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- - 

Ta b i e l r : Li r t b l a s t r i r e c cs 

1' a b i e 1 7 : i1n ; e r rva t e r Fr e s s r e 

i a bl e 1 : r e n e t r s t i v e r o v e r o f r r : 

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h e E f f e c t o f Bo r b s o n : a v a l Ve s s e l s 

I i l u s t r a t i on z : Co ip a r i s on o f i 1 e 'Ja r i o u s 'y ,e s o f Lomu c 

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- 6 - 

Tr . e Se l ac t i o n o f Bor bs a nd F . 

a e s f Or Ai r At t a cr s 

I . 

Ge ne r :: l P r i nc i l e s 

Certain rrinciples rave to be oLserved i i se l ectin 

bornbs and fuses f or a i r attacks so tha t po J;erful ar . 

d lastino 

r e s ul t s may b cạ on t a i ne d . 

Th e e x F-e r i e nc e s o f 'a o r l d ' ' a r I I h a v e 

f r e que nt l y s i i o .m t ' a t t he e f f e c t . s o f a t;t a c ks wo ul d ae do ui , t - 

f ul i f s o r e o = t h e f c l l owi n„ pr i z c i r ) _ 

es a r e i o l a t e d . 

Moreover ,, 

it is absolutely neṛe sary 

that tiie staffs and 

unit cemmanders do•nn to th E squa dron lea d ers l evel be technica ll y 

or i e nt e d o n t h c ai, s t r uc t i on a nd e f f e c t o f a i r c r a f t a rununi t i on 

as pecified in the f ollovrin;; parts II and III of th i s s tudy . 

Attacks on Ground `fargets 

•l he bo mbs t 'rla t a r e us e d s h oul d no t t;e o f a l a r e r ca l i be r 

than is absolutely esseptial to destroy or effectively dama ;e 

tre ob J'ective 

under attack . 

But to use ca lib ers th at are too 

s c s l l aroul d b e e qua l l y rrr on unl es s t h e r e a r e s uch c onpe l l i n 

li u itations as li nited carryinb 

c . 

pacity o f the availat , le air- 

. craft or tYe accidental nonavailability of certain t yges of 

borab e r s . 

1 . 

The o v e r l we i ni n` uia j o r i t y o f i a val a nd ; r oun d t ar ; e t s t ha t 

are not particularly well 

protected can be most appropriate l 3r 

a t t a c k e d ri t h h i o h - e x t l os i ve b ocnbs Le cwus e t h z s c a t e o r y o f 

boutbr; i s c a pa bl P o f hi t t i r .. ; t h e t a r Er wi t h t h e ma x i murn 

jlua n t i t y o f ex pl o s i v e s i n co mpar i s o n ṿi t h a t h er borabs . 



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be us e d a :; a i ns t s u c h , r o r u ta r ; e t : 

t ha t a t t a ck o f tivh i c h j u s +'i f i e s 

t h e ex e ndi t ur P o f u;a t e r i a l s t ha t -r e di f f i c u l t t o pr o c ur e . 

j , 

xrmor-piercin 

f o r f r a cne nt a t i on e f f e c t , 

i f f r a • 

, 

and hig11-explosive bombs should not be u sed 

proper 

e r t . a t i on b oa b s ^ r e a v ai l a bl e . 

- 

, s ho ul a a l wa s us e t he s ma l l e s t 

. : h en e m l o ? i n t r e l a t t e r , c ne y 

possible caliber unless 

the res i stivity o t th e target re


- 8 - 

on which the greatest effect can be scored . 

Th e use of the 

so-called nuisance fuses cannot be left to the field forces 

but must be specially ord -,ed in accordance with detailed ans 

prepared by the air force headquarters staffs . 

In 

calculating the quantities of bombs needed to destroy a 

certain target on land and in es tablishing the distances to 

be held in stick 

bombing , one caa use th e data on effectiveness 

of individual bombs given 

3n Part III . 

The above-mentioned 

princip?es could not be adh ered to iạ every case in preparing 

the ta bl es for ground ta•g ts contained in Part IV b ecause o th er 

factors such as the rarticuliarities of the target , 

the effect 

of the dropping altitude on 

target accuracY , 

the various l oadin t 

capabilities of the aircraft , etc ., played an important part . 

_ 

G enera l P r i nciples for A 

_ 

tt acking N aval Taroets 

The main purpose sho ld be to produce Ruch 

damag - that th e 

attacked ahip will s 3ṇ k . 

This will usually be ac , 

hieved onl y 

by affecting thosp par ts of th e target that ar e under water . 

To produce damages below th e waterline of Rhip requires 

t ha t t h e bo mb de t ona ' e as l o•° a s pos s i ble i n t h e s h i p . 

Bombs 

`hat oxplode nPxt lo a ship -- so-called near misses -- and 

he most effe•tive distances from the side of the hip are 

expl a in ed in detail in Par t III , 

ta bl es incl»ded . 

To be consider 

d n this c nnection is the factar that thesA bombs 

sho»ld not sink to to, low a level . 



- - 

Th e a : rn n i t z on s t o r a g e a r ea s c f a .ra r h i p r e s i t u a t e d 

be l o l r t r : e a r mor pl a t . 

n „ , r_a e v e r , 

y e f i o r t r u .. t ' oe a d e 

co n l a e t h e bo mḅ t h e r e b e J - - t ti}e s u r es t a n d u ; ck e s t 

ma nn er t r . 

d e s t r oy a wa r s li i p i s t o ex Nl o e i t s s t o ck o f 

powder and ex losives. 

c , v Pn t h ou h s o ::re rLOde r n wa r s l i p n wv e o e e :: s u n l Gy o n e 

in le lar_;e bomb , attack of iieavily armored ships ener3 11 y 

r e ui r P h e u s e o f va r i o u s t zl p e s o f b or b s t h e dr opp i n ;; o f 

. v h i ch mu s t b e p r op e r l y c o or d i na t e d an c tivi l l d e er . 

d n t h e 

ccnditions prevailin; i n the tar et area . 

Such 

shiys usually 

a r e h e3v i l , 

y a r mo r e d a n d h a ve n u;r . 

e r ou s wa t e r t i hl t c o rpa r t me n t s . 

The zirst attack wave of plar . es ri11 ordinarily not succeed 

i :: s i nk i n 

. 

t h e e n er7rv s h i p un l _ 

e s s t h e c a i t e r o f bo mbs e:np l o y e d 

! 

is extremely lar e or the aṛrnunition stora e areas are hit 

d i r e c t l ỵ by a s ma 11 _ 

e r bu t v er y ;::en e t r a t i n b omb . 

0: t h e o t n e r 

h , 3n d , ryri Tl or d 3rua ; e s i n f l i c t e d u p on i r . ,p o r t a r . 

t r _ 

_ r t s o f t ize s i . 

o f t er r e s ul t e d i n t l: e ev e r _ 

t u al de s t r u c +i o i o t h e ve s s e l 'oy 

i r o r n _ 

v a l a t t a - k f o r c c . 

Th e . o s t e f i e c t i e vaa , 

y t o a t t a c h 

l a r ; 

e r o d e r n ṿa r s h i p s i s t h e r e f r e t o l a u . . c h c o o r d i r _ 

a t e d 

a s s a u l t s : i t i i h i h - e x l o s i v e a r . 

d a r rao r - p i e r c i n b a r:l b s . 

The shix aat3 s b eets in t art IV of thi s tuci , 

y indicate the 

bombs 

that 3re particularl}• uited for sinkin ; each specific 

s h i p . 

Th i s cio e s n o t e x l u de . 

h a e v e r , 

t i e u s e o f o t h er c a l i b e r s 

or weapons 

for this n>>rhose. 

Comb i r:e d a t t a c ks o i a e r i a l t o r e do e s - n d h e a v ỵ bombs a ; a i n s t 


T H IS PAG E D EC LA SSIFIED IAW E 12958 

- i ọ - 

a Rroup o f u arshi ps h ave prove d effective and have made it 

possible to achieve the rapid destruction of the Pnemy 

f orcee. 

Th e available data regarding the quantitiee of aaununition 

expended 

in such attacks . 

h owev r , 

do not permit proper ana l ys i a , 

as men tioned in Part III petain i na t o aeparate employment . 

It might also be d^ irable to render useless the fli ght - 

deck of a i rcra ft carriers by f ra aeatation bombs and aircraft 

. 

. 

m ounted weapons in an effort to Pli n ṇa te countera i r and antia 

i rcra ft reeistance prior to staging the main attack v h the 

most devastating weapons. 

As to the effect of fire on ships , 

the employment of incendiaries 

n FhipR ie norma ll y out of question . Di rect hitB 

witn explosive bombs usually cause heavy fires of fuel , 

facilities , 

or 

the cargo carried on board ship . F r this reason no larger 

bomb than an 1 , 

100 - 1bs hi h - explosive will be used against 

Rven th e largest unprotected vessel . 



- - l 

- 

I I . 

u e n e r a l Di s c u s i o n o f t i e E f f e c t o f B o r : 

b s 

1 . 

Tk•_e P r e s s tir e a n d i r a r . ie n t a t i o n i f _ 

' e c t 

f h e l:r i n c i a l e f f e c t o i a b o . 

• b i s c a u s e d b y t h e d e t o n a t i o n 

o f i t s e x : _ 

l o s i v e c 'r.a r e h y rr il i c h t h c 3 r e t i s d a n a e d o r 

d e s t r o , 

y e d a s a r e s u l t o f t . , e p r s u r e o f t h e e x n l o s i o n o r 

t h e p e n e t r a t i o n o f e x p l o s i v e f r a ;cne n t ; o f t h e bo mb c a s i n;=; i _ 

n t o 

t ie t a r ; e t . t t :ni n o r i s t a n c e s i t i s u u a l l y t h e a i r o r r . 

i r t 

• 

bl a s t ryh i c h c u s e s l a s t i n k a n d i r r e pa r a bl e 3a ma e t o btri l di n s . 

t l o n ; ; e r d i s t a n c e s o n l y t h e a i r c l a s t o f l a r e e x p l o s i v e 

c h a r e s Vr i l l b e f e l t , k n d t Ye f r a a :Le n t a t i o n e f f e c t i s t :r _ 

e t io s t 

c o nuao ii -1 , u s e d me t h o d i r . a t t a } i n y l i v t a r , e t s a n d s e n s i t i v e 

- ^ t a r ; e t s . 

r or pr a c t i c a l c on s i de r a t i o r . s i t i s o o d t o 

r eMemb e r t h a t t h e : r e s s u r e e f f e t o f : : or b s i s pr o por t i on a t e 

t o t h e e x pl o s i v e c} a r . >;e a r d i n v er s el y pr o o r t i on a t e t o t h e 

qu a r e o f t 'r _ 

e d i -t a n c e . 

i h e t er m ' nr e s s u r e " ;; en e r 3 1 1y mea n s 

t h e e f f e c t o f a n e x Ll o s i v e c, a r .; e n t Le a i r , on t h e r o un d , 

a n d u n d e r rva t e r . 

I n o p e n . 

i r , 

t r e e x p l o s i v e f i a me , . 

h o c k : la v e , e x c e s s r e s s u r e , 

a n d s u b r r e s ; u r t a __ 

p e a r i n t u azr , s o i::e t i e s wp h a i z e d b y r e - 

f l e c t i o n . s i d e f r o rn d i r t • l a s t s , e x a o s - a n r o n l: e r o u n d 

r e s u l t i ri t 11e c r e a t i o n o f c r a t e r s o r , 

i f ! _ 

e b o mb p e n e t r a t e s 

v e r y d e e l y , 

i n t ize f o r :ua t i o n u f s u p t e r r a n e a n c a v e s . 

I n b o d i e s 

o f •rra t e r e x j l o s i o n s r e s u l t i n ; a s b u b Ll e s , 

t h r u s t a n d p r e s s u r e 

;ra v e s a we l i a s i : : n u l s e s a n d Ll a s t - • a v e s . 

Th e t e r ;u " p r Gs s zr e " i n t ii e f o l l o :ri n a r t := o f t h i s s t _ 

, d , 

y 

' n a s o :z l y e : e r a l s i ; n i f i c a n c e a r . u n o s c i e n t = f i c i :l p o r t a n c e . 


THIS PAGE DECLASSIFIED IA V E 12958 

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- i +- 

Ilonde l ay fu-es are used with high - explosive bombs to produce 

' 

an air blast effect and considerable fra , mentation b+cause 

of the high velocity of dPparture. Th e same i s a lso true of 

the multiple purpose bomb , whose fra ments how -ver are more 

massed . 

rdondelay fu es are used for ntensive incendiary bombs 

as we ll as f or 

" sPd ntary" ch mica l and sroke bombs in order 

to disperse their contents ov r the tar et area . 

` 

c . 

De l ay ed - Action Fuses . 

De l aved - action i s 

the other type of 

fuse that is more mportant for 

the eff^ct of Ligh - explosive 

a nd a r mo r - pi e r c i nn boatbs . 

Th e bomb s r . ou l d no t p ene t r a t e anv 

f ur th er into the targ et than is necessary to obtain optimum 

effectiveness . 

'1Ti th the fuses attached to the various types of 

an d i s 

bombs it h as diff eren t eff ec ts i m _ 

inly deterrnined bv 

the burning of a pressed grain of powder . 

'" Th e de l a v of f u se (25 ) use d f or h i h _ explo siv e SC 250 an d 

SC 500 b omb s corr espon ds to th e r es ectiv e drop a lti t u de an d 

th e r es i s t a ṇc e o f th e ta rg e t . Th e a vera„ e s e tti ng i s . 0 ` of 

a second . 

A s pr eviou sly m en ti on e d , 

th e delay ed - a c ti on can a l so 

be reset in specia l cases for timin in the dead cent r o f the bomb . 

Protected l an d or naval targets requir different fuses . 

Th e large hi h - explosive bombs SC 1000 , 

SC 1800 , and SC 2000 

as well as the SD 1700 are delivered with (28 ) B fuses , which 

. 

have fixed delavs in 

the explosion of the powder as rell as 

mechanically actiog , 

"kinetical" d e lays that stronolỵ brpak 

t h e bomb at t he t a r e t . Th i s d l a y e d a c t i on i s a dj u^t e d i . 

n 



- 

- 

- 7 r 

accordance aith the consistency of bomb case to va •ious 

multiple of the accelera ti on of gravity , amounting to 

800 grams in th e case of the SC 1800 , 

2 , 

000 grams in the 

ase of the SC 100U and SC 2000 , and 6 , 

000 orams for the 

insofar as possible 

SD 1700 . 

This device is installed to prevent^ the bombs from 

breakin up prematurely up^n hitting targets that are too hard . 

• 

The 

( 35 ) fuse aed for armor-piercing b ombs h as on ly one 

fix ' e d delay t h h n t h . 

On e other a d , e arr or - p net 

ratizlg No ( 8 ) . 

bomb h as a groun d fuse that can be set for 

Qhort or long 

delaỵ depending 

on the various drop levels and target 

re : 

istance strengths . 

The detonation is to be iṇ itiated 

'irectly upon penetration of the main l aỵer o f armor an d 

not only bel w the deck . 

: Th e rocket attachment in armor-pierciag bo +b s r ith propulrion 

uas i nited 2 . 

7 seconds after bein dropped bv fuse 

(49 ) if +he timing was set at no delaY , whereas if it was set 

for dela ed - act;on it :en t off according to the timing . 

d . 

Dela , 

y Fuses . 

Delay fuses are needed for ow- l evel attack s 

to give the aircraf* time to depar+ rrom the danger area wh ere 

th e high - xploRive bombs were dropped . 

The customary ground 

uses svitched auroma tic _ 

ly from delayed - action to dela , 

y fuses 

as soon as the sa fety ceiling for high - 

level or dive- b ombing 

attacks had been underpassed . 

Th e delay fuse in older models ( 15) 

was about 8 econds , 

for No . 

(25) it was about 14 secon ds . F uee 

(33) , used for attackin unprotec+ed vessels with high - exploeive 

b om bs , 

had a delay 

fuse set for j seconds so that the bomb would 



- 1 6 - 

not drop too 1ow before detonatinK , whereas the usual delays 

of 0 . 

05 an d 0 . 

2 seconds wer e avail a ble for high and m edium 

altitudes or small aad ?arge vessels , respectively . 

The i mpor ta nc e o f r o pe r l y Re t t a nd s e l e c t i n . , 

t h e f us e 

cannot be overemphasized , as pointed out in th e followin . 

Unde = certain circumstances 

entire fuse assembiies should be 

exchanged for attacks on certain types of targets . 

For instance , 

when 

the previousl , 

y mentioned large high - explosive bombs were 

us e d , 

f ue e C 2 8 ) B , wh i ch wa e no t s ui t a bl e f o r l ovr- ] e v el a t t a ck s , 

was exchanged against a ( 25 ) or (38) , 

if brid re founda t - 

ons , 

dams , 

lock a tes or ships were to be attacked a t low levels. 

In xeneral , 

the detonation of a bomb at the right tim e was 

really more important thaṇ the tvpe and size of the bomb proper . 

If , 

for instance , an 

: i rcra ft ' as b een loa d ed with multiple- 

' purpose bonbs of caliber SD 70 and -as to attack columns of 

troops at h . 

gh level , 

th e crews had to realize that t'-e succeRs 

of the operation xould d pend on setting the fuse switchbox 

at rondelav . 

If tsey were set at delayed action , 

the bombe 

wou ld penetra te into the oround and have little fragamntation 

effect . 

Even 

lar ;er caliber bombs wo ld have less effect than 

small but properly fused bombs . 

In another instance , an attack on a major switching sta tion 

m i ; h t ha v e b e en o r de r e d a nd raos t o f t he ai r c r a f t we r e a c c or di ng l , 

y 

loaded with h igh - explosive SC 250 bombs tha t were to be dropped 

with dela ed action . 

Upon a_ nroaching the tar et , 

however , 

it 

was establish ed thAt troops were detraining . I n 

this case it 

_ 



- 17 - 

would be more effective to drop the high - explosive bombs 

wi t hou t de l a y f us e s . 

h e Llnl t c o: . . :an der i nu; e d i a : . 

l y i s s u e d 

the ccrresFondin ; orders by radio . 

n a third ins t ance a minor machine tool factorY consisted 

o f on e - s t o r i e d ?o r ' Rh ops t ha t wer e 1 6 f e e t h i g h . 

Th e wa 7 _ 

s we r e 

bu ilt of bricks and the buildin 

were subdivided into single 

r^ c ls of 66 by 99 

feet , w th the various machines distributed 

S 

amoag 

'hem . 

One single 550 - pound hi ;h - explmsive bomb could 

destnoy Fuc'- an area abou t 80 percent if it detoaated in th e 

ceater of th han a ^ floor xith a ahort de ay . 

A SC 50 bomb 

thst pen etra ted deep into the ground with a lon g- d elay fuse , 

would have 

Qr le s effect . 

Nlith t delay , 

the b omb would ignite 

upon hi t t i . 

ng t he r o o ' . 

Th e s i t ua t i on i s s i mi l a r wi t ? r e a r d t o 

naval targets , 

for which num era-s examples of insufficient 

effectiveness 

b ecause of too little or too much delav in fuse 

tim i ng can be cited . 

e. Ti me Fuses . 

Wit these , 

ign it ' on occurs according to th e 

fuse and its timing either between 5 and 40 or between 4 and 

0 seconds after the b ornb was 3roppe . 

Origina ly mepnt for 

flash 

and photoflash bornba , 

these fuses can also be used for 

ce-+Ain 

c ernic ' om s . E ven h ; h - xplos ve bom A , such as thp 

SHr goo , an be successfully used against flying targeta . 

Simple typ = of t me use- c n he equipped with 2 or 3 charges 

b••r n i ng f or va r yi ; per i o ds s o t ha t t h ey can Be r v e f or open i ng 

dr o p ont a i ner e a bo v e *h e t ar r - t . 



- - 

f . 

Lo n - D e l a y 'u s es . 

Or i ; i na l l y , 

t h e s pe c i a l f us e ( 1 7 } tva s 

desi n° ' ror Army supnort in att -ckin , 

prepared positions , 

with thQ Lufttiqa ff e supposed to bomb the reGpective sectors 

some time in advance . O nly a s:all number of bombs used for that 

purgose were to detona te ima ediate l y , ti; h ereas the majority of 

them rveMe *o 

Pxplode at a definite time , under circunstances 

2 or 3 davs la t er . 

The clockwor'-s i n (17 )A f uses were therefore 

• 

set for a certain time up to 1 0 4ours in advance . After th e 

n . 

A . 

F . 

dropped th e first bo bs with lọn - d e l ay fuses in April 

i940 in order to ex-end the attack ovPr a longer peri d , 

th e 

(1?)A fuse uas used by the G ermans for the same purnose . 

Si mi • a r ' i mi ng de l a vs , 

bu t tivi t h l es s - r c i s on , wer e i n' e r e nt 

i n t h e l o r _ - rl e l ay f us : o . 

( 7 7 ) - 

; . 

Nu i an ce Fu ses . 

Th i s inc l u ded a ll th os e fus es th a t id n o t 

d etmn a te imm edi tel , 

ju s t l iḳ e th e lona - d e l a y fus s . 

Or _ 

th e 

con tra ry , 

th ey c on ti r:ue d an d :a i n t a i n e d th e con f us ion crea t ed 

b - th e ra id prop er . complica t ed ti ie c lea r i nj e ff or ts , an d 

d is turbe d th e r es ump tion o f f ac tory an d tra ff c rou tin es . 

Sh o r t d a t a o n t h e s u b j e c t c a n b e ;;a t h e r e d f r o t t h e f u s e 

statistics c on ta ined in Fa r t 'I I . 

Th e proper us e o f th ese 

f u s es requ i res v ery th orou h kn o , vl ed e th a t ca n b e ac qu i r e d 

by s tu dy in the t ech n ica l direc tives con cern i nb th e respe c ti ve 

fu ses . 



- 19 - 

4 . 

Th e Ef f ec t of Fi r e 

Passed wartime experience has shown 

that many targets 

caa be attacked more effectively with incendiary bombs than 

xith 

explos i ve bombs . Th e f ollowing differences between 

industria targets , residential reas , and commercial 

di s tricts on the one h and and live targets on 

the other 

are to be noted : 

a . I adustrial Targets . 

Their vulnerability to fire 

depends on the type oP construction and contents of the 

buildings or both . 

If a quarter of the taroet consists oi 

inflammable materia l , th e use of incendiary bombs will prove 

to be worth while . 

Prior target reconnaissance and exact 

evaluation are indicated . 

High suscentibility o fire can 

become the cause of large-sca l e 

fi res that extend to adjoining 

districts . 

b . 

Residential Areas and Commercial Districts . 

The determining 

factor for the effect o f fi r e is the dens it y of the 

bui?t - up sections as eAl as combustibility of the buildiṇos 

and their iṇ terior insta ll ations . 

Lar e-scale fires are affected 

by the existence of fire wa ll s , 

fire gaps , etc ., as well as b y 

the accessibilit , 

y of water to extinguish the 

fire and the 

discipline o f th e fire brigades . 

c . 

Live Targets . 

Already at the outset of th e war , 

incendiary 

bombs proved _ 

ffective in attacks on march columns , 

troops in 

hasty 

positions , and fortificatioas . D roppe like activated 


T H IS PA G E D E CLA SSIFIED IAW E 0 129 8 

- ZOincendi 

ar ies with nondelay fuses in low- l evel attacks , 

they 

affected the morale of the troops . 

Occas i ona ll v , even targets 

that cannot be too effectively attackod with explos i ve bombs , 

can be temporarily neutralized by 

fi re b ombs ; amona these are 

observations points , port - openings , and slits in turrets and 

disappearin Pun mounts ; n 

fix ed fortifications . 

The rnost 

e ff ective way to attack th ese would be to first drop a few 

• in candiaries blindl v : their contents will penetrate slits and 

aps , and only then toward the end of th e attack 

one wou ld use 

a bomb îth delayed fuse oa 

that target . 

In open terrain th e 

difference between incendiary and activated flarne bom b s 3 . 8 

th a t the f ormer will form a compact ball of fire which 

however will be of only short dura tion , whil e th e latter will 

• 

create more extensive areas o ' fire that will burn l on er but 

will be separated individua ll y . 

5 . 

To produce underwater explosions is th e vbjective of anti - 

submarine warfare and of lov- l evel attacks on ships , 

dams , 

lock gates , and other port ins t all a tions situated in the water . 

bombs 

Underwat r ffects are also produc d r near misses of R 

h 

dropped from high al fitudes or in dive- b ombiṇ a ttacks on war 

ships . 

However , major darna ;es will not be produced ou ts id e a 

rela tive l y limited radiue aroun d the target . 

Euperience daṭ a are available on1Y from teste which shoaed 

that , contrarv to h i ;h - explosive bombs and torpedoes , 

the e ff ect 

of fire bombs is reduced bv one third by th e air ahaft form ed 

behind the bomb . 

Leakag'es and en , 

;ine room breakdowns , 

however , 



- 21 - 

were of en achieved even from consid rable distances . 

Sim il ar effects to those produced bv direct hits can be 

attained only by bombs dropped near th e s id ewall of commercia l 

vessels up to 8 , 000 t ons , 

libh tly protected warships such as 

destroỵers an d cruisers un to 4 , 000 t ons , an d small aircraft 

carriers . 

Large transport vPssels and cruisers ^f nore tran 

8 , 

000 tons usua ll y ave double bottoms and several aterti h t 

cotnpartments extendin over tnree quarters of the vesse l ' s 

len; th . Th e bow and the rear , 

bowever , 

have only on e simple 

hull . 

For 

this reason the effect o f di rect hits would be overchelming 

against this type of vessel so lon as the bomb penetrates 

deeply i nto the s hi p ' s bodv . 

Inderwater dama es to the bow and 

stern correspong to those aciieved a ainst unprotected vessels . 

Modern battleships and large aircraft carriers have well con- 

• 

structed un derwater pro tection at ridship : this extends to about 

hal f tbe entire length of the ship in order to reduce the e ff ect 

br ea t l y 

of torpedoes . 

This will also 3: Y reduce the effectiveness 

of near :zisses of hi;h - explosive b owb s :ve iohin less than 

2 , 

200 pounds in co lparison vdith direct hits by armor- piercing 

bombs of equal ca lib er . 

I1ear misses can achieve considerable 

effectivenPSS , 

if they dron near the unprotected bow or stern . 

If the bombs are dropped out of flat dives , 

they can be brouv h t 

so close to the ship 's wall that its hi her explosive contents 

can produce mere results than aircraft torpedoes of equa l 

weigh t . 

Unprot°cted ships and unportected bows and sterns f 

. 

. a jor warships suffer the same d araaaes irom this type of attack 


T H IS PA G E D E CLA SSIFIED IAW E Q 129 8 

- 22 - 

• as if these parts of the ship had been hit directly . 

It h as 

proved effective to attach headrin s to hi h - explo ive bombs 

used for this purposp . 

Low- l evel a ttacks b y hi h - explosive bombs dropped from 

the vel of mast tops rill penetra te unprotec+ed wa ll s or 

bouncP off , 

if the latter are too thick . 

In 

that case , and 

also if the bomb 

drops shor of the taroet , 

the dama es will 

_ 

b e proportionate to the distance betvreen the exploding bomb 

and the side of the ship. Th e depth 

of the nater has also a 

great effect on the effect produced . 

Shallow bodies of water 

will reduce 

the eff ec t of explosioas at ma or distances just 

as much as detonations at too low or too hi h a level . 

Th e best 

eff ec t is enera ll y produced if the depth of detona tion is 

abou t equal to the distance from the ship 's wall . 

The __ 

se of 

• 

impact diske will prevent that the bonb dropped durin a lowlevel 

attack 

bounces off the sur f ace of the water and jumps 

beyond the target . , 

iith an impact disk attach :ent the bomb will 

slide 

3 gZ a l on the wa t er up to the vessel and will sink th ere , 

detonatin after 5 seconds if it is equ i n ed ;ith a 

( 38) fuse. 

ThP fuses attached to armor-biercing bombs are set only for 

direct hits and the del ay 

for penetrati n into the vessel will 

orrespond approximately to th e circumstances prevailing in 

the case of near misses . 

Fu es ( 28 )B for hish - explosive SC 100G - SC 2000 bomb s an d 

for multiple purpose SD 1700 bombs are sPt for fixe d d elays 

pertaining to underwater effectiveness . A s previous l y mentioned , 



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. -; . ; . - - _- _ _. . • . . - . . 

. -, _ . , 

' : - - . ._ . , _ 

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. - i f a i n p r c t ḍi k i a t a ch e d t o t he bomb 

, 

. . 

Tl e ds 

, g tea i ai t y 

. . - - ,_-- - . , , _. : •. 

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: ; aad i . ur gi : ea i n t h e f vl a wi ag par t „ . fl f t h3 d 

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ect ị F e r a 

. , . , , . . .: - • . - • 

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- 25 - 

$ 

G lossary of G erman Abbreviations 

SB (Grosslaaungsbombe ) - M ajor charge bonab 

SD (Splitter- oder Mehrzweck e - 

) 

Fraomentation or multiplebombe 

) 

purpose bomb 

SC ( Mi ne a bo : _. 

be ) - Hi g h - e x pl os i v e bomb 

PC (Panzersprengbombe ) - Armor-piercing bo m b 

s 

PC/RS (Panzerdurchschlagb mbe - Armor-piercing bomb rith 

m t Raketenantrieb ) 

_ 

rocket a ttachment 

PD (Panzerdurchschlagbornbe ) - Armor--piercing bomb 

-- X (Panzerbombe mit la ch - - Armor-pierciụg bomb with 

steuerung ) ) rear control 

Stabo 

( Minenbombe mit Stach el) - 

( fiigh - explosive bomb vith 

€ (nose sp ik e 

SD 2 50 Te l ( Spl i t t er bombe mi t ) - Fr aurme nt a t i on bo rnb wi t h 1 0 - 

3m langem Distanzrohr ) 

fôt distance tub e 

SD 5 0 0 Br ( I; ehr z we c k ebom b e ) - I :ul t i pl e - pur po s e bomb wi t h 

mit BremsBChirm ) 

braḳ e _ 

parachute 

SHr 500 (Schrapnellbombe aegen - Shrapnel bomb ( aga inst 

fliegende Ziele } flying targets ) 

SH1 (Hohl'Adungsbombe } - Hollow-charoe bomb 

KC (Kampf s toffbowbe ) - Chemical bomb 

NC (Nebelbornbe ) - Smoke bomb 

LC (Leuchtbombe ) - Fl a-e or fl as h bomb 

B1 C (Blitzlichtbombe ) - Photo flashbomb 

. 

Lux ( Seenotzeichen ) - Air-sea reecue si gna ? 

LM ( F1 z . Mi n e mi t Fa l l s c hi . 

r m ) - Ae r i a l mi . 

ne wi t h par a c hut e 

un d ~ t FernZ .ẹn 

dung ) 

and remote control fuse 

BP1 (Bombenmine mit Fernzu endunR- 

H igh - explosive bomb with 

( remo te control fuse 



- 2 6 _ 

i'VB ( r , l . 

Was s e r bombe ) - Ae r i a l wa t e r bomb 

LT (Fl z Torpedo - Aerial torpedo 

- B8 mit S treubrandbombe with scatter bombs of the 

- SD 1 a uc' 

- S D 3 ) SD 1 a n d SD 3 t y pp 

AB (Abwurfbeh ae lter - Drop coatainers with electron 

- BE mit Elektroabrandbomben incendiarv bombs of th e SD 10 

aSD 10 auch - 

SD 9 und - SD 15 SD 9 , and SD 15 type 

K a liber ( "qua libra" Bomben- _ 

BalibPr ( Bomb wsi . 

ght _r kiloo 

ewi ch t i n Isg ) 5 r a ms ) 

E 1 A Z ( e l e k tri sc h er A u f sch l ag - 

zu end er ) 

E l e c tri ca l impa ct fuse 

Zt Z (Zeitzuender ) - Tine fuse 

r popp Z (Doppelzuender ) - Doubl e -a tion fuse 

LZZ (Langzeitzuender ) - Long- d elay fuse ( 5 to 120 minutes 

5 - 120 min bzw 2 - 100 Std or 2 to 100 hours ) 

o V ( o hn e Verz egerungsein- - Fondelay 

richtung ) 

m V ( m it kurzer Verzoegerung- fith short de l ay ( 0 . 

045 to 0 . 

2 

0 . 

045 - 0 . 

2 sec ) 

seconds ) 

V Z (Verzugsdr . 

bzw . 

Ver- - Delayed action fuse ( 5 to 30 

zu ;szuendung 5 - 30 sec ) seconde ) 

Tief (Tiefangriff aus 5 - - Low- l evel a ttack (from ]7 to 

ca . 

1J0 m . 

Flughoahe ) 330 feet flight altitude ) 

H och (Hochangriff -ụs ue ber - High altitude a ttack (from A 

2000 m Fl ug h 

:ehe ) flight aititude of more than 

6 , 

600 feet) 

Stz . 

(Abwurf aus dem S tura- - Air drop from diving attack 

fluge -- b ei Panzerbornben 

( armor -pi erc ing bombs must 

muss die Ausleeesehoehe 

be released from f a minimum 

ruindesten,a 1 . 

z km be+ragen ) a ltit ude of 4 , 

000 feet) 

B - E (Elektronbrandbombe - Electron incendiary bombs 

v on 1 - 2 l . g Ge uri c h t ; we i ghi ng , 2 t o + 4 . 

l b s ; 

Z - mit Zerl eger ldg ) . rith self - destroying IH charee 

Brand (Streubrandbomben von - Scatter bombs weighing 8 . 8 - 

4 - 10 kg G ewicht) 22 lb s 

Sprbrd C 50 (Sprengbrandb om be - C ombinati on iṇcen diary- 

50 kg ) demoli tion bomb Wei g h ing llo lbs . 

, t rrrd C 500 (Streubrand - 

bomb e m it 1200 Branddosen ) * 

Scatter bomb with 1 , 

200 incendiary 

cans 

All bombs with high explosive ch arges are demolition or high - 

explosive bom b s . 



27 _ 

I I I . 

Te chni c e l D a t a C o ::c e r ni n ; B ombs 

a . 

Ge ue r a l D e s c r i Pt i on ar d C or po s i t i on o f p om b s and Fu s e :; . 

Th e o ut e r s ha pe o f' no s t bo mL•s i s c y l i ndr i c ; o nl y i r . 

t he ca s e o f 

inul t i p l e - pur pos e bonbs an d ar :; o r - pi e r c i n , 

; b o b s do e s t he di a me t e r 

slightly 

decrease in order to a dd t o the stren th of tḻe C3s n 

a ains t l ateral tension . 

s 

The po i ut of the bo nb is o ival to ermit hi her penetration 

and :a s a r a di us o f s ph e r i c i t y va r y i n o b e t we t i l . 

0 a r . 

d 2 t i me s 

th e di d:ne ter . 

The sma ll electron and sca tter bombs are fl a tt ened 

at the front , which 

facilitates sta bili zatior, considerably . 

The 

tail assembli es are usua lly 

twice to t ree tirnes as lon as the 

di arne t e r . 

Ge ne r a l l y , 

t h e y c o ns i s t o f 4 ;; u i de f i ns •Ni t h 1 b a l l 

race at the end . 

Th e j . 

3 - s elec tron incerdiary b omb and the 

Z2 - lbs sca tter bomb are equ ipFed tvith a socalled semimoiocoque 

• 

tail asse rbly so that they can b e packed ti hter into the drop 

conta i ners . Th e 8 . 8 - lb s "fire box'f has no sta bili zer and is 

therefore 

particular l y suited for lo y- l evcl drops . 

The 4 , 4 - 1b an ti - 

personne l b omb is equipp ed with 

f3n t rak es taat open up when th e 

bamb leaves the drop container so th t tlis weapon 

can be use d 

for low- l evel attacks w ith ou t fuse d elay a ft er 

impact or with 

a 2 secoild time f use after release . 

The 550 - 1Us hi -explos i ve bou b 

i s used without tail assem bly 

when it is 

employed a aeria l water bomb a ; ;a i ns t submarines ; in this 

rna r:ne r , 

t h e s i nki n c:pe e d i n t h e wa t e r i s r e ul ar i z e d dur i n;; 

low- l evel attacks . 

The bomb case around th e exZlesive is usui ll y nade of stee l 



. - - 

or c, e c i a l c a s t i r on i n t he c a s e o : f r a : e n i , a t i o n 'c o mb s . 

Ah e 

s a me t ;; pe o f . om b m . 3 d e a f a r t i i Le r y s l ie l l s i ; : r v c _ 

uc e d o f 

f r e s s e d s t e e l . 

Tr e mu l t i gl e - . 

ur pos e 1;OIaJ SL 5 0 , : it i c h s er v e s 

e x cl u s i v e l y a s f r 3 i en t a t i on r ea pvn , 

i s pr o d u c e d e s s en t i ; l l y o f 

s t e e l ca s t i r . ;; . 

On t he o t x e r ha nd , 

t h e SD 70 i s pr e s s e d or r ol l e d 

in one r - 

iece so trat it can penetrate 1/$th of an inch of stee l , 

quite apar t from its fraomentation 

effect . 

Sd 2j0 and SD SiU A 

• bomb are vre ld Ad from two molded pieces or made of cast stee l . 

the SB 500 B and SD 1000 A , 

however , are € molded in one biece and 

r i f l e d . 

Thi e t y pe o f pr o d •c t i on f rae t ho d i n t he f i e l d o f hi g h - 

explosive bombs i s considered a5 qua lit y Iyo. 1 . It , ;uaran t ees 

impact 

$ i n t he ca s e o f a v e t i c a l l ElS t ha t f o r i ns t anc P 

a SC 250 would ::enetrate struct»ral stee l of 1/5" thickness or 

1 . 

5 feet of conerete . 

A aiṇs t unprotected but resistant tar ;ets 

_ th a t ar e o f rob u s t con struction , su ch a s in dus t r i a l f a c il iti es 

o r sh i p s , on e s h ou l d us e only qua l i t y N o . 

1 r•ea pon s . 

H i g h - explas 

i ve bom b s we l d ed from 2 or j pi ec es ar e con s i d ered qua l ity 

N o . 

2 an d 3 , res pecti v e l y , an d ::ave on l y a b ou t 60 an d 40 per cen t 

resF ective l y of the res istan ce to s tress foun d in qua l it y lvo . 

1 . 

^lh ey can be emp loye d only a ;ain st targ ets that hav e been iden ti fi ed 

bu t 

as less resi s tant , r,ever for low- l evel atta cks . 

Armor piercing bombs are ulade of alloy steel so that they can 

penetrate armor-plated decks. 

The bomb cases , also th se of hibh - expl os ive bombs, are roun ded 

off and reinforced tocvard the bottom . 

The thickn ess o f th e walls 

is oradu ly reduced from 

the widest diam eter downward in order 

t o a chi e ve na x i mum s t r e ng t h - t e v er y poi n t . 

The f i l l ope ni ng f or 



- 29 - 

the exp l osive is closed with a stron , 

screw-on lid . 

Al1 bombs ueighing 11 - lbs or more are suspended on an eye 

above their center of grav ity . 

Bombs weighing l ess than 110 - 

1be 

are dropped by containers that are shaped like bombs and are 

suspended on 

eyeleta in the aircraft , 

The containers open after 

the re l eaRe accor ding to a time f use set at rill so th a t th eir 

ontents are 

dispersed over the targ et . 

Each little bomb has 

` its own fuse . 

With the exception of the small bombs , armor-penetrating bombs , 

side 

and some special bom b s , all other bo:bs are equipp e d with h 

fuses 

that -re activated by electrical impulse . 

The fuse boxes ar e 

vertically installed to the roll axis and contain the fuse proper 

as well as transmission charges and occasionally a l so special 

• 

l o c l 

. ng de vi c e s ag a i ns t di s man t l i a g . 

I'hi s ar r ang ement f a c i l i t a t e s 

nondelay or delaỵe d fuse setting , n d the ^x plos i ve ch arge is 

activated from th e center . 

The bomb poin t can remain massive . 

which in turn produces cons derabl , 

y greater tensiḷ strength . 

Th e SD 2 h a d 

. central fuse : all oth er sma ll f ragmentation 

bombs had head fuses . 

The armor-piercing bombs ha ' 

fuses at 

the bottom so that th eir side wall s wou ld also remain solid . 

Th e me t ho d o f a t t a ch i n t he f us e o f o t h er bo rnbs i s s ho vyn 

on th e illustrations . 

The bomb s are first pain ted with rust repellant , wh ich is 

th en covered with a grey or light - yellow camouflage paint , 



. - -^ 

.. 

- 30 - - 

The Pr' oPer use vf ex Plo®ive and incendiar Y bombB waa - 

. 

faailitated by olored ringa or stripe® painted oa the bomb 

_ . 

cases . , rhich had the fo ll ow i ng e i gnificance . 

. _ , ' 

1 red ring - flash b^mbs 

2 red rings • - i nteneive iacendiary bombs 

1 red tripe - f ragmentation ạa d multiple- 

- purpose bomb- - 

] . 

yellotir stripe - high - explosivp bombs 

2 y e l l ow e t r i pe s - ma • or eh ar g e bombs 

1 blue stripe - ar por-pierciṇg bombe 

Th e I 

li co l ored ringe ware painted around the point and 

around ṭh e center part of the bombs , wh ereas the strị pes 

vrer e pai n t e d ox t he . 

cone . - 

-. 

_ 

. 

,, 

. 

- 

- -- 

: 

. 

, _ . . , . , 

THIS PAGE DECLASSIFIED IA V E 12958


- 31 - 

Data Concerning BomblEl s an d Fuses 

, 

Tables 1 and 2 : Fragmentatinn and Multiple- P urpose Bombs 

(Fragmentation Effect) 

Typ e Le v el Fr a g me n t to . 

No , o f i on bs Fus e s Ty pi ca l 

of of DensitY of in Drop Con t . No . 

T e T ar ;ets 

Borab Attack Fradm . ?0 250 S00 1000 yp 

` 

SD 1 Hig 

6 4 ' . 

130 -- 225 392 - 

SD 3 " 42 . 

9' S60 - - 

84 

- 

SD 9 " 6 T 44U 4 

- - - 

SD 10 " 32 5 ' S00 - l7 3? - 

SD 15 " 10 6 ' . 

660 - - 

4 

- 

73 nondelay ) Troops 

73 " 

) i n pen 

) terrain 

) an d field 

66 " ) pos itions 

66 " ) C o lumns 

66 

) o f marcb - 

" ) ing troopa 

SD 2t Low 39 . 

6' 270 24 11L 

- - 

41 non el . 

Aircra ft on 

time the ground 

SD 4H1 Dive 

42 . 

9 ' + 50 - 30 70 - 

Av er a g e Fr a . 

Qme nt Ye i g h t * 

6 non delay Tanks 

S Be 5 0 iii g h 1 5 . 

4 ' 1 b 0 0 11 r r a ms 55 nonde l . 

t : a r c h c al umn 

SD 50 high 105 6 ' . 

1300 13 oram s ) Aircraft & 

&low 

) 55 non- truck column 

) delay 

SD 70 hi h 1 4 8 5 ' 2 0 0 0 ' S . o r a rns 

) 

s wa l l i n dus t r 

&l ow ) € l an t s T,u c , . e a vy 

SD 250 " 1 8 ' d$00 40 rams 7 delayed Hea vy in- 

' SD 5 40A " 2 6 4 ' 37 ; 0 e xp : as - ) i g ni t i o n dus t r y 

ive charge ) 

SD j OB " 2 j l ' 45 0 0 ? 7 r a Wc 2 ° A a e l a y e : i l e a ry 

?0 kilos cruiser 

5D 1000A " c80 . 

5 ' 70U0 100 jra is ?j .ZOndel . 

Blast 

c00 k i) o s furn a ces 

2 $ k u e l a y E 3 F o ;+e r 

p l an ts & 

a i r c r a f t 

carr i er s 

. 

Ob s e r v _ 

s t i o n r e _ , a r di n ; f r a ome n t a t i o n u omb s : Fo r t a r ;; e t s r}ii c r a r e 

to be attack e d wj th SD1 _ accor din to Fart IV , ane car . a l so emp l oy 

h l 

zi i er 

le F,i : e i s a l s o t r u e o f SI i 10 t a r , ; e t s , a ;;a i n s t ,vh i c t: 

a n e c an al s o us e a a s c on t a i n Er s wi t : SD o r SD 1 5 . 

For i ti. f a r ma t i on 

_ 

o a f r a ,;me n t den s i t y al1 

d f r a ;me n t nu cnb e r•s , s e e ?a ,; e 4 4 . 



- ; - 

'r a t l e s j a n d 4 : i h - x . 

p l os i v e u i i:i ;i - CF :a r J e Do zb s 

( Po e z• o f Fe n e t r 3 t i on


, _ ;, _ 

Ta bl e 5 : Hr mo r - Pi e r ci n Bo mb s ( Po . er o f P e ne t r 3 t i or _ 

) 

Ty pe Le v e l "d e i Yt us e Ty pi c a l 

Pe etrati vn 

of of of 

No . 

Type Sargets 

Bom b At t a ck Ex 1 . . 

Cha r be 

PC 5 0 0 Ei g h 2 2 0 l b s 

80 rsm a r : or l a t . 

3 5 de l ay e d I ea vy cr u i s e r s 

D i`v e 

PC l OGO " 3 5 2 l b s 109 mr, " " 3 5 d e l a f e 3 Ai r c ṛ a f t c a r r i e r s 

FC 1400 " 80 lbs 130 mm " " 35 " alder- t ype 

ba t t l e s h i ps 

PC I 6C0 " j Ob l b s 1 80 mu1 " " 4 8 " fo de r n 

battl es hips 

_ 

PC 50 0R Di v e 2 0 4 l b 

_ . s 20 4 " " 1 + " ) Ba t t l es h i ps 

) 

up to 

Pc l ooo s " 1 +3 l bs 180 m " " 4g " 35 00o , 

t ons 

) 

PC 1$OORS " 4 lbs 1$0 m:n " " 49 " ) 

i 

PD 00 High 63 . 

8 lbs 1b0 mm " " 4v " B a ttleships of 

3 , 

000 tons 

PD 10 0 0 " 1 3? l b s 1 80 rsm " " + 8 " Ba t t l es h i ps o f 

35 , 

000 tons 

PC 1 40 0X " u 60 l t s 1 30 r m " " 33 " Ba t t l e s h i ps o f 

30 , 

000 tons 

PD 2J OOX " 3 1'; l bs 2 3 0 mm " " ' g " Ba t t l e s h i p s o f 

50 , 

000 tons 



_ 3 

_ 

Table 6 : Sp ecial Explosive Bombs 

Type L vel Purpose an d/ or Performance Fuse Typical 

of o f N o . 

iype Targets 

Bomb Attack 

St a b o 0 L o w Ex tr em e l y l ow- l eve l a t t ack s 55 d e l ay e d R a il ro a d 

ign ition lin e s 

S t B b o 2 5 0 ' t " " " ' t 1 '1 + j 0 t i r e ' 

(Ptu i s a nc e 

SD Te 1 50 Ri ;; h Fr a ment De ns i t y - 

90 r e e t SA r . 

onde l a y l i v e e a n 

& Fr a tne nt s nur b e r 5 , 

0 00 r e l a t i v el y 

Dive 

]i ht 

SD ?3r . 

5 0 0 Lo w Lo tv- l ev el a t t a c ks a t Li h 3 5A nonde l ay ' de a d" ( f i x e d ) 

peed 

SHr 500 H igh Dropped on flying objects 

$9 tim e Borsber anit s 

SI1 5G0 Dive Hollow-charge boib ; f , enetrates 

11 . 

55 feet of cerent 

6C non delay 

Fixed 

fortifications 

SHl 80U " Hollow-char;e bomb ; penetrates 

cenient tha t is 1 6 . 

5 feet thick 

SHl ' + 00 0 "T`•i s t el " ( i s s i l e ) a LLa c 2 le d t o t ur r e t 

of Juikers 88 aircraft 66 nor , d elay Large naval 

n 

Hs 2 93 Gl i de r bornb ; ri t h . 

r e a r c o n t r o l v e s 

TMe c ha ni s m 

_- e s 

8A delayed L3rge 

a c t i on c or me r c i a l 

v e s s e l s 


' 


, _ . ._ -. . _ . _._ .--a_:_ 

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. _ - ' " 

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- - 35 - , - . 

• . 

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= . . , 

. .: - , 

. . . _ 

_ Tabl e : Inc en d . ar . B omb Z = w i t h s el f - des t roy i . ng d® e ( 

. op t i onal } l 

7 

; 

_ 

i 

. _ 

. . 

- - . . . . 

,. 

_ 

1 

' 

- 

- 

- 

• . 

. •TyPe L e ve l Thi ckne s s of I o : of Bombs zṇ Typ i :c l 

of of -C emen t t h a t Dr P Comt ai 

. 

. ne r Targe t Q 

, 

• -« , 

I 

. - 

: - Bamb g t t a al Caa Be p n t r a t ed 25 Q 5 0 0 1 0 00 - - • 

. 

- - , j 

. - . .. 

• 

, _ • , , 

_. .. - B1E Z) Hi S h 54 .9 - t 610 ) I o n tal l 

_,: 

y _; . 

, - • - .. 

- • - r : 

oo - 

. 

. _ 

. - . _ t 

. . : 

_ 

. 

- 

'B o . 3E( z ) - 

7 mm 

- 

. . . 

a4 248 h$b . $t aa . 

., . 

_ . . 

' . , . 

. 

, ' . .. 

- , . . 

+ ( • - 

. . , . . . 

- rt .. _ 

'• 

. 

+ 2 8 B 

. 

i u 

B z Ez 

. n s 

. -100 mm 

6 3 ) 

, _ -, .. . g . _ 

. - . . 

: . . th s o 

, t . . . _ , . 

: 

_ 

- : 8 l E ; Z) 

. t ' SO ni ` - - ??8 r oaf s 

. 

. 

- _ 

. 

. - . 

. -, . - - , . - - 

' - , B ra n d 4 , 

Zow - - 

- 52 B 

- - a r r" a c k s , . 

' 

, 

- _ - - bi vQ ac B- _ - 

. - 

. . - . 

- 

_. _ 

- ' ; 

. : B c a n d 10 

_ . Ii gh _ - 1 0 0 - 

D . : 

m 2 8 - - - : l s r. c ra f t - : - 

. 

& 

- _ 

- h ang a s 

- 

, , ] . 

r g e . 

- y o y - : 

. 

ha bi t a t i o n s & 

• . 

. .. - . • e d mi ni n t r a?i ve 

. . . 

. : 

' . 

, 

_ , . - , . 

b u l di ng 

, , y 

. , . • , 

• 

Si z e o 

, . 

f Tf f e c i v e Fe ne t r a t i on 

_ , 

' r ea • • _ - . : 

, , 

- 

. . 

- . - - 

8pr br d C y0 l ow 66 x 66 200 mm c ement Li g h t Yy pr - 

o- 

, -. . - 

. , : 

. - : y 

- 

t cite d i ac ue t r al - i 

St r br d C5 00 bi gh a boa t 6 s q m i 

a 

l 

- 

. es ' _ ,` c i l i t i es 

i ue - f or es t s & , 

- _ 

wheat fiel d s - • 

B r an d C 50 hi g h 3 3 ' x 6 6 ' 1 50 - 

@0 mm ) 

, 

- 

• - ' I ne t al l a t 

• S i on's 

, r . 

) 

. 

' -- l _ . 

. 

"ot 

) t ha t ar e not 

i - 

) 

. - , - - 

eas i l y ' 

Br a nd C2 50 " 1 3 2 x 1 65 Z00 - 2 3 0 mm ) i n f l am aa bl s 

' 

i 

, 

, 

• I 

, . : , . . . 

_ : Fl am C ṢO w 66 t 66 ' . - ) Li ve t ar g e t s , - ; 

. - - - 

• - ' 

) 

. . 

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of : •ob 

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b s b60 l b - e 60t) m l ong - CGr .- c ua d m i e • 

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bs . " " IQOQr e , d . m i ne -,, . 

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mm . - , - 

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bs - l , 89 2 i b s 650 m 8 Z 

. , , - , 

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Con t a i r.er SD 1 ST " . 

D j SD 4IIL SD9 D10 Sli 15 B 1 . 

3E B 1 . 

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4 10 

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AB 250 24 114 i r _ !e 30 17 9r 64 

_ use 

AB 1000 105 ( 24 + 1 . 

3E + z3 8 B2yZ) c10 ??$ 2$ 

B 500 39:: 

84 70 37 24 84 116 

The load standards are ; i ven ir . 

Ta les 1 and 7 ( nor a l loads ) 

Su r l y c on t a i n e r s f or a !n:nun i t :i o ri li d a c 3 ; >a c i t ;; o f 1 , 

7 0 I b : 

each . . 

Su l l y co n t a i n e r s , 

i t h pa r 3 ch u t e : l, 

d a p a y l oa cl o 1 , 

5 40 l b s 

a n d a d r o p s pe e d o f a r p r ox i r . ia t p l y 2 G ii i e s a n h o u r . 



- ;9 - 

Tabl e 1 1 : Th e t"o c t i mpo r t ant Ba mb Fu . e s 

( At t a c li e d t o t h e S i de 

unl es s o t 'r . er wi s e i ndi c a t ed ) 

Type of 

&e 

Delays if , se for Delayed Mainly Employed 

Il on del ay He l a e d l c t i on I ni t i on tvi t ' 

E1 AZ lj 6 . 

001 0 . 

05 8 SC 50 - SC500;KC25Q„b 

pZ 25 . 

001 0 . 

08 14 SD 500B , 

SD 1000 A 

. az 2 0 . 

0005 - - Flam c 250/500; 

KC 25 0 ; r 

Ll A7 . i 

2$A 0 001 . 0 15 . - 

5 

11 1 - SC 500 a S1L1St 

E1 AZ 28B - 

0 12 . ṟ - SC 1000 - 

SC 2000 , 

ki i=e t i c f us e SD 1 7 00 

'1 AZ 3 5 0 1 0 1 . . - PC 50 0 - PC1 40 0 / rra t e r 

B1 AZ 38 0 . 

05 , 

Z J 

All SC Ḻombs asaiṇs 

El AZ 48 0 . 

0 ' ti 5 0 . 

0 75 - PD 5 0 0/ 1 00 0 ;PC 1 E0 0 

Ll a Z 55 0 , 

oo l - 

El AZ 5 5 1 0 • 

0 00 2 - 

4 s D o - s D 5 0 o A , 

S e e5 . 

14 (Al l S D bo nbs up t o 

SD 500 Br hC 250 

I I I I l a r g e 

F1 am C 250/500 

E1 AZ ?4 0 • 

0005 + f raction use SB 1 00/ ?500 

• 

El Zt Z 9 o n; - r a n e r er o t e c c nt r o l o f KC 25 0 w a r d I I b . , 

5 to 4 0 seconds Bl . 

C 50 , etc . 

El Do ppZ 49 i ni t e s r o cke t de l ay e d a c t i o:-. uf 3 0 4 . • PC 500 / 1 00 0 RS 

econds a ft er 2 . 

7 seconds 

Oh rw , 

ZtZ 39 can be set from 4 to b 0 secci.ds B1 C 50A , 

SHr 500 

VZ 3 4 i ni t e s LI S 3 0 s e c onds a f t er 1-: i t t i n; 

t he ; r ound 

e AZ 6 hi hly sensitive electro- d y amic SD 9115 , all HI 

h ea d f us e 

bor bs 

AZ 3 : :e cha ni ca l h ea d r u s e f o r al i o li o r l c r- 

l e v e l dr a ps o f s i n;; l e SD 10 ' s 

AZ 1 3A me c h a r. i c a l h e a d f u e t i t h u: i l a t er a l 

effect 

B I E , 

E 1 . 

3 E 

pZ 2j p m :c l a ni c ai ]€ ba s e f us e ṿi t l 

all - arcund e ff ect Brand - 

/10 



- 0 - 

^f r; : c f J < l a y , 

I f Se t r ur t l a y e i : :a i n i _ ?'r iF l o ;-e d 

1 , V 

4 ẓs e ? , • n d C . 

a D l _ Ḻy e U : C t Lon I n 1 t . 

ZQn \ I ,. h 

a Z ^ 3 tii l i v s i; r.:, i t i t e• ' c r 

. 

f , . : e . ' :•ri t i :, i, r ' r a: n e " D ' / 3 

• J 

1 

c t p u Fl C r_ tl t =' :. 1 f _ 

. ::r: . ri t i i u t c: • i :. ' _ : :; t ,ro 

1 , : t e r a , 7 _ 

7e ca , e s SD Z t 

Zt Z r ; 

. : i t ? l , 

c c a t u : t i o ; j -•r i o :' < o _ 

1 - ' _ 

l; o r ; n 

s . : c o : d 

LC 0 F . 

r . 

d 

_ ? 2 7 0/ J 0 0 

v t Z r ;r i t ' : a c o : a >l :- t i o i c r i o c3 c, f ;' I : 

, > c r 

0 s c ' 1d:: : 

J O/ l OJ O 

Lt Z c 9 r S :_a _ 

1 ,,: i' t u r f a s e , r . t h 1 . c:e c ; d s A 5 0/ :;C'0 

t n - r ': d . 

L . ! n c i C _1. 21 b 

- t ; E t : '! E: _ i1 

. . 

. : ' f ? 2 C ` / 0 0 

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i . r :J . 

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l Q t :i :, ., t e 

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: I ! (: ;; 1 I ' C . 

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: 1 ' 

.. ' . J f v r ^ 

7 

f C ' 

C 

I 

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t G t l : , 

. _ _ _ 

. t t : 

;; :Ti '-r a t i o n , 

T'i O S E' - ' 

_ =2 10 ::i r f; C 

G J :V I : ' J J 

` ? e:f Tec t i v c: t i :! ' 

. _ , _ 

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e 1 = , 

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a:- . 

} 

.: t oa_ l ,, , t c 

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o . 

r s 0 :,., 

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GO l i l = (: c ) , , • t Ff r r r ` 

. r',a r t i o n r r y e . 

" C ' S0 0 0 

: . , . . t O E ' u ' ' ' 

, 

. ' " r" a =' ' 

t 17 

• L: Z : ? Ce r . 

t r a l Z; . 

1::>e t : _ :c t i ` t: t e } f t e r 5 - 7 0 , :1 . 

n . 

l t o s S D i _ 

S t 0 ? :: r' ( C t ' 11 ' ' T' f i l E e t l '. ' f t ; 

_ 

. 

' C Ci : : C : l i J : z ° C: i 1 _ . 

t` 1 V E 

_ ,' I' 

1 : 

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i: : 

C f . L t 1 r1E - i. : E 

C h E : L " Z 7 7 c e T, ± ,- 3 f


_ rl - 

Tab l e 1 2 : Co d e l imb e r a n d Co : p o s i t i o n o f Ex r• l o s i v e Ch a r e s 

Code Desi nation Composition and/ or Uae zethod of 

Piumber 

Fillin Bomb 

13 Fp E Oj40 60 Trin it rotoluol Poured 

40 Amrsa n i u rli t r a t e 

13A Fp 50/ j 0 50; Tr i * i t ṛ o t o l uo l " 

D' a mmo n i u rri Ni t r a t e 

14 Fp 02 100 o Trinitrotoluol " 

12 Amatol SO;Dinitrobenzole 

3 Ammon i um rti t r a t e 

15 a Tetramethylenetrinitraṛ;ine 

1 01 Fp o 2 pr l eg rti . 

" 

1 0 2 Fp e 0/ 4 0 ph l e rn . 

" 

. 

105 70 Trinitrotoluol 1Z " 

Tr i a l en 15 A1c . i M ., 

( Tr i ch l o r - 1 5 6 Te t r a me t h y l en e t r i n i t : a m . 

n e 

e thylene ) 

lOC Trialen 50qO Trinitrotuluol " 

( i d ) 25° O Al , m , 

; n , , ,f,,, 

2 Tetramethylen trinitram ine 

" E" Tr i a l er 

(id) 

60 >; Te t r a me t ,zy l e n e t r i n i t r a mi n e " 

( presse d) x ith 

YOc Tr i ch l o r e t h 3 l e n e 1 0 6 

^_'S 1 1 Tr i / , 

Re 60 Tr i n i t r o t a l u ol " 

C:; Te t r a r e t h y l e n e t r i n i t r ami n e 

SyT 1 S Sc h i e s s tivo l l e : Fi l l ed f r r a c h u t e r . 

; . 

n e s " 

Pa 

(1 • ii t r o - 

c e l l ul os e ) 

S't 3 6 " " " t or p e do e s " 

I 09 P f " " a r r o r - l, i e r c i r ; b o tb s P r e s s e d 

113 Amu3onal Repl acemen t filler for S T'e 50 Y 

114 " " " " 5C 250 III Facked 

"A" Amm onit Fill er for SD 1 and SD 3 Packed 

(Am o n i ut 7 

N itrate ) 



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purpose bombs . 

This can be decis i ve for the success of an air 

attack , 

if the enemy is well dug in and sFlinterproof alls 

prot ec t the parked aircraft . 

Fragmentation bombs proper generally do not exceed a weight of 

fr mentation 

33 lbs H . eavier ombs a l so exert pressure effect on ob jects near 

th eir impact point and are therefore designated multip l e-purpose 

bomb s . 

All fragmen tation bombs have thick wa ll s and contain from 

1 ' 

10 - 12 percent explos ve charoes in relation to their over-all 

weig h t . Th e purpose of these bonbs is to produce as many effective 

fragm ents as possible . 

Th r fuses ust be extre ely sens iti ve , 

and thei ran ge can be considerable extended by the use of dis tanee 

t uLe s an d dr a ; s t r u t s . 

Or i ; i na l l y , 

t he onl y ex i s t i n ; f r agmen t a t i o o 

bornb was the SD 10 ; however , single drops of this bomb ar e rare ; 

i ns t ea d t : ey ar e a l s o dr o ppe d i n l ar e num'oer s i n c on t a i ne r s t o;;e t h e r 

with other bombs: for iṛstance A B 2j0 's with l of the SD 10 type , 

eAZ (66) 

whi c h a r e e qui ppe d wi t h E 

A f us e s r a t he r t ha n t he A Z i ( ) , . 

To 

a n i n cr e a s i ng dea r e e h , owe v er r , . a v e c or t a r s he l l s o f 5 0 a n d SO - un 

caliber as well as high - explosive shells of 38 - an l 105 - mm calibers -- 

ba t h of Ar my or i g i n - - 

b e en tr an s f or me d i n t o S D 1 an d SD 3 as vte l l a s 

SD an d SD 15 , respectively and equ i gped with membrane fuses AZ (73 ) 

or (66) . /i th appropriate targets , 

the SD 1 and SD 15 have proved 

especially 

effective. 

Fragmentation bomb s are eva luated according 

to the number of 

fragmonts and 

fragment density produced . 

The latter is defined as 

th a 

t dis t ance reasured in me t ers f rom the point of bomb explosion 



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To ob t a i n a h i ; ; h t a l l i t i c co + f f i c i en t , 

t h : ' c•rị b c . : ^ e s ti re r e 

1'or ; ed i n ,an u s u a l l ei_ t l : Td ri t h c a •y t 1 i c .: . a l l s ou t o f 

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c oml: r e , s e d `!i ' - p Er f ' iaii ]i CP . t }:_l o s r e . 

Th e PT? 1 0 00 r_r. t l : e s t a n da r 

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IiiB r e a . o r i v en i !1 t ie c ; s e o f t iie P' 1 00 L RS . 

ṛi . 

Z c. r-: o t +- C o il t r o l 9r rsor - Pi e z•c i r ;; or_ib " 

In order to inerease the accuracy of hib i altitude bombin ; , 

t h e Ge r ma n s d ev el a p e d a r r o r - p i e r c i n ; boulb s t lla t c ou l d b e c on t r o l l e d 

after they had been dropped . 

The control in the drop parabola could 

be achieved both by wireless means and by a o . 

2 - mm trire tiat ex tended 

fro the aircraft to tse bomb until the latter hit the tar et . 

Th e rero te-control bombs have a source of li ht in 

the rear 

s o t h a t t h e y c oul d b e b e t t e r d i r e c t e d t otiva r d t h e i r t a r ; e t . 

i : ze 

• 

FC 1400 X had 

the same power of penetration and explosive perf 

or ma n c e a s t h e PC 1 + 0 0 wi t h ou t r ecno t e c on t r ol . 

Th e FD 2 5 J 0 X , trh i c h wa s b e i n ; i n t r o du c e d , tiva s d e v e l o p e d f o r 

attacks on the nore recent mode l s of American ba ttl eships in the 

"Iowa" class . 

It had a very reat power of penetration and had 

a 

char e of compressed hi h - performance explosive . 

Its comnitment 

was worth vrhile only a ;a i nst warships of above class . 

U . 

Other Ex l p osive 3ombs Available to the Luftwaffe 

Si n c e t h e s o - c a l l e d s t a n da r d ' oor b s ti9e r e n o t a l . va y s a va i l a b l e 

in sufficient nurabera , 

the G ermans occasionally sad to use o ld er 



- 51 - 

type bombs , as previously rentioned . 

Amon these were the high - 

explosive 'oo bs SC 

50 aud the nul tiple-purpose bombs SD 50 , which 

ha d mea nvrh i l e be e n r epl a c ed by SD 70 ' s i n t i e r r o duc t i on l i r . es . 

I f : o SD j 0 's re r e r e a di l y a va i l a bl e , on e ha d t o t a . 

ke t he SD 50 ' s , 

if raore fra a entation effect than explosive effect wIS des i red , 

and t h e Sc 5 0 ' s i f i t wa s t h e o t he r 7a y . 

The SD 50u A groduced a rea t er number of frar;ments and had 

aore explosive effect than the . :D 500 i , 

but did not have as much 

power of penetration . 

The FC 500 RS ras to b e used only against 

i o r t i f i e d l an d t ar g e t s a a i ns t ;vh i ch i t s e:cpl os i v e e f f e c t was 

considered as sufficient . 

or the sa ne reason the PC 1000 was also 

to be employed against correspondin tar ets on th e round , 

insofar 

• 

as it was the type of bomb that had bren produced of steel with out 

bad 

a l l o ys . 

,'Ih en e ve r w i s i bi l i t y wou l d no t a dmi t t h e empl oy ment of 

FC 11+00 X , 

the PC 1400 vras to be used in a dive- b ombing fli g ht . 

There was only a limited number of PC 1600 's because these 

weapons vrere produced from captured equipm ent ; they were remodell ed 

French mortar 

sh ells rsade of high - alloy steel . 

In high altitude 

a ttacks the SD 1700 was to 'pe preferred to the 5C 

Z000 , especially 

against large warships , 

if there was any prospect of penetrating 

deeply . 

The SC 1800 could be used up without disadvantabe in place 

of the SC 2000 , 

if emp loyed withou delayed - action use . 

It was 

then to be used cainly against in dustrial targets . 

Th e PC 1800 R S 

was discontinu ed since the PC 

1000 RS sufficed for all poss ibl e contingencies 

. 

The cement fragmentation bomb S Be 50 was to be used only in 



- ' 1 2 w 

an em ergency . Oth errlise , a ll so-ca ]ḷ . 

ed "older- t ype" bombs were 

. 

still fully capable of emplog ent . 

Th e staṇ dard models were introduced 

mainly 

to reduce the number of continuall y pro duced types 

of bombs to a minimum . 

6b . 

S 

ecial Explosive Bomb s an d Additive Equipment 

Hollow- Ch ar e Bombs 

`"h e r e v i ou6 l y iue nt i one d a D E1 wa s de v e l o pe3 f or a t t a c ks on 

t auis s and a t t a cỴe d i n f a . t r y t e ams . 

Th e ro s f.e c t of s c or i no s e v e r a l 

h _ v p 4 

i t s on a t a nk ui t h a s a l o o z 7 SD Ri and to p ut the vehicle 

was 

out af operation % consideraLly r :ater than b y employin 

on e s i n l e SC 5 0 0 wi t h nonde l a y f us e , : rh . 

ch ha d e . n e f f e c t i ve r an e 

o f a bout 1 0 f e e t a wa y f r om t l e RaSS i a n i - 

, a c c o r di nb t o Ger man 

exp erience factors . 

Th e SD 10 BL titas a dual - purpose f ra meatation 

and ant i t a nḳ b oc b , rri i c h hox e v e r h a d not b e en i nt r o duc e d . 

i iTc r a l hi l ī- e x p l o s i v e bom b s c a n b e . 

ui r l e d c i t h f r on t a l : t t ach - 

me nt s t } la t pr o d uc e ar a dv aii c e bor i n e f f e c t on one ' s owsi bombs . 

PTo r r, l ex pl os i ve L omb s c a n a l s o be c e nv e r t e d t o Lol l o rr- c h ar e 

e f f e c t . 

Th e s e a s ve 1 1 Y , a s th : f r o r t a l a t t a c h ae nt s we r e no t i n t r o - 

duc e d i u c omba t be c au a e or di na r y a n no r - pi er c i n ; c o ab s pro duc e d 

b et t er r e s ul t s 1'h . e S il 5 0 a nc l t h e SHl OJ 1 : av e on l y a di r e c t e d 

e x l o s i v e e f f ec t 7 er u i t t i na pene t r a t i oris o f a ny : r uo r e d or c ea e nt 

c o ve r wh e n d appe d i n a di v e - b ombi nn a t t ac k . 

T -:e hol l o rr- c har e bombs t ha t ti•re r e i n us e wer e ch a zo e d wi t h 

tetraaethylenetrin it rau: i ne i n com :ressed form or with poured 


THIS PAGE DECLASSIFIED IAW E0 12958 

r 

- 

53 - 

trinitr toluol that was enrich e d with tetra iethylenetrinitramine. 

Tlsi s wa s a l s o t h e c a s e wi t iz :h e SEl + 0 00 t ha t wa s a t t ach e d t o a 

pil o tless Junk ers 88 at the front and directed to the tar , 

et area 

by a Messerschm itt 109 a ttach ed to its top . 

After a 

flat dive 

t owar d th e t ar; e t , 

the fi hter p il ot would disengage hi s a ix cra ft , 

and the flying cha r ;e tivould continue its path to th e point of 

impact . 

This was called the Mistel 

process . 

The penetrative po Ner 

was so rea t th at a ho l e of about 15" was torn across the entire 

width of a battlesh ip . 

• 

Fi h t erbomb er - an d Zaui s anc e Bomb SD 

The bomb consisted of a sn all cast steel body filled with 

ordinary 

explosives and covered by 4 tir wings when in folded 

condition . Th e wi nbs opene d up 

• 

rrhen th e boni b l eft th e drop container 

, 

disenva ed the fuse 

( +l ) by turninga 6 " s teel cable , and 

" simul taneousl acte d as brakes for tie bowb so that th e a ircraft 

Y 

f r om whi c h i t wa s dr o p :e d tivo ul d be a bl e t o e s c a pe t he f -a men t a t i o n 

range even if it flew at very 16w altitude . 

(:D 2t ) lithout brake 

vanes and equipped onl r with an armin propelier the SD 2 Zt wou ld 

dr op f as t e r an d t l us en e r t Ye r oun d . 

I n t hi s man ner t he SD 2 wa s 

employed mainly as nui sance bornb , equipred with 

(b7) , 

(70 }B , and 

?? f usea . 

Telescopic Fra mE ntation Bomb SD Z50 Tel 

Thi s b om b consi s ted ef a thick - ;valled r:ultiple-purpose bomb 

to 

wa s a t t a ch e d i n i t s r o l l a x i s ; i t 

wh ich an ex tendable t e l escop e- t ype device F 

had b een built of 3 tubes tA 

that measured about 3 feet each ard were placed in F one another . 

THIS PAGE DECLASSIFIED IAW E0 12958


- 5 - 

r lt th e point of this device a mem Urane contact w3s attac'ed , 

c onne c t i u ; i t rri t h t h e El AZ ( 5 5 )A f us e . 

Dur i n t h e de s c ent t l e 

t ub es wer e e xp el l ed by a car t r i d ; e s o t l-:a t t h e i n i t i on oc c ur r e d 

about 8 f e e t a b ov e t h e r oun d or s ur f ac e a f t is rra t e r . 

Th e ra nS e 

of the 

fr:ornents was thus considera bl y extended so that they tivou ld 

reach even in to the she lt ered positions . 

Sh r a g ne l Bo rnb SHr 50 0 

Th i s : a s de s i ne d t o be a t z me f us e bo nb a i r s t f l y i nb obj e c t s ; 

i t c o nt a i ne d 3 , 

C0 0 s e . 

ar a t e f ra ;; me n t s l5Y we i hi n5 a b ou t 4 o un c e s ea c h . 

Bra k e P arac hute Domb SD 50C Br 

Ti e SD 5 0 0 A wa s us e d f o r t 'ui s pur po e e , wi t h a di s t anc e t ube o f 

5 feet aid a membrane conta ct to a (55 )A fuse , 

botu attach ed to the 

point of the bomb Instead . of the stearin assembly it had , a brake 

drop 

parachute made of nylon . 

This pxracliute was tested for speeds up 

t o , 

-+0 0 mi l e s pe r hou r . , wi t h i t s us e , 

t h e bomb c oul d b e dr oppe d 

from a rinimum altitude of l05 feet w ith a nond e laỵ fuse . I n this 

case the b omb :vould hit al rnos t vertically and produce a ood 

fraoment3tion e fY ect . 

The a i r resistance encountered by the 

5D 500 Br , suspended underneath 

the aircra ft , was l ess th an 

far a n ordinary bou b ṿ ith 

the usual uidance jystem . 

The fragment 

we r e ca pab l e o f S l nki rlj ev e n i nva s i o n ba r ;e s ( LC Z5 0 t o ns ) a t 

major distances . 

Nose- S p ik ed Bom b s 

SC 50 an d SC 5 0 nos e - s pi ke d bo, Ls :a d a s t r ong s pi k e a t t a c he d 

t o t h ei r po i nt s , •rh i ch tiva s f or , ; e d a nd s c r e vred on a t t h e t op . 

Ev en 



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- 56 - 

b y d e l a y e d a c t i o n . 

`. 

h n f u s e s u :; F d a , 

; a i t s t n a v a l c a r ;; e t s i e r e ( 3 u ) 

s e t a . 

t 5 s e c o n d s u l d a a i n s t r o ;:n d t r ;; e t s 

( 2 ) 

s e t a t 1 4 s e c o u d s . 

Dr a t r u t s a . 

n d Di s t a ii c e T u b e s 

In an 

effort to expand the effective ranbe o f fra rients ori inating 

f r om rnu l t i p l e - a r po s e b omb s , p : r t i c u l a r l y •rh e n a : i h a l y Pr a f 

s n ow c o ve r e d t n e ; r o u n d , 

t h e Ge r a a !; s f o u n d i t a dv i s a b l e t o a t t 3c h 

dr a s t r u t s or d i s t a r=c e t ub es t o b o b s s u s p e r _ 

d e d o n t h e ou t s i d e 

• 

of aircraft . 

ih e diff raLCe L e tneen 

the two wss th a t dra s t ru ts 

wer e t a s s i v e s t i ck s t n a t t r a n s ai t t e d t h e i a r a c t s h o ck t o t te 

e n t i r e b oiab , rr h i c h rra s n e c e s s a r y un l e ;;s t l :e bot:: b •sra s e qu i p p e d 

wi t a ( 5 ) A f us e . 

;'111e n e ve r t h a t f us e tiva s u s e d , 

i t wa s c omb i n e d 

wi t h d i s t a n c e t u b e s t c t h e p o i n t s o f w} : i c •! t h e d za ph r a ; c on t a c ts 

o f t i-,e ( 5 5 ) . 

ye r e s c r e we d . 

, 

t i n d i s k a t t a ch e d t o t h e _ o i n t o f t lte X E dr as s Lr u t s 

Fr o duc e d ea r l y i n i t ? o ti .vl!e n t h e b ot b i i i t wa t e r or s n o w s ur f a c e s . 

I f t h e b o!ab s Rre r e s u s p en d e d i n s i d e t l E a i r c r a f t , 

t h e Ge r ma n s 

rr e f er re d t o u se th e ( 5 )A f us e if th e e r oun d a bo ve th e tar et 

wa s c o v e r e d cvi t h s n o w a n d f r a -: ac, n t ,r t i o n e f £ e c t s : i t h ! u l t i p l e - 

p u r . 

o s e a n c n i l i - e x p l o s i v e b a ^t t , we r e wa n t e d . 

Th e e . 

Ef e c t o f 

t b e s ma l l e r f r a s me n t a t i o n t ; o cn b s u ra s r e a t l y r e d u c e d b y s n o w. Gn 

t h e o t h e r h a n d , 

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t o m b - i t h a n 

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f o o t f u s e d i s t a n c e t u b e ; i t wa s s u i t a b l e f o r 

b e i ilo s u a p e n d e d i n s i d e t h e a i r c r a r t a ? !rl h a d a l o n r•a n o e e v e n 

w; !e i! t h e s n o , a wa s h i h . 



- 5 - 

7 . 

I nc Eiidi ar v Bombs 

I zr a r d e r t o b e bi e t o e va :i u a t e t h e l os s i b l e e f ?e c t o f 

t h e va r i ou s t y p e s o f i i.c e a d i a r y b omb s , o n e uiu b t f i r s t an o rv t Le i r 

d e s i b n a r d t h e t ar e t t h a t i s t o b e a t t a c ;e d . 

Th e a;en et r a t i otr 

o f t h e i i;c er _ 

i ar y bo r b mu s t co r r es p o n d t o t h e c ov e r o f t h s t a r e t . 

Th e d i s t r i b u t i on o f t h e b o ib s a b o v e t h e t a r c t rus t b e b r ou ; h t i n 

l i n e wi t h t h t yx e ar. d . ; , i z e o f t n e f i r e p r o t e c t i on s e c t or s . 

Th e 

_ s p e e d ri t h zv' i . 

c i t h e f . 

r e , 

i l l s p r ea d , 

t h e r a t i o o f i n c en d i a r i e s 

e . u i p p c d wi t h s e l f - d e s t r oy i uo :i e v i c e a , xn d t h e n urab er o f h i h - 

e x p l o5 i ve b ordb s ws t h i :np a c t a n d l o no - d e l a f u e s ri i c h , vi l l b e 

dr op r ed s i mu l t a n e ou s l y wi l l a l l 1 t o e t izer h a v e t o pr o v e 

or e e f f e c t i v e t h an t h e en e:ny ' s f i r e r e v e : t i o n urea s u r e s o r e l s e 

the attack 

nill not be successful . 

Of special iurportance is the 

i 

c en s i t y o f f i r e s o t h a t s u f f i c i en t c s t r uc t i on wi l l b e a c hi e ve d . 

Ot h er de t a i l s t h a t a r e of t a c t i c a l a n d t e c i n i c a l s i n i f i c a n c e 

i n e rṛp l oy i n i n c en d i a r i es a r e t h e t a r ; c t f e a s i b i l i t i e s , 

t l e 

u s e 

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h - or l a lv - a l t i t u d e a t t 3 clis , 

t h n p e n e t r a t i o r , n 1 i n c e n d i a r y 

qualitics . 

Gi; mus t dz s t i n ; u i s l b e t we en t l e el e c t r u n i n c e a d i a r y b ornbs 

we i . ; h . 

ng _'r on 2 . 

2 t o + . 

4 l b s , 

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a n d Br•a n d 10 , 

t h e i n t en s i v e i n c e u d i a r y b o: b ;; Br a n d C j 0 a r. d 

Br rl d C 25 0 , 

t i e f l a ne b oinb s Ml ara C c j 0 a n d Fl arrr C 5 00 , 

t h e 

c cr~: b i n a t i o n i n c e n di a r y - d emol i t i o n b o b we i ; h i r . o 1 19 l b s , a n d t h e 

s c a t t er b o ri b we i ; h i n ;; 1 10 0 l b s . 

Th e us e o f Er a i.d C j 0 an d Rr a nd C 2 5 0 b or : f s ma : . e s i t po s i b l e 

t o p e r f o r :a a i ne d s i n„ l e - b omr d r a p s f r ot:: : i gh a l t i t u d e s a a i ns t 



- 5 

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f o i n t t a r e t s , ṿ i . 

t h l a r e f i r e pr o t e c t i c ii s e c t or s . 

Th e s e b o rnb s , 

c a n , 

h a : e v er , a l s o b e dr o p p e d f r o a l ow l . 

e ve l s ; t h e n t i e y wi l l 

p en et r a t e r o o f s o f Lous e s a n d r el . 

t i vel y • vea k c i r c ur f e r en t i a l 

a n d i n t e r r e c i a t e rra l l s , 

i f t r _e y a r e e c;v i j e d rr i t i de l a y e c i - a c t i on 

fuses . 

TḺe s . a l l i n c en di a r i es +•re i ? i n 2 . 

2 t o 2 ? 1Ls a r e mos t 

e f e c t i v e a ;a i n s t t a r ; e t s :uh o s e f i r e pr ot e c t i on i s t i n u t e l y 

s ubdi v i de d ; t h e y ar e dr a :p e d f r o m c o n t a i n er s wh n s e s i es vo . 

r y 

u x t o 2 , 

200 l b s . 

Co n t a i n e r s f i l l e i vri ',h Nl e c cr on i n c en di ar i es 

r . a n h e us e d on l y f r o u h i i a l L l t tit ie ti , s i n c e t liEs e b o iab s t >` e 

n or e t i ae t a r t s t a b i l i z e d a i t er t ey I ea v e t l e c on t a i n er . 

Sc a t t e r b o r, b s c a r: 

b dr o p e d f r oc;: a s l o :•r a n l t i t u d :: a s j j 0 f e e t , 

i f t h e COIlt 3 1n I' i s s e t f or 1 . 

? s e c oii _ 

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( 9 ) 

t i me f u s e . 

Ii o • ve v er , un d e r s u ch c v : di t i a r_s t h e b o mU; :ui l l i a ve 

n o p e n e t r a t i v e powe r b e y on d _ i . e r c i n o ; l a s s or c 3r db oa r d r oo f s . 

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f or l o . - l e v el a t t a c ks ot i r d u s i:r i a l a f i l i t i e s . 

T e f l . 

a me b oa bs h a ve o r ea t e f f ec t o Y:e iao r a l o f t •oo Fs 

,n , a r c}si r _ 

; i n c o l urcin s . 

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p o s i t i on s , a r : , 

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l i ; iit - 

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t i a l f i r e s 

a t o n e s i n l e l e v e l , :zo s ; , 

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i t s c oilt n t s f r o:a t r e t t i c o t te l o ,vc r i l o o r s . 

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;vh e z- r v e r : 

e om u i n :; t i o i c f o o d f i r e e f f e c t :•r z i i ::-e d z u u e x l o s i v e 

r e s u l t s wa s t o t_e a c i i t v e ci . 

T e , e t o >>. a we r e a l s o u s e d w h e n r e a t e r 



I 

- 

03 - 

I 

resistance to stress appeared neCE sary tlZa 

that inh erent in 

intensive incendiary bombs . S prbrd C C Bs e Lr,a d e of g ce 

SC 5 0 c e r es , wl : o s c f r on t s e c t i o n u p t o t h e f u s e Lox wa s 

f i l l e d tvi t h 1 3 . 

2 l b c o f ex pl o s i v e s . 

Beh i n d t h a t i r . 

t h e b o , ị b 

c on e a;er e a b ou t j J e l e c t r o n i iic en d i a r e s wei ; h i r a b ou t on s p o un d e a ch , 

wh i c't, h a d b oo s t er c ha r ;; es . 

U - c n i :r. p a c t t h e s e vrou l d b e i g ni t cd 

wi t }i a v e ^y s h or t d el a y a n d ex i e l l e d r ea r wa r d . 

Th e f or wa r d 

s e c t i o r. o f t h e b o ub wou l d c on t i r:u e i t s i Ar . 

e t r a t l Orl o f t h e 

t a r ; ; e t a ii d ị e t on a t e a f t e r t h r e e s e c ond s , wh i l e t :n e f i r e woul d 

b e f a nn e d by a i r c u r r e rzt s s e t h a t i t c ou l rl pr e a d . 

Sca ttFr bornb StreuLrand C 500 was creat e d to roduce area fi res . 

For this purF:ose about 1 , 

Z00 celluloid boxes enclosin ; l . ounces . 

o f h a r d i n f l a runa bl es c o . s i s t i ir ; o f p a r a f f i n a r . 

d wGa d S n a Vi n ;; 6 wer e 

• 

, u t i r s i de t } e Uomt 

. 

Ph os ph o r us t a b l e t s t r _ t Lvc: r e i u e d on we r e 

u s e d a s p r i u:e r s . 

Tị: e b o,{e s wer e s t o e cl i n t l e b o:nb i n a c o l d - 

f r o o f r i :t u r e o f ra t er a n d ; a s o l i n e . 

Tll e Uo:nb wa s op e n e d b y a 

time fuse at abou t 3 , 

300 to , 6 00 feet altitude , and the in - 

f l a ulraa b l e b o x e s i n i t e d a c cor d i n t o t emp e r a t ur e a n d as ol i n e 

cont en ts after a delay of several hours . 

4 . 

Ch emi c a l S , cno k e Fl , a s h , a n d Pl a r e Bo„ib s , 

i r - S e a Re s c ue S i ; na l s 

- - 

a . 

Cl , emi c a l B o nb s . 

( To t a l re i Uiit va r ji n f r o m 2 6 4 t o 3 5 ? l b s , 

d c-p en d i no on t h e i r c o n t e n t s ) . 

Th es e b oznb s tve r e L i o du c e d ex c l u s i v e l y 

i n 5 0 - 

l b s s x p l o s i ve - h o a b ca s e s ma d e o f 1 - rum s t e el Pl a t e . 

Th e i r 

t a c t i ca l e:a l l o y e n t 4va s i n d i ca t e ct u y c o l or e d r i n s a r ou n d t h e f o i n t 

e ° t h e b o tnb a Td i t s c e t t e r s t r i p a s f ol l ows : 

. 



- +- 

whi t e - - - . r r i t an t e f f e c t , 

f o r i ns t a nc c• , vi t h c la or a c e t o ph enon ; 

r e e n - - - 

i :nrne di a t e po i s e no us e f f e c t , 

f or i ns t anc e w i t h pr , o s € en e 

or 

trilone; an d 

y e l l o r - - - l a s t i n e f F e c t , 

f or i ns t a nc e Lai t;h n; s t a r d ;3s . 

The exa mpl e f or Ger n;a ii de s i : a t i ons on c h erai ca l bo :nbs ou l d r ea d 

a s f a l l o ws : KC 2 5 0 w , ;; r or C ( ti r hi t e , o r e e r: o r y el l o w ) ; Ro aa n 

nume r a l s a f t e r t l: e c a l i be r : i ; ; ur e s , 1ou l d de r . a t e i nc r e a s ed e f f e c t i v e - 

ness in cocnparison to oZder types , 

jus t as two colored circl es wou ld . 

A ;reen and a yellotiv rinb euould indicate vapor effect . 

The word "Typ" 

Lte a n t ch a t t h e r e s j e c t i v e b omb Ya s r e b i s t a nt t o t r o p i ca l cl i ina t e s . 

To raake normal viscous mustard as effective , 

it was sufficient 

to use the ordinary 

electrical fuse attached to th e s ides and to 

set them 

for nondelay operation . 

Sensitive iepact fuses were ernployed 

f or i :nrn e di a t e e f f e c t , us ua l l y Iio . 

( 2 u ) or ( 5 ) 4 . 

To di s t r i but e 

c orni r e i s e d mus t a r d or ot h e r i r r i t a nt ;; o v er t he t e r r a i n , 

t h e bo mbs 

f i l l e d wi t h t h e s e as s e s rer e e qui L 

o, e ; :vi w e l e c t r i ca l t i me f us e s 

(a) tiiat could be set a bove th e tar et X f or any 

i . 

ve ri l e v el o f e x pl o s i . 

o n , a t a p :r cx i _na t el f l , 

b5 0 t o j , 

j 0 0 f e e t . 

b . 

S! . 

ok e Eombs . 

Th e hC 50 c oul d s e r v e Lo t h f or ca mo uf l a o i n , 

on e ' s oi• n 

f or c e s and f or o bs c ur i n; eii e ny vi s i on i n s uppor t o f t h e ; ; r o und 

f or c e a . 

Ti e bomb r . a d t h e s a r e s i z e a s a SC 5 0 a nd v,a s r e c o n i z a bl e 

by a •rhi t e po i nt and f o ur s t r i pe s a l on;; i t s c on e . 

Upon i rapac t o n t h e 

b r oun d i t pr o duc e d whi t e f o ; va r y i r: 

i n ?:e i _; ' t f -o a 

r 1:. 1 ? f e e i . 

an d in width 

from 3j to 66 feet durin a vapcri ation time of 

20 iainutes , 

dependin ; on the weath er conditions. T o pr event deep 

penetration , a brake v ane was installed behind the con trol mech anism . 



_ _ . 5 _ 

TY ie I IC ; U ' . ' "i n t h e r'Cr' : lo d e l ? _ , o.a: ;-e l l o ,v _o i n t 

•: n d f ou r e l l o r 

s t r i p e s . 

I t :vz s us , e d f o r r e s e u i n ;; c r e ws t - ;: . : zc i b e t n s 1 1l p ti;r e c l _e d , 

_n d s tva n v e t t i c : l l y i n Lh ° . ra t c r , 

d e ve l o : i cl`; y e l l o w ;: , ::o . 

e a t t en - 

r^ r ut i r t e r v l s . 

r' '?t 1 % r 7 ti' ' 16 : Ll 1 t a C 1 f Or Cp r a : :L0 1] S s , , 

-i 115 1 : ; Y' o Ull ( 

. n C i : . 

t (?r 

t i T' C' 

.. , 

:'J l t } : 1'i Cer' ::id l "Jf: . 

:. t : h t ' r C 0 1 d 1 GT1 , _ .`% , 1 

. : j ?' C? Q l1C e 

._. 2' , 1 G' S Cḷ Ol e 

Cl OLi G Ll h Ot] l : a . 

a c t 

, :•; l i i c i l ro u l C OV ? 1' :3 r 'i T' ; N 

_ OI' a e VPI ' a l I:! i :1l1 t E' S . 

' a r 

c Fl . a :-1 "1 a V a F I _i i •e E o •.. a Th . e na r a c ' r u t e b o m b LC 5 U F t Y/a t 

bu rn ed for at l eas t 5 m i nu tes serv e d t o li h t a t ar;;e t d ur i ng 

d ar kn ess . 

In th e "F " m o del it h ad 4 rnagn es ium stck s , wh ereas th e "G " 

m o d e l cons i s te d o f on l y on e s i nU l e c h a rg e o f v ery b rea t li g h ti ng 

p ower , wh i ch con ta ined not on ly ruagn esium an d n atr i um n itra t e bu t 

a l so ca l c i um ox a l a t e i n or d er to pr d uc e mon chr om a ti c li ; h t th a t 

• 

can m ore easily p en etra te ha ze . 

Th e ` L ou b s con s i s t ed o f a 

cylindric tube of the same thicluiess as a SC 50 , :vhich was 3 . 

6 

feet long and had 4 narrow u ide fins welded on for proper 

stabilization . 

In 

the forward part was tile folded paracLute , which 

was expelled by a time fuse at about 4 , 

000 to 5 , 

000 feet from th e 

groun d . 

Upon openin ; , 

the parachute automatically re l eased a 

zipp fuse for the flash char e . 

Th e rate of descent •was 7 to 

1 feet per second . 

F lash 

F bo mb s we r e u s e d f o r n i g h t Ph o t o - ;; r a } : . 

Th t r l C 0 ti°rd s . 

r e ! lo d e l l e t SC j 0 . 

? t s l i ; 

; L t s u f f i c e d t o l . o t u p a n a r e a o f 

2 , ' 

s ; u . 

: r e r l i l e s r i t i a l e l s e c p e r i : o F F - . a n d a e r o r a i d 

f l l i:! L' .^ E' .'ḷ . 

T l c' ?'?OT' e r CE)"1'L" _ O l tt tt n 3 v 5 1. 1 1 3 :: . T' r3i1;; c h 3 r ; e 



- 

66 - 

t h a t i o t o r a p ::: c o a d b e t a k en a i a l t i t ude s a s hi g h a s 23 , 

1 00 

feet . 

Because of the 0 . 

3 second duration of the flash , 

how ever , 

so-called cameras had to be used , rhich wound the film at speeds 

corresponding to the distances covered above the round . 

The ligh t 

source eould appear on th e side of th e picture , 

A ir- S ea Rescue Signals 

_._ . 

The Lux "S" weighed 14 . 

3 pounds and 

carbide and calcium 

containe d 4 lbs of calcium 

a i r cr af t 

phosphate . 

Lux S was tak en aboard i O and 

in case of distress at sea , 

it was uncovered b , 

y hand and thrown 

into the water . 

The filler lit a flare ior about 5 to 6 hours . 

Th e major air-sea rescue signal 

"Lux N" was a swimming bomb 

tbat was released by drop mechanisms . 

Th e cherica l contents 

of the bom b weighed 11 pounds and created a dense smoke for 

l 0 hour s . 

' . 

Aer nes and Aerial Torpedoes 

a i r c r a f t pl a n t na va l mi . 

n e s i . n enemy wa t e r s Nhi ch a r e no t 

access ibl e to one 's own naval 

forces . 

This action will directly 

affect enemy sea tr affic by sinking ships and indirectly by 

forcing the diversion of sea traffic because ;ateways are 

blocḳ ed . 

But a tactica l success is achieved even if only war 

ships ar e confin ed to a certain p l ace so that they cannot assume 

the offensive or 

that th ey can subsequently b e destroyed by 

one's own air and naval forces. 



i 

- 

67 - 

Th e execution of proper minin; operations from th e air will 

epend reatly on the local conditions in the enemy area and 

on 

one's own strateoic plans , and can therefore be planned only 

in conjuncti on w ith 

tḻ l e naval operations staff . 

The hours of 

darkness are particularly suited for m inin operations , 

but 

precise na vigation 

cvill th en be a prerequisite . O ne ' s own 

ships should not be endan ered under any circumstances , 

With 

the iṃpor tance that aerial minin operations h ave assuwed 

it is necessary that the air force staffs a Q we ll oriented on 

th e strate ic and tactical effectiveness of the different types 

of mines and their multiple-purpose rerote-control fuse nechanisms . 

a ;:: on ; ; t h e e s s er t i s . 

l da t a ne e de d co n c er ni ng t he t ar e t t ha t i s t o 

b e min ed are its military si nificance , 

the density of traffic , 

local 

conditians such as the depth of the water and currents , as 

" well as th e status of enemy mine cleariug or anizations . 

There 

ras a basic difference between the G erman parachute min e "Lli" and 

the bomb mine "BM . 

" The latter was dropped and aimed like an . 

ordinary explosive bomb . The minimum depth of water was 33 feet , 

within which th e mị ne bor : 

a turnei because of its hea d shape and 

restedat the bottom of the water , 

like the L:i . 

The explosive char e 

of the LM cons it ed of nitrocellulose 1 8 an d that of the BM of triehlorethyl 

ene 105 , 

both of them effective underwater explosive media . 

The built - iri remo te-control fuses were e ff ective a ains t larger 

to 

ships up 200 feet depth of water , 

in ,vhich the 1 540 - 1bs explosive 

charbe f ully su ffi eed to sink commercial vessels of about 8 , 

000 tons . 



,_, - - 

iio d e r n vra r s u i p s i t h s e v er a l rra t er t i , h t c o :iiha r t :ae n t s c a n b e 

s u t l> }y or . 

e s i r _ :;l e f l o a t i nti ?i n e on l - i f t- . 

!i e f t s e i r 1 r oh er l y 

t i e d f or ex pl o di nJ wh en t h e s h i : p a s s e s o v er t h e ' ?l ll e . 

r h e v a r i o u s i n i t i o n s , 

y s t e ? s l i s t e d i n T : b l e 9 

i x g e t o b e u s e d : 

t a o s e d e s i ; n a t e d " , a b " f o r t h e :a r a c l u t e :n i n e s a n d t o s e i d e r. t i f i e d 

r y n u -?b e r s a U o v e l 0 U i o r t h e n?- n e b o .:i h s . 

1 h e Bi SC wa s a i o o r e d r i n e f o r d c s; t n u t a ; . , 

v 0 0 f e e t ; i t ,va s 

e : . 

iu i : e d wi t h a c o n t a c t f u s H, b u t i t . e x l c s - v e c h a r e d i d n o t 

ex c e ec 1 1 0 l b s . 

a er ia l 

Gr d i r _ 

a r y , n 

r:i n e b o ?ub s s u c h a s t l-:e S C 2 5 0 vre r e 3 1 s o e q u i i ; , e d 

•.ri t h t _ l e r e iiio t e i n i t i o r . 

e u i y ?s e n t A1: l U4 a. n d •:re r e d r o . y-e d 'cy 

f i h t e r a i r c r a f t u u r i n ; ; e n e L y l a n cl i n . 

; o p e r a t i o n s . 

I n wa t e r s d o vm 

t o a b o u t 5 0 f e e t d e p t h t h e y a c t e d l i lc e e x __l o s i v e b o r b s y.r o v i d e d 

a b a u t 

' t h e y e r e o v e r r u n r y s h i p s w h o s e t o r n a e e x c e e d e d 

. , ; 0 0 o n r, . 

'i h e a e r i a l :va t e r b o mb ? 5 0 i s ° a l ., o a n o :: l. e r v e r s i o n o f t h e S C 2 5 0 , 

w i t h o u t c o n t r o l :,ie c h a n i s , a n a • . ra s u s c d t c c o :,? c a t s u b ? a r i n e s •+vi t h 

t i r e f u s e e Yu i p ?. e n t . 'h e 131I 1 0 0 0 h a d b o t h r e ?ilo t e c o r t r o l i n i t i o n 

aer i a l 

e qu i p?ne n t a n d a rl a c c el e r a t i on f u s e , 

j u s t l i lce t h : e r 

mi n e b omb s . 

T f t h e :?i i n e b o ?a b 1 i ' t ;. h c ; r o u n d , 

f o r i ri s t a L c e i n t h e c a s e o f n a r r o r 

h a r b o r e n t r a n c e s , 

i t wo u l d e x p l o ci e i ? un e d i a t c l y . 

Ae r i a l r or e c io e s 

Th e s e v, e r e e s s en t i a l l y E - •c,oa t t or p e c?o es :fi t h a ?. 1 - i n c h d i a ? e t e r 

a n d a 1 b . 

5 f oo t l en t h . 

i'} ie y cre r e s u b s e qu en t l , 

y r e f u r n i s h e d f or u s e 

by aircra it drops from altitudea up to 30 feet by 

the addition o f 

s e c i a l :; t a bi l i i n ; f i n s a n d a r va r,e s . 

'l a e 7 ti rer e h o , e v er ov e r n e d 

b y c e r t a i n s e e d l i si t s . 



- 

69 - 

Aerial terpedoes have proved particularly effective in 

c ombi na t i c n wi t h bombi no a t t a c ks o n ma j or wa r s :zi ps Y E3 

since th ey 

were capable of producin ; quick sink in s . 

For attacks 

on 

smaller warsh ips and comm ercia l vessels it proved su fficient 

to commit either torpedo or boabin aircraft . 

Th e e x pl o s i v e c ha r e o f t he LT 5 : e i f , he d +4 0 l bs an d c ons i s t e d 

o f ni t r oc e l l ul o s e 3 b ; a t f i r s t i ni t i on o c c ur r e d u p on i !np a c t on 

• the side of the vessel . emo e-control fuses of the the ma netic 

type -- di stance pistol s -- were bein ; 

devPloped . 

The LT 350 rras an Italian cyclic torpedo ( "Motoboniba") w hich 

wa s dr o pr e d by pa r a chut e uFon _ a s s e mbl i e s o f c o::uae r c i a l v e s s e l s 

l o ca t ed a t doc lcs i de s or a nch or i n; i n a b a y . 

Upon h i t t i n t he ua t e r 

the parachute tvould separate from the torpedo and the l a tter would 

start its course , 

describin -; ever lar e circles or 

followin a 

pr e v i ous ?y s e t c ur v e pa t t er n di r e c t l y be l o• R t Y:e vla t er s ur f a c e un t i l 

i t e x pl o de d e i t l°:e r uFon i mpa c t o r a f t e r c o ve r i n ; a l uo s t 10 mi l e s . 

10 . 

Aerial Uelivery Containers . 

ih ese served to dron small - ca lib er 

a mmuni t i on , 

i n c l udi n , f r a ;cne n t 3 t i on an d i n c e ndi a r y bo mb s Re i gll i ng 

2 . 

2 to 22 lbs ( also SD 15 's ) , b ecause such siall bom bs could not 

b e i n ui v i dua l l y s us pe nde d i :: : -i r cr ': . 

' '; ; . _3• be i ng i ;ni t e d s i mul t a n eo us l y , 

th ese bombs could be distributed over a certain taroet area . 

Th e filled aerial delivery containers were issued to the 

field 

forces read , 

y for use and could thus be suspended on loops on drop 


TH IS PA G E D E CLA SSIFIED IAW E Q 129 8 

- 70 - 

mechanisms , 

just lik e lar ;e-size bombs . 

They had a contact similar 

to t:e e l ectrica l f uses att ac h ed to the sides of bo b s , which was 

c on ne c t e d vri t h a l oa di no pl u . 

Th e A i 70 , 

A B 250 , an d A B 500 a er l a l d e li very con t a in er s f o r 

sma ll b om bs con s i s ted o f two t in cu ps th a t u ere a ttac h ed t o on e 

3no th er b y a h i n e a t th e con tr ol er . 

d s o tha t th ey e culd be cl osed 

in to a sh ap e cor respon din to tr . a t o f a h i h -explo s i v e b om b . D u r i n 

• t h e pr e y a r a t o r y s t a e a t t he l oa di n ; i ns t a l l a t i on t h e s z a l l bombs 

Jre r e pa c k ed i n l a y er s i n t he l o ,ṟer c up , •,whe r u pon t he t op cup wa s 

closed and bolted . 

After crossin the drop distance , u iich depended 

on the type of attack l aunc hed , 

the bolt was rer oved , 

the cups catae 

apart , aṇ d the contents of the cor _ 

tainer could drop freely on the tar et . 

The AB 1000 cou ld b e opsned in 

four distinct phases if the bo:ibs 

were to be distributed over a relatively lon ; distance . 

i 

P • 2ore recent delivery contair:ers had clo ch directional devices 

i ns e a d o f c ont r o l :ne ch a n i s us i n or de r t o u: , e up l e s s s pa c e or 

offer less resistance to air . 

Althou h delivery containers could b e used for any 

t , 

ype of 

acununition , a standardization of fillers tivas introduced for lo istica l 

reasons . 

Th e co nposition of these fillers could be seen on Tables 

1 and 7 • 

Even so every aircra ft , w L ether it was equipped to drop 

s ma l l or l ar ; e bor b s , yra s c a pa bl e o f i a t t ac ki n a ny i v e n 

t a rg e t - . 

i t h e l e c t r on , s c a t t e r , o r f r a raen t a t i on bo Llbs t ha t pr o duc e d 

various sizes of fra men ts . 

J' n er e a s t he de l i v e r y c ont a i ne r s we r e r ea l l y i . 

r, pr o vi s a t i ons 



- 71 - 

that consisted of the case and the parachute of an ex losive bomb , 

the mixed load container f or 2 , 

200 lbs Jas the standard su;ply conta 

i ner used to provide far advanced or cut - off troop elemen ts that 

h a d r un ou t o f s up: l i es ri t h t h e ur l; e nt l , 

y ne e de d a : ṇun i t i on , , a s o l i ne , 

r a t i ons , e t c . , 

by a i r l i f t . 

`l 'hi s c o nt a i ne r was :aa de o f Sh 

a. 

e s 

t 

s t e e l , an d 

was eauipped tvitha shock absorber in front and a brak paracḻute in 

ba c k . 

lh e rl dr o ppe d f r om hi ;h al t i t u de s , 

t hi s s u f p l y c on t a i ne r c oul d 

• 

be r e l e a s e d wi t h c l o s e d pa r dc hu t e s o t l. a t i t 

,roul d dr op c l os e r t o t r e 

t a r : 

; e t . 

A t i ai n ; de v i c e t ha t ha d be e n p r e - s e t • roul d o pe n t h e pa r a - 

chute at the desired altitude above tie round . 

11 . 

G eneral Observations Concernin Boṛib Fuses 

F uses serve the purpose of explodin b orabs at 

the proper tim e 

or to i;nit incendiary and flare 'oombs or to open delivery contaiaers 

or other 

functions. 

• 

The basic cate;ories of fuses are distin ui s hed by 

the tvay in 

which th ey are moun ted at the top , on the side or at the bottom of 

the bomb . 

Another basic distinctioil is accordir ; ; t o their functionin ; 

as impact , nuisance or tine fuses and accordin:; to their comFosition 

a s 

e l e c t r i c al 

, ne c]l a ni ca l o r ch e rai ca l f us e s . 

Double fuses have both i :pca t and timin functions 

mo n ; t h e i utp c a t f u s e s , a d i s ' t i n c t i o n 73 5 ma d e b e t we e n h i ; ; h l y 

s e n s i t i v e f u s e s , 

t h o s e wi t h o r l i t h o u t d e l a y i n ; n e c h a n i s na , a n d 

d el a y e d -a c ti on f u s es tr l a t ca: b e us ed a l so fo r l on ; d e l ays . 

I n 

t i o e f us e s o n e c o ur . 

t e d t Y•e t i me f r o m t h e r e l e a s e o i u t . 

L o n b - 



- l - 

d e l a ỵ a n d o t h e r nui s a nc e f u s e s a r e ?ao re v er i z fc8 i n i t i a t e d 

u p on i LiUa c t . 

itions 

Ch e mi c a 

" 

s s we r e u s e d o n l 

• 

y f o r l o n ; - d e l a y f u s e s ; i , 

,;n i t i o n 

o ccu rre d upon di s i n te r a ti o.: a f a l ock i n d i s l u a d e o f ce ll u l o id 

th a t 1• . a d b een ins er ted b etw een th e iorwa rd i n i tion p in and th e 

p r i iue r . 

Th e s o l u t i o n u s e d f o r t h i s I: u r p o s e wa s a c e t o n e . 

El e c t r i c a l 

i , n i t e r s ls u a l l y a r e a c t i v a t e d a c c o r d i i ; ; t a t h e s t a t i c c o n d e n s a t o r 

• 

d i s c h a r ; E p r i n c i p l e , :rh e r e a s 

( 6 6 ) f u s e s o p e r a t e a c c o r d i n ; t o t l: e 

dyn a icc i c s h o clt e n e r a t or s , 

y s t er , a n d ( 0 ) f u s e s a r e a c t i va t e d b , 

y 

batteraes . 

`l h e d el a , 

y i n i rnp a c t f u s e s wa s c a u s e d Ly a , 

r a i n o f po wd e r . 

Tti e ( 2 8 ) L' f us e ha d a n a d di t i o na l ae ch a r . 

i ca l d e l a y me c ha n i s m a n d 

for the case that 

th e ( 4) fuse gad an additional fracture fuse the noint of 

• 

t f le b OGl b Na s d e f or rae d . 

Ev er y f u s e •rva s u e s i n a t e d b 

, 

y a f i u r e 

, 

within a circle , which .as staMped iato the head of fuses attach ed 

on t h e s i d e o f b or. b s . 

Tl : e o v e r w h e l mi n ;y ma j o r i t y o f b o b s we r e e q u i p .>e d ri t h e l e c t r i c a l 

f u s e s o n t h e s i d e , n h o s e t o F n o i n t e d t o ,ra r d t h e f r o r . 

t o f t h e b o mb . 

Th e s :: a l l f _ a . 

n e n t a t i o . a n d i n c e n d i a r y , b o n b s o s t l y I a d r : e a d f u s e s , 

a n d 

except for Brand ,` Brand 10 ṿ hich had (23) fuses attached to th eir 

b o t t oms . 

Ar raor - pi er c i n , b oc l b s z l s o :a d i u . ; e s a t t Y: e b o t t om. 

Table 11 shows the most important fuses , 

del ay ec hanisms , and 

t h e i r u s es . 

ì'h e n c l o s e d i l l u s t r a t i o n s s h o:r h e va r i o u s r mi n t i me s 

a rl d t h e i r r e 1 - 

i o ns h i p s t o dr o p a l t i t u d e s a n d t y p es o f a t i;a ck . 

Ivo n - 

d e l a , 

y u n d d e l a y e d - a c t i o il f u s e s . r i t i i t i l e c o r r e s p o n d i n ; f u s e s w i t c h 

boxes were selected in advance in th e aircraft . 

dh en fuses were set 

f o r n o n - d c l a y , 

c el a , 

y e d - a c ti i o n ti ra s a l r a y s s e t s i r u l ta n e o u s l , 

y . 

'f h i s 



- , ; - 

. a : 7 e i 

. ; , -a s i b l e c o c 7 r f ; o . 

a: _ _ 

t } : e b o : . 

; L 

. i t } _ n o r - u c l ; y at d 

o t h e r ; '; i t i ? a e i : y :; c i - a c t i o i: f u . _ : e . 

f r c :; : 

t ;; s a a:: e a i r c r > . 

f t 

. 

F _ r 

5 u f e ti y 

L' 

. 

S Ct?:, 

, 

: J :JE Vt?I' 

t 

a l r c r ? I 

3 ! 20 L1 ' _ 

i ; C C J'. : I' O U i; l O :f- r3 1 C ._ 

it Ct a C a 

rl t a i e " a r a t e f ; :{ i _ 

O J 1 J ° ct : 1Cṭ i r sC :; Il Q l :12' v L 0 :'1 ti J C , 

L' ; 

U S II O t t'l l t t: i l ;•: G 7 

; . 

L" 1 0 . 

; 

. 

: S : 1 I' a l c; 

, : ;i . l l C G ;i: J S VJ C I ' C d C 1 . l i C r d t 

c' Yl r Ol l ; . ' . . : u %il 1 J C t l : ì ! I1 C Z S 

I '. i .. l . 

c e , u i j •r e r i t i f u s e s . 

r' u : e , ' c r : _ 

i . i - e x ,l ; i v e ;o r, i b s i , . t rr r e 

t o i e u e d 

_ ; a - n s t n • . v a l t a r ; e t . : , - - : , _ 

i c L a s t ' _ 

e 

( - ' O) o r C3 ` ) 

- - 

• a a t e e s p t c i a l l y r e u u i U i t i c : e d , :rl : i c : -: ,;ra s .: 1 :_0 r u e =n t l : e c e 

o l l o :: - o _ l _ i v o r c t : r e r : u i ; • . 

>>i c e f u : e s . . 

!• . 

ib _ _ . _ . e r: . ::e r e : l .:.c , t e :{- 

c l u ti i v e l ,•r t a c T- c f f s a f : t v ri 't h i n : c e z• .. _, i _: t i .rc 

_. f t c r : c i ;i _ ; r o . : e d . 

1' ?C f i1: E OCJ ) , 10 ' vE' VG' _ ' ::'U . 

5 - C :; 1 V' _ 

1LC11 i : ! 1:a t:3 C3 L1 C ':J1 7117 

l i ": t 1 S LU 

s a y :1u Y•i n , 

; i t s d r o , a r: a c o wa s t : e ( _' j } 

. _ " , , z u s e s z 

E 

e l e c r o r, 

i : t c e n d i , r ; b o an ti • r . a f o r ;; L 1 ;. :. a a . , °re r + :;• a c t i v : t e e l i ^rr:e d i . _ 

t e l y 

_ 

: f t e r , h e h o :, h ; l e f t : i: c r c o 1 , .; i r . 

e r s . 

; (' . 

: . 

t j 2 8 I ll ti e : , 

':r 1 t C ? ì 0 :: ' r '/ . ;; . = @V i U l' I C 2' U 1. -• rl , 

t : : E; 

. a C t 1 V . . 

i . 

1 T1 ; t 1 ' . 

il er 

f r v ,: r t i c a l f l i 

• ; : i t . 1 . 

U a b o ' . 

t : : . 

a l v e d . 

r v 

r l ; :v- i - v e 1 a t "t a c : _; :r i t i 

f l a i.. E ' , , 

l ii c e r : 

d i a r v , =U l d C O:: i G l . 

[i E: i 1 1; C C?=: . ; r Ì - 

i? 1 11 - C:' . 

;: 1 0 1 VC 0 :1 _ 

'GS 

t l . 

° . 

f Uci : ._'. r1 j: Cti i 3 • 10 : { 5'T . 

L:i i C: t ; f Or I i; ; L O '. , II U J ; l a : t } l :: f LC e . 

° . 

O i i : Li P . . ° , t , ' 

k ;c . 

:: u ' . c r e : r i . _ie d .. : . t : . 

' . 

t i ia ;: t ; c• ;, i : ; : . : 1 1 . , f u i l c : i :: : ; r e r e : i t 

. 

l l e 

: ' : 

1 7 - E 1=Z ` i V r ' 

C ) U :_ : ) S :4 = : l '.. , ; iJ 3 _ 

i ( , Z J J 

_ QS O i 1 14 1 1 cJ. i . . 

I 

I 

re r e ,. C I '1 _L'J E 1 ;- e , 

Lr 

_ . 

c : : . r _ 

t : ;ro f e c o ; • ; : o r a t 1; 3 c 1 . a c r. n :: v a l 

t .ṟ-r ; e t s t , : o ( `' 

. ) A c r 

( 3 ) f : e :^re r - t o l; r : . L. i l ; 

, c , : . :. :, - u e l a v 

f' u :. e s ': i: 

.. 

t c : t u u z rrc o :: _ ri a i o n ': i t i . r u _ s . 

i c e Lra e 

, 

f o r 

i Tl s t a l ic e 

( 1 ' ) 

;r i t l : 

( 5 0 ) 

o r l '> , ) ,r i c h ( f ; ;; ) f u . =e s . 



- 74 - 

1 2 . 

Ex l o s i ve Ch ar ; e} s 

Th e var i ous t y pe s o f b ornbs =:re r e f i l l e d tivi t h e x : l os i v e cha r g e s 

mixed in 

accordance with the aim of maxinum effectivenesa in 

de s t r oy i ng t h e t ar ;e t . 

a . 

Normal explosive such as Trinitrotoluol were used for fih i ng 

all Sc and SD bombs before the war . 

Trinitrotoluol - Aṃmon ium 

Nitrate was used mainly in a 6 0 : +0 ratio ta fill the a b ove bombs 

_ a s v e l l a s PC ' s dur i ng t h e wa r . 

The FC ' s wer e i v e n mi ni . 

ng wa x 

as additives to the fillers so that th e bombs vou l d b e more shock - 

pr oo f . 

b . 

H igh - Performance Explosive such as 

- 

trichlorethylene 

an d n it rocellulose ( code symbols "THrT and "E" ) , were mixtures of 

tetram ethylenetrinitra . c ine or other synthetic explosives with 

triniytotoluol and , ;artly also with trinitrotoluol and aluccinum 

• 

Aluminum- h olding mixtures 

e pre ferrably us ed , 

if underwater effects were to be ;roduced , 

that is to say fca nava l 

tar ;et and water bombs , 

demolition mines and torpedoes , 

Since such 

fillers could be poured , 

they were a l so employ ed in SB bombe. C om- 

, resse d hi h - performance explosive charges were used for armorpiercin 

b ombs with out aluminum additive . 

Hotivever , certain categories 

of all calibers of mine bombs were filled w ith 

t richlorethy 

l ene for special purposes . 

Because of the danger o f an 

explosion 

upon shock , such bomb s cou ld not be dropped from low 

levels aeainst ground 

targets , and specially painted deaignatians 

indicated that fact . 



- 75 - 

c . 

Substitute Explosives 

kmrnonium Hitrate DJ and DJ 1 were dry :ixtures of o0 - u 0 

percent of arnoonium nitrate , 

10 - 

20 percent trinitrotoluol , and 

5 - 1 5 pe r c e nt l umi num ahi ch ṿe : e pa c lre d i nt o t he bou b c as e s 

ac 

. n pow de r f or m . 

Th e f or me r ha ci be en f i l l e d i n t o c e me nt f r a ; - 

mentation bornbs of the S Be 50 type durin , 

the fi rst year of the 

war , whil e the latter had beer . used for the SC 250 of cuality III , 

_ wh i l e t hi s t yp e o f bo,nb wa s s t i l l be i n;. ; pr o duc e d . 

Ano t h er hi , 

;h - r a de 

a mmoni uiu ni t r a t e rni x t ur e i s 't h e "A" Arru oni um Ni t r a t e bornb , . rh i ch 

a 

g no t an any way reduceJ tle results produced by the small 

f r a „r e nt a t i on bombs SD 1 a nd SD 3 a s we l l as t !Ze SD l OB r a de by us i n 

special gre , 

y cast iron casin s . 

The explosive mixtures employed for uroup b had a b out 30 percent 

more and those in Group c about 0 percent less blast effect thaa 

• 

th e norma l explosives in Group a . 

I n t rie l on ;i t udi na l di r e c t i an o f bo mbs n d mi r . e s t he o ur e d an d 

compressed ex :losive cliar es were usually reinforced by transmission 

char es of trinitrotoluol or of tetraGiethyl ene trir . 

itramine 

( th e 

latter in trichlorethylene bombs ) . Th ese superchar;es served to 

t r a ns mi t t h e ex pl o s i o » f r or t h e . 

f us e s box e s , e qui l ed wi t h pr e s s e d 

trinitrophenole , 

to the rlain char e and to thus uaran tee a 

full 

detonation of the entire explosive charae . 

• 



_ L- _ 

C . 

Survey 

of the Effects Produced by L'xplosive ombs 

T a n l e s 1 3 an d l f : i e r t h o f Pe rle t r a t i on a nd Cr a t es I i e a s ur el ent s 

The detth to which a bomb penetrated into a tar et depended 

o n i t s i .npa c t s pe e a , 

t h e b al l i s t i c c o e f f i c i en t , an d th e s ha pe 

o f t h e po i nt o f t h e bo mb a s re l l a 5 on t h e r e s i s t an c e o f f e r e d b , 

y 

t h e t a r ; e t . 

• 

Th e i n pa c t v el o c i t y :ra s l e pe nde n t on t he f l i ; h t s pe e d , 

t h e 

attack r ethod -- l:orizoatal or dive flinh t -- the drop altitude , 

a nd t h e bal l i s t i c ec u l i a r i t i e s o f t h e bo :ab . 

Th e ba l l i s t i c c o e f f i ci e n t r e s ul t e d f r om da v i di r. ; t h e we i ; -;ht 

o f t h e bo : b by i t s l ar ; ; e s t c o r DSS- s e c t i o n: . 

l a r e a . 

Ti e 

b a l l i s t i c 

pe c ul i ar i t i e s o f t l i e bo Fab we r e e xpr e s s e d b y i t s dr o p t i n e a nd 

Ḻr a i l c or r e c t i on , Ṉh i c h a r e s h owr . 

i n 'ha b l es 1 ' a nd 0 a s r e l a t e d 

• to ili h ț speed and drop altitude ; th ese tabl es indicate hovr 

boc b s i u t s a r e t o be s e t . 

I n t h e c a s e o f ao : e bo_ . :b s onl y a 

l i t t l e o r no pe ne t r a t i on wI-la t s o e v er rJa s de s i r e d , s uch a s f or 

i ns t a nc e i nc endi ar y , 

f r a ;t en t a t i on , 

f l ai: e , ch e rni c a l , s r . 

ok e , and 

h i ; ;h - cha r ; e bombs . 

l } e s i , 

a pe o f t h e Ol Tl t o f t he boui b Yra s i ndi c a t e d ::y t he i a d us 

o f s her i c i t y , wr i i ch


_ 7? _ 

Since the ballistic coefficient rises in relation to the caliber , 

h.avier bomb s pene trate deeper than small anes. Th e ba lli stic 

coeffici ent for thick - aall e d bombs is enerally also g r sị 

than in 

th e case of thinly cased ones ; for this reason , 

the SD 

and PC bombs penetrate deeper tban SC bombe of the sam e caliber . 

On e can assume th a t a ll b ombs liste d reach 

th eir greatest 

depth of penetration already urithin 0 . 

1 second a ft er impact upon 

_ 

covered ground ; this i s called stagnation point . 

But this depth 

doee not correspond to the one at which explos i ve bombs are 

supposed to explode in 

orde to be most effective . 

brmor-piercing 

bombs ar e excepted , and in 

special instances one can initiate 

t he i g ni t i o n o f h i gh - ex pl o s i ve bombs a t t h e s t a gna t i on po i . 

n t , 

i f 

the target offers littl e res istance . Thi s is achi eved by setting 

425) 

th e A 

fuse at the s { 

econd delay-point before suspending the bombs 

` 

in th e drop m echanisms ; the delay would then amoun t to 14 secon ds , 

which is otherWi s e use d as de l ay 

fuse for low- l evel attacks. 

To produce th e 'mine effect" with bombs , oae n eeded a 

taṃp ing 

by 

consistency of the target , such as for instance th e sea mine 

that exploded deep in 

the water . 

If , 

hewever , a LNIB r with parachute 

was dropped obve lan d so 

that it would explode on the 

surfade of th e ground , o e could not speak of min e effect but 

rather of air pressere effect , 

the ran •e of which 

is i ndicated 

on T able 15 . 

The mine effect of explosive bombs is usua ll y expressed in 

cra t er measurements ; that is the crater created a ft er th e bomb 



- T : - 

!: . 

° i _i 

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, _ 

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O °1 :J . 

t F' c' 1 .,. 

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B o t: b , 

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B o m b s t : 1 a t l a v e ' e e ?i y p e n e c r a t e a , : u c 'r : a s f o • i n 5 - a l t c e a r : l o r 

1 E i 2Ẹ' i : r :. t t 1 11J i . ' U !:'l l » 

, tl e l i u :i i j ' Vt: C : U i r O L' a 17 • . 

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p e n e t r a 1 u 11 7 11 C :i : 1(, 'r E V ; t ' iii : 'f u 

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rl . u c l a c a o E i e r P s u :i i n r r e s s u r e e f l e c t e x :: n c i rl a l l 

u i r e c z i r s ^ c: . a . 

l ; ; ,: l o 'rr t : e ;; r o u a u - - a u - c ; i 1 e 4 i r i; Ui a s t - - 

:J o L' u i , :;u b t e l . 

' i ll e a u i lt t 1 1 1 d i u : _: , y r r i s c ll i . 

c: i i i i i e s - n d v i ị a l 

:aa ll u : a c t u r n i; l a a t s c ṟ. ' n Ue u e s t r o ;y e : i a l e v e i t , yo o r t l r e t i lu e s 

' u e l o w Li ; e d e . 

t a c f l e :_r; r a i o r> . . 

i il e n e p i s o f f e : . 

e I•r1 Ll UIi 

. ; i?u :71i i p i b e l j i rt u i c t e t - : . e 

s c a n a t i o : ;. .o i n o f i u u; b i n =;, n c 1 L; :;. ; t .. a :; : u ::: ;'r e s s i v c 

c t l L Ii , 

; Lt : O i : . : u UU i: `t" ' r r, ' OL1: i lț :5 ti 'E; I ' . ' t S 7FL i S S ' . 

U I' e 1 I1G S . - ®0 1 1 0 : E' • 

1' 

a u d r e c e ti _ 

rr e t e 



_ 7g _ 

in pure loamy soil of 330 pounds per . 

4 square iṇc hes { 150 kil os 

per s uare centimeter ) , th e figures in dicated on th e +able should 

be increased by 50 percent and iṇ c halkv , oil of 880 lbs per . 

4 sq in 

the fi uers should be divided b r 2 . 

Th e depth of pen etration is 

particularlv important in the case of bombs that are equipped arith 

lon - d el aỵ fuses or if su bt erraneaṇ f ac ilities are to be destroyed 

. 

with delay fuses II . 

In Table ? . 

4 one can eas ily notice th e influence 

of rop altitudea s i nce +he delays are the Bam e or very similar 

for 

all bombs sho n . 

The figures shown refer 

to normal - type explosives 

and e ° san dy soil . 

Mine bombs fill e d with amm onium nitrate , 

tha t 

is to say sub s titute exp l oeives , produce craters wh ose volum e ie 

a b o at 30 percent smaller . 

Mine bombs filled with trichlorethylene , 

Aspecially the larger caliber bomb s , could e cplod already upon 

imuact upon sandy eoil because of spmntaneous ignition of }he exnlosives, 

th e so-ca l? ed sh ock explos i on . 

For 

thi s reason , such 

'ômbs could be used only with delayed fusea against targets in water . 

Tables 15 and 16 : The Pressure Effect of Explosive Bomb s on Ground Tagets 

Th e term presbure eff ec t is used for the effect of air pressure 

I 

in th e case of ea losive bombs e ui w " 

p q pp d ith nondelay fusea or the 

effect of dirt pressure if the same bomb s are equ ipped with 

delayed 

fuses . F ragmentation b om bs have practicall , 

y ao pressure effect and 

multiple-purpose bombs have only half the pressure effect of mine 

bomb6 , Wh ereaa mine bombs detoaat e d with nondelaY fuses h ave a cer tain 

fr enta tion pressure in addition to air 

pressure effect , 

high - charg e 

I 

bombs have onlv ai _ 

r pressure effect . 



- 8 0 - 

1'he pri cipa l d amabes inflictad upon less resistant 

targets by 

t h e ex i l os i on o f r:ii n e - dnd hi oh - c ha r be boui b s bur s t i n d t t he 

;round or water level were caused by the _ressure o f explosive 

asses which compressed the surroun din ath rnosp here and speeded 

up the circulation mf air . 

Such a pressure wave consisted of a 

sudden 

increase or pressure -- th e so-ca ll ed a i r bl as t -- vrhich 

dr o ppe d i r une di a t e l y a f t e r urar d and wa s r epl a c e d by l o tiv pr e s s ur e 

_ un til th e norma l pressure oi the a tmosphere was res tared . 

Th e cnaracteristic effect of a pre sure wave was 

tv crush 

wa l l s ne a r t h e Px pl o s i o n poi n t an a t o pus h t her o ut :ra r d a t l o n ; e r 

di s t a n c e s . 

I f a bu l di n ; wa s v er , 

y c l o s e , 

i t tivc u l d c o l l a ps e c omp l e t el y ; 

an isolated ttivo-stor , 

y 

family house o f normal construction , which 

was situated a t 66 feet from the exp l osion point oi a hi ;h - char e 

bomb we i hi nv 2 , 

2 00 l bs , wo ul d i ' i nt ebr a t ' . 

fi o us e s s t a n di n , 

beh i n d 

others wou ld collapse except for 

the circumference wa ll s which 

would reraain standin , even if th ev were of liaht construction , 

on t h e s i de t o wa r d t 'r e Ḻo mb , rrh e r e a s t ne J6 L X3 7C r e a r wa l l opf o s i t e 

roul d fall outward . 

Ove: lon distances , 

houses exposed free l y to 

a i r pr e s s ur e svo ul d r . a v e damab e d r o o f s an d . ra l l s a t t ie b i he r f l o o r 

levels. Th e lo xer walls wauld show tears ar . 

d cracks reachins upward 

f r om t he ;r our d l e v el . 

i a n- raa ae c o ns t r uc t i ons wi t h s u a i l s ui f a c e s virou l d s u f r +h e 

least dama es f rom a i r pressure ; am n these are trellis briddes , 

separa*e cement aiM raid shelters , chinineys , ; , elephoi.e poles , ~tc . 



_ $ 1 - 

On h e other hand , 

trees are often uproo}ed becauee of their 

great resistance to air . 

Box girder bridge- are greatly ezposed 

o damag _ 

by a ir blast , since they are liable to be lifted f rom 

abutments an d often cave in o r break rig h t through the middle . 

Light buildings and furnishings such as attice , partition 

wal , 

doors , windowa , e t c ., su ffer extensively from pr essure 

damsacee . 

Th e cove r of attics Rould be destroyed over long dista nces 

i by the un der-pressure caused by th e a ir blaṣ t since the normal 

pressure prevailing in 

th e house would then have th e effect of 

. 

i n t er i or o v er - pr a , s ur e . 

I n t h e ca s e o f t i l e r oo f s , 

t h e t i l es woul d 

t u ur . 

o 

usually be saised while th e a rs c e f th e attic would remain 

intact , whereas . 

the entire attic would be destroged in the ca e 

of a tin roof . 

In the vicinity of th e impact point , 

hotever , 

both 

tile and tin roofs rould be completely smashed . 

• . 

In Rubparadraph a on T a bl e 1 

are shown the distance$ for three 

types of damages that woul d be inflicted upon a modern 

family hotxse 

and its i nterior 

furaa $ hinge. Th e house was assumed to be built of 

bricks with 15 - 3ṇc h walls , 

the sk eleton consisting of 1 - percent 

, 

reinforced cbncrete with 

5 - inch paaaels of brick . 

Th e damage would 

I 

e inflicted b y a ir pressure from high - e4ulosive and bigh - charge bombs . 

the three types of damages would be : 

Compl e . 

t e des t r uc t i on - - - 10096 damage ; 

irrepe able damage --- 

65 b damage ; and ' 

h ous e t empor ar i l y no t i nha bi _ 

t a bl e - - - 

3 5 9 dama , g e . 

Th e fi gures h own at su b paragraphs b - d inrli ca te th e ma cimum 

di as t uac e s a t wh i c h a t t h e ut mo s t 2 0 da ma , 

g es - - t ha t i a e t o s a y 

light damage -- could be in flicted . 



_ z _ 

u . 

Partition wa ll s ma d e of li ht cement , roof s , 

doors , etc . 

V ndow panes . 

c . 

De t a che d br i ck ra l l s wui ch a r e 5 i n ch e s t Yi ck ; 

detached brick walls 

that are lU inches thick ; an d 

detached brick wa ll s that are 15 i nches thi ck . 

a . 

Detached cement Walls that are 6 inches thick ; and 

' 

d e t a c he d a i m z a e . 

t 

vra l l s t ha t a r e 1 2 i n ch es t h i ck . 

a 

Table 16 s hows th e range of dis t blast effec*s . 

Subparagraph a 

indicates the sam e ngrees of damag^ as Table 15 . 

i'h e maximum 

distances 

for ach ievin a t least 20yo damage to the foundations 

a r e a l s o t h e s arne . 

b . 

Brick foundations of lU - 

iṇc h s tren th ; 

brick foundation of ZO - inch strength ; and 

br ck foundation of 3U - iach s trength . 

_ , 

Fo unda t i on o f r e i n f o r c e d c oi c r e t e o f 6 - i n c h t r e ng 

t h • 

f oun da t i on o f r e i n f or c e d c one r Pt e o f 1 2 - 

i n ch s t i eno t h ; 

foundaLion f rein forced concrete of 1$ - inch 

strength ; and 

founda tion of rein forced concrete of 24 - inch streng th . 

c . Li nes b urried in tr ie roun d ; 

drainage pipes of clay , earthenware , etc . 

Iron as an d wtter pipe lines. 

At half distance the lines enu iera ted in c wo . 

ld be assumed as 

dest o- e . 

Th p de l aYS at which the fuses f th e ]isted bombs vrould ha ve 

to be set are the same as those shown in Tables 14 an d 16 . 

Because of th e ci compression and shifting of the ground , 

pipe lires would be sub , 

jected to 

flexural and t nsil e stress. If 



- 3 - 

t he c on s t r uc t i o n ma t e r i a l xa s r i t t l e , 

br ea iss wo ul d a ppea r 

at branch lines even at rajor distan ces haL woul d be grea ter 

th an s bown on the respective ta bl e . 

Stee l pipes and electrical 

cables are , 

however , 

far more capabl e of resist-nce than th e 

a b ove-mentioned lin es and suffer less frora round blasts if they 

a r e i n pr o t e c t i v e c o ve r s uia de o f c e r a rni c a t e r i a l s . 

On y t h e 

ou t e r 

c o v e r s wo ul d br e ak . 

• 'the distances stated in Table 16 per tain to sandy soil . 

They 

shoul d be nultiplied Dy 1 . 

1 in case of chalky , 

by 1 . 

3 for loarny , 

by 1 . 

6 for loose and filled - in soil , and by 2 . U f or swampy ground . 

In taking thos e factors into consideration ,one must also calculate 

the drop altitude, 

f actors that correspond to the ground conditions 

m entioned in th e footnote to Table 13 . 

In •omparin the figurea s i lown on T a bl es 15 and 16 one arr ives 

at th e conclusion 

that the ground blast effect can be greater than 

th e air blast effect in the case of types of soil th a t can be easily 

moved . 

If bombs are filled with substitute explosives , such as 

aṃṃon ium nitrate , 

the effective rauge of ground blasts also is 

about 30 percent less tr . an 

for nornial explosives. Hi gh - performance 

explosives used as fillers are not suitable for producing ground 

blast effects b ecause of th e previously nen tioned reasons. 

Table 1 . 

The diffusion of underwater pressure differs from pro- 

Aag tion 

in the air or in porous ground , 

because water is practically 

impervious to 

compression . 

The effAct o f underwater bombs on ships 

is b ein examined in the section pertaining to the effect of bombs 

oa naval vess l s. 



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- a 5 - 

20 to 30 - mm armor plates. T anks could therefore be put out of 

cornmission 

by large multiol e -purpose bombs under certa i n circumstances 

. 

The gas pressur e ex erted by a hibh - explosive bomb detona ting 

n ar an armored vehicle h a d proved cuore e ff ctive in i niting th e 

amuunition , oil , and gasoline inside the vehicl e . 

Irl th e case af 

t h e Rus s i an T - 

j + , 

t h i s wa s a cl: i e v e d bỵ SC 50 0 bombs , 

i ; ni t e d by 

nondel a, y fuses , 

hitting at . 

0 - foot distances . 

• 

Illustration 21a : Stress Rebistance of Bombs ( 21b : Cate ories of uality } 

_ _ _._ ______ 

This illustration conveys a general idea of the the i tpact stress 

resistance of various explosive bo:nbs dropped f rom high altitudes . 

Since the target consistency is of practically indefinite thickness , 

the i mpac t stress re i s tance o f bamb s is different from the pen e- 

tra ti ve power 

through a limited covPr given in Tables j and 5 f or 

' 

the respective catebories of bombs . 

rirst one h as to distingui s h 

b e t we e n t h e Ut r e s s pl a c e d on bor ba dr oppe d f r o :i 1 o }r l e v el s or h i g h 

altitudes upon 

their impact on hard dround . 

If the explosive charges 

ar e to be full , 

y efiective , 

bombs with fuses se c for delayed - action 

or time delays must be produced f is m cas ntis and fuse boxes that will 

remain intact . 

Th e bo ubs are essentially constructed for stress in the longitudinal 

ax i s , a ;ad t h e ma s s i ve po n t g i ve s t h etn a r el a t i v e l y r ea t s t r e s s 

resi s tance wb en 

they are dr opged from hi h altitudes , 

ilhen dropped 

in low- l evel attacks , 

the bombs are exposed to strong lateral 

s t r e s s and s t r a i n , 

i f t he y bo ui c e o f f an d i . 

n t he pr o c e 6s hi t 



, 

- 

6 - 

vertical ob jects such as co a n * t w a lls , construction worka made 

of steel , su ports or heavy ma chine parts . 

For this reason it 

is preferrable to use thick - walled rnultiple-purrose bom s rath er 

han thin high - explosive barabs against this tvp- f target . 

T : e high - e-plosive bombs weighing from 110 to 1 , 

100 lbs 

a r e s u f f i _ 

c i en t l y s o l i d f or be i ng dr oppe d f r orn h i g h a l t i t ude s on 

ordinary unprotected round targets and naval vessels , 

if delayed - 

- action fuses are used . 

Th e limit for tress res i stance for th e SC z50 , 

for instance , 

is 50 - mm structu •al steel 

or 4 00 - rn reinforced 

concrete f or 

quali ty I b ombs , 

30 - mm structural steel or 250 - mm 

r ein ^rced concrete for qualit • 

y II bor b s , and 20 - mm stee l or 150 - mm 

concrete for quality III . 

Th ese fi , ur es were obtained during tests 

Y i t h i s x Uo nbs a a i ns t s t e e l a nd c on cr e t e pl a t e s by s pe c i . a l 

• 

t e s t i ng pr o c e dur e s . 

In a t t a cks on s hi ps ozl e u us t a l - a ys us e onl y 

quality I hi , 

gh - explos i ve bombs . 

The impact s+rese resistance of the vario s bombs was currently 

t e s t e d upon e a c h d e l i v Pr y wh en s arapl e b o ubs rer e dr opp e d on r o oky 

g ound . 

nioh - explosive and multiple-purpose bombs were dropped 

on cha lk y groun d ( a t Muensingen with a b out 380 lbs per square . 

4" 

and at Foggia with about 1 , 

980 lbs per square . 4 " pr essure resi s tance ) 

a nd wi t h a r r or - pi er c i ng bombs on g r an i t e ( a t I i a n da l wi t b a bo ut I 

o , 

6u0 lbs per square 

. + ") . 

Durin these tests it was observed at 

i 

which 

drop altitude tie respective bomb caqes that were 

wi t h o» t f - es r e ma - 

i ne d i nt a c t . 

Th e t e s t s a l s o s e r v e d t o che c k t h e 

explosive filler as to its shock resistance. I11 usLra tion 24 a 



_ o ,,l _ 

th ere fore a l so shows the lir, ṭ ations of usin b ombs in moun t a inous 

terrain , 

if penetration in to covered ground is required for their 

effectiveness . A s 

the il • tration indica t es , 

the case of Lhe 

SC z 5 0 I ( Pqa nu f a c t i r er s ' s i g t J i ) r er a i n e d i nt a c t ap t o a dr o p 

a ltit ude of , 

UO feet S a o z hard chalky soil and up to 1b , 

7Q0 

feet on weathered chalky soil . 

Fron hi her altitudes , even trin i - 

. 

tro oluol (di ; it 1 + ) , 

th a t i s to say normal explos i ve matter , 

becomes spmntaneously inflammable . SC 250 I Ḻ cmbs filled aith 

105 

trichlorethylen e disinte rate even if dropped fro i ,altitudes of 

r• 

only 3 , 

300 - 

b , 

b00 feet onto hard chalk and from 6 , 6 00 - 9 , 

900 

feet onto softer chalk . 

The SC 250 

III (K ) disinte rates already 

frora al iitudes of only 3 , 

300 feet onto h ar d chalk an d from o , 250 

f e e t o nt o wea t he i•e d cha l ky r oc l s . 

The l a r b e e x pl o s i v e bombs SC 1 0 00 

and SC 2000 have less stress res -tance than the SC 250 nd SC 500 , 

_ 

and are therefore e uipped with acceleration fuses ( z8 )B . 

Th e SD 700A , which is uiade of si s cast steel , 

is less fi r© 

than the SC 250 I , which i s s taṃpe d out of one p i ece of steel . 

Fli gh - ex pl o s i ve a nd mul t i pl e - pur po s e bo mbs raus t i;h e r e f or e be dr o ppe d 

f ṛ om ' i bli al t i t ude s on t o La r d gr oun d wi t h nondel a y i us e s . 

The Sli 25U0 

(designated SC 2500 St in the illustration ) explodes 

its trichlorethylene filler from rinimum altitudes . F or this 

r e a s on , a ni . ni mum a l t i t de mus t be o F,s e i-ve d o ut o h d r d t ar ; e t s , 

i f 

l a r g e bo mbs a nd mi ue bombs ar e dr o ppe d ri t h n on- us hi one d i g h - 

performance explosive 

char es . Thi s a ltit ude shou d var , 

y from 1 , 

U00 

to , oJG eet . 

Th e PC 14U0 can Ue dropped ro up i:o 16 , 

00 feet 

if dropped 

ont o r =+ni t e , 

but wi l l ex pl o de f r om lii i e r a l t i t ude s . 

PD boar bs 

r -mained intact from any altitude . 



- a - 

Tabie . 

3: Depth of Penetration of Various iombs iu Sandy Soil 

( measure d iu feet and related to the point of the bomb} 

Drop SD 8® SC SC SC SD SD PC 

Altitude 70 250 500 10u0 2000 1000 1i00 1 + 00 

3 , 

300 5 • 

9 . 

5 11 . 

1 11 . 

8 19 . 

8 io . 

4 18 . 

1 19 . 

8 

6 , 

600 9 . 

6 11 . 

1 13 . 

7 14 . 

7 25 . 

7 23 . 

8 z3. 1 27 . 

1 

9 , 

900 11 . 

8 13 . 

3 16 . 

0 1 ; . + 3i . 

o z8 . 

i 27 . 

4 . 

34 . 

0 

13 , 

200 13 . 

? 15 . 

3 € 1 . 

0 35 • 

6 31 . 

7 3i . 

o 39 . 

6 

• 

16 , 

5 0 15 . 

3 ' ' 0 22 8 . 

39 6 . 

35 . 

0 34 . 

3 44 . 

9 

a 

i y 800 

20 6 . 

z4 . + 4z . 

9 38 . 

0 37 . 0 +g . 

5 

Footnote: This table i s b ase d oa Aand that has a com ressive 

_______ 

strength of about 440 lbs per . 

4 square iṇc h (2@0 kiloa 

per square centimeter ) ; in loamy soil of about 33 lbs per . 

4 

square inch 

(1 50 kilos per square centiaeter ) the figures 

indica ted ia the above table should be ©ultiplied by 

1 . 

5 . 

If th e aoil is chalky and has a co- ressive etrength 

of about 380 lb s ner . 4 square inch (400 kilos per square 

c ent . 

me t e r , 

t h e f i r e s s h o ul d be mul t i pl i e d by 0 . 

5 . 



_ R g _ 

T a bl e . 

4 : Cr a t e r t • e a s ur eme nt s Pr o duc e d b b i h - Es pl os _ 

v e Bombs 

with Delayed - Action Fuses (Th e figures pertain to 

i i . . . M 

normal - type explosives ard to sandy smil ) . 

(Measuremen ts are in Meters or 1Ieters ) 

Drop SC 50 SC 250 SC 00 SC 1000 SC 2000 

Altitude De* Di**C *** S e* Di**C *'* De* Di**C ;* De Di C «*De*Di **C **'` 

1 , 

000 1 . 

2 5 . 

6 2 . 

8 7 . 

3 . 

6 10 . 

5 4 . 

13 . 

2 5 . 

4 15 . 

0 

• 2 , 

o00 1 , 

6 6 . 

2 10 3 , 

0 3 . 

4 3 . 

; 10 . 

8 4 . 

6 1 + . 

6 , 

0 15 . 

4 

3 , 

000 1 . 

3 6 . 

0 3 . 

1 3 . 

6 6 3 . 

11 . 

4 4 . 

3 14 . 

2 6 . 

2 16 , 

0 

4 , 

000 1 . 

0 5 . 

2 2 . 

6 8 . 

2 . 

9 11 . 

6 138 4 , 

$ 14 , 

2 6 . 

4 16 . 

6 

5 , 

000 0 . 

7 7 . 

0 2 . 

4 7 . 

8 3 . 

b 11 . 

2 

. 0 1 +. 4 2' r 

b 4 . 

1 7 . 

2 

- 

6 , 000 0 , 5 4 . 

8 2 . 2 7 . 2 3 . 

4 10 . 

b 4 . 

8 13 . 0 6 . 

6 18 560 

. ___-. 

Fobtnote: D e "`- D epth of cra t er ( in meters } 

Di** - Diameter of crater (i n meters } 

cu b i 

C'"* * - Ca p a c i t y o f ' r a t e r ( i n a me t er s ) 

Th e largest crater capacity in each case is doublv urderscored -- 

lik e this -- and pertains to norral - type explosives and to 

san dy soil . 

Th e delaYs assumed for SC jU , 

SC 250 , and SC 50G bombs were 

0 . 

08 secon d ; for SC 1000 an d SC 2000 bomb s these delays were 0 . 

12 

of a second . 

However , 

the acceleration fuse inserted in the bomb 

i nited sooner upon impact on coverer3 ground . 

Th e crater measuremente 

of the t®o l ar e bambs -- SC 1000 and SC 2000 - could therefore be 

compared with those produced by smaller aliber bombs that were 

i tn i t e d w et h l e s s del a y . 



- y0 - 

Ta b l e l j : L? s t a n c e s f or i a cna e s Ca uSe d 'oy i r Pr e s s ur e Pr o du c e d 

Lỵ ḅ 0 1 6 c l o d e d wi t h . 

363 1'ion del a y r'us e s ( I n P • 

ie t e r s ) 

Dekx,e e o i 

I 7 a ma we 't o SC3 0 SC 2 3 v SC 300 SC l OGu SC 2 UGU Li u ì SL SC 

1 

13rick Struct IOOG z500 

. 

a . 

Complete 

destruction / j . 

1 . 

0 15 . 

4 l j . 

j . 

j 22 . 

u 23 0 . 

20 . 

0 

Irrepera ie 

Daraade y . 

5 i . 

20 . 

0 3 . 

0 U . 

O 2 . 

0 S . 

U 3; . 

l ern , or a r i l y 

Un i n 'n a 'ai t a bl e 1 3 . 

U j . 

u 2 o . 

U ti . 

4 4 . 

U 42 , 

0 4j , 

0 S 

. U 

% " tances 

o i Dama e s 

b . 

Fa r t i t i o ns + 0 1 'l 1 9 a 3 05 ` +2 5`+y 500 6 y 0 

a'Ji n do wpa r:e s 7b ? 3 2 `l `+ j 35 L5 7 b0 2 0 '" 6u 

c . 

i r i ck wa i l s 

5 i i ch i 4 ti . - 

2 db y9 1 - + 1 n 7 17 1 2 0 6 

i U i nc h :. 

7 2 2 33 + ? 1 u2 3 l Ul 

i 5 i nch . 

3 14 j 3 7 55 5y "l e 

d . 

ConcreLe 

walls 

b i ilc h . 

1 . 

5 n 1 7 2 1 24 2 7 3 0 

i 2 i nc h o . 

3 j 4 . 

j 7 . 

S 1G . 

J 12 1 3 1 5 

i o o t tl o e _ F o r t h e I i i h - e x Q:i o s i v e b c n b s i t wa s a s s u iae : t i l a t t i i e y tivo u l d 

b e f i l l e d ari t i : n o r ma l e :c p l o s i J e : a t t e r , 

. i . e r e a s t 'ri e li i ; h - 

c il a r b e b o mb s l o u l d ii a v e ii i h - p e r f o r wa r c e x p l o s i v e f i l l e r s . 

l h e " ma x i mum di s t a r: c e s " i n ci i c a t e d i n ` ' a : l c s 1 : , 

1 • , . 

. c ? i 

a r c i : . . . 

e :- ., 

•e e di s t a n c e s a t vr h i c l l s l i h ti d a rr la o e s we r e s t i l l 

c a us e d , 

i 

. e . 

t i :e raa x i r u m c 

. i s t a n c e s o f t h e r e s p e c t i v e b o : . = b s 

o t a i n e d i u t t d c i i t il e i n d i c a t e d t a r e t s . 



- 91 - 

" Table lb : Range of Dirt Blaat ffects with Delaved - Action Bombs 

(For normal 

explosives and sandy soil ; dista8ces 

m easured in me t ers ) . 

sD 7o sC c5o Sc 50o sC looo sc 200o sD looo SD17oo Fc 

Mi ni mum 

1 too 

Drop 2 , 

000 3 , 

G00 3 , 

000 3 , 

500 z , 

500 1 , 

500 Z , 

00o 1 , 

000 

Altitude m eteṛs m e ters meters 

metPrs q eLers netErs meters 

m gters 

a . 

De reP of 

Damage to 

• 

Brick S tr . 

Complete 

destruction 2 . 

9 5 . 

3 8 . 

j 14 6 , 

17 , 

0 ? . 

0 16 . 

0 9 . 

0 

Irreperable 

Dama g e S . 

b 1 0 , 

7 l o . 

g 2 t3 . 

2 3 4 , 

0 14 . 

0 3 2 . 

0 1 8 . 

Temporarily 

Un i nh a b i t a bl el 2 . 

2 1 7 . 

0 2 + . 

4 4 8 . 

8 6 0 . 

7 2 0 . 

0 5 + . 

0 2 6 . 

0 

Maximum Bang e 

for Damages 

b . 

Foundations 

Rr i ck 

• 

10 - 

inch 4 . 

3 0 . 

6 11 . 

0 13 . 

$ 10 . 

0 9 . 

5 14 . 

5 11 . 

5 

20 - inch 3 . 

6 7 . 

2 9 . 

4 1 2 . 

2 14 , 

0 8 . 

5 13 . 

0 10 . 

0 

30 - inch 3 . 

1 6 . 

6 8 . 

6 10 . 

4 12 . 

0 7 . 

5 11 . 

0 0 

Concrete 

6 - inch 4 . 

2 $ . 

0 11 . 

4 14 . 

4 17 . 

0 10 . 

0 36 . 

0 12 . 

0 

1Z - in ch 3 , 

4 7 • 

5 9 • 

5 12 . 

2 14 . 

0 3 . 

5 13 . 

0 10 . 

0 

18 - inch 2 . 

9 6 . 

6 8 . 

6 11 . 

0 3 . 

0 7 . 

5 2 . 

0 9 . 

0 

24 - nc h 2 6 5 3 . . 

7 8 . 

10 . 

2 12 . 

0 7 . 

0 

c . 

Lines under 

11 0 . 

8 . 

5 

Ground 

clay pipes 4 . 

9 9 . 

7 12 . 

2 14 . 

7 19 . 

5 11 . 

5 17 . 

5 12 . 

5 

iron pipes 3 . 

7 6 . 

1 7 . 

3 9 . 

7 11 . 

0 7 , 

0 10 . 

5 7 • 

5 

Footnote : The delavs used for SC 250 and SC 500 , 

SD 70 an d SD 1000 

wer e O . 

O S o f a s e c o nd ; For PC 1 t 00 - - p . 

l o f a s ec on d an d 

for SC 1000 , 

SC 2000 , an d SD 1700 -- 0. 12 of a second . 

Th e 

latter , 

however h , a d an accel era tion fuse that ignited a 

l i t t l e s o one r upon i mpa c t o n f i r rn g r o ur d . 



- 92 - 

Ta bl e 1 7 : t a n ;e f o r Li h t Da :aa e s I n f l i c t e d b r Un de r wa t e r Ex pl o s i ons 

o f Hi , 

h - Ex pl o s i v e L 

2 u l t i p l e - F ur p o s e , a nd Ar mor - Pi e r c i ng Bo mbs 

(Distances measured in ueters ) 

'largets SC j0 SC 270 SC 500 SC 1000 SC 2000 SD PC PC 

170G 1000 1 00 

a . 

3r i d ; e 

Foundation s 1 . 5 3 . 0 4 0 5 . . 

0 6 . 

0 5 • 

5 3 5 4 • • 

5 

b . 

ConcreLe 

Dams 2 . 

u + . 

5 5 • 

5 0 • 

5 7 • 

5 7 • 

0 5 . 

0 0 . 

0 

c . 

Na l l ed 

Dams ? • 

5 +• 5 ? • 

0 . 

0 11 . 

0 10 . 

0 6 0 7 5 . . 

• 

d . 

Locx 

ia tes j . 

5 8 . 

0 10 . 

3 13 . 

5 17 . 

0 15 . 

0 . 

0 11 . 

0 

e . 

Pi pe 

Lines 7 . 

0 1z . 

o 16 . 

7 z2 . 

o 3 . 

0 5 . 

0 13 . 

0 17 . 

5 

f . 

Unpr o- 

tected 

Vesse l s 

$ . 

0 20 . 

0 z6 . 

0 3E . 

0 45 . 

0 40 . 

0 22 . 

0 28 . 

0 

Footnote : The above fi ures are valid for normal explosive charges . 

If high - performance exrir 

' . e were used , 

these figures 

would have to be multiplieu by 1 . 

3 . 

The depth of the 

_ explosion has been assumed to be twice as great up to 

5 meters distance , equally reat at 1 r e ters distance , 

an d at leas t half as great as th e explosion raages for 

distances beyond 12 meters. 



- 93 - 

T a ble 18 : kange of "B ffective " F ragments of riultipleP urpose 

Bombs Aimed at Targets of Varying Res i stance in 

. 

Comparison with SD 10 's ( Rqeasured in reters ) . 

N um ber of 

Penetrations 

rPr Square 

' 

T • e t er o f Tar g e t SD SD SD SD SD SD 

Ar ea 10 50 i0 250 SOOA 1000A 

TJo . 

o f 

Fragments 

loo D* 0 2 . 9 . 9 5 . 0 5 . 5 5 $ . 

• 5o D* 0 3 . 

6 4 . 

6 7 . 0 . 

z 9 . 

0 

1 D` 0 . 

0 11 . 

0 1 . 

2 22 _ 

0 25 . 

0 

1 c * 5 17 . 

0 1 . 

2 2 . 

0 35 . 

0 + o . 

o 

1 B* 18 zo zz 33 44 56 

1 A* j 2 +5 60 ii0 05 

Footnote : The siRnigificauce of the letters with asteri s ks in 

th e second col»mn is as follows : 

. 

Tar et A ' -- 

live 

targets 

" B* -- light , 

inanima te tarbets ; 

" C* -- mediw n-resistance offeriug , 

inanị mate 

tar ets ; and 

" D* -- hesistant , 

i nima te targets. 

For Pxamples , see text on pp . 

34 - 

j . 

Th e most effective ca lib er bombs are underscored in the abov table. 



- +- 

Tabl e 19 : Times of Fall in Seconds at a Fli ht Sp eed of 250 

Mi l e s pe r io ur 

Drop 

ltitude 

N3eters 

Types of 8ombe 

AB , 

hC , 

EM , 

SB SC , 

SD SC , 

SD PC , 

PD 

NC , etc , 

j0 - 

500 1000 - 

20U0 

1 , 

000 15 . 

5 15 . 

0 1 . 

7 1 . 

b 1 . 

5 

2 , 

OOG 21 . 

9 21 . 

4 20 . 

9 20 . 

8 20 . 

7 

3 , 

000 27 . 

0 2b . 

25 • 

9 25 . 

7 25 • 

5 

4 , 

000 31 . 

2 0 . 

6 30 . 

1 29 . 

9 29 . 

7 

5 , 

Ou0 34 . 

34 • 

3 33 . 

>3 . 

6 33 . 

3 

6 , 

000 3o . u 3? . 

4 37 . 

2 37 . 

0 3b . 

o 

7 , 

Ooo 41 . + 40 . 

7 40 . 

3 +0 . 

1 39 . 

9 

' 



- ti 5 - 

Ta bl e 0 : 'r i f t Re a di n s i n Pe r c eiit a e of A1 i t u c i ES o f r a l l 

_ ___ .. 

f or Iii f f e r ei l t T y pe F of i omLs 

altit»de I I ` 

o f l r vP ; I 

(in ieet ) i 

, 

. 

, ! 

l a dUU A 

, , 

KC B'r1 , 

S SC , 

SD ` SC , 

SL YC , 

FD 

' TuG , :: t c 5U . - 

50 0 1 0 0 0 -- 

' 

ZOUG 

, 1 , _ i ._ - - _ 

, oo ! B , c 1i , s sc , sv sc , sv 

. j 

50 

' 

- 

>OU ' c8 FC , 

PIi 

; 

, o U0 ` A 

, ri C i sl i , 

S 

, C SL 

, 

SC , 

JL ' f 

Iyi , e t c . 

, 0 - 7 GU 1 u0 0 - 2 GJ 0 FD 

' 

; . 

, 

......_._ _ r 

, 

, 

• 

; 

, 

; 

, 

Fl i o h t f 

` 

S FEe ds { : 

, j 

( i n n i l e s ) ; i 

iyo 5 , 

. 

7 ! 5 6 . 

5 . 

5 7 . 

5 

i 

. 7 • ' 5• 4 5 • 

3 

, 

z5o ; 

1 . o ; : . . 7 : . 1 f b . 

; 7 . 

o b . 

3 

. - i j 1U 1 - - 

; - - 

. 1 . 3 _ . 

12 

, . 

i l b 10 . . 

10 . 

1 

_ _ 



- 96 - 

D . 

The Effect of 8omb s on Naval V esee ls 

Illustra tion 

22 : Comparison of the Various Types of Bombs 

_ .. 

Th e differences in th e results obtaiṇe d by high - explosive , 

armor-penetrating , and armor-piercing bowbB of the same caliber 

can best be illustrated by taking 

th e exanple of three different 

types of naval vessels. Ill ustration 22 shows three British war 

• 

ships which were beino attack ed with SC 1000 PC 1000 , , and PC 

1000RS bombs. Th e disrup ti ve strength v f th ese bombs has been 

establieh ed a fter test drope as capability to pen etratP 4 0 - mm , 

100 - mm , and 180 - rnm armored plate , respectivelg ; the quality of 

the armor was "Yh" with a t enBile 

streng th of about 220 lbs per 

square milimeter . 

The distances for 

the effectiveness of underwater 

explosions of near mi sses rere taken from reports on G erman Navy tests. 

Type of Ship & ttleship Old Battleship Heavy Cruiser 

Name of 8 hi p "Ne l s on " "Qu e e n El i z a h t h " "D ±r s pt s hi . 

r e " 

L aun c h e d i . 

n 1 92 5 1 91 3 92 9 

rlfei rh t ( i n r eg . 

t ons ) 33 , 

9 00 30 60 0 . 

9 9 7 5 , 

Crew ( io . of personn el ) 1 , 

320 1 150 , 

680 

Ma . x . 

Speed (in knots ) 23 5 . 

24 32 . 

2 

Length (in m ters ) 216 195 180 

width (in meters ) 32 . 

3 31 . 

7 20 

Draugrt (in meters ) . 

l 9 • 

3 5 • 

2 

Sur face of Deck (in squ . m ) 5 200 , 

4 500 , 

2 , 

800 

Horizontal Protection 30+10+159 Z5+37+51 mm 20+10+ 3U (?6? ) 

Equiva l ent Deck * 170 85 40 (80?) - 

t9x +o 6 . cm L45 

( S x33 . 

lcm L42 8 x 10 . 

2cm L4 

12x15cm L50 12 x 11 4 , cm L40 

(6 x 12cm L40 

Footnote : Th e "Equivalen t Deck*" has been calculated according to the 

- i s f or mul a o f dP Mar r e f r om r e s i s t a nc ep f a c t o rs o f t h e 

various decks . 



_ y _ 

In illustrd ti on 2z th e "e fective tar et surface" offered by any 

ship to a specific boiub is indicated in percenta es of the surface 

of the deck . 

The effective target surface is a composite fi ure 

of deck and tar et surtace , 

the latter extending all around th e 

ship lik e a b elt . 

One sin le hit of the proper bomb can produce 

t h e s i nki u o f the a t t a c i e d ve s s e l . 

The 'bffective tar et surface" is simultaneously a means of 

S 

m easuring the vulnerability of a s hip to a specific bomb . 

I'h e 

objective plane around th e s hi p is al so desi6na ted " en lar ed tar ;et , . 

" 

Th e ni g S ? T4 Y Y 

_ 

xft x cgs g i n I l l us t r a t i o n 2 2 i a r e - 

' e ffective targ et areas" o f the s h ips 

s ho w» i n r e r c o l o r a r, d d e s i ua t e t er e f o r e h e po i nt s wh er e t h e 

bomb would have to hit in order to sink 

tue snip with a direct 

hit or near aiss . A reas colored in reen indica te serious da:a e s , 

and , 

yel ow areas show 1i;h t dama . 

es . 

Several hits in tn e " enl aroed , reeṛ tar ; 

;et area" can also 

i 

pr o duc e a s i ni i ng , 

bu t 't lii s r e 5 u l t v i l l a epend l a r e l y ou t h e 

subdivisions of 

Lhe ship into waterti ii t parts separated by transv 

er s e Uul k ' ea ds an a l or ḥ i t udi na l b ul Eth ea ds . '1'hi s i s t h e raa i . 

n r ea s o n 

why warships frou cruisers on up should also be attacked with 

high - explosive uo nbs , even thou h the sinkin of suc h vessels by 

a sin l e hi h - explosive bamus , 

h.wever l arbe it u ay be , seems 

improb a ble . 

A bomb capable of penetration into a vessel vrill 

always be selected on 

th e basis of its capability to pierce the 

s zr on , 

e s t a r mor e d ; l a t e oti dec k o f th e ve s s e l . 

Si a c e li owe ver t n e • 

hor i z ont a l pr o t e c t i o n of cna j o r wa r s l-ii ps i s f or me d by s e ve r al 



, 

. _ 9g , _ - , 

decl s , 

- 

t he dr op al t i t ude vroul d hav e t o be s o hi $h that t he bomb i 

por t hi s 

c oul d r ea ch bel orr t he l owes ;t ar mor e d d eck be f or e i t e cp Z vde d . 

. 

pur pos e t h e r e8 i s t anc e o f f ®r e d bg ea ah i ndi vi d ia] de . ck 

i s c al e ul a t e d a c c or di ng t o de 'iaurr e ' s f o r mu l a f or pe ne t r a t i I 

ng ' 

_ • 

armor and theete figures are added up so that a so-call®d 

armor- 

i 

"e qui r al en t deck'1 v ṭ l . ue i s e s t abl i s he d f o r e ver y pro t a c t ed Fe s s l , 

' 

rhi ah i s i ndi cat e d 

. 

s epar a t e l y . 

- 

according to Ill ustration 22 th e "effeotiva targa , areas n 

aniount 

f or 

a. S 

_ 10 Q t o 3 percent f or the "Doreetshire " , - 

I 

, 

' 

0 p er c ent f or t h e 11Queen El jịzabe t h N 

, , as d 

. 

0 parc eat for the "Neleon" 

. 

b rP 

l t .., o 6 0 p er c e nt f or th e "Dor e e t shi r e " , • 

.` _ 

lb porcen t for the "Queea Eliza b eth , and 

. 

, 

0 p er c e n t f or t h e 11Ne l s o n" . 

c . 

PC 10 00B t o 2 7 per c ent f or t he "Dor s e t s ti r e " , 

26 percen t or the "Q ueea ]ị zabethn , and 

13 per c ent or t he "nel s on it . 

E va luation 

a . 

i 1 0 00 - - or il . 

y t he "Dor s e t s h i r e t wi l l be s e nk , a n d t ha t eta i ml , 

y - 

. 

t hr ou h t h e , 

e f f e c t o f ne a r mi s s e e . 

b . pC l OQO - - The over - al l ef f ec t on t h e "Dor s e t ahi r e n i s e mal l er 

. 

than by usit g SC 1000 , al though the PC 1400 won ld 

- 

pierce . 

the superstructure "Citadellen 4) at the 

. 

extreme thir , 

c o f its w i dth and open a ap in th e 

- , 

THIS PAGE DECLASSIFIED IAW EQ 12958


- 99 - 

outer wall of the ship . 

ihe " ueen Elizabeth" could be destro , 

yed by a 

direct hit in 

i t s a nununi t i on s ḳ r o otus . 

fi o we v e r , 

t he t ur r e t s pr o, e r , ri t h t he i r 

h ea vy guns an d th eir rockers ar, d gun nounts , offer insurmountable 

r es i s t a nc e t o a bo r b . 

Al t ?lo u; h t h ey vroul ci be c o np l e t e l y neu t r a l i z e d , 

t h e y :vo u l d p r o t e c t t h e i:r a a s f e r r o o ms a n d t h e a nmun i t i o n a t t h e ' 

un . 

The PC 1000 would also pen etra te the turret covers of the 

"Ne l son" , 

but not the arnor-plated deck ; tre effect of near . sses 

would be minor . 

On the other hand , 

th e high - ex plosive bomb would 

a t least cause li ht d ages under water . 

c . 

PC 1000 . 

The effective tar et area of he armor-piercin bom b is 

_ __._. 

f a r s t a l l e r t hai t h3 t o f t he SC 1 00 0 a n d PC1 0 0 0 . 

On the oth er hand , 

the "Ne l son" could be destroyed 

by hi t s i n t h e f or war d or r ea r a :amu;l i t i o n r ooms , an d 

t h e " ue e n 1' l i aa be t h " a l s o by hi t s i n t li e t ur r e t . 

The effective tar et drea would be rea ter 

than for 

t h e PC 1 0 0 0 . 

S unu a r y 

n th e as sum p tion th a t on ly bem bs wei h in 2 , 

2 00 pounds a re 

a k e n i n t o c o ns i d e r a t i o n , 

t h e ao s t e f f e c t i v e ne t li o d t o a t t a c k 

th e "D ors etsh ir e " wou ld b e by as i n h i h - ex plosi ve SC 1000 

b om b s , w h er ea s th e d es t r u cti on o f th e "l e l s on " cou l d b e ac hi eve d 


T H IS PAG E D EC LA SSIFIED IAW E 12958 

- loo - 

onl y by employing the arm or-piercin FC 1000RS bomb . 

Th e PC 

1000RS also has the greatest ch ances o f sinking the 

. 

"$ueen Elizabeth" , 

but its high penetrative szss 

capability of 

180 - mm armor-plate steel is not actually needed to deal a deathly 

blow to the ia cxpxmt old vessel that is so badly protected 

against bombs . 

Th e penetrative pow er of the PC 1000 , which i s 100 - mm , 

• 

is fully satisfactory for 

the "Queen Elizabeth't , excegt that the 

exp l osive char e of 352 lbs does not suffice to tear the ship apart . 

To destroy the innate strength 

of a warship , 

the bomb that penetrates 

below 

deck would have to contain a quantity of explos i ves 

equivalent to o . ol per thousand of the water displac®m ent . 

In 

the case of the " ueen El izabeth" thi s wou ld amount to 66 0 pounds , 

and for the "Dorsetshir e" some 220 lbs of explosives Would be needed . 

Th e armor-piercing PC 1400 an d PC 500 contain that much 

explos ve 

matter . 

The l a tter bomb rvould suffice , 

if it was ma de of ordinary 

nonalloy steel , 

in which case it would be desigaated SD 500B . 

(It 

is not to be conf use d rrith the SD 5a0A , which is a multiple-purpose 

bomb for achieving high fragmentation effpct . 

) 

To i xidcsx t explode tbe ammunition romms of a 

s hi p it is 

ufficien t to use an explosive charge of 11A - 220 lbs , according 

to experiencP factors . 

Th e PC 500RS and PD 500 can 

therefore aot 

be considered as standard bombs for this purpose since they contain 

orly 27 . 

5 and 63 . 

8 lbs of uplosives , respectivply . 

The PC 18®ORS , 

°-i t h i t e + 8 + l bs of compr es 6e d hi g h - pe r f ormanc e expl oe i ves , c or r s s ponds 

to th e PC 1400 vtith its 66 0 lbs of normal explosives , 

b»t when its 

iṃpac t resistan ce strength was tes t ed on a ranite surface , 

doubts 


TH IS PA G E D E CLA SSIFIED IA V E 12958 

- l ol - 

in the penetrative capability of the PC 1800 RS (then designated 

PC 1 600 because it was without a rocket attachm ent) arose; these 

'efici encies led to the withdrawa l f rom produc 'ion of this bomb 

(See Illustratioa 21a 1 . 

Table 23 : Extlosive Effect of Bombs ( See also Illustration 52 ) 

- 

The table contains 

figures concern ing the " ee f ective targe t 

areas " and the distanc es of near misses for all categories of 

• bombs tha t can possibly be employed for attacks on fl oating targets . 

I n d d i t i on t o t h e pr e v i ou s l y me n t i on e d Br i t i s h s h i ' is , 

t h e f ol l owi n g 

Ru s s i a n ve s e e l s Re r e t a k e n Ln t o c on s i d er a t i o +: 

Tyne of Ship Destroyer Fast Cruiser Old Battleship 

Na me o f Sh i p " S t r i lnị t e l n i " " Ki r ow" "Ga n g u t " 

L aunc hed in 1936 1 36 1911 

Weight (in reg . t ons ) 1 , 8 00 , 

800 23 , 

300 

Max . 

Speed (in knots ) 37 33 23 

' Len th (in metere ) 120 1 83 181 

S 

Wi th (in meters ) 12 1 $ 2b . 

5 

Draugh t (in meters ) -- 

6 • -- 

Surf ace o f Decks ( in sq met)1 , 

200 2 , 

700 3 , 

$00 

Hor i z o n t a l Pr o t e c t i on 1 0 + 1 0 r . m 1 0 e 1 U+5 0 n m 2 0+5 +7 6 mm 

Equiva l nt Deck 1 6 55 

85 

G uns ( calibers i n mm ) 4 130 9 180 1? 305 L 52 

16 11 . 

4 

* According to the arm or-piercir formula of De Marre . 

Evaluation . 

According to thi s table th e f ollowing caliber bombs , 

e c or l i ng i n d i v i du al ! i t s h a v e t h e gr ea t e s t cha n c e s o f s i n k i n g s h i p s : 

"Nelson" (? ) w ith PC 1000 RS -- 

13 percent ; 

"aueen Eliz . " (?) PC 1 +00 -- 4$ percent ; and 

"Dorsetshire"(? ) SD 1700 -- 152 percent . 



- 1 - 

i u e c o,npa r i s on wi t h s n;a l l e r t ol: b s we i ; ; hi ng l e s s t ha n 2 , 

20 0 l b s 

s h o ws , 

ho yve v er i , n t i e c a e o f t he "Ki r ow" t l a t t h e e f f e c t i v e 

o f 2 5 f:e r c en t 

tar ;et area f or SC y00 bombs conUists only cf "enlar;;ed tar et" 

because the yenetrative streng th of th e bou, b a oes not suffice to 

c r ack t l e hor i z o ut al pr o t e c t i o i . 

I n a ddi t i on , 

t he SC 5 U - SC 5 U0 

bombs employed abai nst navai tar ets are fill e d with tric?lorethylene 

which : as par ticularly strong pr essure effect under tivater 

• 

but is not suockproof . 

Th e SD 500D , which is filled w ith norral explosives, con tains 

far less explosives that the SC 500 an d can therefore sink cruisers 

onl y by di r e c t hi t , 

f o r wh i c h pur po s e r o :ve ve r t h e bor b ha s an 

effective target surface of 50 percent at its disposal . 

The SD 5008 can 

therefore be considered as the rroper type of 

bo nb a nd t h e pr o r e r c al i ber f o r a t t a c ks on c r ui s e r s di s , l ac i ng 

. 

from , OOG t o 10 , 

000 tons , aud also for an attacis on the "Dorset - 

^hi r e " , n;a i n l y be ca us e t l e t hi c k e s 5 o f i h e a r c;or - pl a t i n ; pr o t e c t i i g 

the ammunition rooms or . 

tuis ship is not reliable , msasurin only 

6 Lun . • 

ìhe circumstances ar e reversed in tne case of destroyers . 

Th e 

SD 70 ,vould h ave an 

e ff ect ive taro et area of 0 percent if it 

s c or dd a cii r e c t i t , s o t ha t e v er y li i t s c or e d an y wl re r e on boa r d 

s hi p Px c e pt i:h e f or wa r d ; n d ex t r e ue r e a r wou l d l ea d t o a s i r i n . 

owever , artime experieuce has s h ouvn 

tha t destroyers are very 

maneuverable . 

For this reason it is best co a ttack them with SC 250 's 

;vhose e ff ec ti ve ran e un der water is considerable because of th e 

relatively weak hull protecting tne delicate en ;ine mechanism of 

destroyer-. F roru a tactical viewpoint one musc also coiisider cuat 



- 103 - 

, 

bombers operate most effectively when loaded with bombs wei hiṇg 

from 550 to 1 , 

1U0 1bs . F or space reasons i t is not possible to 

fully load aircra ft with small^r caliber bombs, and loading them 

with very h eavy bombs usua ll y reduces their range If . 

the SC Z000 

i 

exploded near the side of the " uEen Elizabeth" -- by accident -- 

it would have the same e ff ective target area ae 

th e PC 1000 hitting 

the deck 

of that s hi p . 

Th e SD 1?00 , 

however , would prob R l y succeed 

• 

i n pene trating this same s hi p dvwn to the lower arrnor-plated deck . 

As explained in the first part of this study in the section 

dea li ṇb with genera l prin cipl es overn i ug a ttacks on naval targeta , 

large warships should always be atta c: ed simultaseously with 'igh - 

explosive and e rmor-piercir bombs in 

order to produce dama es 

below th e wa ter line with the hi h explosives . 

In a ttacks on nodern battleships and large aircraft carri ers 

i t was u su a ll y aas t a ppropr i a te to em pl oy SC 2 000 bom b s an d d rop 

th em ei th er fr om h igh a l ti tu des or , 

if cir cums t an c -s p ermi tted , 

i n l ow - l e ve l a tt a ck s or su rpri s e g l id es ou t of low cl ou d s . 

Th e 

SC lo oo is v f su ffici en t effec t aga ins t crui s er s . 

Th e S D 1 700 

as u sed wh en th e poss ibili ty ex i s t e d th a t on e cou l d p en e t ra t e 

d e eper i n t o th e s h ip as w i th a n SC 2000 , 

tha t i s t o say eBp ec ia ll y 

in th e ca s e of th e ol d er type ba ttle sh ips an d a ir cr a ft carri er s 

u p to 2 5 , 0 00 - t on d i sp l a cem en t . 

iow ever , a rm or -pi er c in g b ombs wo d 

b e p r e f e r r a b l e f o r a t t a c ks o n a r mo r - pl a t e d s h i ps ; t h e y ro u l d h a v e 

to form t wo- th i rds of th e an mu n i ti on employ e d , wh il e th e res t w ou l d 

b e airc rA ft tor pe do es and h i g h - exp l os i v e b omb s . 

far tim e exper i en ce 

ha s s h ow n th a t th e sm a ll an d m edium hi g h - exp l os i ve b om b s h a d l i ttl e 

A 



- 104 - 

e f f e c t ou oa t t l e s h i ps . 

Th e o l d R us s i an ba t t l es h i N "Oang u t " :na d 

s ur v i v e d nu:aer o us h i t s by SC 2 5 0 a ud SC5 0 0 G04lbs f i l l ed ni t h nor raa l 

explosives without h av iua su ff ered any dpparent ma j or damades . 

A fter 

a P'C l uOU h i t i 

s 

de c , 

trowe v e r , 

t h e s Li p s a ilk . 

e wou l d hav e be e n 

c ompl e t el y de s t r oy e d , 

]ia d i ic s h e be en l i t b y a FC 1 + uU . 

Ev en t ti o ug h 

t h e 's"C 1 Ot7RS wo ul d ha v e : or e chan c e s t o s i u t h e "+u e en El i z a b e t h " 

t hau t lie PC 1 t0 U Lomt 

, 

i Ls 1,e ne Lr a Li e i: o wer wo ul 'a no i b e f ul l y 

_ us ed be c a us e o i i i s =•r a t e r . ve i b•r t . 

Th e mo de r n I t a i i a n ba t t l e s n:i p 

"Roma " , Ni ,o s e [ c c i z c ac s d ia i i c e cis wa s pr o t e c t e d by 12 7 - mrn o f 

a r mo r l a t i n ; wa s s un l: by a di r e c z hi t . 

I t s : o ul d be s pe c i al l y 

me nt i one a t r , a t a l l SC , 

SD , an d PC bowus s ;i oul u be e qui ppe d rri t h 

h e a d r i n s f o r hi i - a l t i t ude a t t a cks o n s ii i ps ; t;l .e i r met lao d o f 

o laer a t i on can be s e en i n i l l us t r a t i on 4 l . 

li i ; li- ex l l os i v e bombs 

• us e u f or l o w - l e v e l a t t a c ks s :ro ui be e qui pe d , ri t h bounc e di s s . 

Iable 4 ; Penetration yer formances 

Th e t a i:i s t i c s o n t h i s t a b l e s h o : r ;t h a i t h e 4l o rsz o ri t a l pr o t e c t i o n 

o f c a j o r wa r fi h ps a n d t h e rno s t e f f e c t i v e t y p e s f b o m b s f o a t t a c k 

o f s p e c i f i c s h i p s . 

Th e a r uo r - p i e r c i ii ; F D 1 0 'v a n d FD 2 j U0 X b o mb s , 

Lh e l a tter con troll e d froca th e rear , r r e u sed a a in s t n ew sh ips 

i n t r o du c Pd d ur i n t h e wa r z . 

I n a d d t i o r 

t o t i e o o ui h s t h a t r e r e :Ji t h - 

d r a wu i r o m pr o uu c t i o n a n d t h a t h a v e a 1 r e a d y 'r, e e r ae u t i o n e d , 

t h e 

FL l OUV sva s r e p l a c e d by t h e S D 1 0 0 0 A bo b w i i c h c o u l d b e u s e d f o r 

u o r e o e n e r a l p ur p o s e s a Ci ci y111 . 

Ch wa z Lla l u f a Ct ur e d f r o m n o n a l l o y 



- l 05 - 

s t e el an d c o nt a i n e d mo r e ex pl o : i ve s t l.an t l le f or me r . 

Th e max i mum 

l . enetrative power inaicated in the colu:n head "S " in that table , 

the bomb proper would remain intact under a11 circurstances . A $ 

to the number oi hits 

tha t were actua ll y reedeu for sink in a 

ertain warship , 

th e data callected in aii thaaters of war provide 

a certain amount of informa ti on . 

• 

Th e f a c t or a f ho r ma ny t ons o f wa rs iii p di s pl a c ement ( we i h t 

an d •°a t e r di s pl a c ement ) c oul d be s unk i n a ṇ a v e r a ; e w i t h on e t on 

. 

ot ammunition tiat hit the t arge t vras i o be esta bli sh e d . 

For 

this purpose th e ammunition was ca l c •lated accordin to 

t h e f ol l o uui n ; we i gh t c a t eg or i e s : 

Gr ena de s 2 0 0 - mm - - 

2 0 l bs ; 2 u - nm - - 

c b0 l bs , 

4 00 - rar i - - 2 , 

2 0 0 l bs . 

Bonbs : accordin to their c libera which indicated their weights , 

with out differentiatin between t'r . eir charges . 

To r pe do e s : ' + - 5 o - rarn - - 

2 , 

2 00 l bs ; 54U - mrn - - Z7 

, 5 20 l b s ; 6 10 - m - - 

+ , 

40 0 l b s ; c j pe r c e n c :: o r e i o r t o r pecio es r i t h 

di s t an c e ni s t ol s . 

Flod ti ng Miu es : 2 , Z00 lb s. 

Results 

Battleshi as : alto;ether 15 ships with an avera ;e a e of 17 years 

were incor ,orated in the table . 

rith 1 ton of bombs or grenades , 

uuu ons (u sl:ips ) were sunk ; 

F i t h 1 t on of t o r pe do e s a , 

5 0 t o ns ( ; s h i ps } we r t s unk . 

A ccordingly , 

the modern Lattleship "Kin , 

; eor_P V" , 

displ ac in - 

3 5 , 

OU0 t o ns , c oul d no ti be s unk unl es s h i . 

cli r e c t l y b ; 4 PD 1 0 0 0 

bombs or 4 hits scored by dircra ft torpedoes. 


TH IS PA G E D E CLA SSIFIED IAW E Q 129 8 

- o - 

Ai r c r a f t Ca r r i e r l i:o ; 

; e t h e r l c a i r c r r i i ca r r i e r s , : v e r a i n c 

y ca r s of a ;e , lre r e . 

n c l u d e d i il t h e s ca t i :; t i c s . 

Cn e t o r, o l , omba c o ul d : i r x l j , 

u u t ora ( i i p s ) , wi i l e 1 ' co ii 

0 1 ti o r p e a o es Ua nk 'i , 

l U t oi. (1 1 : t1l ps ) . 

n a _ r r a f t c a r r i e r o i t;i e t r i . 

i ;:i " i a uo 7ri hl e " s i e ivo ul d La e r e- 

f or e h a v e t o r e c e i vt t t ro u i r e c z i i t o f Sv 1 U0 or 3 a i r cr a f t 

:c r p e d o Yii t s L•e i'o r e i t vro u l d s i nk . 

i ii i s h o tiv t h e vu l u er•a bi l i t y 

• 

o f t n i ;; i:y pe o z ve s s el t o bou,'os , e v e n i f t iit ; h i p a r e r: ocier n . 

C x u i U e r s : I irc l u c e u i l t i e s t a t i s t i c : ,r r E j : : i y s , :a i n i v Yi e a v y 

c r u i s e r s , '.r i i o s e a v e r a ; 

; e a ; e 'rra s '1 '1 y e a r s . 

: i t :. 1 t o n Ot L' G21LS o r 

, r e n a d e s 

, o UJ c o zis ( 1 C s h i p s ) r, e r e s u z x , 

tiv n i l e 1 t o u o i t o r p e d o z : s a n k 

, j 5 U t o n :; a , i } s ) . 

TLe " y o r s e t : h i r e " c u1 1 t il er e f c --i: :°a v n e d e a . 

t o r e c ei vc Y . 

• 

d i r e c t h i t s o i Sli 5G0 B o r 4 t or F e d o c s o f + U - rnr e 3 c h 'c e f or e . 

t 

ro a l d s i ilx . 

h e r e a t er ca p a k i . 

l i t y o f c r u i s e r s t o r es i s t :i i t s a b ove a n d 

p a r t i cu i a r l y b e l o,d t h e :ṟa t e r l i n e wa s j r oLa Ul y Lo b e a t i r i b u t e d t o 

't;il e f a r l es s e r a v e r a ; e a e o f t a e c r u i s er s t Ỵ . 

n t hd t o f t r . e 

b a t l e h i p 5 . 

1' i e o v e r - a l l 

, a v e r a o e f i ; u r e s f a r a l l i s l i ,s t o ; e t li e r a r e : 

'JJi t l i t o n o f b o nb s o r r n a i e s 

, ' , ` t o i 


- 07 - 

Tabl e z3 : "E ff ective Tarbet Area " i n Fercentages o ' the lecb 

of Various Ǹarsaipb for All iypes of Bombs 

( Distances in Pieters 

"Stremiteliiij" "Kirow" "Ganout" 

Types of 

Boubs a . 

b , c . 

d . a . 

b . c . 

d . a , 

b , c . 

d . 

SD 7G u 3 - 

80 5 - - - 3 - - - 

sc 250 15 5 3 120 8 3 - - 

5 - - - 

sc 500 } 26 10 5 163 iz 3 3 25 l0 3 - - 

SD 5 0 0B 1 2 } 2 y G b 2 - 

6 2 - - 

- " D orsetshire" " ueen Elizabeth" "Tlelson" 

Ty pe s o f 

Bombs a . 

b . c , 

d . a . 

b , c . 

d . a , 

b , c . 

d . 

sc looo l0 7 . 

5 4 . 

5 3 1z . 

5 5 . 

5 - - 11 . 

o Y . 

5 - - 

pc l oo0 12 4 . 

o z . 

5 60 3 . 

0 - - 16 S . 

o - - - 

r c l ooor 9 - - z 7 - - - 26 

- - - i 3 

PC 1400 5 5 3 125 11 . 

5 5 - 

40 l0 4 

- - 

sD 1700 20 8 5 152 16 . 

5 u . 

5 - 31 15 5 - - 

S 

SC 2000 24 10 6 100 20 3 j ?0 17 b 

- - 

PC 18ooRS 15 5 3 125 12 6 

- 57 12 5 - 13 

Footnote : a . d es i gna tes dist ance for libht atflages ; 

b . 

designates 'istance f or heavy da:ages ; 

c , 

designates c ii s tances ior 5 i nking ; and 

d i . s th e " ef fective tar e t a r ea 't for s i nk ing an d i s ix 

ex pr ess ed in oercen t dg eb o f tb ẹ deck sur fa ce o f th e 

corr esp on ding sh ip . `1'h e effe c cive ta r et ar ea i s a 

c o mpo s i t e f i ;u r e d e r i v e d f r o ; t u e s u r f a c e o f t h e d e c k 

+ For the effect produo ed b , 

y the SC 500I on Russian shius , see 

the illustration io . 52 . Th e data given with redard t o the ' ueen 

Eliza b eth" are also va lid f or 

the "Ganbut . 

't The most effective bomb 

i s t h e t C 1 40 0 . 



- io 8 - 

pl us t h e s t r i p a l on ; ; t lze c en t r al pa r t o f t he s lii p wll e r e a nea r - 

miss produced a s_nk ị ng , 

if it occurs imm ediately on 

the s id c: of 

t h e s hi :. 

Th e "effective tar? et ar ea" is underscored in 

the case ol' 

the nost effeetivc bombs showU in the taUle . 

The rlistances and 

e f f e c t i v e t ag e t - r e a i i ;ur e s a r e p r a c t i c a l l f t he s arne f or t he 

"Dorsetshire" and the "Kirow" , an d the tue raost suitable botb 

• for this type of ship is the SD 00 3 . 

• 



- 1Qy - 

Table 24 : Horizontal Protection of LarBe farships , 

Bombs 

C a p a bl e o f Pe n e r a t i n , a n d lii n i mur Dr op Le v e l s 

Sh i p s 

Th i c kn e s s o f 

b omb , 5 

Dr o p 

Armor- Fl ate 

Level 

o f De ck ( ) i n 1 UUU , 

I ie t er s 

Ob s er va t i ons 

"Dorsetsh:ịre " 2G +10+3G(i6)* SD 50G B e0 2 . 

0 i i h - level 

10 , 

000 tons equiv . +5 (00) lSD lOuJA aG 1 . 

5) or dive 

"Furious" 20+5+ j +70 SD lOUJA G 1 . 

3 " " 

Z2 , 

70 tons equ i v, 0 0 

• " ueen Eliz . 

" 2j+37+51 PC 1 + 00 13u l . 

b " " 

30 , 

600 tons equiv . 

j 

" Dunk e r qu e " 2 0 +i c +1 2 3 + j 0 

( PC 1 Gv ORS i 3 0 1 2 . 

Di vi n g 

20 . 


ldu PC 14u0 130 4 2 . a ttack 

"lvelson" 

3U+10+15) 

( PC lUOURS 1 0 1 2 . 

Divin 

3 3 , 

y0 o t on s e c ui v . 

1 70 Py 1 J U0 1 t30 4 . 

5 a t t a c k 

Mo d er n ii ea vy 3 0 +10 + 4 u SD j UOB 0 2 . 

3 Ni ; h - l e v el 

Cruiser equiv . 6 5 or dive 

10 , 

000 tons 

r2odern British lO+jU+l0+1b0 

( PC 1000 5 l 00 l z . 

Diving 

Battleship equiv . 175 PD 1U00 1 G + 7 . a ttack 

5 000 , 

tons 

• 

rlo de r r. 

Br i t i s h 1 0 + 1 0 +2 3 +1 0 + i 0 a D 1 J OOA 0 1 . 

7 Bi Uh - 

l e v el 

Aircraft Carrier +50 -- equiv , or dive 

23 Ov0 , 

tons to 0 

rioder : . wer i ca u l 0 + 1 fi 0 + 5Q 

( PD 1 7UU l i j . 

2 

3a t t e sh} p e ui v . 

J F6 PC 1b00 1 0 4 _ . 

0 

3 , 

a o 

"Van uard" io + 15?+125 PD 230UX 23u 3 . 

9 ) 

Armor- 

42 , 

500 tons ecuiv . 230 ) piercin 

bomb with 

"Iowa " 10 +190 + 11 + Pv 25UOX 230 4 . 

3 rear control 

2 , 


251 

) 

s 

Th e +Dorsetshir e" apparentiy haa 76 - n armor rla tes above the 

a ccimun i t i on r o oms , 9h i l e t h e r e s t o f t h e a r rsor - p l a t i . 

n ; o f i t s 

deck was only 30 - m- +nick . 



- 

11 - 

r'c o t no t e : Th e da t a on a r or - pi a t e t : i ci`ne s s o z de cks we r e 

; i v e u b , 

y t he : a v y . 

rh e Pqui va l en t de ck cl i e kue s s ra s c l c ul a t e d a c c or i n 

t o t Yi e " or mul a Uy d - 'iti a r r e . 

Th e u x i mum t l, i c x n e s s o f t il e d e c x i s e s t a Ll i s h e d 

a ccor c ii n ; o ih e ca iib er o f b ,m b s us ed an d th e typ es 

OI COI11 i S , 

Th e e qu i va l eii t de ck t h i c cr es s e Le r i n es cii e dr op 

l e ve l o f t ile r es e c t i v t arnU . 

"S ' i s t h e r a i mum r e n e t r a t i v e p e r f o r ma n c e e x ;r e s s e ti 

i u r i l : i u e i e r s o z a r mo r - l t e s t e e l i o r e a c h 

r e s p e c t i v e b o : b . 

• 



- - 

I V . 

Ta r e t Re c o r ds f or Bor bi no Ope r a t i o i s 

Iii the followiil; tar;et records only da a conc rnino the use 

of eY losive and incendiary bombs as we]1 as aircraft torpedoes 

ar e i n c l ude d . 

Th e us e o f a e r i a l rai ne s a nd ch ecni c a l bo: bs i s 

overned bỵ spec ial f, l ans or ex ecuted upon special or ers . 

Unless 

t h e i r empl o yr e n t i s s pe c i a l l y o r cie r e ci f or a ma j o r o pe ra t i on , 

t h e 

• 

us e o f s mok e bor bs , 

f l a r e bombs , s ur pl y Uoc Ls , ai d a i r - d e a r e s c ue 

bombs , e t c . , 

i s c ou t r ol 'l e d b y L e f i e i d f o r s . 

On th e otuer hand , 

the use of nose rods ( distance rods and 

tu b es ) ior aondelay fuses of multiple-purpose bom'os is once a ;a i n 

men t i on e d ; t he y we r P us e d t o i cupr o v e h e f r a ; ; ie n t a t i oa e f f e c t o f 

bombs ciropped into Li n snoav layers on the bround . 

Insof ar a 

th e 

,omb s us pe ns i on . : o ul :: pe r mi t , 

f us e ( j )A ui ch rue t r a ne c ont a c t tiya 5 

used for horizontally suspended bombs . 

T'he fra menta tion effect of 

SD 1 t o SD l j Lnmbs uo ul d b e r ea ti l y r e duc e d by i l i o k: s now . 

I f 

a usoluteiy ue ssary , one couid use t :e s aallest caliber SD 1 

w i th l a ro e dr op con ta i rers i n o rder to scor e cii r ec t n i ts for e f f ec t . 

VJh e n e v e r a v a i l a bl e , o n c- : h o u i d u s e Li1e a D L 'l e l b o b . 

`rh e tar ;e t re cords ar e su bd i vi a e d a ccor d i li to ro un d an d 

n a v a l t a r o e t s . 

i `:n Ey c o a i s t o f t a i . ;l e s f o r v d r i o us t : r ; e t s , 

i n w,: i c h 

ti e m ost e fz ec tive bo1 U S an d fuses are ind i ated a ccordin to th e 

t y p e o f a t t a c k i a an c h e d . 

Th e b o r Ḻ s , 

f u s e s , a r. d t y p e o f i a i t i o n 

ar e i nc i c a t e d . 

by a bbr e vi a t ed s y sbo l s . 

Tue ur o ; 1 Gv e l s I or t h e d i f f c r e.rt i y p e s o i r e l e a s e a r e a s f o l l ows : 



- - 

Lo w- l r vei : ae :e ndi n o i t h e t e r r•a i rl , 

but no hi o k ler t hau j j 0 f e e t ; 

above opeii ra ii roa d 

t racks aud a ains t poi n t tar ets 

at ieast 3 feat above rcund ; a;ainst . 

hips aL rnast 

l e v e l . 

High Al titude : avera5e drop level o , 

60v :0 1 , 

U0 feet ; 

h i ; , h er dr o l e v e l s a b o v e 16 , 

j 0 f e e t . 

Di ve : fix ed a t 4 , 

Ou0 ieet rel eas e a l tit ude far rock et - pr oneil ed 

a r mo r - p i e r c i n ; b o ru b s , vri t h a m i u i muru a n l e o f r i 0 ° t o wa r d 

th e tra j ector y l i n e . 

Aoainst unpro tected tar ets or if underwater explosiou by 

mine bombs is in tended , 

the release ; lti ' tude should b e 

I , 

650 feet with an approxinate anole of j0 ° , 

Th e l as t c ol umu o f ta e t ar e t r e c or ds s h ows t i-:e mos t f a vor a bl e 

r a t i o o f ex pl o s i ve t o i nc endi a i•y vortlbs xi t h t he r e s pe c t i v e quan t i t i e s 

of each to be used abainst ground tar ets that are to be attacxed . 

A . 

Gr o ur . 

d TBr g e t s . 

Gei er al 

Th er e i s a r ea t di ff er ence i n th e e ff --ct pr o du ce d b y Ḻ om b s 

dr o p p e d o n po i n t t a r ;e t s t h a t d r e u o s t l y pr o t e c t e d o r rna s s i v e l y 

con str uc te d an d ar ea tarb ets th a t ff er r e l a ti ve l y li ttl e 

r es i s t an ce . 

The followin ; data ::ust be available for 

Lh e preparation of 

a bombin ; ogeration : 

1 . 

Ty pe o f c ons t r uc t i oir , cne a s ur ei e nt s , a nd s t r e s s r e s i s t a nc e o f t h e 

taroet , alid par ticularly importan t f ac ilities located in the 

tar et 

a , 

r ea . 

. 

Si z e o f t he t ar ; e t a r, d ui s t r i but i or, o f l a c i l i t i e s i n t he t ar e t a r ea . 



- i ; - 

3 . 

Exact knowledbe of the Rffect of explosive an d incendiary 

bombs of various 

types and di fferent fuses on th e individual 

rarts of tne taraet , as related to effective tiis tances . 

t ha t c ou ] _ d b e 

4 . 

Es t i cna t e o f t he s uc c e s s l , a c h i e ve d i n dr op pi n ma ny s ma l l bombs 

or 

fewer l arde ones over the entire taroet surface n contrast 

to a° m n a 

ton very lar e bomb on the moAt signi ficant parts 

of the tar et . 

_ Th e empl o yment o f bo nbs wi l l a l s o de pend on t 1 e nu,nb ei• o f 

a i r c r a f t a va i l a bl e an d t h ei r l oa di ng a pa c i t y , 

t h e a va i l a i 

ị t y 

o f l t he mo s t e f f e c t i v e bombs an d f us e s , 

t he t ra i n i u s t a t us o f 

t h e c r ews , 

t h e e ne cny de f ens e s , a nd t h e we a he r c ondi t i on s ( c l o ud 

level ) . 

In indicating the most sui table bombs , 

the point of departure 

' 

was 

the nrevious l y men tioned principle to first name the type 

most like l y 

of bomb that would , 

destroy the respective target . 

Th e other bombs 

are li sted in accordauce rith 

tueir effectiveness to produce fi res 

or dama es b , 

y pressure or 

fragm entation , ana finxlly th e nuisancefuse 

bombs are mentioned . 

The drop level , 

ho:ever , 

determiues the impact velocity and 

the sc -tter area of bombs and aerial delivery containers , and ruust 

t he r e f or e b e con s i de r e d i n c onne c t i on tivi t h t i e bomb ar, d t h e f us e . 

For low altitudes one cailnot always use the gmallest effective 

boc b . 

Be c a us e o f t h e a r e a t er a c c ura cy a nd t he a nyh ow s raa l l i mpa c t 



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- 

115 - 

b . 

Po war s t a t i ons a r e aruor ; t h e mo s t vi t al t ar o e t s on l a nd . 

Yo 

oth er bomb hit disrupts the eni:ire operation of an insta la ion 

as much as the neutra li zation of a power s tati on . 

c . 

Lock ates and pumps are tne most vulnerable parts of a dock . 

Especially wh en the lock is empty , a hit score d on 

these parts 

is more important than on the ship proper . 

Pumpin stations are 

usua ll g protected by concrete . 

Dock insta ll atiors above round 

should be atta cked like poiver stations . 

d . 

Floatin drydacks that have been xrecxed carino t be used ior 

repairing ships tha t have been dama ea below the wa ter line . 

Targ ets of secondary importance within a naval base are work - 

shops near docks , aso li ne cituups , cranes , railroad ins talla 'tione , 

warehouses , an d quarters for personn el . 

Fuses and bombs f oY• air attacks on the aLove-mentioned tar ;ets 

should b e selected according to the importance of tl e respective 

targ et . 

burning asoline facilities mi ht form a protective smoke 

cover above the ma i n 

tar et poin ts. 

' 

B . 

Na va l T a r ; e t s 

The basic inforration has been iven in the preceding text . 

I n : e l . 

e c t i n borabs a nd i us e s f or o pe r a t i ons di r e c t e d at; a i ns t 

ships the followind points must e tak en into serious consideration 

1 . 

Th e fli ht altitude and drop level ; 

" . 

Th e type of ship to be a ttacxed ; 



- l l t - 

3 . 

Th e armor-platin ; 

4 . 

Ths possibili ty of sinkino the vessel with on e hit or more 

a s cvel l a s Lhe amo un t o f dau a e c a us e d ; 

5 . 

Th e c ha nc es o f s c or i n ; hi t s ; 

o . 

Th e bomb pa y l o ad c a pa bi l i t y o f t 'r e ai r c r a f t ; 

7 Th . e n e e d t o ne ut r a ] i . 

z e t h e a i a[ 

° x ° i i s s l y s a l l - ca l i b er 

bombs or a i rcraft weapons before th e rincipal attack which 

is supposed to be carried out xiti laroe bombs and torpedoes . 

$ . 

If th e available forces are insufficient to score a sinki ng , 

a r e duc t i on i n t i: e s pe e d o f t he e ., em , 

y v es s e l may be c ons i de r e d 

as a success because it caa thus be made an easy prey of 

f r i e ndl y na l 

un i t s o r o t h er f r i e ndl y a i r f or c e s . 

9 . 

All other circumstan ces aṇ d condition s , such as th e range of 

t h e ai r cr a f t , 

t h e we a t h er , 

t 'n e t i me o f t he da y , 

t h e de f ens i ve 

situa tion , etc. 

Accordin to earlier poi ts macie i n this stuciy , all warships 

l ar ;er than and includin ; heavy cruisers should be attacked 

simultaneously with arrnor-pierciu and h i h -explosive bombs . 

But 

the use of torpedo- l aun ching aircra ft 5houl a lso e comnined 

i t h t i e dr o pp i n o f borabs i n o r de r t o a chi e ve qui c s s i nk . 

i n s , 

par ticularly amon tue laroe ships. 

Tiie minimum altitudes for arror-yierciu bombs for hi h - 

evel attacks m s t ue observed in 

arder io produce th e essen tial 

penetra tive powc:r . 

If the low level of the cloud ceilin wiZl not 

permit such ac 'tion , one can attacK 

only in a cive fli gh t in order 



- - 

t o p :n e t r a t e t h e a r uior - pr o t e c t e d de c k •:vi t h r o ck e t - pr o pe l l e d 

. 

bomlos . 

To i nc r ea s e t h e d r o p 1 ev e1 o f FC 1 ( OU RS wi 1 1 no t r es ul t 

tbu a ny i u cr pa s e i n t h e p en e t r a t i v e >ower . 

I f hi h - ex }, l o s i v e 

bombs ar e drapped ou ship5, on ly ti:e uest quality (I) shoul d be 

taxen into consideration ior low- l evel or slidiṇ ; fli . 

h t attacks ; 

th ese bo is should b e fill e d with trichlorethylen e . 

Before operatio -is against other types o taroets than those 

• 

indicated i 1 th e tables of Part IV one r:lust select th e bo bs and 

fuses on the b asis of previous l y obtained accurate inforniation 

concernin the tar et . 



- - 

Land iar et Charts 

Target and Type Type 

Tarb et Con- o f Bombs u5es of Observations 

ditions Attack Fuse 

1 . 

Li ht I ndus t r y 

(Aircra ft (SD 250 55 del 

, 

• Fragrnentation 

trucks 

(Sprbrd C 50 55 , 

L 

nondel . 

awchemical 

(L IB , 

w 3 

level 

cielayed to incendiary 

and accessory 

(SD 7U j5 del aye d 

plants ) ( Brand C 50 25 del 

bo + s at a 

av -act , 

(Flam C 250 26 

ratio of 

rondelay 80 : 20 

• Small or larg e (SC 250 2j delayed 

insta ll ations 

(AB 50U , - BS 59 i ne 

mos tly a b ove a=anc H 3h (SC 500 25 nondelay Scatter 

ground ; ligh t ali:itu- ( Brand C 50 2j aelayed bomb s 

stee l construct - de and (aD 500A 55 n ondelay 

on with brick dive (SC 250 57 long- d eldy 

reinforcements , 

boabing 

up to 20 feet 

high . 

Footnote : All explosive bomos u,:ed in low- i evel attacks on 

industrial facilities and sicui ar i ns tallations 

Uhou l d be eauint•ea with bounce plates . 

• 

2 . 

H eavy Industry 

(Tank s , ouns 

(SD 50U A 3> deiayed 

, 

s h e l l s , r a i l ( - 

Lo nr- Li IB w j 4 de l a ỵ e d 

road material level 

, 

ma c hi ii e t o o l 

factories ) 

(S 700 25 d 

High 

e i a, y-act . 

altitucie ( S lUOU 24 nondelay 

(SD 1000 25 nondel ay 

Extensive 

and 

(SC 250 57 long delay 

facilities 

dive 

above ;round : 

bombing 

strong steel 

structures with 

concrete , 

long spans and 

h e i 

; h t s up t o 

about 33 f ee t 

Footnote : The sequence in which 

the bonbs are listed iadi . 

cates 

the effectiveness oi the individual types of bombs 

for th e specific purposes . 



w 

1 1 

- 

`.Ca r ; e t an d Ty p e Ty p e 

T ar e t Qon- of Eombs Fuses of OLservations 

ditions Attach Fuse 

- _ - - - - -- - - - -- - - - - _ 

j . 

%iu l t i pl e 

(SD 50 0e 5 5 d e l a y e d 

R a t :i o 

S t o r ỵ Fa c t o r y 

{Br a Y d C 2 j () u . e l a y . a c t . oi 

Facilities rrabmeu t - 

i n on e s i n ; l e 

(Li • 

iB w 3 + a e l a y e d a zi on t o 

or s e v e r a l l ow (St I n c e n di a r y 

bu i l di n b s l e ve l (Sp r br d C 50 j j n on d e l a y somb s : 

situated ( $G : 20 

c i o s e t ot; e t h J C 5G0 a e 1 . a c t . 

er ; 

s t e e l s t r u c t u r e h i ; i ar i 

SLa '1 d C 5J z 5 d e l , a c t . 

with br i ck wall s a l titude ( 3B 10U0 ' iondelay 

or r i 7i f orced and uive ( SD 7u0 x 57 nondelay 

c euten t b o mb i r . b SC 2 50 >7 l o nb - d e l a y 

(Electrical 

i n du s i r , 

y , 

optical , 

f i n e :: e c L a n i c s ) 

+ . 

Sp e c i a l Pl a n t s 

_ . 

a . 

u a s wor k s wi t h l o r 

( SD 2 5 C 5 5 d c l a y e d a t i o o f 

'oe n z o l e x t r a c - 

l e v e l ( Sp r br d C 0 j 5 ilon d el a y f r a l te n t - 

t i on pl aiit 

h i h a l ( - SC 5G j e y . a c t 

d t i or t o 

, i ; c en d i a r y 

titude (SL 7G 2 nondelay bom b s -- 

a n d d i v e ( A 5 0 U - 15S j y t i . 

me 

y0 : 10 

bo:a Li i 

( SC r 5 U 5 7 l o ii - d el a y 

• 

F o o t n o t e : r o r l o e- l e v e l a t t a c ic. yri h i u c e n d i a r y L o ::i u s GS 

_ _ ~ for "di ve " . 

b , 

hlast Furnaces 

low 

l ev el SD 5UU A 55 delay ed 

, s e t 

' 

ii i o h a l ( - 

SC 5 U0 j l e l a y . a c t . 

ti tu d e 

(SL 10v 0 j li ona Pl ay 

a n d d i v e 

l S C 0 j 7 l o n - d e l a y , 

h o bi ns 

c. St ee l ulan ts lo+r 

level SD 2jv 55 ueiayed 

!zi g h a l - 

( SC 2 5 u de l . 

y . a c t . 

t i t u d e l Sy j 0 a 7 5 r ozi d el a y 

a n d 1 i r e ( SC 5v 5 l oild - d e l a y 

b oatb:i . 

n 

d Fuel . prolow 

(SD 0 57 delayed 

d u c t i o n l e ve l ( Sp r br d C 5 0 5 n oii cie l a y Rd t i op l o f 

l l ants 

(AB 5Uu - BS b time 

Jcatter to 

i r c e n di a r y 

i i i 7 - , 

i 

- - 

t u d ( 

e S L 0 ;j 1 l ° OLt 

3 y e d 

b s 

U 

a a ci di ve 

( SC 2 j G 5 d e l a y Wa c t %U . • 

b o a o i ( 

z, x b 5 0 0 % - 1 = e 

i ; l e c t 

( 

r o n 

a C 5 G 5 `r i 

- 

o i - d c l a y i i c e n d i a r y 

b o i: ib s 



- 1c0 - 

iar et aud lyhe rJPe 

a r e t C o ii - o f b o r c s F u s e s o f Ob s e r v a t i o n s 

d ion s A tta ck Fu s e . _ 

e . 

S t ea r o i re r Lo , l e v e l SD 5 00A 5 5 de i a y e d 

Ul aẓi t s h i h a l - 

( SC 5Gu 5 cie l a ;; . a c t . 

cituue (SC i0vv 2 B ae l ay . act . 

azid dive ( Sli 1000h 2j nondelay 

b omb i u 

(SC c 5G j 7 10 ;;;; - d e l a y 

t . 

Ti y dr a u l i c l o w l e •r e l ( : _ :: 

_ L Pl a y e d i n l a ii d 

p l a n t (SC 1 0U0 3 u d e l a y e d Lo +ra r d wa t e r 

tii ;L a l ( - SC 1CU0 o B d l s . 

y . a c t i . u l a u d 

titude (Si 25u0 4 nonde l ay 

and aive ( SC w U0 D delav . act , 

toward wa ter 

bombin 

(SC 540 5'T IonU- d elay 

o . 

Step- d own lOtiY level SD 50uA 55 de l ayed 

Trausform ers h i s a l - ( SC 50 5 d elay -a ct 

i n Bu i l d i . s 

t 1 t u d e 

( S D Z5 U 5 j n o n c i e l a y 

a n d d i v e 

b o r b i u g 

h I . s o l a t p o l o w l e v e l S D 7 0 5 5 d e l a y , r c t . 

Tr a : n f o r r e r s h i h a l - 

(SD 7C 5 j n oi. ci e l a y 

titude 

(AB 5 0 

a ii d d i v e - S D I O y y t i me 

b om bi ng SD 50 55 n on de i ay 

5 . 

F u e l S t o r a e 

Install 

_ 

ations 

Su pl y Lu m . 

ps 

a . 

A b o v e ; r o : n d l U lrr l e v e l ( L u 5 j a e l a y e d a c t 

l w p l' U 1' l 1 i . 

jJ jy nondeldy 

(AB 5 G0 - BS o y ;7oii d e l :: y s c a t t e r 

( Fl a rc C 5 u G 

55A nondelay Ratio of 

f 

u i 'rt a l ( - 

3 L 7 0 5 7 n ou de l 

r a me n t a t i on 

a ; 

titude (tsrena 

to inceudi ary 

b 

a ild di v e C 5 0 2 5 n on d e l 

ornb s 

a y 

- - 0 : 1 0 

bombinr; (SL 2jJ 7j uondtlay 

(AD 5 0 0TsE 5 9 t i r e e i e c t r o n i n c e n d . 

b . 

Under grouna lorv (AB 5 U - 

l e v el SD a r on a e l a y Ra t i o o f 

(F1aL: C 

ira mentation 

50J 

to incendzary 

57A n ndelay 

0 : 10 

hioh al - 

(SC 27U 2j uela , 

y .uct . 

Li t u d e a n d (A i 5Uu 

d i ve bomb . e 5 y t i :ae e l ec t r o n i n c en d . 

c . 

Su upl y c i un l . ow {S L 10 5 5 d e l a y e d 

l e ve l {Sz' a n d C 

j0 7 dela y , . act . 

Ratio of 

(Fian C 

fra m . 

to 

; 5u o n on d el a y i uc en l b , 

0 : 0 

r i i h a l - ( ; L 7 G 5 5 n ozide l a y 

t itu ae and (Dr an d 

d i v e b o m: , . + 5 G 5 r o n d e l a y . 

, 



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- 

12 - 

iar et and Type Ty e Observations 

Ta r e t Co n - o f Bo r Ls Fu s e s 

ditions A ttack Fuse 

7 . 

Ra il roads Low (SC 5U nose-s i 55 . 

delay 

3g f ee t a ltit . 

a . 

Op en t r a ck s , a l on e ( SC Z5 C " " I 7 + j i u u i s a n c e 

e mba ide en t s a c r o s s ( SC 1 0 0U 2 j d e l a y c 6 r " 

• 

• 

b . 

5tations w / l ow 

(SD 25G 55 delay 

r o l l i uF; s t o ck (LMB w j 4 d e l a y 

(Brand C 250 25 nonde l ay 

iraom . 

t i g h & ( SC 2 50 2 5 d e 1 . a c t , g i s t f o r f i r e 

dive 

(SL 250 j5 uondelay 

bomb (SB 1C00 2 . 

nou d e l ay 

(AB 50 4 - 

5 9 t i cue s c a t t e r 

( SC j U0 5 7 l on ;- d e l a y 

c . 

lo r k s h o ps l , 

o w ( SD 5 00 A 75 c3el a y 

d e po t s , r o un d ( - 

LI•iB w j 4 d e l a y 

h o ur e s , s wi t cn 

l i i i 

(SC 7v U c j d e l . a c t . 

siations dlve (SB 1000 2' ṯ non de l ay 

(SD 1 t 00A 2 5 n on de l a y 

(AB 5 0 U - SD ZL 5 a t i :ne 

(SC 250 5l l on - d e l ay 

i3 . 

Br i d d e s 

best method low 

(SC Zj0 5 delay ratio of 

( F l a t C 5 U0 5 5 A n o li d e l a y f r a m t . o } 

/ j f 

i ncen di a r ies 

a . 

lo o d b e a ms h i e h ( SC 5 J 5 d e l , a c t 9 0 . : 1 0 

spanning dive lSD 7J ;j nonde l ay 

lU - 

27 ft . 

CFlarn C 250 z6 nondelay 

b . 

Ponto hrido . l ow (AE 50 - SD 2 t oy nondelay 

(SD 5U0 Lr 55A nondelay 

Yi b n u (AB 5vU - SD 1 0 5 t i me 

d v e ( SD 10 5 5 n o n n El a y 

(SL 270 Tel 55A noudelay 

c . 

Br i ck o r i . 

h t 

concrete construction 

, spanning low SV 250 25 delay aim at pilla°s 

1 7 - 

Eb f t . h i h b 

dive SC 2 0 25 de l .act . centra l Epan 

d . 

Keinforced 

. 

concrete or 

steel structure , 

spannin t33 - 

l w SC 2U00 2j de l ay pillars 

b60 ft . hi h & 

dive (SC lOGO 2tb de l ay center sran 

(SC OOu 8b delay pillar 



- 123 - 

T arge t and 'type Type 

^lar et Con- of Bomb s Fuses o f Observations 

aitions Attack r'use 

r - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - 

e, b ox Girders Poin t Tae et 

s panni no 4 0 - 

l o w hriB r 3 + de l a y c en ce r s p a n 

100 ft . 

u i o h & (S B 1 0 0 0 2 4 rLOn d e l a y " " 

d ive 

(SC 1 000 2 8 B de l . a ct . p ill a• a 

' . 

La t t i c e Jo r X l o w o D 3 U Sr 5 5 A n o u d e l a y c e n t e r s na n 

3 

- 

b0 f t . h i v h & (Sli 1 U00A 25 n on del 3y n n 

dive (SC 2000 25 del . act . pillars 

• 

b . B ox oirders 

on high pillar , 

lokU SC 1000 25 delayed pillars 

s pa n n i n ; 4 G - h i h 

1 0 0 f t a t a n ; x (SV z5U0 2 4 n on d e l a y c e nt e r s pa n 

div (SC 10U0 25 del 

elevation of 

. act . pillars 

soout lb5 ft . 

h . 

Suspension 

b r i dg e s . e a s ur i ng 

330 - 3 , 

30G ft . 

in 

ength low SC 2G00 25 delay )towers and 

r g ca bl e 

h i b h (S 20 J 0 2 3b d e l . a c t . 

) an c h or i . 

n g po i nt s 

dive lSl 1GO A 25 nondelay Also , c nter spaz 

i . 

S ri n a n d 

draw Lrid s low (SC 500 23 delay Control room 

(SD 5 U0 i r 55i , n on d nl a y br i dg e 

• 

h i ;h (SC 2 5 0 25 de l . a c t . abnt men t 

dive (SD 250 53 nondelay bridne 

(SC 2 50 5'1 l on ; - d Ql a y 

Fra ;mectation Borabs DrQpped from Low Levels 

cai t h s h oc k i rap a c t pl a t e s 

9 . 

Airfields 

a . 

Lar e nan ars 

r a de o f s t e e l a n d 

cem ent iow SC jUu ?y delav 

hibh c : 

(SC 25u 25 del . act . 

dive (SB 10u0 24 nordElay 

(SC 250 57 lan - d elay 

b . 

Aiṛcra ft loN (Sl 7u 55 delay ti o of 

bhelters , 

(Fla a C 2jU 26 

li ondelay fraoment . 

worx hops to incend . 

h i h ; 

cii v e ( SC 25 0 25 d e l . a c t 

(SD 70 

. 

j5 

nondelay 

(AB 5 U0 - BS 5 9 t i ine 



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T' " 

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C' : . i; 

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, t; 

a 

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r' 

A .. l : i L: i 

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. 

V . 

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1 U . _ 

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l ) I : : i 

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w u vr a 

U 

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f:; l a 'y" 

3 i C: _ x _ L i 

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a i L . : L 1 i ! _ .. _ _ ! ki 

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C U C : _ 

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i : : 

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.; : y : 

i ; . t : . ; n : a y . = o ' ,. _ _ U : t A ' . 

a ;;` ' 1 c; ., . _. 

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G' L 1 .. ' V @ : l : 

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1 

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; C, '. l r ' L v _ . :: . . , ; . : C i . 

t , - . : ;y' 

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+ 

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_ 

. . o tl r r _ ' : r _ 

_ L' C I 

, 

J L 

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c i : . 

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l . 

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c : :i : . 

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L1 l . .. i l i C i ! LJ l . .% i 

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- lz5 - 

Targ et and Type Type 

Target Con- of Borubs Fuses o f Ob ssrvations 

ditions A ttack Fuse 

b . 

Antt a irlow 

(A 3 5G0 - SD 2t o9 nonde l ay 

c r a f t and (Fl ars C 5 0 0 7 5A non de l a y ( on l y l o w l e v e l 

f i el d ( , 

I7 70 5 5 de l a y e d 

art i l e jri t s= c 

up to 105 - mm hioh t (AB 5UU - SL 1G 5 time 

in open field dive 

(SD 25v Te l j5A noiue l ay 

positions 

' 

- 

c . 

Irle di um l o Y SD c j 0 55 d el ay e d 

artillery 

in firing h inh & (ST 70 55 nondelay 

positions ; dive (Ab 50U - Sy lU 59 ti:e 

150 - 2 0 - mm (SC 250 c5 dei . act . 

motorize d 

g uns ; 

210 - 55o - mm 

r ai l r oa d 

uns 

Fo i nt T a e t 

12 . 

Fortiiied low 

(SD 50G 3 25 delayed Exl t rances 

Li ne s ( Fl a:n C j 0 U 5A nonde l a y s l i t s 

a . C oast 

artillery hig & r' C lOGO 35 del . act . 

in cou crete dive SfiL 300 bo 

f i r i iia 

positions 

protected 

by ar no r 

nondel ay 

cupo las 

b . 

Concrete low 

(SC 25G 25 delayed raised araund 

• bunk e r s wi t h ( Fl a C 2 5 0 2 uo i;de l a y s l i t s & c e n t r anc e s 

10 - 

foot cover 

, 

c e X S}i l 5 0 J b6 noude l a y c o v er 

. 

1 3 . 

i a va l B a s e s , 

Port Installa tions 

a . 

';da r v e s a nd l o w SC 5 0 0 ue l a y e d be l o•rr v e s s e l 

berLhs for 

ships high (SC 2y0 25 delayed 

dive 

(SD 250 25 uondelay 

b . 

un l o a di ng (SC 2 50 5 7 i q 

f l ong - 

installations , 

pi er s , 

doc ks 

l ow SSD 5 0 0 r ; k l oa u e l ay 

, (Fl am C 500 55A noudel a y 

e c . 

hi i & ( SC 2 5 0 25 de l . a c t . 

dive 

(AB 5oo - Li j9 time electron incend ary 

(SD 250 55 nondelav 



- 

l c b - 

Ta rg e t a nd Ty pe T y p e 

T ar e t o f B ocnb s Fuses of Qbservativns 

Con ditians attack 

use 

__ 

F _ o int Tar et 

c . L ock low SC lUUO 3o delayed hi h - uater 

;ates s id e 

, 

c3ock 

h i o h « ( 5C 50 0 5 ci el . a c t . 

en tra nces 

Qi ve 

(S D yUOa 55 u ondelay dock side 

d Fl . o a t i n 5 l o y SC z GUU So d e l a y e d ti°ra t e r l i n e 

a o c ks 

hi h o (SC lUOU 2 S del . act . 

d i v e 

(Sil j 0 0A j nonde l ay 

i 

e . 

Fo we r 

t a t i ons s e e e ) 

a s ol i ne 

duinps , e t c . 

( see 5 a ) 

1 4 . 

Ut h er Tar ; e t s 

a . 

Tị ne 1 o w Lt • 3 w 3 4 de l ay e d 

fields , 

high « (SD 7U j nondelay 

vri r e 

di v e 

( SB 1 0 0 1 2 4 non de l a y 

barra es 

• 

b . 

Dams 5 low SC 10U0 3o delayed water side 

b a r r ag e s 

l.l i h LO t 0 0 0 fs de l , a c t . 

;v / s t r ong 

wa ll dive 

s 

c . 

Soft high a SC 2UUU on dPl . act . 

(dirt) 

dive 

da ms « 

ba r r ag es 



- 1 - 

Sar ; e t Re c or ds f or I ta val Ve s s e l s 

, 

Ty pe o f Typ e T y pe ti . 

ni mum 

Vessel , , 

Drop altitude 

T onnabe, of Boubs Fuses of To Ad eve 

iaximum 

Peaetration 

Armor- A ttack Fuse 

Pl a t i n 

1 . 

P • 2o der n l ow ( SC 2 u G 38 de l a y e d 

b a ttles hi p (LT j del . ac . 

( + , 

8 0 0 me t e r s 

3 2 , 

OOU t oiis , h i g h (PU 2 3 00 X + o U . 

0 + 5 s e c . 

19o- m (SC 000 2bB uel . act . 

2 . 

P odern low 

(SC 200U 3$ delayed 

_ oattl es hip (LT j 

' 35 000 , 

ton s , hibh (PD 1000 PC1b0 , + c ( d elayed act 4 

160 , 

70U neter$ 

- mm ( 0 . 

075 seconds . 

(SC 2000 2013 del . act . 

3 , 

Aircra ft l ow (SC 200U 3 uel aye d 

carrier , 

(LT 5 

25 OOG , 

t ons , 

hi gh & ( SD 1 0 00A 2 iA l . a c t . 

1 70 0 , rne t e r s 

71 - mm LX] ] (SD 1 7 00 2 3B del . a c t . 

1 500 , me t e r s 

dive SD 1GOOA 2bA del . act . 

1 , 

200 me t ers 

• 

. 

4 . 

Older- low (SC 2000 38 delayed 

type (LT 5 

battelship 

h i ; h ( PC 3 + 00 >5 l a y e d , a c t . 

1 o 

30 Ou0 G0 , me t er s 

, 

tons , (, D 1700 z$B del . act . 

1 500 

rjb , weters 

r 

- mm 

aive PC 400 35 del . . act . 

1 , 

00 m eters 

5 • 

H eavy low (SC 100U or 3b del aye d 

cruiser , LT 7 

1 0 , 

UJ O t or s , , 

71 

dive d ( SD JGO B 2bA del 

- 

, act . 

3 , 

000 meters 

high (SC 1000 2$D del . act . 

1 , 

200 meters 

b , 

Li , h t l o w SC 1 0 U0 3o dEl a y e d 

cruiser , 

4 , 

00 tons hi g h & SC 500 2oA d e l . act . 

1 , 

500 to 

30 - mm dive 1 , 

200 meters 



- 1 2 u - 

Type of Type Type Minimum 

Vessel , 

Drop 

Tonnag e , of bom bs Fuses of Al titude 

I `,a x i rnu n 

To Ac hi e v e 

Armor- Attacx Fuse Pen etra tion 

Fl a t i . n 

. ^ -- - - - - -- - - - - - - - -____- -- 

7 . 

rIod e r n l o rv SC j 0 U j 8 d el a y e d 

e 0 i 

° n 

, 

high & 

20 - dive SC 2 U aA de l . act . 

Fo o t n o t e : Ra t i o o i a r mor - p i e r c i n ;; t o h i ; h - e x p l os i ve b orub s - - 

b 5 : 35 

,. .. 

. T orpedo 

b oa t , other l ow SC 250 j8 delayed 

a u x i l i ar y , h i gil & 

ves:els , dive D 7U 28A del 00 t . act 

ons 

. 

! 

. 

Submar i n er l , o w F1 . uYb 2 50 9 t i ©e 

pr o c e e di ng t o 

i i t; i 

su b m er e , , 

5uu 

dive SC Z50 2oA 

tons 

1 e1 . act . 

• 

lU . 

Transport low (SC lOUu jo del aye d 

vessel , 

(LT 5 

12 , 

OvU :idh (SC jJ0 33 uel . act , 

f or o . 05 seconds 

(Hs 2g3 2oA del . dct( co respon diug to 

dive 5C 00 3 (del . act lu , 000 f eet 

1 1 . 

Fr e i h t er ( , 

f o r U . 

2 s e c oil ds c o r r e : p 

4 . 

- , OOG t ons low SC jOC j$ ( to 4 , 

OJU feet 

d layed 

h i g h L'1' j j U s hi p i n r o a ds 

12 . 

Sma l l i i h c d i v e SC 2j 0 j o a el , a c t . 

frei hter , 

low • SC c5U 3 u del aye d 

2 - 

4 0 0 , 

tons high LT 370 ship in roads 

h ibh&Dive SC z5 3$ del . act . 

13 . 

Speedboa ts , 

outpost 1oN (SC Z50 j8 delayed 

patrol (5D a00 Br j5A nondelay 

aoats , etc . h i , 

; h a 

uive D 7U 28A nondelaỵ 

Footnote : 

all C bombs dropped in low- l evel attacks must be 

equipped wit21 oounce disks . 

SC , 

St 

, an d PC bor bs dr o ppe d f r om h i gh al t i t ude s 

o r i n di v e bombi ng a t t a c ks mus t be e qui pj>e d wi t h 

head rings . 



- 9 - 

If a direct hit is scored on an unprotected vessel , 

large fires 

usually break out on deck . 

Th e calibers of bambs indicated in 

the above table are suited 

for s nking the res tiective type of vessel by one s i nol e direct 

hit or uear miss . 

If torpedo es are launched , several uits must be scored to 

pr o du c e a s i nki ng , a nd t he s ar e i s a l s o t r ue o f hi 6 h - eYpl o s i v e 

bom us of the ca'iber nex t - smaller in size . 



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I= 0 1'(N {AP 

! 

A t t e p t t o i e u t r a l i z e a i r e i c i l r u n wa y Ly d r u p ; i n 

o u: s . 

l e s p i t e a i . i o i l e x e : di t a r e o i r o ui s , 

t i e 

t a x i vra y s r e aa i n e d i n t a c t o r c c t l d e r e p a i r e u 

by l ev e l l i n . 

; s o.ae o f t ne c r a t e r s . 

i 



a r y Li irI K ' T 

- 1 - 

P'ri(:i'u s itA'r 

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- - 

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AkPENDY7C VI I I 

oroc 

s 

Dive- b omb er score d direct hit on tbe 

8ussian 

battl es hip "Marati' outs id e 

Khronshtadt . 

Smok e from ®xplosion rose 1 : 

32q feet ; 

th e batt;es hi p was split in two . 

Tbe photograph uas 

taken during an an tia i r craft 

• 

barrage ; for thiB reason , only the numerous 

mua le tl as hes and the muzzle- bl ast smoke 

. 

are visible on the p h otograp h . 



APFi i ;D X I X 

- 1 _ - 

CK"L 3 

j 

Lu f t wa i i e Q e r s t i on s L; t'f S i::'v l L j l 

- 3 l i v i s i o l: 

a cudy of th e 

Gp e r a t i o n a l r o t e n t i a l i i i e :; c: f t h e L o p o s i t e Ai r r . 

i t 

1 . 

r h e c o i t me n o f " I 'ii s t e l " ( c: o a : s i t e a i r c r a f t ) i s p _ 

a n li e d 

• 

a a i li s t e :i e rny il a v a l f o r c e . 

f e s t s c a . 

: i e a o u t t o t i i i d a t e l e a o 

t o t n e e e c t : t i orl t iia t b a t cl e u i 

.: i: a a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r 5 c o u l a 

Le s uli_ i f u l r e CL 'n i c ;. , a r e 5 c a r e u . 

Tlre Le c : z + i c a l d a t a c o :-:c er r. i n; . n e c o u i t :,:e n i , o i c . :o i t e 

d i r c r a i L s L•e e ::c: i o o e u a s , _ p el d i r, 

i 

. , :+h i cn c o n c; l a t : , o f a v ei•ba l 

r e J U r L {; 2 3 I1S C t' i j7 i , 

t' Sr Lbi p t C l i l i Z C i l ti L 1 i i O i Z 1 G Gr Q i L u i s - ] U 1 V 1 5 1 0 1Z . 

2 . 

af t er a l l i r p a r a ci c,u s i : a ve e e n Lr ou : o t h e i i• c on c l u s i un - 

, 

arld t u e L , 

i l o t s iia v e b e ei: i e t r a i u e u , 

i +cṇi: a i a t e e s,:, l c y i:. En t o f t ki e 

r e a p o n 1 S :i u ; _ 

; : G Q . 

l Ii t h e e 'J l; il O Z E' 'Ii Eli l I . I' e - :i C3 1 B 1 _ a Il u l ll :i 

t h e c o r : : o s i t e a i r c r d i t w o u l d n o t ; e rl e i i t i l •o ci a i: y : so r e f a v o r a b :l e 

o e i •a t i u c a l . 

a c n d i t i o il s b e a u s e i: i e e . A e ts y c a p i i , a l i : i s r o u l c i r e Ia i i : 

l e y o n c i t h e r a n e o f J e r m a n a i r : , 

2' a f i ; tve a p o l. s a u d ra u l d p r u u a b l y 

n o t i n t Qr v e n e i ii i e 1 ; : . d i n : , ;Jr o e r . 

i o r t ' s: . , r e a s o . t l e i d e a 

o f O:i t j o i. l I ; z l P c o :,rr i e zat o f t v e we a p n :i i Ii o r d e r t o rr e s e r v e 

z h e e i e me li t o f u r ,r i s e f u r s u c l a zi e J e n t +o u l d a :p e a r t o b e 



_ ? _ 

ine ed 'ent . 

z a a s z z t t Th e l o ng e r t h e e mp l o y rae n t o f t h c ve a po n i s d e l a y e d , 

th e m or e o ppo ertun i ti es wi ll th e en emy h av e to tak e de f en sive 

m easu r es , es p eci a ll y s irice a b so l ut e cecr ecy cann o t b e g uaran teed . 

3 . 

Am on ; th evar i ous p oss ib il i ti es of em p l oym en t - - s e e A pr endic es 

2 a n d 3 - - 

t h e f o 1 1 0 y1 Y1b r e s e r v e t o b e me n t i o n e d a s t h e mo s t p r o - 

mi s i ng : 

Gibraltar and 

• Scapa Flow ; iu addition 

Lenein rad (Th e Ru s i an Fl ee t) . 

The advanta e of th e first two 

targets is that the : caa be reached 

frort the continent of Europe aud tha t there f ore tli e displacemen t 

of th e weapon by sea tṛansport need uot be effected . 

The commitm ent a ainbt Gibra lt ar can 

b e env i sa e d from such 

locati ons as Rennes { vrestern Frarce ) , T ulouse ( sou th.astern rraṇce ) , 

o r I s t r es ( s ou t h e a s t e r n Hr an c e ) . 'l h e di s t a lc e s t o be c o v er e d 7oul d 

vary 

from 6 50 - ?90 miles . Thi s can be bridbe d , if modifications 

tor p enetratin ; 3 G miles are carried out . 

Spanish 

territory ivould 

h ave to be crossed over . ( This iias hitherto been refused by the Fueh rer . ) 

, t the targ et inter ference Uy stron6 ar: ti aircraft fire and 

figh ters sta tioued at the local airf-ẹ ld Nculd ha ve to b e expec ted . 

Because of th e significance of the base one mus t also exnect a 

f ully 

operatiotial radar network . 

Even so , 

however , one can 

count on a 

certain 

degree of surpri , ae at Gibraltar , ore tLen anywhere e l se. 

( Th i s woul d Ue t Y le i i r s t a ct a ck . 

) 



APPr , 

i ' I X I :{ . 

- 3 - 

`l n e ii a v a l b a s e a t S c a r a i l o ti -± s a t +U :11 1 e S u i s t a n c e i r o r 

n e ; r a v e a i r f i e l d ; i t c u u l a b e r e a c :e d b y a t t a c h i i: b a l , a d d i t i o i a l 

f u e l t a n r: t o t h e La w.• i s c h e ,1 u ; ; r . 

.o t o r e ii ti re r k e 1 0 o ii e l . 

Th e raa x i mu d e f e n s i v e 1: e a s u r e s a r e ' : c e x p e c 't e d i n t h e 

t . 

r ; ; e t : r e a . 

i o e x a c i d a t a o n i h i s wa t t e r a r e a va i l a b l e b e c a u s e 

t : e : e r ra , 

: u r a u i o i n t e •c e p t i •a :i , e u o e s ri c i; 

; ; o i ; e y o ii u l i : (; ;'jc15 11 . 

r i , e i n t e l l i e l: c e o i l i c e c o n s i d e r s i t l i : e 1 y , 

i , o e v e r , 

h a t t e 

• 

i i e i d s i i •o t b e F i r i o i I' a r i;h t a i; h e zi o r i c r n c o a . 

o f S c Gt l a ri d 

. ro u l d e ; e l d b y a b o u t l w - a i r c: r a z t o f t h e S p i z f i . 

•e , 

3i u r r i c a r e , 

!°1o s 1u i t o , a ri d h e a u f i l L e r :. :c d e l s . 

U c: e 

a l


APPENDIX IX 

- 4 - 

The only possible way of approaching the targe t i s there f ore 

at th e lowest level with magimum delay 

in pulling up before reaching 

th e t arge t and then a ttacking in a glide . 

Th e aumber of composite aircra ft to be employed wiḥ 

d epen d 

on intelligence reports of th e ships present in the target area . 

b . 

To find the target one must com biu e the systems sugg ested in 

Appendix l , 

Number 2 . and b . 

Qne must make use of th e positioa 

_ of the sun , and at th e same tim e pass with the composite a i rcra ft 

outside th e radar range of th e radio buoy 

"Swan" (3ince the range 

o f the "Swan" is 50 miles , 

hi s could occur only if compound 

navigation was used at h eavy storm drifts. ) 

c . 

6 r econnaissance must preeede th e operation that is to say 

the 

poaitioa o f the targets muBt be established by some other means 

of navigation . 

Th e crews must be able to approach 

their taroets 

directly on the basis of aerial photographs on which the position 

of th e ships ie mark ed . 

It i e no t possible to search 

for targets 

upon reaching th e naval base only . 

d . 

It i s sugges ted that th e IX Air Corps be given th e mission 

of carrying out the a ttack s. 

( s igned) von Greiff 

Since Gib raltar could be reached only by flying over Spanish 



$ - 

AFPENDIX 

IX 

territory -- up to uow tbe Fuehrer has al ways refused 

to give 

hi s per m i . 

s s i on f or a ny s uc h a c t i on - - an d the pr er e qui s i t e f or 

achieving surprise for an a ttack on Lenigrad did not exist , 

Scapa Flow was the only remaining poe ibility . 

_.. _ 

$ 

. ss t i . 

Recomm enda ti on : Th a t preparatiors b e made for an attack on 

Scapa Flow . 

• 

( s i ;ned ) Christian 

certified by 

( o i ; na t ur e i l l e gi bl e ) 

« * . . . « « , # * 

Lu t wafze Operations Staff Appendix 1 

Opera tions Branch 

dated 16 April 194 + 

Technical Sta ff Officer 

Verba l k eport Transcript 

Sub ect : Techni cal Data for Composii:e Aircraft Operations 

1 . 

Depth of Penetratiou 

or Ra di us o f A c Li on : 2 50 - j 1 0 rai l e s , r or rua l l y ; 

470 - 5G0 miles if , an ac iditi ona l l5 -gallon 

fuel tanis i s attache d t o the 

Bayri sc he Flugmoiorenwerke 

model 10 . 

The addition of 

o f a f u el t ank r e qui r e s f e w 

chanees in the fuel lines. 

Th ere i s apparently a requirement for a ranbe of almost 900 miles , 

for 

whici purpose th e fighter a i rcra ft nee d not return to the point 

of origin . 

(uibraltar ?) ihe technical aspects of thus extendin 

t h e r a : e c a nno t i , e c l a r i f i e d tvi t ho ut r a j or t es t s be c a us e t h e 



, 

- e - 

APP : 1ivDI X I X 

c a r r y i n 5 o f' a d d i t i ou a l f u e l . ri l l r es u l t i r . a iur or Shl f t i ng o f 

the center of ravitf . 

iaxe-oif Distance : 4 , 000 f eet , r equired ler: th of runway a b out 

+ , 

o C f e e t by a rri a t h e o f ZUO f e et . 

Av er a ;; e s pe e ci e n r ou t e : 3 b o u t 2 4 0 - 

c 5 0 ni l e s p er h our . 

aximum speed : about 280 - 300 miles per hour . 

Decisions have to be made wheth er 

. a . 

A modification for an additior . al fuel tank should be carr i ed ou t; 

b . 

Ca l cu l ations regarding a radius of action of 90 7 rniles should 

ne 

undertak en . 

I a a de c i s i on r eg ar di ng poi n t a . 

i s ma de i mr g e di a t e l y , 

t h er e wi l l 

proba bl y be nc; delay in 

flying the mission. 

2 . 

Navibational Matters ( geared to low- l evel fligh t) 

a . B u ilt i n : Three- di ©assiona l con trol in the Junkers 88 and 

' 

radio set 16 Z in tb e Bayrir,che Flugzeigwerke 109 . 

on 

R esulting Capability : Very precise course- fl ying and approach 

with radio set 16 Z toward radio buoy 

"Swan 

(Range 50 - 

60 mil es at a fli ht 

altitude of 660 f ee t) . 

b . 

Addition 

of lon -wave receiver set Radione so that the sun 's 

position can be f ully utilized , 

for instance at Stavanger an d 

Ma r s e i . 

l l e . 

c . 

Th e most advanta ;eous solution seems a combination of both 

systemsFor the return flight one can either 

use emeroency DF 

ao z ṛ i[ approach 

flioht toward the sun or radio set 16 Z for 

comrnunication with a ground sta tion transmitter 16 . 



- 7 - 

APPENDI% IX 

d . 

IY th ese m eans of navigation shou ld malfunction 

, guidance by 

a rapid pilot aircraft remains as an em ergency solutioa ( Junkers 188 

with a radio set 16 . 

e. 

The decision has to be made which system is to be added to the 

aircraft . 

3 . 

țtack M ethods : 

Th e technical mini num re l ease altitude is 165 feet , 

th e most 

i favorable glide angle for th e Junk ers 8$ ie 20 degrees so that 

an approach fli g h t to the imraediat e v icinity of th e ship i s essen ti , a l . 

Accor ding t o exis ting experience the following 

operation is 

coasidered as the most effective : 

g e l ease altitude o f 2 , 

310 feet a t 1 . 2 mil es di s tance from the target . 

Th e glide angl e for the Junk ers 88 ehould be 20 degrees and th e 

speed 345 - 3?5 miles per honr. 

The deviation cawsed by the Junkers 88 in this process amounts 

to 6 0 by 6 0 feet . 

An attack on battleship Would therefore be carried out best 

by approachiag diaganally from the rear . 

As sigh ting d av i se it roul d b e b es t to use a gyroscopically 

su pported sight ( rind elementa of the TSA (???)) . 

4 . 

Time Sch dule: 

a . 

On 18 April 

drop at Moenglind , after that retraining of pilots 

to accustom them to th e V - 1 and V - 2 models . 

b . 

On 15 June the remaining 13 aircraft would probablg be . comp l eted . 



- 8 - 

AF . 

LiILI ;{ I :{ 

A r e r e u i s i t e f ur a dl e r i r, t o t l, s c : . .. u l e :ro u l : b e t ha t 

1_e 4 5 i e r s o n s _ r e s e n t l y a a i l a b l e f o r c a r r y i n ; o u t h e p r o j e c t 

- - 

2 1 . 

:: i l i t a r ti ' :i il d t l : e r e s t c i v i l i a lz e c l : i: i c i a r: s - - wo u l d c o n t i n u e t o 

b e a s a i l a b l e . . 

e ri e r a l `1 . T . 

i n t e i c s t o ê a s s i n t r_ • 

1 r _e n f o r t h e 

x u r o s e o f a c t i v a t i n a f i e i u r e p a i r s i i o p d e t a c i l l:Ie n t , w i t u r e - 

p l a c e .: : ? ri . :3 l? l Ii '13 d E , 

' a 'J a l 1 ;z ; l E : . 

' 1 J ,_? T' e l"It l V . 

1 . F - 

' f . ' }: 1C t d 3 a 1r 1 . 1 1 

r,o t Ue f u r n i s lae d u: t i l a f t e r t i. e Ea Ut e r h o ] . 

i cia ; s . 

• 1 iEa n ril i l r j : :e n wi 1 b e ; . 

r ri n s f e r r e d t o Lh e 2 d S u a d r o n o f 

t l e 1 Cl s t 3 o 1ê r iJi n ; , 

f r oui ici-: e r e t l: e y r i 1 1 b e a t t a c : e u t o i :o r u - 

i:a u s e n . 

j . 

Eo r e v e r y a i r c r a t t t ii e r e i ; , o r e t r a lls f ::r c u p ol a f o r t h e t r a n b - 

f e r f l i t t by r oui d vi s i on a n d w i t : o u t i•a d i o s e t ; t wo h o l l o x- 

c h a r ; ; c oi: j e c t s a r e a l s o a va ' 

_ l : bl e . 

To d e t a c h t h e t r a r s f e r c u p o l a : r . 

d r a o u n t t l ":e h c l l o :r- c i :a r e 

o b j e c t s , a i r c r a f t :., e c ' _ 

i a i i c s a n b o m t e : r e r s :ri 1 1 U e * e e d e d 

.' o r o . c d a y ' s wo r l: ; 3 o f t ti e s e . ` : c a n Ue La; • =@21 • a l o n i wi_e n t u e 

J u n Ke r s 

u i r a ti s f e r r e d . 

r e w t o o l : a r e n e e d e d , a n a t t: o s e c a zi : . e t ; :ce n a l . 

o n o b y e a c :: La n . 

E s s e n t i a l i s o r l -; o n e c r a n e r i t l : a h o o l i e l e v a t i o n c a p a c i t y o f 

5 f e e t a n d a . 

l i f t i n ; c a p c i t y o f a U o u t 1 + t o s . 

t . 

i r a i r i n o f P i l o t s 

i a r e t f l i : : t a i n i r: , r i l l b e c a r r i e d o t rr i t l i o n e ;: i l o t e a c h 



APPFIIDIX IX 

- q - 

ior the B ayrische Flugzeugwerie lOq an d the Junkers 83 . 

n til now 

th e approach flight was carried out ritL the he l p of one anti - 

a i rcra ft search lib ht vrhich was s i multaneous l y utilized to 

abtain precise da t a on the glide anole and th e di stances i nvo l ved . 

It i s cons idered necessary that the ollowing practice flibhts 

be executed : 

10 approach flig? i ts rithout separating the control airplane 

' f r o n t h e cni s s i l e ; an d 

3 approacr . 

fliglts with such a separation . 

7 . 

The tests will be carried out by the 2d S uadron of the lOlst 

Bomb er . 1i ng , c oc man de d by Ca pt . 

Ruda t . 

I t i s r e c ora:,ie n de d t ha t 

the operation be put under the control of th e IX Air orps 

headuqarters , particularly since G enera l P Eltz has persona ll y 

been instrurental in cug ;esting the composite aircraft cancept . 

( s i ; ; n e d ) z ur I • 

iu e hl e n 

certified correct by 

( s i nature ill e ;ible ) 



AFPENDI & 

X 

PHO'TOGRAPA OF A COMPOS I TH AI RCRAFT 

i 

`1' ex t : "Mistel" ( compos ite aircraft ) 

"Huck epack" 

( p ick a back aircraft) 

"Vater und Sohn " ( paren t - child or dupl ex arran gemen t ) 


THIS PAGE DECLASSIFIED IAW E0 12958 

APPENDIX 

XI 

PHOTaGRAPH 

(Showin City of L on don rith St . 

Paul s Cathedral ) 

Text : Effect of th e G ermaa retali a tion attack of 28 - 9 

December 1940 on the City of London . 

(The attack was ordered by Hitler because the Royal 

• 

Air Force had attack ed Berlin during 

holidays . 

) 

the Christmas 

THIS PAGE DECLASSIFIED IAW E0 12958


A1 PEi :vr : 

x11 

F:YG1'0 1i As iI 

_ 

i e c t : Ef f e c t o f a V - 1 Bo b on Lor _ 

do n 

Ul o c l: o f :na i l h o u e s i n P o p l a _ , a u L u r b o : : L o n d o n , 

• 

vra s p r a c t i c a l l y wi p e d o u °c b y a f l y i n ; o o inb , rh i c iz c a u a e d a 

fl a t cra t er . 

( Ex t r a c t e d f r or . 

: t l ie Ar e r i c an o f i i c i a l ,a a i r . e I pa c t , 

Iio . 

3 , 

Au;; us t 1 9 ' 4 . ) 



APP IDIX 

XI I I 

PFOTOGRAPH 

Text : Dine bombiṇ a ttack on ships of a Russ i an convoy . 

_ 



APPI IDI X 

XI D 

- 1 - 

Selection of the Proper Types of Bombs for Operations 

(hetter Directive of Reich Marsha l G oering No . 

5663/41 , cl ass . 

Secret , 

dated 16 February 19 2 ) 

Teletype f+Iessage 

Sen t b y Rei c h I a r s be l , 

Se c r e t 

16 February 1941 

02 1 5 

From Robins n : 

To b e disseminate d t o subordinate a encies down to wing 

headquarters inclusive : 

Deapite many 

instructions and the issuance of directives and 

regulations pertaining to the use of various types of bombs for 

operations , 

I mus t di scover again aṇ d again that tis niany respons ibl e 

h eadquarters do not follow my orders . 

I th erefore order that in 

future my directives be obeyed in 

the etrictest manner . 

The gno rledge of the effect of weapons , 

that 

i s to say the acquain tance with the effect of each individual type 

of bomb and fuse is a b solu tely essential and i s an important prerequisite 

for achieving success . 

Every unit comrnan der down 

to 

th e level of group commander must be thoroug hl y acquainted with 

every detail and he in turn must see to it that maximum effect 

is obtained by th e proper utilization of bombs and fuses . 

It is 



PPENDIX 

XI V 

- 2 - 

hECESSARY THAT one considers before every operation which 

bombs and wh a t tyming o f the fuse i s th e mos t sui t a bl e for 

the various targ ets that are to be hit . 

Of par ti cular importance 

, 

however , 

is the question 

that has to be answered 

before each opera tion , which is wneth er the tar et shoul d 

be attack ed with 1 , 

100 or 2 , 

200 lbs bombs or with 

even 

heavier ones . 

I have had the displ easure to observe that lately these 

highly valued , very h eavy bombs were droplaed on secondary 

tar ;ets , even when these rere not alternate points . 

It is completely wrond to use 1 , 

100 - 1bs bombs and heavier 

calibers 

f or attacks on enemy aị rfields . 

Enemy air fields 

s 

s ho ul d b e a t t a ck e d pr i . 

ma r i l y wi t h 1 1 0 l bs SD aṇ d 8 SC 

bombs or vrith 2 . 

2 and 4 4 . 

lbs incen diaries . 

Th e 550 - 

1bs bomb should be used as additional weapon 

only if strongly constructed ob jectives are also to be attacked , 

such as strong h angars or war fts . F or lo r- l eve l a ttacks an such 

t arge ts I ruul a lik e to draw specia l attention to the newly 

produced 50 - lbs bombs . 

For low- l evel attacks on manuf ac turing plants and sirilạ r 

installations one should also use th e 55A - 

lbs bom b that was 

especially produced far low- l evel attacks on such ob jectives . 

In specia l cases heavier bombs aioht be considered as more 

appropriate . 



. 

gPPENDIX 

XIV 

- 3 - 

One must always tate into consideration that the chances 

of creating daraage are dreater if s i x 550 - 

1b s bombs are used 

that if that attack is made with two or just one heavi er bomb . 

Th e very h eavy b ombs of 2 , 

200 lbs a nd more are to b e used mainly 

for 

concentrated attack s on larve tar ;ets , such as importan t p l an ts . 

Th e number o f very heavy bombs to be dropped vrill depend on th e 

over-all total ra tio of aircraft and bombs tha t can be commi tted ; 

even so they will have to be dropped only by the very best 

available crews. Th e very heavy borubs otherwi se w ill be dropped 

only on special tar ,ets , above all warships , 

fortifications , etc . 

It is therefore essential th a t the equipped condition of the 

wings be examined particularly in view of r•eadjusting all planes 

that are especially equipped to carry only individual very 

heavy bombs. 

The units of the IX Air Corps are available for dropping ' 

very heavy bomb s , it s aircraft sa havin ; been specially 

equipped for this purpose for their m:ịne layin activiti es . 

Th e other units are to be reorganized 

for carrying bombs of 

lower caliber , ma i nly 110 and 550 - 

1b s . O ne must furthermore see 

t o t c i t t ha t t h e equi pp ed c ondi t i o n o f t h e o t h er uni t s be 

such that they can carry the maximum payload of 550 - and 110 - 

l bs borab s an d a bo ve a l l i n c en di ar y bo mbs . 

Ev er y c ar e mus t be 

taken to adju st the equipped condition of these air craft in 

such a manner that no space or weight capacity for carrying 



AFPEtdDI X 

XI V 

- 

4 - 

bonb s i s was ted . 

' : 

Yhen preparations for important a ttacks are under way and 

special bomb loads are required , 

it raight occasionally be 

necessary to tak e upon oneslef the additiona l work and inconveaience 

of switching bomb loads rather than flyiny the 

mission with loads th a t do not uarantee maximum exploitation 

of the successful operation . 

, 

Th e commanders- i n-chif of a ir 

fl ee ts and air corps will 

be personally responsible to me f or pre-pl ann ing the most promisinb 

bom b loads of units prior to larbe-scale attacks . 

They 

h ave to issue th e orders f or proper bomb load combinations. 

The directives iasued to this 

effect must be discussed 

over and over again with the crews. I ask a ll commanders to 

ch eck on tha t matter durin their e ta ff vis its and insp ections. 

The proper setting of fuses can be of decisive i portance 

for attacks on nava l t argets an d loar- l evel attacks . 

Frequently 

h eard reporte such as 

"The efiect was not observed" are attributed 

by me to the failure of bombs because of wrong se ting of fuses 

or b a d servicing befor e re l ease. 

I reiterate my previous requests to air fl ee ts and corps 

h eadquarters to give me detailed reports on all their experiences 

made duriilg the d roppins of bombs and to send directly to me an y 

valuable hint they have uncovered . 

Individual units cannot 



APPi:IdDI X XI V 

- 5 - 

keep sucn in forc:ation to the aselves as if they 

took pa t ents 

on t h e i r i de a s . 

I n s t ea d , e v e r y n e t i de a r zu s t b e c ome t i e c omr on 

}ul o wl e d e o f t h e en t i r e Lu f t tiv3 f ? e a t t h e ea r l i e s t ;Uo s s i bl e 

mom entİ n future a l so I inten3 to reexamine cuntinually the 

bombi n op e r a t i on s a . 

n d I l .o p e t h a t t _ er e !vi l l b e n o i ur t h er 

reason for findin deficiencies . Th e units rust be tcld aeain 

a nd a a i n t ti13 t p r op er xl ovrl ed;; e o f t h e e f f e c t o f t h e i r rve a pon s 

is a b asic prerequisite for success. 

( s i ; n e d ) GGLt I i3 

, 

Re i ch 

i - Ia r s h a l 

rio . 

5u63/ +1 

s 

classified secret 

mi l i t a r y 

cl o c u : e n t 



APPENDIX 

XV 

- 1 - 

Training of Flying Units i n ti'Vartime ( Unit Training ) 

(Extracted from con f erence notes No . 

16 o f a speech made 

by Reich Marshal Goering in Paris on 1 4 March 1941 . 

) 

"The g enera l s commanding a i r corps must be constantly on 

e a c n t i n a c h c 

the move. It i s th eir duty to x = e 

operational readiness , 

target preparations , genera l awareness 

• 

of the e ff ect of weapons , 

impl ementation of security regulatione , 

and the care and welf are o f personne l . Th ey must keep in min d 

that 

they are not infantry corps commanders : they have much 

fewer people under th eir command . 

Our combat means are very 

high - grade . 

The commitment of a squadron or even one airplane 

can have far greater resu lt s than th e employment of a 

compaṇy 

• 

or a battalion . 

Theq must also be sware of the fact that they 

are respons ibl e f or the use of very valuable h c x iical arms . 

For this reason 

contiṇua l indoctrination and review are 

essentia l . St aff visits should not be used to inspect but to 

attend routine duty performance , 

to indoctrinate , and to 

i , 

mprove the training status steadily . 

At least four days a 

Week shou l d b e d evoted to this pur pose . 

In addition to the corps commanders , th e wing conmanders 

s h ou ld make every possible effort to improve training and 



APPENDIX 

XV 

- 2 - 

raise the beneral level of ability . 

Th e decisive ele nents in exerci s ing proper leaders iip are : 

1 . 

Operational strength ; 

2 . 

Tar et preparations ; 

3 . 

Acquaintance with cveapons and their effect ; an d 

4 . 

Security implementation . 

I reg r et tha t I h a ve to ch ec k on s t a Z "f vis it s i n th e fi e ld . " 

r s s * * ' 

"lur in th e ba d - w ea th er per io ds tha t r ecur con s tan tly , 

th e 

Llnlt com:aanders should be ca ll ed together for detailed refresher 

courses for which all air corps conimandin 

;enerals should use 

every instructional means at th eir disposal . 

" 

* * * . * * 

On 1 8 Ma r c h 1 4 1 t h e Re i ch I • iar s ha l s t a t e d a s f ol l o rs a t 

Th e Ii ag ue : 

"Th e proper knowledge of weapons , 

their possibilities of 

employrent , and tneir effect are my 

special hobby horses . I n 

an 

effort to achieve optimum effect on every occasion , special 

bombs and fuses had to be developed for specific purposes . O nly 

th eir deta iled kn owledge will brin about their proper use . 

Acting upon my orders , 

the inspector of bombardṃen t of aviation 

has issued orders tha t lap exercises are to be held ith re ard 

to the utiliza tion of weapons , effective imu ediately . 

Th ese 



a : : : ; i n V 

- - 

X @I' C Z ; P S !1 i v P _ 

C . 

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: G .1 , 

L" Y' t l :i ; ' . 

; 0 14 . l e __ 

: i 0 _' C B S 

. i l } 1 i 1 . 

' 

_i l l ; U S U 1 i r 1t O C S U i : l i , 

1 1 1 ' . . 

"u 1 U l 1 U ta i 1. I' . , Ve :ḷ `! U I1 : ctl C3i $ 

f : E: 

I F 

0 - f. r a c i 

c a l G :i i: : :11 : 

1 

. e ^v . 

I 3 . 

t t . _i C t "i i ; f_ ; I E: C o i . 

1 ::: ;0 1 ' t 

. a 11 C t . ' ' , 

: 0 i 

, 

: 

: • S @ 

. : . G : P L• C. l ` t ' :i i1 . Ci I 

.`. . , S a . 

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2' % O " : C :: , 

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: u i •: c c i • o n o ;:: C r. 

:;lll . ; t J C Otl e C O:i111U1! i : ' _ 

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, 

TABLE I 

1ii s s i on : 

To Comb a t the E nemy Aviation ieapons Avail a ble iewly Developed 

_ 

at th e Ou tbreak 'deapons during 

o f 'JJa r ar t i me 

a . 

Ta g e t s i n t he ii r 

(Only weapons for combat 

in the a i r and not for 

defense from the round 

a r e t ak en i n t o a c c;oun t ) 

Individual Aircra ft of All Types 9ircraft Armam ent Aircraft Armam ent 

• 

R econnaissance planes iḻachine;un 15 Automatic Cannon 

( 7 . 

9 - 

) l 0 8 ( 3o - ru: ) 

Fi g zt e r a i r e r a f t ? • ia ch i ize un 1 7 Aut or a t i c cannon 

(7 9 ) • - , fi xed 213 (20 - mm ) 

position 

Automatic cannon 

214/ a ( 50 ) - 

Borab e r a i r cr a f t 20 - mm raa c : i ne Aut oma t i c c a nnon 1 1 2 

un Oerlikon Automatic cannon 114 

Cl o s e Bo b e r i o r ma t i o ns Ai r c r a f t A r raa n e nt 

see above 

S 

R ockets 

210 - mm aircra ft 

demolition rocket 

round billet 

Fi hter baz0oka 

Bomb s 

S D 2 . . wi t h 

fuse 

t i rae 

Controlled Bombs 

xs 293 (A ) 

fl s 2g6 

X 4 

5pecia l C ombat 

I e an s 

Towin rope 

t ot i n5 r ope cvi t h 

attached bomb . 



; L: I I 

:ii s 5 i oi . 

: : 

`l' o Cor ba t t :e Ln er:ly : v i ;z t :i on ': e a r on s v a i l a bl E lYe r1 • De v el o r e d 

a t t l. e Cu t Ur ea l ;Je a p on s c'tur i n 

a f J a r Ja r t i ae 

b . 

Ta r f: ;e t s on t h e Gr ou n d 

kircraft Cn th e Ed , 

;e of : D 10 . 

(lyjj ) . 

S D 2 (1y40) ) . . 

In 

t h e r u n wa y d i s - 

S D 5 0 ( l y 7 o ) 

. . . li . l ( l y t 2 ) ) 

a e r i a l 

t r i b u t e d i t h e B l : ( l . 

y j j ) B 2 E ( l j . E l ) ) 

c o n t a i n - 

t err3 ir . s e e a U ov e 

) ers w it 

i n b , . 

s t b a y s S D l O ( 1 933 ) ) 1 5 . . + 5 w , , 

B 1 E (19j ) ) an d 1 100 , 

:LI ! t ?_ L3 S t 1 7 c 3 y S 

tivith protect - 

i ve roo i S C 0 (1 . 

j3 ) ) 

. 

air cra ft 

h a n a r U a b o v e , 

r o u n d S . 

C . 

5 0 ( 1 93 j ) 

S . 

C . 

2 5 0 ( 1 `j > j ) 

, 

) l v 5 C i: 3 C 

) ty 

under round r . 

C . 

lOCO R . 

S . 

(1y41 ) 

%ep a i r s h op s a . 

C . 

5 0 ( 1 9: j ) 

S . 

C . 

= `j U ( l i >j ) 

S u „ p l y 

Du u p s 

* 

POL du 1p s B 1 E ( 1 93 j ) ) _ i - Fl amb o C 2 50 ( 1 y4 0 ) 

s C 5 . . 

0 ( 1 93 j ) ) _: e u l ambo C 5 00 ( g4o ) 

Br a n d l U ( 1 9 + 3 ) 

Br an d C 5 U ( l y4 j ) 

sr aai d C 2 5 0 ( 1 +3 ) . 

. lr . run i t i on Uu m s 

Sp a r e p a r t s, 

d e o t s 

s . 

C . 

50 ( 1'33 

s . 

c . 

250 (1 3) 

. i r c r a f t Fl a nt s al i t yr es - - 3e e l 'a bl e V 

Cor:u;:uni c a t i ans r a ci l i t i es 

: i n a l c e r t e r s , 

S . 

C . 

; U ( 1 9 j j ) 

i n t Y i e o p e .z S . 

C . 

2 5 0 ( 1 3 3 ) 

i n s Yi e l t e r s S . 

C . 

j 0 ( 1 j j ) 

r a d ar s t s ti on s S . 

i . 

2 U (l yj y) 

Ai r f i el us i u n


h : 

Lr I I I 

; ii , r; i on : 

t o 5 

a t t h e ; 1 :ye a , o n s a v a i l a b l e i e w l y i e v e l o p e d 

a t t : . e G u t b r e a k :J e a p o :a d u r i ti 

o f : a r 'J a r t i r i e 

a . a r , 

;e t s i n : i o ci on 

t d v : n c i n ! ; i n f a n t i •y i ii : . J 

L 1 0 ( l . . 

y j j ) S D ( l y ) ) 

. . 

l o o s P f o r :na t i c ; U C 0 ( 1 9 7 ) 

. . . 

: . J 1 ( 1 ; 0 ) 

. 

V e l i c l e s o f a 1 1 t y p e s : 

. D ,0 ( 1 

. 

': 3 ) a D ( . . - .ara e x - 

Llos i ve s h ell (la + j ) 

• 

S . 

D . 

1 ( 1 0 - a ex - 

T l o s i v e ; e 1 1 ( 1 4 :3 ) 

f a n k s I >r o v i s e u : Ie a s u r e s 

, . B . E . O (1q 0 ) 

Ai r c r a f t A r e a n e n t 

r u t . c a n n o n l Ul ( j 0 - n 

) 

a u t . c a n n o . 1 0 3 ( 0 - n m ) 

i - t: ra a _ 

r c r a f t 

c a r n o n 

U - a i rcr a ft cannon 

l : -mm un ( for t es tina 

j u r p os e s ) 

- ockets 

_ 

r a n z e r s c h c lc ( p o r t a b l e 

a n t i t a n l , r o c e t ) 

i a n z e r b l i a I ( a n t i - 

tank ro ck et) 

ran z erbl itz I I (i d . 

) 

r an? er bl it z I II (i d . 

) 

OIa b S 

S . 

D . 

' + i : : . 

L . 

( 1 9 4 2 ) 

C u l u _ 

!n-n s o f a l l t y e s S D l U ( I ) 

. , . 

. D ( l y U) 

. 

L L 5 . . 

:i ( l y j ) a D 1 ( 1 40 ) 

. . 

. . L ( 1 

. ' , `+ 

S C . 

U ( . 

:L` ) S Z 1 ( 19' . . +) 

- 1 - 



r3 LE III (Cont 'd ) 

b . 

I miaob i l e l a r e t s ls a pons Av a i l a b l e Y e ap ons De v e l o pe d 

a t t iie Ou t br ealc dur i n ; t h e :da r 

o i t i. e . d ar 

Tr oo s , 

En 't r e nc iE a 

In fantry in foxholes and 

t r e nch e s S D 1 0 ( 1 . . ') j j ) a D 2 ( 1 . . ' ' 0 ) 

C C . . 

U ( 1 '?53 ) S D 1 ( l y . . F 2 ) 

t i a c hi n e ; un , :aor t a r , a na 

t r e n c h r _ io r t a r p o s i t i o n s 

• 

Ar till ery un posit ions 

Li 'r t l y bui l t bunke r s S . 

L . 

2 j 0 ( l a j ) 

Fortifications of a ll 1y es 

Co nc r e t e b u n e r s a . 

C . 

2 50 ( 1 3 3 ) a . 

N . 

25 0 . i t h r oc : . e t 

propulsion 

( ?ZOl l o•wchar;e 

bo U) 

Fo r t i f i c a t i o n s S . 

C . 

OU ( 1 y j ) 

• 

C o i> , n d 

P o s t s 

Lu i l d i n ;; s S . 

C . 

2 50 ( 1 ' j ? ) 

Unde r r oun d i ns t a l l a t i or L s 

Comaunications centers of 

a l l t ype s S . 

C . 

2 5 J ( 1 - 

; j > ) 

Ue i:o t s and du aps 

POL dur . ips 

A :uuni t i on 

uurnps 

T o A f f e c t t : : e l i o r a l e o f L i v e 1' r ; , e t s F l a :a C 2 5 0 ( 1 ' 4 0 ) 

1, l a m C 5 0 0 ( 1 ' 4 0 ) 

- 2 - 



' L r ?' J 

o o }; c r G t i On 7 i L 1 t ; 1 e . a y y Je a p o n s l v a y l : b l e e a p o izs L e v e l o p e 

o ^ e r i _ 

a l Co ?':,a t a b o v e S e a _ t h ? Ou Lb r e a a o d u r i n ;; , i a r t i e 

; a r 

P:o b i l e ' • ~ -• ` • 

a _ : 

e „ s . 

. + a r : h i z s 

Ol c e r - t y Ye b a t ; l e s l i p s F C 1 0 0 ( 1 4 0 ) r: i h . . - 

( l j u - mm =: r c o r - I. l a t e s ) l e v e l a n d d i v e - 

b o r b i n a t t a c ix 

io d e r n b . t t l e s h i p s 

l u - :1n _, r :'acr - p l a t e s ) C 1 J 0 E i n F`. . a l t . 

i • :i s t e l 3 : 1 . . ; di v e 

( 1 944 ) i omb a t t . 

• 3 a t t l e s i i ps 3U , 

UOG t on s t' . 

U . 

5 00 ( 1 4 ) i : i . h a l t . 

P . 

C . 

1 ' + 00 ( 1 94 ) *tii i L a l t . 

I: i s t e l S . 

I - : . 

1 ( 1 y 4 ) 

L a t t l e s h i p s u p t o 3 j 

, 0 0 U t o rl s r ' C OJ : 

. . . a ) d i 

. 

v e - c o : 

1 j U ) ) t3 Lt 3 C 1 L 

P . 

C . 

?O JO R . 

a . 

) d ive - om t 

(1 41 ) ) a ttack 

F' . 

C . 

l J O R . 

a , 

d i v e a t t 

P . 

v . 

1 Cu _ 

( l ) ) i : i ; Y a l t 

P ii s t e l ci . 

Ii . 

1 ( L 9 + ) 

. 

a t t l a : ' i p 5 0 , 

C : o n s r . 

: . 

2 j 0 0 * h i ;h - a l t 

i :i s t e l S . . 

1 ( 1 9 4 4 ) 

. 

- a i r c r a f ; , c a r r i e r 

( l u J - ,:rn a r iao r - : 1 a t e s F C l OCO h h i . . - h a l t 

) 

• • v • 

1 

(1 41) dive b . 

l u x i l i a r y a i r c r a f t c a r r i er i:-i s t e l 3 . 

ii . 

1 d i v e - b . 

( 1y44 ) 

a t t ac!•, 

li e : vy c , r u i s e r :: C . . 

J U` l l `) > ) 

. ,. ) 

. ;; . j 1 9 

, 

i. e s t r : y c : n i t o r _ e c i o 

i o a t s S C 7 C* ( 1 . . ; 3 j ) F C j 0 0 ( 1 4 ) i . . : 

i i: a l t . . 

. C . 

j 0 ( 1 9 j 7 ) < ci i v e b . 

Sp ee d b na t s : . 

: , 

; >0" ( ; i ) S . '; 

. c . ; * ( 1» >) 

. 5 0 0 ( 1 ) 3 5 ) 

. 

F i . 

l e d 

'id1 t 1 t r i c ti l o r e t l , 

y- l e r _ 

e 



- z - 

4Vy 6 ea p o ns . w a i l a b l e 'd y 6 ea p on s De ve l o p e d 

at the Outbre3k of during the far 

''ra r 

Couime r c i a l 

Sh i p s 

Ships 

Tan k e r s 

) S C Z50 (1933 ) . . w iLh trichlorethylene 

) S C 5 0 ( 1 35 ) 

. . 

t i or e o v e r , a l l t a r ;; e t s 

on the seas cou ld b e 

attacked with aerial 

tordepodoes L . 

T . 

S (1939) w hich were available 

for this purpose 

_ I r . irso b i l e Ta r e t s 

- 

h a va l Ba s e s 

) 

Docks 

Locks 

) 

) 

'iJh a r v e s 

) 

Depots 

) S C 250 (19j3 ) ( S C 1000 (1 40 ) 

. . . . 

Loa di ng 

) 3 C 500 (1g35 ) ( S C 1800 (1940 ) 

. . . . 

a n d un 

) 

- 

l o el d i n ; 

) 

poin t s 

) 

Co mrne r c i a l P o r t s 

Locks 

) 

`Ụar ehouses 

) S C 250 (1935 ) 

. . 

Cranes 

) 

L an din; poin tU ) 

P reven tion of movements 

b y mi n i n ; o f p o r t 

en t r a n c e s L I 1 . . . 5 0 0 ( 1 93 6 ) Th e s a me tiYe a p on s 

as those li t ed 

L i i B l OGO {1 9 3 b ) i . , . 

n t h e c o l ur n on 

w i t h ma n e t i c t h e l e f t re r e 

remote contro l d eveloped with 

fuses 

accoustic and 

mine- remote 

control 'uses . 



L: LE V 

T 'l l u S l Ol'1 : 

Di s r u ;. t i o n o l Li n e , o f 

Co alu n i c a t i a n t o Cu t 

t l e Fl o w o f Su p po c t t o 

th e Fron t or to C u t h e 

Su l i e s o f Es s en t i a l ay e a pons va i l a bl e l Q8 pOI1S De ve l o pe d 

a t t h e Ou t bx e a k o f d u r i n ;• t h e ia r 

l :i l i t a r y I .zs t a l l t i o n s 

, 1 , 

a r 

an d F a c ii i ti es 

a . 

r a i l _ 

r o a d s 

Ro l l i n` 

S t a c k 

Lo c o mo t i r e s 

: a il cars 

Tra in s 

Fi x e d 

I n t a ll a ion s 

Tracks 

. I a iti Ia de s t r uc t ur es 

atations 

Lo c oL•IOḺi v e h a n a r s 

RepairUh ops 

Potive r a nd 

trans t ormer 

• installations 

for suppl y o f 

electrified 

rdilroads 

' , 

l t . e r s upUl y 

facilities 

( • 

C • 

55 nose-spik e bo b 

( S . 

C . 

?55 nose-spi]re bo b 

b . 

a a t e r •va ys 

ah i os o f a l l ki n ds 

Canal oeds 

I I a nula de 

St r .. c t ur es 

Br i c e s 

Lo c k s 

3 r i 

i p - l i f t i n o 

lev ices 

P or t 

Ins ta l l a ti ons 

y a r e h o u s e s 

:!} a r v e s 

t e l i n ; s 

Do cks 



- z - 

Ny ea po ns Nva i l a bl e Je a pon s De v el o pe d 

a t t h e o ut br e ah o f d ur i n t h e ' ar 

d a r 

c . R oads 

Roa d s 

particu l arly 

r aba nkment s 

Defiles 

Cross i ngs 

Entrances and 

exits to and 

from loca liti es 

_ I • 'f an ma de St r uc t ur e s 

' 

Brid es 

• 



' ti 3 LE '1I 

. l :: l :i . 

i : 

: Lt Cl s o !t . 

t Ui'a l : e ;: u?' c e ; . ; t i . 

;:! , : 'v : i l _i + l e ,l e d o t: 1 CVL l o u e t J . 

a t t i te :; u t r e a l • : a d u r i . 

il t te J r 

a i u I ri du ;=t r i a l r' c; t e _ i a l o f 

J 

a r 

c :e u cie ::y r• .. 

:e a '' r c es 

. : 

{ , ;a i r 5 t t r : e Fr o auc ci ve C ::, c i v : 

i : i i. ° i .`' .. 

O f Z r . 

.:C i i C t l O il 0 k ;x '. J . L 

. : i l . t ?' 1 1 

. 

; :i ne 

. 

o ,: 1 __ t ; r s ) u C 

. . . 

- j 

C i l 

. rt l l 

) 

'r a zl a s o r . a a t i o . o :' Ka ' : i . 

t e r _ l s 

. l a s t f u ^:: c e s :: C ( I ) F'1 . . : !z!bo C : u 11 ;+40 ) 

' Srs . l` 

ri ''r I i :: 

. C . % ( '- » ) l aL t,o C J Cu ( l J ) 

S t c e l r 

=:n c : 3 x za :: 3 1 1 s i 1 

, 

. 

( i r ;, z. d 1 C ( 1 ) > ) 

T;r . 

=z d C a ( 1 - 

; 4 ) 

i r a d C 5 u ( 1 + ) 

' ;; 

j tU ( Co : Ui . 

:e d 

e x : l a i v e 

_:T l r . 

C ri d i a r ;; 

c ; :nu ( 1 9 1 . 

) 

i i: nu f a c t u r i :z ; 

. ;' a c i l i t ;i _ 

e s 

. _ .. L C : , . L l e l . 

l . 

i C 1 1 l . 

i C l. d r l P . U 1 

. _ 

1 t ! t ' 7 

Pl :i a 

: r o d :. C . 

. . 

TI 

. r e : . >o ti a 21U t; _ 

r r i f•r s o ;_ . .: . 

;f? 

1 i f l e a ra u r : f a c t c r i 

. . 

` 

' Z i1 t S . . : 

1' O Ci t) G J i ii J l r' ' i0 . . 

E• C 

_ i . 

i r c r a f t f a c t;or e s 

'%dr i _ị : :i S . 

::; i n c- 1 . r o a u c i i , , i a t :: 

P o r 1:N ; o f < c t e r i e s 

i io o r v e :_i c l a ,:r c da c t o r r l . 

:_ 

k ; . 

F o : e. r Cu 

7 _ 

y 

Ll e c t r i ci t v 9 . ị. v 

i l EC : Y' 1 C L f i Or' i . 

) 

r o ; e r l r : 

t s u s i i : ; :: : . 

_ ) 

t;c :r c :; c : c:r ;y ) e zî a l :ii ::e ; 

D ; .


. l e _-, _ ' . . : . 

' . z l , :i l i 

: ; . . _ , 

F=


'iA3LE VII 

1 • 

i 1 S S 1 On : 

To At t a c k I Ii l i t a r y I n s t a l l a t i o n s 'Je a Pon s Ava i l . - :Je a p on s De v el o p e d 

ancz F able 3t the durin the Jar 

ac ilities in Cities and to 

Outbreak o f 

Lau n ch Re t a l i a t i o n r 1 •c i;a c Ja r 

Uovernreni an d Adarinistrative 

Centers 

Go v e r n i ye n t b u i l d i n o s 

) S C O ( 1 g 3 3 ) 

. . 

Y os ta l an d T e l e ra p h 

huildin s ) S C 2j ( 1 3j ) 

. . 

Pa c3i o t r a us lui t t e r s t a t i o n s S L 5 00 A ( 1 3 g ) 

. . 

Radio stations 

• R a d i o t o rre r s S l . . 5 0 0 A ( 1 9 3 g ) 

I ;i l i t a r y R e n l a c e L e t C e n t e r s t , 

c . 

St a f f h e a d u s . 

r t e r s ) 

C arr i son an d barracks f : ucil ) . 

S C j0 (1 33) 

. , 

i 7i l i t a r y s cs o ol s ) 

. C . 2 0 ( 1 3 ;7 ) 

; • i l i t a r y r e s ea r ch a n c i t e s t ) - 

in facilties ) 

Retaliation A ctack: on Cities 

` 

_ 

I r . 

h . 

bi t e d L' i s t r i c t s s o:, L s Bocnb s 

( Su p r l y i n s t a l l a t i on s , s e e Ap en d i x V) 

s . 

c . 

50 ( 1933 ) s c l . . 

ooo ( l y4o) 

S . 

C . 

50 ( 1 33 ) B . 

I I . 1000 ( 1 41 ) 

a . 

C . 

2ooo (L943) 

s . 

C . 

18oo (lg4o) 

li i h - Cha r e ]3oLbs 

s . . 

%500 (194 ) 

s . . 

i ooo ( 19 + 1 ) 

Subterranean lar t air ra id shelter 

ti e r i a l Pṯi n es Ae r i t 3l rii n e s 

L . 

i i . 

: . 

j U ( 1 9 j 6 } ) Emp l oy e d f o? t h e 

L . 

i - i . 

L . 

l 00 U ( 1 a 3 5 ) ) i i r s t t i a i n 1 40 

)for this purpose 

) ; • i t h e er ` en c y f u s e s 

I n c etid i a r y Bomb s I n c e Tzdi a r y Boar b s 

B . 

I . 

E . 

(193j) B . 

2 . 

E .`L . 

(19 1 ) 

8 . 

1 . 

3 . 

L (1 9j3) lirand 10 (1943) 

Br a nd C 5 0 ( 1 '+3 ) 

Brand C 250 (1g 3 ) 

Sc a t t e r b ot b C 5 0 0 

( 1 J 1 ) 

u s i n s ub eva y s •, c d t un . e l s a s s h e l t e r P . 

C . 

00 Rs ( 1 4 0 ) 

a r ea s P . 

C . 

1 I+00 (1 +0 )

468192

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