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Culture Documents
jeoqvaphy
Euviro n e n t Eorth dustnplon
Dvest
Plas tahu featunu sufau
&paus e
Tuun inkratio
ysiealC t a p l y
eoqrCLy Hwnan a
H Matu
THE UNIVERSE L Ergy
)aOuivusom wlauing
Deivedren Lon
Univse
Non-Pysial tm tmenls
Pysical
Tavtatim1 kpau ele
Asrodmui pastiru
Juk elecnns, potons
n an wunt callud ho
Boung
Bong.
-
or UnivVAse
peved &y Big Baung u y as Speu,was a knglu peunt 138 Blluon ago
yeas
Gravitatuoual waves
8vuelegical ved i f t
y Qe nppls An aPau
Red &hift e 8lushift maHAVe
Am Caused by
dutnbingtw
miuon oec moviug with tmhreme
changu wth the
6ecbs aCccle rolons
jects meve fan Rd Speckrv
ects uBN Clases Bluspeerum
ALAXIES
Huge wileduen ogaa, dust P billuen of
Hug stans
LQUT
L plaumtany kystm s locaked n an ovkrr ptal
am he Milky way balany
mleased ong 6n
arge OuMewt b MKGy
Remaining mauknad eind to fom plants,
cuwas meos
Planets
clesbad body moviug m elliphial oiit o1eund
Cl &tcu
Dvbits plau cu uasy uirulas, bud mauy
Cowuts, astreuda fullow elliphical drbts
Sun)
Jenus Jpiter (
Earith Oranvs .
Mlars pluto
Mercury
Satorn
leptune
T4)
Terwestrial plauut)
Jovia plauta)
tomnng oicabu c LCalrhvely maks up 497. mas
metals. thu orbals o su alto tuown
LPwm 0tky up0sum u Ciaut plau
bjects Musspur
spposit
hde oEavfh rom sn
tl
has 0wertaken Jupite (19) cu
Louturn (82)
fACT moens.
Oith most
plants
Eoath pslw a e
oblatu&pheretd
agbtly flatentd Geoid
hpe
atllut MOON
loVEMENT OF ARTH
Rotaton Reveluion
Matww e a s t i aksuwnd
Melim culmy ds anå cm
Bo east otalion
west Eveu 4th yean, fibruay
Reqvires 24h to Ceplut
rotaHon has 29 das by odysti
Earths,amis makis 23:5°
wth t u hormal
mta 6uours Buea
Laue hounge un Yeor with 366 days
kasons
DLSTICE Callud leap ea
olstice
&m apptans to coch uthi
ihe peunt whun tu
LWivuhh belehu
Smuus SelsHee
emd
Lhontstday n
a n g s i day un Nodtha hoatwan Plmisphuu
Huusphne DtcuYs 21 P e u b n .
L Su wa uh dwnng
Avwmw Aachii urlu
Equin0%
(21Marh)
Autvmn winter tn NH
ummer in NH
WintY
ols Hce
Summer
6olshue 2 Derember)
(21 Tune) wintr in 5H
6ummer in SH
Atumn
Equinox
(93 Bept)
Sping
EINO)
On 21st Movch amd 23 pBommbt, dirett vauus Sw
falls ot cqvator At Hu pesulon, n u t p-o-us
t i t d tewards duun qval douus ngts
Tu tallud Eqvinox.
L
L hese awtewn im mDrtuwnn Huinphma and
PERHELION
APHELION
EarHh cathu t h L Farth desest to tue
sun1U1nullion km)
tarthut psuntonm bn
s2 ulun m)
occos a 4 July
Otco1s of 3 ouuon
CCLIRSE
SUN (MoDN EARTH
SoLAR ECLIPSE
LUNAR ECLIPSE-
SOLAR ECLIPSE:
tUNAR ECLIPSE:
LEarth & betwem
Lm 4 &art
Otwrs twiu ayea
LOttws dumg dauy umu
LHaPps nuo wwbow L Happus dun
ght um
phase
Deows ull mo
L OlCwT 0mce 1 mmth.
Dhase
LATITUDE frcie
qo'No rth Pole
Cirle
Angulau dustanu plae
N Topi of 23-5°
noth or auH b Eq vator Conter
hiar (0udm
L T
Thuy eqvadJugt
Pa tifie Ocean
nolicuntundard lEme
Mbden Thuones
Faaly Hypothusu
thuonu
yeograp
Evoastisn Uivent e u )
4 to 5 bullon yeaAs old.
L act
w n d 35 bulluom yeans pld 0 ath
e bugins
0eoth Can be totg0nnd wto
Dnqm
Tuon
Modm hwns
Eaaly Thuonts
yasesw tidal
Hypethui
Binar Pwi tel
Nebular Nebular
pothusis Hypothud
Plamttuima
Twon
9oulton)
Hupotusu:(By thambalain 4
loutuimal
As a usult,
appoodud -Hhe
sn.
8tur
LAmotwn wandiing solas
emtunston om the
tha matrad sta haped elgaa
Avmau wu t e d
T h u mettriod Lombined
to om paua
Helal Hypotuu
0esuu
-th primihve tasly stage)
age)
2 star pased
ar
CRITIC 1SM
Auording to uory, all plcuut should be
the
scme as Telcutine to
tuuw peths
Hikd t
but n Teality tuy a alugud cut cuf
Cu
8inazy Meoryey RUSSEL.
inan 64ans Tüwo sto 0b?Hma mmm undau of mas
StLonday sta
Dimany Sto
brigkt) aionr)
Most stas Lopat Binany tan Lysi
L ubiggas suu eis mass uudu tu unu of a
to
u Du ming s e at ugh tpud, bading
Homaluom plam3
CRITICISM
Detais cbut Hh Inhucdin sta and Ha
YOmans stas om wuth shu
tuasyected wau
et &kmplaiued by Rusd.
KevisedNbulan heoY)
By Otto 6th miclt in Ruwia and Cad Weizas cas Jn
Cytrmany
L n wcs Mbun.clud y a 4alar hubula
turolwuma
tutu uumg
wwtly wdingen 0d dauliuum olmg wth clut
T i o n and coliaon of pouhielu Auel to the
Pomo.ton of dlut shnpt elsud huw -fovmun
msvgh acyeiom
ModeynTheones
BTh SANG MEDRY npanding univue
Hypotui)
blast wnivese
"iny Baii"
Lubstculial typanaton,
Al mctus + substaneu) upanding at pruent)
emtemly dmall veluum
int dunsity Heuuperaliuu)
TCk plau 131 bullon yeass ago.
tWiclmu Hhat Hhe wnivose
&Eclwin twbblu povidk-Hh
Lbu trpandin
T tar fomotiom
A co mulo.tien e Hy drogen ges Nelula
mto dinse
Lmps qrdus
a4cu brdu
cdust
gc s-omue with dwt oMsund
i
Trtn o
armund clsod.
ormaion e mall rundlud e-ljectb
CoulLd poLuutesimals
T u mall ploutestmals
ombin rqeth
Foring plauta
blnce
SLLypluto no longu a plaut 2
t has ecceni ovbu
wughs 0 01 ums t h nat tliptical.
moss 0 t h olyettk
t
0Ybuk 1e
orbat i nat u
n
too ight weíght
to (Lw AamL lcune au 0 t a s
b cosiolirnd as plant
Ats orbt å net cluas.
EvoutionLPHhosphet
tumperature
in dunsity
Du to ntveasu
fnmor eavth lntreased
m dunsities
cupndung up
eoumL
cdown nto n t r e
mattri)
uary
mattre! moveo uD
upui
Aile
T h L lico6s topAL sfoO
Cie ouund tan b as 3 0DD millen
yeas 6-Ld
CjeolegtalTm ral>
fa EosEraertod Epoth-Yeara beore
present
S
angut mallut
wwcastamd tasthb
ndutcund
maqnatuoeld.
earths surfaw
mtmal
eavthguake
Cy clsnu
o pykial phnomtnazv
alcac
heugs {lawro Athiviy
oua
Out Mugnatiu teld.
onygen
NHreew
(Eveluhiene Compesilhon o
AAtmostpthea Carbeudioxiclu
Methan
because
yol toL upliow,
volcont euplam,
avu
Al1thust gasus
Mineraltploration
&tudly nalue s
i nurals k e olamend
n
wew fund olup
eQth hust
DUrs to wdy dnkvor Larth
Dired
udincct
DUY CLS LRotka-rom Mining
Mettors
LYelcauuiwptusns
Mint
Cnravitation
Deepest Min Mponu Cqold
MoAnlit waves Johanncebung SA.
Seusmit waves
n temp
0ulysina heugL
and prisvre wth duptt
Magyalu ield
(Metorites LGjeoclyamo efecr
nebulor Pmplains the
usicle o ecato
Born m iaL
thu
Uwd o s0mL lutrna 41s thilt enplauns
cds cbsuut temmpeLllon
shwdwe s eorth
Crovitadu wares
p t u s attording
to Hh twaves oengy navelliq
massmodenal earth threugh eaths svafau
Atsflecben d rfacüon
or tore.
ust oT M a t l e
Lwave
S-wave
P-wave &vrHau waves
L ravds ot th svvfau
thrdugh t u TNTERIOR
EanthgvekseisnMsqrapn
o us
OF EARTH
P-waves:(ima ry) fastst
- lBngtulvnal naiv
taavel thaough al
4idar to 60und
medium
waves).
solids liqLuid qases)
S-waves [econdory)
ransvthse in nalure Telordud Ond
y tannot travel th0ugh uuc
imdor to ripplu on
hado 2n
ue
buynd 103 dles net rtueve S-wares Cund
tlire 0 u
bavel hrough liquid Tu sheus tHhat
w a v e s uwuot
Om eu Aclu bmm
-
� (ll,l4lli . 6,..-e,..____
t'rtlb t
lr�1 ,L,'tcJi. ( VI 1-> U. ill,� I'
�lA,1tH:t¼ " Olk) �
r (9..uJ-Uv
1:,�tid) vu,uA.,
�
�
@ tLL io fu k P"'l,½L'
U)l)-t.
3 [v,'iu1m
{w,wv � u t 4d-t �t-\bJ (clvA-U Jlv,u-d)
t�icl)
. -----�--:::/Jt✓�
:=----�� {;;J.?j �;;.!'� 'f.- e
Qoo�P"r>
� I
�'Ye.
�
Owerage clunsity 21qlum s u t u s t Auye
tuupiratux tuprralusc iuveases 30°
unin tasus wth dpH
Teuthing 200-400 Cust for wey tm
Jus than1Y. of earth mass
at beundory with
o c e u t r v & t - S to 30km
by Magma upto
Metamorphit tu Lurfau
More Slica- More
Visosttu
baseulHt Totks
Juh laye twst ultra basit rotks
us n Eayth Uust
Mt abundcunt d
0ryg46)
sthton 11) wmwUm etc.
81)
ngd sute pert
L8mpesd Hhesphere) olclngauthgAnetutha
ots
ttutsui plans Aeugu
0 200 km
utt
pat Mantlu
tempiralire
dunsty-:9qlom to 33qlum
200'-4DDo'C Jest mantle)
ppar
Tus tuup. dilferenu
Caues vowetuom
wutat woktnal
80-200m
JAd ust buloo Mautlu
hulps un plau
tecteme m o v e m n t
lestilu oadjuwmunt
Duter Core 3
NNER (oRE
rowm unu to belous slpo m earthwfa
Mohrovivic Visconinuity
Gbeten
owt ust 4uppu Mavtle
ouou baiins
lpth m buuath
Ccu a
btmath niuuntal Lurfaus
30 m
ownge n oth tomp 8sulto trD
ue
otts td withauk
rotks umtaining felds pa to
fldapa
TRICK: C M RelaRves pant krta h Land
Mohovic Ripiti
Coreda
Cuttenberc ehman
dastmtwwity di's cont cdstont dusuont
cuwnt
Magnot d
L g ten i whith a brdy nptnienus o-0ce oluu to tHu
boclus
paeseu 0thus
uemt chonge au attrokkd
L9n eltctni field, sliets Juaving
Apulud hy eath tui
L 4 dlutrwins hau
elncni went having detni tharge
ement-ortL m tHun eltthmc wrment mtaining body
(Vyname heon
ugast t a ww echow m wtutoe WiH cmusl
eld
tavths Magnulitleld
Enplanaton ( yenevaluon e
pwdwud u oUte Cone
E t h s maguatui field
empraUe 0uln u0L rCungu am 4400°C m autu
C0AL 6000'C CoAe
T h u efftuuu un fuunpeualui causes CoMwetion
maruol s puwgdd.
Th ù loo et Luo Aiqud mo Ite won Cenaats
lil uwmwt wuuch podus maq nalut ielc
GtoMmanNAT oL
4utasetion Fathb kodaut
on bar wuagut
diffunu n Hthaion
b anis Magnati
QAo-qrapucal ans
A dluu to onnplur dishi buio.
IMc netosohere
r g o n abevr deuosphue
cartte magntti field n kpaeu)
tnteut e
LpAatiu
L thu eart fiom charged pastilu
nhulios phu
Sums Mag nutespure tollud
LUn eomaq nale torms
olilorbcuu o tath's mag mtosplun taued
euuporay
Tepora
by &&la wind zhok
waves |tlevd ef maquatui fheld
catus maquaimm
Antrathng with
earttu
(RING CVRRENT) Lorge elechat Cvarent Hhat Urcls te
Cbove -Huu eqvator dwnng maqutc stornm8.
Astrenauta& pilet
COn 1ntYecse fatu u h raclialiom
5enes phuu quts huathd
sl sadlit drag .
wd.
aucl ditorttd
tlechnt pee qatmd
Jang unae towmDnicallow
wuld have drgn
ge disupted. utreastm vo ltage
ADRORAS3 glouo An tue uppu
Tcse au the lwmunm
CLhuuostplusu of lu casth
Dositive A m
FORMATION 16ve
Eaut
Lwut
n twrent
agalre
EO MORPHIG MDVEMENTS
tors
VAN ALLEN RADIAT|ON BELTS
wngete uaged pahulu onginaHing Youn sla
LZsL oY planel
eatusmag nateeld "ahund .
wind taptused by
EO MORPHIG MDVEMENTS
tors
stal paysrcal thuutal
hcomooplutt Movemunts lavge
eath
chounges taking plaa on
fazth Movements
Excqeue
Eveloqeuctue
Erosiom
weatheninq
Dista spuem udduw
Eavthqvclke PAyerical T
Rives
Volcamots themia
Tbgeit
Epeiveqei
Wind
upuward Tenuon Sielngical 4vndugtoDnd
wat
daomward y Comprcisiow
NDO HECoMptPcovEyas
Duirt stocnath tmm iutnor t h eartt
Raelio a tivity
Cjravitaton preU qradieut)
Mevcment
Deormatuwn eearth3 VusE
veltanie
tctonis, earthguakt, OVERTHRUST
Sx att 8veak of overskeepened
*o sheer.
0rea due
MONOCLINE
NCLINE 0VERTURNED-
ANTICLINE
- Lidud klope -
7oik s wICLptc) - oVevstcepened
i n p l 4ymmutnal douwnward duu
-uigutbuud upfold.
dueto puch
to CommpreS10mvom
panlll layus oBks l1e Om Arch one
tewards 07 CUway n CU
pe7auwwt or tansient
COUl be
cOctintwt burey
SDBSIDENCE
DPLIFT ubwgcd sotst yally
Roused beauhs, twouted
Cawes
eosthaveke
to
ennluir hae o
sufau woo.
T Andamat Nitoboas
omnga, maL Tu
dnawt bun slatid from
wath edavoai
Avakan ast by
river, Kavoipattinam
m
M Kave Deta. Aubwungeuu Aand
btw-een
Miwing
D 4Notura C beideae
gas tntinciek
rmundwal
Duis olulion ef
ulotto
Jimute
NiC ovEMENTE
to Lonverqeuu tcttonii plautu
L Coutal hitkuuug duu
ocla'ngf feulting.
duu b
enutially to the earths sUrfau
T Ty att toumg
e aldung.
ld1ng.
bulding cuu o
oluu to e w
vu
lnsisualX Cwyrstinal
prvduusvns, au prrdus oldb,
Qudcuy oa puwt)
LARTHQUAKE
Uddun moemuwt eavth
i s l a t e d tuougl weak pans vu
thu
uysual uhg
enhs tu-fom knuui eugy.
urfau n shorelunu
Can Loue dhauge m untons, ivn toue,
owud B vement
unnaiud duu Io ucl dun mo
Urcs
osU cd by moqruph
VoLCANIT
MoHeu 2ptks
Mov Awtnt o
mattnal 6teom +qes
mcludu t u utape of py1oclautiu
(auu Yolauigm,
Caus tovehonal
ouu to Radioattirity-
nperculvre diffrrene
COLUseL
CUTes oms C0vergent 4 ctres geint buunda nes
Dacct acsult
tvss dus Lo pushin 13
u n s uat
pulling-prtus
e-qvavit) foru behind noqem
movemunlis
Msuular stress
duuu to tuptaalu
hemta yrouss weath patttmas
chana
weathenina + ehosum
dupends puysual
muoms ship off |wnovey
uacls to.
&chmutal propelius
- weautHun nq
rotks
Mass mwvemut
Borning Loal
carbuclioxidu
0raMm
pund vottu
oot fomu Brning Loal
0ygw pXeud ul phn
Cavbo
ete
with way,
Teats weak atids potluti rcLiuater
0 u n g cavbone dusewe otks
w l .budoalubn) making
t mow
atd. Aftls aound u yocks
wiakshe votk aide orming
morbl4 Luimu aid Roin
6t4 eovwbly
Abrasion Turma
r m a l
Erfalialion mpnsign
uhtbgehu
twedging rocks foud
tks
Ex- Dtks om
ubstanuw
COUusecy n ugh pressu enpasin
Mverbed, pebblu
wuth qut uwto
emw) 1 0 n m n t aulsmg t h bath Lstaused
w u t h breaks
hru a tks C bougtut to
0 Cdge onves
w uch eponds the otk
covth's &vnfau
uwanda
1q nutlCOLnLe Wenner
t h or malion tl sail
3
fivm d0lks
u st sttp n
ennthment
nawral 60u
acls to
enmchmunt
t a n ors
c ecetan Ln 460l
ores in
min yal
ucL.ols to
ovemerttJ
usldu'ng uuge
aBunt o eui 4 rotks
moUntauns ills.
h a p p euluvg stapauidd &lopu
cawed cluu to qav?tettuonal pul
C t u t we wecdtnnd sps
DOES NOT COME UNDER ERUSIDN.
Hare
Tou
ud
Rapid movemnt
uTwo Uauses
low moremunt
4 t t u duompeslion
y1Atu displauuunt
rotks, 8td,miura
6ud by wind, woly with amosphua
tantatt
b
wRdthured moutt nal
y Exodud modtnal not diplaud
displatd
Hyps au hystcal
14ps
Agut 0i wati,wind, thmutal 4. bwlogtal
u , thumal, grovit weouthning
t a u s u d by atmostpuui
wind toai Au, a
ectorsJuke preisU
uwwan a t i v i t y Uu
touss
TONC
D:PMekenzie + WMbxq on
TEtonikos
Meamin buildiry 0r
B CCnstr ucuon
+ Le Pithor an 1967-68
SEAFLODR SPREADIN
CONTINENA DNIET
TEORYS
tocbtr n 141
By->0eo LOeqen
duu to
Enplunsthu movemuutCoutivu Oru teused
spinnuns &cavth
forw deprupoible Busyany, ravity, psletuing dova,
dad wn ents, Aids
Explanciion
thu
Aceoreling to Huu -Hwy, tu touHnnts Llowly hange
Pusuion lausly tlaHing o eath othn du to t u duoriqantal
we
t u tomhinnts ofeosth
uluan yeas batk,au
n oneatg mos 0 a SUp onhnui
sinLdtatnn
w e
eolled Yang oua oul londs moning
stasted to
nuiluon yeas batk, langaia
Aleut 20o-210
ond huse prew
qadually
brcak ounc anto wo preus
lawasia |n ooth)
Atatd moving apaat fomung
and nduscnaland (n Sut
Lmtint bok nbo futho pasts
Tuss wo huge
malln LonHnenls that enith today.
forwung
CA DpOR PREADIN
By Hasy. H Hess n 1960
Enplcunu the movUmunt o 0t DCEANIC PLAES ONY.
foru uppui bl lonveetuon Cwrent mthu Mauill draq
uutal pals
dubibutuon imto
Decuo batks DsU nat taki wntiuutal
dsiu wut enplan tautiwt
formaluow
a cesnt,
plauailion
toweclion wreut formaluon taks plau
ntintus
m H mount cund th intunu hra
ou Ao olio auivity
genaed by it
pulls
uu wwethonal whunt wnHniuwy puuhu th
oen Dt aust-humny efett causing Hhe
clwelspmunt reuhu, euay ndgesetc
dasli mattnal o 0 7 0ut
hawa R 6tun pyo
id
uins td t l sea ormuing nud
dupung reltauu vupions
OLeunu nidgas
olou, Aouks cuwuy tuu tauusing
Thu ndgu pusu t u
tha spread albor
gTONI SP
al tseated usB au o
haa major cundfoms
ple wit
svbtwaLan moremuts ' long
uult oEaoths
wuntun, Voleaunos, tarthgvaku
ormation o
e vuust
tarths thespluumadu up
u pla teetouiis,
mantl A baokeu uito lasge plods
du o w e tion
plubs luu
abn axthuno puru t
T
to eoth o f r out dif rcuiu
huloube
thuy wevt
FOrLd Hmalay.on
Meuntuus Fast Hn'casn rift
layoreeto e Ylotu
Eurasiala Noth u i t a
Ptat
nian plat uth Awica
Pla
to 20miluoin Sa bm)
tectonits platu | Imillon sa. bm
Minor
Cotes plat
E Casolun plai Jmdian plalu, omal plali ,
(EviDENCES,FOR,PLATE TESTONICS3
Gpaavitaio
PauoMogntm egeaotksHovaung nomalus
wmttnts , vuons
ulravitalioucl
tonsaust AL nlab
Au plab
Cowhiuumtal aouks i lus at6uhdudion bevdous
1F 35 bullon ys gnethat indicab CAL Agwns
ouani 0cke
75 wlon Yhs L o sm a t t r a l .
NTERACTION OFRAT
ccur
vakes o
eartug
KCqvent
wo teteui plab BeuaHe
Divergene S w o i d s each
culeng t e ift
mag ma nisutwm
mantl'
ses
OVVerqMi
bauudaius
plah
Htowveagunu 1lwo pleuis
CButiuutal u u s t u
ococde d COLtoqethu
Somu Hu Hormung
Meuntins tx-Humaloya
Boundony-u
4 wlliding plah bopgrd
mantle
Maq ma ds lo oWOe plali ftun
wlts
dawn that
onm nw Ust u forad
werq enu
W Ouus
3Couiuutal
) Duan Coutinutal
Oamt - 0 ciauie plati touinutal tallin
pla twussion
LConhmtal
0uanL vst
callikvn CalusT v
LTe &ubdu tiwn ploat Caudls twit
Loted Aorks a mlkd C8uhinuntal iust omeatun jela
as plunge into mantl. eausing urdodion es futon evo
dunst 0teamt Aange ladmasses
(MovEMENTOFNDIAN
lauintal
ytwuu
L t eninsulor dndio 4 Aushauan
tpfuuhe
Mecsvaedl by 6cisbgraph
Aleosn ouu. pout directly abon
peut gy
pfuntu
u owntHng al pauut oing Lanu intensity
Canthgvcuka As0seisue .
Ccuse
duequilibnum n ay part eaths iust
t0ndaltinw
eaoms 00u eu enpanston
manmade)\
Natural) PReut POveunt
MERCALLI SCOLES
Rutus lutuuity corthguake
RitHTER dcALE
Rupenti magitudu o eathguake
Deep
nallo udtr ediali
o-300 tm
(300-1oole
o-10 Pw
eup dup)
clup) u huge magnitud
usmall
m kvdu.
mcvds faufie
stbibuhen Caihgvak Ri e
Cirwm lauije Keut
Mest mpoataut eazhqvakezen
68 al
owest susmit
EOthgvaktzous of uaia3
& Zauell
Bvreau udian &tudas L7
cwrding o (B15) Zoml
L7av
, higut susn
nakinglergond
TUpture
eet o Earthquake
Ploods
audeludu rs
Avalaudu
tsut nami harbovr twove
tnteud1d wavelngth
,Ghave lous enhgy oss dut to
lle wavs
Meuhauikm
buuuath s oltnu plah
GSubelwting plabu plungu
Staess duvclepeo)
thustd upwords
esd o0uout usB à
walin vertcally
OR
Mordn Voltouuuc euuptons gennatu mapulsive force
birth to
hoct liplaus woulis tolwmn cmd gures
Boncu.
OR
fallendra tarehicd tes 6 &peu can
g ger usst olutrutut mauwtains.
pOq od Lon waves
etu thallow oatu so
C
l&uncmi duavts clup Loaun t
4pted ditrcasu ehgy Lowtcunt
clupth cdttveasts1
might ntseass
(shoaling effett)
Duan Rsusmut
duweloprd by Dup
&Rpvoting Tavna
vc.ul ➔ j\t�iu, e
r_r::·�) l cw.r tnitlc)
� �IMJ.1'� � � .
( d.u.t to rc,..&UJ a Wµ<. �u1'.s10J,UL
-f
'Y"�clu.oJ �)
J
� 4e!A,rM(Ltu'}{ dlf'l e_uu fittt ..l,� MA,�
� � lcud'Vi-1 e_e4tfk .
<fr �¼Ve_tMwJ
.J t�� �
l
C� ��� � �<rt�
�
� ell' vet' bw MOW
_r-
cJ.J v � iguJ. v!d� AfConvt.�UA.t 6.vv1.dCtA�
+-r
/U �J
L--, Vu.o.tu ��
� vf�
7.(}1,\JJ � w.fM'rM �;1�i- to��·
LAVAyPES
VS Lova
Meg ma
Magma couhing H
moHtn roLks 8torr
Catus 8urfau tmugh
Jn caths ust
ltanit Veuts s Lova.
ugluly multin
istous 4 ugh pemt
Voltouuoes
XChaTtustiu o Lonap0suti
Lous clunuiry tesw 4 vistos
Jight telovrtd tHhan Boualt lava yslta Bonbs
OAL o toused. sus ottur
Jntgh.e how nd tonveigeunE
sitica Blidy quftkly,
diveageut Kovndoy
dMrotied, 8Bkup didud
v e a i tomL-formmd.
Noltait Londfbrms
ondforms duu to
oncoes du o
sU uplious
udal uuplious
plctleou
lincler Ca
&uils Voleao Cva ptaus
&trato Vbltasuou
Cratus
Coukclera
) Cculdeaa
Aarge shallos Lavity lorger thaiu Crottr
a r md
o mud du to rmora 7wtouL du to
lHcu MattHal
A tw nmeusts ormud du to mo
(allud plutoi
&wrfate
ucli-touon beneath eaoth
a) Duku
vHcal or daiguy Judied sut o rguesus ots
4vrfau iutor
fomed w ww magma from eavths
theugn un apttuae
)Puothe
ws shaped masses o quueus 70tks
omud qrn
Fq wicklauo muteuus
wTdaud.
CypupuDVoltauo
Yesge entinbon
i n t r meunds, u d volcanos
Assouatud laufom
2) Effuwire Voleauuism
2)
GSteaclyl Aana outa qound.
3) Enplosive Vbleauos
Ggas bubts enplosion
vis
Eq Krakatau lOmbora n udo usia , Mt Helus
) Suboqveus Veltauism
fo beuath ratwod 4 nw bulds above
ormMs
ouk lwel
4udu tu fom qully sloping toff tocons,
EMwhit Flovse Bultn t Wellshyay teonwat
vltauie field eu cuhal Britih wlwmbta,lauado,
5 Hwt&pot Volcoi§m,
guom witun the eovths e u t
Hotspe td by
wueh uat iss thovaln t
Momtlu frm
ouss DCweon
Jthoapuwu
Liaeks ain iut-
Tuse mutted ouks pusms throvg tu
not fwnd ot t e bavnday
t wwiqu becau dt
tctfoniu plai wuu a dtun OCCUS
Eaoth
T pmng
atus opped ain Uudoq
rovnd
Cnd hoats m
prs v n
Fq6ld faitlul A
YellewstoL NatHauad
Pork,VSA
_o
Upwe Voltanism
Cutaal euplisns
HAVTe Eruplou
taku place thoovgh
toku plau feom a mvrcs
Cwbal vent
noknploime ativity. orm toe uke 6lauturs
)Plinian lype
ugtaly vátsus lava
t vielu upbuos
requemy pklonsT
Afrtaun plabs"
Fg Shombel, Etha etc, kilimaujao, Meuete
*Hpecluon otwrs
GHommud bez. otLan diveagence tausing silmt low
bedamuntany Metamopuu
dnaunge t o m duw
t cwud o.bon
Avudi frtahon o o uad presvc
Moltn o tks
Lolimuts
chenucal prous6
setHug
primay otk)
tlostic Psltated
Extausive themical
Ne oliakd
uhuuivt Orqct
1) tctuwive 9) utousive
pt below &03fau
upt t 601fat.
&hous Lolung for mung
tov quickly to form
g e Cystals
Cumovpheus glass
EqAueluite, basat Eqgra, pegmati
gabino
Secumeutyoctks
lauti Chemical
Lolussblved matnau ocw uloluon
ttu wulabion e pount ouuimal
w hcunital rcpitatsom
wcoutunng dtbruu &oluton clubtnis
Chnt, colsmti En Ualk,
EBreceio, cl lintonub.
Aimutsne
oundetou, ahalu
etamo phuL
Nen folicthd Rotke
foliete d
d o wot ham a doughad
loytd or baudud
pAorauma duu to
Eqomfels, masblu,
CoLposvre euat
qvaotzite ett
diveet prussve
En-phyuib,slat
Otk CyLEF
Protus ouns tovmauon old otks uto uw ouks
doirn b fov
dro logital ut
Eaoth utnnal
heat n g i
uterep wCothen ng,vsTO
Tr cunsportallon
upit 2dupesiion
plist
&edimnt
Eniuive Jgnuus
EARTH S0RSACE Buna
Cemupaion
Seelimantany
Cesling Burna roLks
Maqma
Deapen Bvaial
Borial
heat, presuc
Metemorpnt
Muting
D
walis U0zionn
Klam lCnfoms uu
1hosion
Haia Aauudomus
tyel o vosion
Ohud lmdfomse
Clurial loundfomsP
ast laudfoms.
Cyele oUasiom
W
2) WATER ERDSION
Rumo val &ol by wot rcuns portallo t e trodud
moia Ouuoouy rom t u punt oremoral.
ly pus o Watus Erosion
Stacam 8ouk
h u t n0 Ston
gully bsosten
KcunchepEivsin
Huind
owing wmescus bmal Lwouung up
spud
(ange rouinchep uitL uigh 1morts
wct upprr Chauus
usad svsau at (3rimcus dpth) rom bauks of
tpAcuger e sadfaovn A fos mud.
rivn &tseams
Engyaundnp Urfau Ruulk fom L Dffret fon
Ocewvs w m
tpat tauftved Coueentrauhon nsion bed
to ssilbeneata it cufeul iuteaihy overlaud w a l wastrcoUTSe
s Grtatn than
o aoucaked
codld &covring
nathatto
korge euov with Lut
tun &sd pashtk
L Cuthing namo
hannls talled
au gullw bolly oosion.
Glotcd enDsten
Co astal eosion
andslicl
los of wastlandsb
Rapid mOss movmuut e e bedaoct by
d uto moval
seikmud rotks dun to qvn
Seoiwuts om
qrovity cba csier
4uorelin
4 Meuy otwr A bia Ly mult waLlis
Can bt oCLpid-osc
bua ehosion
duiks or Small harard ov &lou
0uet hazard.
T typs
Ly Lowed byydraule plorkinq
abrcasi on
1mpactt Lorré2/
on fveeze Tha
OMd w Qn
a)indroion
uetvral pvus dupos?tion hscunsportaio
a by wind at lulferd plous
otwr ui doy 6oudy 6u. Ex-i onid, Jtmioid uas
d
Main Methcuukm
Dirt cawsing vwsiwn
Winel prepellingandl
ypes Wind Erosio
1,100 eow go
suspesion
atctiom
wInd 0
altalo
0-
wind rosiom
HaTypu e
lcmdfomu yel áfon
Cluvial
oud by wing wuw, mcuinly rivs
3 pha work
- l2tunsportetion
Depo&ihio
-Ero6ion
y Wecuthracd élimunts Sedimuts aw
Lwat disldgs loud douwn
disowes DY nremors CAr prtked up tacnsported
by oth prou
Aurdau matnal to nuo (ocations
Calld duposiHon.
n a po»
Coulld Erosiom
leutrcu osion
luyiad Erosive o tton idwdu
Huoduword Cotting leos
ComosionDaLon CtHng Baaidin
tydnation
Attiion
uvial E0410n lodforms
watofas
laatus Mencus peuplan
Potholes
ormatibon
aks
a)Rivtrallay Formakion
Depressed oitas o louncl tDvrccd washud out by the
wwpiaing orus qravity, wab + fu
GORGE VS CANYONS °
Ltap 6tep like sid
dup rally with ve Meps cus dup os gorge
Cauuses
Rdaubwe nsistanu o rotks
Rulaive oufftvu topoqoapluical relitfs
in
L
6o luelrdated ejuvinaho
fL a l
Earth movemuds
vngu ppols5
hlly dape treaims, 0
mo
beds
Over thu wtky
Desine
tolar clupressiens Called potholes fom
bez sham Uosion aided by abrasion ef
otk ogunb
ocess
maulA khalow dupsion
oror med
lerraces5
Nomsu flod 8Urfau cu utw side el valy
Poor
Common in &twu-a1d a s
Meander B
LBendh olougitudual covssts e the iras
e u i irwlgr hape
Bez ef letea eosion, ktaewus over guth
aleug Hu i l o rive
ene plai
penplau
end pdwct
evts ew feoturelss
epres
hosien y cl
pleuo dhaving Undolativng
burtatc ? remnans
Louven0~ tontave
fsiclw al i l l
RAINE ATTERN
thannus
ulou watsthoough o wl dufnnd
ltwork o vch thannd
neuon cu Claauuage.
ainage patem
Most cownmon.
so t u u As no pparcnt tonbo
mibvtenu
Bvo hu divt eion ef
) Yanellul Drcuiuage attemo
os cqions opevullel elougatcd
Gfoma wn bedaotks
DAa fawlted P Jointed
t mvos with RlHT ANLE BENDS
Streams
S u oetter seoson, tust
loku wuih eraporat
Tom epheamal umpetl patttm
duming dhy ptnres
Aalta a tomud.
FwviALPPaSITIONAL LANDFORM
Natorad Delta
Allovias fas Lewes
Cons Stacun velouty
Pepos akieua otlion eiver dupencs on
Vawm o nver
(Ayviol Fons
tomed at the bese o fotilu whuu th
Ycanyern
cubrupt dbop M dhonmul qpaolinat
Pue to attvmulaben ef 5 cop Stap
matna
apt á demi culo to Caat Aluvia Has
Notural Leeves
Naneu Belt of Ridge o lovo huigtnt bult
b te dupozuhn ef srdimauts by t
spil
pil veY walu trtam on t n
bauk i calhd atoral letvu
Delta
lnonqular shaped duposihona) fcodre
attu movth lorge nver
eiungdrainnq
C aku or a ta.
vais mw 6q. bm to thousacls
sq. brn
Fq 0ga Delto h naà Banals du
Condhiont07lta Formoho
E- N.iu, Rho
LANEORMg4 CrLE OP ROSION
LARST
wory
with bmik duulu, svns ete
Unelnqasund dacunngi &ystun
vsnn esoelublu muks Jiks
Fowmd4 by clsslutwn l
Liuteu, delonua.
Modrocti fo abovcdcunk
Tiuly bddhd thigluly
buau wMeudls up isintcd cratkad r o t 3aunfal
p i s wali stuull
cduprsto
Cave
AAA
Bockex
otks
SHabgti Cove Mouth
AVE IN SECTION
)Doy Yalluy /Hauging Vally|Bovse
wan talle owtred thbutamis cus up.
treceue vdus
o dy VaL Bourw.
qvantcut f wct
L lact adtguau e l hoow
main
heunging eut a muugnt om
a
ALavesHu
vlly.hro Alfud
as hngung vulluys
-Phesnu ef entrenht
seuleKoinfall
-Perennial sovru volluys
-
prsenu e walu Dense, Jeinted
1otksRutowa) linly bddid
ARSYLE OPROS1ON
aturi 0ld A
LManimum Udirqrovnd arge xmora o
hnfau chainage muslon mas
lainaggt
Lavs behind o
ustorn 6vifau 4 Liuüted to short inbiug
CvCLcks eudli ug
n Bwallow eassl ploum
Eresion e upp
hous blunl valluys LLappearcuAu
impuwiskepe. v1
6Ufau drainage
CAVERN NETLOORKS
Lalis,mt
w i Hu oladed
eus,mwallo latu matonty- begining
wms as vCnauds
aus oAtorud ducli efkasst
omgina
4 No lorg atu Jnustonn t t r a u
CGVtms t u t pontiow etwem bttams
(pwTSL
octen otean wares)
(ARINE LANDFORM auto
3 +yps
osioal Lond-orvmg
to latral nosen
alu duu
tham mauth widuns
[d)SeaCav
Ltuuust Aeng tm ware atatks wrth olk dibs blasted
e)SecaArch
two Cowts mut m t opposut mdi oa c f
uk stui
traet pndwung a bdau
ahaped d, Vshaped.
peutng
W a u s moots upward with vtsy wat whu orud
ene pdo
pla (rtated by long tem esior
ou nl
m Oremo nsleqy
()
veuout COmpumnttBas
(4)8ptHeek.
N a s e toastal laind -formation hud to tost
oub nd.
Postlinn Emurynt
Hu wamt hpesed by &cabu relai
a by
s tstr th aloug
wel by ostauy 0 eustau
fall AM A a
Raisd Beath
laud fomms ave cut Plofo=
Mo han wweral peifi
May
L6ta Caves
) wmpewnd basti
niay bning tuang
omud bytu ombiuaion
und n Novth to easths
cubvvt prousses Corolna, est suser
Cnd test+ Coast t
Andia
d) Fouult Cecusiliuus
Shaiot fomed by fault,tomiting
east
walls
to trcally hug
veuy steup
oueave
at ds uad 4 Ads,
Haugi Valluy
l ala wi dupens
eLups valluy
wicuns a pat- ensting vallu4 b
Ameotming auvay e1rculanHes
Axet
tuv
T
L i,Tn aed Kust hat stprats Da &tprrated
adjant glatis.
e) Ho
LMlauwi rdus thau or mo e tu ovming harp
edaed peat
outave tiruular baws, Ey-Maut erhom h SuitzerloLnd.
D-iords
wnd
n d m loaluons iwh wrewl or past qlouiatwn
shuts
cs buyeud t u muts etoui utal tu
(d) Dvmlins
u t h un elngated ova br cardvop shaped
&mooth urtau
() Morain
60lotk t behind th moving oAans
Clotal hocton3
Youth Maturty 0ld Age
L Morksd by mw0rd L Hanging valluy stat 0-&haped Valluy
uting cuivity u hging
Am a títque. Cos Clos Quhoash plaus
L Ciqu
LArtuf Homs Ltki tskus,
qlaual toug
mrgus . No
Ox.cQuui a &tpped
formad
Hanging Volys. profile, egulay+
graded.
RID LANDFORMS CYCE Df EROS1ON
ocas with stauky rcuinfal. Destat smi asd cqtons
Fcuu vndu Huu amd
Aan dfom
AAL tvosicual
ARID LANDFOR M Arid dapsitioua
omd-orms
omd-ome
Wind dud
tWaln
Eodud OMd andfoms
ouucl fonms
A) Sallaud epoqapl
waba ostoin has u t u diainag
vey Aarge wmbn duup settor
olrainage hauns EqChambal Ravinus
sepeated by &horts,btup.
ndgs
te) Belson ee
duset vaulluy or
situ outive dupesalio
9) edments
9eutly sloping evosion sustau or plam e low
Aluu omud by n n g w a aun aud 4 seni
rnt
Undlulan by bdavek covecd with thn, duonhueus
a) Deflabon bosin
Lhallous fommud by removal o phttls by wind
inding by pnhilu salhs qoovru 4 &malu
duprsm
tb) u room ocks
orwLd by suddn aluon 0n or
wcathenng
Ciuad awm
Olo Caud pedushal otks
tt vstlbuns
Small ovndd i u , knob mdge
vr m
montam that Au oubuptly rm lahvey
tat svvDUudiugs
t) Detisells
totks
Risietaut vtks abore soft 6vrfaus
as
of hard4
ahUsult dfeoeuhial epsion
sapt wuks
e) vegen
ta shaped eudfom
&uu m aind semni amd Ksgnon
4) dauas
toughs tut wto 6ofter vuks Unning
Pclld
otks
hadu hells um
SeLnd d u s Loes
appl mozks
my be 1mgitucual vs
(0) Rapplu morks
ooLvessal
dupDa0nal
Rpplu fomd
by momny
w en
formud by &altation
(6) gand Dovs Many ypu like , Banckau4,Self,
WInd
direcio
i) Barthaus
Cr%wt haptd cws. Windwoid d
oeplen onwtn wuas wascd
Ban clhos
twu
uah mtaal peak, vachiodlly tntnd'ng
Based on lotakio
Ocecni Moontau
Coostal Movntcuie Avdaud Movvdane
L 0n tonhnntal
lotakd uor 4 n Aemdlo tked positon
Eq Europes Vsqes
loors
Fg- Rocba Ans kurlon, A1tai
Appbloehi Onges, Ural Moun Mid oean
SamoUnt
Makado
osed on Mocle0riginP
Oniginal tectonit Mt Cirwme0sional o7 veleit ov
omdhon Tesidual Ms
L calli'sion folding of tconit 4 Kemauuns urtontal
fold
pkatts Mt tnposed duto cunvdatio
L fold M OR
L&ubdwctnt folding. plcceaus larved aito ills
Blotk Mb vallys by iver
tault Blotk s
7Cusid or HlHd
Eg Arovalli, Vindhya
L Vo)canit Mt Nilgi, Pol koro, Pavashath
4hot lava pushts &edimentay
rotks Upwards.
01D MoUNTAIN
lwo vr morc Fnths tctouit plati as pustud
tomatuom
togethun
Du to toluston, topassing baunclans wtk
cubris a warped ? foldd mto votty aucp
aalle&ymlin d anliline)
PaDCUS DrOqenyy
upHust
tallst
-lyps rolds
Meuouunu
Cuvyon op ptygmat Disharonie
a l otk ayun Bhunp,shcugtht Lult o Lfolcling oluffenent
clip An Soum lope feilne maknil
rouksfetd slope faila mbth wtk deuens
clictio havt clif
mo
vis Coue than od
&m6unclanqs hcupus
(tharattha ts of fold Movntatns
aCunit intvsio
ofiest Mbuntans
Reursent
Scismi tuty Coucu baed culang
hOTaLtes tis) toutinmtal Masgn
High heak
Yoongest Moontans
Loo, Yolcamie 0ttint.
fosils.
Q u c l t , tonLave
m oth
BLOCK MOUNTÄING tomil aud
Ruu -bom damage Causd by the
forts
Cmprsive Hors casd by endogeuous
L uevds land b Ji» two faults
Vosgc Movutaie Evicpo
un
4
T u u Rae Vally
Foomaiom
t wpward movmut uddl
Hormud duu to
vey 8tupP
Nomal-eult
,
(Voltanie OUntaln%
Eq- Msuut Mawna
Manad Prlus uup
Loo Hwcu
Osunelte veut
Veltauit vunt MBunt Pepa uh
Cg &hupe Myiok
(Yladecut3
ocLised let anta Aeund
the svrrovndinga
tablueud thot Ait abeve
let tepped
trra Deli
Cnu Plaea
A short heue o yewnaluon e Hydul Anfmal vomng
q heultu
Pooe
Mirols
edges -fomwafallu udorge qranland
Keuo matnal aAa suitallu-for
rom indums. Huet orm uafor
Cuuma cosinq.
tg- rold frov Powngeuraiw
E-1 ltra pletaus
plakau eWstm
srehalta
)(urtal hortenu
t ' s the prous pleurecus formaien by Hu
o r s anotw
fhnstiug DL bouk tu o st
Lutal horteuing k
Plasttau oFbet
Eq-Recheaus tf N. tuatea, lo ky,Tran . er
numerduw
vudukois
Unaka by
CYa clunng
pyroulasH
Awcessivt A0si0n
uptuow matmal
3) ntmovtane attaus
emesstd or 6unoundac by movutawns
bet plattau.
PRodecu ef Maugetto
4)owhwwtaletaus
Lclu o tuik clupesitien ef Keualti lava.
Lvneundd
L by urtal pluins
Colovado Pottau02at
Plateau, Deto
E plcutcau.
)haiadTLattau
Mumteus cclvtud to pletraus by glaual hosin
FqClbbr aauoal pladeau udià
)oviol PAadcaus
tdimenl
clupes ultoi e twrial lecaefos
by i v
Keimwr pkateaus
Bhouclu pladau
Kewo plouttau
4)_litdmout pladeau
-07o mud clu to Cosio
Malwa ptectecu
Eq
Appalouuan pledeau.
Desct
dsuth hy sonoran
By volcat éuphons
Autralia
3 Kwbrulay pledeau aal clupesib,
Kimbeiliti
Mi
4)
4) Ratcnga Plctkau DmoCralti omaustor Copptr
Rupulhi U7awivm dipssLts
Canadian 6hield
lavreHaun atrau- (anada
reambian 1guou
niaw qdaclt utemo rpu
Dths Huquailuty on Ore.
chauges
Aom o tal o Hu weathu tnelitiaus
CLIMATE mu 30
w a Xaoqe ahta Ove a Loug penvel o
at
WEATHER Canelulion Abmostpl Ove a cgwn any
Atmostphert,
Massir bloanket c oY mirtuae gases
16 29 thuovsaud En u g u
q97 total mam o Atuostpluru i upto32 km
Anqow
Canbsmclioxiclu
Krypom
Num- Hezum ydmgew XUndn l0 00017)
lowest totnhalim
30 STRATOSPHERE
20
0zONE
TopopoUse
TROPOSPHERE
1) 9epesplus
Cl lmatu tweathu
wtualpe
Hmpotuwe dreps lowst laye
by 1PC with K
wuy 165 m uaut uvtsage tuglt 13 Pm
lopos phuu
Palu 8 m
eqvactor 18 E
igwt duereas
made up b
dust panHlu A wal avndalicual sphu
vo equator to pes,
Yapo or all boltgital
JM clwinq somm
) taltosphne
ultus UV auys
presene b Oz6
Located abeve
proteds 1ife
( shratespuuu
reposphe(5DEna)
dwetd o cdovcds
butofr utoveloqucal
uma auTplos phencumenon
8 Mesesphue
Us potbao
Vy l o
above 6hactesphns
Mupause' (BObm)
aePeseoMspDspha decreaseS
Muss p l leupt sctuac ipt" Lorth
intreating auLitud
ts
Mekritts bvm tupain too't at Botm)
aue
callecl
Augbt gass ube udvgcn? Hulivm
as
t e earth
doilt auto spatu
GaEO COR0NA"
itanu earths atmostphu
hn absenu, Los omost
pavyids
Austaius pluuls Birds,Pying
loarocuuna CL'rtrtwuld Jet dlifferut
Chosh on bvafau peus du to
Svvival CLuimal)
alxenu
Drottets sy wwl huL toculd be dusolved onygen
f0m dauqtsus tum blatt
solav cidlictien uo&ounc+No vaun astng
uttoits
asftwids &lam
mlb enth Svafat
mLasvcmunt dye
Meat & "lemperatvi hotus oY tolcluu
inselation with atmostphr
pvelwud thoegh intttachon tl
the mslatular movemun
carths uaw Relects
edLmnts thut touprices a wbstan
the
4slar energy intruptd y
BMCDLA TION ntoming
Barths.
HEAD VS TEMPERATURE)
LEnengy 4*anser from hotto told. Lmeosurement of hotness olcness
measvatd thaough (alorimelres. measurtd *hnugh thermometr
S1onitTovle SI Dnit kelvin
TeANSAER DE HEAT
1 Cendwtkon omveton Pacuaulion
1Coucothon
Mechauim o tcnstu o uat bluo tuwo odjount
) Covechion
o treus fu by thual mohion e matttr.
ly AM wds
PISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE
dshibuto etenuporaie
ut1ecst m dwetion
aeressRatftu ds 0 the
Causes dicreaes n
tCmpiratx
Parths vratu
Avcal t peniodai wdvoon of tenp ith
™ r a t�hl�
,; '3� T'.:J .
J�, � 4w-tWt)¥hMJ-'M
clrvt 7
4
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9 � � 1\-1.
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L �r� &{-�p,3'i,
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l,<lw �
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� 4.-v -tk� ..(! 20 °
� � /� 0
N,
9�oJ �· f!>1rk� -
Balene blw tu inomung kelar adicon
ud 0va eing olas ondaoilbon
AMS Blation rutred ut tu svrfau o tu omostpduu
3s ted Back
6C units absobed.
as oulbedo
lu by otwostplr sl by eat
aaeliattd 3y du ducLted to
batk tospau cutmastplue
(absorbed
Total vut obsovbed y the omostpunu 4B
lTusolaien t 34-
Teoresial rudidtiwm
Hu un meuintauning a bolnu
utds
uown a mat
uat tu Hh taaths 8varau
vdaet corth
CEMPERATURE
Rulet masae Dr nclicaiuon hotuus colcduus
OR
t a muasve
houo fest the atems a aknal
vibuhing.
Rapiclly ribrating ttous mah toge thu
geotng eat
Asmattnal boels down, atom vibrali orsls
aLa
T t ctumunq 6 beulauu the totalL ww
Hu un meuintauning a bolnu
utds
uown a mat
uat tu Hh taaths 8varau
vdaet corth
CEMPERATURE
Rulet masae Dr nclicaiuon hotuus colcduus
OR
t a muasve
houo fest the atems a aknal
vibuhing.
Rapiclly ribrating ttous mah toge thu
geotng eat
Asmattnal boels down, atom vibrali orsls
aLa
Heut. btwn two
two
s a fonm o emgy traunsfnd
NrUuou ng
stm ptw cmd ts d
4ngu tcupisculwn
but lus huat
Mame uh aat tuprature
mald
bezhot tcqson As riy
uat
kouses tempebatvre beut uhs
bah tub
be2 Ahas mo vibrauhng atoms
(LAPSERATE
Atmastplasi lape Pati ao do tu haug a
Cnm ronmuntal
o y ecdicbeutee wet acabakie
lepe Kat kaps Rate apae Raot
Avallal in th amostpwre
Arlease
e aU rapovr beaas to oudunse Cund
oukent rpovn2alnon
Aape Kat
3) vironmental lape Kat
LTu ACTUAL cal word ofle
pfile that tma
O Cmuy' m n ume and n cuy nvm
oqaphrta
Joeatue CaullueH envonmuntal dapse
CINVER$iON OF lEMPERATURE 3
wun normal aps rali invees 1e
tuperate
wth intreas Am wahon . callid invesston
eperutvae
wewiou el -tCperatvo shart cooaluoro
but u towmmon
qound sufau
tm peratuc nvsLn
013-2 miliban
duu to qravity- ugh desihy o u
wuasveo With murwm or amLroid agh prKvec
aro wuts
olueveas with tug-t
L t vateion tu pmma Cau Wind
movmut
9 1 0 hpa hfa to
1080hla.
om tu unbu
g prsue
Cud &pbals m tewands t u cuntu
hovnd
in northun m
Opposite dirthon e au
ugh 4 lous
Eaaths otaluon (oieli tet
L 6piaalling
taused by
2) husure Gradient
a hauge pausve t prtsu qradien
3) Tr lotiols oru
Nsthun Humsphwst Kaglut delucluen
outwn Hemspn f t dallucheu
digitant upeeks
gtongst tosares at thw pols
dhuftaciom
e eqvaor
3) Consle forte pud o oljecs
ONLY altb Hhe clie ctuon ol movemunt NOT 4ptud.
4)
at o h wuovement
8Dellulon Buly nut nglu
poulll
Parullel to àrbass called gusbeptuii winds
4) Frchonol forus
strpugat i
th Kosst portion the tropes pue.
L ows wind movemunt yedwung e t ewrusls ove
lmb 10meath)
prsvre
weigtut
badeuued by 97otakonod
sheug upuwand winds
Xntitvds
6vbpolor low presb2c
yetalie
subtapprcal high presor
Aoihi pesd
Equocdom al hughpacsvuae
opica Easfmlis
Bvb heptal gh paon urc
welytlics
oon Ed ubpalar law pressue
tu egon
MoTse Leuhitvcls hoo He hors into
to mak Hu red ugtut
belt
L4n tus belb uppu atmes tph ppu lwel
polar aracos gi
rsL to yuoue ztovms
pelar
dun to vost
M o e pronounLeol an6 Hucpuu
PresenusWetr
Roteuion eooth Vapour.
enperatwre a u hiah amount lowpr
Lnifpgal -orce
ow amo uni --habp
C a u s Convegentw
s o loituon.
Ontup o civerq enu v awh
Cuir poeUTC
AsUYe Kelk-Jauvany londihon3
mdoufb s0vtwsord. tqvator equatonal but tut
dautuwdod.
LSuth Amuuuta, kAfmca, Austaalia beon aw prusne
OCeas
RelkTul Cond
AsUre
hon?
equatomb Lou ponve
bults hifts Novth
M Norhon Humispue
tmos tpne rulahon
N Dsucung CDDl, day a olar lel
Ristng wom msul ai
fervel Ce
Mioh Duunding ovl dy CLUn
Hodley (el
Rising wom moi au
Hodly tell
Desundunq tDol day a
D bepicad oteans
A Yourdat Winds
Mos DEs
L Mevtouis t
valy hceze
local Winds
loo
Mishal
fo ean
L 2roceo
Kona
L Cmineek
Lant tory Wincls. o
belu
lo1 pwvotbelts
pmvat
nun omu
Ko
o
aow unh po Ua
olrceblovthoouguovt Hh yeas
castulus
utoulus + pelar
wvnds
' a dt Covvecion
TiTz
uu be2 o
Ho
The Q pemvc.
oloihow a
Cureut
d u to ign
Yacle Loinds
Foue.
winds m tropfs onverge in hu
hepesphn
Comve*g am Aues 4 xouh top
to near
Sinks to
wovs owards Pals earte 30°NAS.
au
fom 6ubhepical igl duu to toolsiq
war t h kauud
tewards the eq vator
lows
Utau as o d winds
kooth east
Discon becoms north caut
pus t eqvator
w tposphue Movingtewards
Yeawing 61kties
Polos tosBulis
wincs mort away om polaY nugbs praave
ous rnve aloug
-thu 8Ufeu c a t
dub pelar
HarPMar tull
DXatethon betomus ecutlis
du to C0sli fone.
castalis.
hu oAL Colled Polar
Dr o s pace CoudiHon
ECONDARY WINDS
1) Mo00%
wind dircchion.
L Masonal w uscd
) Lond Bregeilea Breeze
otal wind m autal awas.
davral yl
4wauts'
FORMAT10N
Sea Brecz
eael qitcy thaan 6vrovuding
lanel bree
r O p d tosling f Xouml thoun sta an igut
ves tat Aond 4 low pren0r Ovei s
ugh prnvot
wons from baah prUKU do loo preysue
Wiu
Causing loud Brerge
Yolly&ovwtauiBreeg
LDvninq daui ,t slops guh eated up woe
he voulluys
Dro t h
au pres6U Ove t slopu w& hugdh
valuys
4r mos up th<lope
cunfal
LOLol win.ds
Lalfe bmalln aua 4 Austhnieted to low lvels
topes plu.
Hot lotal wind3
Loo het dy. Blews ovti to N. plains o Amduáe
pakutan u 6vmmtis . West to Feut
latitudle.
spred &pcd dptuds m paessuac qradient 4
Mosoo).
w s an c uan
ppesh
p p o c diveetios han othu, tw.
l an enstun dlirelon
190 m a)
(he oyomalJS
0v% Madagostorr Cud t
Duina sUmmw,
C-oust. omala
Most tudtme dunng J u to Avgust
the atusstphn
dpeuols n tmp of
saled stat
mto goseous, aud 4
umidity 3
elate
Absplu Hvwidity Hwidiy
'ovaicuty
tu Cuwnat westoc
Ltein0but o th atwal Lwught
a ctval a m o u n preseut n
amount wam pueut
woat posent m cutm 0mpatec
tunlt owu a . tH wt wunlt
H4 Capauty a t
qrcms pa ulbi mutt tu
gremeilbgram
dereasu om eqvalar
L Capaity to duold
towands pslw
with ine in teup
Chonges oith cus
LEquadon Rigon
ump Cus paessve has iglst lwel
aintall.
nase numgu o wa
yopo aoon
tatu by w o
Comvesium wod» inb gaseus
4 moremmt
0ucuy, temypttauon as
Lcpeeo
cupuds
wet Cu.
CuHan m
u ost m dy
) om. dwsuhion.
Anclunsatuon
aa apov waur
sublimaluon
COn nuppen um 3canes)
Saplu Cu
orm
m clens ahen ?
Des Moitue dupesitd t fo wa vepovr
1)
ooplu vfeca atthu thoun the
vuli
dual Conduton cleor sty, calm on gh
elatwe ww.du avd ald lom
duo pout hovld bi ubovr e3m pot
for duo fo1wato
m duno
wn clus ponlt Huup fal belaus the
to
eeina
os cuuormolon
61wilar ndilnons
au
oeoms tanteup. o mass Cotaiug a
Jage bCntity Laatuy vapovr talb sddu
a told svaat
wel au
slope.. As
)Upalope f- wind btaws up t
usus moutvu Loucluns
s dm
n or mountams.
trrqv
o tham wst
(CLooR3
L dheplts w a l n o Hmy u tystals calutted
AmpoyTen
meuntams uat budgek
s pewible tor
o Earths atmostplnu
pceipitation
owskeüpitatton
Hod
n &mall ballh Ju.
Lsd peiprBatuon LLCmmO mm.
{DSmm
4 thovgh svblimaban Ain wmulonimbu
fra pooi mbility dovca
DSmm Kan lut
u wun 7aun .
through tald an
L psemu wind
.Duuntur
A
Asunel antra ting
2 Enpandiv
3Worwwra
S wMonsoen w Poun &hnda Prea
3 roti
Vey Aeoty
Mtu Meuta Rovn fo1)
lo cun)
Rw
Oroq raplu
Fontal Kcunfal|.
Oreaoaxfal
Sthato wure
limb AP
Raileye
Nnuteu w o r mf h o n t
wlal Rauinfall.
Lobal oli i butuoy
ettered
Cmem cu nfal)
Hcos o Moclunai
Arcos ouw
Hr Heav
uinfall. Koinfal. injal
00tm200tm
&200um enaunfall./ L
autal ostas m
L mthal past
equedonál Belt,
wam tmpt rali
hopital onds
meuntas Mepus
eostm? iutnor
wuttm rass în 20n g.
pattmperate
Cos tCptoaü
Ss wastal
ards
OhLas woweon
ands
2OUm
w0vd 4tc bmovntam
slopu, to0nhi nuntal
wtnos4 westan
marguns in h pical
ato Gud dus esk
topd Disti button e rt ce pitodnon
Heany auis bttun trouglanut th ye0s am
equcuto no coguo)
UMm
m
UNDERSTORME3
rulation UBoicted
wwe atmestpntt
moveunt U
orth 6 hemg upwaod
Collud Raud b036t"
Stutvre wnelerstome
(Stag
s t stage Rond
btage Tnd btage
wmulus 6tuge Matue Stagt. L Dieipeh
fom is1pati An cu ho
L cuieut, wcak,
) N
daive
cdnven bytaing
L e MultHple Cells
eacing
h updaalB Dnginali along t
Ldge m orud
3 upu l l
L Log ired, myly stttured stom
0 ulus wn oliom tis 0,000 uh n hugiut
pdaa
lornacle o wihun the wal clovcls
(Tondustori& Weamor
mutheumuno
B2 uYTau watng Covwechiemal
wuatcd a . a u u s pepiciluom
hLect uulhrng
steup
TORNADo
CoRMAT1ON lau nosut at the
fouud shaped stom ath v
CUtrt
Jm midcll AaHtuds
6ctus
cust Moyemnt Cu
g t u p qracieut dcslt
n
o wAcb ute
Cugt ain the
inword conung cCLLv
LOATERSPROUTS.
talud watprOuB.
ytornadau wu ma c
oan oli
DCwT DvL L9aMm repiea
MALSTORMS
u louelts.cion ocus bulov cev peumt
C0veiom
AMAGE DUE TO THONDERSTOR M
ftash-lod ttduiug aiu cdunslus al
marus luity lniu wel bul
mCn Mad
veuiels dnous to
Plculs toutllu fall 4tv tturs
CYLONE3
ous posUn dystms
Covutrlotioise m Nooth huwenwn ! clockwise m
emptrali
wo opical
eotures,
L wud im wud4 ugh lutitoclus b[o 3c-6slatttude
yCawd by wt o7moon
t t v lav, &tmi urwla 0 tebical
eUlphital ha
shape
Snuth m b each
eld as ous-axth stts siage br
Npath cthn
wom " seth uludgcd
Aorm a bewudary CCDnie
smae thu wind
blaus panlld but
n poite di'reetin
emperuu ytlovuseliu
elitibuhon
Steve Neve do h
olorado Kqom
PAuw eat akt g c N Awico
Meit9ncnlan ca
c o (du to L).Disturbaucus).
N
Lum cans
Awww'ea
gustaalca Llly 1 l e s
Uw'na ypom
O Cylons
à a c l wiuds
odinouw.dupply mautu
dwelops ony on 6bfew
ouan
o m Ouans
21°,
Favsvmuli toncuios coined to tropis
Uatvlatom
seuu upp au
awiy tloni wneulio above
H oiv
m qouwth uelous
U CUmbal acqo
Eu Jauo. surfa psvrc, calm tond, dundun
8 m200m
cluunuba itmityd
sf a
Shuctvr tye al.u'rtwlar mg naped envelop
urpunds h ue
Vislnt aiud blouo, heouy infall
clup wwectve lovd n
wut upuoodlouo Cu
mamimum Velouty t hLoy Ttun
9 m bands tm to kptaal
m
30tv i hh
ovwaten 20pícad yclo vs 3
Evajpocubtes wam a om t ouans
aus to
touss-ore Cousmg tu siug moye
3winlng metom
eye u
(c.cutediart Stili) , utlou vmaturs
DLeen wu
Tiopopao5e
vbsiding bonan
ut Plos u t F l o w
Raln Bands
Roin Bands
-
300 200 /200 SDD
8 Counhiu
n
Audua, ungladurhy Myamas, Maldires , Oman,
inlvenud by wetalus.
w t to eut
Dchk Cyeloe 201 ndia
Eg
RATpital Cuclonu ua
ulls.
dugh paosut
ugh
odgn tHhcun vud lalitudi yclon
H a v e no trous
Cuclo NS Aniydon
Hugl paonu at tnbbu
o pronvt at m
i c d s vediale u t
wind
Wind
blous touotnds
o m thu ctre
h wibu
i l d A uet cdsav chive
Lvislut duthutHive
LClotewise An N. Hem
Anhftlo twise in N. Hlem.
douc, wndu lightiug talwn clear weather
CTETSTREAMS
m a l l bends gh wínd that tav ac1%
l a r t&treame wbtepicalt&teams
otatea uear 30
adiauw to
aulituc
pslay ut
a t euton
Chnaiwi eptrea
TUnd m velouty
bw potu
Cullonen dovbls
CUS
cu uinwpelor upptr Torpsspuu dwriguoiut
20°uitodde
wwlu
b1sEmto
Shot chu to2o
oditu cl dunng
wintts Remau
Cut pstu dwn ng 6omme
(Tet Strecam FOrmatiom
P adreunt
polu
Kes by Wavs
Jwwenu on havel
dlim ut
esutl m Deutttms
Hobuleud igtt
aund m topospue.
wwt have
s t eve
w t be Xoqe
muform propelu as a Uut
qutuk
ReguonDrageutaus Diveguut au
flew so hat
Uwfom lo, providunq
cu Ceun &y
Hopoqaop Comcion
posUre
at a
plau Jqu
fov longes penod.
0ULe Keus
loutintal mltn0r oibria
ast Rrqon Sahara
CovaHutal Kiguos a a d a
T tlcuti Duan
Paufe Ounn
hutum Judsain Otean.
mas
O mus caus d udution Strtble ais
cn mas
Ustabl
CCuue pnupitallm
oiitabhon
e p i c o d cuu ma
Polar
a moS
(warm)
Cold
ypu auu maes
Mon Hm
winer: Miid ttmp
Iroptt Sub topre wom, Humcd
ottons 1ike Mexicon
DVeacast &tuis
Trepfcal Air Qnd Uwtable Summer: mp,1 Hu
Cruf, Poiftt Atlanhit
Mos(mT) Convectiono) rainfa)
Ocean
Continentol Rodiahion (ooling Cold, day, taave) uw duw point
Ahtht AirM065 O moss orm over
&outh, east of Cold tem p, sUHae
(A) novthhm (onoda Rockies 1nto plains.
nigh prKOve
Aloska then E
bdis taon oA Ms
u r d ynem Meehaura
rdi ficabn
meditrealion
WChm DLeun
ColdlAir CUren
ma
Ou mu waww tham
talelun thnen
H bvrfau
the svfa
Eg Sahara
Avchit Oan
Dact hopieal
giberda Oecuns)
ERonns?
m uw o mas mulb, the boundary 20ue
L
bedwen hum Hont
vontog n esis prous t foatuen e ont
procudusipabn e nt
FouT
trDnt
L Celd cu movi ng owards wam am 20mu
L stupu 6lope thon wam
ont
bercd weothw eq thut dlovcls, thvnduus tomns
hwwelyú ! Wam a mas ompiutly upltfted by told ous ma
a houay ont
(Wom Fout
w a m tuUN mos tusarcls told Qn mass
Cpceloded ront
wun
V teld frou 0vertaks he wa/am
tron
(YOLAR YORTEX
whurung temu aus pasvat ott thu pos.
8tug et stxam at as
a bavnday
R a t ng wiutas 4 cdvut Umm
d
weaks vovtn.
steulu in utus
L empauds b u o m
(ARCTICYORTEX:3
Lwhwm strong w duimd Cirwlar ape
ANTARCTILVORTEX
maglu louo prAVC z0ut ud man edge
Tu &h
towa ds
Eautaly toacl inds clnvu w a w walu
Cautem past A u taculia xaising ds Hemp. Jloo premU
n
Sauth Auwiea
OMs tgvenu E-Nno Suprn tu
dwelopmunt
toupical &to mm
Vovugut wn wst
&wmcou m Mlulit
3uereoed auntal)
Paur, 3nclua
m panl oUSA P puw
costtm Hfmco
tepieal &forme Oves
t e a t t m t untral
poift
Andion
on Mosoom
mpatt
Nino.
MBw con m 4ndia weat dwring El
EI Niuo.
dovgwb have ulnudud with capglis
6o. e t
QA-NINA
Osvau tooang m mtal 4 eouttm pauutic
wintr
bmnas Cold wccthn to t h lonacuan west 2 Hos ta
dus warma we ata to tu Ameian 8E Coat
u mort wutward Coying warm vrfate
wUtem pau
Phcus es
Asv emww Lndian Nino.
ainfall -m uda
average
(Negative TOD 3
Fastm hudiin Dteen Warms
toldes
wutm pieal pant ndain Duan
abteun Sa)
Lwcakms t Bw Y\ostem.. (oue dreugh
ond for qood monsoon Yositve ToD lo Nina + Stong Tpital &Je
Mascarene High.
ub elelim 70nu
CmAenee
(Submai Kidg
Eleugaed p idud elwalin at the sea loor
Astnesphn.
(maule)Wcirelt)
Fiq: i d oeeant Pdge..
pimnatlcd
Seamounts
flak toppRa
Vlcame omam
Eqd o b lcmds Hawdu
n
henli
Ubman.mt lCtny ns
Valluysk
uevno tup 4tclud
umtal
seuut wuvm nhwutal u l Loni
lepe
wmi wmtaul wOngm
eund along j Aaps
movth
Tw t p L os bgn ngat
Aves
Cauei dudi
ppearauu
(Atoll.
LCoral s6Umwndung a mbra duprwmion
oung a
idge
khallou OLecsS
Rdge Dr www.ek tomued m
by etoapoupse
Peosat o the ca"
LfedPaifi OLAcus
LOYouL
tsuH ueuus cComulaum COra paly or
i keeretmg manne
Adletom
wuto0rg uBm
u Kountost o Oran
mam n qu m
mbiche aclcnhip
Loith olqac.
CIing a
Dept 180ut
OLam w a 2 dye lius Camuot fal
bela 20°c a dL o y u a omtined
ropea wous'
p lora AuA
Ba rt AHoll
Urular or
Runs poallel to
ry oel +o uor se s e
tokihtal rast haped oras
lond. LRamt tor
spping tt pod uwa
L0sbm-2:Sbm Ly lugut a l 0 m was
taicHhh Bo- lst meho
Ooe tmteucu odpt
Ly Tun bokm
udword dul to
inegulor, Lfod
fa u e Duan
uereose iw depihs PoU to
man Äs|and. Eq- Lakshadw esp.
L neat barmr
Co
|
U u h r s the mehen s e a o t a
gien f d i n
Major 0uan Arad
Paht Oc
nl Atlautii Oean
Decreuinq hrea
clt cnOe cun
Autarhe 0tan
Den
Snallut
(PrihtOceaun N
ucucn Oucam
LSmallut, ogsFDaan
Amdlobed North
slamd Asland + waov owkiuntal 4hy
(Autautti Ouano
scewnd mallut a r q hen Athe)
4uhemwstoaiv World ouuas
Axte 0uam
&mallust 4 hallowest
u Colclut
Myanmar
nelo
Teilcud
(Ba brvod mmlt that is
(Apw
nwmo np
cind
waatr
leuus Meing tw w
lamd
OC cun tumrena
liclu
was
hongtnta
Dteam wmu. uwg amauut wa m
m dutub di e uom Dve qteaus
clatemee
Aptud pad
(Strecms) (cmft)
) Jwalatnon
ocut
L s elatuon emponds at
phepu mww0r gcuelen
watH ss
teld wolus nks
polu
equeutor
C wetti, dilena botto
4) i n t y
SnksHmOve tou0rds
h soliwuy tks dese
Low &alwuta
wouts
ao salinity uw aus cut surteu move
towords mah
qlass 60in wat ron AHlaulu galiity wer
w teuiards Medu trmaean ssa.
om weua l om bethom
Meclittoranem to AHlante
Anvenu dve to tarhs Kotabien
lockwise
Notuon Huuisplu -
Amhclo ukwise
Hmuspua
-
&rutuun
NE l a c ajnds
Eq
wrrents
Sufaw ( dupth 400 m, l0. t
wreub
total watu in
Boued em dpihi 0Lan)
ne !
List e 0Lan wareuts
Oyausti + Kuriostui
J
N-Pouifte Drift
Paufr Oucin pusud AMeubt tusent
(alomia
wrrcnt
pat o paufn
Oucan &tye
alunui
Malvinas wneut
alclounol ut Atlauti
Oaun Bacueh e Atattt
ustoupolar Mut
Peuul oAukuie
estn uthem Cume.
Aushalsin OLeunE Crwmpolar Bet
&nuth Tudluan wst wind dnft
OLcun
Cc al Cwrremt
N o 2lattwn wih cqvrlor
Mo ytt Puufit
OucyP mds tlotwise 6vblacpicos
cquatonal
CUdrCut
OLcL
east to wut blw l0F20°N
Bladt oram
Autiloctuwise in N paeilt
Moth laifa aue
OLC DLLon
Cwmen
furoshto t Oycuho
morthward divcssion
Nor B y tHa
Alaskaw tumeut
as port menn
East
Autralcun Cwes trm t u n a to habitai
Pa ufte Ouan
Cwrew m 4ub hoprcal trqnom
Austr. Cocust
alonq SE
d
u t h AH lautic ww tulf Sheam
lon da Oucm amibean
at Cape Hass
CunenF
Hatteras
N:Hlautee Pnft
N Atlaute Cama y Cwment
Stor c DLc
P'ven by O1ud staces
rauneh N . 0tltulae
Nomw emam
w-ent Boneus &ia Dnft
wr eut
wedgc haped
Ote cu vbpola yoe
ålound
M. Hlute tlous allong
Auills
Ote cu Choumapur
AHlautu oLean Covibbean.
loq AnHytloe
logabiqvc udn Mozam bique t h a n l
OLaw
Ccnt
eddw
b Mogambique 4 ModagC ca
N Atlamti Ouan
heb tat for lurHu, dhn'np, tels, Hopback whalu
et
North Hlauie wmt
arqaso
N-Alauhei
equcutona)
Cwent
flod d
(Ocerude cb hd
&ea wa
v t 2aevrs4 26 unwis
duu o qavitaluonat
eart
uttnaibton 6 n ,Woon,
wolay
SURGES Moveunty muteortgiial effects
ause
aritalieu.cd pul o svn
Moon
By bolauu
Ctuitgal tor
wpovtut tms
I r d a l wmts. lovemnt o o i r uwifn naCtalding hiclus-
hdi
. Ebb wTut Cunent dwring th fall
l u t Hdu lo way mov emnt
Cusificalten on 9 ben.
2 Rous kad
drtrut iutnnty-
ea h day Lwist Uoast
Lwaveuaf
we fheun hal
he unwmnu
t h earth
AlCutre
Yeakical 4 honz0utal disti buion
Hep
TCupetwre sL Ocean wotu
tlonzeulad Dsti bubion
dee reases uo y tro t eqvctoroD
L g u t tmp am entlosed tropiea stos
o to duffrocue i si2
pexik proximty aud
Venhcal Dismbuton
mon emp at svrfatu.
dL reasu Tth dupth
0uiauit walu
1st lay.n, 0p oyth waw
S00m fide,
b 20 2s°cC
Thoughuut yea
pieal q o
mid cutuclu uly o umy
Thn mote ay
2ul y n
rCpd duurease tn temp wit dupth
SoO- (000m tu'k.
Photie Cone
200m
Aphotit
.- - - Zone 4000 m
PelRanlm
age Abyssal Zone guthe
2cam
}0,boDm
watu Fmupercuwt.
dupH
Blew Laliuty |ttaluuoith mognal
ho-
CORAL REE PS3
o e d by arcumulatuon a 6kelutous Ca Co3 coaf
PeP
Oorst Duas
Ainu seechin
prsent ttar, hallos wctn MOnnu u n v
u noain Bu
L Hhire
Bamer
L eat
pavecHre envieonment
nral peyps Mutval felahonshi Zoomanthellae
Eq peat Bomer
u d o n for
c0ral qvuoth
Enposun to Balanu
Tdial walin
Sun satt
tcp woll
(mon svnlighh (for onygen)
vey &aur
(6s-q° ptholo)
watn
Salaned 92-2/tobo
Povd w n uT CU
2o0nanthallac) lation
Coral Bucc ng 3
2ooncurthellac Algou emptlled rom toras
Cucl hy bm u i u ( duacl).
2cuwueuu nunsios
mamn palluien
(lau
Oteam audiftation
L1&eausan tep
Mon palluion
neteaed seduuwtalon
ucrased wo turbicuty.
LCheural pelluien
fechious diseasu (Vibno &hiler)
Stovitus Provicleol by tort cus
Pnniay sovce oprotten
mducine
0nameni
Ltveltey
aottut tu thorein
Rsguloutng. Protet rastal enesion tlor
l o s s oinfaasvttre
Kervus-
nelicoor malth qloba!
bppomti e cosys tem
&Avit twmcuvt=
Naturcl bavmtr to
oLo
ouots lovnam
CwHuo
aheual a tor naboe
Lorvea, poteqraphs
ululor Carbendioniele tw a
Corals
By Zoonan thellau
throog pnotosnthu
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touteund n
clocs wet
Calu, Cemtm cmy
frchan 20tks d
RCutoral gs wutallut elnumt
ukt tebcult Eaole, apt
Lcles net pmelue
21 we
Pecuk, Dicweud
u obubstumn
mMouhiumtul
eous Nautmous uHu
No ia0
touktuw
(leaely LDrgcu0rgeut
maaemsc) silves)
(Eurgyesours
wit b womm
Gru s Rathchh. L upR doow Wiwbram blw
Mamne BUtau a saltwaliv
uduu geala to Msies f
wmut u l i s
1saw
a t r dwits *servsUy
o we told dupu heuoato
plaud av Otean
by 2022 uafuu Aauyens Aueveu
dal ie
Seauoesd
Lplmbheus dweleps in tastal queu
ngh w hitieual &toms
sea
4 asd agaust
Vol
owhols kad eosion
L phorMattuttals
tomHle, fedd, n c h kabitat bodivnsty
bewe.
wDLANERAPHy3
Locabon
Septratt d fiem mninlaud Asia thovgt Hlimalayus
Arabien
ea Beug
uduc
Otec
S
lo.oted m Nofhemfumisp
Laitvcs
8y' to 31P6'N
681 to 97°cE Aocttude
( n d i u dtand ard l
CaMT + Os30
theug lingapur)
Lleu tud o 82°30'E lpo
0r du U0ties
A1ghoietaw( Duranel au)
clunenlLAC)
Nepad
Rutaw
Patistan
(Redditfe
liw) Myamar
Boundor lin Baugtadat (Raddliffe live)
6 Lomka
Malclirs (hlfof Mannor)
labthdwep slaud
to Tui
dtoPeb)
Meous 0om
TEm to spt)
ecu
lau T Lastal
Aralaue
Earthgvale
fldres Drougt
Cy clos
lend
sud
wmeut wMDWmnt
Ot
Cowwration Cowsevall
Aw wot
terwaiuon
Saud waute
torat
Managmuwt
Hxu
tviow mmt mter natOMl Aq reemn
tk &ystam m Jdua
Peinsular dudia
m Ter tiay Pemod
r e m e d
Htwualaya
uclo
Aucdo augatie
4P ptm dunng Pston pusd
Daavidua
Archotn
Rote 6yste
Rochystcm
TL A Aauan
A Povcuna Ko e& ystm
Roct p t e
Dharwor sustm
4 billon
LDonoar dutatt o Koruataka
uomnuud Dolsulu
sthiuts C01y6talln t u s t s u .
quohit
P l y t i slaa
forauaRot
Cudl cpa stem
dsmut udhaa Produl
sauakom, clau usto dupesited
o n eunal folds b[io o movnt-
cungs
sepeeoted by a qaeat aan vnomforwityro
DhauoaY Aystem
CYndhyan ystem
Anuut sediuutaoy o tks
4 upt +mpeted Jham Bcse
wmtosilferou
Deccauy aps
Pcunna + Collondce
Punna cucmemds
fissile mutmorgcunms.
&tovetiu o d 60ndston.
(Cambaitu Kotks
Age 6o0 wuiu yeas ed.h
olu m
ecat Britam
sRotu los, quat2rte aud uwtons
Cabeuers Koks.
N h
uon eav
mustomu, hau, qvartate
u p P tavbeuitmus iuteuu
L deá a wet (asbeuiferuu pemd
(The Avyan Rouk Susu
Cazbow-evu to H
etu
UPP
nduia hosfu ustes
octoeuew Terto
pduo cua Juocsie ystem outaystem
Rout ystem
ustm Dececu
L
ods
keundsto i t om ho dls t a day
Maum hcos
Pem wsvlar akea aloua Damodar Yaully
OUwtimoy
uY 4 Kajmundoy
LPe sula fund blw
Deece p
LRu ave Ato Decreun eps
Kasaltei lava.
step kelad
ftat taps
almst 2 dminal me
L blade tottonad Bar
Deccam lcups
fownd m e r hcupptonvel-osn
MoharouW h
ds
OPPEleps Psut
Savoasada
a y rane to Pu nt
Cwtbal Icuá
Midclu acups Malusa
abs e t
ownlocups acuya
YAyrant
to absenF
Padu
CTevtioryta
kans
60 to 10 illuon
mautaien bsuduoama
ald laudmas.
tmad -aeig
Delta", Fast trast, Jndoman,
Kngal ) ounge
u T u Eacwas kosumir,t Bhanga, Phodor
Oung etad pleuns
CTHE MI1 ALAYS3
ld moumtaus oorld,yaungat 1
Cnges
sss oapaul or towvergi
o r maten
Permin Penod
Ttysea og aww.ghalleno bordy
wali b w lavrasta
owdwom
wptmuting Eurasicun plalis
uthem blotk
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'K
rcr- c.u,,.
\ J
hbnrtot Mimolaycs
Hwia d
6000 CUrE TCLge elerouem
lvauon 4 6 4s00 m
avebaae
Easttm P 9ntlu siepes, dumu forut
dume vegctalon
i fanjal Kage (T4 k
Dhaoka Dhor Kauge (HP
4mportant Roungu HMUsOOme Rowge (DE)
HNabka Rang (U)
L Mahubhakat ukh [Nepal
he Siwolik 3
fomud Autn thcm Himadm
Upg
ildn sudimu
tmporay nku cuembud moe
COlo uratis
(uRVANCHAL:
HUlls. onwm o to ut
Easttm
RuusK u s
mowmtans ocodedN toS
L br cud stah 4 l cnd aing kn
3D00m.
muigut v o m
whabited b libals prati'siu Jauw tulivaliw
u d e u n yanmar Boodu
T L Barcil Keuau nas to LIst into Jaiuta
1. kAsmMIR IMALAYAS3 , a
Kancsatormauon , Zafran
cmy uut culiduo
2 MALMALUTTARAkHAND MI
Kuws on Flmeueua
fomeus fov P
E PAL ALANA3
Ecust Cmhal scetion iguus t pat Hemalayan
Mentaw. in bsuth cm lid Asa
doilu m au t i s t a Kiva
Nakuulo 4 Jup mportawt Poses
poatemb peals
Evest, tanthunjunga, Makalu, Dhaulag , Manalu,
Anap bma e
SIkkiM HimALATAS3
Hun est
Nepat
Kouteun Mimtaut
ista River
Nepalis, tibeuls o tubal Juclia
Pepulatien
Llepeho b thh
mportant lu ueis
1 d u hla s t qlaei taratorau kange
.Ueungohi Glou: Mayei6ou oega,
3Bara uai Glous' Source of thawdra Rive, n nP.
Nepalis, tibeuls o tubal Juclia
Pepulatien
Llepeho b thh
mportant lu ueis
1 d u hla s t qlaei taratorau kange
.Ueungohi Glou: Mayei6ou oega,
3Bara uai Glous' Source of thawdra Rive, n nP.
4 Zemu hlan lanqst gluuú Eastem umalaios
at he bose okoithjunga.
ManaliLeh
3 Banola 2as tar Konge,
m ecats Hemalayea. Trbet U
4- Maua Yas
6bpdi- Laul:
Kobrug Pas HP. Kullu -
ww Tettuys tasynlius
Riv lupests knge amamts
al tu
tompresion
omd du to pu tmnt -olded,
sediunts
Depesithenul Achvity.
du to madisard , louttaal,
L 0ugtomurnts -fomed
YHtal em
Depeitd m
chpesiom
mdo-
augate Ieuat)
do-gaingalii la Plaun)
inguar uu along
hortum cadge apuiwula.
-
duteass in east
L wrclust n west
Entcu hongowtauity
N-SDRvicion"
) T Bhabhar
cupesîhon
rae o
cCUrstom teuns
1C3030 bm d
hngav
0lduu allyium.
called
Callnd kmuka'
Eeunukar
culeeeus omteliues
L
Bam'nel plem Benga
Yamona doab.
tormaluon -
ga
B
leund by oind blown sand.
elouted
Khadar
N w n AlUViem
c u g a Plcum
Codchwut in wst Kuykadus
Lblw JLuuno
boreln M cast
TarcuShang at ehadar, ltwes , efe
Bhabar,
Khar.
o n Rivea bmro
dulta orld.
eunga 5rahmaupoba Duta aqu
,
HilE
Baalamepuo Porwauthal
Ando Ando Banaladu leui
BDcur
Kivean slunds
B i l l 0mbucuku
Conciou
duto dpesihon
emi ler
en cu DCoOAse allwvial
dbas
n
LYE NINSU LAR YLATE AU
sweral kmaU
ailu 0r letecus -
q9cqauom
o n c w cuadend .
qneisse
Ahoun
1 6 akh hqvare m
Loest to eastooi ives. ( n e l slepe)
HilE
Baalamepuo Porwauthal
Ando Ando Banaladu leui
BDcur
Kivean slunds
B i l l 0mbucuku
Conciou
duto dpesihon
emi ler
en cu DCoOAse allwvial
dbas
n
LYE NINSU LAR YLATE AU
sweral kmaU
ailu 0r letecus -
q9cqauom
o n c w cuadend .
qneisse
Ahoun
1 6 akh hqvare m
Loest to eastooi ives. ( n e l slepe)
uwo
BUndullehand Malsa Beghulkboud
Manwa
pteuhccu Kioland. uplauel. pleu-ecu Chhotou1P
eguakeu Deccaw
ptateau.
Pletcau
CARAR ME AR PLATEAU3
strm Kascutheun
L68t Drovalls
sepu castewaod.
(CENTRAL MIHMLAND;
Ueumubal Kier besin
Dci'nd by 2ali, Bumas aptcu
Keling pluteau.
Cndstent
YCumvna[N)
eilsopan EBvuddtaud.
uplound
eato eles tharae aloa Plaudew
()
gn erosion.
Cu to
GBAhMELkMAMD
North Maiead Keunge
Liwetom endstoine om wst+ amti cayt
at t
o m mver novt bounday
AL WA LATTAU3
Ctubal Higlland (N)hl
Aovalu a l o a Pleteau. buncllcand E)
Hulu w)
Chambal, Betwa).
Nomoda, lap
Mai)
Pali, ncdlh, Porbot
tonavds Noth
81pu
81apu
Mieir Hls
ana Phasi, Jci'utra,
Deccan PLeteauu
Nindhasa
( No)
Nw
Satpura Mahodev,
N.
MaikallN
Decr a
pkat
cuteaules E
wu+ to eest slope.
laiugeuns
Makara ura Kornaalca
cueCuu imy padeau
L, Makund est Ahaun,
Detca Dhanoor
a i d a n - east
wddapah
Boialki Kocks . routs
Blatt
CMATIShARM PLAIN )
L Sawwr ehaped dup vesio
doneo by MAMA NAD
Sapur Gaste
havall
Vtnddhuy R hals hats
K.cu
Kou
1) Aravalui Kage
Northeast to öuthuwst direetion
Dui to Poloupor
i anat
L
Mewtuus
Mahaday
Satpura Kaunge
Moikal Loest
loONT AINANGESN NDIA
) utm yhas
edge On DecLan
Vougai m TN.
Mahenad Ocdukha t
|Wet (oaut
Cul owba d to Ccpe Co monn
tccums
madu uwviam ba
west ast|
plaint
(oshtm ras tal ploiw india
àubarnaaeeha v e to Cemyabeomau
MahonadiR Enshna.
Northum Ccas blw
Rlna Cauve
Con uatei bl
East ast
NDIANsIAND Novth
Middl
Andaman Nicobau slands
26s LXonds Duntaypo
T
Tem digaee chamel
Nicobar
o t Blc Capital
Xabgcst ocat Nicobar.
Nantodam dslaund
coomat volcauo.
Bau Bagak
mwnged t Bholaclo 1490
Cceps Cn emwgng cund cuwsappeanna
udafBaugladuh daims 60veneg"
athaheu slomd
LUihabitd oshora laud m Puk &thadt
bulou wat
Knsna
ramaputra Goung a- rdaraii -alkanadi
uo) Cte Normada
Deurcas1ng
Bouin
> ndus > odavau Kisma aohmaputra.
Ceunga
udus &yshm
Cneunga &stm
(TmALANYAN TVEKE3 E Boahmapuha
ystum
o l e l u r tham tu malau es
(E kailosh Kange
utlu qadien
by 2a4tar v e at h
md
castm ibutas
Above Mthankot,
(HELUm
bp ng, Yn lcujal Kounge Anndunaga,ik
6p drd ncrmo13
poge through Piv Pounjal belos
boTumello.
o w s incun Peukistem Borcus
at Jhaug diutnut
cluinab
Hydhoclet h hoject
Laskor Kouge
KAV NERS
DDrce. Kulu ula ear Kolteung Po
Daciw ama blw 9i Pausat Rauge 4 Dhaulaelhor
Rou
Lwks Yuntab cum near Moclleopur.
BEAS
bovrte. WaT
Kohteumg Yos, s0utum ud PirYeua
J
i i s baltuj at Hoike , fujab
ATIUT
westtn bet
LFovm Cmsarovar lake m
ANGGAVERSYSTE c g o n Glatui ct
(29sm)
kavtu m Utarakhand
Sovte Bheg athi -bom,UHar
Alekuauda + Nandakini
NCmclp cyog
ndani.
Na7ao Alakuuda +
Alakuanda aundakiui
doama
Aeuknauda t Bhagiratu > hanga
Devyoo
ATIUT
westtn bet
LFovm Cmsarovar lake m
ANGGAVERSYSTE c g o n Glatui ct
(29sm)
kavtu m Utarakhand
Sovte Bheg athi -bom,UHar
Alekuauda + Nandakini
NCmclp cyog
ndani.
Na7ao Alakuuda +
Alakuanda aundakiui
doama
Aeuknauda t Bhagiratu > hanga
Devyoo
YcwLna at heuyaqr
Kiotut Beunk te
Kruu
t
cuwuwa .Ramge
smat
. Pamuodar
heqea
ilRaulKiveRive
Cyaundak he
Kuati bhaudak
Kesi i e
Baundorpunth peat,
Ovig cuwnohi Gla tus m
yonkuwal, u
Naglibba , Missovne
Cuts atros
iwoit Keuges
m a i n atwent Ie i s Yamuna belous kal
r i u s yamga waY ve Saugam , auyaqraj, A\laubad
DT btaiu Ycwvna
1) Cuoumbaf
9) incth
Viclistha pletr au mP
onginats nea
Betwa
m Bhapad dishrictVimdhyan Kauge)
Ly Aams oAUna ma lamirpur
L hcus cm burjany
4) Ken .
cumo-dlar.
Uhottma4 pur peutreau.
andlak
Omoiweus ner bet -Nepal bodtr, t
Trnshuli.
Kali oudak, Mayan gadi,
Kani
N
at Hajipur, bihar
us u s mto yauga
Buru Gmdceck.
Yw westm ep Somsar hillu
0a aut Mangkyr+o
3
SaptkaustiE)
-
Sorrow Bihar
BRAMMAPuTRA a
NER SysTem
a s hK
(29DD
lok
Sovre C m aungdung glatun, e ar arbv,
Tbet
tloseto 9ndus ketl)
Lake
Sovre Brahmaputra asavon
Maioun La
L w+ ti butany edi Kaga &engpo,
L o r h tum at Namtha Banwa.
ut eost*m HimMalugas thovgh Dihoung.
L w Dihngom NorH Lou (4)
wa a
dibtoy ho>>
ubcusin, Kcuuuq , Dhounsi'i, Kouclok Tsta
STUau.
wet fwna üvus
Lesto eastt O
Mahauad
Nomada
rdavcuu
Tastt suua'
Kobar mau Ravo
rennc
ubarnayekha
Brolama
Lovada
fown cuya
Vuga
MAMANAD KvER
Cbhatsganh Onisa
L Poi
eEbouuk aglst bauk
Seanu
Tel
Hosdeo
Jenk
Mand
1
0DAVARI
larqst nh.Dastun eunga)
anovrce Timbarsuwar m Nos tuk dimict
ravaa
Dharna
Mula
Yeuga Mayra
tWcu gaung3
Wardho
Prniita
emt
Keumua
Saba
1udravoti
KR1sMNA
2nd avqest castooin nivo
w esttm heis W
Onionin tOestm hat mear Jor illge tkataa
disittMakorashtoa, north Mahabalusoar
CAUVEY
Ona. oda kave
D Broaaoi Kange loorg ,
ostith Kamadaka.
westrom Ghal
osin
E PActeau
Delta.
Mysoe
mist atile
SivasamuTam toakrtall.
rêwwal re
lo.bout duta m
Bay Bego
let bane larangi, Humaroti, umsha, Arkovati
Rigt baut Laksuwnaritha, kabbani, kuvarnavati
Bharau, Noyd, Amravati
CENNA R (sm r)
Orism huna Ksava Hil Nanddwrg Kauge
Karnacaka,
L Ban wts Audhna Praduh 4 karnataka
SUEARNARE KMA
Ongn Kauehr Plateau.
Mondufullu
BRAMMAN iNER
S e u h koe + amk irn near Kouvkula.
,
N otanagpu pfeteau
tS akanadi Sa
t a l i Dam
SS Eay Benga
W rdavcai
PONNAYAR, KIVER Dacsiua Hnnkin)
Cond to Castal oBea.
T N , Kasnatako, AP.
(VAyA NERS
8uth o 0uvesy Delta.
Vauttapmai Petta. Palls
Sabanmati
WESTLOWING VERS3
U Lu
Normada
Ta
jo
l o Tovgh faulls povelei,
Vindlhyan Sotpuvaa.
omfoms ertuaausA Arabien Lea)
L No 6ilt(
(hord wtka)
VARMADA3
Vindhoyan f bectporg
bl
Hmarkautak m MP.
om Maitalo Kounge mar
e u s in a t valley
Sabar + Mathmat)
SABARMATL3
L Recuthan qpjorat
N Aroavalli Shug kanbat
Kann hvlthth
aavall i s m Udupur durct t
Ooiq in
Ko cuthcm
ft
Bauk
RitBamk
T bel
Ocukal
Math mat
Vautrcuk
(se3m)
a
Kadana Pam
0u Esla ps e Mímalayos
lonyeuna 4 Pwab
uyab.
doms baU nda blw
17 uwwa raifall
resvre Wind
Xeu )rs0 CovcliHon
loeate
ITtz alang jemga plau: fcqveutly hage
1ntStAtwo ds
Stm pusU
raban bea
Beuthoet to NE s oind om
Koiwfall
3/4 h ototad amwal aaiufal).
s t Jumt hdaman 4 N- 20th Mau
Kerula
buddun owet Lojth thondr t kgtig-|osao)
BUTSt
Aabiom deta Beuy ol Bengal Krunt
oth Jum Asscu
Mombai Co1kaa % Juu
cuts oestward by Hmalayan
Basn, geu to ljamgatui pkei
Du Fom ingls wntut
Arabecm bea Branth me povenfol than Eay
Bewgal BT
Arabien Rea > Bay Bengal
Ouy a pest e BOB brauch advauce tovoards 4ndio
eeArcubicn kea braudh omu to ndia
Htimadayan -footulls
by cunga Brchwaputa wicspead rauivda V
Detta, rcauhis
m ounga ple
Laya.
8teady datlin fro
eest to Wes
ivtewe rauwtall
Muymaam
agust rcunrall
0 Cn)
(rtak OnsDon
scon becomus eak 4 ruinfall CAases
Heamy auetal oT Svbmmalayan nm Sooth
apu Mimaleya
LCuse e 0sDOn Break3
mm
Ldr to
Noatuwa»d uhg
to th tortalls Himalayas
wuk Augus P Aast-for Loeek
Seund
Cwr du to opicaduycloa
eipitanen.
wwmidity dovd oe , Vey l uiall.
4
)AP, 6tut e krshua bett,
etoccdhng vmomsvon
tor ktacla.
wbsorhs meiwre
cuonday n
vm Bay 5ungal
NDIAN CLiMATE
Reembtu teptaf coumhy eimalu Cuntaa) Ana
imaleyas blouk told cu mas fom t iy India
eaturs
Kouwetall
wet kcason
Thar cluut, Ladeukh hove
no
Tempcrltuae.
day
har dsut
L Miaut dlivr nal ocnge
c u t m Cwastad cqwn
Wiwus ureuo cdey ld
SUmw- fticmuly hat
Moeon
winds
Reckitucnas
ocotio
(fautos Inflvemung
Disten
TT Himalayas
n ca ndiam amat
EI Nivno epftal yelons
CLU
Uppe
udcudaion
La Nima Lwutm Dstobans
4-8eascs
e kcasom
Met weatu
Soutuo cthcaing Monoo
Cold weaktuuv Meseon o
br vr
oY
Sasn
Wintu40n M
Nov- Marh
Jemwamy coldust
L n reus vertH CayoTrp apricos
u Yeny ugh divrma amge in intmo
1emperatvit.
P a e l l e l .
L J4ohum 20't
) ooptu rcautus
Swuh o20 othemm w p 2o't
3D°.
Ktncula TN early
& Noath
0C 0fum,
tep 26 21°c
www.ttwp &oc Nw ndia
wuan
L Dram Valy
Sum YeasDno
suws ugh wsrlo.ton
MCth>
MCth
euthm pon
nDrthem p mP uast
dpil mptratuis
May Kauautheu
jab 4taryona
Pivual 2ange16°t
t o p rlang wst own thau ecut Cots
cdlu to pevaling wetaly
winds
L Meat woves in N tCeutoul pt o udio
an d to g temp
L North ncdia
ongfnaa Ora ranicuu, Baloeh, Thar du
Jucla
dwt stom
m onveire phama CMO
L -60 m |n
LArolw ud i i bilih
ontal hondwtonws in dvmwecraon
LPueo ttaong Conve toual mDvemun du to btz
6t cmws
Mopur,ipua,Mghalay
WB, Aras Jharkekoud ?Oclzha.
Norwetus. (Kalbazat)
bdisho
O v e wB, Tharkhond,
.
Btom how e s
auntell pning
Mcuiltos
Oy
demageto teps Ittstotks,hwmans
Tec a s s or Baodo l? hhua Assom
al
Cpuytuioual hondwstows Su w
L Ktealá,auateuka, TN,
Mono
thumy Rlospm (toffee pkewtaion)
Snou
Causes fall m i g h a dcotbus e imaleuyas
0unfall.
Nonoutots
Asawm, WB, auska gh wtmsity dur to
L
WEST ONSOON
RA PASON -0UTM
Ju to Mid eptewben
y Met we 6eason
enperatu or lbpical Ze
m outh
Covntnntal
20uu in N, O pob
LO pa
Mw p l l to th lepü Counu
emperate 7ons in N
Ktqton
An-fainfon.
Svmw 13-18°t Fal- over 200
Mimalay mwth
wjw M-1°% wut lu
Noath wcsttom
6U umu 24°C Blo o0 vn
Bcguon- Northpaab
wiwto 16oc
J u m o t Rashm
Kochth Cujarat
wiwtus1S-1B°c 40-8D tm
Keguons wacu rai
aunsall-unalr SUmu33°
onuna, bP. Duui,
mP, ecutm Kajesthan
cuioud
wiwta-t1-11° 00 ISO Lm
3m astem
oP, Bihar
1 pital ndia. Sovh
iwty-1B°c
UmmehA 324 35 20DUm
cLall Meqlaalau a, a«cvm
Tipur 2Dram, Nagaland
w i u r - 18-24 c
tguo b d r a ocunal SO 00m
SUmmu1 32°c
b lo wesem eastm hhaks
(Mombas o
Annual 24-27 0ve
m Seu th 200m
Molaubar sust o a
Junval21"t 0v&
Pcm atomani
T MP hecipitobten
E: Polor Mighus auas
wn Jorm 6non.
tmp (fo°c
TAT1ON OP TNDIa:)
(NATURAL VEGE
wihout wmem oud
plunt theur qrouo
rainfail
elimat K tperatvre
acehed b S0u tpita)
Hepoq ap dec
Subhoptal
with alt
Ranfal pt Vegetation tmptrai
Erenqen
200om Anc alitvd alpine
mosDon Deidaus
loo-200um
oxat
DieT deeideus
S0- D0m
shont d Beasovw
heo a ttssiu.
cluu to hh haat 4 wmudity , no shuddina
3)Evcaqreen lear
wtt londs.
) Mansphyu CLdapt to utha too dy 1 ov
3)lofta 460m uight
4) uek tanap epithyt)fer 6vulagt causina
6towgate uuwardslei
s e vndergrouh No stglt, thud Canopy . Xayted amanqemnt
palm
ls Mehogo, tinthona, bauboo ete
Dist bution
westtm
Lwstm ds o Cka
S 0 u Cemow PovcLnched hit
L Audaman licebor land.
p i t a l Sem Yerrten.
we wegTCtn topital
dcuusitieual-fowt bo hopical
ole cuclous
Cunfo1 200-2s0m
9497°c
(ean annwal mp
IUmatut cond°| &elaim bwmidthy 1 s .
L short dy ason
Asom
Distibuim Louoev &lapu cattrm Mm
LDdlat AN lands
Cncia ctctesstits
bottedessed
qrtganeus
s s duw
peeus
than wet abundeuut
werqocun
ephuphts
60-18)wmidity.
di mectt ond"|
pningow -dy
e ardy
Lcloop t a ares pm
b a ppcardnte 60m mer)
ua theun r g h
qe
estuons
(recks (ovnd).
cletes,
p r o t o hdal inflvenu
Swap forst
duto mga,akanad,hsdovai
nshna, Cacvty
ul d wrd.
pUndar
28
1c i d i t y
Umatu Cnd"
Charadstis
tanapy4
statued
teu 12 m tuyut, toupu
sadusated
Kuort
hot
or Cowpius
Cpl
qrcsses
Subov
eem ec
amannd,
amun,
J
Casvanna pantatiem
deared for
repieal D Deidee
,
0 0 - 1 o Ccm acunfall.
m o l u coned -
hora ctushu)
lcaves m dykcaon
6hud
towiton tye
meut diudeu Loetter
bambo
cak, k , anled trd, e wDod ,
ommon
ees
d bounclus, ewad, s atinwrd,mabwa eti
scatttd,
audous widsly
hanattshu Acaus Euphorbias
dianudien oild date
Kay osthcm ,5t0 Povgab, wattm
Monyana ,
kathch panta e Sovaahbe
|Distibution
Ther Pesrat
uwoand Mde westm has
Cr'male oudn
80)-Bo Aaomidity
Charautuwtis
forat eNerqreen ipeues.
buch, &als.
LOas, thutub, o
P tomme
wwbtus
tpiphs
Not dustinct m ufh ndua.
Stunttd dcun-foout
1i11-
ovb tapital mut
ocuindal.
m Bo 19Sm
Cumetti tond" 1091 m p
807. wwiclid y
Choratuwhu
most dominamt teu.
ul
Twber
tu»pwHne
p wchm r u i n
MONTANEEMPERATE FoREST3
Msu-cu we empfoaü orst
1800m o 3bo0mn u t
Cmcutti tond"
1-14 mp cunwa.
dclame wwidity 7 Bo).
Eastm
Drshibtaen Ytghn ulls
TN Krnala, wm
Mimaleuyon Kgm
(CharactuHu.
Ctto, Uesed werqocen toatst
ag gith tonks
(Uhorattshu
Ltoniterous peues
to lofy tes
e m y t t Hot
pUe &trands
SD SD m
Ruigtut
udar, rlver7s8pru
L
p oast Underg touoth
wrice mber3
Mmaluycun Dr emperau3
DeupiTtun [D0om mom no
(ALPINEFoREST
Mu Apine Atnb.
dleme qoiotth urdodudon,
LJe errqun
birch
*o 8novine.
3D00m
trom
Dry p i e purob
L p p e r s t a m Atvb Mtpyae , dwanfshus
9) Claye w Poius Mo
Lpauk tyaly *traet with l l l spaus.
3)3) lo0
Loou cqu 7io lasge t 6mall parlicle
but topsod
Lotu mixtoe sand, dag ,6i1t
wmus
se horigon)
(0n PofILE
Y t i c a l setion diffreut Jagus A
M-Mo izen
uttvmulabon bndeovmpvsed t poahally ducopo
O9cu matrfad
saturated wit wab for polmged penrd
L E t m tep v-at dpH
A-Morien
Lpat top so.
07qanit metema tmMnlaal motmu.
TB Anmig)
subsurfau layo
Acwmulaton Lleortd
mimrads A+Edhonqens
Yo, day, alowanium
or Lpounds
l &vbsv»fau
nonzon
C momnon
L casthcd paocnt matmul atcwmulai
)Reli
stup slops
LBomu slcpu inclus 6dtormoten
EaChambal ravîns
Lslpuw 6lope auas hare duposihen a
matmal tawsing dp 6ed
3) umat
Tmprratwse & raunfall.
u) NaHaeatalion
odds wmus
ntscasina fritfty
Te fatos
qlaual h I) fus 10 yeans
hord cdwe basalhi otks orgen timu
ATOR SvIL hRouPs Of dnDiA 3
Ldwmpesihon o t
Lduuto dipesihonad
LwOvt oARvus
inds
6iduutum saul ros ported
A2onal ssils.
AMvvial
Rives-
&flH dposithon by Indo- henga- brakmapuha
a cion m oas
s tal
tal rcgnom
wave
Sttt
rworet flords.
Uhemutal poperhs
u Nihraen
Poth, phosphont otud, u adtquat
L
(BLACK SDIL
H o m VolLamt ouB Dccan peactrau.
4 iron
ColouY due to prseuu mognoih
(Chenucad Compoihon3
1 0 . o n midu
6-8. Amu Po tash
0 alumi na
pbhespluats
Cotton Cp
w h r a t , fooar, s ud, Vl3gine
Castor, sulouoe.
obato
Rausugaruane migatu
Ked &od3
utamorphuu oLks
oiks
(ystalu ne
paatt wtks
tgaud qaauili
red- 0n onidu
4 povY
m A plhophats
Maguna,
itogen, w n u s
h m posash f potasivm.
Charateristis )
y uplcnds poDT, q9avUuy, pous
Distbohon auntal.
wns e o
whele TN
Carnataka, langana, W6UP et
Coamuot cttum wattr 11ke blatk s0o.
wps
to4}om, wheat , u , pulss, tobotto.thc.
uillts
rops eadn
latks fenility dus to leaduing.
Ltca, ofe, ubber, cinchona,
umu.
cuent m potash phesplhonus,
Auquire fevHliges
ta, toff , 8pius, toprcal u i
Cvops m pemuinsvlororst
mauze, ISadey
tnprocuta u s
wheat
olot
Yimto2st egun
Distnbion
ecb- uud, i nd acgon Kasasthcun
Yyab, Mavyama.
wtLsta) Las o 0isha, 'lamil Nadu,
rala
numucal propentiis
POo o g e n i t matrrr
hgh phospluats toet cut
Culleolun
Konley, Cotton, Millcts, mauze,puls.
Tps
&u ATRclnu oils
ipreqnated with
6aluu alkaums ef lorescenu
subsad
ivmigated arcas , hugh
IDrttibution o u a d
wottable
Xanm balbs
aF omy plat maks tE
C&Umv
mferlfle,
htglly audii
black uavy
Unelu ondluions submgnu
ps Paddy colHiratuon
UviAN GE0 RAPY
Rter -rclatioa k bl punial tnv.
50Lo-Cwltuaaß emv
Captalism.
E pPultten sprad
m a
tity
duffreuialion
'.
2) t a l akua utus
Dwqves a qusaruphttal
wocld coccuuon
han andard
3) ouad dualy
inter agienal ealyas ote dsti bulion
DWmamenon
Enptorafien t
Destmptiow
u
f e t o phncm
L.8t0 dy t u Ca
Pep
osjc Con cept
pulabon qootu
thonge m
o omnabitcuuts m fixed Hme
Arailabilty Laud
Londfoma
foctons ofecting the Climal
ucustnalusculion
(Ecouowmutoctos
alion
Couupeueuls S Rith
Deathe
AE SEX YRAMD3(pepulation Pybanid)
Ce muwber oemal Mals in dtf
9%ups
k thape duis
f thavoachusHes o Pepulaor
*Epcucling papf
Cowstent pap
Deeliig popt
Enpcuding
langer Pep auoer
0ge qosups
cluuto u g bith a t
3) Deelin
lo bisth deoth at
a- Japcun
.pep
Ageing pepulatiwn
ldr papulahon 1Mcoses
Migrot ous mo ut
aa plals
Enuqcbon ,
Stccms adain.
movt dstunu w»al to al femal
U-al o vrbaun shem malu
to dnoia S wilio
uq koted
| Spatta i a l o n
Mahanashha - Deni5 6ujasat Hayana
Maharasa s t plau
latk e stovt
w peplu ALart)
flording
Corp Drouqt
fculue
esmm
0M0otle land.
Stvi
tlimali
M rabm
(Cpmseq eat T
oms cqbenus
ono m
cgtie
OVTY Develo puuut
Kn tiauu Ovouclung onyqui twms
Demuo q apuu wmseqveuus
Pos?ive Alegate
wbalane
Kdishibulo dmeqsaple
Soua wegns
Miquua 0st as
em
gent Soual chaugc.
Yositie
HumAN SETTLEMENTS
more or
lcs pfmamuty
e plae inhabted,
CApa
Kuna
UvboL
Kural settfemuts.
Cuttr kupply, onc
upleund
effeutrd b
Building matenal
Defene
Uasettlemut dosititaen.
) sting astal vitloges
p l o u vill&ges plakcay ri
llages,
tovat vi lages, odestnt i Iloges
) o cto ett
L emung village fhsuamaus Ní lloge
3) 6hp ctluwts
near, t lteugular, Ciatwlo et
(PROBLEMS°
Plorc No ppr
200Y ia tk en vehilatio
1tashuuto
plcus LOutr
Abrenu
toflet
(PRoBLEms IN URBAN
tlegal
nMammmd
8hortge ektemnle
tongeson
(MumA) DEVELOPMENT 1g00)
P
e Culagiug paptu aclon ppor-toidies
s
4 pillaTs
Sustarnab1lity Prwehiity touwement
Equay
(Pproacls D
1) uw u Ppaoa cn
Anuome 1 s HDT
JuLO mL reedow
9) lfon appwach
Momoun beings taaget dwelopuut athivi Hs
.
as
3) Bue d aPProath
Auolm ,cdu, ford waftr
muppy,
Sanitatn,naus1
u) Capabilty opat
Buldlu'n wman tapabiluus' m health, edwectuon
rcsova Py hmara ben
MEASURINU MUMAN PEVE LoPMENT
lumau Dy elop
nt dtn
Capabil141es ephai
PLep f #h
oLcut tfcund asd
ccvtaon
fealtt
C s Nahieual Mapsin
Botan, ung igme Wangchvck,72.
By 9th Bg
four P1larsSSostainablel Equttable souo- eLonomitduelopment, Consevcahon ofenv,
mportmu fo n e n AomoHan
LholuHe approaeh k eqval
cwHue
t aspects wel elngs Cord
ceonomuu
ovenante.
(oPULATION EORIES .
Malthus
Manut |uon
Tu A- T
apui
Poploon
cunssHn
(MAUTHOs TMEORY A t
soutal than
Lclatos up blo pep tfatos
CRITICis m:-
L Matmotitalom L3a O g
morc) 2cstocuuts
Yowetie chuls do et Ccuue
L
L nd a Du 1st covnha do adept teu
L &tarvanon taued hy
8tar Dnrqval olubuion
wealth
LoLalfn and actwmuluian by captalust
Nlotuuny to do oith pept.
Tor pept
onho
9ata taptuo dibukm ut
ovd cm
Demoq rcupmu "rsltion
hory pulaaon thauge with indus hiali
Birth icut
Death
Ra
1%touiealy dare.asing.
aste land
N Itorable
0qnwltual land nat uHlized
duitieny sti
Moe than 47. Kajasthan 36.
y MosDon depundmt
Manve
Perilig
,Vonehy s e n dupendunu
eassual pattm LPriiHve toh
Mi*ed Cpp |4 Ypvecmeut tpaty
L Aed easui,
4 labouUT 4wtewie
l e prdottivity .
High Aca
Detuinants 4mdian Agiwltuse
Puysical atos
Taain
Relie
ph ftts cuinsa)
AIHtude
Blope
2) Uimate Drought
S n o [perma-ost)
MBütor (Raun)
leptactuc
wind(heat meuture movemnt)
3) Sd
c u t t 7 mui nu tvepping pattms, asotialon
nsHtotioual factos
)) fam Xand hledings.ftagntaten biidos
am uz
bmdam teehnola.
Credit wast
1nwestuut toorkin
4) Jgnw Itre Capitcl
3 nLsthu thuaal sadors
ad Montut svoan
mgaien
t frHliges.
Eg Mv sds, t ttors, Imgaluon, puhüds
Llownmutiahsalon io tus.
L wctiudu, putucds, Locedueitu
SECON D REEN REVDLUTION5
uteunabu aqnwHue by wcocgina
oLclvacuwt m tcuhuotrgy
2nd jR
Neec ov
d wity.
wuustol in anted acas
GR I uot
RT Mv louseq v e u w
4 eolal Costs
L Eotephitatun
m cetor
y &tog naut qooth oqnwHoral
ttoMOeDevtlspuut
Role Aqico Huve in
MaMan kovu o Livcliuaod(1s popl) 209-92.
Canibubon to Nasanuad inome 18:8. D{CvA)
ad.
ourSour fndusbs dwelopunt-luwtoneor ttnile)
CONTRIBUTION OF ACRICDLTURE 2
9n nlcuenal intowe
totcl t cainqs mT procwcuon
qerels mvie tn owmhy or o
20-27,
No 1:65
Kas for declu
ConT n m n t ntavetion
L
4 o iwaastvcture
latk
dmald 6ine olandhol digs
Non tmstaut laud acco ds
No No e wndun tce
TIteeaty
laek migabin al tie
focus tn Non Larito Hoe Lctor
Empayemun
CLqnw. iabours
S47 m 2011,
lhon
Totul toovka ng pop 63 m in 2011.
3) PLautation Aqiw Hu
wdus tmalisnd ari w Hure.
4) utewive awAn
. Autcwslre we n d for ug Meld pea u t aua.
ca7esive 7ops
SDO0 mm 0less
Ravfca)= t D
-
)Mixed or Molhptoming
t Xirtsto Lks
Ueps ulius
* ord maion -fa
Asg aifall
rausiu tneps oith differnt matuing penrs
Pemsds
o
sam mu
qovon ot
8) p Kotaios.
C2ups in 20taling matttr to boest foHlty
Cmps
Mvestuut altematd wit
CopscquviHng ugh
Cerecu
1) to 1-astuutuc Pevelepweut
L Sehmn, E2 et
PRAAD
)loqits Dwelapmaut
L udhan
hategi Petrleowa fuerve lim-(19PR)
3) labo 3«fomor
4) 6Rt11 Develapnt,
LNalenal kiu Derelapmueut Corp. (NSDe)
s-laptal Cacaio
Sagarmala e t .
G) lanauon
C1sT Br RAD, 1PP tasy Eit ete
elulien to impove infrashvtture °3
Promot labov omoe
3Cscasth
MSm pvedwtHrity
Gravin Jnpiot
labovr tusive dwelopmunt
Audusis. ncdushy 4.0 edw wproving
qvauiy
Removi *onal
dopanhes
(C0TTON TExTILE NDUSTPY3
Pud n ing Pupiayeub
docabo
fators 0ecting
Keuo madrnal
(3Ter Stavctooe
lou Capitul labour J e e r mduai, Iabovr Ceptal 1votesie
orms
lack medrnisatuen
Keuo mattna!
Maoke .pv Poluiu
Staadegri casoms
wpovt Soaluryoc
.hap laboor
Teeh Rulu Kgulotion
PRDBLE Ms
Capital
mffiieut PeUe Anferuoi uaty
.Tech ln uilication
rdwthvity ghovtag Coal
2 n d bigest Losme
onebeuadaing labs
killed maupouoer-
Ampmo d gulathon pelu'eiu.
T T N DUSTRIES 3 o e GaDP in3014)
180 Bauan dollars in 2019.
novewuwt 4wHaivs
rele frce EKtaunt? Br data
Drgital dnduà Lom
4uutiahves
tov ndia SAvdernot
Pqram
ofThings
01
JNFRASTRUCTURE YROTE CTSs
CURPENT
PRoJELT
1) SAC1ARMALA tscutlinu
aound
Rrnd conmetivity 0f pot
.
By Minihy pp
adad hy-tag. CM.
Stal o i theu
Aim)
Port led develepunt
Collaborolion
EsUe inter ageuy f mumutnis
mscdkmire 4 bct up he poYts
Effrueut Cva wauon
y o r o ard
Radu eing mpovt Cnport ust
Devtlep mvs as +uaud wadtnways to vedu c
lsgsts s t brltron
Ausia's marehacie enport to{llodollars
202s
C e a i lomilfon nu dobs
(BMARAT MALA PROTECT)D
Bagkodush)
Bp2ovc tomrctivtym NE (through
L wakioay taminal bn
oahwnapotaa
Neamati,
Dtwboi, slq hat, K1s Wounath Chat,
Dibugah, engaam0amgh.
3 cutus
mpro Cun tomnectivity to lier 24 Trer
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banhuoal| Lvclhiana) m
ujab to Dankuni
s
L adr
Lest Stngal.
Jha»khaud, WB.
ab vP Moyana, Bihar,
uncud by OB
Westtm DFC
Dadn UP to Jauwaharlal Nehw Port Tost in
Mombai.
ajasfhoun, biujava, MMahorashta
L ovUMaryana,
UHar adul
4uttmahional ooptralien
tusdad by Japan
Keutt
Redotad lyi2His tost
L Cy.
men dly
.
VER TNTERINN
Cotton. (1919
B y Axthur
ndo-gaugati v u s p e r e a l l v d i t r b i v k e d
toaus-n
iveus udha
ivetrrhutiuq 31
bem by
tv oapanuls
Puuimsular
Coupemmt
imaleun
COmpomunt
3mprond mgaiom
A d?auglt
Coht flord
6olur Bett 4wlund
i r a t 3uovo MW eluefhuity
ystem
Challg.
ost4
wmunse
v g c tw. 1mpat
mlaud Waterways3
national
wattriwuy3 t t 2016 111
Nlati0uad
avatages
cady built infrasvttuae.
L
qcm ud 1wwtstmunt
elctongest ads
L
Reduud nvestmmls
L
Chapu mrdu tansportailom
wpltmwtaim hallugs
LNon nifom thannd doaft
L Scasanad nuno narigatuon thvugheut yca«)
uetcnsi Caprtal
maintrunanu dacdging
in iver
Asam ktatu ,
Lakhipor to Bhanga
Boak
(Natioua w t r qnd 3 mnagemut
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or
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40-55 Coabon. Bo-9 Conbon.
9) la Nadu
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alenaEha mminu Bikaur dumct
u) uaat
36 Coben
Poor qvauty
u g h moutus ontent
B a u n u l l a , Kaai
Sculu qenga Monolwara,
Oolhompor dshmcts ,
Kancwas a 5eadgem {
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chol
L Namchek Namnp coal ficld -[ Awna.R).
Jeuntau hilu
) MegkalayaCom, khasi,
Domcungi toul fieds, (henrapoi4 lcunqmn salelds
,)
Yeneleumf val ou3
ailfelds
oldst
n Dibwgash dumt
D1gbei feld
Nahor kaiya e ld.
Meqa Muqijan ield.
320 m in P p sam along brahmapura vall
Uavat cilfrelc
Ankles thwar, hambat, Ahmedabad, Barkel,
anand
L fisiu mbay 4 eyali
Kastheun ilields
Aarqut on &ho od povelwting stute
Eastm
LMDwbai lughI Bassein
edava, Krishna,
(Altebet 9otk stooata
mLo ten age
Cauvey nve
Crvhf chandat Kawa tld in Knshna
ilelds
kupplyCvd de el to keep
Conhel prvdvctn
t bela Itrnahona demands
aus Blogas
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Rensro ssinq Bentfits of famuy
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om nn
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dependenty t eng
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laud imtvcase ls
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Advautages % impatt on
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ENELWABLE ENERG oCSDUTCes LonHneusy
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tantmutal shelf
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(CLes)
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nat ostali tobed,
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b e t e r than Ureunium low Invenoy l 0 g lived
waste
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adomg ke rala Corast
eclolish bouon pnosphat mineal.
2C). Thoivm
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ncuun o 6 0 . ion tontent
Keilodila |Bastan)
Chatisganh
Phalu
Kajhova | Dvag clal),
Donai Malai | Belloy Hospet)
Namedaka,
Badabudan (Cikmngalpu)
wdemwth Cuithadu»g dist)
Aruu 8himaga).
Aloauundi , hua, Kadabura che
Jhaskhand
la
get una
K'vdnum,aogan etc
Pima, imgao,
MANCA NESE
ndta3d 1aoqust prlwtu
Dhevuvas hnyetem
Maharauhtra
18. Belton Nagpur 4 Bhandara vf
to Balaghat k Chindwara o mP.
leaclin (31)
0 disha P
und a9qarh, Kayngada Balcug etc
,
ek.
Romataka Nagpus, bandaa, Ratnagin
-Mandla drst
MP Balaghat, hlinduoona Nimas
t i
(COPPER
Mayo ngubuwn(Jharheund)NBalaahat[mp),
Twmunh t Alwav dst [Rajesthaun)
KaycsTheu
Maion imponts o bSA, Cauada, Zimbabuoe
Japan Menito
GoLD
Thoe top felds
SILVER:
Aposted
Reusthan-1agest prdy c
Cyanat 2ud
Raasthoun 3d
Z o w a r minus n Vdaipur ( Kaaston)
2inc mettr
sld
kstar audsHoH gslelrelds
Smelttr
TundovJuad btetttr in Dhembad dat Jhorkhand
Tondoo
mAudhoa Prades.
Vi2ag 2 ine melter
(LEAD
Sovrce odma ystalline otks)
poecambin Vfuduyan stone.
Malluablu