DE) 5, eee) T= oe yY ~a A New Introduction to i eu-teanar- tele 0 Wi] Bere 6 hel tad shatoe te FS A New Introduction to Pragmatics ER (KA ee I BORN Wh le Ligshe SR nat SheetHBB Ze hie Bi (CIP) Bae Bi ai FE An Ib RG Eas. — EME EXB9MB SCR A HEAL , 1999 ISBN 7 - 81046 - 746 - 8 L. @ WL fa OL A WV. HO "PWR Bt CIP BEF (1999) 58 67697 & ARBEIT: ESR IS ORT oe a bite SRB A OD REM: Ph TE Ep Fil: ihe Thy 28 BE BL fee 1G ED Mi) J & $8: Be IE EMER T OT FE AB: ssoxiles 32 EKITS MSOF AR WR: 2000% 3 FR INR —2000F 3 4B 1 WENA ED BR: 5 000 nF 43. ISBN 7-81046-746-8/H - 644 2d Wh: 18.00 FE ASCH 15 74 EAR] A, HT Ya AS BTRAW THAT, RHA 1989 $, RBH GEM F-MH)— FH me T. YMRERHA-ABAB AAA BS EAR MAIR CBRANT HA, MAAMERA-AMRRS PMR — A REAHSS, ADOHKA HAAR P BSE LOPA FILAPRHBRA ALAR, FL, AMET ARAY KSORH UR CAPRLAP OSHS, BET EAE BS)—#, SAGRAM RT FAPRR—FA RAAT, T AR ALEOTEE, ZAPANTCRAMAS AM HAE 418 PR ARE MRS T RAY HA {eit kth + ELGG POR ik RR TH, PR ot, AAA w Rte, GEN FRE) BRE RARLAR REET. 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ALBA, H LAHADH, BPREALBRARARRL, SRRABA A MALAHH RUMBA ERAT RHRAWE, FSG, KPRAERE EBERLE ERAS AS RENAL FERFRFRAA LEM LSPAEAPREMAERER FEHBRERA, ABBLAP, ABtBAARASTER PLO PET MURA RH, MARAE IER MTR RA BSE AP Sh SB A ER AAR ROE OTHWS iii EREDRK, MND MAE T AT EE HM ERAS: BOK “ERP ETE AGAMA (RRA), BE SGI AR oR ARGS MAR POA (HR), BRED ARB EMEL” BERR He RAE GL RAE AHL” (ZH), Mis UMN STA TARR E. 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EMS K AMAA SHRNCX CSAS “ACME MSTRIBT. (48 pragmatics FEW “iA AE” REM TY BOUHUR AUBIE pragmatics KTAETE SARE ESTERS EAR. “pragma-” VHT HURL “MM FPN" BE. WP SLEIK, pragmatics $M SEH AKA BAYH TN BE AODEFE. INFRA BL ATA, IF RAE pragmatics “ATH RMS. A ANAT AERA ST. Ba UT Wo Green (1989:3) 7 —T AF RA — i BE RB FKP AMRA RATHER. BERNA -AARREA BR AAMT H R-AABT EER TRA, RA, A BID aN BTR BOC) HAE ee MEK FG EBB , (2) ft RK SAL A BE A BO HER EFL , (3 ) HAE EK eS EA] JHE KK — DE. HERE Tat TEA KAREN BAB = NEAT AST fe. BE A HAKAN AH BAMA AMER DASA. AK BOGE i 3 Bt FE — AT ATT OW, A RP Be CORI ASCO HN AR: AER RE ABA Be Ste Fro 4 pragmatics FAM AT Fl AY AOIE Fa IK SHEN BEDE, ETI — RHE UE CROW” BRR AN To (HE2 RM HH ie AFB AEH pragmatics K-RIGW AMI TER, ME Ro Th PE Boe, BUN RS A SEALE SEY. CEG PA FRE EAD pragmatics K— AiG AAA thee RGR C. Morris FR. Carnap. fWM ETERS (semi- otics) HIDE PITA TL pragmatics X—AIGM. AS KEASML PSE SS MARES SALA. HLA TR APS AREA IK, RST TES EATEN = PPK PS KR (syntactics ) i X24 (semantics) AAI (pragmatics). #SK RERRGS ZI MIER KA LEO S SES TRAE POZA MKA ANEORAS ST SRR SAKA. A MEA th, GRE BE FAI BAS KAS RE BAT — PEERS. AAI RAS NAA BAR TE LPM — BRAT , ARPES ST BZAWKA ASTRA ER TST, ROT HEZAMMLRA. GRELMRANBAR MASRRE BS ABTA WE — TEP AMC TT SAREE SFA W RE AHO. BATE FRX TUTE A SR BAPCABAURE ERAN — MABE MY ARO EE AE AN BARK, RA BLAS TF RAE EI A FAT ETE AAEAE 20 tA AY PAM SRT TTR AE HY, CMR REE SESE RA OPE ET TRO DRIER. AUER ER, GE FARA TTA RE AGRRWME. HR ER F. de Saussure (1857— 1913) BAS BRE Bi FRE A, HOE 20 HELE AH CS1.1 APRA 3 BS FEE) — BRAD Hie HE ETT. HER HHH SiR OR MIL RAMS. KPA (langue) MB (parole), HA RHASAKRAS, FAM AAREX MEAP RAL. Saussure WHE LR Wa MAES, AWS BT —e AMAR TA UAE, RAB SA BASEN BEAT, Ia AN fe. BURGE FOES RAS MA ETAT, BARE AO WW. Saussure iH FAP FAK PSE TB EL +46. 50 4E(UEI, Chomsky $214 Hi HAE II (competence) il iT (performance) ZAM K 4-3 Saussure KIER WBZ (a) EAS BR 5} — RANA, ERAT TOA BS AS AER AS AI Ault ES K AB I) RA FS A EFS HCI ey AY ON HERES EO Sb. SEH IRA EEK Bloomfield (1887-1949) URE RW RIB BE RB BMI FIN RK AE AS ET TOD, A (phoneme) Aili] (morpheme) PENH 8 AF HY BLL, ZEA eT RRA THOR 1 FORE ERB 50 4E UGS, Chomsky Mia B BUCH SEI ADEM. Chomsky #818 3 GE — PAR OL] (device) , #218 FEW A285 1 — Bh BYTE BG te, LAB Se PE HR RED SET RA RED , TT APR DRL FIBA MEAS. Chomsky a HCH RD Faia NEE BOE A ET. RE AOE SE BE RE EZ Chomsky M18 3 BG R47 — iY, EUR, FA WEA RUAN IER. (RE PA FOREN LA. PRP OIE AY RY REA“ HA MES ALRRPRANA SRR, FRM RER4 Re we ie FEM XAG Bl AREA UD ANI BE PR. 10 FEAR), AIR PERRI OE Wi PAN SRM HEAR DS BA PL AB AT , BE EP ERR EP RAP “PUBL. AN ERERE TR a EX SSE EEE PF ASR SH TR PI OE EFT PSE AE HR RK, BARR ERA , RRS NIE PREIRAI T 88 (context) EE MOE HN HE x A Xt FEE AI SH, LAR Te KAM, BAT Ca at hs oe OA WR EAI AY BOSSE RN GE es EM HL AFERA LEH. Fit, ROSE , AAS BBS AR. we AR—BREA Tis PFE EN YEE 1B i FE EERE Ti. TaOPT GR 2 TT EB SAS HL ELT BaF Bz IEA TD AS APT, A LW YO ASB -iIG LIB AR ILE RE. RADE FE BN he AT DAGEEXT Chomsky ARE DIEM MRA, CHIR EOE HEAT —TRHMPE. REM 20 hee MTT AMAR LOFT AS BENE AT TIE AY BOE EAL, EM TT DAS ER BMA RN SHS RAS HAE. LARRY EASY, AE BTR RMA LEH 20 Hea S ZARERBTAGNHILAFEBRRGR. BV Bloomfield.Chomsky #575 THAME mai ABs JL ST ERR AA DIAN LUBA BOE FEE. ZEN, ESE HE BEEN, A 20 RTE HEL TA Oe AR, LAC A EMH ASMP EAA RET BEA. 4 20 tt4d 30 4F RAS Ai SYR I. R. Firth (1890-1960) RE TRE MO. TER ALL , Firth SBFLl AF WREMAR 5 RARER B. Malinowski HAMM. Malinowski WOE TERUG BSE "P0958 Be OE OR ATES BEE HE RE AE BEM TR BWA, RO ERRANRE HOSE HARF TAS ARLES” BHT FHS, AR RRA LAMENT. YRARRER M. A. K. Halliday $241 7 S569 DD ABE UIE SBE, E A Chomsky Wi8 Bie #8 GL. Halliday UNIS AE SHR, KAA RRR AA ARA ARAB ERE MERAH EAKWLSEP ARAMA fe. WHE LMS RCUAAKE ARATE BR ‘FETA AO DED oe AY, LL Re SAP SR SHWE RARRK. WHINE CHAN AER THR EA. BAZAR EAA EN — TOM AEM RRMA ese eA WFERER. HERS FE AA AES Ae RR ERIN. PERO A RF EE ‘ATT Se SP BFE SAS AE ER, BRIS RAEAOAA PERERA ER”. PERU AR FRNA TARA 20 te 50 FARK, ROGER J. Austin 8152 T BiB47 8 BBW (speech act theory). 3X—HCTE BAARPHABREL, RT RAWAM BC. Mate BAFRRWHHWATO XN MRR SBS FESTA THAR, H—-P4 FEN. P. Grice 3k fi BERLE A 6 Ri a Se WT A 28 Se YE Bh — 2 FR HE I (cooperative principle) , 3} #E ASSO Bi EPRI ahi T BREA o BAN AAA BR, Wale TLS ERAER AA. 20 tth4e 60,70 4EK, BML MALS ARH. Sacks\E. A. Sche-gloff #1G. Jefferson FUEL 2e2# AN DEFEAT EM AAAS A 8 TBE TAT AR BRA. HW RRE SS REINS RH —-TREARBD. Ub, DABS WEA BDNF TB AT 5 HATTER EAT HT BT HS A BR IKE TRE. 20 HEL2E 80 FEAR LAD HE LE EE He BL TF By ELS A SOAS ALD BYE Bh Be HAR PR IT — PORT 2 Bio WRT RKIKIO” REINA i REI 5 CATR ST UL TE UE ESE AR FEW TEE EOE — PER PE AO i ak REE FEA T— TRE. MSE LS A i HE RMR RRATER RNA TBA NAR. PAA SLSR OK LAS TAL TER FOR TAA AAER DHERE OMB. BATA AMA AE HUANG AKAM OST MimAKAL ST TELFAIR HE AERET CNR. WEL AEE — TEER AE TR. 1.2 RTBRSHEX AME — FE, ie MR TE (A SAE TER PE ERE, BABE FTA AER HARE. BRB —BIGS SE BBA RMB BT ROPE MB BE SEI NEE REG REN IX AE UF ETT EH. (AMBRE) BORE BEMETARIB A? CRS EMT? TA ABEABIL IE BF A) EB, BOE E MR BERT EP RAR TAA. BATHE AT ABER — “MOR A SPER ASR AP Ss EE. EA1.2 SPIRE XL 7 PTR AR ERRATA. ELBA SRE (RD SE a — Fa AE EP FA BE MAE Levinson (1983: 6—27) 5) th TE + MEE AT ERD ELM EAE TPS RAAB PPL: XL HEX 2 HEX 3 MA EMS Pragmatics is the study of those relations between language and context that are grammaticalized, or encoded in the structure of a language. FE FLERE TEP aE a BH HATS A 2h EH AUB RZ AW RAH.” “Dik Pragmatics is the study of all those aspects of meaning not cap- tured in a semantic theory. FEF P REM STA DBE EN ATE DIE A BE COW TI SE Pragmatics is the study of the relations between language and context that are basic to an account of language understanding. GBT AE A CLA Ta Pragmatics is the study of the ability of language users to pair sentences with the context in which they would be appropriate. JEAPP RAE ABUT ae Eade FA 8 OE AATERRH NE A BOTT. Pragmatics is the study of deixis (at least in part), implicature, presupposition, speech acts, and aspects of discourse structure. WAFER BD RICH BBS) A AE ST URBBANSS MBAS. ALM Levinson Si) T — ABNF REBEL WP PETA S ARES 9 AS, URED AR- Ts BEE AE AL, RELEASE WAGES. AEMNKAWA EZR ER ABR LAER HME. EM 1 MEX 3 CE EEE + REPKE S eA TIM. FR.8 ROR ie AEE Z AM RAAT ALS BE 5 EL 4 IE A ATES a (5 F-S H TBY AB PB PE HEF 5 EN 2 BE HE EGBA PD Lh RAB TA AE PS 5 EL SARA Fe — Pak FRR RE, TH EH He EE BRE, ABA A ER A LR AE AAT Al CARIBE MAR Levinson Ji] tH Aik FP AT BE 8 EE RT A TE TERE AS TE OT RE ETT DASE , a SCE HEE TB RA EAM RAB IES PEM, ARSE RBA — AEA ABA — eA EE MT. PS SPMBIB EERE — PF HRERE A ATR S AE K (IL HREF RRMA MDS FEN SRL EER SEARS BN RIL AB AT APR BER HT EP HIE X , BARRE aE NABER PAR be PE 0 AT AUN, BATA GS IL : 52K 6 Pragmatics is the study of linguistic acts and the contexts in which they are performed. (Stalnaker, 1972:383) ERASER Bs FT BM FT ST ERE. SEXL7 Progmetics is a theory which seeks to characterize how speakers use the sentences of a language to effect successful communica- tion. (Kempson, 1975:84) EFAS — PS PERE A 0 0 OK I BURA CRBC. 2X8 Pragmatics is the study of language use and linguistic communi- cation. (Akmajian, 1979; 267) TE PAE BT a 09 08 FAG BS RET IE1.2 RAS 9 JEX9 Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how utterances have meanings in situations. (Leech, 1983:x) Si NET WHERE XE AEE EEE, RAVE TE 90 SEAR RADE AE SP ART LAE PS EA HE MW Mey HRiR FAS Re OO 10 Fe AY Fs BE Be ETT PE ii BL” (Pragmatics is the science of language seen in relation to its users. )(1993 :5) , Fav ti BEER 2 He Be LR PE WLS EL. Thomas Wy 80 SERPENT EDP ARE” RSE BE REC” ASDTSE HS BE BB RTE EIR (ET BERZ (1995212) 0 FEM AD ee RE, SELES FSP aE SO “OB MAGGIE” (meaning in interaction) (1995:22) . MAX — UL A Fe Ra BA Eg EY, TA EC Sd Se TL IR PE ARE A TI A PE A sh aS ANSLR, BEG AAT A SDS EOE, DE TE, LA RAGA EOE. Yule FANE LE: AAEM A (REEF) SAGER) AUT TE A (BRS ) THE AE IN EL” (Pragmatics is con- cerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader ))(1996:3). FEAT EAE SUS, Yule Mia DEMS EE T EBB Be HU Ae ESE A UA PA: (A SRM VAR AVG 5 (278 PE BER MSE 5 (3) FREE HA EF ES MBE SE ORE 5 (4 BY LEE AMER MRENHE, 4, ROTH ARA RAH RALLREPRAMELZANRSERARL I. Efi10 Be Ie EI ASL A AS A EAT EAT AB HSE TRS PR LT. BAR Be FEE A FRAT SK AR 1.3 BASARANATEARS—_BeX MiB STR FE es Bie, RR OES I BET DBE , EE — BE LMPHER BRN: —PEBL (meaning) ,A—ETBSE (context). ARR A RLS A iB AER WAL LTE NATE AY AR AO SE (SAAR, UCT Ai EP TPE IAE . (LTE IE EASA FEY BET MEARNS , COPE RRS FBS TES PE SC, ALIA BCE — FE TBE PRT RH EE SOMES TSEI S AE P TBE, SP FEM. (AIR EPID BEE EE BE, FTE BE WA TOM FRIAR TA, IK PR AVES HUNT EAT ETT 1.3.1 BX BARRBTA? KELERAREARALKOMAD. iF AER BER ERER OBER SMG BB NEL” (meaning) #49 2 AAR AY Shia“ EHH” (mean). C. K. Ogden #l I. A. Richards 7£ 1923 4F HH iKEY Meaning of Meaning —4i' PHI) MTR AY 22 AE FEAT FC REE RE HM EL ZR UNGHE AA — EAT AS, BIR OCF TATE ARH. MASHRNR AA LFEPTURRATAR BRN AAR LDA TIAA EMR. RATHER LS EER HALAL. (ESTE VERGO OR HE LI CEA A J PE155370 1.3 FRIAR BESE PAO BN IEA BES ——€ EX AUB i AUREL AVE NS EAS RZD Gy S , FAH, (ARIE RAY“ dog” BRIM HEE FP Ba)” , TEE AAT OL F AB RE Ta — BUR TRE APLAR. MFCR RR AL (ESET FE BRK IL F BF LS A AL (semantic proposition) HY HESEA (truth value) , VA 3 Fl DBT Air al A AEN Se TB as AR WHE. MN" It is cold in here” EA IF, ERI REAR DAA EER THE RAB RE AA AA, ECE AI TA) PAH EEA FTAA TIRBIEA HANA TIX) FEI A ERI LAMA HZ A. HEOR T iB Ba SP 9 HB, eH AN RE ABER Xo TEAPEMUAI. WS ERB, PA EAR SOE AEM OEHE RAR. RT RRP, A SSAA RIES) TBE EE — 2 FE IE EEL BT WRI AWA A, BRERA ER A Tia, ETE AEP TA AS EPR OME PRT BRA “dog "3% Asal RTE OS BT SD, EE ATT dog SX/AIA ATU REE WT TAA Se 4, TBE EET HD FAIRE, R“Tt’s cold in here” KPENV BRT BRB—T SIN ih HRD, BARAT ABE TTI ES, Han Ee AT FEBS ERE, ME IR ET FE, {LEVEL FE Dy A AE HH OE A, AT 8 SERRA. RAR PS BERIT £. BRAETRH ELK MARIA AR ANS XM WE RITE 2 BMA ATE BE STAB UE. BE SOUL, TEER FZ OT BS, TAT EFAS AUB. AT I LTTE RR” As AP A Td EASE, AGE SUTIN” AY X BEY; BARE = OT”, BIDE12 Re Ie TE AGE LEA X BH Y* ln. “dog” 48" — A RAL ILS” (HP) BRIEAG “dog” ERS, HEB!" (EH) DALE, GE FA RPE AS AB FF te FS AS) Pa ASAY REM, HALE EE PAT HAR. WT HA —si, Leech BT —MRS HN IF. KR PRP FH don- key ANAT PE ass, AULA LAE: Donkey 48 Ass. {ATE 2 TP donkey 7] BUbIa A FAL Aik EOP FEE” X—-BMNM, AAS RE OT AE Hs HS. Leech ET Dickens (9) /)\i3, (ATL + BY BSE AK 18) "PBL RAE A PR BO, Miss Trotwood AHA Janet EP FAME Bl, BME MA REM WN HE MS PT BR, BRR SD HSER, Miss Trotwood f#Xt Janet MA: “Janet! Donkeys!” EX MAF # donkey XTAR ABM ELAR AS BAN, HASHES ENA PR TCH. HR HEX. MFM, Leech HATHA: (1) CW RBA RA EM OO, A RE HL A LAT RBA EF TL PHA (2) BAT FG ARE AR SET EE TE, (3) TER AEM EDE, BILT Ih OE, ER AEE FS ZH EB BEA (BURA TAF BOSE ROR) ELE ( RUMI AEE RE LETTER ER). (Hl Leech, 1981:320) Leech #24 T OA tate, DAI MATE TT + MOP AIS Bt” AREA EE Leech (1981) $2 HR AY, EFT 12% Ot (valency 3X Zo13 TEBE BEE BI EAR BE —§$ 18 XAT BE 13 TE AEE: C1) BEBRRGAROTBA; (2) BEBRRBGAN EAMES (3) BEB RIBR (4) AAD Ri STA. (LE) BOR EB TB A LAS A — PS EY, BBA PRET OCR TENE AF AE GE TT. MF EAE A RAE LAS AEDEFELLES PAB ALT BERR, HATA AR Pi BE RT GX PET By. FEF AR PRD 18 LN — BK SP Sk Mt a) F EX (sen- tence-meaning) Misi X (utterance-meaning )MK4}. BR AF RMAAEEY, BRERA MA. WF R—TRT AA MORS, CRAMER NK, CHR Tae HAL A TORR EAS. RRA ZEBRA — PR ALLEL , EE — FE HE RD BE BB es PAL RARER AE A A RE REIT. SEP, EXER AS RABE 50 FTES Hh BL #9, Bilt: “There is a dog at the gate. We'd better keep away. "3X DA) eM HY PPE FE ATE PET BED A“ "A E” RUZEEROMEL. WA ARPA TOE ROH AN eB Fett HK, Gila: “(There’s) A dog (at the gate)!” “(I order you to) Fire! "Ai 26H BAA Mal F (AE FTE CR DE HUE + 4} 88 $2 09, Bi) aN “Hello!” , “Hil”, “Ouch!”. “Wow!”, “Good morning!"% 0 WL, UF MABE ATA RS, EA] CEASA Ps BE AR BB A DB FOP MAF NL A TS EH A HAS HB Es OCEAN TL FBZ Sb EN IE CEE AY, Je —14 Rm ASEAN Ce FR A A HRWAR. HiM“John is still single”, fFH— DMIF, EC FER RSVR IA F John AUREMUR DL, BAU LAER JOHN (BEING SINGLE) Q#¢ WARRRAEK FA LBM. ( WERE CB EE — AGE BB A EE TBP LI AT BA AE RT TIAA LESH AT RE JE, ASU OT IE AAI OR John (MSO ASEM John A BR FALAEWASKT). FPE—PLEM EN F. WE PAYNE T 52” BERR SUB “Have you eaten?” KiB A) AF HE MA Re KOK ALATA A CEMA FRM ETA EAA. RATA BY A RB RS “en LT 2” FEATHER BE TL FB AFT BF BP SK, RAE TR ERASE” RARE IEAM PR EI ER ABA (AM EI Yb FE AF “Have you eaten?” EDIE AA ROPE OTE BM , BESS AMR EME UE aX TS A HY REA “ATA” “REI PEER OME YR AEE WEF AMAT AUB FR LAGER LE Be FLEE HF CEA AE GS BY AB a OB DAT BX MART AAAS, AMER A TER ARE TRAANVARA AT REAR AFH ZONA. SE SB, DFE LAA LW KB -S EA E MSE HATHA. APT MK SPE Grice MiB SER ANAR RH ETERS Kot. Grice th iT K St Hh UAE RM SPB PS RM (natural meaning) dE A 48% X (non-natural meaning 3% meaning-nn), J FAIS PRBLIE AEX (speaker’s meaning) ,Grice HIX—K 4-35 PELE RY OF SM AGE MAY KAR RL Fe — BAY1.3 TEAIEDEIS PPS TEAS —€$ BE AE 15 Grice StF A SRR AY eis PE T AP RR AHDON , BRIA (S) 18 Sh REIB (UR RUE BAN (2), ML LP RA: (1) S intended U to cause some effect z in recipient H CBLIBLA S ARETE U SEE AH PAE PAR 2) (2) S intended (1) to be achieved simply by H recognizing that inten- tion(1) (BEA S AGERE AH VGRB) DR) Asa BB) (Grice, 1957, ##5] A Levinson, 1983: 16) JET LAH, Grice FRI Fe AC RRR AE ERI A BIR A A AL SETAE RIK, LL SETA ES) SS BARAK -BANMEH. 4, CES REH WAAHE LE RE BANREAWAE, FE ATRERA———W2RA HER BILE OPER RT MEI TT FA (ARERR IG A EA IA BE, ASIA Ah RA ERT Hy FE, IB Se FB HB. Grice #8 th, 4) FAYE MEA PE) ELE, AF GRRE Tia AER A EA IF BER TINE LH, MILLA, “He's a fine friend” BER A T “Hh RENR X—-BX, RREW DFS, BA, BART TE FY. (A REWIAR EMR ALF SERS AISI AL, Be HH TT He , ART BABE He’s a fine friend” AT BRAR NR AVF CUR SRA , DORE Grice SME AIRS NL RBAAB ML. Thomas 3H RMB UGE T MAH SD, MER AE BTA, WHEEL AKA RGN MBA RM IBA LLASATVEK: ERE ROGER) MBB, VIE A HI3E ERIE (1995:2). Thomas Sibi none Be MAUR AN LH TBE AYRE LEME LAA IAIEA SES, MOSER HE TAS OS SUERE, BRE SIRE X. ML ay fa, —16 Rm AS 8 Bia ET ES FT BE AY EN, WO handout 3X P31 Si AE HR” AEE SOBRE s coke IX MAL AAT “FT OFT FR” “BT RE” “BEE ATE)” OO A. FEAF BUC En Bho FH BN Fe PP SE mr HE a A) FF HES PY BE Meo Thomas 4 7 F sx A AT RR A (1) A: The old man thinks he’s in love with his daughter. B: (Appalled ) Good God! We're out of our depth here. A: No, no, no — he hasn’t got a daughter — the old man thinks he’s in love with Ais daughter. B: The old man is? A: Hamlet, in love with the old man’s daughter, the old man thinks. B: Ha! It’s beginning to make sense! Unrequited pas- sion! HF (ti he A his MSTA SE — A) A EL FEWER. Mb RAHA He OTABA tA AERA an. (2) Tell us when we get to Birmingham. JE when BAAR ARIE ESI IAA], FRSA A BX. Thomas AS BE S48 HAR AE aa Fy st EB — AE FEN, TLR A EES FEES PTE PA WR RHR PRT SAK Xo WLR TBE ENED ,— Aa TS EN PER AES FUN BRT RIA T 2 TERRE ATES Tada A A SOR LGA FE EAR BEAT ZEB, PAVE NAR HEA BIE MAE IEA1.3 FEEDERS PATA BES EE 17 MRK. BR AEG EE A WES, DREN. Pe: (3) Is that your car? ROE. YE REE PEER ES Cn that SHH you FRM ALHE, car HAE SEEM) TGA th BE Fe EN ER A ak TEU A ED FRA EAL WAR PE: , FATES AIS TE A BFE. BORAMEDE AMAIA AT ERA MIR, SEI Ae BRA MATE, RAR SEL. BR, DN EES HU PENH BAERGA MEARE, HGRA. VERA TPE BF EL RS OR ALN HARTI HARB EAA LRT TEU LA 3: AA Be IS I he SEZ IDF SM 5 3 — PEE REP A ARIS BUR FE RR. WAR ARS ANE, EGET FAN TEIERT RR FES OBA VA Bh, AL HI 3, BAS WHRR. 1.3.2 Ase SABI —AT FT LAB BEETS ET ER HE W(. BATARIE RR? Mi REE Ate RIAL FC, Bl FE EA ANT BP Br BS B. SARA BMRA PRR. HE ARERR BAT EM AMAAAR RBS EE ‘eee AEN Ta] eA SI) AT EAA ZETA A He, EEA a AS EE PR. UR AAT AB 7s BH EB AB BG PTE EL BBE FE HO FH AY, AEE +5) TS TEE RA IE PBB18 a it Fa 0 FEL ME FF EE, SA TD TH ta PE HT 8 9 AT 9 FE Lyons UsiB SEE — 4 BIC ERS, FY RUBEN A PPAR IB ZARA PIR HORN, RHA RMS WS SH PO SCHR E THER A SE SCHL Lyons, 1977:572). BAKRKER-HAMEE, CHA EAR —AK Wik FCK, GHSMRRER DEERME. BA SWAB THERM, (EE Pe IB APTI IU A a EFDA BSC EF AN) HU TAA BAA ATK, AT ES AER Peter Smith, ATR /SL A+ iE, A Mr. / Professor Smith, 8 8 LA FARE Sir, HB My lord, HALA AMBHS Peter, EBA AK Hh Dy Pete, RAAT FARES TM EMB mate. (AIF AR RLTEE TIO F LOPE PAE — PABA E. SPRL TERE AUTRE PI A ARAMA, MA, Se" KER PASH RUAK , HAM die,pass away ,join the majority, go the way of all flesh,be no more, pop off kick the bucket 4/8 E47 3 C44 Al ELGAR AR Tel, DEI A 2 Zit SE HE — EH A — Lyons SETEN 10 26 FR BEF) (communicative competence) , tHE AOS SE ABS), BOB — AEA AS ABT, MT EE AT PSR AY. fA — AE A Rw TE ATO AHH NT FE AORTA REA BE EB RR, A Ee A TiBS. Lyons HAT ARAIR: CL) EBS a OAUTH AE LEE Ea Sh Bre AO HE AD Hi. (2) ABSA ALE eB SH HE TD ALF. (3) BAS 5 BARE RITE SHAT SURI. (4) ABS TUM FEL PERRIS1.3 TEAR DESE Hs ABN EA ES —€§ BY ABBE 19 (5) St SH# HAM A OE Sia So ES 4 UR ERE FR TES ALP) HE. (6) ESB A 0 fo EAA aa aH A SRT TRACES. (BL Lyons, 1977:574) Lyons WSR ie PRESS, RRA 20). TEI PEI SIRE, METAS AAMT RT BE TALS RAB P . AMT ME EE FS BRL eR Be De Kae Pe DAB EE BY SORA PIE LS Site. MATS ER SA ZA TEAR Lyons 315334 19 PRE AME J TX, AU BOSE AER AMM. MABALRRE, BRATS HABE FASE ROARS SARE MT AIA, ABIL BN, 1 ET I AA MG Lyons tf FESR PEE YE SER BLT BB AE a aA EB CB NOAM SLSEGT Ps, ea BE A J OB a AO, BOIL Fi BAFTA TX AEA DY 5 Sh, CER RL EH AT MERGE, PRAY AM TAR. BARREN, ETE SY ARR. ER TAL EP LRRWSSAAHP EIB, Dia AN I WIRATEIRA UGE LA LAUREL ERA , BPR FORA BUA, TRL RAE XAVIER TIRE A Zh BSR ES SOMOS. WAM SM MEK: ES RA PRR AA, SRO ET i PRES EAM LAR TF BET Be BR ASO. eT, AA ABEL AB T BEIT, — ARE 1 AI, RE HE MOREE BEAT ROU EIS A — aE PE Ts RG20 Sew WES, PRED LARP SAR. REAR ATI BR ERBTRARA, PRM MATES: (4) A:. How's he? B: A couple of pills will cure him. (5) A:How’s he? B: He will be hospitalized. (6) A: How’s he? B: An-ambulance must be sent for at once. REEEMAF PB DP BRA BR A Hy faa, BALE ARTF TE MOT (AEF OT SOA AA, B ABEL A A Vin eB HES 4 LAS PPS ATA ths CFE YC Dy Mh OA At SB HL PIE AT AES TR, DA Ba i PE EY eT I YT ‘BALAN, HP SCAG BBE RE A — KR AE, ERWARR, RL P APUBER A STA BY AS SE A HARE A BAM RABE, VOR ACGME, TIE A HS ER HR FPR RA Ait ESE OR BE, (7) A: You speak beautiful English. B: Thank you. I had very good teachers in the univer- sity. BP ARATE, RZ, MOTE A HBG a .B ARRAY BAA HRS TB A ALIA, DRS ARB : (8) A: You speak beautiful English. B: No, no. My English is very poor. ROPERS ERT BIA] BA ROP FRESE AR AS | ETE Bi CR RG BO TOL, FES PE FASEB MAR BURBS BFE HSC RS SEO AXIAL Lyons AM RA SA be1.3 JANSEORRE PA TRA BE —— RELIES FRESE — URGE HY eH CE YT] Se NY SE BL BRP HSH ERE BS HNL A MATE i PORT Hb A a ATES PERRET AEA WBE ERT MT BT ft. X—~iG SAMARIA PAA PEM, WI ARLES LRN THREES, RAE SAL ETS DT THEA ATR SLR SEE 3 PAI, 1 FE AT TRE AGT BAL T BORE TY FF By te AGRARIAN. RMT TAA IA SRT WE BAM AVNTA ROS. PATA AIA Ml : “He's a fine friend” RIAA A AG SAE Bi PAY “he” TFET A WMT AAS, FMB ARI “he” Xt A OSE (AREAS A AB APY ATAE “he” Xt A OEE ERIy BT ALE EN FR PRE ACMA T RA, RATE TATE A Al AEM B Bi PRAIA B REM GX AG 9 TL HE SB OE iHAY“He’s a bad friend" EMS. MUR A DOARORE A AR FR FPAE , HEBR AS HE FASE PSD EY FO B BIE | ETH FRU 4 PPE BE HE oT LAVOE crectenn ay | TITS AO ia em LT ASR TAH) ask roan SHLAA Se BEI ee SAL A eA BOI ER A Ta] SH, i Bohai ere ees ERR TERE LESS WMARR AAR WB HY RETEST A — AS ED BBE THE22 Re ie DSH RRO. CARRE THOSE, PASE REZ. IER RRR A BNA AL BGA 5 i eT Sia BN BEA TH BL RE, BH PP IR A 3 Ba IT Ve Stk EP Ay Be Be EH BB A TG — RK CELRLEPABD K, BREAD THEA HARA RE TEC RL PE AR , BE Ae ee. TL, BF HIRIEA RARE — ARE AAS , TD LE 28 PL SP BT RIAD KW. RATA BRNLALE, KA WORST BAVA JHE A COTE POLAT. Mey BA Wai HBS T 38 (RES 5 BZA AY AN A EL AE FO BY TE FEZ ISA BIAS BIBRA TET TB RR (1993:9). AHA SB TS MAFF BE Eh AS BRE HO A Ps (9) (Pitti AER Jacob Al Mark \—PRAAHPERUT E HK, ATTA AB AS FEST AE LE A Jacob VARI IELIX ATA BTL AU Ae Bd A EUR — 9.) Jacob: Do you know the way back to the dining hall? We can go in my car. Mark S830 3 T B— TBS PETER Jacob 45, RE Jacob ABH, BBA RAR, MUR Mark 488, it ARBRE Mark BA CIR. BMT LAS SY EERO, ROR Mark RARAMA THM, FE Mark Bil: Mark: Oh, I thought you didn’t know the way to the cam- pus. ( 33% Jacob 3 : ) Jacob: I thought you didn’t know! Cy, BARE K RRR.) ( 1993:9)1.4 EASE MBLS 2B Mey FAR MPI ABA ADEE TERE — FT SCHR PAR Jacob Jif LM “Do you know the way back to the dining hall?” 3¢##—-4] FE EGO LATHE, ANB 5C Bs AR 2 38 Bis DLT SEB DR EERE TE a Me BY. FR Mark SB RA IE ELAR Ja cob PIRATE AS TE” FEC BR a Ta SS TS Be 09 HRS HL WARY (GI EE) Mark AFRBA OR 48 T Jacob AUR Jacob MIRE FLIE ATA ByASHUPR AREER T XIE TE ASE EB Ob HE RL BP RGA CEA RA EN” JOA AREA A FSI A CZ AMIR. (BILMAIERE AEHE 1997) 1.4 BASMaMS TERA EAS EATS IC FE A MARE ELZ ARR AB BIE RH To TE EEE LY FE TE ESE. WR ET CA iF DRAPE EA BR EP HLM APRA ALE RLN, MAWER Frege (1848 - 1925) Ri CAF BY AEA (REE. Frege UW Bi OF BG FDA EMSA KH AB He EM HG, TE Frege BK, RAB 48" (thought) 7 FRE AA SCA BA” AL SARA (Frege, 1967: 20). MBA LRA, “BLA “ANF MIRREN, “AL BLE FA EL”. ESE AEA) FABRIK T ME, A FAR IK BB FEL, ASHE FARIA TS BA A oe IF AR SAR BURIAL. Frege ERE) THK, AMIR PR tH Me CARICA TA AG AE HB, HE ESE ET TB. RAORBL, Be Frege UNA EME AF RE RE ERLSRETAGM AF CERI tS BR OID24 Ram we ig FW RBRET yes/no la) Sh AWIAl A), Frege IAS A Ak HE NF BATE ABU TANT A EAB BE AA BIR, FR LAA yes/no [Fl 4] A AIK T BAR. Frege SAY HEAT He BB BEBE A BSN a) FH PE OT TS BE BM VER MABE IF, BMF BE RIA FUE SEB AR SUSE BAR FUR RE OA 2c OT AEA. BO EAR TRE, BL ABA PE EER OER SHE. RAAB UFR AF PRS RAS, ALL L4G ED A HS gH Ae ABA EB XBAI“ There is a dog at the gate” iXPEHY IF BERIA FHT LAH SLA SES A AB —"T] 0 Se”, SY BE BH WEARER X. LRA BAB. Frege SBA AS BEARS AB SAB Bh a) FA OG a So PEA (deixical expression) 9) F, i anda Hin) A Pai) , LAB Be Bem [A ASL HI. HEF re A BB aE ARAL BRIBE ME BAY A, , De et 2) hg a HE dB BA TAR HT LEE BETES SPL BY TF. BMT “He was born here ten years ago" PEMUAJF , ANAS RIE he 420 RLWE, 7 AL BL AH SAMUEL TB , 8 FR TE St BR AIX TAAL A ER IU LAE ADEE ER DEAE , TE ERE TOPE SIE LETC ELAR ABDI BE TK RARE. RS TAS AiG, Frege hp L BEE LMT = Bb Fa HE TIE HRB, HAR Frege RAB AMIR ETH Be AEE TE PSU TELA AY OR, Se RL he i ER EB, HL RY FELASA HEI BEAR HY BEAR HA, AR A PT FLA. BE Frege HURCEIE MEA FNE SIL EAT WRT RAPA R DETERS EADIE SHY OF, SET Sia WRC Jem Tk ie1.5 AERTS ACR IL TA 25 RIA RR MA SM WF SSM RIE FF SAE EH TF EE LR 5 OS BH a) SF} — A AN FB Be RELAY) WU AY AGE RT a as TaD, WL BO RE Fd OT SE HL Re FEAT APSE De] EF ET AB FFE MAE ARETE DAT AS Fd 9 Fas TT LE PE AE AT AEE, AE ESE KIER PT EAN © MBI XAT RE PIE EE AR HY , BE ARTEMIS, HELA — EW BAA OER. iB AROUMERRIB SAA ABATE Mo ERS READIES AER a IT SE EEA Basis BT Fa REV BB BS LA 1.5 (BASRA LT AR SURG THR TB AAA HY AK, KBE BF 20 th 4c fy 60,70 SE(R (PEGE AY 20,30 FEE TTR RRR RE BOER A BTR. EA CEI FE RHE AR 96? ALAA = aH BEF, PEAS SEBN TE By BE He FON HBS a 3 Pa HA PEM A BEBE KBE. MAREN ERE SAAS, IS TERETE Sb ROME BRC NE AA RE REP BAAS AAEM AOU Fi Ue eS A RUGEEX MAARWAM. FRRRARA RRA UME BART ABLES NGL ATE ZB T (ESE LIC AMIE RAPES IS A RS Ah BS FEAF RARE — RA BR, WAR SE EET UBS SIR, Hu ULB Dati; (10) A: I could eat an ox. B: Dinner will be ready in a minute.26 Bie ik (11) A: Hi, John! B: Hi! How are you doing? A: Say, what are you doing? B: Well, we're going out. Why? A: Oh, I was just going to say come out ... (12) A: Do you know what that word means? B: Don’t you have a dictionary? EMBED AY +E BATES, B Rt A BE MOIR HAUT AMA TOP BIE AY. HOR A NG WF LAA, BAER AA BR. FECL) A i FERRARA JE—-MS RK (ASA OAR AB A ET — +P STRAP. PRT, AB RY BR LE A, 1 PR AN AE AS LAGS A SLE EY (HIE A a OA AHA BY, AVE RIA“T'm very hungry” 3X TE FF HZ F BSR, FAT Rah a PE Hee 24 BA ee BEL BAD SEA SOE RE, RSS ICA ER, RAIA BRIE HAE ZE(11) FA MB KAIAl “Say, what are you doing?” WIFRZ PURER HAE, CRRA RT, ERAT TA BE RMB he BSH, ABR TAF EL 457 A RTLRIS) RIT “Why 2° “Why" Etat A AEP ABER SY EZ AY, HSLERE EL TEDE: “Why do you ask what I'm doing? Have you anything to suggest ?” AHL ,A EO SHHAH, RUBE RVR T ABAYEL. FEC12) 4B PAILERY A AY [ay PEM T BOT JES F DE SOR ROEDERER. TEU IB A BE EA RTE BR AA MM AE (AAR Rae. FYI. A FAY Ta] ESE Bk LA SHER, ASF “Tell me what the word means”. B ft fa) GSC ib Re OR AT, AH “Use your own dictionary to find out its meaning.”. Alte, Jie1S FEEIE FYE 22 ALE 27 TEAC LAA EAT AT WME RI 1G BEA DE IE HE LL A PE YRS CET EDR P EDL TA BCPE ATTRA BE, UR PERE LRA BEAR AR , LRM FR TT BB EE OY PEEL ACEH FHA PW KSA. SB MEARE AEDS, HVE ERT EAP EAR eo BEREAN TBA — BMT RN LR HR, GSP OEE Bein) GR ba I, EE a I OER RFI LTE E PAE BRS ATR BOA FiBL ARGH RBA a SRA ES BASE ERX EMT ERS. PUR MRE SHAVIA “ well” , EAB ANIA ATE PB i), SEAR SCR“, “He works well”, {H48“well” ERE “HF "(12 ER PAT Mo FESCPR GE FARIS FP , “well” #8 A tH SLE TS TB AO FPA , FEI APTA YE HERE “well” WE MAS”, CMR BRS STE , an: (13) A: How long have you known him? B: Well, I should say about five years. (14) A: Do you have an umbrella with you? It’s raining. B; Well, I never thought it would rain! (15) A: Do you like chamber music? B: Well, no, not really. (16) A: How do you like this dress? B: Well, the colour is nice. REI, EWE DOB, Ze BOX A BPE AY Be a FB ET — “well” SBA RERRAR W “KE” (BARA REDE MARA EX, EA DE bt E AAO EY. BAL BRE FX ZEC13) “well” RUE FA SE a Bei A BAS — eB ET, EE FSF RAAB". TE(14) PF, “well” RAEI A EAT AY28 Se Ow Ie Jt LaF A TAS BAY, ECS) P, “well 2278 TiS MERA CSR LZ ATE, AU A REE EBS SE CEL A TL 2S FS EY, “well” LF BY BA RE TT KG OF B--4 8 ABO BS AE HE 0 (16) BAY “well” 49 C15) PAY “well” HAUL, B RA ASQ INL EAR JAE AY I LES ARISE. PERORMEUL F “well” 22 TE eh HE AA GE A AB BP RBA A RR. MBOUP BF LE HH, well JER EBX, MARLARSH. BTL ENE SPR. Fe well BEAK ABLE AW — BBA RAS ERT, EGR RE BB SRA AEAB AFD RES AY, AREA TF 9 EO ARR, HE WS BPE IAC OE RARRKAIR EE. SBE ERE Aa AS BO a A and,or,but 23. UW and WG. JERI MAH BE tel and TEALE BAS & SIN. (A & RRM IER MN, Bp & q = q & po Flt, He speaks English and she speaks French e speaks French and he speaks English Jile] X42. BRAS P and HORCOMNBAAS & . ERMA LAMAN BRK (RS FC RRMWAARAR PARA a: (17) a. They married and had a child. b. * They had a child and married. (18) a. You ask him and he will come. b. * He will come and you ask him. (19) a. He was very ill and was sent to hospital. b. * He was sent to hospital and was very ill. BR WRI AF HM a Ab DREAM, = b WER ARE ERA ARE. REA BERST a APN and BEY PRA S & Alt and HGR TM TE A BEBE ER A1.5 EMG HAE AILS 29 Sb, E (17a) FP, and 4am T AS UY, EA “and then” ;4£ (18a) 4¥,and 2a TAPE, ED AIF AE PU you ask him, he will come” ;7£ (19a) f,and Ha TARRA, MEPEIE and BiG AYA 4) 22 Be 7 10, ts aR RIB, BEA oP HHT. and HX IRA REARS AGN, RISE IA HEART EH. ARSE I BE RE — BAER HEA PAL (7b) SEA SE Wo APR, BUR AE RE — PRC ILE , BEE ABFA UTA BRAS i A EA SUT o ALPE, AMT BRITE ACE To HK BR Be HE FEA, 3B BE FER, Ale (19a) ETE BY), An RA RY, EE AINA To TL AR A A OBR CHK Ee Ie OI ET FIERAGR AR MLA ENS A, eR FE BNIE CAPR 77 A BA EFFI A Se He BE HE Hh RWS = TR RF EADY BEE GE Ee RPE ET i RBS AR PE HE BOR DY FA AM. FRAT BG i AS A RE A RKRGRA BIB BR, WIE MIA TIC Wik a BR BVA ICUS RUA, IDR ARATE ERE SY, AARTIRESE MAIREAD Halliday AW : “REE MM CE FE A AGS BE BAS WBE ie TE BA , BP BRAT EA BATRA URR EES OT ER SSF RRA BHAA. RIS, HE UMA WARE RAKED GE LAMP SOA, MAUS RAGES eh CY RT TRIE AT ---"(1973:7) 0 AREA, DBE SEAR IT Ta ES MiBRERARA ZL. (TRIAS He JEU, FAVA FCS MUR BY TREE AH, RUTH RET A WORF. HORDE, ARABIC KD CE CAR TRF , PRT SRA ARASH, PALF Ti A AF30 Bm We ie (20) Peter bought a car. (21) It was Peter who bought a car. (22) It was a car that Peter bought. (23) What Peter bought was a car. TEE ERK , HE AF ABET A, RE RUE HAI He FRA-RZAMATA ARR AR. MERA ERE AAI TT 5 ADD REY AUT BAF FR BEB EF BIRT 26 Fe ALA DPE RODE AY ETE A EREMMAR DAE Re TEMA MMe AM. ELT CAR dD REE EAR Ie SE PRE MGR IS HME AAA MATH. W(20) HATHA TELE Peter RA-—T A, BEEAUGR Peter, Til Eb Mi UTI A UR Peter, (aA HOF WEARLE Peter MT HAS, (21) MAMREAAR ST —iA*, BX AGLI AUT A AB EAL (LEASE E , OPA EAN AL AY, GBA SR T OTTER BAB — BRST AZ, BY Peter f& KE, MARINA. (22) #1(23) ARTE — PN , DOT AB ANIA Pe- ter LT FARE ATE AA AMET A 0 LMA BY LR a DE AE BRABUS BABIES HEME ER 1B ERE ES HARA, Ate GIRS ER AERA A fH) En, ANAT ESE RRA EA EEROM MATE 2.1 BEB PEAR I — BE “ie” Hh, BATT Ste eh TR XR, SPIPR SUE FFE AY TIM AY if HY BLES EEE BY BS. ANTE” — RB AER SE PFE TRS A OE SET TE ATE RE IK REO RS Po AUB, AE TTR” I FE EA LPIA Be IN PR SR 5 ORS AYR RBS NATE” RRS EIB IN bP MBSE BEE MH BET HY A AEE. AE PRT EET RAE ERI ATS” FE AS YE ER HG * HEC (sense) AUTH (reference) ix PA Ti ALTE ra 2 AA TE BY HH WR EMR ESE THA AMR Bh. “sense” RH LINES DA “RRM” (EW 1993:297), RA” RAV 1995; 14) AL" RAE 1988 :30)4F ; iff “reference” SA IL ADE MUA BAK REM)”, “HRB (ER )” (CE & op cit:297), “SAB” ASI" (ERME et al 1987:533)F. AE Fie, AEE OR FE ATT" PL TE & BR A te Jt FER ERR ILRT RS AYE PERS OP. SS ATTIC AY “EN” (sense), th RERBLMAL, CHAMLA BH PTE N*M “ (meaning) BANE S ERBARAT HE, RINE RABIN TAA ELBE FMR MGA EES CALI SL ATES XCreference) , Iii Liki FIA AMA MURR REY ALE32 Bo UAT SAO MERE AAS AN ALY TT FE RHE ER EE TIS IRR. 2.2 BMA SR 2.1.1 BOMBER eo sE EE SCAUTAE” HOPE EET AE ACA. na MEET 22 SAT EAT RR) BRA Ta BE REE Td TAK, Be TTB AR TARR AY FAL ASE, BOTH MR (referent). HHO PWNZ RK. HM “dog” 3X MAR SI FIX. HI FLPMA ETE WLS BRS“ YG” (referential theory). SAHA" HT HO WRU WME MEE HEM BY TREX. TEAK BARE EN. VES ad EA bh BPR A TA TR, te gut” “RR” “love” .“dragon” FA Sr R, (AAPA RE. UESh FE STAT AY TE AB RE AR A BD EI)“ A” “ JA” “SIVA” EPI AR BE FRA PRE 5 x 4+ HHH “the Prime Minister of Britain” “the leader of the Conservative Party” 7E 1994 4E BFHEMABE John Major, EMH (AEH ERAA-HW MATTE LAR, RZIMR. ER AACE Gottlob Frege HICKS LAB fh ERE X AUTH) PB L T BS} —Pe BGA RN SE (refer ence) AE HUH X (sense) MMEHE. HAR Frege AULA , STEEN EE AME SAS PRI AER SE UK, TE SUE FS BRE RE PRI By AO TRE TAB HE (Frege, 1952:116). ATLAFA Frege #2 Hh) PIF RA A SG : & ia IB“ the morning star” WRX BY AA RB ATE SEO” LI 2 YT ST HELA HE “Venus” ; 4 ia) MiB“ the present King of France” #£ 1999 ETA BME ABA BTR 02.2 BOCHBHE AUPE HIE 33 2.2.2 AERO AIT IITA Aree 19 tHe 20 tenia ERT ICRS NT AERA PS JUFH (1) 24H ial (proper names) , RW“ IRA RL PLA IE Bt 298” 5(2) WARE HEAR WEI (definite descriptions), HlI“the author of Waverly” 3(3) $344 i] (common nouns), Hil“water, gold”; (4) AS Wh HEHAGBIB (indefinite descriptions) o FATSREAHIN SAS aE A ER A Ap SLES, , BUSS SHY TH 1G A FR AY SB AY PFE (Causal or His- torical Chains Theory) , #48 96 64 Pr ai #8 WL x8 AUG EE RAT Frege MB. Russell, f€2¢hy Td OU Y , & PK (names) RA A WPA SPE, BA & OE AE BR, Bl AN“ Aristotle” ae “George Washington” BEA BX QA TAB ; “Aristotle” 3k —% A TESLA — Ora RR BIA: “the teacher of Alexan- der the Great, the well-known Greek philosopher born in Stagira +. "3M “George Washington” 3X — % PK AS MW AE “the first president of the United States” ; 4 PRAUTS PRE HZ POW ER FEE. BOPP EEA ITS FLICK IAA ALF ES BRAY 52 AY STR BEE bh F 20 itt2c 60 AEA HH PR A, AMBRE OERERA S. Kripke MH. Putnam $F (hi Ae AZWARRRAN SiR AAEM, i MER FETTER , AIG Be Bs EE AT aR REZ, AMEBRM AM FRAT PRN T AA WARE Fm HT A RE, EE ae SCAG HEE AEF SE i NR EB ARHRA. PUM, “Aristotle” K—SA Bil Z ML BALE WAL BPE FS TCR OE EI ERR BGO“ Aris totle” HABA ARAB SC HX BER TTL ARTS. TEM Krip-34 Ro BUNBTTE ke Sib: “1 PRAY TA A AE FE NE, BAT RARER ATE BRA REA — TH BE BE A — AP TAB RT” (1972 :331) 0 2.2.3 EERIE AER ARTIC 60 44K Donnellan FEE % (EAE PRS HAE TETRA) (1966) — SCHR BE ET SE PEG WT a gD A Dd FD BY FD (attributive use) Ald PK TE FAY (referential use). FWP iH AE PEFR LEIE BT mt AAS LR PAS TD FB (1) the 1984 Democratic presidential nominee (2) the man with the martini ESE PR PE RFA , DE GE_A FT a EAR TB IX — Pa SUR TE PE — EM ASO RP bt Rak, ane LOT ADB TTERER 5 WE ETE PES EE, UA EE, SAP RE BUR TEVA AE ME Ae EIR A Dy , TB ABP FEA HEARN, AT AR BUCS A ITE AE PERRIBIE 2 WRB (1) REE 1984 FARK ZANTE 3 — oe PE RIA TEA A A A HE ERE FE BE (REA, ALM 1) FETE 1984 ER ERASMAS SM BA Ch UIE BG FE FE SERS AA AB HG SE HE a Tt RD 5 HMR AS FEPR AL AAPA a YT RE, A Tk PARA ALA RET BREA IE. MMT EAN SEE AN AE PERE PES EAS, SHE ES BFE BE, CANARD RE ERB PB THE TT EE EE FREY, SRP BU FED FE, EH HS BE EB SRE. LRP RETE TE BUS TE SH BR BE TRA BYR SB CN RT HE SY IE Kripke( 1972) $8 HOHE 2-4 & inl A 3 tal FE Dy a ae2.2 BEXAR PORE 35 ‘(rigid designators) 49 8 AE HE dH B18 (Ey AE A oe HE PS (non-rigid designators) K HFFIK ,IFFHH Frege Russell 4 AAS RBRETEA TRON KS. PPM EMT RIC SH LAPS FU — HARE HOSE SIA, EAT BE A RRA Fara BAY ARE EL a oR ED eA PRS IR EE A I WARM ATA ATA PRG HK, “the pope”. “Miss Ameri- ca” “the president of the United States” “the King” 4%. EW4# PIAS TEE OTR ic Sy EI MARRS SOUL WY BR SE Hk FF BE, Hen, Bi) (3a) AY “the Pope” “Pius XI”, fi)(3b) PHY “the Pope” W2“John-Paul 11”. FUE, BI(4) PAK SLAY “the king” HH) EPTFE (3a) Before 1945, the Pope had discussed the situation of European Jews with many world leaders. (3b) The pope survived an assassination attempt shortly af- ter his election in 1978. (4) The King is dead. Long live the King! SA Zid BY AAENHRICS. AB “John Stuart Mill” FLRBTH EK 19 HA RM GER AMBRE R, Hi E HL 1815) HAS — AEE (Sa) John Stuart Mill published several important books be- fore Karl Marx was born. (Sb) John Stuart Mill must be turning over in his grave. (5c) If John Stuart Mill were alive, this would amuse him. (Sd) If John Stuart Mill had been drafted to go to Vietnam, he would never have written “A System of Logic”. 249%, “John Stuart Mill” i271 REFERS Sh}—A I REBT A, HERE —-TAEH MICS, ARE RTE SFT AP $8 b— to “John Stuart Mil" WAZ TS. CR EIREH36 Rie BATE SAF BEA ATE AAO ESAT A Be TAILS AR EPRI ATR EK IR ES PARRA ERP EEF A HA Zh ME EAN Se — PLE AE [Hl #123 “the Pope” Al the tallest man in Ohio” ZE (il (6) PEAK HEPES TT 2 (7) 4 LR HE AR (6a) The Pope visited India in 1986. (6b) The tallest man in Ohio came to the ball game. (7a) If you have an audience with the Pope, you must kiss his ring. (7b) Since 1805, the tallest man in Ohio has been allowed to live in the house rent-free. RELI AMT CUN ZARA RATE aA WARNE DETTE, Ae NE. ARR AE T AVR ASR ARR Ei ie RAS, BO ER Bi, ARABI — SE EY EE PES TE, EEE ERATE RM ELBA. ZPMSEK BRD Bh TRE STM. ARN RST” AUS A 4 i AAA LR UN i BT HR EAE ES — TERRE i EK — BRS RE ARN AROKA. LAMBA BZ ARAB E SA FATS A RA a Fie, A EA TR HITE HAS EBS AS te REA EAA FHA IF REE , BNC BUA 2) CO PALS, CATA NAA AB EG 5 TY 5 BS UL, i: RAEGRA” PEA RIES BES, CT A PRAHA AS TT maT ES, ERR ALTE CRB A Zh ELA — Bei es, AICI AR ALJ: Frege Russell 2% A E32 2 MIE RIB M SE2.3 MASTS AVIA MAP E 37 1) FAs BE TOE Fe Re ESA ML LG HTH HH MARA, BORER Wiss IA Sie A Sh RMTIC SH i] FS AE ERI HA SR RB THAR ABT A — ADR FI Bei ST TETAS RRA, ASI TI Be RTA TRA, BA cH DEAE BFA EIR HE SH. A eT AR FABRE REAR, Donnellan FACE MS ATT HY WN, BROCE BSG ES AM Se AR a e HEE PERE A Fe PRE IK AR RETA eB A ea A ZB OA EE PA EF CS PO SE A ESA ED BE PSS PH TA SPORTY. BRAT AE HES OY) bE BP BEE — GEE SE ERY 5 EE ERE AO TET PB — BP OD a ee ES TER, RA FEDS IE PN MB EER BEE BEEP PE: 1) BIR A, AM 2) TEA BE CATT AB ERS 3) TT RE UGEBE 4) TE RIK A A RI I RAE (ch. ERE 4 5; ATARHA 1997, 1998). 2.3 BMMMBMAL SAR 2.3.1 BIE EOE BeOS LE LUD AB th AOL , BISEX (denotation ) AIR M (sense) , PHI “dog” Hy Sb HE BD REMURPRLREGA HW NN BM. MER REA SpE ABE LE ANE AY, TR FRE EZ Ib, De FARE FIR RZ, hoe FHT EO Ree BE. TARY SpE AVANTE IE EH Ee POTS RE NG HS SP, AE HAAS, iH BER HE AY FEAL TEL. BLM dog” 3X NaI