, RCT, ftd wcT had t-!,tu.s 2.9s,2.06, 2.64,4.23, 

2.00, 215, {d 6.3t GFdivcly' The r,Etes for Spr, RL|T, DpT, &d WCf 

we€ sisnitcbr st o = .01 e{t l-valucs tor Rt_rT, and LRT sisnifiqr 6t o = .05, 

For RCT r-v!h., .2r vs nd signifi6r. Thc nul hrlorh$ ehre{ wirh dt inc 

tcss weE Ej@&d exepr nu hDorhesis etated wirh LRT, which ws ecepten. 

Udu ic$ srs md lQ rn $oEs h.d r,Etes LI r, e{r j,23 Gpcrivcty. Th. 

t-volue o4 5.23 for IQ rcst srs ss signifior ar a = ,Ol whitc it was not 

si3niliol for U'du tei, $ n r hrpo$.sb atar.d wirh te B b Elcr.d od 

$e null hypothesis elarcd wilh Ud! resr was accepled. Ir nos Dhoini@r

vdidiry ofllte Sc@nins Choklist 6 cs.blbhcd with dc le rsr *s bur nd 

8- sPI. NPr, RLIT, DPT, LRT, RCT, and WCT hrd t-vatues 2.40, 3,t3, 1.43, 1.29, 

1,96, .2.O2, dd 2.95. E+€liEly. Th. Gt.les for SPf, NPt,.nd WCT eE 

sis.i,icobt al d = ,01 ond l-vatues for LRT and RCT si9ific6nl .t a = .05. Fot 

RIIT .nd DPr r-v.lu.s! r.4l dd | 29 BDeriwty }4 nor 3ignifr{r. T}. rotl 

nr?oficscs rcla&d witl all lh. l.sr! w.re Ejeld .x€pr nrl hyplhes Etar.d 

*ith thc r.sl LRIT dd wcT, which sere reprld. 

sPr, NPr, RUT, DPr. LRT, RCT. sd wcT hd r-wtu 6.5r, 2.10, .O?, 2.96, 

2.03, 2,03, dd 8.r, Bp€cliv.ly. Th. l.values td SpT, Npf, DpT, md wCT 

w* sigrifmr '| o - .01 dd t-mtu6 fd, LRT rtrd RcT sigifionl !l d = ot. 

For RLIT t-v.lue, .07 ws nor sisnificdi rr. nutt hyporh.se Ghlcd wjrh att rh. 

te$s w.E rejeLd *lpr i! hylorh.sjs Flated with the rest LRIT, which ws 

sPT, NPr, RuT, DPT, LRT, RcT,.nd WCT had positive corcrrrion of.49, ,40, 

.52, .ll, -55,.nd ..r9 Eselivery. nE mtlrion of i.s -Ecq oa spT, NpI, 

RLIT, LRT. RCT, dnd WCT eF silnifiml .r d = .05 wnir. comlarion ot tcn _ 

Etlsi of DPT w6 signifi@l !l d = ,05. So nult hr?otn*s cr.lcd s,m .I rhc 

cronbrch alpha reliabitity co.ftcicnt w .Bj, which was hilh for low solf_ 

csL.m f.dor of ftning cnektsrs, The Eli.bitiq @fficior of RdcF 

R.Lnrior vas .69, which wa good rcliabitity, Th. Etiabiliry G'icients for fic 

s.qu cii8 Atr.nrion D€ficil ed SkjDpinc flclors .59, .j8, _50 cwc.iv.t, 

which indiEc suiici.m rctiabili.y.

l2- 

13, 

14, 

I5- 

conb&h AlDh. Eliability ccfilci.nb for SPI, NPr, RLn ud DpI were .51, 

.60, .58 &d .66 csD.ctive!. 

Di$rimindiotr lcwls or.ll it ms olall rh. m @g.d fiqn O.2O ro o.?9, which 

is &ccpbble Mg. cxoept thc ir.n of dc RLIT-4, rhich is navine .09 

diErimimtion indi6. The il.m rh$hotd of aU ih. jlcns tugd fim .20 ro .98, 

wlich is lls @cplr!|. @9. exe $c iteDs NPI-2, NPr"4, RLIT4 rnd DpT. 

l, wilh 2.04, 1.09, l.47ed.01 ir.n dresnot resp.crivety. In thc* ite6s RUT 

4 is Elorircly ,iln low ir.m dilficutty, NpT 2, Npr 4 .r'd Dpr m *irh 

Elarivcly witi hi8h ich ditficutry. 

NsI ha negativc Sk wn$ Caficicnt Alpha rangiig fDn .5 I lo .66, 

lcm Ch.futdislics Cor. (IcC) by sE fd eh iFm of rh. csls oi $e lcn 

Bli!ry wilh Erc dd onc Bponse w.E daM ror il.m titids. lCC ofiEm SpT 

I wB sU8hdy nat rirh rcspei ro lhftrclimt c!&.. ll w6.@p|!btc tue. of 

diffculty. ICC of h.m SPr 2 wrs ate sligr ty n.l with ap6l to lh.o€riot 

cufl.. Il indicaled low difiiculiy t.v.l. rCC of ircm SpI3 w6stighdy nar rilh 

Espet to $@r.ri6l curc. tl indic.ad d a@pt btc difrcutry t.rcI. tcc of 

ilem SPr 4 B slightty flar wirh Espsl lo lhoEriol cude. which indid.rt 

low diftcully lcvel of the irem ed ir w$ sn esy ich. 

ICC of iFn NPr t 3bF w6 slep wirrr 6?€t io dEoeri6t cure. u jndicai.d 

txc &c.phbL but low dificulry lcv.l, rcc otnld NFr 2 sbpc w.s 3lighdy n.t 

*ith ep

I6- 

ICC of itcn NPT 6 rlopc w lh. *ith 6r€ct to ih.ocriot clre. tl indicircd 

tbc very low dinicDlly lev.l r.d &chrcd very .$y iten. ICC of iLm Npr ? 

sloD. w6 not wilh c!p.d b rh@rai@t cud.. n ituticar.d rhe tow ditrrcuhy 

l.vel. ICC or ilem NPT 8 slope was flal with respeot 10 lh.oEliat curc. u 

indjclr.d $. vcry lov di6culy l.El and debEd 6 vcry 45y itcm. tCC of 

ito NPt 9 dop€ 16 nrt wi6 EsD.cr io rhsrclical oud.. rr iodi€lcd rh. b* 

ICC of il.m RUT I slop. was sc.p wnh EsD€.t ro rheocricat cud.. tl iidiaten 

th. rept bl. bur high dinculry tcv.t. rcc oi ilcm RltT 2 sloF {s scc, Nro 

dper to th6t li@l cme, rr indjcar.d lh. low dimcuhy l.v.l. tCC of jM 

RLIT 3 dopc w6 nor with ap..r ro drffiliqt c!ne. ft i.dical€d lh. 4eD|!bte 

bDl high difficutty l.v.l. ICC of nen RLIT 4 srope rc slalp *rh EsF.! @ 

u'eoctioal c!Ne. It ihdicalcd ihe &c.plabt. bur tow di mculty t.v.l. tCC of iten 

RLIT 5 sloF *.s sL.p wiltl rcsFcr to fioEtiat c@. It indiq&d th€ 

acoeplobl. but difticul! tevet. 

lcc of iLm DPt I doD. ws flal with cF.t lo rhqdist cln . Ir indicarcd 

bw diffc![y lev.l. lcc of ilcm DpT 2 stope was st€p wu rcsp€.1 lo 

tiodiel cuR.. ft indid.d th. @ptallc dittcutty lcrct. tCC ot iE( DpI 3 

slope was iat Nith csp.cr ro lheocricat cun.. rr indical.d the @.ptable bur 

Iow diraulty lercl- lcc of it m Dpr 4 sbpe ss nar wirh Esper ro d@dol 

c!ne. ll indicaled rh. Iow difi.uly level lr.n, 

I-ater. Dilr.ibuiio. a.d R6pons Mod.t pmm.r.6 Maps jrdi@le dE ir.ms for 

Dasal dd ccilirs tunclio. of rh. t 3rs irens. This p@.duc |ed row.r{rs ftc 

d.veropn.ni of the 6cr&r md cdd. ,om'

17- G.nd.rand Cddc Noms qeE @mputed intcms ofp€cnlit.s, 6cdns, ed SDs 

fn gnh od bols of 6d &d ?6 cl!s. A $or of 2 SO bclM tlt nd @ 

coisidercd diercpancy se. Tho di$Ep3nci.s in each tcst werc c.lcltdred .nd 

@nsen fd boF a.d snh of6! ud f sEd6 r6pedivcly. 

r3- SLD prevorcnce in the girls,s 2.5 % r t!2.1o/o in gzd.6d and 7s up€crivcty 

r.d. in ln. boys @ 3.t % &d 3.6 % in shd. 6n od /r EsFeiitcly , 

D.v.lop6cnr ol dE cdpr.hosivc diasnosic plGduEs ror rhc chiben *nh 

sLD includ.! cedlin i.?s ror $. rholc prcces ol idenifialion. Fi6l ofalt r€che6 

ohsfrafims 14 collded rhDugh ln€ sc@.ing chekri( tr v6 o good sm. for 

lbe prim.ry obsea.tion o{tn. nuddr wirh SLD. The ct6s &acher is DoE rcliabt. 

suEc ro EDon nc &admic dimcutrics .nd o[.r prebt.frs of th. chitdd wirh slo. 

Academic achievem. s of th. strdqls wE ml@tcd no6 $c $hool Ecord. Th. 

8.rdes in Urdu EE s|(rd fom rhe &h@l pdious.xsidlion. TrE Crid6 in Urdu 

weE collcccd oa rlos siudots wittr lo* &hiwen.nrs in Urdu. Rav.B prosresiv. 

Mdic.s lQ.biliry lln w6 dh lo a rios sbden$ h.vihg low lchideh..r in Udu. 

Thos nudcnls with lverae€ le wcE scruiinircd fd noE sp€.itic id..iificatids of thcn 

pmblcms. Td 8an.ry ws adminhr.cd to ! et{l€d sd.nls sL.r.d bascd on 

rvemg. lQ rc$ .ner $rurinizins the re Lsi Cnb nd bo)s of 6s od f shd.s sud.nr3 

*id' di$aparcy of 2SD frm rh. md soF in *h res of rhe Tesr Brn ry wcE 

conr.nt validiry ofrh. Tcs BatE.y w.s esibtthed rhrough lh. pan.t ofdpeds 

who w.rc navi.s.xD.rio@ oft &hinB lnd test {tcv.lopme,t. Th. exD€n! kE h.vin! 

suffici.nr .xFri.@ ar Fsigaduar. nd d€roml t.Kt, The .xFns. susaBrrons td, lh. 

conL.t dd languS. of6sl vcc cndoed wi$ thc tcsre_

fieF was sisnifisnl corelalions of alt de rosls scoEs on rh. tesrs, SpT, NPr. 

LRT. RCT, WCT ond DPT wirh ffi in Udu exept lh. En sc of RL|T of th. Test 

Bitr.ry, TheE wa oo significdr coftLion of lh. Gsr mE of $. En RLIT wilh 

$oEs in Urdu. ll might b. duc lo the d.finnioml pcuplctivs of thc SLD. Tt.y NcE 

sBpd.d vnh n8h Lii iddtificarim confusio. Ir ws fldhs suppon.d by rh. fld rhot 

Rith kn identiicalio. was one oi the addiriort lymptons of thc SLD. It wcs nol 

conpulsdy ard ndimr€d pdblen of.&h chitd warh SLD. Th.rc w6 signif@r 

concrarion i. .ll lh. Br of rhe T€n Ban.ry wnh rQ rcst sEs. Ahhoust mosr ofthe 

abov. Epod.4 @ftlatioN *s sisnjficlln tut kepinS jn vi.w lh.ir to* vatucs, rh., 

may have pnctidl siSnificdc.. It seeN difiiculr !o .drbtish commnr vilidily. 

Howcv.r, rhcs efthions indier ftd $nc Etarionship cn$ Ew*n h* i.sll. 

consuct vatidig of$. sce..in8 chetdGt md T.e Bancry sls Brlbtish.d 

w iih lhe f!.tor d! lrsis. ThcE was high dd sood Lctor looding jn co, fimarory onrlysis 

in all thc G.0o6 of lhc sching Ch€tlisr, 

scenins Checttisl w.s sjven to r.iche6 tor rhe reoordin8 lhe obsedrtion of 

stud.nrs. In cxploElo.y fa.ror l@di,e a,ch *c etecd with 8ood or sumcnnr 

rcliabihy cmcicnl. Th.r rs lov frcior toadinS in Skippin8 flclor orrhe S.Ecnins 

Cheklin but w$ eleted tor Sctqjng Ch€klis ehit keping in vid rhc a&t ihd 

r.ach.u F4civ. 3kippins of th. words or t.rc6 of rnc studen$ in dif.Enr wrys. 

Pobobly l])ey wcE nol having good und.6tlndin8 ot poblds ot chjldM *ir! SLD. 

Th. t m skipping migh! not bc wI conpEh.nd.d by ! rh. techs. Consolcr 

validny of lhe Tcst Bdi.ry ws also dctlmined with ihe faclor dabsis. pdmdity 

cxpromrory @lysis *6 M ii pjld sludy. C@6m.rory datysis ws M fo, aunhr 

srudy. All rhe rcsb facloE ofthe Test Banery werc with hish, Eood sd sumoi.nt 

cliability @ffi.ic.b. In smc p.r|l ot.h. ..rts tikc om ofth. i&m ot6c r.j Ngf Dd

C 16 sirh s lo* loadiDg s 0.48. Ncvcnhcb$, n ws includcd in $. cst bdaus thcE 

6 suffri.nt CMb4hrs Alpha ctiabitiry @nicicnr for !I pan, ofthc r.n. 

Dienninanr vllidiry lor the ScE.ning ChecHist od coovcrscnl v.tidity ao, th. 

Te$ Banery wcrc .srlblished witn the t-rsl. At lne esty slog. di$rimine! validiiy of 

th. sc@ing Cheklin $ br atrd high edDs ws jd.mificd wid ffi in Urdu j, 

palor sfudy. Ir funntr sody, dienmjn.nr $tidiry of rh. S.Enins chc*tGr {6 

d.r.mined *ilh att r.sls otT.d Bancry dc.pr RcT. Il 6ighr b. du. $e c&n rh.t 

Screening Checklbt w6 used and cponed by lh. t.ahc6 ond cdsisled of rhc 

sBrm..b about $n. g.n@l b.h.viour 6 e . N*rt6cl.$, scacDi,s ch4ukr w6 

dlscrimiMring rll dhq es|s of Td Bery. 

In ftrth.r slodn hs low scorin! .nd hish sri,g or.lory of rne snrd€nls wcE 

identin.d wnh 2SD dhcEpmcy 6om lh. mo scoEs. Thcs. toN ed high sodng 

slud.nls of th. S.Gnirg Ch{tli$ N* di$rimimti.g significdrty on the lcsls s@3 

ol$. T61Bdcry. Dsrihimr vltidiry of rh. SG.ing Ch@t|isr I de chetcd 

and .stablished whh scorcs in Urdu enidcmcnrs ed re $orcs, Di*nnindr vatidny 

was drblished with lQ rst scores. whitc ir oould ,ot b. .srablished wjth scorcs in 

Utdu. It nighr bc d!. ro rhc fd dBl th. S.@nins Chellist is |n. @ljdon or raolou 

@mprisina dift Ent fl.rcnts in ttre d.finiriodt p.,qeriv.s of SLD. ft ir nor 

nccesry rhar all thc cdditioB of the sLD synplons e b.ing futfitt.d .mong all rhc 

carcr3dr validi9 or the Tcsr Barrry w6 d.hincd whil. nDldns sbuDs ot 

lN ahiacB dd high &hiscE in @h ics ofrh. T61Bat6ry. Th.$ Smups ot tow 

.chi.ve6 dd high shi.v.^ in @h rn ottc Tesl Barhry wcE mad. *irh Esp..r lo 

2SD disftpecy frcm rhe n@ eorcs of c.ch tesl of Tsl Blr.ry, Th. co.vergent 

lalidiiy ola[ inc icst of T.st Bery ws d.Emircd vilh @a3 of ffi h Udu ed

IQ ability csl. Low snng grcup of $udcn6 md hieh s@ing o, rh. l.sr of Urdu dd 

IQ e@ di$riminaFd by lh€ Tesr B.(cry. t s achi.v6 dd high rchid.c o rhc tei 

RI|T of T.n Brn ry B nor dienmidring siSnif@dt @ ltE w in sc i, Udu 

dd lQ t n sEs. n niEh b. ba.ue fi. .hildrcn haviDg SLD fe.d rh. pbbtcns of 

riglt lnd l.R iddrifislion. Ttey w.E not poseside srabte b.hlviou, of rishl lefi 

Low lchicvcu drd hid @hicv.u oi lh. E{ Dpr of T.st Brdcry ws 

disiniMing tisnific!trly on rhc re !.n ffi. Bur not vnn lh. scc i, U.du 

Di$@ misFeprid pobl.n B rorhd @. of lh. s}'nplohs ot SLD and ,or 

necesdly b. rh. ultiMle synproh, TlErcfo@, rhe @nverse.t v.lidily ot rne T6l 

Basery w$ dcl.mined witn ehool smd. ir Uido and re l.$ er.s bas.d on rhe sLD 

synptoms lik , hlbal lii.Ey in rcodiog tud wnin8. 

Th. @nv.tran hlidiry of rh. Tcd BliEry 6 6Lbtishcd wirtr s6 in udu 

ed lQ tn sEs ba€d o tess lil. LRT, RcT, &d wcT of6. Td Bln ry, *hhh 

Ncc $. ncc.$rry comDondr oflhc symproms of sLD. 

Thc conv.rgent €lidiry oflh. Tcar Bltte,y was .te 6rrblish.d wiln soEs i. 

udu and lQ rcsr sr.s blsd on i.srs tik sPr and Npt oftte Tesr Batrery, ehich NeE 

lne sobdlry coDponents ofoE srnDbrs of SLD. 

R.lilbiliiy of $c s.E.ing cnctlst ws d.rmin d unh inaMl cmisi.@, 

n.NB by Crcnbeht Alpha @filddr, For Eliabitity of ln. S.cning Checktis! 

Low S.lf Encn retor, lheE wd high Fliabitity in om of rhe taclou. R.ves. 

Recntion, anoth.r faclor qrs *nh good rctilbilily. Th€re 6 wnh sutnci.nr r.liability 

in aU orher lelo6 ofrhe screenirg chektist, Th.F rcsuxs indiatc th.t ihc eliobjlity or 

sGninS Cheklin is suficient fn tc dias.osis ofSLD.

Reli.bility *ffcidrs o.lh. tcn DpT oarhe Tsl Bariery Ner god but thc rest 

SPT, NPr, dd RLIT scoEs wec with sutici.nr r.tilbitity Th.e csuhs indicai. th.t 

rh. Eliability ol rhe Tesl Bott ry is sumcidr ld rhc diagDcis in speifi. tBbtms of 

SLD. 

sbbility Efianility of dE T61 B.rcry *s lts d4min d by rhe Est_dlsr 

altubiliry n $od. Thft ws sagrifi@r @fthrion ccfltcior in a[ Ihc r.sts ofrh. Tcn 

Bft.ry a = .01 dc.pr DPT, Cocl.rion ccthci..t of Dpf ai a = .05 tRct of 

sisriticde *d sisnitmi This shows lh.r dE T.s Bdery hd sufficienr slibitiry 

All items in ach of rle l€sts had adcquot ilcm lhreshotd /irem diftcufty wirh in 

dns. .rept four ilems. r nighr bc b.clus rhc$ ilcms *.e r.trier wili 0E Miarcd 

Drcblns ofrhe sLD Ary how tu b. usd f6 i.st bltlery. 

Iiem Cnadatlics Curu by sE for 4h icn of r.srs of de T.sl Batrlrt vilh 

m dd m GpotE w draM f6 ich fittEs. Td iEds of SPT, Npr, RrrT rnd 

DPT s.rc of varyira difiiculty l€v.b, Tn e Bts e consi.lered imFri. fo.djag@5is 

childEn ei$ SLD; hencc, lh. irss w.@ .or qcludcd 6om th. csa. 

Ir€m Map or Latent Disrribution ond R€spons Modet palmeter Eslimarcs of atl 

items of the Te$ Bansy indioohd five ircms of gtts of 60 olds, eish n ms or girts of 

7u clasn nine il€ms or boys of6d cli$. Md elevd irms ofboys off ct6s fo. b6.l 

function. Thn incl* in bael ir.n hi8lq g'adc h losiqlty comt b6w lhe iLms 

godully baone eas, for sllritots in hiSlF gn&. DitreMt rom! EE d.vctop.d for 

rh. snk, boys of6d tud f chs- 

D6criprive sisios for bol|.| sddc6 016r dd 76 cts m obsfrcd lo b. 

dilIcMt in tems or p.lmlil6, mtu and srs.j.rd &viationsj ndce $paa!. noms for 

bod $e scndds weE develop.{t.

Acutofp.inlof scoEswiltttwost ndddd. .tionsb€tosth.ntu in.ehEsr 

sa ussd for idenlifidion ofchitdrcn wiri SLD. Th. ideninadon h,s b.cn basd on 

thc verbal lilc@t resrs. fife typcs of verbat lil.mcy iests were dev.top.d. Th.r 

included L.ner RemcnnioD Tcsl (LRT); R.ldine CompEbension Tcsr (RCT) .nd 

wiiint Conpr.hosion Tc( iwCT). vcrb.l lit dy is ih. lEI6r ea ofsd.ors wilh 

SLD, ThB, odyrte l* reE ued ftr rh. iddtitidion. Howvcr, spT. Npf, RLIT 

&d DPr tu b. usn for clini€l Dorpoe ro i&nti& slEinc a6 of coMn. Thc 

nuobcr ot srude.G indid.d di$Ep4y in difi.Ent 6rs ofrhe Tesl a.n.ry w.r 202. 

Th. pBalcne 6f idenlifi.d gnb i. 60 class w6 2.5 %, 8 

s in ?d cl.$ 2,1 %, 

boys in 6'i clss 3.4 % ed in ?6 cla$ 3,6 % in Lchorc city. Theprevatcnc.otidcnrifi.d 

boy *ud.nts Nas 60€ rh4 cnh. Thc dld.nts have becn id.nnfi.d eon bt t cnrotncnr 

of 6430 of the stls. boys in 66 dd / clN oa colcmmcnl ehsls i. lrlDrc, p.kisrd. 

M!1. studcnts hrd high.r p.Mr.gc s @nDor.d to fqnst. rurrenc fld n E @ciqar 

2- 

l- 

Conl..t v.lidny of ft. Sr@niog Chccldist sd ihe Tesl Bon ry was sood 

cstablished witn expen opinion 

Although most of lh., cod.hrionJ b.rwcan Urdu lesl soE ed T6l B.ttcry 

sEs Nere sieni6@t but tcping in tia rhcn lov hlu.s, rhey mly h.ve sm. 

pdiel sisnifica@. It shs dimoh b globlish c@mt v.tjdiry, 

B@r, ths @rclarims irdior. drr em. Etdiorhip disrs bdvcn dc$ 

M6l ofde t.sl iMs oflhc Scrnins Ch.c*tisr had very sood rrcro, tading nd 

sonc had Sood fetor loailing. F.cblial v.lidity oflh. scFc.in8 checkltt w.s

t- 

8, 

Most ofrh. rcsr itehs olrhe T$! Barcry bad hilh or sood fEclor losding which 

.soblhh.s its faclori.l / @nscr t.lidity. 

All th. db.riniBnr mt,*s indid. lnrr s.@oin! Cnetus h.d e ldcqut 

All tlc mnrclBdt &.lyes indi@t thrr Td B.n ry hld m ad.gur. Corcrgcnr 

Most of thc oreladons fo. fie retiabiliiy ot rhe Tcn Baftry wce signifiol. 

Tcsts ecLdo cmci.nts eppoi.d lt|. Etialitiry ofthe T6r B!c+ 

All thc frcloB of th. ScEning Chccktist reE Eli.bt. for 6e di.Snosis ot rh. 

9- All rcsts of rli. Td Brft.ry had good Eliobiliry. 

l0- All ir.ns in @h ofrhc l.s6 had di$iihinarion pow.r *irh in mg. cxepl one 

itcm, MoEver, aU ilems in sch of the csr had !d.qu,re irem lrlGshold /iLm 

dirrculty wiln i. @g. arc.pl fou ir.ns, 

I I- All fic tesls hrv. ldFable Eng. of Ccfficicnr Atpna, vbjch h sumcienl to 

calrblish th. inrcmat coBitucy ofdE t.s nems. 

12' Thc nm ChmcGdsric cure &atyris of Spr 2, Spr 4, Npr r, Npr 3, NPT 5, 

NPT 6, NPT ?, NPT 8. NPT 9, RLIT 2, RLIT 4, DPT I, DPr 3, ANd DPT 4 

indiot d dimcuhy t.v.t oflhcs jr.ns e6 toN. l! *s hish for thc iLm, NpT 2, 

NPr4, RrlT I,and RL|T3_ tt ws &cep(abte for RLIT j, dd DpT 2, 

13- 5 ilem inotudinS itchs lt, 19, 21, lO od 22 mng.d ns. leodi,g id then 

dimcufty l.vcl q bc rEd a h€et it ms td 66 Cts snb. I it h includi,g 

ilcms 7, 9, t0, 13,2l md atm8.d hcE rcodinS lo th.ir diticuhy t.Etco b. 

u*dsbel ite6forTsCtNgirls. gitem inctudinSir.ms t0,22, rr, 12,9,2t, 

?, I I dd 19 !@g.d h* eitang lo lh.i. diflicutty t.wt 6 b. lsd 6 bel

it ns ror6u cla$ boys. I I nem inoludins n ms I 0, 1 1 , 22, 9, l l, 2 1 , 2. 1 2, 19.5 

dd 20 a]tra.d h.c acodins 10 th.ir ditfrculry tcvct @ b. osd 6 baet ncms 

l4- In roral 66 ght.! (37 sade 6! dd 29 gade ?rh) ed t 36 boys (? r s6dr 6d &d 65 

ghd. th) h idcnificd 6 sLD. 

l5- Male stud.nte had highq pcMlag.6 comp€rd ro femare sucnts. 

Followin8 recomm.ndirions e made bas.

9. T6t Bln .y slstd b. sbnerdiz.d fd rlc Mt s in|&nt3 coc{inninr ilE 

nrjdit ofdF pollLdd ofp*ii.n, 

I0- Tcst &ttrt snald b. d.reloD.d lrd tr.!d4dlz!d in mdn@db! *in @, 

I l- lvlF iEn stdtd b. .rtd.d .nd s.ld.dizd in rtE l6rs in stictt id $Gtbtd 

or dkcriminarion indi* w@ oul ofrmg. 

12- S.Hi.g Cne{is .rd T.d Blldy stDutd h. d.rchp.d ud n d.diz.d fd 

13- Pd.loe of SLD !h@td b. idddn.d .l I sD ed t.J SD di$cDe,ci6 fd bors 

l+ Concurcnr Elidiry of th€ Tcll Binery should b€ cltiblkhed vith rhc 

stdd.rliz.d &navcndr i.ns i. Ud!, 

15- T.$ Aarcry iLns with hisn o l@ iteo rl@5hotd,/ild difiiculry shoutd b. 

sturdldlad d $udaG, d& e ,or .r nsk of st_D.

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Arroi\ N. C. & Simurdat, J. (1933). &ar'r,sdie,&^. TeheNaocand 

Dil8Ioss' Ir Obaut r. E. &HyndC. W- (Eds),(l9l). tg@/,Etba, 

FoMAotioN oJ LeMiry Di'dbiliti.r. N.w Yo&: Ac.d.nic P@, Inc, 

Abd!t,R, D, (1993). Dlnanic Edrcational P\ah.los. L.hor.. TheCsrn B@k 

Actotr,C, S, (2003). vhat is etul abna RNh M.eE@/. Reri.rcd Junc 06, 

2007, lrcm w, nsch. ors/mrot/org. hh. 

Adams, R, J. & Kboo, S, T. {1996). 0E Itu Intenatiotul Te! ttulytis Sltten. 

(V.Nion2.1). Cmbdwcll. ThcABt lid Council for Eduaiotul Res€en. 

AJnndiL J, S. &Glat,M. D. (198r)- Eroldfissrd./ProsEs U, S. A- AttF 

Ai6ian, P, W. (1991). Clari@r,1rse$ft,, U. S. A: Mqcra*-Hill,ln , 

Alk.a L. R. (l99?), Ps!.blogical festi,Eltd tsesrcfl- Basn Attya&B@a. 

Arren, M. J, & Yea w. M, (1979). Innodrction to n.dtrtud tttoty. Mo.'tr.y, 

CA: Bmke/Col. Inc, 

Alp€r. s. Ryndak, D. & Schlos: c. N. (2001). 

Dinhilities in IrclBi|. S.ni,gs. t^d6: 

Anei@ Psycholosiql Asi.rion. (2lx)t). 

Prchologi.al 1s@idkn. gv .d, ), 

AlErtuxc 1esstud ofstule8 vnh 

Pubtkdiu Ll@nld of ,1mti.a. 

Washingion, An.rio. Psycholosisl 

Amarai A. (1990). Prrr,l,ari'r Lr,t?s. Nw york M.cniltfl pubtishing 

AnMsasL A. 099?). A.,crolosrcai ?.d,,9 Nq yottr Macmills publbhin! 

AFnds, R. I. {199"1). I€a,,r,s Io Tdan Naydk. McC6r Hill,Inc. 

Auslid Niional Halth dd M€disl R*fth Councit ( r 990) Erp.n Advisory pdcl 

on Le.ning Dimculi.s i. Chiklr.n dd Adol*.nB. Lemins Diitrqulties in 

children ed Adolqccnts, Ceb.n, ActDepain.nl of conmuhiry Sctoices dd 

Alcley, B. (200l,Marh l7). Speific tffineDisabiha6, R.Eicvr{t Mah 24, 

2003,lion hrF://M. sreld. e. ors..unhisitc. h!nt. 

âd, A. R. {r971J. Cm,p lhtetti3€@ Isrr bborc: IER, Unilersiry oiih. plnjab. 

Brn8d Dtslcxia Unit (2002), Inrodudioi ro Drstexi& Reui.wd s.pimbd 23, 2002, 

fron llttp://*w. sFploms hmt. c6.

Bano, A. (2002), Dtror t ?i Karachi, Hamony lions club, 

B.ihl.r, R. F. & Stl|r'Wd, Jrck. (t99o). Psrdoet ,lpplied to Te6hin& Ba.ôn 

Hough(h Mimin Comp.ny. 

Bers.r,M. ,Yulc, W. , & Ruli.r, M. ( 1975), Aftainncnl ind adjustn.nl ii iwo 

8@gnphical srccH: Thc ppalcne ofspeiffc E.ding Ebd.rioft ,4?,rn 

Joamal o! Ptrtndry. 126-sr0-519, tn ftid. M, (t9,6). u,tdanodihg 

sp.cirE L.M4Ditrtlti,t U. K. hFhotogy P,s pubtirhd. 

Bh',ja,B. D. (\992), Eduationat Pg{rolos,. New Ddhi Dnsp.t R.j & sons, 

Bhhis,M. (2002). SDeific L@ins Diilicuhi6 Raricvet. Jalaiy.5,2003, 

lM. hllp://*w. .du6tion |ts@s. @r. &. 

uk/xphmlory/opprcich/ddtcld. hh. 

Bosardln, R. C, & Biklen, s. K, (r9r). Q,atndi'e Rrftuchfu A@nh, ed .dl. 

Londo: Allyn .nd Brc6. 

B@nsha A, , Duijin, M, A, J. & Snijdq.T. A. B. (2001). tsalr onitenplpoe 

rr.rry, R.lri*ed Junc 01.2007 fiom w. reh. org/N1/nrll5/n. hlm. 

Brnish Dyslexia Assi.rio (2@2). Dystcxi{ R€triw.d Sfptnbcr 24, 2002, n@ 

hrp:/,\,w, bd.. dysl.xi.. dB. uk oEharhdootqtc. n6/@m. 

BrilishDrslqioAshlionBltl.lin. (t999Octob.r,lt), DyslexjaA-2. whatcauscs 

ReEicvcd S.pGn b€r24, 2002. nom hnpr,\*w. dystqia_ rh.Epr. hr . om. 

Bntish Dyslexi. A$@iation. (,2003, April25). Dytexia. Retriev.d AFit 24,2003. 

F@n hnp://M. 81. 89. 134, 99/hoinlMe/ihdcr. !!p. 

Bbwa L. (Ed). ( r 991) 

'?r 

,{.y SIut* dlor.t E ryttuh DdioMry. O\tqd. 

aruhben, R. A, (1985). W.chslerpeilomneIedcUcir in depcssdchildrcn. 

Perc.pt Mol stilh. Rcrricv.d Aprit 22, 2003 nom httpr, wwr. Fflrl,. 

6n/p6'tMg. hhl. 

Cay.c, B. S. (Ed). (1990). lh. NN Lexi1n w.b!kr\ Dictio,,ry. N.wyo*, 

kxicon Publicalions ln@rpoiaicd. 

Chruhaa s. s. (f 995). Itu@,iw in T.4hina Lemi,a pms. Nd D.thi. 

HindNr.n. Of$ Pri.rc6. 

Chinlloanitd. (1992). &.rrrbmlcrld8,. rndio. Si4tjngpubtishsrsprilaie 

ct tk, M. M. (t910). R.adine .lifi.lr.r Ir scrD,,. Hmon&onh p.nguin. tn t furs 

,r/1 drslertr. New Yo&: Roudedg?. 

cohln. L. . M&io L. & Mnisn,K. l2OO0)- Rttu@h Maho.k in Edrcdiu. (5t 

.d ). L.ndon: Rarl.dg. Fatndco.

cdid, F. &oton,R. (1990). Redins cmpFh.nsion in dyslcxi. dd nomrt 

sdc6 a Mrordl skill Mbsii In obzul J. E. . & Hynd o. w. (Eds), 

(99t). N.ublosical Fo"n ldio6 ol L.ninq Ditabilit'.s, l{c\| yon, 

Academic Pus, Inc. 

C@li@n, H. (1990). i.s.ei M.loAt tad gatitlict in Pt cholog. Torcnb. Hodd.r 

cN*er, L. & Algina.i. (1986). Intrcduction to Clasicat ohd Mod.m T*t Ttgoty 

Foih vortht ll8'@tlB@. ,ovlMich. Coll.g. PDbtish.r. InCmn,6. D. 

12004)- Fato Aulysis i" srde: .,ln o,tlire '. b@L R.rri.vrd Ju. 6, 200?, 

rom hig://*w 2_ cl.$ oesu. cdu /gaMn/p.765At l nc,rc, hdn, 

C@nbach, L. J. & Mehl. P. E. (1955), coatret laiAt h Psyct'toaifll Te*: 

kycholqiot Buldi. 52, 281,302. 

costh.!, Johfrdran. {Ed), ( 1998) &futd Advm.d L.oNri Dictiohdry. Lond6, 

Oxaord Uni6jqr PE$. 

cruickshanl,w, M. &rohn$[ c. o. (t95q. Edudionof E eption lcr,idMtul 

/o!d. En8l.wood. PcnrieHalt, tic, 

Cullinsfod, C. (r95). 7r. EA..!iE Te@ht, Siag?{.e. Redwood B@ls 

DaM. (2002, Feb l0). Drop o,, , Ctjrd,?", Relricv.d Apn r 2, 2()Ol Frcm hltp://w 

D€i8fir

Drlcxia Asciirioi oflEhnd (2002). ,/rr!ia R.tii*d April 23rd, 2OOl. fron 

hfrp7/ww, dyslexi., idinder. hh, 

Eb.f, R. L & Frisbi., D A, (1936). Ewdiah ofE.l6diottt ib6uew.L 

Eneldood ClifE N. ,. : PEntic. Hall. 

Ehl.r,S. Nyden, A, Cillberg C, Sedb.B, A. D. Dahlgrcn,S. O. &ljelmquis,E. 

( 1997). AsFrseR syndem€, Aulis ed An ntioD Disrd.B: . .mpaddv. 

qud) ofrh.@gnirvc pofil.of l20cnitd@ Jotnd ot child pslxhtogt & 

Pqrritr. ReEi.wd Ap.il22. 2003, Imm hdp://r!}. prioD. ;nvpsiturs. 

hhr 

Ei$nsn,J. O. (1933). C,rr!,icdiw Dito..te inchit&en_ NN yo*. Mmilb, 

FublishiDs CdF y,In . 

Etkington,L. {1970). E pertnentat p:y.holos: its scapz andneth.d. Lojion: 

Rourl.rjtc & K.san P!ul, 

Eflior! s, N. , Krctochwil, T. R, , Lint.fEld, J. & TE6, J. F, ( t999.). Edsdioha! 

Porralosl. singlporc: gbM & E nchndk, pubtishcb. 

Ellis,A. W. (1995). RodirS, wrili,g.trd dysbna. Hft, uK: ljqMeErtblum 

tllills qd !1tid M4sor (tca6). u'&daani,ssp.citcr2Mi.s 

Dfdlrlr. U, K PsFholosy prc$ pubtish.r 

E'gar..A & C@me D. {2OOJ, 4n lntrcdrhoztoAwhed CoEhitD. pr,hotos . 

Ncw YoA, Psych6lo$/ Prs Tlytor &FMis Croup 

Faftll, M. . K.rry, T, & K.rry, c . (rs95), np Bldrwel EanAboo* of Edrcdton. U. 

rridcrils, I R. rta82, A @mpoM|{l nod or€dins dd th.n inFelion, tn 

(xar. John E. & Htid cmrg. W . t tqgt r. N.Mtogt d Fou&lbB oI 

L.MneD\dth@, N.e yott: Acidenic pEs, rnc. 

Fridl D. s. & Mociniosh, H. C. (]9as),t Te@h.r', C,tde fot*e*w,,t U. K. 

Shley Thm6 Publirhd trd. 

Frccnlich, C. P, & Houg! (. B. (r95s). Ouiturce 

Resmh Ashrcs,lnc. 

c.8..N. L a_B.rlin.r. D. C. (te8/'l. And@ryr p$t ros/. U. S. a. Hoghr 

MtfflinCmp.nt 

G@n,_.c:-.D: (2!0a). F@tor,tnattlilt i, St.r'': Anonlire ldr6&k Rerided rorc 6, 

2@?, fom hq:/,\*a} 2. cle nce, d!. /g.ei/pa 765lsr!r rci' hrn, 

Gay, L, R. (\991). EdacatioMt Evattoroh o.d MeMdent. N.|| yotk 

Macnill.n Pubtishi.g Conpdy. 

M.nill 

Gay, L. R. (1996). Ealtcdionol R@ch. ll. s. . Mdilt Maoilte publist ng

Gedhsn,B. R. Weishan., M w. &cearhean,c. J, (r92J. The E.eptknol 

Sttdea k Ae Resnat Cla$w U. s. A MrcMi|d pubbsning Conpary. 

CaE, PhiliF. w, (Ed). 0986), .1rc New E E ctop.Aia Brt@i.a Chi.alo. 

Enct lopedia B dbr ica tncorpomrcd. 

anld\tein. t. A. tl94t. .12 t"ttututm b psNMog. L. S. A. Bmwn& 

BmchdaA Put'lkhd( 

clg.H, A. (1939), tt AlE,ed &bduationikthe Elenenta,r r.tuol New yo . 

l.n 6, Harp.r& Adh6. 

Gr€gory, R. J.0996). Prxloi,stcalr.ii,s. U. S. A. Allyn&Bacon. 

GbDlund,N. E. &LjrAR, L. (1990). l,!.swr! @1d Evat@ion in T,@hin!_ 

N.w YorL: Mqsdt Menilan pubtbhing Co. 

HalLha,D. .&Crutck\hdf, !| | .a1l|. pnrtb.drcohatut Fou4dafuh oJ L.a m4A 

Dn,r//.r. Enclelood Chff. N. J pFnricc th 

Holrahli, D. P. & Kaufimn, J. M . (t997). Ewptiotul r2@n. ds ed, ). Londonl 

Allyn Md Bacon. 

H4bktm.R K. - Swsminarh&. H. , Ros.u. H. I reett. F@dah.dahofxe 

&rpra. /4oD Nes yoft.Sas. pubtications 

Hmin8..\ u. . M.ComicL L ttCc0t. Et .ptionz! .h d, ei ohd fo4h. tir ed. ) 

trdon M.ritt Pubtishing Comp6ry. 

Him. R &lhb.R.rEo, ttagnt t h. Di.lio@^ OJ Dc,ctopêhlat 4nd Ed4rcLowt 

rtychotop ,U X BaitBL.tku lrd 

HNn. J &-wllik- K. M ,Iqt8r. psrrhotoE, n p.Bpt rtr. N.w yoA tulpe, & 

Hc'lnaaA.,w..Dlan.l R. & Rupr.t, w H. {t986). ptniptaadp@t8ol 

t.dhlna x.dina (6".d. t(otumbusch&)61. M.ri pubtkhing compan) 

HelE.J. M.,.Ann,D V .Hootru,S J. &Kr$t.rl. $. rlo32,. Anudlor 

hrFrrqiabninmd hnguo8.. t7. r-21. InwieB w &otbn.R. K.iteet, 

R.m.dr.tint FadinE diebilirFs 

He'8e.nahn, B. R _&-Ol$n, M.rneNH. (199J). tn tntrc.tution to TtEdk, oJ 

t.d'l'a. u. s. A. : prlnrja-Hll Int.dioMt.Inc. 

Hesns, R, F. wc.ks,T. H. (l9a1, lntbdrction to Educotion. Newrotk. 

MrcnillM Pubtishing Compoy. 

Hfl,d. W. L. & OrleJq. V D ttoggt. a.pp,iotutchttdzn bnnon M.mll 

publishingCompm, A Be ed How. Melboume

tlilsed,E. R, (1983). /nhod{ri,n,, Prrlr"/osr, Nc* Yo*r H!rcourrJov.norich, 

Hillr P. J.,(EA). 11932). Di.tiMttdltdzcarira cErtBrillin. Rou .dgcod 

Hodapp. R. M. (1998). &€/o/retu a,a Disabn i.s, U. S. A. cmbridg. Uniw6ity 

Hopkins, C. D. &Anr.s, R. L, (\990). Cluwon M^ment ad Ew!@tio,. U, 

S. A. F. E. Pq6k Pubtishqs,Inc. 

Honsbx 3. (1984). owzo,,,A4,rter,a, Lohdonr Ma6in Dunir Ld. 

HothcNll, D. O98t. Porr'oro&r'. ToEnio. chrlcaE. Mnil pubrj.hing ConF,y. 

Hudsins, B. B,,Phr,C. D.,Shaw,L. C,,Thcisn,O. L.,Ahcs,C. &An6R. 

(1983). Edrcationzl Pttchotagu. S. A. :F. E. p.nck publish.u, lnc. 

Hun( N & M6h.ll, K. r la!9) Ewptioryt Chldnn od foutr. t2d ed. ,. N.* 

Yort: Houenbn MiminCo. 

J.6b\or, D d F!9.n, p ,KluchrLD. (l98cr M.rrod,/or t ehnz U S. A- 

Msill Publishins Co. 

Jeo,R. (2000). Dyslexia. Jolzzl ofkMih' Dituhjliti.s. vol, 33,hsuc2,D. ll7 

)ot6s,D. w. (197r. En cationd p'rr,r,el u. s. a. l,rdrren tl 

Johmon S q. &-Mo6tq. R, L neg' I kannADhab,htt.\, \2dcd. J London 

ArrynsdBr@n. hc. 

t66K.11992)- |amingDilict i* in pnnorycl^@. Lodd, Routt dge, 

loy..,W. M, (1992). Moetloll@ti,s Nw D.lhi, Allyn& Ben. 

KltIt.S a. r1992). AdvMd Edtd@rct psrtholop. tndia: tSH pubhshing 

CompMt P{. Lrd 

Kufm.,.A. S. (l99ol. As$in8rdot.s d.duh i,E igc@. Ncdhm, MAi 

AllynMd8!6. R*i.vd m apdt 22. 2o0l fom hftprtus. prioo 

com/psycturg. htrnt. 

Ki S. A. d Cafhghd. r. J. r f qa.l. EdMns E aptbna! Ch d4n- g6on. 

Houshrd Mimin c@Ddy. 

Kd( S.Â,,6allagharj. l. & tu6E to.t\. J. tt997t. Ld\atirA LkpptoM 

(]'ldrrr Nry Yo*. Houenbn Mrmjn Cmpuy. 

KtrLs A, Cdllgh.rj. I,An6bros\ichot6J. . 2n{]}t. Edkdng bepnaat 

cr'ldun. le" d. ) Ner yo*: Houshron Mimrnco

Krein, S. B, (1996). i€df,r,s: Prircipld,ld fuplicatiotu. SingapoF. McCh*Hill, 

Kttne. P. \2000). Handb@to,lPtrchotosical reiihg. ed d, ), London. Roorledge, 

K@hha, S. K. (1992). /.dodr andT.chhiqw: ofte@hi"s. N.vD€rhi Srqtijs 

Publisli.R Privarc LiniGd 

Kubiszyn, T, & Bodch, C. (2000), E lrcdlonat Teains atut Mea*qent, N.v yol*, 

Joh4 Wiucy & Sons Inc, 

Kuppu:*mt. B. { 1990t. //yre d Edqdiontt pttthotq) Nc* Lr.thr: Sr.rting 

PublBhers PrL I rd 

bMon. D. &codon.P. (Ed) ttqtt D|dto't /oJ Ed@ioa. c]MtBrtt in. 

H.dd.r & Srou3hron. 

tf,fmcoi'c. R trgasl. P:y.holo4 Jo,f.thha. C.titomia. word5Nnh 

Pubushing Cmpant 

Lemq, J, (2000). Leanins DisoDt'rjes, {8o ed. ) N.w yorkr HouSnloi Mimin Co. 

t me\t. (2003). LzninsDt:obitn q(9u.d. ) N.w Vork Houghion Mimin Co 

LewisR, B &_M(to!ehl]nJ 4 ,rcot'. t$.sjrssA.j,tJ,"d.,a | 4n.d. / Ne* 

York M&mi in Publishinsco. 

trwir C_. , Hitch. C. .r. ad w'||d. p ( t 994, nE pEvdeMs ot srdr nc eihndrc 

orntrunGMdsF.itc Eadine dittrutrie! in S- b t0)c otdbo)>lndgtrt) 

D!tu) oJ . htd pn, hotogr ahd prfr,i,rru.l5r 2 ,.28J-)o2. rn pior. M. ( | ccor. 

u#::tardirc$ecitic kmne afi./rA U. K. p\)cholos, pE$ 

Lewft! G. , CFzkr, C. (1999) undentondins pJ,.horehn T6tina. jn,tWe.tr 

6Ear Billin. Hod.kr &Sloughlon. 

Lindg@n, H. c. & Byne, D. (1974). prNhalosj. U. S. A. : John Witcy & Sons, rn . 

LindgEr.H. ( &Sd.r.rlc36t, Ldbotiotul ps.h.tog/ n tN Ct\nfun \.\ 

yo* John wit y& Sons. tm 

t indgH. H. C l l 98?,. E-hcdion ! pt chologt ia th. Cl^qorm. Nes yo*. John 

Wrhy & Sons, tn(. 

Lloyd. I .W. . Ka*nu E J & Chard. D. { | c97}. /trk, ir Ettu di,S $r&t rith 

,rr4Drl,er. bknce Lbaum A$(iaEs publisheK 

Lb'4r w Kma-rui.r., & ChdJd, D. (1007) I!:M n EdkdDESlaAzn, wnh 

Lrl@( EJtb.m A5gi.r6. Pubhsh.u. 

Lunin& R. L. ( 989). ,4$€$he,, af LeMn fih Special Need,. Lotujon: Altyn md 

A&m

Lynch. E. w. &L.winR. B. (1988). Ek.ptidal Chtldren tud AAiB. bndol 

S@tt Foamm ed Cdp.ry. 

Magrry, J, F. & Eichon, J, R. (1960). Ttt E @ptioNn ChiA. N.w yo&. 

Maia, N, R.0971). PqslD/,&,. Ns D.lhi: oJdod & IBH publishi,s Co. 

Mnga|9 K. (1993). Edrcatiohd Pgrrorogr. N.w D.lhi_ pr.nlicc Ha ot India 

Nlary.l,S. K. Q@2| Edudiottot pr{rot s/. NcwD.hi. pEnti@ Ha ofl li! 

Mtr8e, \v. P. (1896). A @ of os.ojrdNord btjDdnes. Brirish Mediclt Joum.l2, 

lJ63lnObrurJ. E.,. &Hynd.c w. tEds. ). (tqa|). N.mloSi.a! 

Fon.ta'ioB ot L.mins DBabitit/Lr. N* yoA: Ac{d.mic Fe"s, inc. 

MeE. L.E. (1994), I2mias an t aerddr N.w J.6ey: prebti@ Hall, EnSlcwood 

Clitfr 

M.loushlio.J A &Lcw'\R. B ttaa4).,{rs.,ririSF.idlted.,.. Ncw york. 

Mknillan Coll.ge Publishini Co. 

Mmr.C.-D. &\,lcM.A- R. I t.8ol. t ehn|Stud.fls ||th L.MngDirab,trpt 

U. S. A M.nitt PubtishinE ComDlnr. 

Mils.T R. &Mil.r.E. {r990r. D,rkru: A hbA...r y.@t oh Mitbr. K.n6: Opcn 

Univhit Pr*. InRiddic\,a. B. (t@t r,,,s p//, ddlaz. N;* yod^ 

Rourleds.. 

MilgT. R. ( r a$ ). ,tdler,a. Lp pdkn ofd& t'k,. rtrdon: CMd.d! in EllK 

A wW \tccit R.ad,&n, na@) bn*a Qd.d). t!trdoD: LaR;4 

rntun Asciaks Pubti.h.R 

Minm,E,_W ,Kin!8. M, &Be,e. (99j). Statilti.at Rc6oni,g i, p,Nh.bE) 

atn Ed@ioa (t4 .4. Ndyo : ron wiLydd so6. 

Vodd),, S. D 12002r. tb^t.xia Rfti4ldrsepmbs2J.2OOI) qn.,,roatw 

tord.Irttu@ a Pvh.th.\puaroe fbn hnp:M dy\tcxr rhcmpr. 

Mohtr, !, (1993), Edrcatiqat psr.h.to&r'. Nw Dethi. 

Mdraguq E. J. & Hodjlcrg.r, j. , Hoiirrn, J. O9S9} 

AndMiddt s.t@t ct*t@ hdMiw. u. s. 

F@dan ,lals QlEhNd@! 

M@cl, D. F. (196).6d@d/,srreDrd Boslon Houshlon Mimin Co. 

Mona,C. t. tt988t. a sn.fttuodct@to pt choton. \.s D.lhi: tau Mchs. 

HillPubhshinsCo Lrd.

Mnis, D. w' H. (E!} Cr93). DilknoryofcoMwicdiDDiet&B. enod.). 

rddon. \vnu PDblhh.N. 

Moftison, S. R. &. Sicg.l, L. S. (t988), tding Disbilili6: A CriiicatRqid of 

D.finnioEl !trd Assot tssu.s In Obrar r. S . &HyndC. w. (Eds, ). 

(1991). Nenolosi.al FtutuIdiM ol L.@ti,ts Ditabilit.B. r{s ydt 

A@&mic ftd, Inc, 

Mrm..J R (l@31 Flec'i. speah L s@s. patholosr tbndon L.sme 

Erlblun AsilEPubtishs 

Murphy. K. R. & Dati&lofd. C. O {t988). p*rrlogftd LrirS. L. S. A 

Nalional Mcnll Hald Asi.tio. (2001). Clinic.l DilBsion. R.lriacd Nov.nb., 

24 200r, fiom hd!://lw. nn$r. dBledrn&x. cfn 

Nicola,M, (2001). Skius Rari.!€d M.rch 14,20€. nom hfrpr/s*, skill. org. utd, 

Nunnally,.l. C, (1978) Prxrore?,. rrory Na yort. M&nithn Coltcle publishiDg 

Ob@ J E. & Hyid c. W. (tdslteel\ N@toska! Fonetdiw olta@ins 

Dirdrrft.r New Yo*: AEdnicF.s.Inc. 

Oosrerhol A, C, (1990). Cl6r@a ,tpplt@tto8 of Edtdtohot M.d@ed. U. S. 

A. Mcrill lbblbhi.s CmDdy. 

Omrcd.l. E, tlgga:r. Eduotond psrolo&/. \vl.By M.Eit.dinpinrof 

Ptrnric.Hrll 

O*o\. R E. (tool) l4i8!a& Der&E A F@!DM\ /tpp@h lo ArkMtu & 

/dear'i'r N4 YorL MImithn pubtLhing comp.n . 

Pog., C, T, & Thom6,J. B, (Ed). (1919). Id..lt tiofu! Diction@! olukdion, 

crcat-Brilrin. The Englhh tjn8uge Bsk SNi.ty ed Ko8on, 

Pr&isran Gorl. MinisFy ofAbc,rion. (2OOO). Ur.@y d& in p.ris!.r AEPAM. 

Rcci.v.d AFil t2,2003, fmn hfp:/&ww. ep;. so{. pk. ind.r. hh. 

Po*isblTim.s r20Oa.rut) lJ, Lir.d() rd? In pa*ncn, R.ki.v.d Apnl2,200j, 

lrom hitp://N!w. Pd\ish Tins. mm 

Plpdlia, D- E. (1985)- Pgdplogr. U_ S. A. McGp!,Hi Doo& ComFn, 

Paftm, J. R._ , Klumnd, J. J. , Btekboum J, M. , BrcM, c, B _ O99t). E epttotul 

Childryn in F@u, N.v ta*.M^cmi o. hroarlonll publkhing Coup. ' 

P!b.l R. , P.Fe, r_ s. & SmilJI.M, B, (tg&6.). |Iedat It bdnio". u. s. A.

Pafion. J.,R,,BloclqB, J, M. &Fan,K. (t996j. Ewptiont lnd\tidtot in F@ri 

Nry Yorl. Predie H'll 

P!ul, r. L. & Eplnchin, B. C. (f9r). Edsditg EMtio"att Dieurbed CN&d d1d 

/o/!r. U, S. A. : Menillan Publishine Cohpary. 

Pi.tcr, R. , Rye, J. J. . w.sr, P. v. , Alcck, W. W. , Cbw L. D, & Smilh S. 

(1982t. En!@iotun PqtrobsL N.w york. McC@, Hitt pubushing 

Plornik, R. (1989). I,rodrcror /, porrolosl, (2d.d. )Nwyo*, Rodon House. 

Pof l@k, ,. & w.rle, E. (r 995). Dal to tldt Dysletta i" dt cttwd, N* yort: 

Ponn y.L. c. & WarkinsM, P. (1993). Fo,ttjdioholctinic.n R.e@h. Landon: 

Ponldhiw. T. N @4r n989t. Id?mrctur Et rloptdt.ot Eatotioi C@l 

BnEin P.rgd6n Prcs. 

Prioi M. I I c.61, UtuL^,ardds sp.ctft L.m,s D,AtuxA U, K. psychotos 

Pucfer M B &Ditreb.D. (t99o,. rerhira I oute Chttdpk. U. S A Harcoun 

PuDblFy, P- D (f9qt) Chn&.,r Dfi.urk, u k&r,,8, Spelhzgand wnhry. 

tddon. rh. Fitmer PEs. 

PMfft).P- D. &ReMn.R t2OO\t. Wcik L.Mt"sDilobihtu.! tDstc,b, 

cMnosci csFtrss $d tffdcn&ioN. Londo: Rodt.dBc. 

Punjab, Edlotion Dcparft.rt. (2ooo). Llhorc cily Sch@l Ed@lion Sr.lislic!. 

R.hieved, Novemb.rt3,2oo4. r@n, hnp://ww, punjobeducrriond.p&i, cdu. 

pklhblc I 

PunJlb, Edu.arion Dcpam.nr. omsl sthoot E

RiddiclqB. a. (1995). riv,,g,tl 4,rls,b. N* Yo!t: Routl.dgc. 

RiMldi, w. 12002) Iang@g, Difinnti.t in E ntdib".l Con.t,'_ t^d6,\tln 

R@ldcr, M. J, (1988). 1@rdrry€ r.dhthe'btuEies, U, S. A. Corsuch s@isbrick 

Rcdiser, H. L. , R6hton, J. P. , C.patdi, E. D. & P.rb, S. c. ,J9A4). psr.hotosl. 

caMd.. Linle Bm*n & Conpany. 

Roult$i4 P. (190). rir'4arbrarprE o/oetr u. s. a. Mccas-Hitt,rnc 

Ro)tl Collc8r of Prrrhlfinr(2oo2t. sp..ifre L.mas Diffnnk, R.tuv.d 

\ovqbslj.2002. fom hnp .{w. rcD:rch. a. ut DdcV. hh. 

Royll, M- {1974). P.rf@ee objedv.s &d c. R. Tcsrs we Wort o!, Oq Th. 

Radi.g Tachd ?0 !70t In AtFr S_ , Ryndntq D, & s.htoss C, N. (200t). 

Aretu Ase$wtu ofsta&B vnt Dxobititi.s k rrrshe &jtings. indan: 

s.nn,B (1990). Ed@dbn olthe Eneptionat Chitd.h. N.w t>thi. K,tyui 

Srlb , 5. & Bennd s lr 0e! l. Dr\tdh. (adinS dF,brtiti) . Joutul ol &wlop@atot 

N.!u&/. vol. 16.lsju.l, p. l81r 

S.lvi!,J. &Y*l{ttle,J. E. (2OOl). /re$D.r. Bosrd. 

S!6ler. J. M. ( 1982). ,4sd$,e,r of chl&en\ Idel1e.rce ad Sp..tdt Abilir. (2nd 

ed. ). aoston: Altyn lnd B&n. 

S.mo(, Philip, H- K. &tviN.H M. (S.p. tooo) R.adingdiebih!. rtd?rrd 

touryt of tpomiis DEobtilps vot z,ts,!.j, 

S.ynor, Phrhp. H K.EthrH. M tt999) Radingdjsbitids Dy,tdnJounzl 

ol L.chi,tg Ditchtltut. vot J2. k$.5. p. ]9l|, t2-p. 

SiM.H- R ttectt. ld.flttadioh and D.\.topn? OfCaoEO N.\ DeI,i. 

common w@trh Pubtish.E 

sha'*ia_s. E {1006r. wtdit s.pd,fr /tetua 27t.98.t04. rnsalty.shay}ie 

e benmrshsylI' .199o) DyslcxE: rcjdingdisbrtriy. J,rmlr/ 

D.r.toph.ntot Ne@s v.t. t6.hsuel,p. l8t-l 

shlraiE'S. E. rl0o3). Cumr @cpB: Drstaia N.w Eneled Jom,totMedjcin. 

l13.iO?-3t2. InSa ).S. &B.nnclS. ttqeg). D s[rE: ftdins dijbitiD. 

Jouml ol Daplopn.Nat ieuogr Vot. Ib. hiu.i, D. lS3-l 

Sh.ll, D. & Cohcrl D. (1986)- r?eiksErlt otio,d ra6. Lmdon. Cl@Hctin.

sinpbn, J. A- (Ed). (1989). ftc 6Jod Enstith Di.tionqt. Oxford. ChEndon 

skiarct, c. E. (1993). Edtcotiqal Prrr,/osr. New D.thi. penriceHalt of rndia pvi. 

sravin. R F. rr994) EdEdoMt Ptuh.rosr t pott'do prd,e. (abed. ). 

M4tchu*ns: Pafuounr 

st in. \. E. (t9n. E.Ircatiotbt prtttlos). rtnd@: A -rn &,F'ld. 

Snith, S. D. . Kimbdi.g ItJ. ,penninsron,B. F.,&Lube,H. A. (1991), Spzcif. 

Eantnadqabtt,tu td?iLtt atioa ot oh nh.rikdfuh thfush ti4j,s. o;b;k 

S(ift,2ls.t34s InObd4J. E. &Hynd,O w. tld, (toot). 

N.untqkal Fon'dztbtu oI kuahs Ltditobihhs. N.s yorr: ia&mn 

P(s.Inc 

snid, C. R. ir99l). z.@r,sDisabititi.t. ed d, ), Bosto,_ A rr & B4on. 

sn6*, M & Thud.r, s. O99a. Coc.niv. inbaloe .d mri*id p€|satily 

chomchiitrs. RerEv.dApnt22.2OOt.tiom. hffp.ns. p,idD..om 

snoeli.g, M- (2000). D/dsriid Nw yor( B6it Bt&k *€I Lld. 

Srcwmo, x. L. & Wre4 B, L, (.1989) Edrcationa! anA prrEhbtoaicat Ate,Mnt 

of Ewliotut ChitdEn. U_ s. A. M€rill pubtishi,s conpuy_ 

sofF.C. A & Ri(io,C A. '2om'. R.iins diqbitiry ,n r n entd.

s!.r"H. K. ll990). Prircipks ofaan ?&otirr. Nry Jc6.t trwe Etb6um 

Assi.6 Plbli.lEE. 

suno., R, (1995). ,4s.n@,rr,4 Flan vo*foT.ElEa London, Rolrlcdg.. 

SNdson, H. c. &w.!en,B. L. (\98r, Aucational andPst lbtoai.al,$esmeit 

of i].cprioid Chihz^ r^don: M.dill Publishi.g co. 

Thoodit., R. L. &H.96, E. (rqn. tte8!reNtu @'d Ewtdion r, hrator.p) 

,4/drr'r.arbz Ns Yod( Johr wit.y. 

Thomdrte. R. V ,Cunninghm,C K..Thondile.R L. &H.gei.F P, (loot). 

LkBNwu ohd Ewt@Dn h Prthotost atut Edu.anon. \5h.d. ). N., 

TEvrh!, P, ( 200 r, Meh I 8), ,,i tesdtu oI th. specij. l.mins ditic"lnq R.ni*d 

Apti123,2003, fron llv. bo*i.a!8. €n/hooc, hr,nl. 

T@hin, w. M, K, (2006). Crireno. validny. R€riev.d June 6.2007 ftom 

hnp:/ {aI. shtEtuhndhods. n.ltuinder. php. 

Tmbly, C. A. I loct. O(,parbMI npqrlo pt'ylEd Dy,jK!@. L. 6. 

Willims& Willins 

Turl,D S,,HawkiN,D. l. (t993). Mar*.tins Reerch, \6i.d. ). New yo.*: 

Msmillan Publishiis co. 

Tutur, M. (2000) Ptrcblosral |ts.ssRfl oJ Dyslet/b. EnStdd: Whm pubhsh.r 

v.shtr, S, R. (1993), fh.ory ofEdrcd ohal i,te6wne,a NflDethi, Anmol 

v.nbtit'i,D. (r9N). Edrcdio,at a..rw?,&,. N.w Dcthi. AlH pubhning 

Ven..J J. (2000l.,trr6rirS$4m\ Speut N?eth, \2'd d. 

M.riU, d inprinr of Prcnlie Hall, 

walcfi.ld,J. F. (1996,/. Ed@iozat pt$tutost_ u. s. 

Walke\ a. l, (1992). DtagnNtic leuhins of R.aaiigT..hntqresjor rdtuction and 

/!cs4., Nctr Yo*: Mrhittan pubtishinc Compan 

wlltcr, S. L. (2005), Dcv.lopnfll ed vltidntio ofrhe t st ofcegaphy Ehi.d 

!flnud6. (PrFr pE$nt€d ir î.ut helins of Ah.ritu Asiatron of 

walsh, A, & Beyer.,A, (t986). Wehstq pcifoman€ -v.rbat discEpdcy and 

dtheiar behaviour. Jorel o/tocial Ptrahotog), R.xie\ed Aprit 2j,2OOt, 

ftor hiF /w. piory. di/psych/ig. hnnt.

walsh, A. ( 1992). Thc Si!. in oorecrionr t iit elul dialnostic iool? Ciininal 

.,udic. dd B.haviour Reriev€d Apil 25, 2003, iom hltp:/ rw. priory. 

om/psFMg. hhl, 

war8e R. G. (1981). P.Ba&//vmN$: a psr.lplosof 4atretu. U. S. A. : 

Ho!$ron Mimin Comp&ny Bosron. 

washingon, D. c. 0994), Amqicm P3ychirdic Alwi.iion, Diagnonic ud 

9rtisricd Moul orMcnlal Disrd.F. Redi.v€d April22,2003. tm 

hnp:/tuw. Fiory. con/ptrMg. hhl. 

warso., F, (Ed)ir99r). Th. En ylopedia @d Aaionary oI Edrcdih rndi.. akdsh 

DccD Publishing Hoos., 

watso., F. (Ed). 09r). np EE alop..ro a"d Dictk.tty of Ed@iM hdir. 

Alch

@ 

@ 

@"+ 

d@ 

@ 

App.ndir A 

S.@riry Cb..kllll lnd K.y 

-i-t't{'ttt+ -l 

ChildJ pcrfom.nc. is !vdg!. 

-r-!.i/'JL/+ -' 

Chald is sith pdbhn In listein& 

-!-Jftr4,f/+ -. 

ChiB is h.viq p@!Lm in vilion. 

-+cr-{*rkJJfu -r 

child t rcgul.r in ehml. 

-+t)"J^,r Lv.t'tttt-,1+,Y -. 

Child ir h.ving p@bl@ in sponLn.o$ roll . 

-;t4us,t,"L1t -, 

W.iL5 tim. during |6k. 

-&\.L;i.JbrrJ/ _. 

Crn not do h* in rlquir.d r.q!de. 

-+rilG+DtrGr -^ 

D€lays in Espo.dins- 

-?ut lBL,tLA -l 

Qlis s.ll Edr 

-?E,t,f 4r-'22 _r 

Quit! Mrd orlii.vhil. writiq or sding.

,t 

No 

@ 

@ 

@,a 

@"1 

@ut 

-14t/v -, 

Wdr. sa.b [.t tg. 

-?utt,q*t t rr 

Vtbm{ln6..d4 te1^{l6o.d 

-+d+.t'/.Lo,l -n 

R*Dbdr hd|. Mtd! b llraE 

-+rE tttJt -F 

T.t *qs drhrr 

-+d{'a 'P 

lbvltr8 L.t orqfldqn. 

-+{d+tv -R 

P..l ii@rb6.io.. 

-.rE ott)e-ytz{ 

O0.. |quas tt |i|ib! rd rtry.

-t 

(tw 

cb 

Appendir B 

SLDT.( B tery 

e!t4 

t4zl 

,.8 Ava)t d ve r, u ile wL i1t + t4,,F2 - u 4' zvL =i 

( (x) +/t t rt,.., 12 a rt euz.J 4. +, L L ttt L L -yt L'JV, 4 I $S' + 

Instu|lc lons 

.rr(a) (An5w., ,:,'t 

:O) 

o (c) 

-t€k)v 

You aie having fl ex€rcise of irtd€sting qu€stions. R€ad it carEtully and givo rh€ 

dswd at the prcpcr plae given urdcr @h querlion. Put a cro$ muk (X) or thc 

suitabl. ed Fsiblc an3EB givo d lhe .nd of @h qu.srior 

-/;{-rc-4 -'J':, 

ro n tl 

D\amplc. Wri(c counting from One !o Thrcc. 

3 2 I (Answcr)yq 

t--9-"AvA*/ -zJv 

. Which picrurc is differcnl fiom theotherlwo 

-t)l

School Cllss 

J' 

I - Sequential Problems Test (SPT) 

l-wlirc rhe nms oldaysorrhc q.ek sranrng from Monday. 

-fuAl'ttt-,trftLui,LA -l 

-lLtL./L,;-l(LunL,)v _l 

2-Vtire rh. nmcs of morhs ofy..r slarlinS &om Dec€mber In rhe rev6e order 

3-Wrile countinS in Rvee soning trcm iwmry. 

,,,,,1 

-t 

2 - Non-verbll Perceprion T€3r (NpT) 

Gtand lather 

-/r{,!,Xtr,i-,.t -, 

-4!Edat x 

Al-Put a cffi m.rk (X) d lie rwo sinild fi8e. 

oo 

t--------t 

S(c), 

o(.) (d) r (' (hJ.,- 

v 

Son 

luzA'o{Q 

-i-rl

(), (c) O 

-i 6,tvt x, u,q -;B-,.,i itt,tti,, -,--ti* 

nlMk (x) on the t$o figures dilcrnr lion olherrhree. 

(X r on 'so simild fieurcs. 

(a)-rr 

-,/- 6c)ttâo'! Af4 " -r.-tl 

(.).rr 

- I l)r! " x, I-*- - i J.r-t-!i,. -'= 

(x) on lNo differenl llgulcs,which are differenl frcm othcr lhrcc. 

B2-P,,r ., !rn$ ,hrl ( X).n rl'e snrllesr Lnrk. 

Bl.Pur. rus DJrl0n 

(d) J @Je 

(c) (, 

G)e 

n 

(c) (t 

(b) t- 

{T'lI 

\7 (h):- 

(b) Y @-nl 

-.( 6,nr xq, t"L 4- *. -r. 

-,lasarx 

(a)-.i)r 

(O/ G)-,r

C3.Whi.h sytrrbols.rc Ic$ in number -,4{9,'i-rr>-s/ 

X o A X 

o A o o 

X A o 

o o A 

-'lJJtt>t -t It 

_q,ro,;-ov 

-'-/-/irt:-u -r 7e 

-\L/L';-ok 

o 

xr

3. Right L.ft ldertifcrtlon Telt (RLIT) 

Al-Who i! d rhc rtlhr of Mr. Idia. 

q' 

I 

d'c----r']fids--+ : 

ri T 

-n/.:fto/-tt2r -t-lt 

'! -.,a, 

(r -= 

42. Wto!. nsne k alyour IcR -Eulftt&./-;)f r/r1 -t -tt 

(t 

Mr, Qosim 

tt 

Mr. Ali 

El.W ch c'r ir milriru ofdE clioo|l 

( 1')o 

Y 

B2-On which si.rc ofyours, thi. ligDlt i! tunirg 

,.! --.r, 

(T -= 

-7,lotuo{tafit -t - . 

RiSht dlrJ --rrr 

r,ft ull -,.. 

-?(LriM,,o'a -r - 

B34D which sidedl. holl ir dout cblir a:)./Lc'h! -r,1 

#e 

RAht 

kn 

nign y't --;lr 

lI

a-D! .r.G P.ruption T... @PT) 

Al.Whois nd Mr. Ali 

.3u R"' Rn 

Mr. Ali Mr. Riaz 

A2-who tu at mc dktme ftom Mi Ali? 

M.. Qa$m 

3' f" R 

Mr-Ali Mr. Riaz Mr. Qa'im M,. Qaimfo -,r 

BI - Which 68urc is n€si to th. c!rt@? 

,?o 

B2-Wlich figun is flr fton th. c!t@n? 

,?o 

t1l:){a}Lt -r .-tr 

Mr Qsim fq -.-r,r 

Mt.Rjdz\i'r, -.iJl 

?Z6c){a)Lc)i'tu - 

saLt! --i)t 

Bat4 -.,, 

t?zttut,-oi( -r 'r 

edu! -,it 

Bai4 -t,

5- L.r|r &cotrlde Td o,Rt) 

L a, 

6-R..dlng ComprehenrilrT.st (RCT) 

f"pJ.:'z);at, 

Arwrite rhis parAsraph lsain . -A,rp/-,4live 

-t..ll 

-r-tl 

-"-tl 

_r Jr 

S tlh''l( tu 6' b /, - z / d v *. n! t,4 4 L ctdt { i/,:r r} ott 

,,*-, { r *rur,,t./d,., L /,tl-,!,,r i,,,.{,} SL o}e"vig -.;? 

- ic,\t J J' i /.'-* t trt - jta i l, lt,s vV',!

A2-wri(e llris para8nph Egain. -4,y"/-,v');at -r.)t 

il,..tQ n,Sfi - -';r " - tv LV' L a'('Ju " J lt ".r'trt-li /7 t i " f 

1 tz',,t (', I d t 8J fu q.*-t a p,,t,pt - f- zs, J& oz e,rr)tn,I I L&/L 

-( LI zvh,"t ). -(L,f ot i ( 

7- wrlllng Conp..hc.sion Tdl (WCT). 

Give rhis paiagrapb for diclaiion -A'v'L,v'J:;'r' 

!/,, I 

L :3' r- r i)4 t J! ( t J

Appendir C 

ExploBlory & Connnabry RoiaEd Compore.t M.trix of facior analyst ror rhc thclou 

for th. iddtiirqtion ofsc@ning Ch.cktjn obsred by roch.6 for pitot sfi{ty 

It€ns Low slf s.qudcine-Attdfion R*€M r*lrD-iir 

Esr.sr' (LE) (S) D.fich(AD) R4di@(RR) (sK) 

LEt5 .896, .S23 

LEl6 .887, 920 

LEIT .712,.696 

s6 

s5 

ADII 

ADI2 

RRI3 

RRI4 

s(9 

skr0 

s(8 

.8:6, .8r1 

850, 876 

653,.066 

.724 .A57 

.72tr..857 

.889,.922 

,8€4,.922 

.366, .691 

.686,.895 

724,.U1 

S

Tabh c,l 

Ird.Fnt Supk! t{.$ for Mporio of S.'@iig C|.EHi5t wirh 9G ir Ufllu 

T61 ctup! N t ----- i 

foq 12 ,o.81 6, 

t' p < ,OI l*l of .ignifi@ 

hiSn 57 4n-t2 6,50 

C@dq &d CLs Ctw6!d.ri6 Cma &. pitot $ny 

Clas Cl&,s ToLl 

G.nd6 6" y'' 

Boy! 30 20 50 

Girh 61 58 I|9 

Tonl 91 78 169 

-2.82r. 

c@l'rid @ftcbd Mdg 0E tca. of T6. B.!.!y, *tml gidc h Udu &d re r.!l 

s]B fo. pilor eudt (Ft69) 

SPT 

NPT 

RLIT 

DPT 

.227. .188' 

.120 .217. 

.113. ,007 

,!t9 .107 

1. p

T.U. c 6 

Rcti.d Codporel M!ri,( ofnd6 utlt ir fa 6.6.10.1 6r r[ i&adfcdo ofdF 

TcnB r.fy fd pilol srdy 

sPr 

sPr 

sPr 

SPT 

NPT 

N?T 

RLTT 

RLIT 

RIIT 

DPT 

DPI 

IRT 

LRT 

LRT 

RCT 

RCT 

2 

3 

3 

I 

2 

2 

2 

I 

2 

J 

2 

I 

3 

Ccmci@rs t m! Ccmoi.nts 

.81 

,gt 

.49 

.81 

.81 

.E7 

,47 

,80 

,98 

.61 

,42 

,E2 

3 

2 

l 

2 

2 

.E5 

,80 

.&l 

,81 

,63 

9l 

9I 

2 

3 

.80

ScaL oI Lliabilit, Crontftht !41ph4 co$Eient lt tt kbitijcatioh of pitiabititr 

Co.li.i.tu ofT.d td.,y[u pild ,tu tr h=t69) 

NPT 

RLIT 

DPT 

5 

Clnt .ed Chs CNerahotdion Com of Cnl Sctols of t mF qry 

Cendq 6* 7d 

2038 

3484 

O.nLr !d CLs Cqest|tolrio Cdnn 

433 

lt0 

583 

t7a6 

t2lo 

2996 

269 

I6l 

430 

3824 

2656 

6480 

102 

3ll 

t0l3 

.51 

.62 

.01 

.6

T.bLC t0 

C@61tldtu C@a.t d.tu rn,/'ti.d*dt 2tD ewt ht*,td I@Er xB 

RCT 

Gtrl 

oilL 

Cirl. 

t 

t6 

to 

I 

A 

53 

lx 

6 

9 

t 

I 

I 

101 

l5 

E 

l6 

15 

tu 

tl

h.6 Orffil*r qni.by @ ftr SflI - I 

9o 

l. 

t 

AD?r||r D 

Itlo Ouneiit . Crd.r hr rd!. ft. SPr - 2 

;"1 

'r| 

.1 t , 

l.*|t tl* oott ) 

t20

! C'-cd+-qlas irdbSrT-3 

b:: 

=;i 

TS 

rranat[0{r.t 

rd Cr--ndcrGtw tr sr n SpT-4

Ir@t Ctr!.dildcn C\!\€. by $(i!. ft. NPT - I 

9s 

Itcd Cbr....idic Curve by |.6r!. &. NPT - 2 

Eu 

lu

[m Ched(tr{ldcr qn€ bv ffi ftr NPT - 3 

- 

t 

ll.d Clrt.'rld€ Crru try s!. ftr NI.I.4 

iI 

d 

r23

16 CtrEld..c|d!. bdgg hNPT - t 

Eq 

fto! Cb.lrddiri.r O&.. tr rGdE 6.NrT - 6 

EO 

t- 

tu

It d Ch|.eidc. q|!w by w ft.NlT . 7 

go 

Iia Cl.reidd tut/.. br rm. 6.Npr - t 

2

hd cluur.ri.tic. Cut . by ldg &.NPI.9 

Ilt 

na ctt--r;r-c|!!c. tyN i. llIT - ! 

t

X.o(ffiO.€br@6.RIIT-2 

i. 

b (hrd.id..qrE b ss ft.RUT- 3 

i 

a 

ln

hn O-rd;d6 qro by dr h RUT. a 

i 

t 

ft.d C|rt&eirict Currt bys(. brRtJT-j 

ie 

123

lldCt cidq'G|rctrydE h.DrT- l 

I 

ftqb Ch.r*Gri{is Crm! by $or.r br DPT - 2 

td 

t29

ft.d| Cbrl.aidd CulG by@g f..DPT - 3 

e. 

E. 

IomC||e..t i.ic. Arv.. by.dB 6. DpT - a 

lt0

Appendir E 

Itsn Mrp.f ljt nr Di*ibod@ ed pGDoe Modct plmcc6 Edimt . of Gnk 6r 

xxxxxxb

Itd M+ oft dt Dimihnion ed R6Fo$ Mo&t hrhd. Ecinurd ofcn6 ?d 

xxxxroo*x'(xxxxr)

lld M.p ofl$err oistribution ed RcaDone Modcl Pam.te6 Esrin .s olBoys 6u 

a)(xxa)oo(x[ 

'.)(Joqx,o(gxs 

xyJ€(x,ouXx)

Itctn Map of Ldcnr Dbribuion ed R6Fo* Modcl Pam.rq! EniM; of Boys tu 

x)(x)o

Appendix F 

fter R6po!$ Mo&lhg ft.m Thr6hotd b.e for Blel &d C.itil8 ilaB d. ro tMly 

oo of dE Td A.ttrr *itb zo &d m @!dE iienB io dccrhin. dE gods ad 

I -r.81 

2 -r.lE 

3 l.l8 

4 -r,t6 

5 -t.15 

6 -.81) 

1 -.n 

3 -.65 

9 -,45 

l0 -,39 

-.23 

I r.8r 

I -r.65 

I 

_t.51 

I -1.5r 

I -t.38 

9 1.06 

I ,,3I 

I3 -,46 

I -.,|l 

I 

I 

I tl 

t9 

5 

t7 

I 

-1.62 

n.48 

-13,t 

-1,34 

-1,31 

-t.31 

n.t6 

Ll3 

-.53 

I I 

I ! 

I 

T 

5 

20 

.t.76 I 

n.66 I 

-1.48 I 

-r.4r I 

.lrt I 

-r.33 I 

nJ3 I 

n.20 I 

..86 I 

-.64 | 

-.,t I I

T.bl. F I (Conti.ucd) 

x.m R.9one Mo

Trbl.Ol 

App.Ddh G 

P.rc.ntllo ofcirls 6e clrs f6 cfuh ud Csdd N@! for rh. Tcsr Bsti.ry 

SPT 

RLtI 

DPT 

LRT 

RCT 

T.b|. C2 

I 

I 

z 

9 

7 

0 

2 

6 

I 

2 

t7 

9 

I 

:t 

7 

2 

I 

2 

P..t dilq of Girb tcbs fc@.d. edcar&NdDr frrh.T.. Bday 

sPt 

NPT 

RI-IT 

DPT 

LIT 

RCT 

vcr 

I 

2 

tl 

2 

ll 

3 

I 

3 

7 

2 

I 

! 

2 

I 

t4 

l5 

! 

3 

8 

2 

la 

t5 

I 

9 

3 

t5 

l3 

2 

I 

t5 

ta 

6 

9 

J 

It 

20 

7 

1 

9 

t 

t5 

2l 

8 

t!7 

I 

9 

t5 

2l 

8 

9 

to

T.bL G 3 

P.Mntil* ofBoys 66 ck$ fd crd. sd O.nde. Noos f6 0!c T.st Brrcry 

sPr 

NPT 

RI-IT 

DPT 

LRT 

RCT 

o 

5 

2 

9 

5 

I 

6 

I 

2 

ll 

7 

2 

1 

2 

t3 

l0 

I 

P@ntiL. of Bots f chs for Crd. !!d cEn& Nmr for rte Tcd Bllot 

sPt 

RI,II 

DPT 

LRT 

RCT 

I 

6 

2 

9 

I 

7 

l 

l0 

0 

t2 

t0 

t,l 

I 

l4 

I 

l 

l5 

t1 

5 

3 

t5 

t7 

5 

l 

4 

IJ 

20 

7 

3 

It 

20 

t 

9 

8 

9 

2l 

t0

T|lLc5 

Dcsirn! Sfrd ofCilr fa Grd. d Oat NaDtutbT.rtct 

Ipr 

LIT 

RCT 

wcT 

tt0 

t6l 

lt) 

t6t 

t50 

l6l 

tt0 

r6l 

l5t) 

l6l 

t50 

t5l 

r5t) 

l5l 

33J 

3.u 

795 

2.33 

3t3 

3.6J 

l3J2 

13.52 

lata 

la.96 

t.1tt 

4l6 

orl 

l!, 

157 

l.2l 

0.8,1 

0& 

un 

t.?t 

t.@ 

1.90 

a.l0 

ant 

223 

2.1) 

(lt..!.25D) Saa! urd 

erdis.?lo.t 

159 

092 

a.tl 

53E 

0.6! 

o'2 

2.0| 

2g 

10,t3 

9,71 

6.6t 

5At 

ola 

oa2 

I 

T 

5 

0 

0 

2 

2 

10 

t0 

7 

6 

I 

I 

139

Deenptiv. Sbtkd.! olBoys for c6d. rnd Condd Nlms fo 0tc Tqt B.ncry 

SPT 431 

RLIT 

DFT 

LRT 

RCT 

wcT 

N M SD 

259 

433 

269 

434 

269 

1r3 

269 

413 

269 

433 

269 

tt3 

269 

2.54 

2.63 

7,93 

8,05 

z,al 

L2a 

4.6 

3n8 

t1,26 

t3,0? 

13.62 

ll.J9 

36 

1.21 

1.09 

1.36 

1.7, 

0.Et 

0J3 

0,n 

0,n 

2.73 

741 

5tn 

5.1,1 

2,tl 

2.q2 

(Md-2SD) Ssus.d 

fo. ditqEp.ry 

0,15 

5.21 

5.58 

0.70 

oJl 

2.r3 

2.t3 

7,79 

8,13 

1.58 

lJl 

-2:4 

-234 

0 

5 

5 

0 

2 

2 

E 

3 

3 

0 

o

Tablc c 7 

Dc*npdw sntiltic. ofnm. dMlb rda by 80 % snk fq {F T6t Dlrrery 

SPT tt0 

NPT 

RLIT 

DPT 

l6l 

150 

l6l 

t50 

I6I 

150 

l6l 

M 

3.59 

5,61 

2,37 

3.25 

t19 

l.7l 

SD 

3,25 

t.51 

t,61 

3.03 

0.79 

t,08 

0n2 

0,63 

DdnFirc sidi{h3of iinc dutlrio n*.n by m % hoF fd dr T*r Bln ., 

sPt 4t! 

NPT 

RIIT 

DPT 

269 

4tt 

269 

433 

269 

4tt 

269 

a.c2 

5.52 

5.N 

3.r8 

2.88 

2.00 

2.31 

SD 

2,26 

2.13 

l.a3 

2.n 

t.66 

t,22 

.84 

t.t2 

t2 

a 

09 

03 

02 

02 

ll 

t0 

01 

08 

0, 

03 

05

T-IGH I 

AI..ah F 

T..i! rcorlr of2 SD DisFDrdcy tw nM In 6. T.!t B.nsy ofgnb 6$ oL& 

SNo InNo stT ldl{o NPf ldNo tuT U l{o DPT 

I l0rl 

2 t232 

t t2x 

a 1238 

t 1242 

6 l,t!,. 

7 1137 

8 

9 

l0 

tl 

l! 

ta 

t6 

t7 

|l 

1058 

tt24 

l|zt 

ll?J 

1138 

l23t 

t2tt 

1216 

I 

o 

2 

lt38 

1032 

l,Ol 

0 

0 

o 

1032 

t034 

l059 

ut4 

llt9 

ll2J 

l|26 

u29 

u,|il 

Ia0 

t23a 

1235 

rul 

ru2 

tu, 

139J 

1L2 

1443 

2 

2 

2 

I 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

I 

0 

2 

2 

2 

2

Ttu. H l(coitu"d) 

Tcsts gc ofz SD Disrlp.Dy tion 16 in ln. T*r B.tErt ofgins 6i ct.s 

I 

z 

l 

7 

E 

l0 

II 

t2 

I3 

t5 

t6 

t1 

l8 

t9 

20 

2l 

t 

I 

I t021 

I 

I l4m 

I 

1963 

LRT RCT 

l0 

9 

9 

9 

l0 

9 

t02t 

ut9 

l14l 

I l?5 

t39J 

1406 

I 

I 1963 

1 

1 

1 

, 

6 

6 

I 

1 

- 

I 

1029 

r035 

||t4 

I ll39 

l14r 

ll1t 

|74 

t23l 

t245 

t394 

1395 

lt9 

I l2'ci 

l,l{5 

t407 

I t4l0 

14ll 

I 

0 

0 

0 

0 

I 

o 

I 

0 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

0 

0

Tdlc H 2 

Tcdr sB of 2 8D DlclF.r t6 6 b ll. T..r 8e, oftlt f cLs 

SNo IdNo 8PT rdNo NTI ldNo Rl,lT ldNo D?T 

I 

2 

3 

t 

6 

7 

t 

to 

ll 

t2 

It 

l4 

IJ 

l6 

l7 

l! 

l9 

xt 

r@t 

l0o9 

lol0 

l0|l 

lol4 

l0J6 

ll,l,l 

ll,l5 

||58 

l15, 

l162 

llTo 

ll?l 

l7z 

1966 

1969 

lm 

0 

I 

0 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

0 

I 

I 

I 

0 

I 

I 

0 

l0{,1 

1046 

l0J0 

tr?l 

t25l 

126l 

l,l19 

tlt 

l9@ 

5 

5 

5 

1 

t 

1008 

lolo 

tu1 

loa6 

loJ0 

||6a 

u70 

l19l 

l196 

|n 

1?49 

t2'o 

l2tl 

lU 

1267 

nm 

tl2l, 

t966 

l96E 

t969 

tvD 

t99 

I 

0 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

I 

2 

2

T|Dlc H 2 (coddnu.d) 

T6t *!G of2 SD Dlrslp.r.t nld E..n i! ri. Ter Bey ofitrL f ct ! 

SNo 

I 

2 

IdNo 

I 

Il4l 

ltT 

t 

0 

Ul'b 

I 

1t97 

3 

6 

Idl{o 

t0t2 

t04t 

vcT 

3 

1200 

t1t7 5 

ll9 

I 

196' t0 

6 

7 

t 

9 

l0 

ll 

t2 

lt 

IJ 

t6 

l1 

l8 

l9 

x 

2l 

r96t 

I 

9 

9 

ll@ 

D6? 

lliro 

96 

t2$ 

t249 

l25o 

t25l 

lall 

na 

t4n 

l11l 

latz 

t969 

I tgB 

tyta 

M

T.bl. H 3 

T6asBor2sDDlsF.ytqnn@h|lreT.dB ..totbola6dd.s 

sNo ld No SPr NPT ldNo RLIT IdNo DPT ldNo DPr 

2 

3 

5 

6 

8 

9 

t0 

II 

l2 

l3 

t5 

t6 

t1 

t3 

1520 0 

t572 0 

l5&/ 0 

1538 0 

l5E9 0 

l59o 0 

1605 0 

t6l5 0 

1699 0 

l70l 0 

t7l2 0 

t?t3 0 

l?15 0 

1716 0 

I9t4 0 

l9tt 0 

1916 0 

1203 

t204 

t28l 

l3!0 

l3,O 

13,16 

1341 

ta9l 

t495 

l5t7 

1572 

t57J 

1607 

t6t7 

t6J9 

r6E0 

t1t7 

tnl 

l 

l 

5 

3 

2 

5 

5 

l 

3 

3 

3 

5 

l0?l 

1083 

t084 

l2t6 

t498 

l9t6 

1925 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

f068 2 l7t6 2 

tul 2 l72t I 

t2l| | tu2 0 

l2l5 2 t880 2 

t292 2 tW 2 

l14t 2 t9t4 2 

t344 2 l9t8 0 

t351 2 tnt I 

ta74 2 1925 2 

lt9l 0 1928 I 

1509 2 t944 I 

f5t0 2 t94J 2 

1588 2 t94E 2 

lt9l 2 19 0 

f59t 2 t95' 2 

t6o5 2 200E 2 

1606 2 2010 2 

t608 ^ -^.^

Td[c H ! (Cd!!d) 

T.* *G d2 SD D|tgrFcy i.d no Ir |t. Tti Edry ofboy. 6. cr& 

SNo Idl,lo SPT ldNo NPT IdNo lLlT tdlto DPT ldtb DPT 

l9 

a 

2l 

a 

u 

25 

tnl 

tw 

ry23 

I 

1945 

t9{lt 

l95l 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

lE07 5 

t'd, 5 

t9l6 5 

tm1 

t9t6 2 

r&9 2 

r6t2 2 

t5ta 2 

1515 2 

t62J I 

l5!! 0 

tan6 2 

&L

T6ts $o@s of2 SD DisFp.ncy nom ntu in lhe T.n A.tcry ofboys 60 ctN 

S IdNo LR rdNo Rc ldNo $C IdNo wC ldNo 

2 t345 

r 1358 

I 192 

5 r@2 

6 163r 

7 1649 

8n 

9I 

l0 l9t)5 

I I 1906 

t2 t908 

r3 1912 

14 l9t4 

t5 t947 

16 2006 

t7 

t8 

20 

2l 

22 

25 

26 

T 

I 

8 

0 

I 

0 

I 

I 

7 

\607 

16(} 

I t702 

1703 

I 

3 

l 

2 

l 

I 

t21X 

1219 

I2EE 

t339 

1340 

1343 

|]59 

1498 

1569 

158? 

r59! 

l60l 

t604 

l6ll 

t6l2 

t62o 

r64t 

T 

: 

r70] 

l70J 

1706 

11t2 

t1r7 

o 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

t1t9 

tn0 

t72l 

\722 

\198 

t802 

r&D 

! t8l6 

tatl 

IEIE 

l8l9 

IE2O 

t82l 

t822 

t823 

t824 

lE25 

ta26 

ta27 

I 1840 

t84t 

I 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

; 

1844 

I346 

tu1 

t8t8 

l8t7 

tE62 

t878 

t9l4 

l9l6 

r9l9 

1920 

l92l 

t922 

t923 

t925 

t937 

1938 

r9,41 

l9t6 

1950 

t955 

2008 

20t0 

T 

; 

0 

o 

0 

0 

; 

0 

0 

o 

; 

0 

0

T.bbH a 

Tdt' !.@ of2 SD DielF ct d@ Ea b Ue T.4 Bday ofboF ?6 chs 

Srlb |dlb SPT ldllo NPT ldNo RIJr ldNo D?I 

I 

2 

3 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

l0 

ll 

t2 

t3 

l5 

t6 

t7 

l8 

806 

1541 

t616 

tw 

1754 

t1u 

t1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

twl 

lt0o 

t2]rl 

t3l0 

t3u 

ttl 

t54l 

15,6 

ltal 

tE?6 

5 

5 

5 

2 

2 

2 

lt96 

lt04 

t3t{ 

t3lE 

1557 

l16l 

0 

0 

ll0t) 

ll|3 

r27 

r3E6 

rrtl 

1539 

r5ro 

l5:t6 

l6l9 

t727 

r7ut 

t7$ 

176l 

t76a 

r$t 

1E86 

t893 

t9c5 

o 

0 

0 

2 

2 

I 

0 

I 

2 

0 

2 

2 

I 

2 

I 

2 

2 

2

T6c $G of2 sD Dicrlc.ey 6m I|d in dE Td Bd..y ofboF I cLs 

tRT ldNo RCT ldNo WCI ldNo WCT 

2 

3 

5 

6 

1 

8 

9 

ll 

t2 

tl 

t4 

t6 

t1 

l8 

l9 

2l 

22 

u 

lo98 

1299 

l30l 

1303 

I 

t3t7 

tt49 

I t88l 

l99l 

I ltl 

I l7l5 

I 

I tvn 

3 

2 

3 

z 

I 

I 

0 

0 

I l0E 

13 

t223 

1225 

1305 

I 

l38a 

l3E9 

1390 

r535 

t536 

ttto 

1543 

t517 

lr,lt 

lt59 

l160 

t56l 

t6t6 

t68J 

l1t2 

t7t1 

t1t9 

t 

t74l 

ut5 

1148 

t750 

I 17a 

tTn 

t7B 

tm 

tr0 

1795 

1829 

1330 

l33l 

tat2 

r$l 

I l3tt 

r 

183? 

l83E 

1839 

1350 

l3tl 

t8t2 

1876 

t882

T.U. H t. 

C|Gbbd.tid Coutr sn d.nts id.nrili.d *lth 2SD dispery h vdb6l Liicn y l.n5 

Cls Chs Tot! 

T.n5 cddd d / 

lRTOirG9615 

Doys 16 9 25 

RCT cirt l0 3 13 

Bots E 8 16 

WCT Girls U 2t 45 

Boys 5t 54 lO7 

Tor.l t20 tol 221 

T.U. H 6 

CDsotobde ctM $d.i& ftLtifi.d *i||! 2SD diidrpdcy b vqnol fiE -y i6b 

*ludiigt s! ii m ud Pd.lac. 

Cla Clar ToLl 

God.r 6e PEv.l.nc. ?s P&v.ldce prluLn@ 

ctfs x7 2.5 29 2,1 66 2,4 

Boyi 11 3,4 65 3,6 116 3.t 

Toi.l loc 1.0 9a l.t a2 t.r

tariq mahmood kiian department of special education university of ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?