BS EN 1473:2016

Installation and equipment for

liquefied natural gas - Design
of onshore installations

bsi.
BS EN 1473:2016 BRITISH STANDARD

National foreword

Th1s Bnt1sh Standard 1s the UK 1mplementat1on of EN 1473 2016 It

supersedes BS EN 1473 2007 wh1ch 1s Withdrawn

The UK part1c1pat1on m 1ts preparation was entrusted to Techn1cal

Comm1ttee GSE/38, Installation and equ1pment for LNG
A list of orgamzat1ons represented on th1s committee can be
obtamed on request to 1ts secretary

Th1s publication does not purport to mclude all the necessary

prov1s1ons of a contract Users are responsible for 1ts correct
appliCation

©The Bnt1sh Standards lnst1tut1on 2016 Published by BSI Standards

L1m1ted 2016

ISBN 978 0 580 85804 8

ICS 75 200

Compliance w1th a British Standard cannot confer immumty from

legal obligations.
Thts Bnt1sh Standard was published under the authonty of the
Standards Pol1cy and Strategy Committee on 31 May 2016

Amendments issued smce publication

Date Text affected
 BS EN 1473 2016

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 1473

NORME EUROPEENNE
EUROPAISCHE NORM May 2016

ICS 75 200 Supersedes EN 1473 2007

Enghsh Verswn

Installation and equipment for liquefied natural gas -

Design of onshore installations
InstallatiOns et eqmpements de gaz nature! hquefJe- Anlagen und Ausrustung fur Fluss1gerdgas - Auslegung
Conceptwn des mstallatwns terrestres von landseJtJgen Anlagen

Tins European Standard was approved by CEN on 4 March 20 16

CEN members are bound to comply w1th the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulatwns wh1ch st1pulate the conditiOns for gJVmg th1s
European Standard the status of a natwnal standard w1thout any alteratwn Up-to-date hsts and bibliographical references
concernmg such natwnal standards may be obtamed on applicatiOn to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member

Th1s European Standard ex1sts m three offiCial verswns (English, French, German) A verswn many other language made by
translatwn under the respons1b1hty of a CEN member mto 1ts own language and not1f1ed to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official verswns

CEN members are the natwnal standards bod1es of Austna, BelgiUm, Bulgana, Croat1a, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estoma,
Fmland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedoma, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latv1a, L1thuama,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romama, Slovakia, Slovema, Spam, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
Umted Kmgdom

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITE EUROPEEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPAISCHES KOMITEE FUR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

© 2016 CEN All lights of explmtatwn many form and by any means JeseJved Ref No EN 1473 2016 E
worldwide for CEN natwnal Members
BS EN 1473.2016
EN 1473:2016 (E)

Contents Page

European foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... 7

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................... 8
1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 9
2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 9
3 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................ 13
4 Safety and environment ............................................................................................................................. 18
4.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 18
4.2 Environmental impact................................................................................................................................ 19
4.3 Safety general ................................................................................................................................................ 20
4.4 Hazard assessment ...................................................................................................................................... 24
4.5 Safety engineering during design and construction ........................................................................ 30
4.6 Safety during operation ............................................................................................................................. 33
5 Jetties and marine facilities ...................................................................................................................... 34
5.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 34
5.2 Siting ................................................................................................................................................................. 34
5.3 Engineering design ...................................................................................................................................... 34
5.4 Safety ................................................................................................................................................................ 35
6 Storage and retention systems ................................................................................................................ 35
6.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 35
6.2 Types of tank.................................................................................................................................................. 35
6.3 Types of containment ................................................................................................................................. 36
6.4 Design principles .......................................................................................................................................... 37
6.5 General design rules ................................................................................................................................... 39
6.6 Foundations ................................................................................................................................................... 40
6.7 Operating instruments ............................................................................................................................... 40
6.8 Pressure and vacuum protection ........................................................................................................... 42
6.9 Bund walls and impounding area for single and double containment ..................................... 43
6.10 Safety equipment.......................................................................................................................................... 45
6.11 Tank piping .................................................................................................................................................... 46
6.12 Distance between tanks ............................................................................................................................. 46
6.13 Commissioning and decommissioning ................................................................................................. 4 7
6.14 Testing.............................................................................................................................................................. 47
7 LNG pumps ...................................................................................................................................................... 47
7.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 47
7.2 Materials .......................................................................................................................................................... 48
7.3 Specific requirements ................................................................................................................................. 48
7.4 Inspection and testing ................................................................................................................................ 48
8 Vaporization of LNG .................................................................................................................................... 48
8.1 General requirements ................................................................................................................................ 48
8.2 Design conditions ......................................................................................................................................... 50
8.3 Vaporiser requirements ............................................................................................................................ 50
9 Pipe-work........................................................................................................................................................ 50
9.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 50
9.2 Piping systems ............................................................................................................................................... 50

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9.3 Rules for design ............................................................................................................................................. 52

9.4 Pressure tests ................................................................................................................................................. 53
9.5 Piping components ....................................................................................................................................... 53
9.6 Valves ................................................................................................................................................................ 56
9.7 Relief valves .................................................................................................................................................... 56
9.8 Thermal insulation ....................................................................................................................................... 57
9.9 Pipe rack/pipe way ...................................................................................................................................... 61
9.10 Corrosion ......................................................................................................................................................... 61
10 Reception/ send out of natural gas ......................................................................................................... 61
10.1 Metering ........................................................................................................................................................... 61
10.2 Gas quality ....................................................................................................................................................... 62
10.3 Odourizing....................................................................................................................................................... 62
11 Boil off recovery and treatment plants ................................................................................................. 62
11.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 62
11.2 Boil off collection system ........................................................................................................................... 63
11.3 System of gas return to tanker(s) or to export terminal ................................................................ 63
11.4 Boil off gas recovery .................................................................................................................................... 64
11.5 Gas compressor ............................................................................................................................................. 64
11.6 Flarejvent........................................................................................................................................................ 64
12 Auxiliary circuits and buildings .............................................................................................................. 66
12.1 Electrical equipment ................................................................................................................................... 66
12.2 Lightning and earthing ............................................................................................................................... 67
12.3 Cathodic protection ..................................................................................................................................... 68
12.4 Warning lights................................................................................................................................................ 68
12.5 Sea water supply ........................................................................................................................................... 68
12.6 Gas contaminant removal plant .............................................................................................................. 68
12.7 Instrument air ................................................................................................................................................ 68
12.8 Fuel (utility) gas ............................................................................................................................................ 69
12.9 Nitrogen system ............................................................................................................................................ 69
12.10 Buildings .......................................................................................................................................................... 70
13 Hazard management ................................................................................................................................... 70
13.1 Inherent safety............................................................................................................................................... 70
13.2 Passive protection ........................................................................................................................................ 72
13.3 Security............................................................................................................................................................. 73
13.4 Incident detection and signalling ........................................................................................................... 74
13.5 Emergency Shutdown System .................................................................................................................. 75
13.6 Active protection ........................................................................................................................................... 76
13.7 Other requirements ..................................................................................................................................... 80
14 Control and monitoring systems ............................................................................................................. 81
14.1 General description ..................................................................................................................................... 81
14.2 Process control system ............................................................................................................................... 81
14.3 Safety control system .................................................................................................................................. 82
14.4 Access control system ................................................................................................................................. 84
14.5 Anti-intrusion system ................................................................................................................................. 84
14.6 CCTV................................................................................................................................................................... 84
14.7 Jetty and marine monitoring and control ............................................................................................ 84
14.8 Communications ........................................................................................................................................... 85
14.9 Environmental monitoring and control ............................................................................................... 85
15 Construction, commissioning and turnaround .................................................................................. 85
15.1 Quality assurance and quality control .................................................................................................. 85

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BS EN 1473 2016
EN 1473:2016 (E)

15.2 Acceptance tests ........................................................................................................................................... 85

15.3 Preparation at start-up and shutdown ................................................................................................. 85
16 Preservation and corrosion protection ............................................................................................... 86
16.1 Painting ............................................................................................................................................................ 86
16.2 Cathodic protection ..................................................................................................................................... 87
17 Training for operations ............................................................................................................................. 87
18 Pre-operational marine training ............................................................................................................ 87
AnnexA (normative) Thermal radiation threshold values ........................................................................ 88
A.1 Heat radiation from LNG fires .................................................................................................................. 88
A.2 Heat radiation from flare or ignited vent stack ................................................................................ 89
Annex B (normative) Definitions of reference flow rates ........................................................................... 91
B.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 91
B.2 VT (heat input) ............................................................................................................................................... 91
B.3 VL (fluid input) ............................................................................................................................................... 91
8.4 Vo (over filling) .............................................................................................................................................. 91
8.5 VF (flash at filling) ......................................................................................................................................... 91
8.6 VR (LNG recirculation by a submersible pump) ................................................................................. 92
8.7 VA (variation in atmospheric pressure) ............................................................................................... 92
8.8 Vv (control valve failure) ........................................................................................................................... 93
B. 9 v, (heat input in the course of a fire) ..................................................................................................... 93
B.10 Vo (fluid suction) .......................................................................................................................................... 93
B.11 Vc (compressors suction) .......................................................................................................................... 93
B.12 Vs (roll-over) .................................................................................................................................................. 94
Annex C (informative) Seismic classification .................................................................................................. 95
C.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 95
C.Z Some basic principles ................................................................................................................................. 95
C.3 Example of safety approach after SSE ................................................................................................... 95
C.4 Example of classification for SSE ............................................................................................................ 96
Annex D (normative) Specific requirements for LNG pumps .................................................................... 97
D.l Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 97
D.2 Design ............................................................................................................................................................... 97
D.3 Inspection ....................................................................................................................................................... 97
D.4 Testing .............................................................................................................................................................. 98
D.5 Declared values ........................................................................................................................................... 100
D.6 Marking.......................................................................................................................................................... 100
D.7 Particular requirements for submerged pumps and related cables ....................................... 101
D.8 Vertical external motor pumps ............................................................................................................. 102

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EN 1473:2016 (E)

Annex E (normative) Specific requirements for LNG vaporizers .......................................................... 103

E.1 Operatingparametersjdeclared performance ............................................................................... 103
E.2 Water stream vaporizers: Open rack type (ORV) .......................................................................... 103
E.3 Water stream vaporizers : Closed type (STV) .................................................................................. 105
E.4 Intermediate fluid vaporizers (IFV) .................................................................................................... 106
E.S Submerged combustion type vaporizers (SCV) .............................................................................. 106
E.6 Ambient air vaporizers (AAV) ............................................................................................................... 108
Annex F (normative) Criteria for the design of pipes ................................................................................ 109
Annex G (informative) Description of the different types of onshore LNG installations .............. 111
G.1 LNG liquefaction plant ............................................................................................................................. 111
G.2 LNG receiving terminals .......................................................................................................................... 111
G.3 LNG peak shaving plants ......................................................................................................................... 112
G.4 LNG satellite plants ................................................................................................................................... 112
G.S LNG bunkering stations ........................................................................................................................... 112
Annex H (informative) Definition of different types of LNG tanks ........................................................ 113
H.1 General .......................................................................................................................................................... 113
H.2 Spherical storage tank ............................................................................................................................. 113
H.3 Cryogenic concrete tank .......................................................................................................................... 113
Annex I (informative) Frequency ranges ....................................................................................................... 116
Annex J (informative) Classes of consequence ............................................................................................. 117
Annex K (informative) Levels ofrisk ............................................................................................................... 118
K.1 General .......................................................................................................................................................... 118
K.2 Acceptability criteria ................................................................................................................................ 118
Annex L (informative) Typical process steps of liquefaction ................................................................. 120
L.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................. 120
L.2 Treatment of natural gas/extraction of acid gases ....................................................................... 120
L.3 Natural gas treatmentjdehydration ................................................................................................... 122
L.4 Treatment of natural gasjremoval ofmercury .............................................................................. 123
L.5 Natural gas liquefaction unit ................................................................................................................. 124
Annex M (informative) Odourant systems .................................................................................................... 129
M.1 Odourants in general. ............................................................................................................................... 129
M.Z Odourant systems requirements ......................................................................................................... 129
M.3 Odourant handling .................................................................................................................................... 130
M.4 Odourant injection .................................................................................................................................... 130
M.5 Odourant leakage ...................................................................................................................................... 131
M.6 Safety of personnel .................................................................................................................................... 131

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Bibliography............................................................................................................................................................... 132

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 BS EN 1473 2016
EN 1473:2016 (E)

European foreword

This document (EN 1473.2016) has been prepared by Techmcal Committee CEN/TC 282 "InstallatiOn
and eqmpment for LNG", the secretanat of which IS held by AFNOR

This European Standard shall be given the status of a natwnal standard, either by publicatiOn of an
Identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2016, and conflictmg natiOnal standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by November 2016

AttentiOn IS drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent nghts CEN [and/ or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for Identifymg any or all such patent
nghts

This document supersedes EN 1473·2007

In companson With EN 1473.2007, the followmg changes have been made.

the scope deflmtwn has been modified to cover mterfaces and limits with floatmg solutiOns, plants
refurbishmg, renovatiOn and expansiOn, and to better complement EN 14620,

some reqmrements were revisited, such as tank contamment types, new air vaponzer and sectiOns
that were subject to questwns from the 2007 verswn,

terms and defmitwns were adjusted to cope with new market development,

the normative references were updated

Accordmg to the CEN/CENELEC Internal RegulatiOns, the natiOnal standards orgamzatwns of the
followmg countnes are bound to Implement this European Standard Austna, Belgmm, Bulgana,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estoma, Fmland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedoma,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuama, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romama, Slovakia, Slovema, Spam, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the Umted Kmgdom

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BS EN 1473 2016
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Introduction

The obJective of this European Standard IS to g1ve functwnal gmdelmes for on-shore LNG mstallatwns
It recommends procedures and practices that will result m safe and environmentally acceptable design,
constructwn and operatwn of LNG plants
It need not be applied retrospectively, but appllcatwn IS recommended when maJor mod1flcatwns of
ex1stmg mstallatwns are bemg cons1dered
Th1s standard IS also recommended for debottleneckmg, revampmg and plant life extenswn m the llm1ts
that will be defmed by the local Authont1es The appliance of the European D1rect1ves to the ex1stmg
fanllt1es IS part of the llm1ts to be defmed together w1th the local Authontles
In case of plant expanswn, this European Standard 1s applicable for the new fanllt1es The appllcatwn of
these recommendatwns for the tle-ms and connectwns to the existmg fanllties Will be defmed by the
local Authonties The llm1ts of such appllcatwn should consider the practicality of such appliance In the
same way the limits of the European Directives appliance will be accurately defmed with the local
Authont1es

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 BS EN 1473:2016
EN 1473:2016 (E)

1 Scope
This European Standard gives gmdelmes for the design, constructwn and operatwn of all onshore
liquefied natural gas (LNG) mstallatwns for the liquefactwn, storage, vaponzatwn, transfer and
handhng of LNG
This European Standard IS vahd for plants with LNG storage at pressure lower than 0,5 barg and
capacity above 200 t and for the followmg plant types.
LNG liquefactwn mstallatwns (plant), between the designated gas mlet boundary hmit, and the
outlet boundary hmit which IS usually the ship mamfold and/ or truck delivery statwn when
apphcable; feed gas can be from gas held, associated gas from ml field, piped gas from
transportatwn gnd or from renewables,

LNG regasiflcatwn mstallatwns (plant), between the ship mamfold and the designated gas outlet
boundary limit;

peak-shavmg plants, between designated gas mlet and outlet boundary hmits;

the flxed part of LNG bunkenng statwn

A short descnptwn of each of these mstallatwns IS given m Annex G

Floatmg solutwns (FPSO, FSRU, SRV), whether off-shore or nearby shore, are not covered by this
European Standard even If some concepts, pnnCiples or recommendatwns could be apphed. However,
m case of berthed FSRU with LNG transfer across the Jetty, the followmg recommendatiOns apply for the
Jetty and topside facihties If the Jetty IS located Withm 3 000 m from the shore lme
In case of FSU type solutwn, the on-shore part IS covered by these standard recommendatwns
This standard Is not apphcable for mstallatwns speCifically referred or covered by other standards, e g
LNG fuellmg statwns, LNG road or rail tankers and LNG bunkenng vessels
The plants With a storage mventory from 50 t up to 200 t with tanks at a pressure higher than 0,5 barg
are covered by EN 13645

2 Normative references
The followmg documents, m whole or m part, are normatively referenced m this document and are
mdispensable for Its apphcatwn For dated references, only the editwn Cited applies. For undated
references, the latest editwn of the referenced document (mcludmg any amendments) applies
EN 809, Pumps and pump unzts for lzqwds- Common safety reqwrements

EN 1092-1, Flanges and their JOints - Circular flanges for pipes, valves, fzttmgs and accessones, PN-
designated- Part 1. Steel flanges

EN 1127-1, Explosive atmospheres- Exploswn preventwn and protectiOn- Part 1· Basic concepts and
methodology

EN 1474 (all parts) Installatwn and eqwpment for lzquefted natural gas - Design and testmg of
loadmgjunloadmg arms

EN 1514-1, Flanges and their JOints - Dimenswns of gaskets for PN-designated flanges - Part 1 Non-
metallzc flat gaskets With or Without mserts

EN 1591 (all parts), Flanges and their JOints- Design rules for gasketed circular flange connectwns

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BS EN 1473 2016
EN 1473:2016 (E)

EN 1776, Gas znfrastructure- Gas measunng systems- FunctiOnal reqwrements

EN 1991-1-2, Eurocode 1. Actwns on structures - Part 1-2. General actwns- Actwns on structures
exposed to fire

EN 1992-1-1, Eurocode 2· Desrgn of concrete structures- Part 1-1 · General rules and rules for bwldrngs

EN 1992-1-2, Eurocode 2. Deszgn of concrete structures- Part 1-2· General rules- Structural fire desrgn

EN 1993-1-1, Eurocode 3· Desrgn of steel structures - Part 1-1 Gen eral rules and rules for bwldmgs

EN 1993-1-2, Eurocode 3. Desrgn of steel structures- Part 1-2· General rules- Structural fire design

EN 1994-1-1, Eurocode 4 Deszgn of composzte steel and concrete structures- Part 1-1· General rules and
rules for bwldzngs

EN 1994-1-2, Eurocode 4 - Deszgn of composite steel and concrete structures- Part 1-2 General rules-
Structural fire deszgn

EN 1997 (all parts), Eurocode 7· Geotechnzcal desrgn

EN 1998-1, Eurocode 8 Deszgn of structures for earthquake reszstance - Part 1 General rules, sezsm1c
actwns and rules for bwldzngs

EN 1998-5, Eurocode 8 Desrgn of structures for earthquake resrstance - Part 5· Foundatwns, retammg
structures and geotechnzcal aspects

EN 10204, Metallrc products- Types ofrnspectwn documents

EN 12065, InstallatiOns and eqwpmentfor lzquefied natural gas- Testzng offoam concentrates designed
for generatwn ofmedwm and hrgh expanswnfoam and of extmgwshrng powders used on lzquefied natural
gas fires

EN 12066, InstallatiOns and eqwpment for lzquefied natural gas - Testmg of msulatzng lmzngs for
!tquefied natural gas rmpoundmg areas

EN 12162, Lrqwd pumps- Safety reqwrements- Procedure for hydrostatic testrng

EN 12308, InstallatiOns and equzpment for LNG- Swtabrlzty testzng of gaskets design ed for flanged]omts
used on LNG pzpzng

EN 12434, Cryogenzc vessels- Cryogenzc flexible hoses

EN 12567, Industrzal valves - Isolatmg valves for LNG - Speczficatwn for swtabzlzty and approprzate
verificatiOn tests

EN 13445 (all parts), Unfzred pressure vessels

EN 13480 (all parts), Metallzc zndustrzal prpzng

EN 14620-1 2006, Desrgn and manufacture of szte bwlt, vertzcal, cylzndrzcal, flat-bottomed steel tanks for
the storage of refrzgerated, lzquefied gases wzth operatmg temperatures between 0 oc and -165 °C- Part
1. General

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 BS EN 1473 2016
EN 1473:2016 (E)

EN 14620 (all parts), Desrgn and manufacture ofsrte burlt, vertrcal, cyhndncal,jlat-bottomed steel tanks
for th e storage ofrefngerated, liquefied gases wrth operatmg t emperatures between 0 oc and -165 oc

EN 60079-0, Explosrve atmospheres- Part 0. Eqwpment- General requrrements {IEC 60079-0)

EN 60079-1, Explosrve atmospheres - Part 1· Equrpment protectron by flam eproof enclosures "d"
{IEC 60079-1)

EN 60079-2, Explosrve atmospheres - Part 2· Equrpment protectron by pressunzed enclosure "p"

{IEC 60079-2)

EN 60079-5, Explosrve atmospheres- Part 5. Equrpment protectron by powder fillmg "q" {IEC 60079-5)

EN 60079-6, Explosrve atmospheres- Part 6. Eqwpment protectron by hqwd rmmersron "o" {IEC 60079-
6)

EN 60079-7, Explosrve atmospheres- Part 7. Equrpment protectron by mcreased safety "e" {IEC 60079-7)

EN 60079-10-1, Explosrve atmospheres- Part 10-1. Classrficatron of areas- Explosrve gas atmospheres
{IEC 60079-10-1)

EN 60079-10-2, Explos1ve atmospheres- Part 10-2: Class1jrcatron of areas- Explosrve dust atmospheres
{IEC 60079-10-2)

EN 60079-11, Explos1ve atmospheres - Part 11. Equrpment protectron by mtnns1c safety "r"
{IEC 60079-11)

EN 60079-13, Explos1ve atmospheres - Part 13. Equrpment protectron by pressunzed room "p"
{IEC 60079-13)

EN 60079-14, Explos1ve atmospheres - Part 14· Electncal mstallatwns des1gn, selectron and erectwn
{IEC 60079-14)

EN 60079-15, Explosrve atmospheres - Part 15· Equrpment protectron by type of protectron "n"
{IEC 60079-15)

EN 60079-17, Explos1ve atmospheres - Part 17 Electncal mstallatrons mspectron and marntenance

{IEC 60079-17)

EN 60079-18, Explos1ve atmospheres - Part 18· Equrpment protectwn by encapsulatiOn "m"

{IEC 60079-18)

EN 60079-19, Explos1ve atmospheres - Part 19 Eqwpment repmr, overhaul and reclamatwn

(IEC 60079-19)

EN 60079-20-1, Explos1ve atmospheres - Part 20-1: Matenal charactenstrcs for gas and vapour
classrficatwn- Test methods and data (IEC 60079-20-1)

EN 60079-25, Explosrve atmospheres- Part 25. Intnnsrcally safe electncal systems (IEC 60079-25)

EN 60079-26, Explosive atmosph eres - Part 26. Equrpment w1th Eqwpment Protectwn Level {EPL)
Ga {IEC 60079-26)

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BS EN 1473 2016
EN 1473:2016 (E)

EN 60079-27, Explosive atmospheres- Part 27· Fieldbus mtnnsically safe concept {FISCO) {IEC 60079-
27)

EN 61508-1, Functwnal safety of electncaljelectromcjprogrammable electromc safety-related systems-

Part 1 General reqwrements {IEC 61508-1)

EN 62305 (all parts), Protectwn agamst lzghtnmg {IEC 62305)

EN ISO 1460, Metallic coatmgs - Hot dip galvamzed coatmgs on ferrous matenals - Gravimetnc
determmatwn of the mass per umt area {ISO 1460)

EN ISO 1461, Hot dip galvamzed coatmgs on fabncated Iron and steel articles- Specificatwns and test
methods {ISO 1461)

EN ISO 3452-1, Non-destructive testmg- Penetrant testmg- Part 1 General pnnciples {ISO 3452-1)

EN ISO 9606-1, QualificatiOn testmg of welders- Fuswn weldmg- Part 1: Steels {ISO 9606-1)

EN ISO 9712, Non-destructive testmg- QualificatiOn and certificatwn of NDT personnel {ISO 9712)

EN ISO 10456, Bwldmg matenals and products - Hygrothermal propertzes -Tabulated design values
and procedures for determmmg declared and design thermal values {ISO 1 0456)

EN ISO 10497, Testing of valves- Fire type-testmg reqwrements {ISO 10497)

EN ISO 12944 (all parts), Pamts and varnishes- Corroswn protectwn of steel structures by protective
pamt systems {ISO 12944)

EN ISO 13709, Centrzfugal pumps for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas mdustnes {ISO 13709)

EN ISO 15607, SpecificatiOn and qualzftcatwn of weldmg procedures for metallic matenals - General
rules {ISO 15607)

EN ISO 15609-1, SpecificatiOn and qualificatiOn of weldmg procedures for metallic matenals- Weldmg
procedure speczftcatwn- Part 1 Arc weldmg {ISO 15609-1)

EN ISO 15614-1, SpecificatiOn and qualificatiOn ofweldmg procedures for metallic matenals- Weldmg
procedure test - Part 1· Arc and gas weldmg of steels and arc weldmg of mckel and nzckel alloys {ISO
15614-1)

EN ISO 16903, Petroleum and natural gas mdustnes- Charactenstzcs of LNG, znfluencmg the design, and
matenal selectiOn {ISO 16903)

EN ISO 17636-1, Non-destructive testmg of welds- Radwgraphic testmg- Part 1 X- and gamma-ray
techmqueswithftlm {ISO 17636-1)

EN ISO 17 63 6-2, Non-destructive testmg of welds - Radwgraphic testmg - Part 2. X- and gamma-ray
technzques with dzgztal detectors {ISO 17636-2)

EN ISO 17 637, Non-destructive testmg of welds- VIsual testmg offuswn-welded JOints {ISO 17637)

EN ISO 17 640, Non-destructive testmg of welds - Ultrasonzc testmg - Techmques, testmg levels, and
assessment {ISO 17640)

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EN ISO 28460, Petroleum and natural gas mdustnes - InstallatiOn and eqwpment for lzquefzed natural
gas- Ship-to-shore mterface and port operatiOns {ISO 28460)

HD 60364-5-54, Low-voltage electncal mstallatwns - Part 5-54: Selectwn and erectiOn of electncal
eqwpment- Earthmg arrangements and protective conductors {IEC 60364-5-54)

IEC/TR 60079-16, Electncal apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres- Part 16. Artrficwl ventilatiOn for
the protectiOn of analyser{s) houses

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the followmg terms and deflmtwns apply
3.1
abnormal operation
operatmg conditiOns such as plant tnp, the productiOn and d1sposal of off-spec products and also
operatwn w1th productiOn eqmpment failed or on mamtenance are modes of abnormal operatwn and
are not a co dental events

3.2
accidental event
event that anses from an uncontrolled or unplanned situatiOn with safety and/or environmental
consequences

3.3
boundary
property lme on land or water mside which the operatorfawner has full control and authonty, or
exclusive use

3.4
bund or bund wall
raised Impermeable structure, able to withstand the static pressure and temperature of the spilled
hqmd, around the penmeter of an Impoundmg area for the confmement of hydrocarbon spills, usually
associated wrth storage areas

3.5
condensate
hydrocarbon hqmds (hqmd state at standard conditiOns) produced from pnmary separatiOn of natural
gas from a reservOir

Note 1 to entry Natural gas condensates consist pnmanly of pentanes and heavier components, although
quantitJes of propane and butane may be dissolved withm the mixture

3.6
primary container
con tamer m contmuous contact with LNG, 1 e ·

the cryogemc con tamer of the smgle contamment tank,

the cryogemc con tamer of the sphencal tank,

the cryogemc contamer of the double contamment tank,

the 9% N1-steel self-supportmg contamer,

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the concrete self-supportmg contamer,

the cryogemc membrane of the membrane tanks

3.7
secondary container
con tamer m contact With LNG only m the event of a failure of the pnmary contamer I.e ..

the bund walls for smgle and double contamment tanks and sphencal tanks,

the outer contamer of full contamment 9 % N1-steel tanks, or membrane tanks or cryogemc
concrete tanks

3 .8
conventional onshore LNG terminal
LNG export or receiVIng termmal that IS located on-shore and has a manne transfer facility for the
loadmg or unloadmg of LNG earners

Note 1 to entry The transfer faCility IS located m a harbour or other coastal locatwn and consists of a fixed
structure, or wharf, capable ofw1thstandmg the berthmg loads of a fully laden LNG earner of a giVen speC!ficatwn
and moonng the vessel safely alongside The structure IS connected to the shore by a trestle, tunnel or other
means, faC!litatmg the LNG transfer and anCillary services and prov1dmg safe access and egress for personnel
performmg mamtenance or operatwnal duties

3.9
Operating Basis Earthquake
OBE
maximum earthquake for which no damage IS sustamed and restart and safe operatiOn can contmue

Note 1 to entry This higher probability event would result m no commercial loss to the mstallatwn and public
safety IS assured

3 .10
Safe Shutdown Earthquake
SSE
maximum earthquake event for which the essential fail-safe functiOns and mechamsms are designed to
be preserved

Note 1 to entry Permanent damage can be expected of this lower probability event, but Without the loss of
overall mtegnty and contamment The mstallatwn would not remam m contmuous service Without a detailed
exammatwn and structural assessment at the ultimate limit state

3.11
Emergency Shut Down (ESD) system
system that safely and effectively stops the whole plant or mdlVldual umts to mm1m1ze mndent
escalatiOn

3.12
fire area
an area of the plant delimited by physical boundanes or separatiOns from other f1re areas by
boundanes such as site roads

Note 1 to entry Multiple trams m a large plant are each a fire area Different processmg umts each separated by
plant roads are mdividual fire areas A fire area IS often self-definmg m that It may be a smgle plant umt, a storage
or ut1hty area or a separate operatmg area such as a road tanker loadmg bay

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Note 2 to entry The typical firewater nng mam routemg often encloses each fire area

Note 3 to entry Pipe racks JOimng plant areas are not considered to affect fire area consideratiOns

3.13
fire zone
an area of the plant or process system Withm a fire area that reqmres to be Isolated by ESDVs m the
event of a fire to control and mmimize the fire event, or m the event of a process upset or malfunctiOn to
mmimize the extent of the process upset

3.14
flammable gases
gas or vapour wh1ch, when mixed With a1r m certam proportiOns, will form a combustible gas mixture

3.15
FLNG
floatmg liquefactiOn umt producmg LNG, which will treat gas, process It to make LNG as a mam
productiOn, store and unload LNG to a LNG earner

3.16
FPSO
m LNG busmess, alternate word for FLNG

3.17
frequency
number of occurrences per umt of time

3.18
FSRU
floatmg storage regastfrcatwn umt

3.19
FSU
floatmg storage umt

3.20
golden weld
weld that cannot be pressure tested due to Its nature or locatiOn and that consequently Will be
subjected to a hrgh level of non-destructive exammatwn to prove that It IS safe

3.21
hazard
property of a dangerous substance or physical situatiOn wrth a potential for creatmg damage to human
health and/or to environmentlJ

3.22
impounding area
area where spills from hqmd hydrocarbon storage contamers may be confmed or controlled, close to
the source ofleakage

1) Refer to European Drrectrve [Councrl Drrecbve 2012/18/EC on the control of maJor-accrdent hazards mvolvmg
dangerous substances]

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3.23
impounding basin
contamer withm or connected to an Impoundmg area or spill collectiOn area where hqmd hydrocarbon
spills can be collected and safely confmed and controlled

3.24.1
SLS
serviceability limit state (SLS), which IS determmed on the basis of cntena applicable to functional
capability or to durability properties under normal actiOns

3.24.2
ULS
ultimate limit state (ULS), whrch IS determmed on the basis of the nsk of failure, large plastic
displacements or strams comparable to failure under augmented actiOns

3.25
Liquefied Natural Gas
LNG
LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) IS defmed mEN ISO 16903

3.26
LNG bunkering station
LNG statiOn where LNG IS brought by road, rail, sea, cryogemc pipe from a neighbourmg termmal, and
delivenng LNG to ships usmg LNG as a manne fuel

Note 1 to entry Delivery of the LNG can be done by road, sea or by fixed d1spenser along the jetty

3.27
LNG liquefaction plant
site at which natural gas commg by pipe from one or several gas producmg fields or other sources IS
liquefled then stored for subsequent transport, normally by sea, to other destmatwns

Note 1 to entry It has manne facilities for the transfer of LNG and can have loadmg statiOns for road, ra1l, barge
or small LNG earners

3.28
LNG peak-shaving plant
plants connected to a gas network and that IS used to balance the gas demands

Note 1 to entry Dunng the penod of the year when gas demand 1s low, natural gas IS liquefied and stored LNG
may be vaponzed for short penods, when gas demand 1s h1gh

3.29
LNG receiving terminal
Site where LNG earners (ships) are unloaded, and where LNG IS stored m tanks, vaponzed and sent to
the gas networks or gas consumers

Note 1 to entry It has marme faoht1es for the transfer of LNG and can have loadmg statwns for road, ra1l, barge
or small LNG earners

3.30
LNG satellite plant
small LNG plants where LNG IS supplied by road tankers, rml, barge or small LNG earners

Note 1 to entry LNG 1s stored m msulated pressure vessels, vaponzed and sentto the network

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3.31
Natural Gas Liquid
NGL
hqmd composed of hght hydrocarbons (typically ethane through hexane plus) condensed from the
natural gas pnor to Its hquefactwn

3.32
normal operation
operatwn mcludmg mtermittent operatwn such as ship loadmg or unloadmg, start-up, mamtenance,
planned shutdown and commisswmng

3.33
operator/occupier
company responsible for the operatwn of the mstallatwn

3.34
owner
company responsible for the safe design and constructiOn of the mstallatwn

3.35
PASQUILL atmospheric stability factors
factors that are determmed as a functwn of the wmd speed and solar radiatwn (see [1])

Note 1 to entry The six factors are

A- extremely unstable,

B· moderately unstable;

C· hghtly unstable,

D. neutral;

E. hghtly stable;

F. moderately stable

3.36
probability
number m a scale from 0 to 1 which expresses the hkehhood of an event occurrence

3.37
PSD (Process Shut Down) system
system that safely and effectively stops mdividual umts withm the plant for process reasons

3.38
risk
combmatwn of the consequence and the frequency of a speofic hazard occurnng withm a specified
penod under specified nrcumstances

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3.39
Safety Management System
management process wh1ch defmes and momtors the orgamzatwnal structure, responsibilities,
procedures, processes and resources for determmmg and Implementmg the maJor acCident preventiOn
pohcy 2J

3.40
SIL
Safety Integnty Level reqmred of a safety related system m terms of EN 61508

3.41
spill collection area
area at LNG productiOn or transfer areas where leakages can be confmed or controlled, often by the use
ofkerbmg and/or controlled slopmg of paved areas

3.42
SRV
shuttle regasiflcatwn vessel

3.43
tank
equ1pment Item mits ent1rety for the storage of LNG

Note 1 to entry The different types of tank With pressure < 0,5 bar are descnbed EN 14620 or are shown m
AnnexH

3.44
transfer area
area contammg a p1pmg system where flammable hqmds or gases are mtroduced mto or removed from
the plant or where p1pmg connectiOns are connected or disconnected routmely

3.45
validated model
mathematical model, the SC1ent1flc basis of which IS accepted to be sound and 1s proven to provide
mathematical outputs to the relevant mathematical problem, and IS shown to cover the full range of
usage of the model and which has been calibrated or checked usmg realistiC test data or results

3.46
vent stack
elevated vapour disposal system for the safe dispersiOn of vapour releases from the plant

Note 1 to entry Reference [3] reqmres that the vent be destgned With the assumptton that It could become
Igmted and cause damage or mJury due to thermal radtatwn

4 Safety and environment

4.1 General

The design, procurement, constructiOn and operatiOn phases should all be Implemented m accordance
w1th the reqmrements of the Quality, Health, Safety and Environment management systems

2) Refer to European Directtve [Council Directive 2012/18/EC on the control ofmaJor-acctdent hazards mvolvmg
dangerous substances]

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Furthermore, each phase shall be controlled by an acceptable Safety Management System

In case of plant expansron or debottleneckmg, the environmental and safety Impacts shall be appraised
m accordance with the followmg recommendatwns The potential consequences shall be analysed with
regard to the current local regulatwns.
In case of revampmg for life extensron, the environmental and safety Impacts shall be appraised m
accordance with the followmg recommendatiOns The appliance of the current local regulatwns, and the
extent of such appliance, shall be agreed upon with the local authonties.
In case of revampmg without life extenswn and without debottleneckmg, the pnnople of non-
retroactivity shall prevail
4.2 Environmental impact
4.2.1 Environmental Impact Assessment

Dunng the feasibility study phase of the proJect, a prelimmary Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
shall be earned out for the proposed locatiOn m accordance with local regulatiOns ConsideratiOn should
be given to formally recordmg the base lme Site environmental charactenstics
When the site has been selected, a detailed EIA shall be earned out
All emisswns from the plant, that Is, solid, liqmd (mcludmg water), and gaseous (mcludmg noxwus
odours) shall be Identified and measures taken to ensure they will not be harmful to persons, property,
ammals or vegetatron This applies not only to normal, but also to a cod ental emisswns
Durmg or pnor to operatron an effluent management procedure shall be established The precautrons
for handlmg toxic matenals shall be Identified and be regularly updated by the operator j occupier.
The environmental Impact due to constructwn and operatron shall also be assessed and undesirable
levels of actlVltles shall be elimmated or mmimized and restncted The followmg checklist covers the
mamitems·
mcreased populatwn, permanent and temporary,

mcreased road, rail and ship traffic,

mcreased nmse levels, sudden and mtermittent nmse,

mcreased vibratwn levels, sudden and mtermittent;

mcreased mghtworkmg, effect oflights and their mtermittent use,

flanng, mtermittent and/ or contmuous,

warmmg or coolmg of water

4.2.2 Plant emissions

Dunng the design, plans shall be developed to elimmate, mmimize or render harmless emissrons
resultmg from commissromng tests, operatwns and mamtenance activities, and shall set targets for
quantities and concentratwns of pollutants m emissrons.
4.2.3 Emission control

The followmg shall be safely controlled.

- combustron products,

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normal or accidental ventmg of gas,

normal or accidental flanng of gas;

disposal of aCid gas removal solvent,

disposal of spent mercury removal reactant (as the demercunzatwn process IS not regenerative, 1t
IS necessary to store and then treat the used absorbent mass or have 1t removed by a licensed waste
disposal contractor),

mly water condensed dunng dryer regeneratiOn or from machmes,

m the case of water cooled eqmpment, hydrocarbon contammatwn of coolmg water from leakmg
exchanger tubes,

disposal of waste products (mcludmg waste ml and chlonnated orgamc compounds),

vaponzer water,

odourant chemicals
4.2.4 Flare/venting philosophy

Plants are to be designed around the pnnCiple of no contmuous flanng or ventmg ProvisiOns should be
taken durmg design and operatwn to ensure that potential gas waste streams, wherever practically
possible, are recovered and not routed to flare or vent dunng the normal operatiOn of the plant
4.2.5 Noise Control

The design of the plant shall consider the effects of nmse on people Withm the plant exposed to nmse
and the effect of nmse on any commumty surroundmg the plant
It IS recommended that the nmse design procedure of the plant should comply w1th ISO 15664
4.2.6 External traffic routes

External traffic routes near to the LNG plant shall be hsted m EIA, statmg the volume and nature of
present traffic and also any foreseeable development caused by the plant In particular, the followmg
shall be exammed
overland routes (roads, railways),

navigable routes (sea or nver routes, canals);

a1r routes and the prox1m1ty of airports and aerodromes

4.2.7 Water discharge

The Impact of water discharges shall be studied (temperature, currents, wmds, etc)
4.3 Safety general
4.3.1 Safety philosophy approach

LNG mstallatwns shall be designed to provide generally accepted levels of nsk (see Annex K) for hfe and
property outside and Inside the plant boundanes In order to ensure th1s h1gh level of safety m the LNG
faCilities and 1ts surroundmgs, safety shall be considered throughout all the proJect development
phases engmeenng, constructiOn, start-up, operatiOn and decomm!sswmng In particular, hazard

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EN 1473:2016 (E)

assessments, see 4.4, shall be earned out and the reqmred safety measure Implemented to ensure
acceptable nsk levels.
ISO/TS 16901 gives Items to be covered by the QRA (m complement to here after subclause 4 3 Items)
and an approach to address the potential scenanos, their probability of occurrence and the
consequence analys1s
4.3.2 Installation and its surrounding

4.3.2.1 Description of the installation

A functwnal descnptwn of the mstallatwn shall be wntten by plant area and/ or by process functwn, for
use m the safety assessment
4.3.2.2 Site study

The s1te study shall mclude, where appropnate.

a sml survey,

a study ofterram to enable the d1sperswn ofhqmd and gas clouds to be assessed;

a study ofvegetatwn to enable, m particular, vegetatiOn fire nsks to be !dent1fled;

a study of ground water tables;

a study to Identify sources of stray electncal currents (e g those emanatmg from h1gh voltage
power lines, railways);

a study of the manne aquatic environment and manne access,

a study of sea water quality and temperature,

a study oft1dal conditiOns,

a study of shock waves and floodmg (tsunami, fa1lure of dams, etc),

a survey of the surroundmg mfrastructure (e.g mdustnal sites, bmlt up areas, commumcatwns),

manoeuvnng areas, safety distances whilst a LNG earner ISm transit Wlthm the port and at berth
(see Clause 5 and EN ISO 28460)

The sml survey shall mclude·

the geotechmcal survey that w1ll enable the geo-mechamcal charactenstJcs of the subsml to be
defmed,

the geological and tectomc mvest1gatwn.

The geolog1cal charactenstics of the regwn shall be mvestigated m sufficient detail to prov1de a clear
understandmg of the physical processes that formed the area, as well as the potential for the future
seismic activity
A more specific survey shall be done on the s1te and 1ts V!Clmty to detect the presence of karst, gypsum,
swelling clays, soluble salt deposits, soil hquefactwn, mass movement etc and their relative Impact shall
be evaluated

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Such phenomena are not allowed under the tank and/or eqmpment foundatiOns unless It can be proved
that appropnate measures have been undertaken to overcome the potential problems
4.3.2.3 Climatology

The chmatic study shallmclude the followmg pomts.

wmd strength and directiOn mcludmg frequency and strength of severe storms,

temperatures,

atmosphenc stability;

range and rate of change ofbarometnc pressure,

ramfall, snow, Icmg,

corrosive charactenstic of the air,

nsks of floodmg,

frequency ofhghtnmg stnkes,

relative humidity

Chmate change will be analysed as part of other mvestigatwns that may be reqmred by the local
cond1t10ns.
4.3.2.4 Seismology

An earthquake IS defmed by the honzontal and vertical acceleratiOns of the ground These acceleratiOns
are descnbed m accordance with EN 1997 (all parts) and EN 1998 by
their frequency spectrum;

their amphtude

A site-specific earthquake analysis shall be performed This shall mclude assessments of the nsks of
earthquake, tsunamis, landslides and volcamc actiVIties This analysis shall be presented m a Seismic
Report where geological and seismic charactenst1cs of the locatiOn of the fac1hty and the surroundmg
regwn as well as geo-tectomc mformatwn shall be taken mto account. As a conclusiOn, this report shall
defme all seismic parameters reqmred for the design
The size of the regwn to be mvestigated depends on the nature of the area around the site and the
geological and tectomc conditiOns resultmg from the soil survey, see 4 3 2 2 Generally, It IS hmited to a
distance less than 320 km from the site, but m some mstances It can mclude an ent1re tectomc provmce,
larger than the above (see [22] for the pnnnple) In th1s context, the mvest1gatwns shall be extended
down to a depth equal to at least tw1ce the diameter of the structure or a coextens1ve nrcular
foundatiOn surroundmg the same area as the structure
A second level of analysis shall be made on the regwn w1thm the 80 km from the Site (regwnal se!smo-
tectomc mvest1gatwn) with the a1m of detectmg the presence of any act1ve geolog1cal faults (see [23])
These mvestlgatwns mvolve thorough research, rev1ew and evaluatiOn of all h1stoncally reported
earthquakes that have affected, or that could reasonably be expected to have affected the s1te

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In case of seismic faults m the Immediate VICmlty of the s1te, further mvest1gatwns shall be conducted to
estimate their possible activity Faults for wh1ch mactlVlty cannot be confirmed are not allowed ms1de
the s1te or w1thm a distance to be determmed from the sml morphology
For details of the seismic mvestigatwns, surveys, analysis and format of response spectrum, reference IS
made to EN 1997 (all parts), EN 1998-1 and EN 1998-5
The geological, tectomc and seismological studies help to establish
the safe shutdown earthquake (SSE);

the operatmg basis earthquake (OBE).

These shall be established

probabilistically, as those that produce ground motwns w1th the mean recurrence as a mm1mum
mterval of 5 000 years for the SSE and 4 75 years for the OBE, and/or,

determmistJcally, assummg that earthquakes which are analogous to maximum h1stoncally known
earthquakes are liable to occur m the future With an ep1centre positwn which IS the most severe
With regard to Its effects m terms of mtensity on the site, while remammg compatible w1th
geological and seismic data

NOTE Both OBE and SSE defme specrfi.c performance hmits for sersm1c events of mcreasmg seventy for
systems as defmed m 4 5 2 2

4.3.2.5 Location

Dunng the feasibility study phase of the proJect Site locatiOn assessments shall be earned out to ensure
the smtab1lity of the locatwn optiOns with regards to adJacent development. The assessment shall as a
mm1mum consider the followmg·
residential development,

retail and leisure developments;

sensitive developments (schools, hospitals, retirement homes, sports stadmm, etc.),

mdustnal development,

transportatwn mfrastructure.

When the s1te has been selected, a detailed Site locatiOn assessment shall be earned out The locatwn
assessment methodology and scope shall have regard for the proposed mventory of hazardous matenal
contamed on the plant and the presence and scale of adJacent existmg and Identified future
developments, whilst bemg m conformance With local and natwnal regulatory reqmrements.
It IS recommended that
the assessment IS updated on a regular basis and when maJor modificatiOns or changes take place,

the development around the plant IS controlled to mmimize the subsequent mcompat1ble
development

Gmdance for the probabilistic assessment acceptance cntena of s1te locatiOn are presented m Table K.2
These mm1mum acceptance cntena can be adopted m the event that no such cntena exist m the
country where the plant IS to be bmlt

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4.4 Hazard assessment

4.4.1 General

A hazard assessment shall be earned out dunng the desrgn of the plant and It IS also recommended If a
maJor modrficatwn or change takes place
The followmg methodology and reqmrements see annexes that show examples of frequency ranges,
classes of consequences and levels of nsks However, there IS a vanatwn m natrona! and company
acceptance cntena and the examples given m the mformat1ve Annexes I, J and K should be considered
as m1mmum reqmrements If more stnngent local or natiOnal reqmrements exist they shall supersede
these mmimum reqmrements.
4.4.2 Assessment

4.4.2.1 Methodology

The methodology of the hazard assessment can be determmiStJc and/or probabilistic

The determmisbc approach consists of'
hst of potential hazards of external and mternal ongm;

establishment of credible hazards;

determmatwn of the consequences,

JUStificatiOn of the necessary safety Improvement measures to limit the consequences.

The probabilistic approach consists of

hst of potential hazards of external and mternal ongm;

determmatwn of the consequences of each hazard and their a1locatwn mto classes of consequence
(an example IS giVen m Annex J),

collectwnfmput of failure rate data;

determmatwn of the probab1hty or frequency of each hazard,

summatiOn of frequency for all hazards Withm any one allotted consequence class and classify the
frequency range for that consequence class (an example IS given m Annex I),

classificatiOn of hazards m accordance w1th their consequences class and frequency range, m order
to determme the level of nsk (an example IS given m Annex K)

In the event that the nsk determmatwn md1cates "Unacceptable Risk" levels (for example, nsk level 3 of
Annex K) the plant design or operatmg practices shall be altered and the assessment repeated until
such time that no such "Unacceptable Risk" levels exist. In the event that the nsk determmatwn
mdicates normal, acceptable, nsk levels (for example, nsk level 1 of Annex K) no further actiOn IS
considered necessary For nsk levels determmed as requmng further reductiOn (for example nsk level
2 of Annex K) additiOnal safety measures should be considered to hmit the nsk to as low as reasonably
practicable
The hazard assessment can be based on conventiOnal methods such as
- hazard and operability study (HAZOP),

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 BS EN 1473·2016
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failure mode effect analysis (FMEA),

event tree method (ETM),

fault tree method (FTM)

The hazard assessment procedure should be earned out dunng all stages of the design process
ImplementatiOn dunng the early stages of a proJect or design modificatiOn IS recommended, this allows
unacceptable designs to be Improved m the most cost effective manner
The probabilistic assessment mimmum acceptance cntena given m Table K 1 are based on nsk to
personnel mside the plant boundary. Comparable categones for mass of hydrocarbon released are also
given for gmdance m Annex J Alternative nsk assessment methods can be used to assess the sUitability
of the plant design, typically busmess and hazardous mCident escalatiOn nsk assessments However, as
a mimmum personnel nsk should be assessed and venfied as acceptable dunng the plant design and
followmg maJor modificatiOns
Risk analysis and Its conclusiOns should not compromise good engmeenng practices.
4.4.2.2 Identification of hazards of external origin

Studies should be undertaken to Identify hazards ansmg from outside the plant Such hazards can be
caused by
LNG earners approachmg the berth at excessive speed or angle;

the possibility of collisiOn with the Jetty and/or LNG earner at berth by heavy displacement vessels
passmg the berth (see [23]),

the Impact of proJectiles and consequences of collisiOn (ship, truck, plane, etc.),

natural events (lightmng, floodmg, earthquakes, tidal bores, Icebergs, tsunamis, etc);

Igmtwn by high energy radiO waves (see [25]);

proximity of airport and/ or flight-paths,

a "dommo effect" resultmg from fires and/or explosiOns at adJacent premises,

flammable, toxic or asphyxiant dnftmg gas clouds;

permanent sources ofigmtwn, such as high voltage power lmes (corona effect),

the proximity of the site to any external uncontrolled sources of Igmtwn.

4.4.2.3 Identification of hazards of internal origin

4.4.2.3.1 Hazard arising from LNG

Loss of contamment of LNG and of natural gas shall be considered for all Items of eqmpment mcludmg
the loadmg or unloadmg of road tankers or LNG earners To simplify the study, scenanos may be
established
These scenanos shall be defmed m terms of.
the probability or frequency of the hazard;

the locatiOn of the leak,

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BS EN 1473·2016
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the nature of the flmd (LNG or gas, speCitymg the temperature),

the rate and the duratwn of the leakage,

the weather conditwns (wmd speed and directiOn, atmosphenc stability, ambient temperature,
relatrve humidtty),

the thermal properties and the topography of the ground (mcludmg any Impoundmg area);

the proximity of structural steelwork that may be suscepttble to bnttle fatlure due to low or
cryogemc temperatures Under certam circumstances when quantities of LNG have been
mtroduced mto water, over-pressunzatwn Without combustwn has been known to occur, this
phenomena IS referred to as a Rapid Phase TransitlOn (RPT) Refer to EN ISO 16903 and see [33]
and [34].

In particular, the scenanos to be considered for vanous types of LNG tanks are hsted m Table 1
Table 1 - Scenario to be considered in the hazard assessment as function of tank types
All metallic or only with metallic Prestressed concrete (mcluding
Type of tank containment ct
roof reinforced concrete roof)
Smgle contamment a

Double contamment b

Full contamment b c

In-ground b c

Scenanos to be constdered
a In case of collapse of the tank pnmary con tamer, ftre pool stze corresponds to the tmpoundmg area
b In case of collapse of the tank roof, the ftre pool stze corresponds to the secondary con tamer
c Roof collapse ts not constdered for these tank types except tflt IS spectfted m nsk analysts
d For deftmtwn, see 6 3
4.4.2.3.2 Hazards which are not specific to LNG

The followmg causes of hazards that are not speCific to LNG shall be considered
LPG and heavier hydrocarbon storage,

Simultaneous loadmgs on multr-product Jetty,

poor commumcatwn between shrp and shore,

traffic withm the plant both dunng constructwn and operatwn,

leakage of other hazardous substances, m particular flammable refngerant;

missiles ongmatmg from exploswn,

pressunsed and steam raismg eqmpment,

f1red heaters and boilers,

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rotatmg machmery,

ut1ht1es, catalysts and chem1cals (fuel ml, lubncatmg olls, methanol, etc.),

pollutants found m the feed gas ofhquefactwn plants,

electncal mstallatwns,

harbour mstallatwns assooated w1th the LNG plant,

secunty 1ssues (e g mtruswn, sabotage);

acc1dents dunng constructwn and mamtenance;

escalatwn of acodents.

4.4.2.4 Estimation of probabilities

The est1matwn of the probab1hty assooated w1th a g1ven hazard, where ut1hsed, shall be based on
rehable data bases avallable m pubhc domam and wh1ch are smtable for the LNG mdustry or on
recogmzed methods as m 4 4 2 1 wh1ch wlll determme the frequency range for th1s hazard (see
Annex I) The human factor shall be taken mto account
4.4.2.5 Estimation of consequences

4.4.2.5.1 General

The consequences of each scenano as defmed above wlll depend on the charactenst1cs of LNG and
other phenomena descnbed EN ISO 16903 For the hazardous charactenst1cs of flmds other than LNG
reference shall be made to the1r Matenal Safety Data Sheets
4.4.2.5.2 Evaporation of spilled LNG

The phenomenon of mstantaneous vaponzatwn (flash, mcludmg poss1ble aerosol formatwn) shall be
taken mto account.
Calculatwn of evaporatwn due to heat transfer shall be earned out usmg appropnate vahdated models.
The model shall take the followmg mto account
LNG flow rate and duratwn;

LNG compos1twn,

nature of the ground (thermal conductlVlty, speClfic heat, dens1ty, etc.),

temperature of the ground or of the water;

atmosphenc cond1twns (amb1ent temperature, hum1d1ty, wmd velooty),

atmosphenc stab1hty or temperature grad1ent.

The model shall enable the followmg to be determmed

pool propagatwn speed;

wetted area m terms of t1me, and, m part1cular, the max1mum wetted area,

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- rate of evaporatiOn m terms of trme and, m partrcular, the maxrmum evaporatwn rate

4.4.2 .5.3 Atmospheric dispersion of LNG vapours

CalculatiOn of the atmosphenc disperswn of the cloud resultmg from evaporatiOn of LNG due to flashmg
and evaporatiOn when m contact with the ground or water shall be earned out usmg appropnate
validated models
The determmatwn of dispersiOn shall, as a mmimum, take mto account.
the drameter of the evaporatmg pool,

the evaporatiOn rate;

properties of the vapour,

the nature of the ground (thermal conductiVIty, specific heat, density, etc.),

the temperature of the ground or water,

the atmosphenc conditiOns (ambient temperature, hum1d1ty, wmd speed);

atmosphenc stability or temperature gradient,

site topography (surface roughness, etc)

The atmosphenc dispersiOn simulatiOn shall be based on the combmatwn of wmd speed and
atmosphenc stability that can occur simultaneously and result m the longest predictable downwmd
dispersiOn distance that IS exceeded less than 10 % of the t1me
If no other mformatwn IS available, the followmg atmosphenc conditiOn shall be considered· F
(PASQUILL) atmosphenc stab1hty or eqmvalent temperature grad1ent, for a wmd of 2 m/s and a
relative humidity of SO%
The model shall enable the determmatwn of.
concentratiOn contours,

the distance to the lower flammability hmit

4.4.2.5.4 Jet release of natural gas or LNG

CalculatiOn of atmosphenc dtsperswn resultmg from jet release shall be earned out usmg appropnate
validated models to determme as mimmum, the hetght or the distance reached by the jet and the
concentratiOn of gas at any g1ven pomt
Sources of jet releases should mclude releases from atmosphenc safety valves, un-tgmted flare and
vents Where appropnate tt shall constder possible aerosol formatiOn
4.4.2.5.5 Over-pressure

The 1gmtwn of natural gas can create m certam Circumstances (e.g congested areas) an explosiOn
generatmg an over-pressure wave The flammability range of mixtures of gas and air IS given m
EN ISO 16903
Recogmzed methods and models, for example the multt energy method (see [5]) and/or deflagratwn at
constant speed method (see [6]) whtch have been vahdated can be used to calculate the over-pressure
Thts over-pressure should be spectfied where applicable for equipment, bmldmgs and structures

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Where over-pressure on a tank, eqmpment Item, buildmg or structure IS speCified, It shall always be the
mcommg wave charactenstics In this case It may be assumed that a deflagratmg explosiOn near the
tank gives nse to an over-pressure that IS applied, as a worst case assumptiOn, to a half penmeter of the
tank The stresses m the tank caused by over pressure shall be determmed by dynamic calculatiOn For
the other structures, the stresses may be determmed by static calculatiOn
The effect of potential over-pressure under elevated tank basis due to the Ignrtwn of a flammable
mixture under the tank shall be considered
The effects of wave reflectiOn on the objects shall be the responsibility of the suppher
4.4.2.5.6 Radiation

Calculation of the radiation caused by Igmtwn of the vapour from a pool or jet of LNG or release of
natural gas shall be earned out usmg appropnate validated models
The model shall take the followmg mto account.
area of the pool fire or the dimensions of the flame;

surface emiSSIVe power of the pool frre or of the flame (see EN ISO 16903);

ambient temperature, wmd speed and relative humrdity

The radiatwn calculatiOn shall be based on the combmatwn of wmd speed and atmosphenc conditiOns
that can occur simultaneously and result m the highest predictable radiatiOn that IS exceeded less than
10% percent of the time
If no other mformatwn IS available the followmg atmosphenc conditiOn shall be considered a wmd of
10 mjs and a relative humidity of 50%.
The model shall enable the determmatwn of the mcident radiatiOn at vanous distances and elevatwns.
4.4.3 Safety improvement

Where the hazard assessment demonstrates that threshold values defmed m Annex A are exceeded or
shows that the level of nsk reqmres Improvement (see Annex K), measures shall be taken, as for
example
settmg up a safety system which allows early detectiOn of a leak and hmitatwn of the consequences
ofignrtwns (see 4 5 and Clause 13);

mcreasmg the dilutiOn of the flammable cloud,

elimmatwn of potential sources ofigmtwn mside a flammable cloud;

reducmg evaporation rates through minimizatiOn of heat transfer,

reducmg heat radiatiOn by water curtams, deluge systems, foam or msulatwn;

reducmg vapour dispersiOn distance by warmmg the cloud by the use of foam or spraymg,

mcreasmg spacmg between eqmpment,

protectwn of the mstallation agamst blast,

alarm systems such as break-glass unrts, telephones, pagmg systems, closed circUit televisiOn and
sirens.

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4.5 Safety engineering during design and construction

4.5.1 Introduction

Dunng engmeenng and constructiOn, the safety shall be contmuously scrutimzed to guarantee the
appropnate safety level with regard to the hazard assessment.
The safety management dunng design and constructiOn shall mclude design consideratiOns and
contmuous reviews as outlmed respectively m 4 5 2 and 4.5 3
4.5.2 Design

4.5.2.1 Common safety design features

4.5.2.1.1 Equipment and piping design for low temperature

Design pressures and temperatures of pipmg and eqmpment shall be selected to cover all anticipated
operatwn and upset conditiOns Smtable matenals are hsted mEN ISO 16903
The stresses m pipe-work and eqmpment are affected by contractwnjexpanswn phenomena due to
temperature changes, the possibility of thermal shock and the method of msulatwn Physical
phenomena such as. hqmd hammer, cavitatiOn, flashmg and two-phase flow shall be taken mto
consideratiOn The recommendatiOns of Clause 9 are applicable. It IS recommended that the mam pipes
are mamtamed m a cold conditiOn, e g by Circulatmg of LNG, lme weathenng
4.5.2.1.2 Hazardous area classifications

All mstallatwns shall be subjected to a hazardous area analysis (see [12] and [13]). The terms of
reference for such an analysis shall be laid down m accordance with EN 1127-1 and EN 60079-10-1 and
EN 60079-10-2
The form and the extent of each zone may differ slightly dependmg on the natiOnal or professiOnal code
used but shall be m hne With the methodology set forward m EN 60079-10-1 and EN 60079-10-2
ConsideratiOn shall be given to EN ISO 28460 for the jetty, particularly for the hazardous zones
generated when the LNG ship IS alongside
The selectwn of eqmpment for use m particular locatwns shall be determmed from the hazardous zone
classificatiOn of these locatiOns m accordance with EN 1127-1 and EN/IEC senes (parts 0 to 25).
4.5.2.1.3 Internal over-pressure protection

Safety devices shall be provided to cover all mternal over-pressure nsks mcludmg those due to fire
It IS recommended thatthe discharges from conventiOnal safety devices (safety valves, rehefvalves) are
routed to the flare/vent system or the storage tank Tank and vaponser safety valve releases, If not
routed to the flare/vent systems, should be routed to a safe locatiOn as defmed by hazard assessment
If low and high pressure releases are routed to the same system, the nsk of excessive back pressure
shall be avmded If excessive back-pressure could occur m low pressure release system due to high
pressure release, then separate flarejvent systems may be considered for high and low pressure
releases.
4.5.2.1.4 Emergency depressurizing

It IS recommended that a depressunzmg system IS provided.

The mtentwn of this measure IS to
reduce the mternal pressure,

reduce the effect of leakage;

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avord the nsk of failure of LNG, hydrocarbon refngerant or gas filled pressure vessels and pipmg
from external radiatwn

Devices for depressunzmg high pressure eqmpment shall allow the pressure of one or more Item of
eqmpment to be reduced qmckly (see [3]) These gases shall be sent to the flare system which shall be
capable ofhandlmg the low temperatures generated dunng depressunzmg.
Isolatwn valves, activated from a control room or other remote locatwn or automatically, shall be
provided so that the umt can be Isolated mto several sub-systems and where It IS reqmred to Isolate
sensitive eqmpment This will make It possible to depressunze only one part of the plant, while hmitmg
the entry of hydrocarbons mto a fire contammg zone.
4.5.2.1.5 Safety control system

A safety control system (see Clause 14) shall be provided to Identify, mform and react appropnately to
hazardous events The safety control system shall be mdependent of the process control system and
Identify the hazard and, were appropnate, automatically bnng the plant to safe conditiOns
4.5.2.1.6 Inherent safety

The mherent safety protectwn shall be provided to·

contam LNG spills withm the fence, and mmimize the credible scenanos where there could be the
nsk that vapour clouds spread beyond the plant penphery fence;

mmimize the possibility of a flre m any one area of the plant spreadmg to another area,

mmimize damage m the Immediate area of a fire by the use of separatwn distances, mimmizmg the
hydrocarbon mventory feedmg a possible flre (by segregatmg the plant m different fire-zones, by
Isolatwn valves).

The mherent safety IS to be encouraged over the use of complex systems

Inherent safety protectwn measures are detailed m 13 1
4.5.2.1.7 Passive fire and embrittlement protection

The passive fire and embnttlement protectwn shall be provided to.

protect eqmpment and mam structural supports from locahzed flre mCident mimmizmg escalatiOn
and endangerment of emergency response personnel,

protect the mam structural members from cold-splash bnttle fallure and resultmg overall collapse.

Passive protectwn measures are detalled m 13.2

4.5.2.1.8Active fire protection

Eqmpment and or systems shall be provided to control and fight the emergency situatwns

These eqmpment Items/packages and systems are descnbed m 13 6

4.5.2.1. 9 Additional LNG plant safety measures

Leaks of LNG and hydrocarbon hqmds such as Natural Gas Liqmd (NGL) and refngerants produce
flammable vapour clouds denser than air The plant shall therefore be designed to ehmmate or
mimmize the quantity and probabihty of accidental and planned emisswns of these flmds

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This shall be achieved by usmg a Safety Management System dunng design, procurement, fabncatwn,
constructiOn and operatiOn of the plant to ensure that the best available rules of technology are
Implemented Particular consideratiOn shall be given to the followmg·
wherever possible plant and equipment contammg flammable flmd shall be located m the open,
however, mamtenance and chmat1c conditiOns Will affect this deCISIOn,

plant layout shall be designed to mm1m1ze congestiOn;

appropnate p1pmg flexibility to suit all operatmg conditiOns,

the number of flanges m p1pe runs shall be mm1m1zed by usmg welded mime valves w1th due
cons1deratwn for comm1sswmng, IsolatiOn and mamtenance. Where flanges are used quahf1ed
gaskets as speCified m EN 12308, smtable for the JOmt and service, shall be selected and, wherever
possible, flanges should be onented so that 1f a leak occurs the Jet stream shall not 1mpmge on
nearby eqmpment,

the locatiOn of relief valve ta1l p1pes shall be such as to mm1m1ze hazard,

design pressures shall leave a sufficiently wtde margm above operatmg pressures so as to mmimize
the frequency of the hftmg of rehef valves,

pumps with h1gh mtegnty seals or submerged pumps and motors shall be used for LNG and LPG,

It IS recommended that galvamzed surfaces are located so as to avmd the possibility of molten zmc
contammatmg austemt1c stamless steel p1pmg and eqmpment m the event of a f1re possibly leadmg
to bnttle fracture or rapid fa1lure,

attentwn should be pa1d to the mstallatwn of zmc and alummmm above unprotected steel and
copper systems If alummmm or zmc IS heated for a long t1me w1th a steel or copper obJect, that
obJect could develop p1ts or holes from alloymg dunng future operatiOn Th1s phenomenon will not
be mstantaneous, but would affect the mtegnty of the plant m future operatiOn (see [14]),

1solatwn valves shall be fitted as close as possible to the nozzle, but outside the skirt, of process
hqmd outlets of pressure vessels contammg flammable hqmds These IsolatiOn valves shall be
capable of remote operatwn by push button m safe locatiOn or automatically by ESD (see
Clause 14)

4.5.2.1.10 Impounding basin

The extent of the 1mpoundmg basms and spillage collectiOn channel for LNG and hydrocarbon pipe-
systems and eqmpment shall be evaluated as a part of the hazard assessment (see 4.4) In general, 1t has
been found that the collectiOn of spill from mterconnectmg LNG and hydrocarbons p1pmg, without
branch, flanges or mstrument connectwns, IS not JUStified by hazard assessment
If reqmred, It shall be designed to accommodate potential leaks that will be Identified m the hazard
assessment.
Possible LNG and hydrocarbon spills should be dramed mto 1mpoundmg basms, with foam generators
or other measures for Improved evaporatiOn control.
ProvisiOns for water recovery as given m 6 8 4 shall be apphed
4.5.2.2 Site specific: Seismic protection

The plant shall be designed to allow easy operatwnal resumptiOn after an OBE level earthquake (see
OBE def!mtwn m Clause 3)

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The followmg systems shall withstand actrons resultmg from hrgher earthquake (from OBE through to
SSE levels)
systems for whrch rupture can create a hazard for the plant,

protectiOn systems for whrch operation rs reqmred to keep a mmrmum safety level

For thrs purpose, the plant systems and therr components shall be classified on the basrs of therr
Importance (see Annex C) Such classrfrcatwn shall be analysed dunng the hazard assessment·
Class A. systems whrch are vital for plant safety or protectiOn systems for whrch operatron rs
reqmred to keep a mmimum safety level They shall remam operatronal for both OBE and SSE. The
ESD system and LNG storage secondary contamer shall be m Class A.

Class B· systems performmg VItal functrons for the plant operation or systems for which rupture
can create a hazard for the plant for whrch collapse could cause a maJor rmpact on the environment
or could lead to addrtronal hazard These systems shall remam operatiOnal after OBE and shall keep
their mtegnty m case of SSE The pnmary con tamer of all LNG tanks shall be m Class B.

Class C. other systems These systems shall remam operatronal after OBE and shall not fall on or
Impact other systems classes and components after SSE

The systems mclude the related eqmpment, pipmg, valves, mstrumentatron, power supply and their
supports. Structures shall be designed as for the class of the most stnngent system component they are
supportmg
The bmldmgs that have a safety functron, or whrch are normally manned, shall be designed to keep therr
mtegnty m case of SSE. Heatmg, ventrlatmg and air condrtromng shall be desrgned m order to fulfrl the
cntena of the classrfred systems which are located m the bmldmgs
4.5.3 Reviews

The revrews shall be orgamzed through a stnct applicatiOn of an all-encompassmg QA system (see
Clause 15).
These reviews shall mclude as a mimmum.
Prelimmary Hazard Analysrs,

layout review,

HAZOP,

mamtenance and accessrbrlity review,

SIL revrew,

pre-start-up review

4.6 Safety during operation

4.6.1 General

The local regulatrons prevail but their appliance shall ensure that the rtems as listed m 4 6 2 and 4.6 3
are covered

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4.6.2 Preparation for plant operation

The preparatiOn for plant operatiOn shall mclude

personnel trammg, as outlmed m Clause 17,

development of plant operatiOns, mamtenance and mspectwn procedures;

development of safety and secunty procedures, which mtegrate With the overall port emergency
procedures and InternatiOnal Ship and Port facihties Secunty (ISPS) code, where relevant

4.6.3 Safety during plant operation

Safety dunng the operatiOnal phase shall be achieved by the followmg features and measures.
operatiOn control, momtonng and safeguardmg systems mcludmg work permits,

reductiOn of uncontrolled sources of Igmtwn;

local and remote control of the flrefightmg system

5 Jetties and marine facilities

5.1 General

This clause deals with the Sitmg, engmeenng design, pre-operatiOnal trammg and safety reqmrements
of the Jetty and manne faClhties
5.2 Siting

The positwnmg of a Jetty at a LNG manne termmalis a pnme factor m determmmg the overall nsk of
the ship/shore transfer operatiOn and a detailed study to determme the most acceptable positiOn shall
be undertaken at the conceptual stage of the proJect Determmatwn of what IS acceptable m specific
nrcumstances shall follow from an assessment of the actual nsks posed by the operatiOn of adJacent
Sites and harbour traffic
ProvisiOns descnbed m EN ISO 28460 should be mcorporated mto Jetty design and ship shore mterface
See also other mternatwnally recogmzed pubhcatwns for additiOnal reqmrements which may be
relevant (such as [23] and [16])
5.3 Engineering design

An appropnate standard for manne structures shall be used (see [22]) to determme the selectwn of
relevant design parameters and methods of calculatiOn to denve the resultmg forces on the Jetty
structure This should allow for sml conditiOns, plus the loads Imposed on a LNG termmal Jetty due to
natural phenomena, such as wmds, tides, waves currents, temperature vanatwn, Ice and earthquakes
and those Imposed by operatiOnal activities, such as berthmg and moonng, cargo handhng and vehicles
used dunng constructiOn, operatiOn and mamtenance
A compatibihty study should be undertaken to ensure the range of vessels that It IS anticipated will
berth at the termmal can safely do so (see EN ISO 28460)
ConsideratiOn withm the design should be given to the possibihty of LNG spills, particularly m the area
adJacent to the transfer arms This may be by provisiOns for contamment of LNG spill and bnttleness
protectiOn of carbon steel structural members, or by other appropnate measures
A Jetty operator room should be provided, havmg commumcatwns with both ship and termmal control
rooms. It should contam controls for emergency shut down and release eqmpment for the LNG transfer

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system and Jetty remote operated fireflghtmg and vapour control eqmpment Eqmpment should also be
provided for momtonng sea and weather conditwns and the ship's positwn and tenswn m the moormg
hnes
A detectwn system shall be provided to give warnmg of any leakage of LNG or natural gas and also to
give warnmg m the event of fire Activatwn of this system shall automatically Imtiate an ESD of the ship-
shore transfer system and give alarms m the Jetty operator room, termmal control rooms and also be
commumcated to the shrp by the means as recommended by EN ISO 28460 Manne transfer arms shall
be used for the transfer of LNG between ship and shore. These shall be eqmpped with powered
emergency release couplmgs accordmg to EN 14 74 (all parts)
Qmck release moonng hooks shall be provided and the design of the release system shall be such that
the operatwn of one switch, or failure of a smgle component, cannot release all moonngs
simultaneously
5.4 Safety

Proviswn shall be made for rapid access and egress to the berth by emergency vehicles or vessels
mvolved m flreflghtmg, medical evacuatwn or pollutwn control
On Jetties relymg on vehicular access It may be necessary to provide passmg places.
Proviswn shall also be made for emergency escape routes from flre or hqmd spill From any pomt on
the berth It should be possible to escape to a place of safety. This IS most easily achieved by providmg
two mdependent routes to safety from the berth. These may mclude·
additwnal walkways,

proviswn of a manned standby boat(s)

Escape route shall be protected by water spray If found necessary by the hazard assessment.
Access to ship from Jetty shall comply with reqmrements of EN ISO 28460
It should not be possible for unauthonzed persons to gam access to the Jetty area, without bemg
challenged, at any time (see [30]). Where secunty fences are used to achieve this consrderatwn should
be given to the general fire precautwns and means of emergency egress (See [24] )

6 Storage and retention systems

6.1 General

The design and constructwn of vertical, cylmdncal, flat bottom LNG tanks are covered by EN 14620
6.2 Types oftank

The types of tanks are charactenzed by their technologies, their secondary contamer (contamment) and
therr foundatwns
The mam technologies are.
• the self-supportmg 9 NI-steel tank,

• the membrane tanks,

• the concrete tanks

The types of contamment are descnbed m 6 3

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Other types could be accepted prov1ded that the1r concept and safety could be proven appropnate for
the functwns as defmed m 6 4 2 and the reqmrements m 6 4 1.
The tanks can be placed on the ground, or sem1 buned, or m ground or m p1t. The raft of the tank can be
supported by ra1sed p1les The type of foundatwn depends on the result of the soli report and se1Sm1c
study.
The different types of tanks are descnbed mEN 14620 or shown m Annex H
6.3 Types of containment

SINGLE CONTAINMENT
A smgle contamment shall be des1gned to ach1eve the followmg functwns·
• The pnmary contamer, or mner tank, shall contam the cryogemc hqmd

• Th1s mner contamer could contam the product vapour or breathmg mtrogen or could be duplicated
by an outer shell that wlll con tam the product vapour or breathmg mtrogen

In case of a leakage of the mner tank, the followmg scenanos shall be considered
• release of cryogemc product;

• release of product vapours (also m case ofleakage of the outer shell)

In case of smgle contamments, the mner tank shall be surrounded by a bund wall to con tam the poss1ble
product sp1llage
DOUBLE CONTAINMENT
A double contamment shall be des1gned to ach1eye the followmg functwns ·
• The pnmary contamer, or mner tank, shall con tam the cryogemc hqmd

• The outer shell shall con tam the product vapour or breathmg mtrogen

• The secondary contamer. or bund wall. shall contam the spilled LNG m case of leakae-e of the
pnmary contamer

In case of a leakage of the mner tank, the release of cryogemc product shall be cons1dered
In case of the outer shell leakage, the uncontrolled release of product vapour shall be considered
FULL CONTAINMENT
A full contamment shall be des1gned to ach1eve the followmg functwns
• The pnmary contamer, or mner tank, shall con tam the cryogemc hqmd

• The secondary contamer. or outer tank. shall contam the product vapour and shall be able to
contam the spilled LNG m case of leakage of the pnmary contamer

The bml-off gas generated durmg the pnmary contamer leakage shall be contamed w1thm the
secondary contamer w1th poss1b1hty of controlled venbng though the pressure rehef system. It IS.
however. acceptable that some gas leaks could occur through the secondary contamer m case of such
acndental event

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6.4 Design principles

6.4.1 General requirements

The EN 14620 standard does not apply for storage tanks for which the design pressure IS more than
500 mbarg. Higher pressure tanks shall meet the reqmrements of applicable standards or codes used
for the design of the related type of pressure vessels3l.
Vertical, cylmdncal, flat-bottomed steel LNG tanks shall meet the requirements of EN 14620.
The cylmdncal cryogemc concrete tanks and sphencal tanks for LNG shall be designed m accordance
with the reqmrements from applicable standards or codes 3J and all requirements relatmg to LNG
storage contamed m this European Standard
The LNG tanks shall be designed to.
safely con tam the hqmd at cryogemc temperature;

ensure gas tightness,

permit the safe fillmg and removal of LNG,

permit the boil off gas to be safely removed;

prevent the mgress of arr and mmsture except as a last resort to prevent unacceptable vacuum
conditiOns m the vapour space,

mmimize the rate of heat m leak, consistent with operatiOnal reqmrements and prevent frost
heave;

Withstand the damage leadmg to loss of contamment due to credible mternal and external factors
as defmed m Clause 4,

operate safely between the design maximum and mmimum (vacuum) pressures,

Withstand the number of frllmg and emptymg cycles and the number of cool down and warmmg
operatiOns which are planned durmg Its design hfe.

6.4.2 Fluid tightness

The tank shall be gas and hqmd tight m normal operatiOn

The degree of resistance to leakage reqmred m the event of external overloads such as Impact damage,
thermal radiatiOn and blasts shall be defmed m the hazard assessment (see Clause 4)
LNG tightness of the pnmary contamer shall be ensured by a contmuously welded plate, membrane or
cryogemc concrete pre-stressed With cryogemc remforcement
LNG tightness of the secondary contamer shall be ensured by.
contmuously welded plate,

concrete,

compacted earth or sand provided LNG tightness can be ensured,

other proven smtable matenal

3) E g EN 13445

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EN 1473:2016 (E)

The outer envelope of the tank which IS exposed to the atmosphere (metallic or concrete) shall be
designed m such a way as to mimmize water penetratiOn, whether this IS surface water, firewater,
ramwater or atmosphenc humidity Mmsture can mtroduce corrosiOn problems, detenoratwn of the
msulatwn and of the concrete
To contam hqmd m case of LNG leakage m case of double or full contamment (as defmed by their
functiOns m 6 3), the followmg reqmrements shall be apphed for the secondary contamer
If made of metal, It shall be of cryogemc grade,

1f made of pre-stressed concrete, the temperature of the pre-stressed cables shall remam
compatible with the strength of the maximum hydrostatic head It IS to be assumed for calculatiOn
that the temperature of the LNG IS apphed directly onto the mternal face, mcludmg the msulatwn, If
any,

It shall withstand all operatiOnal and accidental loadmg conditiOns, as per EN 14620, and all
hazardous conditiOns that are Identified dunng the QRA (refer to 4 4). In case of damages to the
secondary contamer, they shall be hmited m size to prevent dommo effect and loss of mtegnty of
the pnmary contamer.

For a secondary concrete contamer where a ngid base/wall connectiOn exists, a thermal protectiOn
system shall be foreseen to prevent uncontrolled crackmg m this connectiOn area This thermal
protectwn system shall be designed m accordance with EN 14620-1 2006, 7111.
6.4.3 Tank connections

External connectiOns shall be designed to accept loads Imposed from the external pipmg and mternal
pipmg, If any
The flmd and gas transfer pipes which penetrate the con tamer shall satisfy the followmg reqmrements·
penetratiOns shall not give nse to excessive heat mput,

where penetratiOns may be subject to rapid thermal contractiOn and expansiOn, If necessary the
mternal connectiOns shall be strengthened and the external connectiOns shall be designed to
transmit external pipmg loads to a thermal expansiOn compensatmg system;

there shall be no penetratiOns of the pnmary and secondary con tamer base or walls,

If needed, connectiOns shall be provided for mtrogen mto the annular space between the mner tank
and the outer contamment to enable air to be purged out before commisswmng and LNG to be
purged out after emptymg for mamtenance

The absence of wall or base penetratiOns reqmres the use of submerged pumps A platform and smtable
hftmg eqmpment on the roof shall be provided to allow pumps to be removed for mamtenance
The design shall prevent any Siphonmg effects
6.4.4 Thermal insulation

Matenals used for thermal msulatwn should be chosen from those defmed mEN ISO 16903
The mstalled msulatwn systems shall be free from contammants which can corrode or otherwise
damage the pressure-contammg components with which they come mto contact 4l

4) However, msulatwn used m the annular space or above a suspended deck (refer to defm1t10n m EN 14620) of self-
supportmg and concrete tanks, will be exposed to the b01l-off gas

38
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EN 1473:2016 (E)

Base msulatton IS mstalled beneath the pnmary contamer base to reduce heat transfer from the
foundatwn and so that heatmg of the ground If reqmred, to prevent frost heave, can be mimmized
Base msulatwn shall be designed and specified to be able to withstand any kmd of actton combmattons
as defmed mEN 14620
The thermal expanswn of components shall be taken mto account, therefore msulatwn mstalled outside
the pnmary contamer, when It IS made up of expanded perhte, can be protected from settlmg, for
example, by glass wool paddmg which absorbs vanattons m the diameter of the pnmary con tamer.
The thermal msulatton of a membrane tank shall withstand the hydrostatic load
Insulatwn of sphencal tanks shall be at the outside the sphere and shall not be not exposed to any
mternal hydraulic or mechamcal actwns.
External msulatton shall be protected from mmsture by claddmg and the mstallatton of vapour barner
Exposed msulatton shall be non-combustible
The quahty of msulatwn shall be such that no smgle pomt of the external envelope (excludmg
penetratmg components) of the tank wlll remam at a temperature below 0 oc by an air temperature
above or equal to 5 oc The relevant condittons (atmosphenc, soli, design, etc) have to be taken mto
account for the thickness calculatwns
In case of above ground storage tanks the mmimum wmd speed to be considered IS 1,5 mjs.
6.4.5 Operating actions

LNG Tanks shall be capable of withstandmg the combmattons of acttons as defmed mEN 14620 and
those resultmg from changes m temperature and pressure dunng.
mitlal cool down and warm up to amhlent temperature,

filhng and emptymg cycles

The manufacturer shall mdicate the maximum rate of temperature change that the tank can withstand
dunng cool down and warm up operattons
For self-supportmg steel tanks, the pnmary contamer shall be designed to Withstand the maximum
differential pressure which could occur durmg all operatmg phases. A system shall be provided to
prevent hftmg of the floor, If reqmred
6.5 General design rules

The structures of the tank shall be designed to withstand at least the combmatwn of acttons defmed m
EN 14620
In additton, structures and structural elements shall.
mamtam their charactenstics dunng normal conditwns, With regard to degradatwn, displacement,
settlmg and vibratton,

have adequate safety margm With regard to resistmg fatigue failure,

have adequate ductile and crack arrestmg properties and httle sensitlVlty to local damage,

provide simple stress paths with small stress concentrattons,

be smtable for conditwn momtonng, mamtenance and repair

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EN 1473:2016 (E)

The design shall mimmize any degradatiOn of the rebar or concrete to prevent reductiOn of the
structural mtegnty of the tank dunng Its design life
6.6 Foundations

FoundatiOns are designed to prevent differential settling higher than the permissible limit for the raft
The design of the foundatiOn shall be such that frost heave ts avmded etther by posttwn of the base slab
or by heatmg systems If a heatmg system IS used tt shall be capable of m service repair or replacement
and have 100% redundancy
Seismological analysis and the geotechmcal analysis of the nature of the ground shall defme the cntena
for foundatiOn design Seismic msulators may be reqmred m order to reduce the consequences of an
earthquake They shall be replaceable without decommisswmng of the tank
The raft can be raised, laid on the ground, semi-buned or m-ground
When the raft IS raised, the clearance left shall be sufficiently large to permit natural CirculatiOn of atr
which will mamtam the lower face of the raft at a temperature not more than 5 oc cooler than
atmosphenc temperature Gas detectors shall be mstalled m this bottom space to momtor the presence
or accumulatiOn of gas m case of leak. The effect of over-pressunzatwn due to Igmtwn of flammable
mixtures shall be evaluated and mitigated
Sphencal tanks founded on solid rock do not need any heatmg device when the ground IS properly
dramed and the space between the msulatwn Jacket and the rock IS properly ventilated or purged
6.7 Operating instruments
6.7.1 General

Sufficient mstrumentatwn IS reqmred to enable the tank to be commissiOned, operated and

decommissiOned m a safe manner InstrumentatiOn will mclude at least the followmg
liqmd level mdicators and/or switches,

pressure mdicators and/or switches;

temperature mdicators and/or switches,

density mdicator, (except at peak shavmg plants If provisiOns as defmed mEN ISO 16903 are taken
to prevent roll-over)

In general, the reliability of such measurements IS to be ensured by the followmg mmimum

arrangements
mstrumentatwn should be able to be mamtamed m normal operatiOn of the tank,

mstrumentatwn related to safety and operatiOn for which mamtenance reqmres dismantlmg shall
have suffiCient redundancy;

threshold detectors which have a safety functiOn (pressure, LNG level, etc) are to be mdependent
of the measurement sequence;

measurements and alarms shall be transmitted to appropnate control room(s),

m earthquake areas, cntical alarms, e.g. pressure and level, shall be transmitted by duplicated,
diverse routes to the central control room

40
 BS EN 1473·2016
EN 1473:2016 (E)

6.7.2 Liquid level

High accuracy and mdependent level devices are recommended as the means for protectwn agamst
overflow m preference to overflow-pipes.
The tank shall be fitted with mstruments that enable the level of LNG to be momtored and that enable
actwn to be taken These mstruments shall m particular allow.
contmuous measurement of the flmd level from at least two separate systems, of smtable
rehabihty; each system shall mclude high level alarms and high high level alarms,

detection of high high level based on mstrumentatwn of smtable rehabihty which IS mdependent of
the above mentwned contmuous measurements of level, detectwn shall mitiate the ESD functwn
for feed pumps and valves m feed and recirculatwn lmes.

6. 7.3 Pressure

The tank shall be fitted with mstruments, permanently mstalled and properly located which enable the
pressure to be momtored as follows.
contmuous pressure measurement,

detectwn of too high pressure, by mstrumentatwn which Is mdependent of the contmuous

measurement;

detectwn of too low pressure (vacuum) by mstrumentatwn, which IS mdependent of the

contmuous measurement Followmg vacuum detectwn, the bml off compressors and pumps shall
be stopped and If necessary, vacuum breaker gas mJected under automatic control;

If the msulated space IS not m commumcatwn with the mternal contamer, differential pressure
sensors between the msulatwn space and the mternal contamer or separate pressure sensors m the
msulatwn space shall be mstalled

6.7.4 Temperature

The tank shall be fitted with properly located, permanently mstalled mstruments which enable the
followmg momtonng.
the hqmd temperature at several depths, the vertical distance between two consecutive sensors
shall not exceed two metres,

the gaseous phase temperature,

the wall and the bottom temperature of the pnmary contamer,

the wall and the bottom temperature of the secondary contamer (unless the secondary contamer IS
a bund wall).

6.7.5 Density

The density of the LNG shall be momtored throughout the hqmd depth

41
BS EN 1473 2016
EN 1473:2016 (E)

6.8 Pressure and vacuum protection

6.8.1 General

The vanous reference flow rates which shall be taken mto consideratiOn for sizmg the boll off Circuit
and the pressure rehef valves are defmed m Annex B. They are applicable to each tank taken
mdividually. Suffinent margm shall be provided between the operatmg pressure and the design
pressure of the tank to avmd unnecessary ventmg.
6.8.2 Origin of the boil off gas in the tank vapour space

Irrespective of the means for recovery of boll off gas which might exist elsewhere (e g rehquefactwn,
compressiOn), the vapour space of the tank shall be connected to a flare/vent (see Clause 11), safety
valve (6 7.3), or possibly a rupture d1sc (6.7.4) which 1s capable of dischargmg flow rates from any hkely
combmatwn of the followmg.
evaporahon due to heat mput m tank, eqmpment and reCirculatiOn hnes,

displacement due to filhng at max1mum possible flow-rate or return gas from earner dunng
loadmg;

flash at fillmg,

vanatwns m atmosphenc pressure (see B 7),

vapounsed LNG m desuperheaters,

renrculatwn from a submerged pump,

roll-over

6.8.3 Pressure relief valves

The tank shall be fitted With over-pressure valves, plus one mstalled spare (n + 1 philosophy), directly
rehevmg to the atmosphere except m cases where a vapour em1sswn m an emergency leads to an
unwanted situatwn as descnbed m 4 5 2 1 3 In th1s case, the valves shall be hnked to the flare network
or vent system. The maximum flow to be discharged, at maximum operatmg pressure, IS either the gas
flow due to the heat mput m the event of a fire or any hkely combmatwn of the followmg flow due to·
evaporatwn due to heat mput,

displacement due to fillmg,

flash at fllhng,

vanatwns m atmosphenc pressure (see B 7),

renrculatwn from a submerged pump,

control valve(s) failure,

roll-over, m case no other dev1ce 1s envisaged (for example see 6 7 4)

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EN 1473:2016 (E)

6.8.4 Rupture disc

If the calculatiOn of the over-pressure valves or the flare/vent system does not take mto account roll-
over, a rupture disc or eqmvalent shall be mstalled whatever the other measures taken (for example,
stock management pohcies, vanous frllmg hnes)
A rupture disk can be used to protect the tank from over-pressure This device, which should be
regarded as a last resort, makes It possible to retam overall tank mtegnty by temporanly sacnficmg gas
tightness.
It shall be designed m such a way that
It can be replaced m operatiOn followmg failure,

fragments will not fall mto the tank,

fragments will not damage any other part of the tank.

Rupture of the disk shall cause all boil off gas compressors to tnp automatically
Means shall be provided to check drsc mtegnty.
6.8.5 Vacuum

6.8.5.1 General

The tank shall be prevented from gomg mto negative pressure beyond the permissrble limit, by timely
automatic shutdown of pumps and compressors, gas or mtrogen InjectiOn and by air vacuum breaker
valves
As mtroductwn of air can bnng about a flammable mixture, the air vacuum breaker valves shall act only
as a last resort m order to prevent permanent damage to the tank
6.8.5.2 Gas injection system

Gas may be Injected under automatic control to mmimrze low pressure m tank pressure (see 6 7 3)
6.8.5.3 Vacuum relief valves

The tank shall be fitted wrth vacuum rehef valves, plus one mstalled spare (n + 1 philosophy) The flow
to be admrtted at maxrmum negative pressure shall be 110 % the flow that rs reqmred to mitigate any
hkely combmatwn of the followmg causes
vanatwn of the atmosphenc pressure,

pump suctwn,

borl off gas compressor suctiOn,

LNG mjectwn mto the vapour space.

6.9 Bund walls and impounding area for single and double containment
6.9.1 General

The rules of thrs subclause do not apply to full contamment types provided that they are fully m
compliance with EN 14620 and that the secondary contamer achreves the reqmrements of 6 4 2

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BS EN 1473·2016
EN 1473:2016 (E)

6. 9.2 Impounding area for single containment

For cylmdncal smgle contamment and for sphencal tanks, an Impoundmg area IS reqmred to collect
and contam any LNG spillage
For these tanks Ifmstalled man excavatiOn, the ground could act as the Impoundmg area provided that
Its properties are smtable (see 6.4.2 and 4 4 2 5)
The Impoundmg areas of two tanks may be combmed. The design of the Impoundmg shall ensure that
the accident shall not cause damage to the adJacent tank
6.9.3 Impounding area for double containment

For double contamment, the bund walls shall be located withm 6 m from the outer envelope of the
pnmary con tamer
6.9.4 Materials

RetentiOn system matenals shall be Impermeable to LNG The thermal conductiVIty of the matenal
affects the rate of evaporatiOn followmg a spill The need to msulate the Impoundmg area and
Impoundmg basms (see 6.8 5) will depend on the results of the hazard assessment (see 4.4). InsulatiOn
coatmg of such systems shall be designed m accordance with EN ISO 16903 and EN 12066
The bottom of the Impoundmg area should not be made up of gravel as heat transfer properties would
mcrease vaponzatwn Every effort shall be made to keep the bottom free from any vegetatiOn that may
pose a fire hazard
6.9.5 Recovery of water

Impoundmg areas for LNG m which ram or firewater can collect shall mclude a means for removmg It to
ensure that the reqmred volume IS mamtamed and to prevent flotatiOn of the tank
The water shall dram to an Impoundmg basm withm the Impoundmg area and be removed by pumpmg
The pump shall be mhibited from startmg should LNG leakage be detected
6.9.6 Retention capacity

The Impoundmg area withm the bund walls shall be large enough to contam at least 110% of the gross
hqmd capacity of the biggest tank.
The operator /occupier shall demonstrate that the wall will not be overtopped, even m case of the most
severe failure Identified by hazard assessment
When the edges of the bund walls are more than 15 m away from the tank, consideratiOn shall be given
to the mstallatwn of an Impoundmg basm withm the Impoundmg area The needs of such will be
Identified m the hazard assessment m 4 4 The basm shall be capable of collectmg leaks from LNG pipe-
work mcludmg the overflow pipe (If any) withm the Impoundmg area The followmg design pnnciples
apply
the capacity shall be greater than the amount of hqmd which would be spilled by breakage of the
pipe with the highest leakage rate for the time necessary for detectiOn and for mterruptwn of flow,

an Impoundmg basm shall be open to the atmosphere

The locatiOn of the Impoundmg basm with respect to adJacent eqmpment shall have regard to the
hazard assessment and heat flux level given m Annex A
In additiOn, means for hmitmg evaporatiOn and reducmg the rate of burnmg of Igmted spills and
consequences should be considered

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EN 1473:2016 (E)

6.10 Safety equipment

6.10.1 Anti-roll-over devices

In order to avmd roll-over at least the followmg measures shall be taken

fillmg systems as defmed m 6 10 2,

a recirculatiOn system,

momtor boil off rate;

temperature/ density measurements throughout LNG depth

Other operatiOnal preventive measures may be used, such as.

avmdmg stonng significantly different qualities of LNG m the same tank;

appropnate fillmg procedure considenng the respective densities of the LNG;

specific processmg for LNG which contam a mtrogen molar fractiOn higher than 1 %,

cycle tank usage to prevent stagnatiOn of LNG mventones.

The design of the tank may be based on tank LNG behavwur simulatiOn validated software which
mtegrate fillmg and emptymg phases They may be used to predict stratificatiOn occurrences, to
estimate consequences and to evaluate the means to avmd or to manage them.
6.10.2 Protection against lightning

The tank shall be protected from hghtnmg m accordance with 12 2

6.10.3 Reliability and monitoring of structure

6.10.3.1 Reliability

LNG tanks reqmre a design that ensures that changes m the structural conditiOn of the tank are slow
and limited, on one hand, and permits momtonng of representative parameters of the tank conditiOn,
on the other
The level of rehabihty which It IS necessary to achieve as reqmred by Clause 4 can lead to the back-up of
certam components of the structure For example, the use of a pnmary contamer and a secondary
contamer
6.10.3.2 Monitoring of structure

Devices for momtonng the general conditiOn of the structure, mcludmg the foundatiOn, shall be
designed m such a way as to leave suffiCient time for actiOn If anomalies are detected
The momtored values shall be mterpreted m terms ofpre-defmed·
normal values,

alarm values,

cntical values.

The parameters which are reqmred for the momtonng of the general conditiOn of the structure are
stated below

45
BS EN 1473·2016
EN 1473:2016 (E)

6.10.3.3 Temperature sensors

Three sets of temperature sensors are reqmred

on the outer skm of the pnmary contamer wall and bottom, to momtor cool down and warm up,
except for membrane tanks,

on the warm side of the msulatwn (wall and bottom) to detect any leakage and to momtor any
detenoratwn of the msulatwn due for example to settling,

on the outer surface of concrete raft or pomt of support for all types of tanks to momtor the
temperature gradient

The outer surface of concrete walls of outer con tamers m case of full contamment may be provided With
temperature momtonng
Plots from all sensors shall be recorded m the appropnate control room(s) and any confirmatiOn of
leakage shall sound an alarm The covenng of sensors shall be sufficient to ensure that any leakage IS
detected and the temperature gradient IS momtored
6.10.3.4 Heating system control

In the case of tanks that have a heatmg system, temperature and consumptwn of power by the system
shall be contmuously recorded
6.10.3.5 Settling monitoring

Momtonng of foundatiOn settlmg shall be earned out dunng hydrotest and IS recommended dunng
operatiOn
6.10.3.6 Primary container leak detection

For all tanks where the msulatwn space IS not m commumcatwn with the pnmary contamer, a system
shall be provided for mtrogen CirculatiOn withm the msulatwn space Momtormg of the tightness of the
pnmary contamer IS then possible by detectwn of hydrocarbons m the mtrogen purge
6.10.3.7 Tank external leak and fire detection

The kmd of detectors to be used and their locatwn are defmed m Clause 13
6.11 Tank piping

6.11.1 Cool down piping

A system for cool down shall be provided to prevent cold liqmd from falling onto the bottom of a warm
tank It can termmate for example, m a spray nozzle or a perforated nng
6.11.2 Filling piping

Top and bottom filling connectwns shall be provided The bottom filling connectwn shall be provided
with a device to allow mixmg of the tank contents
6.12 Distance between tanks

The distance between tanks shall be determmed m accordance with the hazard assessment (see 4 4)
but shall not be less than the mimmum cntena given m 13 1 2

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EN 1473:2016 (E)

6.13 Commissioning and decommissioning

The devices which will be used for commisswmng and decommisswmng operatwns shall be defmed at
the design stage·
dram Clrcmts shall be designed m such a way as to allow mertmg and complete drymg, of the
msulatwn space m particular Proviswn shall be made for the takmg of samples for momtonng
these parameters,

m case the msulatwn IS directly m contact With the gas volume of the tank, provlSlon shall be taken
for purgmg and mertmg this space;

cool down pipmg shall be designed as given m 6 10 1,

the self-supportmg pnmary contamer shall be fitted with a suffiCient number of temperature
sensors m order to provide accurate momtonng of gradients m space and time (see 6 7.3 and
610 3.3),

pressure balancmg devices shall be provided for protectmg the pnmary contamer agamst mstances
of excessive negative pressure (see 6 7.3). The actual differential pressure shall be momtored
dunng commisswmng and decommisswmng

6.14 Testing

Testmg shall comply With EN 14620

7 LNGpumps

7.1 General

This clause covers the mmtmum reqmrements for specifymg, design, manufactunng, testmg, mstallmg,
operatmg and mamtenance of centnfugal pumps used for LNG services
Safety techmcal demands descnbed m EN 809 as well as safety measures on the LNG plant descnbed m
4 5, are reqmred for centnfugal pumps for LNG, designed, mstalled and operated m the plant areas
Design, manufactunng and testmg reqmrements are defmed m the followmg standards·
EN ISO 9906,

EN 12162,

EN ISO 13709

The additwnal reqmrements for LNG pumps are mcluded m Annex D

When the pump electnc motor IS supplied with a frequency mverter to adJust the speed of the pump
dunng operatwn, the followmg standards should be used·
EN 61800,

EN 12483

In this case, a study of electromagnetic compatibility and harmomc mfluence on the supply network
shall be performed These reqmrements should be taken to reduce the consequences of the use of
frequency mverters

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BS EN 1473:2016
EN 1473:2016 (E)

7.2 Materials

Matenals should be chosen from the matenals recommended for LNG use as defmed mEN ISO 16903
Care shall be taken for compatibility between matenal classes.
Other matenals may be used provided supplier can demonstrate their smtab1lity.
7.3 Specific requirements

Each pump shall be md!Vldually valved m order to enable IsolatiOn, drammg and purgmg for
mamtenance
In case of pumps runnmg m parallel, a check valve shall be mstalled ProVISIOn shall be made to avOid
hydraulic hammer from this check valve
ProvisiOns should be made to ensure that the pump would not be damaged due to low flow
For "pot" (or "can") or "column" mounted pumps, provlSlon shall be made to ensure an adequate
ventmg of the gas pockets
ConditiOn momtormg should be mstalled on the pump
The pot (or can) mounted pumps shall have provisiOn for purgmg, drammg and IsolatiOn. If the pump IS
mstalled m a pit, provisiOn shall be made to ensure that the dram and vent valves can be operated
dunng pump decommisswnmg.
7.4 Inspection and testing

A specific mspectwn and testmg programme shall be Implemented m accordance With the Annex D to
demonstrate the pump operability throughout the full operatmg conditiOns
The testmg load cases shall be defmed With regard to these operatmg conditiOns

8 Vaporization of LNG
8.1 General requirements
8.1.1 Function

The functiOn of a vaponser IS to vaponse and heat the LNG m order to send out the natural gas mto the
transmiSSIOn network at a temperature above the hydrocarbon dew pomt and not lower than 0 oc
8.1.2 Materials

Matenals can be chosen from the matenals for LNG listed m EN ISO 16903 As vaponsers are also m
contact With a heatmg flmd, one of two arrangements, shall be adopted
either the matenal IS compatible (no corrosiOn or erosiOn) with the heatmg flmd for which the
charactenstics shall be properly specified beforehand;

or a protective coatmg IS applied onto parts m contact with the heatmg flUid

Care shall be taken With compatibility of matenals It should be noted, for example, that tubes of open
rack- vaponsers are usually made of alummmm alloy while LNG pipe-work IS made of austemt1c
stamless steel
A transient analysis shall be performed m order to check the nsk of cold propagatiOn on pipmg
downstream the vaponser (see E 2 6 for momtonng and control)

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 BS EN 1473 2016
EN 1473:2016 (E)

8.1.3 Protective coating

When a protective coatmg (pamt, metal spraymg, galvamzatwn, etc) IS apphed m order to protect the
vaponser agamst chemical or physical attack from the heatmg flmd, that coatmg shall be stable both at
the temperature of the LNG and at the maximum temperature of the heatmg flmd.
The protective coatmg can gradually erode and corrode. The maximum rate of loss of the coatmg shall
be specified takmg due account of the operatmg of conditwns (flow velocities, temperature,
compositwn, duratwn ofutihzatwn)
The manufacturer of a vaponser usmg surface coatmg shall provide means for the coatmg to be
repaired or replaced
In all cases, the manufacturer shall provide a detailed descnptwn of the mamtenance of the coatmg
8.1.4 Natural gas circuits

At the vaponser outlet, pipmg matenals are to be chosen m terms of the lowest temperature that might
occur This depends on the followmg.
the set pomt of the temperature switch which automatically closes the Isolatwn valves,

the time reqmred to close the LNG valve,

thermal transients before temperature stabihzatwn;

temperature drop due to expanswn of the gas to a lower pressure

Matenals shall be.

austemtic stamless steel up to Isolatwn valves which close m the event of gas temperature below
the speofled threshold,

smtable for the lowest temperature which can occur downstream of the Isolatwn valve before It can
be shut.

8.1.5 Stability /vibration

Vaponsers shall operate m a stable conditiOn without any vibratwn for the speCified operatmg range
8.1.6 Safety relief valves

To av01d over-pressure, any vaponsers that could be Isolated (blocked m) shall have at least one safety
rehef valve The flow-rate reqmred for the rehef valve shall be calculated usmg the followmg
assumptwns·
the vaponzatwn sectwn IS filled with LNG at workmg temperature,

the Isolatwn valves of the sectwn are closed and assumed to have a tight shut-off,

the heatmg system (heatmg flmd, bath, etc) remams m service at maximum power (at maximum
possible temperature and at maximum flow rate for the heatmg medmm),

unless the shut-m overall heat transfer coeffloent IS known, the heat transfer coeffloent shall be
based on clean operatwn (I e. zero foulmg resistance) and the rated LNG flow.

The safety rehef valves may discharge directly to the atmosphere to a safe locatwn If this IS not
possible, the discharge of the safety rehefvalves shall be routed to the flare or to the vent

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8.1.7 Performance data

The nommal values of the performance data of the vaponsers, which are listed below, shall be ensured
by the manufacturer
mimmum and maximum flow,

mmimum outlet temperature,

maximum pressure drop,

maximum fuel gas flow or maxtmum heatmg medmm flow and power reqmrement,

mmimum pressure for rated duty.

8.2 Design conditions

The vaponser shall be designed, as a mmimum, to withstand the simultaneous design condttwns
defmed m Table 2
Table 2 - Simultaneous design conditions
Permanent and variable conditions to be combined
Design Pressure Operating Cooling Thermal
Weight Wind OBE
conditiOns test pressure stresses stresses
Test 1 1 - - - 1 -

Coolmg 1 - 1 1 - 1 -
Normal
operation
1 - 1 - 1 1 1

8.3 Vaporiser requirements

Specific reqmrements for some of the vaponser designs currently m common use are defmed m
AnnexE

9 Pipe-work

9.1 General

The purpose of this clause IS to highlight some features of pipe-work design that are particularly
relevant to LNG facilities
9.2 Piping systems
9.2.1 Piping system scope

The mam pipmg systems of an LNG plant mclude

mam process systems,

auxiliary process systems,

utility systems,

fire protectiOn systems

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9.2.2 The main process systems

These will depend on the type of plant but can mclude·

high pressure natural gas system, to or from the natural gas transmissiOn network,

low and high pressure LNG systems,

LNG ship loadmgjunloadmg systems, between the ship and the storage tanks; this system
termmates at the connectmg flanges to the transfer arms;

boil off gas system, mcludmg discharge to the flare/vent and vapour return to the ship;

refngerant systems, between the hquefactron compressor, the heat exchangers and any refngerant
storage.

9.2.3 Auxiliary process systems

These are made up as follows.

dram systems (gathenng of hydrocarbons dramed from mam process systems and equrpment to
dram drums or to the flare Knock out drum);

natural gas systems for use as plant fuel gas, domestic gas, denme gas ( defrostmg) and service gas,
m the plant and for the safety of storage tanks;

systems for coolmg large equrpment Items;

cool down and cold retammg systems (e.g for mamtammg LNG transfer systems at cryogemc
temperatures when on standby)

9.2.4 Utility systems

The mam utility systems are, dependmg on the type of plant

water, ml or heat transfer flurd for use as a heat source or for coolmg as appropnate;

mtrogen gas systems for use as service gas, laboratory gas and more specifically for .

safe mertmg of pipes and equrpment;

drymg of pipes and equrpment such as transfer arms, pump wells, etc;

pressunzatron of small pressure vessels as an alternative means ofliquid transfer;

seals of cryogemc rotatmg equrpment,

natural gas heatmg value and Wobbe Index correctron,

purgmg of the msulatron space outstde the pnmary contamer of appropnate LNG storage
tanks;

air systems

- mstrument arr,

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pressunzmg of electncal control boxes,

service air,

breathmg arr,

LNG earner supply systems

hqmd mtrogen,

bunker fuels;

dnnkmg water,

fire water,

steam and bmler feed water systems;

emergency fire water from firefightmg tugs to Jetty connectiOn

SpeCial provisiOns shall be taken to avmd frost damage by msulatmg, tracmg, recirculatiOn or burymg
susceptible systems
9.2.5 Fire protection systems

The mam fire protectiOn systems are descnbed m Clause 13, they are
spraymg system;

water curtams;

water j concentrate mixture for foam generatiOn,

dry chemical powder

9.3 Rules for design

9.3.1 General requirements

Recogmzed calculatiOn codes for mdustnal pipmg shall be apphed to the different systems descnbed m
92
Pipmg systems shall be m compliance with EN 13480 (all parts) pipmg code
9.3.2 Flow characteristics

The pipmg should be designed m order to ensure a smooth flow whilst avmdmg dynamic effects, e g
surge loads, hydrauhc hammers or vibratiOns, and adverse static electncity
The maximum velocity for each medium shall be defmed as a functiOn of the flowmg medmm, Its
density and the potential for static electnCJty (see [48])
The pressure drop calculatiOns shall be conducted m order to check the pressure conditiOns required
for the correct operatiOn of the pumps on the systems for loadmg and unloadmg ships, fillmg of tanks
(m the case of liquefactiOn plant) or send out from these tanks
Pressure drops shall be calculated usmg validated methods (for example the Colebrook formula for the
fnctwn factor)

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9.4 Pressure tests

All pipmg systems shall be tested accordmg to the recogmsed calculatiOn codes for mdustnal pipmg In
case of unavailable mformatwn, the followmg specificatiOns are recommended.
hydrotests· as per the PED Directives or 150 % of the desrgn pressure If PED rs not applicable,

or pneumatic tests. as per PED Directive, or 110 % of the design pressure If PED IS not applicable

For cryogemc systems the preference IS for pneumatic test. These pneumatrc tests will only be earned
out after approval by the local Authonties, upon demonstratiOn that the appropnate measures are met
to protect the personnel and that the stored energy IS withm acceptable limits (see [35]).
Safety distances may be determmed by analysis of potentral failure scenanos that may occur dunng a
test
In the absence of such an analysrs, the followmg gmdelmes may be used.
Table 3 - Recommended safety distances during pneumatic tests
Pressure Distances
bar gauge metres
~ 10 30
> 10 to 22 60
> 22 to 36 90
> 36 to 52 120
>52 to 69 150
> 69 to 80 170
> 80 Not
recommended

The gmdelmes are based on a 2" diameter and 300 mm length pipmg component bemg eJected from the
system under test by the stored pneumatic energy.
In the case that the pneumatrc test IS not possible, a hydrotest shall be conducted and thorough drymg
earned out after the test; mcludmg valve disassembly If necessary. Hydrotest water quality should be
adequate, especially with regard to chlonde content when testmg stamless steel pipe work See 15 3
Prpe supports shall be checked for the werght of the !me full of water
Dunng the tests the systems and their battery limits shall be desrgned m order to reduce the number of
"golden welds"
The flanged connectwns shall be checked for leakage after cleanmg and m-lme mstrument re-
mstallatwn when the system rs re-pressunsed. The "golden welds" should also be checked for trghtness
at thrs trme
Leakage from the system shall not be acceptable
9.5 Piping components
9.5.1 General

The matenals of constructiOn for pipes and accessones shall be chosen accordmg to the condrtwns of
use Examples of these matenals are grven mEN ISO 16903

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Two cases are to be considered

matenals m permanent or occaswnal contact with LNG,

matenals m acodental contact with LNG due to a leakage or spillage of LNG.

In the first case, the matenals shall have cryogemc properties so there IS no nsk of bnttleness due to the
temperature of the LNG
In the second case, accordmg to the results of the hazard assessment (see 4 4 2 3), spec1al precautwns
shall be taken, for example.
use of cryogemc matenals,

msulatwn with a smtable matenal

In order to Improve the flre resistance, the process pipmg system- that can be exposed to fire or heat
shall not be fabncated from matenal with a meltmg pomt lower than steel The flre exposed pipmg
could exist m areas where spilled hydrocarbon could collect or accumulate and be on flre, or subject to a
Jet flre, followmg an accident or a hydrocarbon release
For LNG or cold gas pipes, arrangements shall be made to prevent the followmg
any differential contractwns sufficient to cause deformatwn, Jammmg of movmg parts, alignment
defects, etc;

Icmg up of components m contact With the atmosphere If the phenomenon cannot be avoided, the
weight of accumulated 1ce shall be considered for the calculatwn of supports

Positive IsolatiOn shall be provided where It IS necessary to protect personnel undertakmg mternal
mspectwn or mamtenance of equipment This can be m the form of.
a removable spool piece;

a spectacle blmd or spade and spacer

9.5.2 Pipe

9.5.2.1 General

Pipmg shall be m compliance with recogmzed standards

9.5.2.2 Pipe joints

Jomts between pipes made by weldmg shall be m accordance With the followmg speCificatwns
exclusive use of filler metals approved by the owner,

weldmg accordmg to a procedure quahfied accordmg to EN ISO 15614-1,

use of welders and/ or operators quahf1ed accordmg to EN ISO 9606-1,

mspectwn before, durmg and after weldmg m compliance with EN ISO 9712.

Weldmg of different pipe matenals shall be made with special care espeCially wtth regard to thermal
stresses ansmg from differential contractwn and electrochemical corroswn
Flange JOmts shall be limited to a mmimum m particular for mamtenance operatiOns. If these types of
JUnctiOns are used, special precautwns shall be taken when the bolts are tightened More particularly,

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for cryogemc services, precautwns shall be taken to prevent any leak dunng cooldown, e.g. bolt pre-
tenswmng, spnng washers Flanged connectwns shall be designed m accordance with EN 1591 (all
parts)
PN designated flanges and gaskets shall be m accordance with EN 1092-1 and non-metallic flat gaskets
shall be m accordance With EN 1514-1
Non-welded JOmts shall be tested m accordance with EN 12308
9.5.2.3 Pipe supports

The support shall perm1t the movement of the pipe due to thermal contractiOn or expanswn without
exceedmg allowable stresses The support design shall smt this functwn and shall prevent any cold
bndge between the pipe and the structure on which It IS restmg or from which It 1s hangmg.
The design of the supports and related pipmg shall consider the vibratwns and surge loads m the lme
9.5.2.4 Compensation of contractions due to cold

All p1pmg systems shall be subJect to stress analysis usmg recogmsed p1pmg codes. This analysis could
be empmcal or based on computer models, dependmg upon the confidence to cover all the load cases
operatiOnal (thermal, weight, mternal pressure or vacuum, etc) and accidental (surge loads,
earthquake, settlement, etc) The confidence m the results shall be documented
Special measures shall be taken mto account m order to absorb dimenswnal vanatwns of pipes lmked
With changes of temperatures, e g
expanswn loops;

hmge type compensators capable of OSClllatmg about ItS long1tudmal aXIS (ca 5°);

hmged systems,

matenal (e g Invar) that are not subJect to excessive expanswn/shnnkage.

It IS recommended that bellows expanswn JOmts be avmded m process hnes

Special care should be taken for small branch connectiOns to headers to avmd any rupture or bucklmg
of the mam headers where these have thm walls, due to the apphcatwn of external loads
In case of plant expanswn and new hnes mterconnected with the ex1stmg pipmg system, the pipe stress
analysis shall cover the existmg pipmg system as a mmimum up to the first anchor pomts, on each hne,
where all freedom degrees are blocked In case of vibratmg hnes the vibratwn analysis shall extend m
accordance with the vibratwnfpulsatwn studies recommendatwns.
In case of plant debottleneckmg or revampmg, any change m the pipmg system that could affect the
pipe behavwur, stabihty or mtegnty shall be subJect to a new pipe stress analysis. In case of vibratmg
hnes, any change that modifies the pipe natural frequency shall be subJect to a new vibratwn analysis
9.5.3 Flexible hoses

Flexible hoses may be used to make small temporary connectwns for the transfer of LNG and other
cryogemc hqmds such as refngerant and hqmd mtrogen, for example when emptymg or filhng road
tankers of LNG or hqmd mtrogen and they can also be used for transfer operatwns between small LNG
earners and LNG satelhte plants The use of flexible hoses shall be m accordance with the hazard
assessment (see Clause 4)
Flexible hoses shall not exceed 15 m m length and 0,5 m3 m volume. The1r nommal pressure shall be
hmited to PN 40

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Flextble hoses shall not be used for the routme transfer of LNG between large LNG earners and shore at
conventwnal LNG termmals
Flextble hoses shall be destgned m accordance wtth relevant codes and/or standards, such as EN 12434.
9.6 Valves

Valves shall be destgned, manufactured and tested m accordance wtth EN 12567

Cryogemc valves shall comply wtth the requtrements of EN 12567 Cryogemc valves shall be
capable of operatmg even m the presence of ICe

In-ltne spltt body valves are not recommended m cryogemc servtces

Valves to be mstalled m cryogemc hydrocarbon servtce and toxtc systems are recommended to
have butt-welded ends

It IS recommended that cryogemc welded valves be destgned to enable the mamtenance of the
mternal components wtthout removal of the valve body from the hne.

Valves m hydrocarbon servtce shall be ftre safe accordmg to EN ISO 10497

The number of valves should be hmtted to reduce the potenttal for leakage. However consideratiOn shall
be gtven to the followmg
requtrements for sectwnal depressunzatwn ofptpe and equtpment systems,

safe rsolatwn of LNG or any hazardous flutd sources or spectfJc equtpment or tankage,

hmttatwn of the volume of LNG or any hazardous flutd spilt m the event of a leak

Emergency shut down (ESD) valves for equtpment shall be located as close as posstble to the
equrpment
ESD valves should not be used as a part of process control system ESD valves shall be fall-safe wtth
pneumatrc or hydraulic actuators Preference IS grven to failsafe posrtwn spnng return actuators
However, If thrs type rs not possible, local accumulators srzed for 3 smgle operatwns shall be provtded
Actuators and aboveground connectmg devrces and cables shall be frre proofed (e g at 1100 oc dunng
the time needed to Implement ESD, see 14 3)
ESD valves may be used to !me up process flows Closed ESD valves shall only be reset to an open
positiOn locally at the ESD valve
The ESD valves stroke trme shall be compattble wrth the assumptiOns made dunng the hazard
assessment (see Clause 4) The desrgner shall ensure that any actwns, for example due to hydraulic
pressure hammer (surges) on the tank or equtpment nozzles caused by closmg of the emergency shut
down (ESD) valves shall be kept m acceptable ltmrts
Cryogemc extended bonnet valves shall be mstalled with the stem m the verttcal upwards posrtton or
wtthm 45° ofverttcal Before mstallatwn many other posttJOn, rt shall be venfled and tested to show m
the foreseen posttton that the valve design does not present any nsk of leakage or setzure Thts
requtrement does not apply to small bore mstrument 1solatmg valves
9.7 Reliefvalves

Rehefvalves should be normally mstalled un-msulated

Rehef valves shall be srzed m accordance with the recommendatiOns of [3] and [10] mcludmg the
formulae for heat mput from ftres

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Thermal relief valves for the protectiOn of eqmpment, p1pmg and hoses from over-pressure resultmg
from ambient heat mput to blocked m LNG or other light hydrocarbon liqmds shall be mstalled. They
are reqmred where the pressure of the flmd at the maximum ambient temperature mcludmg that
obtamed as the result of solar radiatiOn could exceed the design pressure, at least m the followmg
locatiOns
any volume of p1pmg or eqmpment contammg liqmd w1thm the sectiOn limits of the process plant,

any volume of p1pmg or eqmpment capable of IsolatiOn m particular all of sectiOns pipe between
two valves where LNG or cold gas nsks bemg trapped m storage and (un)loadmg areas

The discharge of the relief valves IS dealt With as defmed m 4 52 13

When relief valves could be Isolated from the eqmpment and/or system that they are protectmg speCial
provisiOns shall be Implemented to ensure that the pressure m the eqmpment and/or system shall be
contmuously momtored and controlled m case of IsolatiOn valve closure These provlS!ons could be·
mterlocked valves m case of several relief valves;

locked or sealed valves With safety management system;

speCial workmg procedure under safety permit system

9.8 Thermal insulation

9.8.1 General

The quality and type of msulatwn matenals shall be determmed m accordance With the followmg
reqmrements
their degree of flammability and gas absorptiOn,

sensitiVIty of the msulatwn matenals to mmsture;

large temperature gradients;

low temperatures

The features of the msulatmg matenals shall be provided m accordance with the relevant codes and/ or
standards
Low chlonde content msulatwn shall be used to avmd corrosiOn of stamless steel
9.8.2 Piping insulation

P1pmg systems shall be msulated, where reqmred, to·

mimmize energy consumptiOn;

provide protectiOn agamst condensatiOn and/ or frost,

protect employees

InsulatiOn IS provided by applymg·

an msulatmg matenal,

a vapour barner, for cold pipmg, to prevent mgress of mmst a1r leadmg to condensatiOn and
freezmg of water vapour,

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mechamcaljweather protectiOn, which can also ensure fire resistance where reqmred according to
983

When InsulatiOn IS put Into place, precautiOns shall be taken at

flanges, In order to provide enough space for the bolts to be sat1sfactonly tightened and removed;

moving parts of piping,

pipe supports and hangers

InsulatiOn on p1pe JOints (welds, flanges) should not to be put Into place before proof test of the piping
ConsideratiOn should be given to shop pre-Insulated pipe work
9.8.3 Fire behaviour

When designing multi component InsulatiOn systems the fire behavwur of all components, Including
mastic, sealants, vapour barners and adhesives, shall be proved and documented to ensure that the
system will not cause the fire to spread and any vapours emitted shall not cause an unacceptable nsk of
tOXICity
9.8.4 Gas absorption

For obvwus safety reasons, porous msulatwn products hkely to absorb gaseous methane shall be
avmded
9.8.5 Moisture resistance

Mmsture present In InsulatiOn systems very qmckly 1mpa1rs the performance of the InsulatiOn
matenals For example, 1 % mmsture m volume contained In an InsulatiOn matenal reduces Its thermal
efficiency by 20% to 30%
Water can penetrate Into an InsulatiOn matenal In two different ways.
either In the hqmd state;

or as water vapour which condenses within the InsulatiOn matenal

Some InsulatiOn matenals are waterproof to a certain extent, but most of them are permeable to gases
and thus to water vapour.
In order to avoid water vapour Ingress, an efficient vapour barner shall be provided and placed around
the InsulatiOn matenat except when the InsulatiOn IS Itself water vapour tight
9.8.6 Differential movements

A water vapour tight InsulatiOn system should be achieved It shall be designed to remam gas tight even
after undergoing the antiCipated differential movements between the p1pe and the vanous products
that make up the InsulatiOn system (Including the vapour barner(s), coatings, cell fillers, metal Jackets)
The JOints, mostly contractiOn JOints, shall be designed to resist differential movement cycles In relatiOn
to both Internal and external temperature vanatwns
The thickness of each InsulatiOn layer shall, If necessary, be hm1ted In order to reduce the shear stresses
due to the temperature gradient between the warm and the cold s1de, to a value less than the maximum
acceptable shear stress, whilst taking Into account a safety factor

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9.8.7 Thickness determination

Thickness should be calculated accordmg to EN ISO 12241 takmg mto account the followmg
reqmrements
safety (siZing of the over-pressure valves);

bml-offhmrtatwn, this hm1tatwn rs determmed for vanous reasons

cost;

s1zmg of the gas treatment eqmpment (re condensers, disposal flaresjvents);

control of surface condensatiOn.

When requested by EN ISO 12241, more precise methods should be used to accurately predict heat gam
and msulatwn surface temperature, see for example [20] and [21].
The consequences of condensatiOn are for example.
m temperate or cold zones, outside surface condensatiOn can turn mto Ice, which can lead to
premature agemg of the vapour barners or protective coatmgs;

m humid regwns, a large quantity of condensatiOn can cause corrosiOn and has a negative mfluence
on plant, algae and m1cro-orgamsm proliferatiOn, which m turn would accelerate agemg of the
vapour barners or external coatmgs.

In order to avmd outside surface condensatiOn on the msulatwn system, the difference between the
ambient external temperature and the surface temperature shall be hm1ted, to ensure that the outside
surface temperature rs higher than the dew pomt temperature for about 75 o/o of the trme when It IS not
rammg
This hm1t can be determmed for each case based on local ambient conditiOns
As an alternative, calculatiOns may be based on the assumptiOns of Table 4 and for these condrtwns
calculatiOn shall be performed to show that no condensatiOn will occur
Table 4 - Atmospheric conditions to calculate insulation thickness if no local data are available

Wind Relative humidity Temperature

(m/s) (%) (OC)

Tropical zone 1,5 85 35

Subtropical zone 1,5 80 32
Desert zone 1,5 70 32
Mediterranean zone 1,5 80 30
Temperate zone 1,5 80 25
Polar zone 1,5 75 20

In case of areas where there Is no natural ventilatiOn, "no wmd" conditiOns shall apply
9.8.8 Thermal conductivity

The thickness depends on the thermal conductiVIty of the matenal(s) at temperatures rangmg from the
flmd temperature to ambient

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NOTE Manufacturer's literature and techmcal documents do not always g1ve the thermal conductiVIty of each
matenal at cryogemc temperatures

As far as plastic foams are concerned, this value heavily depends on several factors such as.
density,

blowmg (CFCs are no longer authonsed),

mmsture,

agemg

All matenals permeable to water vapour are sensitive to mmsture. Consequently, the thermal
conductivity correctiOn applied on the measured values to take this mto account shall be greater than m
the case of temperatures close to ambient conditiOns, as the mmsture mtake IS much greater
The thermal conductivity value used for thickness calculatiOn Will need to take account of the followmg
(see also EN ISO 10456)·
selectiOn of msulatwn matenal.

water vapour tightness,

dimensiOnal changes at cryogemc temperatures, espeCially m expansiOn loops,

detenoratwn,

selectiOn and applicatiOn of the vapour barner

film or coatmgs;

smgle layer on the outside or multiple layers;

longitudmal partitiOnmg or not,

quality of the products and source of supply,

remforcement or not,

nsks of detenoratwn and, If the eqmpment has been damaged, study of the nsk of local or
widespread damage,

resistance to mamtenance activity,

climatic conditiOns.

dry, temperate or tropical zones,

nsk of outside thaw,

nsk of mechamcal damage·

foot traffic on pipmg or eqmpment;

design and quality of cntical pomts such as tees, elbows, supports, flanges, valves, etc,

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- mamtenance quality,

qualificatwn of the msulation contractor.

quality of workmanship;

JObsite protectwn m case of bad weather;

operatmg temperature,

vanable or constant service temperature,

JOb complexity

- number of elbows, connectwns, valves, etc

9.9 Pipe rack/pipe way

Pipes are arranged either on a pipe-rack or pipe-way The mam and auxiliary process systems shall be
routed m the open air as much as possible so as to avmd any confmement of combustible gas.
Supports shall be sized so as to resist the cases of actwns defmed m Annex F
Supports shall be protected agamst the exposure to fire (see 13 2 1) and/or a leak of LNG or cold gas
(see 13 2 2 ) If reqmred by the hazard assessment.
The ground below the pipe racks shall be smtably graded and sloped to avmd poolmg of ram water and
spilled hydrocarbons.
9.10 Corrosion

Pipmg systems shall be designed so as to prevent any leak due to corroswn or pittmg durmg the
lifetime of the plant. The chmce of matenals and corroswn allowances shall be made accordmg to the
operatmg and environmental conditwns (presence of chlondes or sulphurous or mtrogenous
compounds).
Speoal measures shall be taken such as cathodic protectiOn and the applicatwn of corroswn-proof
coatmgs adapted to the nsk mvolved (see 12 3 and 161)

10 Reception/send out of natural gas

10.1 Metering
10.1.1 Background

Flow metenng can be reqmred for fiscal, custody transfer or matenal balance purposes. The accuracy of
the metenng systems shall be sufficient for the purpose
10.1.2 Flow metering

Flow metenng shall be conducted m accordance with EN 177 6.

Turbme flow meters should be protected agamst burstmg of the pnmary filter

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10.2 Gas quality

10.2.1 Background

Natural gasSJ should meet mimmum reqmrements for gas quality when entenng at the mlet of
liquefactiOn plant These mmimum reqmrements should enable to match the expected gas quality at
the outlet of the liquefactiOn plant. The gas quality sent out to network from a receivmg termmal shall
meet the local reqmrements m particular concernmg.
total HzS content;

the average calonfrc value and the Wobbe Index range of the gas

All domestic gas supplied can be odonzed (see 10 3 and Annex M)

Gas arnvmg m an LNG export plant may reqmre that certam contammants be removed before the gas
can be liquefied (refer 12 6)
10.2.2 Gas quality adjustment

Gas leavmg the LNG mstallatwns shall comply with pipe gas quality parameters such as Wobbe Index,
calonfic value and, If required, odour mtens1ty.
Accurate analysis of the existmg streams IS reqmred to ensure that these parameters are bemg met.
There shall be on-line momtonng and a means of correctmg the gas quality parameters, should It be
antiCipated that It could go out of the reqmred range.
This correctiOn can be earned out by the additiOn of propane or butane to low calonflc value streams
(such as bml-off) or air jmtrogen to high Wobbe Index streams (such as "aged" LNG)
NOTE It can be more cost effective to produce an LNG of a quality that Will not go out of the reqmred range
Withm the normal storage penod than to adJUSt the gas quahty at the send out

Accurate metenng, analysis and control systems are required to ensure corrective actiOns can be taken
rapidly and smoothly.
10.3 Odourizing

Odounzatwn storage and InJectiOn eqmpment may be provided at mstallatwns where reqmred either
by local regulatiOn or at the client's request for gas entenng the supply system
SpecificatiOns for the charactenstics of odourants, constructiOn and operatiOn of odounzatwn
mstallatwns shall be m accordance With relevant standards If no standard exists, odounzatwn
mstallatwns may be designed m accordance with Annex M

11 Boil off recovery and treatment plants

11.1 General

Boil off recovery plants shall be mstalled m order to collect LNG bml off due to heat m leak and flash
present m the feed when fillmg tanks or when loadmg LNG earners
The vapours shall be safely disposed of through re-hquefactwn, used as fuel gas, vapour to tankers
(termmals only), re-compressed to gas network or as a last resort flared or released to the atmosphere
PrecautiOns shall be taken to prevent any penetratiOn of air mto the bml off recovery systems

5) If feed gas Is synthetic or bwgas, the same rules shall apply

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EN 1473:2016 (E)

The bml off recovery plants generally compnse

bml off collectiOn p1pe-work,

system(s) of gas transfer to/ from the tanker(s),

bml off gas compressors;

re-condensers and or re-hquefactwn system

11.2 Boil off collection system

This system shall be designed so that no direct em1sswn of cold gas mto the atmosphere can anse
dunng normal operatiOn
The system shall be designed at least for the followmg
boll off of tanks and all receivers contammg LNG,

degassmg systems ofpipmg and eqmpment contammg LNG,

gas displaced from a LNG earner durmg loadmg.

The bml off system shall be designed applymg the same s1zmg rules as those defmed m Clause 9. The
constituent matenals shall have cryogemc properties (the boll off gases can reach temperatures close
to - 160 °C) The laggmg of pipes shall be of the same thickness as that of low pressure LNG pipes of the
same diameter, unless the bml off1s routed to the flarejvent system (see 11 6)
The maximum workmg pressure of the boll off system shall be compatible with the maximum pressure
capable of ansmg at the time of the opemng of the degassmg system or be eqmpped with a double
pressure hm1tmg device
Valved dram pomts, connected to the dram system shall be mstalled at low pomts of all mam lmes or
flare lmes (upstream of flare knock out drum)
The connectiOns between the tanks and boll off collectiOn system are recommended With valvmg and
mstrumentatwn enablmg.
IsolatiOn of a tank,

reductiOn of the pressure of one tank, without altenng the pressure of the others,

the measurement of any bml off rate reductiOn each tank, as part of the strategy for roll-over
preventiOn as descnbed m 6.9.1.

11.3 System of gas return to tanker( s) or to export terminal

The system connects the bml off collectiOn system to the vapour return arm of the Jetty.
It shall provide for the transfer of gas from the tanks to the LNG earner or reverse, m order to
compensate the volume of hqmd displaced durmg unloadmg or loadmg, and the collectiOn of boll off
from the tanker while It stays at the jetty
If necessary, a blower or booster compressor can be used.
The pipes shall have the same charactenstJcs as those of the collectiOn systems.

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11.4 Boil off gas recovery

The bml off gas can be.

re-hquef1ed,
re-condensed m the LNG send out pnor to vaponzatwn,
used as fuel gas;
re-compressed and sent to gas network
In rece1vmg termmals, the bml off gas IS usually compressed and cooled, then mtroduced mto a re-
condenser where It IS re-liquefied m contact with all or part of the send out flow of low pressure LNG.
The re-condenser shall be designed m accordance with EN 13445 (all parts) and shall be made up of
matenals with cryogemc charactenst1cs. It shall be msulated
11.5 Gas compressor

The compressors shall be eqmpped with systems to hm1t the pressure downstream to avmd the nsk of
exceedmg the maximum design pressure of the eqmpment that IS mstalled downstream
Gas compressors shall be eqmpped With a shut down sequence either manually or automatically
Imtiated which enables them to be Isolated m the event of senous damage
Adequate ventilatiOn shall be provided m any space of a gas compressor, such as the crankcase, that
could become over-pressunsed. Vents shall be led to a safe area.
11.6 Flarejvent
11.6.1 General

All emissiOns to the atmosphere shall be momtored, controlled and registered

The faCilities shall be fitted With a flare or vent system(s)
The flare or vent has two conditiOns the normal and acCidental flows
The normal flow rate results from all operatmg configuratiOn modes, either steady or transient, nommal
or downgraded, but staymg w1thm the facility Imtial design mtent
The acCidental flow rate IS the highest flow rate that results from an uncontrolled and/or unplanned
event which may occur dunng operatiOn It IS the sum of the normal flow rate and the highest total flow
related to other possible uncontrolled /unplanned scenanos that may occur simultaneously.
The hazard assessment shall determme the combmatwn(s) of events which may actually occur
simultaneously without double Jeopardy (simultaneous unrelated events)
If for any reason, some downgraded SituatiOns are not mcluded m the "normal flow rate" (e g
commisswmng, coohng down of warm LNG tanker from dry dockmg, etc) the designer shall check that
the related flow rate added to the normal flow rate IS lower than the acCidental flow rate
The conditiOns that cause these flows vary sigmficantly between LNG Import and export termmals
The layout of the flare/vent shall respect the radiatiOn flux levels defmed m Table A 3 and where
practicable shall be chosen accordmg to the preva!lmg wmd m order to mmimize the nsk of the flame
bemg reached by a flammable gas cloud (flare) and flammable gas cloud reachmg an 1gmtwn source
(vent)

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11.6.2 For import terminal

The facility IS designed around the premise of no contmuous flanng or ventmg, 4 2 4 Under accidental
conditiOns a flare or vent shall safely dispose of all envisaged flows. The two mdicative flow-rates,
normal and accidental, are Identified and defmed as
the normal flow rate which IS the sum of the flow rates defmed m 6 7.2, excludmg roll-over, and the
bml off gas due to heat mput of all receivers contammg LNG (pipes, dram drums, etc) This flow
rate IS mtermittent by defmitiOn,

the accidental flow rate, which IS the greater of the two followmg combmatwns·

normal flow rate and flow rate at the outlet of the safety relief valve of one vaponser as defmed
m 8.1 6, If It IS connected to the same flarejvent system,

normal flow rate and flow rate at the outlet of the rehef valves of one tank as defmed m 6 7 3, If
they are connected to the same flarejvent system.

The flarejvent shall be sized for the maximum gas flow rate that can be envisaged, r.e accidental flow
rate If the rehef valves of tanks and vaponsers are not connected to the flare/vent system, alternative
flow conditiOns will form the basis of the accidental flow rate This typically can mclude one or a
combmatwn of the followmg
normal flow rate, 6.7.2, excludmg roll-over,

emergency loads such as depressunzmg loads;

one or more abnormal operatmg loads such as·

unloadmg of an LNG earner without returmng gas displaced from the storage tank to the
earner for some reason;

cool down of the LNG earner tanks,

off-spec gas that cannot be recovered and has to be flared/vented

High-pressure gas release may be routed to a separate flarejvent, for example the flow rate from the
rehefvalve of one vaponser which for the SituatiOn IS considered to be the accidental flow rate
11.6.3 For export terminal

The events creatmg the accrdental loads on the flare/vent shall be tabulated m a relief and de-
pressunzmg summary to establish the accrdental flare /vent load
Relief loads ansmg from control valve failures and blocked flow outlets are often defmmg the accidental
load cases
Normal loads anse from any event that IS under the control of the operator plus loads due to heat
leakages and loadmg operatiOn
Often a separate low pressure flare IS provided for the storage and loadmg area.
Export termmal often have "wet" and "dry" flare systems.
Wet system carnes gas with significant water content
Dry flare systems are for cryogemc quality gas
Acrd gas flare systems are sometimes provided

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12 Auxiliary circuits and buildings

12.1 Electrical equipment
12.1.1 General requirements

All electncal eqmpment, mstrumentatwn eqmpment and mstallatwns located m hazardous area (see
4 5.2 1 2) shall be m accordance with the EN 60079 j IEC 60079 senes accordmg to Clause 2
A study should be undertaken to defme the reqmred IP classificatiOn for electncal eqmpment as
specified mEN 60529 and EN 60034-5
12.1.2 Main electric power supply

The plant may either Import electncal power from the local gnd or generate Its own power, or a
combmatwn of the two cases.
If power IS Imported from the local gnd, It IS preferred that there are two mdependent mcommg power
lmes to mamtam supply mtegnty. The power supply to the plant system should be reviewed to Identify
any pomt where the mdependent lmes may )Om or where there IS a nsk to both mdependent supplies
from a common mode failure
The mcommg lines shall each be rated to
a) carry the full load of the LNG plant;

b) enable at any time the startmg of the largest motor on the plant without excessive voltage drops at
the mam bus-bars or the other motor termmals.

Gnd transmission voltage IS stepped down to site voltage at the entry to the plant by power
transformers The transformers should each be capable of supplymg the full load of the plant
Where the plant generates Its own power without connectiOn to a gnd, the power source shall have
spare capacity to allow one power generatmg umt to be off lme and still mamtam the necessary power
to the plant.
Where the plant generates Its own power there shall be proviSion to start the plant up from complete
shutdown. This IS often called a "black start" Start up procedures shall consider that the normal fuel to
the power generatiOn umts may be unavailable at a black start
The owner should consider If a stability analysis of the electncal system IS reqmred, particularly If
vanable speed dnves are used The effect of a short duratiOn voltage d1p should be considered
12.1.3 Emergency Power Supply (EPS)

An Emergency Power Supply shall be provided. It shall be designed to ensure, m case of failure of the
mam electncal power supply, all the VItal functiOns for the safety of staff and the facility are mamtamed
The capanty of the emergency electncal power shall be adequate to bnng the plant to a controlled and
orderly shutdown state m the event of total loss of power supply The designer shall Identify all loads on
the emergency generator
In case of plant expansiOn, the EPS capanty shall be checked to ensure that the mm1mum loads are still
covered
As a mimmum It shall
provide power for one m-tank pump,

ensure the LNG earner can cease a transfer operatiOn and leave the berth If reqmred,

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mamtam all safety cnticaL loads (process mstrumentatwn, flre and safety eqmpment and
assonated systems, MOV's (Mechamcally Operated Valves), telecoms, warmng hghts, essential
hghtmg, etc),

start and run the firewater Jockey pumps,

mamtam sufflnent power to the electnc nrcular nng of the heatmg (If fitted) of the LNG storage
tanks foundatwns, m case of above ground tank or to the needed electncal heatmg systems m case
of mground tank;

provide an mstrument air and/ or mtrogen supply If reqmred for safety functwns.

Emergency generator shall have a mmimum of 24 h fuel supply m the "day tank" sited at the generator
and be capable of bemg refuelled when runmng
The designer should establish If mam eqmpment Items need a power supply to ensure safe shut and
cool down
12.1.4 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

An Umnterruptible Power Supply shall be provided

It shall provide power to cntical control and safety systems so that the plant may be kept m a safe
conditwn for a mimmum of 60 mm.
In case of plant expanswn, the UPS capacity shall be checked to ensure that the mmimum autonomy IS
still mamtamed.
12.1.5 Lighting

Lightmg shall be provided m plant areas where safe access and safe conditwns for work activities IS
reqmred at mght
An emergency battery hghtmg system shall be provided to allow the safe escape of staff from accessible
areas of the plant m the event of a power and essential hghtmg failure, or an emergency Situatwn
12.2 Lightning and earthing
12.2.1 Lightning protection

Lightnmg protection shall be m accordance with EN 62305 (all parts)

The followmg mstallatwns shall be, as a mmimum, protected agamst hghtmng
tanks and their accessones,

marme transfer arms,

bmldmgs,

flares and vents

12.2.2 Earthing circuit

Earthmg shall be m accordance with CENELEC standards, m particular HD 60364-5-54

The design shall ensure personnel protectwn and av01d potential difference between metallic
components and the possibihty of spark generatwn m hazardous areas

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12.3 Cathodic protection

All underground/subsea metallic parts should be protected where necessary agarnst corrosiOn usmg
appropnate coatmg and/or cathodic protectiOn m accordance with the relevant codes and/or
standards
In case of plant expansiOn, the anode beds shall be checked to ensure that the mmimum loads are still
covered
12.4 Warning lights

Tanks and other elevated structures shall be fitted With warnmg lights to comply With air and safety
navigatiOn regulatiOns
The Jetty shall have navigatiOnal lights m accordance with local manne regulatwns
12.5 Sea water supply
12.5.1 Materials

Matenals shall be carefully selected m terms of flmds and the Site environment
Particular attentiOn shall be pard to the compatibility of matenals to avmd any galva nrc corrosiOn
12.5.2 Water pumping

It IS recommended that the number and Sizmg of coolmg water pumps or seawater pumps IS such that
unavailability of a pump of the highest rated capacity Will not prevent the water reqmrements of
exchangers and coolmg services from bemg met
The design of the seawater mtake often reqmres detailed study to ensure that the filtratiOn and
hydraulic reqUirements of the seawater pumps are correctly addressed.
Frltratron shall be provrded m accordance wrth pump and related eqmpment manufacturer
reqmrements
Water Circmts are susceptible to mternal corrosiOn and/or foulmg by natural organrsms Measures to
prevent this should be fitted If reqmred. The discharge of water treated with anti- corrosiOn and anti-
foulmg chemicals shall be m comphance with the drscharge permit(s) for the plant (see 4 2 1, 4.2.2 and
4 2 3) The discharge temperature of the water shall be m compliance with the discharge permit(s)
12.6 Gas contaminant removal plant

Some hquefactwn plants reqmre gas treatment to remove gas contammants such as mercury, sulphur,
carbon dwxrde, mercaptans and aromatics from the mcommg gas
Fac!lrtres and procedures shall be m place for the secure handlmg, storage and recyclmg or drsposal of
these matenals and therr removal med1a rf reqmred.
Matenal Safety Data Sheets for the absorptiOn and reactant media shall be provrded and shall state
11 11
specific reqmrements for safe disposal or recyclmg of the matenal m a Used" or Spent" conditiOn
12.7 Instrument air

When mstrument air IS used Its supply shall be reliable. This shall usually mean the prov!Slon of at least
two air compressors each capable of supplymg the total requirement
Instrument air supplies shall be guaranteed for the time mterval needed to put the plant m a safe
conditiOn on failure of the mam power source Thrs shall be for a mimmum of 3 mm Thrs may be
achieved by for example, providmg air receivers to provrde the necessary storage

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If the mstrument air compressors are electncally dnven, at least one, capable of supplymg the total
reqmrements, should have Its power supplied from the emergency power supply
The arr shall be dned to a dew pomt compatible wrth the plant mrmmum ambrent temperature
conditiOns The dew pomt shall be at least -30 oc and 5 oc below am brent temperature (both referenced
to atmosphenc pressure)
The mstrument air system IS to be mdependent of the plant air or servrce air systems.
12.8 Fuel (utility) gas

An LNG plant may be eqmpped wrth a fuel gas system The mam applicatiOns dependmg on the type of
the plant are the followmg
gas fired vaponzers;

gas turbme or gas engme dnven compressors and generators,

steam bmlers and process heaters,

tank safety, as vacuum breaker gas;

flare pilot gas and purge

Fuel gas used wrthm the plant shall not be odonzed Leak detectiOn shall be provided by the gas
detectiOn system as 13 4
12.9 Nitrogen system

Nitrogen can be produced on Site or delivered as liqmd mtrogen by road or rall

Certam process conditiOns such as molecular Sieve regeneratiOn or for lllJeCtiOn as a component m a
make-up stream may reqmre that a high quality mtrogen supply rs used.
The mtrogen rs used mamly for.
gas treatment (calonflc value adJustment);

pressunzatwn,

eqmpment, LNG tank msulatwn space and pipmg purgmg,

drymg and mertmg,

raprd extmctwn of flares and vents,

coolmg,

refngerant cycle make up

The liquefred mtrogen pipe-work shall be designed With cryogemc matenals m accordance wrth
recogmzed local codes and/or standards, examples of acceptable matenals are given mEN ISO 16903
Cross connection between gaseous mtrogen systems and air systems IS not perm1tted for safety
reasons

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12.10 Buildings

Bmldmg design and constructiOn shall comply with the reqmrements of hazard assessment
(see 4 4 2 5), the followmg standards and with local regulatiOns, especially for seismic design
EN 1992-1-1,

EN 1993-1-1,

EN 1994-1-1,

EN 1998-1

For the electncal mstallatwns ofbmldmgs, see also [11]

Where Identified m the hazard assessment, bmldmgs shall be pressunzed (see EN 60079-13
gmdehnes). Forced ventilatiOn air mtakes for bmldmgs shall be fitted with gas detectors to shut down
ventilator fans and mhibit start up to avoid any nsk of sendmg gas mto the bmldmg
The permanently manned control rooms shall be designed to enable occupatiOn for sufficient time for
the emergency procedures to be put mto effect and to permit evacuatiOn to a safe locatiOn The heatmg,
ventilatiOn and air conditwnmg system shall be designed to smt the possible received radiatiOn flux
(see 4.4.2 5 and Annex A)
Where bmldmgs are designed for blast over-pressure the design shall consider the nsk to personnel
caused by the blast wave entenng the bmldmg through ventilatiOn mlets and outlets

13 Hazard management

13.1 Inherent safety

13.1.1 Provision for minimum safety spacing

The safety spacmg shall be calculated considenng possible fire radiatiOn levels and gas dispersiOn
zones The allowable exposure levels are specified m Annex A Safety distances between LNG tanks,
process umts, control rooms etc shall comply with the mimmum reqmrements to achieve these
threshold values
13.1.2 LNG Plant layout

The sitmg of an LNG plant with respect to the surroundmgs shall be covered by a Site locatiOn
assessment see 4 3 2 5.
The followmg clause concernmg the plant layout uses the terms "hazardous areas" and "hazard affected
areas" In this context the hazard affected areas are those areas where those events descnbed m 4 4
could anse. The term hazardous area apphes spenf1cally to those areas that are defmed m 4.5 2 1 b)
The LNG plant shall be laid out to provide safe access for constructiOn, operatiOn, mamtenance,
emergency actiOn and comply with the layout reqmrements Identified m the Hazard Assessment
accordmg to 4 4 2
SeparatiOn distances shall take mto account, m particular
radiatiOn flux levels,

lower flammability hmit contours,

nmse,

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- blast effects

The prevailmg wmd directwn shall be considered m LNG plant layout Where practicable, bmldmgs and
Igmtwn sources should not be downwmd of possible accidental and planned releases of flammable
matenals They shall be located outside hazardous areas
Plant bmldmgs should be sited outside the hazard affected areas or designed to resist these acodent
scenanos. The bmldmg's level of occupancy shall also be part of this evaluatwn
The central control room shall be located outside process areas and should be outside hazardous areas.
Furthermore, It shall be designed to operate dunng and resist those accident scenanos that have been
Identified m the Hazard Assessment
For all eqmpment, such as air compressors, fired process eqmpment, gas turbmes, dwsel dnven fire
water pumps and emergency generators, the air mtake shall be located outside zone 0 and 1 areas Air
mtakes shall be fitted with gas detection which will tnp the eqmpment
The spacmg between two adJacent tanks shall be the result of a detailed hazard assessment This shall
be a mmimum of half the diameter of the secondary con tamer of the larger tank.
Additwnal gmdance on plant layout IS given m the followmg reference [8], [9] and [49]
13.1.3 Escape routes

Escape routes shall be provided for all plant areas where a hazard to personnel may anse Escape
routes shall be laid out to encourage an mtmtive response from personnel to lead them from high
hazard areas to low hazard areas and shall consider that there may be some pamc m an emergency
Situatwn The design shall take mto account the fact that when LNG IS spilled a "fog" IS created by
condensatwn of atmosphenc humidity
13.1.4 Confinement

Confmed or partially confmed zones shall be avOided as far as possible, m particular

gas and LNG pipe-work shall not be situated m enclosed culverts when It IS possible to av01d this
for example where road bndges cross pipe ways;

the space situated under the base slab of raised tanks, If any, shall be suffloently high to allow air to
orculate,

where cable culverts are used they shall be filled with compacted sand and covered with flat slabs
featunng ventilatwn holes to mimmize the possibihty of flammable gases travellmg along the
culverts through v01ds above the sand. As the sand settles the slabs will smk They can be restored
to their ongmal elevatwn by addmg sand

13.1.5 Direct accessibility to valves and equipment

This IS achwved by providmg m the plant all the reqmred safe accesses, paths, staircases (/ladders) and
platforms, as reqmred by the layout review(s) 4 53.
The road system should be developed to provide a direct access for the flrefightmg trucks and other
emergency response vehicles
13.1.6 Selection of appropriate electrical components according to the classified area

Electncal eqmpment to be mstalled m hazardous areas will be quahfied m accordance with EN 60079 /
IEC 60079 senes accordmg to Clause 2
Availabihty of reqmred certificates shall be carefully checked on an mdlVIdual basis

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13.1. 7 Spillage collection, including paving in hazardous area

Restnctmg the extent of a potential LNG or hydrocarbon leak rs achreved by.

hmitmg the volume of the possrble accrdental spills,

contammg these sprlls wrthm defmed rmpoundmg and sprll collectiOn areas, to prevent therr
spreadmg to other areas of the plant or outside the plant boundary and mmrmrzmg the vapour
cloud dispersiOn drstance,

makmg provrswn to properly remove ramwater whilst LNG or hydrocarbon spill will be contamed
m the collectmg systems and will not mgress mto drams or other water courses;

controllmg leaks and spillage

Where dispersiOn calculatiOns show that a leak can escalate to a more senous mcrdent fixed leak
detectiOn systems with advisory or executive actron to stop the leak source, are required to Isolate
sectiOns of plant and to shutdown sources of Igmtwn
The design of rmpoundmg basms shall be such that flammable fluids cannot enter the surface water
dramage system Spill detectiOn devices and means to control the evaporatiOn rate (e g foam
generatiOn see 13 6 5) should be provided These channels and the 1mpoundmg basm may be hned With
an msulatmg layer to hmit evaporatiOn (see EN 12066).
SeparatiOn systems relymg on the differential densities of water and LNG are not acceptable.
13.1.8 Retention systems in process and transfer areas

LiqUid spills withm process and transfer areas shall be confmed w1thm a spill collectiOn area and shall
be dramed to an Impoundmg basm
SubJect to the results of nsk analysis, the Impoundmg basm may be located m the VICinity of, or remote
from, the spill collectiOn area The spill collectiOn area and the 1mpoundmg basm shall be connected by
open channel.
For process areas, the spill collectiOn system or Impoundmg basm capacity shall be at least 110% of the
largest expected spill accordmg to the nsk analysis performed Flash may be cons1dered for capaCity
calculatiOn In case of plant expansiOn or plant debottleneckmg, the spill collectiOn system and
Impoundmg basm capaCity shall be checked to smt the new mventones
At transfer areas and m the mterconnectmg pipe-work, where there IS a potential for leaks (valves,
equipment or mstruments), the Impoundmg basm capacity shall be determmed by nsk analysis
considenng potential leak sources, flow rates, detectiOn systems, mannmg levels and response times
13.2 Passive protection
13.2.1 Fire proofing

Fire proofmg shall be used to protect eqmpment, typically ESD valves, safety cnt1cal control eqmpment,
vessels contammg quantities of hqmd hydrocarbon and structural supports, which on failure would
escalatiOn the mcident and/or endanger the actiVIties of emergency response personnel Eqmpment
which can receive thermal radiatiOn, m excess of that defmed m Annex A, for a sufficient penod to cause
failure shall be provided with fire proofmg protectiOn The fire proofmg shall provide protectiOn for the
duratiOn of the hazard event but shall as a mimmum provide 90 mm protectiOn
Fire protectiOn m the form of msulatwn or water deluge shall be provided for pressure vessels, which
can receive thermal radiatiOn fluxes m excess of that defmed m Annex A, to prevent such vessels failmg
and releasmg superheated hqmd, which can result m a BLEVE, (see EN ISO 16903)

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It shall be recogmzed that pressure vessels subject to radiatwn from a maJor mCident such as an LNG
tank fire shall reqmre protectwn for much more than 90 mm. Protectwn for long duratwn mCidents
may not be achieved by msulatwn and a water deluge system IS reqmred
The calculatwn of water deluge, msulatwn for fire protectwn of structures, etc. as protectwn agamst
fires shall be performed for the flmd which gives nse to the highest radiatwn flux
Fire proofmg can be provided by.
preformed or sprayed concrete,

msulatwn matenals made of mmeral fibre, ceramic, calcmm sihcate or cellular glass,

mtumescent coatmgs

Fire proofmg shall be designed and executed m accordance with the appropnate standards (see [7] and
[31]).
13.2.2 Embrittlement protection

The effect of low temperature flmd spills on adJacent plant, eqmpment and structural steel shall be
assessed and measures taken to prevent mCident escalatwn and/or endangerment of emergency
response personnel, through smtable selectwn of matenals of constructwn or by embnttlement
protectwn.
Such protectwn shall be achieved by an appropnate matenal selectwn (concrete, stamless steel, etc) or
by a msulatmg with matenal that will protect the eqmpment and structural supports from cold shock
Insulatwn shall be designed and mstalled m accordance with appropnate standards and proviswn
taken to protect outer surfaces from wear and tear.
Eqmpment and structural support elements should be protected m such a way that their functwn and
form are not adversely affected dunng the plant operatwn
13.3 Security

The secunty should be covered by

Anti-mtruswn

The anti-mtruswn system should be mstalled along the fences to momtor undesired mgress m the
plant

Access control

An access control system shall be mstalled m order to control the access to the vanous areas of the
plant

It may mclude badge readers, mtercom, door contacts and anti-mtruswn sensors.

The access control system will consider the different access levels (control rooms, process areas,
general faCilities, etc)

The secunty control system should be hnked to the CCTV to allow remote momtormg

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13.4 Incident detection and signalling

Systems shall be provided to detect possible acCidental events, which could occur m the plant
The arrangement of detectors shall be such as to always provide redundancy and to prevent false and
spunous alarms Votmg techmque arrangement may be used
Events may mclude
Earthquake

Where applicable seismic acceleratiOn momtonng shall be provided, giVIng signals to automatically
Imt1ate the plant shutdown when the earthquake reaches a pre-defmed level This pre-defmed level
IS chosen by the operator

LNG spillage, gas leakage, flame and smoke

These detectiOn systems are mtended to rapidly and reliably detect any LNG spillage or flammable
gas leakage and any fire conditiOn m the plant.

Contmuously operatmg detectiOn systems shall be mstalled at every locatiOn, outdoors and mdoors,
where leaks are credible.

The followmg detectiOn devices may be provided

LNG spillage detectiOn,

LNG spills should be detected by low temperature sensors, for example, resistance type
device's or fibre optic systems The sensors shall be, protected agamst accidental damage,

Flammable gas detectiOn

The flammable gas detectors may be of the mfra-red type, or of eqmvalent performance

Along cnt1cal fences, open path type gas detectors may be mstalled

For locatiOn of gas detectors, see [27]

Flame detectiOn

Flame detectors should be proven m the detection of the type and size of fire predicted flame
detectors may be of the ultravwletjmfrared (UV /IR) type, or eqmvalent performance

Heat detectiOn

High temperature detectors should be provided for protectiOn of tank rehef valves fires and
activatiOn of tailpipe extmgmshmgpackage(s) 1fprov1ded

The heat detectors may be of the high temperature thermistor stnp type, of the temperature-
sensitive pneumatiC type, or eqmvalent performance.

Smoke detectiOn

Smoke detectors may be of the double wmzatwn chamber type, or eqmvalent performance

Manual call pomts

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Manual call pomts shall be provided m the hazardous plant areas, typically those plant areas
covered by flame and/or combustible gas detectors, and provided on hkely escape routes from
these areas

CCTV (Closed Circmt Televiswn Camera) momtonng

Remote operated cameras should be mstalled for v1ewmg all events which could occur m
hazardous and unmanned areas

Under abnormal orcumstances the operator should have the abihty to use these CCTV systems to
analyse the situatwn

The system shall be considered as a pnonty load and Is connected to the UPS system. The system
should automatically respond to alarms, and focus mformatwn presented on VDU's m the
appropnate control room(s)

Commumcatwn system

The control room operators shall be able to commumcate with field operators VIa the termmal
commumcatwn systems (specific mobile phones and radws)

Special consideratwn should be given to bmldmgs With high nmse levels where visual alarms
should also be mstalled

A combmatwn of visual and sound alarms shall be mstalled mall plant locatwns

Direct commumcatwn lmks should be available with the Port Authonties, the LNG earner and the
pipelme dispatchmg centre

13.5 Emergency Shutdown System

The ESD system, which IS fully descnbed m the Clause 14, mcludes·
a Safety Control System (SCS);

a Fire, Spill and Gas Detectwn System (FSGDS)

The alarms Imtiated by the Fire, Spill and Gas Detectwn System (FSGDS) are reported by and perform
the reqmred automatic actwns via the Safety Control System (SCS)
The SCS mterface system gives the operator detailed mformatwn on areas mvolved m the hazardous
event, type of hazard, concentratwn of gas, where m the area (If apphcable ), detector or loop mvolved,
status of flre water pumps, status of protectwn systems, status of HVAC eqmpment mvolved (fans,
dampers, etc), wmd force and directwn, temperature and relative humidity, system faults, reduced
safety m the flre zones.
The alarms received m the control rooms, details of automatic actwns taken by the SCS together with
detmled modent mformatwn and CCTV coverage, aid the operators m selectmg appropnate operator
controlled actwns, such as·
shut down or Isolatwn of the process system mvolved,

activatwn of appropnate remote operated fire protectwn systems;

mitmte emergency actwns by operators with mobile/portable flreflghtmg matenal

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13.6 Active protection

13.6.1 Active protection definition

The act1ve protectiOn should mclude

fire water mams network, w1th hydrants and momtors,

spraymg systems,

water curtams,

foam generators,

fixed dry chemical powder systems,

ftref1ghtmg vehicle(s);

portable/mobile fire extmgwshers.

13.6.2 Fire water system

Water IS employed m many f1ref1ghtmg systems, and has part1cular uses on an LNG plant However, LNG
pool fires are neither controlled nor extmgwshed by water Apphcatwn of water on a hqwd surface will
mcrease the vapour formatiOn rate thus mcreasmg the burmng rate w1th negative consequences on fire
control On an LNG plant, under fire conditiOns, water may be used m great quant1t1es for coolmg
storage tanks, eqmpment and structures which are subject to flame 1mpmgement or heat radiatiOn due
to a fire As a result, the nsk of escalatiOn of the fire and detenoratwn of eqmpment can be reduced by
early and concentrated coolmg
Plant surface water and fire water dramage systems and LNG spill collectiOn systems shall be designed
to mmimize the possibility of fire water mcreasmg the vaponzatwn rate of any LNG spill. This may be
achieved by plant area and fire water systems segregatiOn In the event that firewater run-off IS
contammated provisiOn shall be made to prevent the pollutwn of natural water-courses
As a mm1mum, two fire water pumps shall be mstalled Independent power sources shall be provided m
such a way that full capacity can be dehvered, takmg mto cons1deratwn the unava1lab1hty of one pump
F1re water networks should be provtded around all sectiOns of the plant Water supply systems shall be
designed m mdependent sectiOns so that m case of mamtenance or damage of a sectwn the water
supply to other sectwns IS not mterrupted Both fire pumps should not discharge to the network
through a smgle header
All these networks, mcludmg fire hydrants shall be mamtamed pnmed under a mm1mum pressure at all
pomts for example by means of Jockey pumps or an elevated tank
SpeCial proviSIOns shall be taken to avmd any damage due to freezmg, such as tracmg
Water supply systems shall be able to provtde, at firefightmg system operatmg pressure, a water flow
not less than that reqmred by the ftrefightmg systems mvolved m the maximum smgle mCident
Identified m the Hazard Assessment m 4.4 plus an allowance of 100 1/s for hand hoses The fire water
supply shall be suffiCient to address th1s mCident, but shall not be less than 2 h
LNG plants (particularly 1mpoundmg basms) shall be eqmpped with dramage systems capable of
drammg the volumes of water generated by these systems

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13.6.3 Spraying system

The Importance of coolmg each eqmpment Item and the amount of water reqmred will depend on the
hazard assessment (see 4 4).
Where reqmred, spraymg systems shall distnbute the water flow evenly onto the exposed surfaces In
this way eqmpment subjected to radiatwn shall not reach unacceptably high local temperatures.
ReClrculatwn of used water may be considered where practicable and shall depend on Its abihty to
remove the transferred heat m a flre oflong duratwn while keepmg the mtegnty and workmg abihty of
the umt Precautwns should also be taken to ensure that flammable matenals are not returned with the
re-Circulated water.
The calculatwn of the InCident water flow on each umt shall be earned out on basis of received
radiatwn flux for each scenano defmed m 4.4 usmg appropnate vahdated models m order to hmit the
surface temperature consistent With the mtegnty of the structure
13.6.4 Water curtains

13.6.4.1 General

Water curtams may be used to mitigate gas releases and protect agamst radiant heat.
The aim of a water curtam system IS to rapidly lower the gas concentratwn of an LNG vapour cloud m
order to attam the lower flammabihty hmit of gas m air
Water curtams transfer heat to the cold natural gas cloud through contact between LNG vapours and
water droplets
In additwn water curtams entram large volumes of air that transfer additwnal heat, dilute the LNG
vapour cloud, thus enhance Its buoyancy thus faClhtatmg Its disperswn
The effectiveness of a water curtam IS reduced as the wmd speed mcreases, but natural disperswn IS
mcreased at high wmd veloCities.
Effective performance of water curtams IS dependent on many different conditwns, I e nozzle type,
water pressure, nozzle locatwn, nozzle spacmg
Water curtams are known to mitigate heat radiatwn and gas cloud disperswn InCidents However they
cannot be rehed upon as the pnmary means of protectwn.
Water curtams could be mstalled at Impoundmg basms to assist vapour disperswn The design at the
Impoundmg basm should mmimize the potential for water from the water curtams drammg mto the
Impoundmg basm.
13.6.4.2 Characteristics and location

It IS recommended that water curtams are positwned as reqmred by the hazard assessment, 4 4
Water curtams can be located as close as possible to the area of possible spill and concentratwn of LNG
takmg mto account plant reqmrements. The possibihty of water curtam droplets entenng the
Impoundmg areas should be mmimized m order to av01d an mcrease m the LNG evaporatwn rate.
Water curtams may be positwned around the Impoundmg areas In this way they act as a barner for
cold natural gas clouds ongmatmg from LNG leaks
Nozzle spacmg should follow vendors' recommendatwns
13.6.4.3 Supply system and volume of flow

The recommended volume flow rate of water IS 70 1/mm/m run

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13.6.5 Foam generation

Firefightmg foams can be used to reduce the heat radiatiOn from LNG pool fires and aid safer gas
dispersiOn m the event that the leak does not Igmte The extent of their use will depend on the hazard
assessment, see 4 4
Foam generators shall be specifically designed to operate when engulfed m an LNG fire, unless the
design of the system IS such that the generator IS protected from excessive heat flux The design of the
system shall prevent water m a lrqmd form from entenng the Impoundmg area
Foam to be used shall be dry powder compatible and proven sur table with LNG fires m accordance With
EN 12065 Typical expansiOn ratws should be m the order of 500 1
LNG Impoundmg basms or areas should be fitted With fixed foam generators to enable rapid response
and remote activatiOn
The volume of foam flow for LNG Impoundmg basms or areas shall be determmed m accordance With
EN 12065 m order to reduce heat radiation, takmg mto account the possible failure of one generator
and also the destructiOn rate of the foam due to fire A foam retentiOn device may be placed around the
Impoundmg basm or area where there IS a nsk of foam loss due to wmd
Foam agent reserves shall be situated m a place sheltered from heat radiatiOn (from fire and solar).
The foam agent storage capacity (QJ shall be at least equal to the sum of the followmg quantities·

where
Q1 =txrxS

t IS the foam agent procurement time (hours), (With a ceilmg at 48 h),

r IS the foam agent destructiOn rate (metres/hour) (for example r =0,11 mjh),

S IS the largest area to be covered (square meters),

Q2 IS the quantity necessary for penodic foam system tests In the absence of other mformatwn, operatiOn
of the foam agent pumps at the maximum flow rate for 15 mm IS to be taken for determmmg this
quantity,

Q3 IS the quantity necessary for first layer bmld-up

13.6.6 Portable foam equipment

The reqmrement for portable foam eqmpment shall be defmed by the Hazard Assessment, 4 4 When
provided, portable foam - generatmg equrpment connected to the frrewater supply shall be eqmpped
wrth enough hose to reach the most distant hazard they are expected to protect
13.6. 7 LNG fire extinguishing with dry powder

13.6.7.1 General

Equrpment for LNG firefightmg shall be m accordance With relevant codes and/or standards
The recommended extmgurshmg medmm for LNG fires IS dry powder.
To extmgmsh a burnmg pool of LNG, dry powder shall be applied above the surface of the lrqmd without
allowmg the powder to Impmge and agitate the surface

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AgitatiOn of the hqmd surface will mcrease the burmng rate due to the mcrease m vapour formatiOn
mstead of extmgmshmg the fire
To achieve optimum results m extmgmshmg an LNG fire, the fire's total area shall be covered
Immediately and all at once. Otherw1se, res1dual flames of LNG pool sectors can rap1dly re-1gmtc gas
emanatmg from the extmgmshed sectors. In add1t10n, provisiOns shall be taken to cool any structure
surfaces which could re-1gmte the gas
It 1s recommended to have enough quantity of powder to allow a second shot m case of a re-1gmtwn.
13.6. 7.2 Types of dry powder

The dry powder shall be proven smtable for gas f1re extmgmshmg, foam compat1b1hty shall be m
accordance w1th EN 12065
Dry powder may be of one of the followmg types.
based on sodmm b1carbonate,

based on potassmm b1carbonate

13.6. 7.3 Location of dry powder systems

Dry powder systems should be mstalled man LNG plant near pomts of poss1ble LNG and hydrocarbon
leakage with regard to the hazard assessment and typically near the followmg umts
loadmgjunloadmg areas (as spec1f1ed mEN ISO 28460),

LNG pumps,

ESD valves,

tall p1pes of tank PSV (f1xed systems).

13.6.8 Portable/mobile fire extinguishers

The followmg types of extmgmshers are foreseen·

foam type extmgmshers m area where ml may be present (compressors bmldmg, hydraulic umt of
transfer arms at the Jetty),

carbon dwx1de type extmgmshers m electncal and mstrumentatwn bmldmgs,

dry chem1cal powder extmgmshers m process areas

The f1re extmgmshers shall comply w1th the reqmrements of the local regulatiOns
These extmgmshers are mstalled m the cnticallocatwns along the CirculatiOn paths and/or platforms
Their pos1t10n shall be on a recogmzed escape path from the 1dentif1ed hazard they are mstalled to
mitigate
13.6.9 Firefighting vehicle

Where external LNG expenenced assistance m case of emergency 1s not available the plant shall be
eqmpped With at least one f1ref1ghtmg vehicle to g1ve the reqmred response m case of emergency
This firef1ghtmg veh1cle will be fitted with·
- foam system smtable for the antiCipated type of fire,

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- dry chemical powder, A-B-C type as a mmimum

Fireman protective clothmg smtable for LNG service (splash and fire) shall be provided
The vehicle shall be suffiCiently eqmpped and manned to provide emergency response whilst wa1tmg
for off-site support
13.7 Other requirements
13.7.1 Provision to minimize hazards in buildings

This IS achieved by mamtammg a contmuous positive pressure ventilatiOn m the electncal and
mstrumentatwn rooms of the bmldmgs located Inside the process areas
In case of gas detectiOn m the process areas, the operators m the control rooms have the possibility to
shutdown remotely the HVAC of the affected bmldmgs
In case of gas detectiOn at the bmldmg air mlet the external fans are tnpped and the louvers closed m
order to prevent any gas entrance m the electncal and mstrumentatwn rooms where a nsk of Igmtwn
exists.
13.7.2 Fire cabinets j hoses boxes

An accessible supply of fireflghtmg eqmpment shall be located where hydrants are mtended for use by
either plant personnel or the local fire bngade.
Eqmpment shall be stored m cabmets which are
clearly Identifiable,

provided with means to securely store eqmpment,

smtably constructed and protected for the plant local environment,

naturally ventilated;

located so that personnel can gam access from a safe area

Where proVIde cabmets and their reqmred contents should be approved by the local fire authonty As a
mmimum each cabmet should be eqmpped with
two adJustable mist/solid stream nozzles

one hydrant spanner;

four coupling spanners,

two hose coupling gaskets,

four x 15 m lengths of fire hose;

a weatherproof list of contents

13.7.3 Terminal firefighting maintenance and training

Fires occur only rarely on termmals but can have severe consequences when they happen
Accordmgly, and with respect to emergency situatiOns, the mterest of operatiOn personnel shall be kept
high by sUitable dnlls mcludmg the use of eqmpment

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Proper mamtenance of the f1ref1ghtmg eqmpment 1s of pnmary Importance Inspectwn and

mamtenance shall be mcorporated mto the termmal management programmes to ensure that
personnel are fam1har w1th the f1reflghtmg eqmpment, 1ts locatwn and use under emergency
cond1twns.

14 Control and monitoring systems

14.1 General description

The LNG plant control and momtormg systems shall enable as a mm1mum the operator to
mom tor and control gas processmg and essential aux1hary systems,

be rapidly and accurately mformed about any mc1dent that may lead to a hazardous s1tuatwn,

momtor and control plant safety,

mom tor and control of Site access and egress,

exchange mformatwn mternally and externally under both normal and emergency cond1twns

Generally, these mam plant functwns w1ll be performed by·

the process control system,

the safety control system,

the access control system and the ant1-mtruswn system,

the mternal and external commumcatwn networks

The safety control system shall be mdependent from the other systems
14.2 Process control system
14.2.1 Principle

The process control system shall provide the operator w1th real t1me mformatwn to allow safe and
efficient operatwn of the plant
Some eqmpment can have an mdividual process shut down (PSD)
Common process parameters can lead to a PSD of groups of eqmpment, th1s PSD may be activated by
either process control system or the safety control system
14.2.2 Process control system design

The control system shall have a h1gh rehab1hty and shall be configured to fall safe
Failure of all or a part of the process control system shall not cause a hazard s1tuatwn
Prov1swns shall be taken to reduce the consequences of component failure (1 e. common mode failure)
for example·
process eqmpment of a same functwn should be spht between different processmg modules,

consequences of a common mode fmlure, plant-wide or local, shall be studied;

data transm1sswn routes shall be designed to max1m1ze the rehab1hty.

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There shall be spare processmg capacity and I/0 modules available with the plant m full operatiOn
ConsideratiOn should be given to have hve spares available In case of plant expanswn, the spare
processmg capaoty shall be restored
Destgn reviews mentiOned at 4 5 3 shall be performed on control systems The acceptance procedures
shall mclude confirmatiOn of the safe operatiOn of the process control system dunng malfunctiOn and
failure mode
Remotely controlled eqmpment shall m case of an emergency or malfunctwn be capable of bemg
stopped locally
The process control system shall mdicate, store and/or pnnt all mformatwn returned by the process
control devices necessary for the safe and eff!Clent operatwn of the plant In order to analyse an
mctdent, the system shall chronologically discnmmate and store all mformatwn occurred dunng this
time and all actwns performmg by the operator before and after the event
The process control system shall mform the operator of essential electncal facility mformatwn
necessary to operate the plant.
The process control system design should present the operator with the optimum amount of data
required for safe and effiCient operatiOn of the plant and shall mimmize alarm overload m case of
mcident or a sudden state change
14.3 Safety control system
14.3.1 Principle

The safety control system shall be designed for detectmg hazard situatwns and reducmg their
consequences It shall have the followmg functiOns as a mmimum
gas detectiOn (LNG, refngerant gas, natural gas),

spillage detectwn,

fire detectwn;

ESD activatiOn from a central system and/or local ESD statwn;

momtonng, activatwn and control of safety devices,

momtonng and control of essential parameters to keep the mstallatwn m safety situatwn

All modificatwns of safety control system shall be performed m comphance With the Safety
Management System
14.3.2 Emergency shut down (ESD) and safety actions

14.3.2.1 General

ESD activatiOn shall cause equipment shut-down and ESD valves operatwn to their fail safe positiOn m
order to con tam mventones
All ESD actiOns shall be activated by the safety control system central panel w1th supplementary
act1vatwn from local ESD statiOns ESD activatiOn shall ne1ther cause a new hazard SituatiOn nor
damage a machme or other eqmpment. Where there has been no response from the operator to Fire,
Spill and Gas Detectwn System alarms, ESD activatiOn m response shall be automatic from the fire, spill
and gas DetectiOn system after a smtable time delay It IS not the mtentwn of this actwn to reqmre the
Fire, Spill and Gas DetectiOn system to be a SIL rated system

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Thts acttvatwn shall be transmttted to the process control system whtch shall operate m a manner
complimentary to the ESD actwn The process control system shall put automatic sequences m such a
posttwn as to prevent unexpected eqmpment or valve operatwn whtch may occur at the ttme of ESD
reset
Hazard assessment concluswns shall be apphed to the destgn of the safety control system Type,
redundancy, number and locatwn of detectors or sensors shall be studied to ensure qmck and reliable
detectiOn of a hazardous SituatiOn. The system specificatiOn ts denved from the reqmrements of the
hazard assessment m 4.4 2 A cause and effect matnx shall be produced m compliance with hazard
assessment and HAZOP study reqmrements
The pnnCiple of the ESD operatwn shall be to mmimtze the release of hydrocarbons and to mmimize
the escalatwn of any hazardous event mto adJacent areas.
Plants are often divided mto fire areas and subdivided mto fire zones to enable the ESD actwns limitmg
escalatwn to be defmed
Fire hazards m a fire zone may be controlled by the operatiOn of the ESD valves The ESD shall Isolate
the fire zone to mmimize the release of hydrocarbon from the fire zone, and to mimmize the flow of
flammable hydrocarbons mto the ftre zone to hmit the fire event
A fire zone may be depressunzed after Isolatwn by ESD valve operatiOn to reduce hydrocarbon
mventones and to mmimize the potential for vessel failure or structural collapse due to the fire
mtensity and duratwn
ESD valves are also used Withm fire zone to mmimtze the release of hazardous matenals from vessels
due to the failure of downstream eqmpment or pipmg
ESD operatwn IS usually provided as a structured response related to the hazardous event
Typtcal ESD levels are
ESD 1· (un)loadmg shutdown,

ESD 2· ship disconnectiOn,

ESD 3· process shutdown (liquefactiOn or vaponzatwn). This ESD 3 could be orgamzed to prevent
total loss of operatwn, If applicable to the plant.

ESD 4· Total FaCtltty Shutdown. All eqmpment shut down

14.3.2.2 ESD for marine transfer operations.

The use of ESD systems for the protectwn of manne transfer operatwns IS well descnbed m Ref 56
SIGTTO ESD Arrangements and Lmked Ship/Shore Systems for Liquefied Gas earners which denves
from IGC codes.
14.3.3 System capabilities

14.3.3.1 Main functions

The safety control system shall

Imttate automatically the appropnate ESD actiOns Manual activatiOn only of an ESD system IS only
permitted when fully JUStified by the hazard assessment with the approval of the appropnate
authonties,

where appropnate, acttvate automatically the necessary protectiOn eqmpment,

mform the process control system of ESD acttvatwn,

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control VIsual and sound emergency commumcatwn devices defmed m emergency plans (I e siren),

open gates to allow access of emergency crew and staff evacuatwn, where reqmred by emergency
plans

14.3.3.2 Safety Integrity Levels (SIL)

Smce safety functwns are designed to lead to a certam nsk reductwn safety mtegnty levels can be
assigned to them
The safety control system shall be designed and operated m accordance With reqmrements of
EN 61508-1. SIL reqmrements shall be studied and evaluated to be consistent With the reqmred plant
safety level.
The ESD signal processor shall be SIL 3 or better
14.4 Access control system

Access pomts for entenng Inside the plant boundary shall be controlled through separate, spee1ally
adapted barners for vehicles and personnel. A mmimum of two accesses shall be provided to facilitate
access for firefightmg and emergency vehicles
Dependmg on the size of the plant, access to process zones where gas IS stored, piped or processed
shallbe controlled Such control can be limited to process zones or extended to a wider area Control of
access can be put mto practice either by secunty guards or by usmg a physiCal device (lock, magnetic
badge, etc.).
14.5 Anti-intrusion system

The LNG plant shall be surrounded by a fence (see [29]) and could be eqmpped With an anti-mtruswn
detectwn system
14.6 CCTV

This system should mtegrate a closed CJrcmt TV system It momtors process areas and accesses which
present a nsk (as mentiOned m hazard assessment)
See 13.4 CCTV momtonng
14.7 Jetty and marine monitoring and control

When followmg functiOns are available they should be mterfaced m the plant momtonng and control
system
momtonng of weather condltlons (wmd, sea SituatiOn, etc),

berthmg momtonng (speed, distance, etc),

moonng momtonng (moonng loads, etc.),

status of qmck release hooks,

momtonng and control ofmanne transfer arms,

manne transfer arm Emergency Release System

For details, see EN ISO 28460 and EN 14 74 (all parts)

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14.8 Communications

Internal transmissiOn networks shall differentiate operatiOn mformatwn (of process control system)
from safety mformatwn (of safety control system) Internal transmissiOn networks shall be made
secure from external commumcatron networks (no direct mterfaces are recommended for manned
plants)
14.9 Environmental monitoring and control

EmissiOns of the plant shall be momtored and controlled

15 Construction, commissioning and turnaround

15.1 Quality assurance and quality control

A quahty management system shall be apphed to the followmg phases

orgamzatwn,

design and procurement,

eqmpment, shop manufacture,

eqmpment, storage and transport,

constructiOn, (earthworks, mstallatwn, backflllmg, CIVIl works and structural steelwork, storage
tanks, pressure vessels, separators, furnaces, boilers, pumps, aboveground pipmg mcludmg
supports, underground pipmg, mstrumentatwn, electncrty, cathodic protectiOn, pamt work,
thermal msulatwn, fire proofmg)

A specrflc quahty control programme mcludmg mspectwn and tests shall be set up to momtor the
quahty throughout the different phases of the design, fabncatwn and constructiOn
As a mimmum mspectwn certificates 3.1 accordmg to EN 10204 shall be provided for pressure
retammg parts of process eqmpment andjor system.
15.2 Acceptance tests

Eqmpment mstalled on the plant shall be tested m accordance with the relevant codes and standards
especially for
high pressure pipe-work,

pressure vessels,

fired eqmpment

For LNG tanks the tests shall be made m accordance with 6 14

15.3 Preparation at start-up and shutdown

The presence of hydrocarbons and of low temperatures, reqmres special commisswnmg and shutdown
procedures These mclude, before start up·
a) mertmg m order to ehmmate oxygen to obtam a maximum oxygen content of 8 mol%,

b) and drymg of the plant usmg one of the followmg

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1) a vacuum drymg technique a good optwn for long Jetty and run down lmes but reqmres the
pipmg to be designed to full vacuum,

2) nitrogen heated to 60 oc blown through the pipmg at low pressure and high volumetnc rates
The nitrogen IS exhausted to atmosphere The advantage of this method IS that purgmg IS
completed whilst drymg,

3) drymg with dned natural gas, ensunng that water has been ehmmated at all pomts of the plant,
mcludmg the connectmg hnes to mstruments The disadvantage of this method IS the restramts
that hydrocarbon bnngs to the plant. In case of closed refngerant loops the dynamic de-nmmg
usmg the compressors can speed up the process. The tanks are normally dned after hydro test
with mops and space heaters to ensure there IS no free water Where m tank pump wells are
fitted It IS Important to ensure there IS no water held by the foot valves that could lead to the
foot valve freezmg and rendenng that stillmg well unusable It IS common practice not to fit the
foot valve until after the hydro test.

The typically used hmits for the dew pomt m the pipmg to target are - 40 oc
At the time of any shutdown for serviCing which reqmres opening of a circmt, It IS necessary to
positively Isolate the system,

ehmmate hqmd hydrocarbons,

defrost and warm to ambient temperature by circulatmg warm dry gas,

and fmally mert by purgmg With nitrogen before opening to atmosphere.

16 Preservation and corrosion protection

16.1 Painting

Corroswn protectwn of metal surfaces of eqmpment, pipelines and metalhc structures m a LNG
mstallatwn IS reqmred Concrete structures may also be pam ted to protect them from wear and tear
Surface preparatiOn, pamt systems and apphcatwn of coatmgs to steel structures shall be accordmg to
EN ISO 12944 (all parts)
Salt-laden or aggressive atmospheres and operatmg conditiOns shall be taken mto account when
selectmg coatmg systems
High quahty hot-dip galvanizmg accordmg to EN ISO 1460 and EN ISO 1461Is reqmred on all platform
and platform support steel work, stairway and handrail assemblies, ladder side rails and cages, plates,
stair treads and open gnd floonng, etc unless Impracticable Tubular sectwns shall be galvanized
mternally and externally.
Galvanized surfaces may normally be left unpamted except for manne environment for which
additiOnal pamtmg IS recommended Galvanized metal Jackets used to cover msulatwn of pipmg or
eqmpment can receive further anti corroswn coatmg For zmc contammatwn of austenitic stamless
steel, 4 52 1I) should be considered
For safety reasons all eqmpment and pipmg m LNG land based mstallatwns shall have a specific colour
or markmg for IdentificatiOn of the contents
All pamtmg, galvamzmg, colour codmg and markmg shall be designed and executed m accordance with
local rules

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16.2 Cathodic protection

See Clause 12

17 Training for operations

The plant shall be operated m a safe and efflnent manner compliant w1th natwnal health and safety
leg1slatwn
Operatmg pract1ces and procedures shall be compliant w1th the reqmrements of the MaJor Acc1dent
Preventwn Policy and the Safety Management System mcludmg maJor acndent preventwn policy.
NOTE For example, reqmrements are based on the requests of the called "Seveso III" European Directive
[Council Directive 2012/18/EC on the control ofmaJor-acodent hazards mvolvmg dangerous substances] and the
nsk assessment of explosive atmospheres reqmred by the "ATEX" Direcnve (1999 /92/EC) [Directive 1999 /92/EC
of the European Parliament and of the Counol of 16 December 1999 on mm1mum reqmrements for Improvmg the
safety and health protectwn of workers potentially at nsk from explosive atmospheres] [20]

Wntten operatmg procedures shall be prov1ded for the plant and be read1ly available for those
operatmg the plant These should cover all normal and emergency operatmg procedures.
Protective eqmpment (personal protectwn) shall be prov1ded and worn as determmed by nsk analys1s.
Operators mvolved m emergency actJvJtles shall be eqmpped w1th the necessary protective clothmg
and eqmpment. Portable flammable gas detectors shall be read1ly available.
Persons engaged m the management, productwn, handlmg and storage of LNG shall be tramed m the
hazards and properties of LNG w1th particular attentwn to emergency response procedures
Operatwn and mamtenance staff shall be well tramed m all aspects of the1r work to ensure that they can
work m a safe and competent manner under both normal and emergency cond1twns Imt1al trammg
should take mto account the background of the md1V1dual Re-trammg should be undertaken at regular
mtervals and all records of the1r trammg kept
For management and staff, trammg schemes should be structured accordmg to the mdlvldual's
expenences, dut1es and respons1billtJes w1thm the orgamzatwn and mdependently vahdated
All persons VlSltmg a s1te for whatever purpose shall be mstructed m the hazards and properties of LNG,
the depth to wh1ch th1s trammg 1s undertaken shall be appropnate to the1r level of mvolvement m s1te
operatwns.

18 Pre-operational marine training

In all proJects, there should be consultatiOn between the termmal owner, port operator, sh1p operator,
p1lots and tug-masters Pre-operatwnal trammg and regular refresher courses, usmg simulators, should
be undertaken, mvolvmg all relevant part1es.
See [23].

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AnnexA
(normative)

Thermal radiation threshold values

A.l Heat radiation from LNG fires

Table A 1 g1ves the recommended max1mum modent rad1atwn flux values m case these are not already
defmed m the local regulatiOns The rad1atwn flux from an LNG f1re shall be calculated usmg
appropnate and validated models (some available methods are presented mEN ISO 16903 or [19])
In any case, the max1mum rad1atwn flux levels acceptable for each mam structure ms1de boundanes
shall be confirmed usmg validated methods and usmg the curves defmed m the parts of EN 1991,
EN 1992, EN 1993 and EN 1994 hsted m Clause 2 The des1gner shall JUStify the maximum thermal
rad1atwn flux level used by calculatmg the surface temperature consistent w1th the expected duratiOn of
the fire to show that It IS suff1c1ently low to mamtam the mtegnty of the structure. The nature and the
mechamcal behaviOur of the matenals w1th respect to temperature shall be taken mto account m the
calculatiOn
For LNG storage tanks, the permiSSible rad1atwn flux shall be determmed takmg mto consideratiOn the
followmg factors as a mm1mum
credit can only be taken for water coolmg of the tank If the means of applymg the water can be
operated from a safe area,

loss of strength of contamer,

press ure bmlt up w1thm the contamer,

capac1ty of the safety valves,

surface emiSSIVe powers (see EN ISO 16903)

Table A.1- Allowable thermal radiation flux excluding solar radiation inside the boundary
MAXIMUM THERMAL RADIATION FLUX
EQUIPMENT INSIDE BOUNDARY
(kW/m 2)
Concrete outer surface of adjacent storage tanks a 32
Metal outer surface of adpcent storage tanks (see [3]) 15
The outer surfaces of adjacent pressure storage 15
vessels and process facilities (see [3])
Control rooms, Mamtenance workshops, laboratones, 8
warehouses, etc (see [2])
Admmistrative bUildmgs (see [2]) 5
a For pre-stressed concrete tanks, maximum radiatwn fluxes may be deterrnmed by the reqmrements given m A 1

The heat flux level can be reduced to the reqmred hm1t by means of separatiOn d1stance, water sprays,
f1re proofmg, rad1atwn screens or Similar systems

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Table A 2 gives the recommended maximum mc1dent radiatiOn flux values m case these are not already
defmed m the local regulatiOns
Table A.2 - Allowable thermal radiation flux excluding solar radiation outside the boundary
MAXIMUM THERMAL RADIATION FLUX
OUTSIDE BOUNDARY
(kWjm2)
Remote area a 8
Cnttcal area b 1,5
Other areas c 5
a An area only mfrequently occupied by small numbers of persons, e g moor land, farmland, desert
b This 1s e1ther an unshielded area of cntJcal!mportance where people Without protect1ve clothmg can be reqmred at all
times mcludmg durmg emergencies or urban area (defmed as an area with more than 20 persons per square kilometre) or a
place difficult or dangerous to evacuate at short not1ce (e g hosp1tal, retirement house, sports stadmm, school, outdoor
theatre)
c Other areas typically mclude mdustnal areas not under control of the operator joccup1er of the LNG faCilities

NOTE The figures used m Table A 2 are taken from [2] Effect ofnre radJatwn on pre-stressed concrete

The thickness of the concrete shall be sufficient to ensure that, m the event of an external fire, the
temperature of the pre-stress cables IS kept low enough to mamtam the mtegnly of the LNG tank and Its
enclosure with full contents and at maximum des1gn pressure If no water deluge system Is mstalled, the
mtegnty of the design of the tank shall be guaranteed dunng the time needed to provide fire water m
sufficient quantities from an external source. To determme the mm1mum concrete thickness recogmzed
methods and appropnate models which have been validated shall be used.

A.2 Heat radiation from flare or ignited vent stack61

Table A 3 and Table A 4 give the recommended maximum mCident radiatiOn flux values m case these
are not already defmed m the local regulatiOns The predicted values used for the companson can be
calculated m accordance With [3]
However, alternative methods for predictiOn of flux level can be acceptable In this case the designer
shall JUStify that the method proposed IS validated
Table A.3 -Allowable thermal radiation flux excluding solar radiation inside the boundary
MAXIMUM THERMAL RADIATION FLUX
EQUIPMENT INSIDE BOUNDARY
(kWjm2)

Flow rate as defmed m 11 6 Normal Acctdental

Peak wtthm the stenle area (see [3]) 5 9
Outer edges ofrestncted (stenle) area NA 5
Roads and open areas 3 5
Tanks and process eqUipment 1,5 5
Control rooms, mamtenance workshops, laboratones, 1,5 5
warehouses etc
Admmtstrat1ve bUlldmgs 1,5 5

6) In nsk assessment, the vent 1gmtwn IS assumed a credible event

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Table A.4- Allowable thermal radiation flux excluding solar radiation outside the boundary
MAXIMUM THERMAL RADIATION FLUX
OUTSIDE BOUNDARY
(kW/m 2)
Flow rate as defmed m 11 6 Normal AcCidental

Remote area • 3 5
Cnt1cal area b 1,5 1,5
Other areas c 1,5 3
• An area only mfrequently occupied by small numbers of persons, e g moor land, farmland, desert
b Th1s IS e1ther an unshielded area of cntJcalimportance where people without protective clothmg can be reqmred at all
times mcludmg dunng emergencies or a place difficult or dangerous to evacuate at short notice (e g hospital, retirement
house, sports stadmm, school, outdoor theatre)
c Other areas typically mclude urban and mdustnal areas not under control of the operatorjoccup1er of the LNG
facilities

NOTE The figures used m Tables A 3 and A 4 are denved from [3] and [4]

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AnnexB
(normative)

Definitions of reference flow rates

8.1 General
The vanous flow rates of gaseous discharges are defmed below.

8.2 VT (heat input)

The VT max1mum flow rate of a tank ("boll off') due to heat mput m normal operatwn 1s to be
determmed by assummg ambrent a1r at the max1mum temperature observed m the course of a hot
summer day

8.3 VL (fluid input)

F1llmg of the tank generate a p1ston effect The max1mum volume flow rate for tank f1lhng IS to be taken
for the value of VL the resultmg gas volume flow rate (expressed under the actual conditiOns of
temperature and pressure m the gaseous crown of the tank).
VL IS the h1ghest flow rate possible w1th the mlet control valve fa1led open

8.4 Vo (over filling)

If over frllmg leadmg to sp1llage of LNG mto the annular tank space cannot be excluded, the
mstantaneous vaponzatwn of the LNG entenng the tank shall be considered. The steps taken m 6 7 2
can be remforced as reqmred

8.5 VF (flash at filling)

At LNG f1llmg of the tank, mstantaneous vaponzatwn occurs (called "Flash"). The mam reasons of LNG
flash are the followmg.
heatmg of the LNG due to the pumpmg;

heat mput from p1pmg dunng loadmg or unloadmg,

coolmg of the tank wall when the hqmd level mcreases, (due to the fact that the temperature of the
vapour phase of the above part of the tank 1s h1gher than the temperature of the hqmd,
consequently the wall tank IS cooled down when the level of LNG mcreases producmg
vaponzatwn),

miXIng of the LNG already stored,

when the pressunzed LNG sent mto the tank has a temperature before expansiOn h1gher than that
of the bubble pomt of the hqmd at tank pressure, mstantaneous vaponzatwn occurs.

VF, volume of the flash at f1llmg shall be at the max1mum f1llmg rate w1th the control valve failed open
and shall be determmed mcludmg all the above parameters

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If the LNG was mitially at eqmhbnum, the fractiOnal proportiOn of hqmd which vaponzes
mstantaneously (F) due to a temperature before expansiOn higher than that of bubble pomt of the
stored LNG can be calculated ngorously or approximated by the followmg simplified equatiOn

where

C IS the heat capacity of the flmd (J W 1 kg-1),

T2 IS the bmlmg-pomt temperature of the flmd at the pressure of the tank

(K),

Tt IS the temperature of the flmd before expansion (K),

L IS the latent heat ofvaponzatwn of the flmd (J kg-1)

Consequently VF IS calculated usmg the followmg equatiOn

VF F x ji llzng flow rate (zn kg Is)

In the absence of more precise data, If the drop of absolute pressure IS less or equal to one bar, the
followmg values can be used

C =3,53 x 10 3 JK-1 kg - 1 ,

where
expressed m Pascal, represents the absolute pressure reductiOn of the LNG between the
mit!al storage and the pressure of the destmatJOn tank

B.6 VR (LNG recirculation by a submersible pump)

VR represents the mass flow rate of bml-off brought about by mternal reCirculatiOn of the LNG by the
largest ofthe submersible pumps
VRcan be estimated usmg the Simplified followmg formula taken mto consideratiOn the assumptiOn that
all the energy of the pump goes mto the flmd
VR = Energy mput per p ump I L

The energy IS expressed m Jlh and L m Jlkg (see B 5)

B.7 VA (variation in atmospheric pressure)

If the pressure m the tank IS equal to maximum operatmg pressure, a drop m atmosphenc pressure
bnngs about a gaseous discharge from expansiOn of vapour m the crown (VAG) plus vapour evolved
from the overheat of the liquid (VAL) Similarly a vacuum conditiOn can anse followmg an mcrease m
atmosphenc pressure

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VAG the flow rate due to vapour expansiOn can be calculated usmg the followmg formula (VAG expressed
m m 3 /hour under actual conditiOns of pressure and of temperature of the gaseous crown sheet)
v dp
VAG = - X-
p dt

where
V IS the maximum gaseous cubic capacity of empty tank (m 3),

p IS the absolute operatmg pressure (Pa),

dpjdt IS the absolute value of rate ofvanat10n m atmosphenc pressure (Pajh),

V AL the flow rate due to the de-superheatmg of hqmd can be esbmated by adaptmg the methods g1ven
above m B 5 for the calculatiOn ofF

Local data for rate of atmosphenc pressure change shall be used. Where there IS no local data available
a drop m atmosphenc pressure of 2 000 Pa/h w1th total vanatwn of 10 kPa can be assumed
Th1s value also enables the calculatiOn of the mcommg volume of flow m the event of an mcrease m
atmosphenc pressure

B.8 Vv (control valve failure)

Failure of a control valve can lead to mcreased vapour loads as for example from a suddenly mcreased
flllmg rate or untimely openmg of a vacuum breaker valve.

B. 9 V1 (heat input in the course of a fire)

The rate of evaporatwn m the course of a fire IS determmed by assummg that mcommg heat IS used
Immediately for vaponzmg the fluid takmg no credit for the effect of firewater
The heat flow received by the vertical external enclosure of the tank IS assumed, by default, to be equal
to the emiSSIVe power of a flame of LNG (see EN ISO 16903)
Th1s value IS overruled by the worst case value of heat radiatiOn m the hazard assessment for the actual
locatwn of the tank

B.10 Vo (fluid suction)

Withdrawal of hqmd shall be offset by a gaseous mput m order to prevent negative pressure. The
volume flow rate of gas IS taken to be equal to the maximum volume flow rate of the suctwn pumps

B.11 Vc (compressors suction)

Natural evaporatiOn which occurs m the tank IS generally removed by bml off gas compressors. Even
though the suctwn volume flow rate of such compressors IS adJusted m normal workmg cond1t10ns to fit
the rate of evaporatwn, the possibility that the compressors will cause negative pressure m the tank
cannot be excluded. Vc represents the maximum suctiOn volume flow rate of the compressors

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B.12 VB (roll-over)
The bOil off due to a roll-over shall be calculated usmg appropnate validated models
In case where no model1s used, the flow rate dunng roll-over shall be conservatively taken equal to
V8 =100xVT

This flow rate corresponds approximately to the max1mum flow rate observed m the past dunng a real
roll-over

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AnnexC
(informative)

Seismic classification

C. 1 Introduction
This annex provides a methodology for the seismic classificatiOn of plant and eqmpment to allow the
design of the plant to provide the correct level of earthquake resistance to an earthquake event as
defmed m 4 5 2.2.

C.2 Some basic principles

The seismic classes are defmed m 4.5 2 2

The plant should be shutdown after any earthquake the magmtude of which exceeds a value less
than the OBE acceleratiOn value (this value to be specified by the owner/operator)

This shutdown decrsron can be operator Initiated, or automatically from seismic detectors to
facilitate an orderly shutdown rather than a random tnp of machmery caused by mdividual
vibratiOn detectiOn devices

A full safety mspectron shall be earned out pnor to resummg operatiOn to check

operability,

mtegnty,

stability

After OBE, all eqmpment and/or systems shall remam operatiOnal, except, If agreed by
ownerI operator, that eqmpment and/ or systems that are not necessary for plant operation

After SSE, the plant IS m a safe conditiOn In the penod followmg the event additiOnal measures may
need to be taken to ensure safe remstatement or, If necessary, decommissronmg of the plant These
operatrons could take weeks or months

The Safety Management System shall descnbe the emergency procedures to be activated after SSE,
allowmg for availability of staff, for plant momtonng, mspectron and to undertake temporary
measures

C.3 Example of safety approach after SSE

Local small leaks are accepted but the plant should keep Its mtegnty to avmd additional hazard from
hydrocarbon spillage
The Central Control Room (CCR) becomes the operatronal cnsis centre
It IS accepted that the CCR would not receive full plant operatronal mformatron but maJor mformatwn,
I e pressure, level and temperature on large hydrocarbon mventones, such as storage tanks and
refngerant contamers, should be reported m the CCR

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To achieve this reqmrement after SSE, consideratwn should be given to separate hard wmng and
routmg of cntical signal and control cables outside of plant structures that may be subJect to damage
dunng seismic activity
The tank pressure control should be remotely controlled and safety valves should remam operatwnal
after SSE

C.4 Example of classification for SSE

Based on the basic pnnClples and the example of safety approach the followmg classificatwn could be
prepared
Table C.1 -Seismic criteria classes
Criteria class OperatiOnal Integnty Stability
functionality
Class A X
Class B X
Class C X

The different classes should mclude

Class A.

firefightmg eqmpment and system (only for local operatwn),

underground fire water loop up to spnnkler valves and mcludmg hydrants;

ESD valves,

operabihty of the safety control system m the CCR;

UPS related to the safety control system,

cntical signal to be reported m CCR,

hydrocarbon tanks pressure safety valves or control valves;

secondary contamer of LNG tanks;

Class B.

all eqmpment and pipmg systems contammg hydrocarbon or other hazardous medmm (which
rupture could bnng potential for hazard);

all structures supportmg such eqmpment and pipmg systems,

pnmary contamer of LNG tanks,

Class C

all non-class A or B Items that are m the VIClmty of A or B Items and which collapse could
Impact class A orB Items

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AnnexO
(normative)

Specific requirements for LNG pumps

0.1 Introduction
This annex defmes additiOnal reqmrements to the ones descnbed m Clause 7.

0.2 Design
The design shall meet the followmg speoficatwns·
thermal transient operatmg conditiOns shall be taken mto account (see EN ISO 16903),

flanges, gaskets and fasteners (nuts and bolts) for the JOmt shall be m accordance with
recommendatiOns given m 9 5;

flanged JOints shall be tested m accordance With EN 12308

The manufacture and assembly shall meet the followmg reqmrements

provisiOns shall be made that fasteners remam tight due to the effect of temperature change or
vibratiOn;

traces of oxidatiOn and other contammants shall be removed pnor to fabncatwn or assembly;

weldmg processes and procedures, quality of the electrodes, wires and flux shall be m accordance
with EN ISO 15607, EN ISO 15609-1 and EN ISO 15614-1

The umt shall be fitted with a system for compensatmg the residual axial thrust of the pump under all
operatmg and transrent conditions

0.3 Inspection
D.3.1 General

To ensure the safety behavwur, pump components subjected to mechamcal, rotatiOnal and thermal
stresses shall be mspected and tested InspectiOn and tests shall be performed m accordance With the
relevant standards
The pump manufacturer shall set up, m compliance with the owner reqmrements, a quality plan wrth a
fullmspectwn programme which shall mclude the mspectwn defmed m D.3.2 to D 3 8 where applicable
The reqmrements for positive matenalidentificatwn shall be stated m the quality plan
The manufacturer shall demonstrate the reliability of the apphed procedure m accordance With the
referred standard and the adequacy of the selected cntena with regard to the reqmred quality level
D.3.2 Inspection of components submitted to pressure or rotation

The chemical analyses and the mechamcal charactenstics shall be supplied for each castmg
For forged or rolled parts, mechamcal tests shall be performed after any heat treatment For each
component, the supplier shall speofy the reference standards, the sampling locatiOn and Its directiOn

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0.3.3 Radiographic inspection

RadiOgraphic mspectwn shall be conducted m accordance with EN ISO 9712 and EN ISO 17636-1 and
EN ISO 17636-2
0.3.4 Ultrasonic inspection

Ultrasomc mspectwn shall be conducted m compliance with EN ISO 9712 and EN ISO 17 640
0.3.5 Crack detection (dye penetrant inspection)

Dye penetrant mspectwn shall be conducted m accordance with EN ISO 9712, EN ISO 3452-1 and
EN ISO 17637
0.3.6 Visual inspection

VIsualmspectwn shall be earned out m order to check the compliance of the products supplied with the
specificatiOns of 7 2 and the mdividual component markmg m accordance With the quality plan
D.3. 7 Dimensional inspection

The dimenswnal mspectwn shall be earned out m order to check whether the products supplied
comply With the standards applicable to the supplier's plans and to the documents he shall give to the
owner
D.3.8 Electrical inspections

The followmg mspectwns shall be earned out.

electncal tests m accordance with the quality plan;

an electncal balancmg test.

Electncal components shall be certified m accordance with the appropnate hazardous area
classificatiOn.

D.4 Testing

0.4.1 Test condition

All the followmg tests, which are given hereafter, shall be conducted either with liqmd mtrogen or with
LNG unless otherwise stated
Acceptable alternative test hqmds can be used with the owner's agreement
For all test hqmds other than LNG, detail procedures and formulae shall be agreed between the
manufacturer and the owner to predict the actual performance from the test data.
0.4.2 Type tests and acceptance tests

Type tests are earned out on the first of each pump type Acceptance tests are earned out on all pumps
ofthis design Type tests shall mclude the followmg.
mechamcal strength and tightness tests (hydrostatic tests),

performance tests,

net positive suction head (NPSH) tests (the defmitiOn of NPSH IS given mEN ISO 9906),

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- cold rotatiOn tests at a maxtmum temperature of- 160 ac (for pumps not tested wtth LNG).
Acceptance tests shall mclude at least the strength and ttghtness tests
By speCial agreement wtth the pump supplier, the acceptance tests can also be extended to performance
and NPSH tests Acceptance tests shall be earned out etther at the manufacturer's premtses 1f the latter
dtsposes of a test bench, or at a locatiOn dectded by mutual agreement between the manufacturer and
the ownerf operator
D.4.3 Strength and tightness tests

The pump body and any part of the pump under pressure (1 e workmg barrel), shall undergo a strength
test and a tightness test m accordance wtth EN 12162 Water can be used for these tests provtded that
chlonde content IS lower than 50 x 10-6 (50 ppm)
D.4.4 Performance tests

Performance tests shall be earned out preferably wtth LNG, the compositiOn of which shall be speCified
and density and temperature shall be measured.
Test data shall be recorded or calculated, at least for s1x pomts of the operatmg range among which
shutoff flow rate,

mmimum contmuous stable flow rate;

two pomts m midway between mimmum and rated flow rate,

rated flow rate;

maximum allowable flow rate.

The tests shall be conducted at the pump's nommal speed ± 3 %when LNG or at appropnate speed m
the case of another medmm, to be agreed with the owner
For each of the flow rates except shutoff, the followmg parameters are determmed
total hydraulic head at dtscharge,

total hydraulic head at suctwn;

pump effiCiency and effiCiency of the motor;

power absorbed by the motor,

vtbratwn level,

nmse level

For shutoff pomt, the followmg parameters are determmed

total hydraulic head at discharge,

power absorbed by the motor, 1f appropnate

For pumps fitted with vanable speed dnvers, these parameters are also recorde d at two different
speeds of operatiOn band (medmm and mimmum speed) .

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For a vertical motor pump submerged m the tank, a "pump down" test shall be earned out, the
conditiOns of which shall be submitted for the owner's approval Pump down test IS a test of the pump
at low hqmd level eqmvalent to a reductiOn of discharge head to 40 % of the nommal value
A contmuous runnmg test of m1mmum 1 h shall be conducted at rated duties.
D.4.5 NPSH tests
Measurements of the NPSH reqmred by the pump shall be earned out at the eqmhbnum temperature of
the hqmd, preferably with LNG, the compositiOn of which shall be specified, and at least 3 different flow
rates for the first pump whilst only one for the other With same design These flow rates shall be
Identical with those of the performance tests

0.5 Declared values

For a hquef1ed natural gas, the density of which shall be specified at the reference temperature, the
manufacturer shall declare the followmg values
differential head at shutoff,

differential head at the mm1mum flow rate of the operatmg range;

differential head at the nommal flow rate,

differential head at the maximum flow rate of the operatmg range,

NPSH reqmred at the mm1mum flow rate of the operatmg range,

NPSH reqmred at the nommal flow rate,

NPSH reqmred at the maximum flow rate of the operatmg range,

power consumptiOn at the nommal flow rate,

pump efficiency at the nommal flow rate and of Its dnve and speed converter, If any,

pump down level m the case of an m tank pump (see D.4 4),

power consumptiOn at the mmimum contmuous and maximum flow rates

The tolerances on these values determmed dunng the course of the performance tests (see D.4.4) shall
be as specified mEN ISO 13709

0.6 Marking

A metal IdentificatiOn plate showmg the followmg mformatwn should be fixed to each pump and
workmg barrel
supplier's d1stmgmshmg abbreviatiOn,

manufactunng senal number and owner's order number,

nommal flow rate (m m3/h),

nommal head of the pump (m metres),

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rotatwn speed at the nommal flow rate (m mm-1 ),

maximum workmg pressure (m bar gauge) and the date of testmg of the workmg barrel, If any,

date and pressure of pump test (see EN 12162).

D. 7 Particular requirements for submerged pumps and related cables

0.7.1 Pot (can) mounted pumps

An electncal JUnctwn box shall be used for the connectwn between the electnc cables of the pump and
the external cables
Due provisiOn shall be made to avord any gas migratwn from the suctwn pot mto the JUnctwn box
The cryogemc electnc cables for the connectiOns between the JUnctwn box and the pump motor shall
wrthstand a workmg temperature of- 196 ac.
0.7.2 Column mounted (in tank) type

0.7.2.1 General

With a proper procedure, column mounted type pumps can be removed from the storage tank whilst It
IS m service The pump and electncal cable assembly IS mserted mto the upper end of the pump column
The pump IS sealed onto an adapter at the base of the column
Suctwn IS through the base adapter and drscharge on the penphery of the pump body, between the
column and the pump body
In additiOn to the reqmrements of Clause 7 and D.2, the pump umt shall be able to be mstalled and
removed by means of a hftmg system usmg either dedrcated cables or a set of connectmg stamless steel
tubes or some other means
The column head plate seals the column It shall compnse
on the mside . a tenswnmg system for the cable which secures the electnc cables and the hftmg
cable coiled under the plate,

on the outside· the electnc cable JUnction box

The base adapter shall ensure pump ahgnment m the centre of the column and prevent It from rotatmg
It shall allow the pump to be raised without reqmrmg the apphcatwn of any abnormal force
0.7.2.2 Dedicated cables

The devices for handlmg the umt and for securmg the cables shall mclude.
a hftmg system for the safe lowenng and raismg of the pump, Without nsk of fallmg and without
twistmg of cables,

a spare hftmg cable that will take over the functwn of the duty cable, m case of Its failure, this spare
cable shall be mstalled m such a way that It will prevent pump fallmg m case of duty cable fatlure
This spare hftmg cable could only be drscarded If owner/operator can demonstrate otherwise,

an electncal support cable used for keepmg the electncal cables under tenswn m the column, thrs
cable shall be non-twistmg type and shall be pre-stressed before assembly to avoid possible over
stressmg of the electncal cables due to temperature difference m the tank;

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a system for gmdmg the cables mto the column,

a system for supportmg a measurement cable stemmmg.

The electnc cables shall have a bendmg radms which allows easy handlmg whlle avmdmg breakage
under the cable's own weight
D.7.2.3 Stainless steel tubes

Where stamless steel tubes are used a shut-off device (a gate valve, or spectacle type blmd flange, or any
other smtable closmg device) may be placed on top of the column outside the tank
The pump shall be hfted by a set of connectmg stamless steel tubes which also contam the electnc
power supply cables This hftmg mechamsm shall be ngid, easy to assemble and shall protect the
electnc cables

0.8 Vertical external motor pumps

The umt compnses an electnc motorjcentnfugal pump assembly
The vertical pump IS mstalled m a barrel with the pump submerged m the LNG The electncal motor IS
mounted on top of the barrel and IS not submerged m the LNG
Careful consideratwn shall be given to sealmg arrangements Shaft sealmg shall ehmmate leakage past
the seal
The coohng down of the pumps shall be earned out slowly and carefully Each pump shall be provided
with an adequate vent or rehefvalve to prevent over-pressure dunng cool-down
The barrel shall be msulated m order to prevent vaponzatwn and to mhibit condensatwn The
foundatwns of the pump shall be designed and constructed to prevent frost heavmg

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AnnexE
(normative)

Specific requirements for LNG vaporizers

E.l Operating parameters f declared performance

The operatmg parameters of vaponzers for which the nommal values are to be speCified accordmg to
type are given m Table E.1. The range withm which these parameters will be able to vary shall also be
specified.
Certam of these values shall be declared by the manufacturer. More specific reqmrements are given
below.

E.Z Water stream vaporizers: Open rack type (ORV)

E.2.1 Specific design requirements

Open rack vaponzers shall be protected agamst adverse atmosphenc conditiOns such as wmd, snow
and ram In particular, wmd shield should be provided to hmit sea water foam dispersiOn by the wmd
The two followmg vanable actiOns shall be considered m the determmatwn of the normal actiOn used
for design.
exceptiOnal thermal stress resultmg from poor distnbutwn of water e g a heatmg tube IS not
wetted;

accumulatiOn of Ice (10 em thick) on half the height of the vaponzer.

E.Z.Z Water distribution

Flow of water shall be even.

on the different accessible parts of any sectiOn of tube m order to prevent distortiOns of the tube,

between different tubes which are mechamcally connected

The system for distnbutwn of water over the tubes should be easily accessible, adJustable and designed
to permit cleanmg, If reqmred by the owner without mterruptmg operatiOn, usmg one of the followmg
methods·
Jet of water;

blast of air under pressure,

roddmg brush

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Table E.1 -Values to be specified for LNG vaporizers

....,Ul'""
rn
;;;
u
>::: ;;;
Ul
..<:: 0
<;:::
'""
Ul
p.
"0
"'Ul
~
~
u "'0 Ul
u "0 ~
rn 8
...., ~ 0
'UlN""
'~"" "0
Ul rn '""
c8 0
u p
Ul
p. "'0 "0 "0 -o "';::i
.0
>:::
0
p.
0 u 9
<;:::
9
<;:::
9
<;::: s rn
~
srn s
rn
....,
Ul
rn
....,
Ul
rn
Ul
ttl
0
u
"0
u
>:::
Ul
.1::
Ul
.1:: .a
Ul
.a
Ul
..;:; Ul'""
Ul N
Ul
bll
Ul
..<::
p.
"' "'Ul
'"" s s s >:::
s'""
Ul Ul
'""
....,
Ul .,_, ~{3 '""
....,
Ul 'Ul""
.,_,
0
p.
0
s
rn rn .0 .,_,
3: 3: 3] .8 .8 rn
~
;::i
{/) <t:
Mimmum and maximum mtermediate flmd flow rate X
Mmimum and maximum mtermediate flmd pressure X

Mmtmum and maximum throughput X X X X X X X

Maximum utility consumptiOn X

Basis parameters
Mmimum heatmg flmd temperature X X X X X

Maximum heatmg flmd temperature X X

Mtmmum outlet temperature vaponzed gas X X X X X X X

LNG/NG pressure drop X X X X X X X

Mmimum mr temperature, wmd speed, and humidity X

Mmimum water mlet temperature X X X

Water flow rate X X
Water outlet temperature X X X

Service CombustiOn gas pressure, temperature, compositiOn X

utilities Water analysis X X X X
Pressure range of mtermediate flmd X X
Type ofmtermediate flmd X X X
Operatmg
Battery limit conditions for utilities X X X X X X X
parameters
Type of heatmg X X X

Heatmg curves X X X X X X X

Thermal duty X X X X X X X

Inlet and outlet temperature X X X X X X X

LNG
Inlet and outlet pressure X X X X X X X

CompositiOn X X X X X X X
Mass flow rate X X X X X X X
General Mmimum time to start up X X X X X X X
E.2.3 LNG and NG hnes

Stress analysis shall be performed on both LNG mlet lines and NG outlet lines to allow proper flexibility
and mmimize loads on panel connectiOns

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E.2.4 LNG distribution

Care shall be taken with the distnbutwn of the LNG flow between parallel vaponzatwn channels. One
solutiOn consists of havmg a generously dimensiOned mamfold and a restnctwn at the mlet of each
exchanger tube.
E.Z.S Cleaning ofthe LNG/NG circuit

Gas circulatmg m the exchanger can con tam paraffm waxes These deposit on the sidewalls of tubes and
reduce the performance of vaponzers In that case, a facrlity for flushmg tubes with the aid of a smtable
solvent shall be provided The solvent used shall be compatible with the matenals used
E.2.6 Controljsafety

Safe operatiOn IS achieved by the control of the vaponzer gas outlet temperature and water flow rate,
which form the basis of the alarm and safety system
In case of low gas outlet temperature or low water flow the vaponzer shall be automatically Isolated.
Gas outlet valve closure time should be set to prevent cold temperature extendmg over limits defmed
by thermal transient analysis (see 8.1.2)
Threshold values for gas outlet temperature shall be defmed. Typical values might be
0 oc for alarm,

- 5 oc for operatiOn of safety shutdown devices to stop LNG feed

Where the mmimum ambient temperature IS below the tnp threshold, start up of the vaponzer can
reqmre a carefully designed overnde
Insufficient flow of water shall be automatically detected (e g flow sensor).
E.Z. 7 Shelters for vaporizers

If revampmg of the coatmg of fmned tubes reqmres dismantling of components, the bmldmg shall be
designed accordmgly, I e with a removable roof
Any side panels shall be designed to prevent any proJectiOn of water to the outside (water shall be
returned to the lower receptiOn basm)
InspectiOn traps systems shall be provided to permit mspectwn m operatiOn
E.2.8 Water circuits

Water circmts (pumps, pipe-work, water heatmg, chlonnatwn) are to meet the reqmrements listed m
12 5.
E.2.9 Water quality

The water quality shall be checked for compatibility with tube matenal
When water contams fmes and solid particles, the vendor should recommend the most appropnate
protectiOn such as water filtratiOn

E.3 Water stream vaporizers: Closed type (STV)

The flow rate and the temperature of the water shall be controlled.
Vaponzers shall be operated with tube surface temperatures above 0 oc, so that formatiOn of Ice will be
avmded Dunng upset conditiOns, when water throughput IS msufficient, the supply of LNG shall be
reduced or stopped If necessary, water shall be dramed from the shell side of the heat exchanger

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Threshold values for gas outlet temperatures shall be defmed Typical values might be.
+ 15 oc, for alarm,
+ 10 °C, for operatiOn of safety shutdown devices to stop LNG feed

The water flow rate shall be temperature controlled In order to avoid blockage, an additiOnal water
flow rate detector shall be mstalled to stop throughput of LNG m case of msuffiCJent water flow

E.4 Intermediate fluid vaporizers (IFV)

E.4.1 Atmospheric water bath type

Control shall be based on the temperature of the water bath If an external pump IS used for forced
circulatiOn of the water, the non-availability of this pump shall be considered and should cause a umt
shutdown.
Threshold values for gas outlet temperatures shall be defmed. Typical value might be.
+ 15 oc, for alarm,
+ 10 oc, for shutdown
The water bath temperature shall be controlled by the heat supply In the event of heat supply shut
down, the LNG feed shall be stopped.
E.4.2 Forced flow type

The pnnc1ples of control are similar to those of the closed water stream vaponzer with the difference
that the set pomt of the alarms and shut down are dependent on the physical properties of the
mtermediate flmd
The outlet temperature of the vaponzed LNG controls the flow rate of the mtermed1ate flmd m the
c1rcmt In case of upset conditiOns of the mtermediate flmd Circmt the LNG throughput shall be stopped.
E.4.3 Condenser;vaporizer type

Condenser vaponzer systems are temperature controlled. LNG IS vaponzed agamst mtermed1ate flmds
Alarm and shutdown functiOns shall be dependent on physical properties of the mtermed1ate flow and
eqmpment design conditiOns
The temperature controller of the vaponzed LNG at the outlet of the vaponzer shall act on the heatmg
source of the system

E.S Submerged combustion type vaporizers (SCV)

E.5.1 Corrosion

The selectiOn of matenal and design of the vaponzer should avmd corrosiOn
Water pH should be regularly momtored to avmd tube p1ttmg corrosiOn.
Care shall be taken with the anti-corrosiOn treatment of components made of carbon steel (stacks,
supports, etc) due to the potential acidic environment
E.5.2 Control and safety

The use of a programmable controller IS preferred

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The pnmary parameter governmg the operatwn of the burner IS the gas outlet temperature, however
the water bath temperature should be low enough for good energy effiCiency but suffiCiently high to
prevent freezmg
The parameters governed by the automatic burner control system are the flow rates of fuel gas and air
A submerged combustwn vaponzer should mclude a pilot flame The control system shall d1stmgU1sh
three steady state operatmg modes for the pilot·
shutdown,

standby (only the pilot flame IS on);

normal operatwn

Flame sensors mom tor permanently the presence of a flame dunng "standby" and "normal operatwn".
Safety devices whrch could m1t1ate shutdown of the eqUipment are to be the followmg, as a mm1mum.
too low bath water temperature;

too low gas outlet temperature,

too low bath level,

extmctwn of flame;

gas detectwn m the mcommg air;

air fan tnppmg

Threshold values for gas outlet temperature, shall be defmed Typrcal values mrght be·
0 oc for alarm,

-5 oc for shutdown of a vaponzer or of a set of vaponzers, accordmg to the pos1t10n of the

temperature probe w1thm the gas circUit

Where the tnp threshold IS above the mm1mum ambient temperature, start up of the vaponzer can
reqUire a carefully designed overnde
In the event oftnp, the control systems shall automatically
Isolate the LNG supply to that vaponzer and protect downstream pipe-works from low
temperature,

cut off the gas supply to the pilot and mam burners,

mamtam the operatwn of the fan and the water c1rculatmg pump (account shall be taken m the
design of the fact that water can enter the fume d1stnbutwn casmg and the enclosure of the burner
when the fan stops, causmg maJor thermal shock and possible damage to those parts of the
eqUipment),

dehver an alarm signal to the appropnate control room

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E.5.3 Water bath

The constructiOn matenal of the water bath shall be able to withstand the aCidity of the water which
results from the dissolvmg of fumes (carbon diOxide, mtrogen oxides) m the water The water bath shall
be leak tight
The positiOn of the overflow should take mto account the large mcrease m the water level which occurs
between shutdown and operatiOn of the eqmpment
E.5.4 Vibration

Fumes gomg through the bath generate VIbratiOn and account shall be taken of this m the design
E.S.S Arrangements for cold periods

Wmtenzatwn shall be considered m the design of the vaponzer

E.5.6 ELegionella

The operatiOn of the water bath shall consider that the conditiOns for legwnella and bactena to develop
may exist The operator shall have a program m place to test for legwnella and a plan to avmd a growth
of the bactena

E.6 Ambient air vaporizers (AAV)

Ambient a1r vaponzers use air as heatmg medmm e1ther w1th natural or forced draft
Both Types of AAV (natural or forced draft) reqmre defrostmg cycles, producmg vast amounts of
freshwater
The AA V system produces mistmg or 'foggmg' Therefore the adverse effect by foggmg on the area
surroundmg the Termmal needs to be determmed The likelihood of when fog formatiOn will occur and
Its dispersiOn shall be studied through CFD Model Analysis or similar method, which will mdicate when
the foggmg will occur and the effect of Its d1sperswn
The adverse effect of the foggmg has also to be considered for the vaponzer performances (availability
of ambient temperature air) and for the safety (viSibility, efficiency of the detectiOn systems)

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AnnexF
(normative)

Criteria for the design of pipes

The followmg actiOns shall be considered for the calculatiOn of supports and flexibility·
permanent cntena

mternal pressure,

weight of tube,

weight oflaggmg, etc,

vanable cntena.

mtermittent loads due to hydraulic shock,

thermal loads, due to the contractiOn and fatigue phenomena followmg cycles of coolmg and
heatmg, particular attentiOn IS reqmred m the case of a sudden change of thickness or
diameter,

wmd;

earthquake, etc

The cntena hnked with hydraulic hammer are the result of maximum over-pressure created by undue
stoppmg of a pump or the closmg of a valve These actiOns shall be determmed usmg a method which
has been validated by expenmentatwn with LNG. As a first approximatiOn the followmg simplified
formulas may be used to calculate the values of over-pressure due to the valve closmg expressed as a
LNG column height, I e Dh·
2L v V0
t ~ - ,Dh=--
v g

2L 2L V0
t>- ,Dh = - -
v gt

where
L IS the length of p1pelme,

t IS the closmg time of the valve,

v IS the shock wave speed, v = 1 500 ms-1 for LNG,

Dh IS the height of the LNG column eqmvalent to the over-pressure,

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Vo IS the flowmg velocity of LNG before hydraulic hammer,

g IS the acceleratiOn due to gravity

Lmes subJect to surge loads and close to the1r hm1t state cond1twns shall be des1gned by FE-methods
cons1denng cav1tatwn effects

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AnnexG
(informative)

Description of the different types of onshore LNG installations

G.l LNG liquefaction plant

LNG liquefactiOn plants generally mclude

an mcommg natural gas metenng and receiVmg statiOn, mcludmg m the case of a two phase
mcommg pipelme, a slug catcher,

condensate stabilizatiOn and storage;

gas treatment umts m which any acid gases, water, heavier hydrocarbons and, If appropnate,
mercury which might be present m the mcommg gas are extracted,

liquefactiOn umts which produce LNG and withm which, ethane, propane, commercial butane,
heavier hydrocarbons and mtrogen can be extracted. A proportiOn of the extracted hydrocarbons
can be used as refngerant make up. A liquefactiOn umt uses very specific eqmpment such as
cryogemc spool-wound or brazed plate-fm exchangers and high-powered turbo-compressiOn umts.
Two refngerant cycles m cascade are usually employed,

LNG storage tanks and the relevant loadmg facilities for fillmg LNG earners, trucks, etc where
appropnate,

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and/or natural gasolme storage tanks, If appropnate, and the
relevant loadmg plants,

generatiOn and/or purchase and distnbutwn of the utilities necessary for the plant to operate
( electncity, steam, coolmg water, compressed air, mtrogen, fuel gas, etc ) ;

and general off-site mstallatwns, (gas and liqmd flare systems, effluent treatment, fireflghtmg
systems, etc)

Most of the gas treatmg steps can be commonly found m gas treatment plant for the productiOn of sales
gas, e.g. aCid gas removat dehydratiOn, hydrocarbon dew pomt and natural gas liqmd (NGL) recovery
NGL fractiOnatiOn IS also commonly found m the light ends umt of ml refmenes
It can be noted, apart from the storage tanks, only a fractiOn of the hydrocarbons contamed withm the
liquefactiOn plant are likely to be m the form of LNG. The bulk of the eqmpment volume IS likely to
contam high pressure natural gas, NGLs or refngerants

G.2 LNG receiving terminals

LNG receivmg termmals are designed to receive liquefied natural gas from methane earners, to unload,
store this LNG and convert It mto the gaseous phase for send out to the gas network or gas consumers
Thus an LNG receivmg termmal provides several essential functwns which are.
unloadmg,

storage;

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LNG recovery and pressunzmg,

vaponzmg;

gas quahty adjustment

G.3 LNG peak shaving plants

LNG peak shavmg plants, which liquefy natural gas taken from the commercial gas network, are an
order of magmtude smaller than export termmals The quahty of the gas feed simphfies the processmg
reqmrements compared with an LNG export termmal Liqmd hydrocarbons are hkely to be limited to
the LNG and refngerant for which storage IS commonly provided No fractiOnatiOn facihtws are usually
reqmred H2 S may be assumed to be present m commercial natural gas at levels below that reqmnng
speCific treatment
The followmg refngeratwn processes are commonly used m LNG peak shavmg plants (for more details
see Annex L).
one mixed refngerant cycle,

cascade mixed refngerant cycle,

mtrogen expander cycle;

methanejmtrogen expander cycle,

open cycle expander.

The turbo-expanders are mostly coupled to booster gas compressors

Where a large flow of high pressure natural gas IS expanded to feed a lower pressure network, the
expansiOn can take place m a turbo-expander to provide the refngeratwn needed to hquefy the natural
gas The amount of refngeratwn available IS directly dependent on the pressure ratiO of the expansiOn
but a common productiOn rate IS 10 % of the flow of expanded gas.

G.4 LNG satellite plants

An LNG satelhte plant IS generally a small statiOn where LNG IS stored and vaponzed for peak shavmg
purposes or to supply an Isolated local distnbutwn network The LNG IS delivered by road or rail
tankers or small LNG earners commg from either an LNG receivmg termmal or an LNG peak shavmg
plant
The mam functiOns of a LNG satellite plant are the same as the LNG receivmg termmal

G.5 LNG bunkering stations

An LNG bunkenng statiOn IS generally a site where LNG IS received and then stored for bunkermg of
LNG as fuel for ships either through a pipmg system, trucks, contamers or barges
A bunkenng statiOn would be provided with LNG either from a liquefactiOn plant (remote or adjacent to
the bunkermg statwn) or from a receiVmg termmal

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AnnexH
(informative)

Definition of different types of LNG tanks

H.1 General
The different types of tanks are defmed m Clause 6
The vertical, cylmdncal, flat-bottomed steel tanks are descnbed mEN 14620-1
Other followmg types could also be considered

H.2 Spherical storage tank

The sphencal, smgle contamment tank system consists of an un-stiffened, sphere supported at the
equator by a vertical cyhnder The tank IS designed and constructed m compliance with the Gas Carner
Code of the InternatiOnal Mantime Orgamsation (IMO type B tank, [18]).
The sphencal tank geometry allows accurate predictiOn of structural mtegnty It can be designed for
high earthquake acceleratiOns.
An above-ground sphencal tank shall be surrounded by a bund wall (see 6 8) to contam any leakage
NOTE Examples of cryogemc sphencal tanks are given m Figure H 1

H.3 Cryogenic concrete tank

For this type of vertical, cylmdncal, flat bottom tanks, the walls of the pnmary and secondary
con tamers are both of pre-stressed concrete.
NOTE Examples of cryogemc concrete tanks are given m Figure H 2

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/
/
.,.,...-- ---- -....._
.......
"'
/
/ /
/
' ~
~
I \
I 2 \
;------
/ \
\
\

Key
1 outer shell
2 pnmary con tamer
3 secondary contamer

Figure H.1 -Examples of spherical storage tanks

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 BS EN 1473 2016
EN 1473:2016 (E)

16 17

Key
1 suspended deck (alummmm deck) 9 remforced concrete roof
2 pre-stressed concrete secondary con tamer 10 bottom heatmg
3 elevated slab 11 concrete outer raft
4 base msulatwn 14 carbon steellmer
6 loose fill msulatwn 15 9 % N1 steel base
7 outer steel roof 16 cryogemc pre-stressed concrete pnmary con tamer
8 pnmary con tamer 17 cryogemc pre-stressed concrete secondary con tamer

Figure H.2 - Examples of cryogenic concrete tanks

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Annex I
(mformative)

Frequency ranges

Table 1.1 - Frequency ranges for hazard assessment

Range 1 Frequency of occurrence of more than once in 10 years.
Range 2 Frequency of occurrence m the range between once in 10 years and once in 100 years.
Range 3 Frequency of occurrence m the range between once in 100 years and once in 1 000 years.
Range4 Frequency of occurrence m the range between once in 1 000 years and once in 10 000 years.
Range 5 Frequency of occurrence m the range between once in 10 000 years and once in 100 000
years.
Range 6 Frequency of occurrence m the range between once in 100 000 years and once in 1 000 000
years.
Range 7 Frequency of occurrence of less than once in 1 000 000 years (1 e fallmg of meteonte, etc)

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Annex}
(informative)

Classes of consequence

Classes of consequence take mto account the extent of mJury for the plant personnel and for the pubhc
and equrpment damage mside and outside the plant boundanes, but on the only safety and
environmental aspects
Five classes of consequences have been Identified on the basis of.
fatalities,

acodent related to process operatwn with loss time,

release ofhydrocarbons

These classes are ranked from 1 to 5 m descendmg order

Table J.1- Classes of consequence for hazard assessment
Criteria unit Class 1 Class 2 a Class 3 Class4 Class 5
Fatalities Dead persons More than 10 1 to 10 0 0 0
AcCident with InJured persons More than 100 11 to 100 2 to 10 1 0
loss time
Release of Tons More than 100 10,01 to 100 1,01 to 10 0,1 to 1 Less than 0,1
hydrocarbons
a The class IS close to SEVESO Directive cntena [CounCil Directive 96/82/EC of 9 December 1996 on the control of maJor-
acCident hazards mvolvmg dangerous substances]

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AnnexK
(informative)

Levels of risk

K.l General
Three categones of nsk may be used.
Level 3· situatiOn which IS undesirable and cannot be tolerated Remedial actwn reqmred (Not
Acceptable),

Level 2 situatwn which shall be Improved A level at which rt shall be demonstrated that the nsk IS
made As Low As Reasonably Practical (ALARP),

Levell normal situatiOn (Acceptable)

K.2 Acceptability criteria

Tables K.l and K 2 give examples of nsk acceptability cntena matnxes for the cumulative total of all
plant nsks and so can only be used when all hazards have been assessed Withm the nsk assessment It
cannot be used to assess mdividual hazard sequences unless each hazard IS allotted a proportiOn of the
allowable overall plant nsk Should the overall nsk level be exceeded a chmce of which hazards to
Improve can be made so that the overall nsk level Is Improved m the most cost effective manner
The acceptab1hty cntena are more strmgent for the consequences outside the plant boundanes
Table K.1- Determination of level of risk inside plant boundary
Ri.sk Consequences Consequences Consequences Consequences Consequences
class Class Class Class Class
Frequency for Cumulative
all plant frequency 5 4 3 2 1
accidents (per year)
Range 1 > 0,1 2 2 3 3 3
Range 2 0,1 to 0,01 1 2 2 3 3
Range 3 0,01 to 0,001 1 1 2 2 3
Range 4 0,001 to 10-4 1 1 1 2 2
Range 5 10-4 to 10-s 1 1 1 1 2
Range 6 lo-s to 10-6 1 1 1 1 1
Range 7 < 10-6 1 1 1 1 1
TOLERABILITY OF HAZARDS:
1 =normal situatiOn
2 = ALARP regwn
3 = not acceptable

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Table K.Z- Determination oflevel of risk outside the boundary plant

Risk Consequences Consequences Consequences Consequences Consequences
class Class Class Class Class
Freque ncy Cumulative
fo r all plant frequency 5 4 3 2 1
acCidents (per year)
Ra nge 1 > 0,1 2 3 3 3 3
Range 2 0,1 to 0,01 2 2 3 3 3
Range 3 0,01 to 0,001 1 2 2 3 3
Range4 0,001 to 10-4 1 1 2 2 3
Range 5 10-4 to 10-5 1 1 1 2 2
Range 6 10- 5 to 10-6 1 1 1 1 2
Range 7 < 10-6 1 1 1 1 1
TOLERABILITY OF HAZARDS:
1 =normal SituatiOn
2 =ALARP regwn
3 =not acceptable

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AnnexL
(mformat1ve)

Typical process steps of liquefaction

L.llntroduction
LiquefactiOn plant 1s considered to start at the mlet to the aod gas removal umt and to termmate at the
mlet to the LNG (and other hqmd hydrocarbon) rundown lmes. Gas transm1sswn, treatment upstream
of ac1d gas removal and product and refngerant storage are excluded from th1s annex Descnptwns of
commonly used processes are giVen, however there 1s no tmphcatwn that these are the best or only
processmg optiOns

L.2Treatment of natural gas/extraction of acid gases

L.2.1 General

The purpose of the aod gas extractiOn umt Is to reduce the COz and HzS content w1thm the gas to be
hquef1ed to values wh1ch are compattble with commeroal and legal gas speof1catwns and are
compatible w1th coolmg reqmrements (nsk of sohd1flcatwn). Contents tolerated w1thm the treated gas
are
COz < 100 x 10-6 by volume,

HzS < 4 x 10-6 by volume

The selectiOn of the treatment process wtll depend on the type and concentratiOn of Impunttes to be
removed Commonly used processes are descnbed below
L.2.2 Absorption processes

L.2.2.1 Principle of operation

The pnnctple of such processes IS to absorb aod gases from the gas to be treated, by scrubbmg With an
absorptiOn solutiOn w1thm a tray-type or packed-type absorber
The absorbent solutiOn can be
either chemtcal (formatiOn of a chemical compound whtch, on temperature nse, dtssociates by
releasmg aod gases),

or physical (absorptiOn brought about by pressure, whtch then, through lowenng of pressure,
allows the tmtial solutiOn to be regenerated)

In certam processes, the absorptiOn solutiOn 1s a mixture of chemical and physical solvents
Some absorptiOn solutiOns con tam additives designed to Improve reactiVIty of the solvent, reduce nsks
of corrosiOn or prevent foammg
L.2.2.2 Operating parameters/performance data

Des1gn of an aCid gas extractwn plant reqmres knowledge of nommal values of the operatmg
parameters of the plant wh1ch are hsted below, and also the ranges ofvanatwn of such parameters

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flow rate, pressure, temperature, compositiOn and aCld gas content of mcommg natural gas
entermg the plant for treatment;

flow rate, pressure and aCld gas content of treated natural gas leavmg the plant,

absorptiOn solutiOn CirculatiOn rate and concentratiOn

In particular, the followmg values should be ensured by the process holder and/ or the manufacturer·
flow rate of treated natural gas leavmg the plant,

aCld gas content of outgomg treated natural gas;

pressure drop on the natural gas C1rcmt,

absorptiOn solutiOn concentratiOn;

absorptiOn solutiOn circulatiOn rate;

absorptiOn solutiOn losses,

consumptiOn of utihties, for the rated operatmg conditiOns of the plant

L.2.2.3 Particular features

Design of the plant should take account of certam features which are speCific to this type of plant.
a) Risks of foaming in the absorber

FormatiOn of foam mside the absorber bnngs about detenoratwn m the performance of the
absorber and dnvmg of foam (and therefore of absorptiOn solutwn) with the treated gas as It leaves
the over head of the absorber

Foammg can occur for several reasons.

1) mcorrect design or poor sizmg of the absorber,

2) presence of sohd particles m the solutiOn,

3) presence ofhqmd hydrocarbons m the scrubbmg solutiOn

The absorptiOn solutiOn should be filtered m order to prevent accumulatiOn of sohd particles

The gas entermg the absorber should not contam hqmd hydrocarbons It should furthermore be
checked that there IS no nsk of condensatiOn of hydrocarbons withm the absorber If the presence
of hqmd hydrocarbons m the absorptiOn solutiOn cannot be excluded, mstallatwn of a device for
absorptiOn of hqmd hydrocarbons (passmg at least part of the solutiOn m circulatiOn over a bed of
activated carbon, for example) IS recommended

"Anti-foam" additive can be InJected mto the solutiOn as long as Its presence will not bnng about
secondary effects which Impair operatiOn of the plant

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b) Risks of corrosion

Under certam Clrcumstances (such as h1gh temperature or h1gh aCld gas concentratiOn) absorptiOn
solutwns can become corrosive to steel.

In additiOn to weakenmg of the metal, corrosiOn residue promotes foammg m the absorber - hence
the Importance of proper selectiOn of constructiOn matenals and heat treatment m order to prevent
corrosiOn phenomena

A corrosiOn mhibitor can be added to the solutiOn as long as 1t does not brmg about secondary
effects wh1ch are harmful to operatiOn ofthe plant

L.2.3 Molecular sieve adsorption process

Molecular sieves, wh1ch are Widely used for gas dehydratiOn, have the property of adsorbmg aod gases
as well However, the number of molecular s1eve vessels to be mstalled, and the volume of flow of
regeneratiOn gas necessary, hm1t use of molecular s1eves to natural gases w1th low ac1d gases content
(less than 0,2 % by volume for large capacity LNG plants up to about 1,5 % by volume for LNG peak-
shavmg plants)
Please see mformatwn on dehydratiOn umts m L 3 below for use of a process of th1s type
L.2.4 Other sulphur processes than HzS

In additiOn to HzS, the raw natural gas can contam other sulphur compounds (COS, mercaptans etc.)
wh1ch are generally not removed by the aCld gas removal treatment, wh1le LNG speclflcatwns usually
mclude a hmit on total sulphur quantity. The concentratiOn of such sulphur compounds m the natural
gas can therefore need to be reduced
The choiCe of process IS related to the quantity and type of sulphur compounds present m the raw
natural gas stream Poss1ble processes mclude cryogemc dtst1llatwn (the sulphur compounds are
removed durmg NGL extractiOn from the natural gas and defm1twely removed by treatment of the LPG)
and on the molecular s1eves used for dehydratiOn

L.3Natural gas treatment/dehydration

L.3.1 General

The water content of treated gas should be less than 1 x 10-6 by volume. DehydratiOn of natural gas to
be liquefied IS generally earned out on molecular sieves Acttvated alumma or s11ica gel can also be used
L.3.2 Principle of operation

DehydratiOn IS done by passmg wet natural gas over a bed of molecular s1eves Molecular sieves are
alummos1hcates of sodmm, calcmm or potassmm with regular pore size crystallme structures which
allow great selectivity concernmg the size of molecules adsorbed and g1ve h1gh adsorption capacity
A dehydratiOn umt mcludes at least two dryers whtch contam molecular sieves. One IS m adsorptiOn
while the other Ism regeneratiOn RegeneratiOn 1s earned out at high temperature (200 octo 250 °C) by
c1rculatmg dry gas wh1ch has been heated beforehand m a heater or a heat exchanger
RegeneratiOn can be earned out either at the same pressure as adsorptiOn, usmg dry gas recycled
through a compressor, or at low pressure
In order to reduce the quanttty of water to be removed from the gas by the molecular s1eves, natural gas
ts generally cooled - whtle at the same ttme remammg above hydrate formatiOn temperature - m such a
way as to condense part of the water before passmg over the molecular steves

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L.3.3 Operating parameters/performance data

Design of a dehydratiOn plant reqmres knowledge of nommal values of the operatmg parameters of the
plant which are listed below, and also the ranges of vanatwn of such parameters.
flow rate, pressure, temperature, compositiOn and water content of mcommg natural gas entenng
the plant for dehydratiOn,

flow rate, pressure and water content of dry natural gas leavmg the plant,

flow rate and pressure ofregeneratwn gas to the dryers,

temperature of hot regeneratiOn gas,

duratiOn of cycle

In particular, the followmg values should be ensured by the process holder and/or the manufacturer,
for the rated conditiOns of operatiOn of the plant
flow rate of dry natural gas leavmg the plant,

pressure drop on the natural gas Circmt;

water content of outgomg dry natural gas,

flow of regeneratiOn gas to dryers,

temperature of hot regeneratwn gas;

hfe of molecular sieves

L.3.4 Particular features

In order not to damage the crystallme structures of molecular sieves, It IS necessary to protect them
agamst any untimely arnval ofhqmd (aCid gas removal solutiOn, water or hqmd hydrocarbons)
Attntwn, which causes formatiOn of molecular Sieve dust can be mmimized through careful control of
the changes m regeneratiOn gas temperature and, when regeneratiOn IS earned out at low pressure, by
gradual de-pressunzmg and re-pressunzatwn
Low pomts on pipe works where water could condense and then accumulate should be avmded.
The presence of molecular sieve dust can upset operatwn of valves and, therefore, It Is necessary to take
account of this when choosmg the type of valve and positwnmg of valves
Dry gas leavmg the dryers should be carefully filtered (cartndge filters, generally) m order to prevent
any entramment of molecular sieve dust mto the cryogemc exchangers of the hquefactwn umt
It IS recommended to provide a standby penod at the end of the regeneratiOn phase of approximately
15 mm to 30 mm for export termmals and up to 10 mm for peak-shavmg plants This penod of time
makes It possible for actwn to be taken m the event of mal-operatiOn of automatic mechamsms or
blockage of a valve

L.4Treatment of natural gas/removal of mercury

Certam natural gases can contam quantities of mercury Mercury can, under certam conditiOns, be
extremely corrosive to alummmm which IS a metal widely used for constructiOn of cryogemc

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exchangers and possibly certam other Items of equipment If the gas to be liquefied con tarns mercury, rt
rs essential to remove It before the natural gas enters the liquefactiOn umt
ExtractiOn of mercury from natural gas IS done by passmg the gas through a reactor bed made up of
sulphur, wdme or metal sulphide Impregnated beads or pellets of high porosity alumma, activated
carbon or molecular sieve In general, the target speClficatwn at the outlet of the de-mercunzatwn umt
shall be below 0,01~J.g/m3 of mercury of gas measured at 1 013 mbar and at 0 °C
This process IS not regenerative The absorbent mass should be replaced when It rs saturated

L.SNatural gas liquefaction unit

L.5.1 General

The purpose of a liquefactiOn umt IS to transform treated natural gas mto liquefied natural gas (LNG) at
Its bmhng temperature at atmosphenc pressure, m order to permit Its storage and transportatiOn
L.5.2 Principle of operation

L.5.2.1 Natural gas circuit and fractionation

Treated gas enters the liquefactiOn umt after acrd gases, water and, If appropnate, mercury have been
extracted At this stage, however, the gas can still contam heavy and aromatrc hydrocarbons If not
removed these components are hable to solidify m the course of coolmg, gradually cloggmg the
cryogemc exchangers and potentially relief valves The natural gas IS therefore cooled from ambient to
LNG temperatures m two stages, generally desrgnated as pre-coolmg and liquefactiOn
After pre-coolmg the partrally condensed natural gas rs fractiOnated m such a way as to extract a Cz+
cut This Cz+ cut contams all the undesirable (Cs+) heavy hydrocarbons, and also ethane, propane and
butane A small part of these components might be used as make-up for refngerant cycles, and
surpluses might be extracted for marketmg or re-InJected mto the natural gas to be hquefred. The
higher the desired extractiOn rate IS for ethane, propane and butane, the lower the temperature will be
at whrch fractiOnatiOn IS to be earned out If sulphur species such as mercaptans are removed at thrs
stage, this can dictate the process conditiOns for fractiOnatiOn
Natural gas thus cleaned of Its heavier hydrocarbons can then be liquefied The higher IS the pressure of
the natural gas, the smaller IS the work necessary for liquefactiOn Therefore every effort should be
made to operate at the maxrmum pressure compatible wrth the heavy hydrocarbon extractiOn
Followmg condensatiOn at high pressure, the liquefied natural gas shall be sub-cooled to avOid
excessive vaponzatwn followmg expansiOn to the atmosphenc pressure of the storage tanks Two
approaches are possible
If the natural gas does not contam much mtrogen (less than 1,5 mole % m general), carry out
complete sub-coolmg of the LNG down to an enthalpy level eqmvalent to a temperature slightly
below the bubble pomt temperature (approximately- 160 °C) at atmosphenc pressure. The sub
cooled LNG can then be sent directly to the storage tanks;

carry out partial sub-coolmg (approximately- 150 °C) followed by expansiOn m a flash drum at a
pressure whrch IS slightly above atmosphenc, the flash gas produced on expansiOn IS re-
compressed, m general for supplymg the fuel gas system, whereas the LNG contamed m the flash
drum IS sent to the tanks usmg a pump In LNG peak-shavmg plants, the fmal flash can be done
directly m the vapour space of the tank.

Complete sub-coolmg reqmres additiOnal liquefactiOn energy consumptiOn but avmds the need for LNG
pumps and a flash gas compressor If mtrogen needs to be removed to obtam the desired LNG quahty

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this operatiOn IS done m the fmal flash, or, for high mtrogen contents, m a low temperature
fractwnatmg column
L.5.2.2 Refrigeration cycles

The purpose of the refngeratwn cycle(s) IS to extract sensible and latent heat from the natural gas to
transform It from the gaseous state at high pressure to the hqmd state at atmosphenc pressure
LiquefactiOn of natural gas reqmres productiOn of refngeratmg power from ambient temperature to
approximately- 150 acto- 160 ac.
Base-load liquefactiOn plants generally use two refngeratwn cycles workmg m cascade, whereas only
one refngeratwn cycle IS generally preferred m LNG peak-shavmg plants
A refngerant compressor can be dnven by gas turbme, steam turbme or electnc motor Refngerants are
made up either of a mixture of light hydrocarbons (with, If appropnate, mtrogen m order to obtam the
lowest temperatures), or by a pure substance such as propane, for example
L.5.3 Operating parameters/performance data

Design of a natural gas liquefactiOn umt reqmres knowledge of nommal values of the operatmg
parameters of the umt which are hsted below, and also the ranges of vanatwn of such parameters
flow rate, temperature and the detailed compositiOn of the natural gas entenng the umt,

flow rate of liquefied natural gas leavmg the umt,

pressure, temperature and compositiOn of outgomg LNG;

conditiOns temperature, pressure, flow rate and compositiOn of other streams leavmg the umt
(Cs+ cut, ethane, propane, butane, gasolme and flash gas If appropnate),

conditiOns of the different utilities available and, most especially, temperature of the coolmg air or
water,

extractiOn rates of commercial ethane, propane and butane

In particular, the followmg values should be guaranteed by the process hcenser and/or the
manufacturer, for the rated operatmg conditiOns of the plant
the flow rate of LNG leavmg the umt,

the temperature ofthe outgomg LNG,

the compositiOn of the outgomg LNG,

the flow rate, pressure, temperature and compositiOn of commercial ethane, propane and butane,
as appropnate,

ut1hty consumptiOns

L.5.4 Low temperatures

The fact of workmg at low temperature, on the one hand, and of havmg umts which are often of very
high capaCity, on the other, leads to charactenstics which are speCific to this type of plant

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Design temperatures of eqmpment and of pipe-work reqmre the selected constructwn matenals to be
compatible with the temperatures encountered m both normal and transient operatwn (start-up,
shutdown, upset) of the umt
Three categones of steel matenals are generally provided for (see EN ISO 16903 for details).
carbon steel for non cryogemc low temperatures (typically> -46 °C),

3,5 % mckel alloy steel for design temperatures> -104 °C,

9 % mckel alloy steel or stamless steel for design temperatures > -196 oc.

These categones can eventually be extended where the design temperature can only be obtamed by
depressunzatwn and where steps are taken to avmd re-pressunzatwn of cold eqmpment
As m any low temperature plant, It IS necessary to mstall means for careful drymg of nrcmts pnor to
startmg m order to ehmmate any trace of mmsture m the cryogemc nrcmts as a whole
Make-up for coolants should be perfectly dry and shall not contam any component hable to sohdify at
the temperatures encountered
L.S.S Specific equipment

L.5.5.1 General

Natural gas hquefactwn umts contam specific Items of eqmpment, cryogemc exchangers, turbo-
compressiOn sets and coohng systems, which are particularly large m LNG export termmals
L.5.5.2 Cryogenic exchangers

The design of cryogemc exchangers of LNG umts should comply with a number of reqmrements
presence of several warm side flmds (refngerants at vanous pressure stages, vapour andjor hqmd,
natural gas) flowmg counter current (and/or cross current) to lower pressure refngerants which
are generally bi-phase,

large temperature differences for each flmd across the heat exchanger;

small temperature differences between the warm and the cold nrcmts throughout the heat
exchanger,

sigmficant metal temperature gradients withm the heat exchanger;

low temperatures,

very large amounts of heat exchanged,

high differential pressures,

high mass flow rates

Two types of eqmpment enable the reqmrements as a whole to be met spool-wound heat exchangers
and plate-fm heat exchangers
Spool-wound heat exchangers are widely used m large capacity LNG plants They are made up of a
successwn of layers of alummmm (or stamless steel) tubes hehcally wound around a core Flmds at high
pressure to be condensed or sub-cooled nrculate mside the tubes, whereas the coolant IS vaponzed at

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low pressure m the shell outstde the tubes Such a destgn allows exchangers wtth very large umt heat
transfer areas to be bmlt.
Alummmm brazed plate fm exchangers are wtdely used m the cryogemc fteld for gas separatiOn and/or
gas hquefactwn.
The destgn of these exchangers results m a large heat transfer area wtthm the relattvely small volume of
a core
Brazed plate fm heat exchangers are manufactured as modular cores of up to a maxtmum stze of
approxnnately 12 m 3 . For htgh pressure servtce, the maxtmum core stze should be further hmtted to
ensure the mechamcal mtegnty of the heat exchanger Large heat transfer duttes need therefore to be
achteved by the assembly of several cores m parallel, usually m perhte ftlled cold boxes.
Other plate-type heat exchangers, usmg welded stamless steel plates, presently used m hot servtces,
could be adapted to cryogemc servtces m LNG umts.
L.5.5.3 Compression systems

L.5.5.3.1 General

LNG export termmals reqmre the use of very powerful refngerant compresswn systems.
L.5.5.3.2 Refrigerant compressors

Centnfugal compressors are the type most wtdely used m the LNG mdustry However the quest for
mcreased LNG export termmal umt capactty has led to the mcreased use of axtal type compressors
when the compressor suctwn flow exceeds centnfugal compressor capactty. Furthermore, axtal
compressors have a better efftctency than centnfugal machmes.
Careful destgn and manufacture of compressor antt-surge devtces ts reqmred. Indeed, the power
dtsstpated m such devtces ts so htgh that aero-elasticity and excessive stress can anse leadmg to metal
cracks and ruptures If not properly taken mto account.
L.5.5.3.3 Drivers

Many existmg LNG export termmals use steam-turbmes as refngeratwn compressor dnvers Steam
turbmes are avatlable m a very large power range and have excellent rehabihty
Gas turbmes are mcreasmgly preferred as refngeratwn compressor dnvers resultmg from several
techmcal factors
no high pressure steam IS reqmred (with the correspondmg borler feed water treatment),

large reductwn of coolmg water consumptwn;

It IS possible to mcrease the overall efftciency by heat recovery on the gas turbme exhaust gases

The mfluence of ambient atr temperature vanatrons on the power dehvered by the gas turbme (power
decreases when air temperature mcreases) needs to be taken mto account
Two-shaft gas turbmes are commonly used as compressor dnvers because of the advantages of
operatmg at vanable speed
If the power requrrement exceeds the capability of two-shaft gas turbmes, It IS posstble to use large
smgle shaft gas turbmes ongmally built for electncal power generatiOn and where operatron at
constant speed IS no handicap Adjustment of the composttron of the refngerant mixture dunng destgn
and If reqmred dunng operatiOn can be made to ftt the constant compressor speed Start-up requrres
spectal attentwn

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In all cases, because of the Importance of the refngerant compressiOn systems for the good operatiOn of
LNG umts, such equrpment should be designed, manufactured, operated and mamtamed very carefully
m order to achieve maximum rehabrhty
L.5.5.4 Cooling system

In base load hquefactwn trams, a huge heat duty shall be reJected to the environment vra the coohng
system
As such plants are most frequently located on the coast for transportatiOn of LNG by tanker, sea water
IS frequently used as the coolmg medmm.
The volume flow of sea water necessary, particularly when refngerant compressors are dnven by
steam turbmes, can JUStify the chorce of a siphoned sea water system whrch permrts a srgmfrcant
reductiOn m pumpmg energy and reduces the nsks of corroswn, by lowermg the oxygen content m the
coolmg system In a sea water crrcmt particular attention should be pard to corrosiOn and to the nsk of
development ofhvmg orgamsms (algae, mussels, etc) wrthm the circurt.
If srte condrtwns (such as elevatiOn or sea water quahty) make It uneconomic to use sea water as a
coolmg flmd, rt IS possrble to use erther a closed fresh water crrcurt wrth coolmg tower or air-cooled
heat exchangers. Problems can anse because of development of bactena m fresh water crrcurts Thrs
should be prevented by appropnate water treatment

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AnnexM
(mformative)

Odourant systems

M.l Odourants in general

Odounzatton ts achteved by the addttton of an odourant whtch ts typtcally a blend of volatile orgamc
sulphur compounds e g ethyl mercaptan, terttary butyl mercaptan, methyl ethyl sulphtde and dtethyl
sulphtde, or a smgle component such as tetrahydrothtophene Odourant hqmds are volattle, flammable
and of extremely noxtous smell
In thetr concentrated form most of those products are toxtc

M.2 Odourant systems requirements

M.2.1 General

The odonzmg plant generally conststs of a storage tank, smaller feed tanks, pumps and assoctated
valves and ptpe-work. The plant should be destgned for ease of mamtenance and operatiOn and
protectiOn from posstble tmpact damage Care should be taken that matenals used m the constructiOn
are compattble wtth odourant In parttcular, copper and copper based alloys, polyethylene and
polypropylene and butyl and natural rubber are attacked by hqmd odourants and should not be used m
the constructiOn ofthts eqmpment Welded ptpe connectiOns should be used whenever posstble
Durmg normal operattons there should be no emtsston of odourant to the atmosphere and the system
shall be destgned to ehmmate and mmtmtze all posstble emtsstons.
The tanks and mJectton eqmpment should be located wtthm a bunded area wtth provtston for the
dramage of ramwater It should not be posstble for sptlls or leaks to accumulate under storage vessels
or eqmpment.
M.2.2 Storage

Ltqmd odourant may be stored m ftxed tanks wtth a road tanker off-loadmg pomt, or supphed m
stamless steel transportable contamers wtth mternatwnal approval for the transport of dangerous
goods under UN 1A1W/X2 0/900 Thts latter method enables connectiOn dtrectly to mJectton
eqmpment wtth dry break couplmgs, and flextble bratded PTFE hoses, thereby avmdmg the need to
transfer odourant from a road tanker to the ftxed storage tank and reducmg the nsk of acodental
sptllage
It ts recommended that there should be the mmtmum number of ptpe connectiOns to the storage tank
below the maxtmum hqmd content level of the tank.
An oxygen free gas blanket compattble wtth the selected odourant should be provtded above the hqmd
odourant
M.2.3 Odourant pumps and valves

It ts recommended to use pumped odourant plant to odonze large volumes of gas. Where volumes of
gas to be odonzed are small, the use of an evaporattve type of odourant plant can be constdered
Odourant pumps should be of a destgn, whtch mmtmtzes the posstbthty ofleakage.
Pumps should have ftlters on the suctton stde and be capable of handlmg the whole range of flows.

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P1pmg should be seamless stamless steel and connectiOns, wherever possible, should be welded
All valves, flanges and f1ttmgs should be designed m accordance w1th EN 1092-1, EN 1759-1, EN 1514
and EN 12560

M.3 Odourant handling

M.3.1 General
The precautiOns for odourant handhng are those of any low flash pomt matenal AdditiOnally, owmg to
1ts pungency and toxicity seeM 6 safety of personnel
M.3.2 Delivery
Inert gas and methanol should be available to flush and purge the dehvery hose and associated
eqmpment 1f bulk transfer IS to be undertaken
Spillage trays, absorbent and decontammatwn equipment should be available at the tanker-unloadmg
bay
Self-seahng couplmgs should be used on the connectwns from the delivery vehicle, designed to close
when the hose 1s disconnected
The tanker should be connected to a static earthmg pomt, temporanly, to discharge any accumulated
electncal charge. The deb very hose should be electncally bonded to the bulk storage tank
A vapour return system between delivery and storage tanks should normally be used for bulk transfer
If not a flare system or other means of disposal such as connectiOn to the bml-off system can be
considered
M.3.3 Flushing and purging

All eqmpment should be decontammated pnor to d1smanthng for mamtenance or mspectwn by

drammg or pumpmg hqmd odourant from the eqmpment then flushmg w1th methanol or other
appropnate medmm After pumpmg the residual methanoljodourant, vapour can be purged w1th
natural gas and fmally mert gas to flare or mto a smtable low-pressure lme such as the boil-off system
Work should be covered by speCially prepared procedures

M.4 Odourant injection

The facility should be designed to be operable throughout the range of natural gas pressures, wh1ch can
be seen at the mJectwn pomt SpraYJng nozzles should be s1zed to smt the full range of gas flow rate, 1f
needed, several nozzles can be mstalled w1th appropnate automatic control to mamtam a constant ratiO
of odourant to gas.
The mJectwn stream Itself should con tam at least two pumps m parallel, one operatwnal and the other
standby (dependmg on the flow range reqmred, a number of differently s1zed pumps may be used)
The mJectwn rate should be closely momtored and controlled to ensure the mm1mum degree of
odounzatwn 1s always achieved It IS recommended that the mJectwn rate should be controlled by the
signal from the gas flow meters
The amount of odourant m the gas, 1f reqmred, can be measured as follows.
by automatic sulphur t1tratwn wh1ch contmuously measures the total sulphur of a flowmg sample
of the odonzed gas,

by checks of the odonzed gas usmg a sulphur chromatograph

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M.S Odourant leakage

A spill or leak of gas odourant results m an obnoxwus odour, which - unless promptly neutralized -
usually leads to employee and neighbour complamts It IS Important that, If spills or leaks occur, the
odourants are promptly neutralized and the odour masked There are several agents available for this
and proven methods for effectively handling the Situatwn (see the Matenal Safety Data-Sheets for
advice on clean up)
An effective method of neutralizatiOn IS based on convertmg the spilled odourant to a relatively low
odour disulphide, through chemical oxidatwn. This may be achieved by spraymg or floodmg the spill
area with a dilute bleach solutwn. Either sodmm hypochlonte or calcmm hypochlonte m dilute solutwn
m water may be used Dilute solutwns are more effective than commercral or concentrated solutwn; for
example, fifty litres of a 1lz % solutwn IS generally much more effective than 51 of a 5 % solutwn.
Because the chemical oxidatwn IS not mstantaneous, It IS recommended that an odour-maskmg agent
be applied along with the dilute bleach solutwn
Use of dry calcmm hypochlonte powder on a concentrated odourant should be avmded because the
heat of the exothermic reactwn may cause Igmtwn of the orgamc mercaptan m the odourant
Spilled liqmd should be absorbed usmg dry sand or other recommended mert absorbent, neutralized
and placed m sealed drums for proper disposal A spillage of hqmd odourant can also be blanketed with
firefightmg foam m order to reduce the evaporatwn rate
It should be noted that the precise source of leakage could be difficult to Identify as the highly volatile
nature of odourant can result m rapid evaporatwn leavmg no VISible signs. Odourants have an "odour
platform", whereby the concentratwn m air can mcrease Sigmficantly without any noticeable mcrease
m smell.

M.6 Safety of personnel

The Matenal Safety Data-Sheets for the odourant should be consulted for advice on the personal
protectiOn eqmpment reqmred for the operators to safely handle the matenal As a mmimum, m any
operatwn mvolvmg odourant, operators shall wear PVC gloves, eye protectwn and Impervwus clothmg,
which IS readily decontammated after use
If a spillage of odourant occurs, personnel reqmred to work m the area should wear self-contamed
breathmg apparatus together with the above protective clothmg
If an operator IS splashed With odourant, any contammated clothmg should be removed and skm
washed With runmng water. A doctor should examme all eye splashes.
Safety shower and eyewash should be mstalled m the VICimty of the odourant handlmg area

131
BS EN 1473 2016
EN 1473:2016 (E)

Bibliography

[1] "Atmosphenc diffuswn", F PASQUILL and F.B SMITH third editiOn, Ellis Horwood Senes
Environment Science

[2] "Liquefied Petroleum Gas - Large bulk pressure storage and refngerated LPG" The Institute of
Petroleum, London, Feb 1987

[3] "Gmde for pressure-rehevmg and depressunng systems", API recommended practice no 521,
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[4] "Martnse de l'urbamsatwn- La pnse en compte des effets thermique, mecamque et toxique",
Joelle Jarry, Secunte revue de preventlque no 15 Aout septembre 1994

[5] A C Van den Berg, "The multi energy method, a framework for vapour explosiOn blast
prediction" ]. Hazard Mater 1985, p. 12

[6] "Analyses des exploswns air-hydrocarbure en miheu hbre, etude determmiste et probabihste de
scenanos d'acndent- PrevisiOn des effets de surpresswn" (Analysis ofunconfmed air-
hydrocarbon explosiOn, determmistic and probabilistic studies of acndent scenanos- PredictiOn
of the over pressure effects) A LANNOY, Bulletm de la DirectiOn des Etudes et Recherches EDF,
Sene A ISSN0013-449X, Octobre 1984

[7] GAP 2 5 1, Fire proofmg for hydrocarbon fire exposures

[8] GAP 2 5 2, Oil and chemical plant layout and spacmg

[9J GAP 8 0 11, Oil and chemical properties loss potential estimatiOn Gmde

[10] API RP 520 (all parts), Szzzng, selectiOn and znstallatwn ofpressure-relzevzng devzces zn refinenes

[11] IEC 60364 (all parts), Electncal mstallatwns ofbuzldzngsjLow voltage electncal znstallatwns

[12] "ATEX" European Directive [Directive 1999/92/EC of the European Parhament and of the
Counnl of 16 December 1999 on mmimum reqmrements for Improvmg the safety and health
protectiOn of workers potentially at nsk from explosive atmospheres]

[13] IP15, Area ClassificatiOn code for mstallatwn handlmg flammable flmds Part 15, 2d editiOn
(2002), by the Institute of Petroleum)

[14] NFPA 921, Guzdefor Fzre and ExplosiOn Investzgatwns

[15] LNG operatwns m Port Areas SIGTTO

[16] Site selectiOn and design for LNG Ports and Jetties SIGTTO

[17] InternatiOnal Code for the ConstructiOn and Eqmpment of Ships Carrymg Liquefied Gases m
Bulk, (IGC Code), IMO

[18] TNO Dutch expenmental program on heat radiatiOn from fires (report 79-0263)

132
 BS EN 1473 2016
EN 1473:2016 (E)

[19] BS 5970, Code of practice for thermal msulatwn ofpipework and equzpment m the temperature
range -1 DO octo 870 oc

[20] VDI 2055, Thermal msulatwnfor heated and refngerated mdustnal and domestic mstallatwns-
Calculatwns, guarantees, measurmg and testmg methods, quality assurance, supply conditiOns

[21] BS 6349, Mantime structures

[22] 10CFR100 appendix A to Part 100- Seismic and Geologic Sitmg Cntena for Nuclear Power
Plants

[23] The bulk Transfer of Dangerous Liqmds and Gases between ship and shore

[24] BS 665 6, Assessment of madvertent Igmtwn offlammable atmospheres by radw frequency

radzatwn - Guzde

[25] InternatiOnal Safety Gmde for Oil Tanker and Termmal (OCMF /ICS/IAPH)

[26] GAP 2 5 2 A Hazard ClassificatiOn of Process operatiOns for spacmg reqmrements

[27] BS 1722-10, Fences Specificatwnfor strmned wire and Wire mesh nettmg fences

[28] InternatiOnal Ship and Port Facility Secunty Code (ISPS-Code)- InternatiOnal Mantlme
Orgamzatwn (IMO)

[29] API 2218, Fireproofing Practices m Petroleum and Petrochemical Processmg Plants

[30] Last developments m Rapid Phase Transition knowledge and modellmg techmques D Nedelka
(Gaz de France), V. Sauter (Gaz de France), J Goanvic (Total), R Ohba (Mitsubishi Heavy
Industnes) OTC 15228 presented at the 2003 Offshore Technology Conference held m Houston,
Texas, U.S A, 5-8 May 2003.

[31] "LNG-Water Rapid Phase Transition· Partl- A literature Review" LNG journal May 2005 (pages
21-24)

[32] "LNG-Water Rapid Phase Transition· Part2- InodentAnalysis" LNG journal. July-August 2005
(pages 28-30)

[33] OSHA OccupatiOnal Safety and Health Admmistratwn

[34] EN 823, Thermal msulatmg products for buzldmg applicatiOns- Determmatwn of thickness

[35] EN ISO 12100, Safety ofmachmery- General pnnciples for design- Risk assessment and nsk
reductwn {ISO 12100)

[36] EN 1759-1, Flanges and their JOint- Circular flanges for pipes, valves, fittmgs and accessones,
Class designated- Part 1. Steel flanges, NPS 1/2 to 24

[37] EN 12483, Liquzd pumps- Pump umts with frequency mverters- Guarantee and compatibility
tests

[38] EN 12560-1, Flanges and their JOints- Gaskets for Class-designated flanges- Part 1· Non-
metallic flat gaskets With or without mserts

133
BS EN 1473 2016
EN 1473:2016 (E)

[39] EN 12560-2, Flanges and their;oznts- Dimenswns ofgaskets for Class-designated flanges- Part
2 Spiral wound gaskets for use With steel flanges

[40] EN 12560-3, Flanges and their;oznts- Gaskets for Class-designated flanges- Part 3 Non-
metallic PTFE envelope gaskets

[41] EN 12560-4, Flanges and their;oznts- Gaskets for Class-designated flantes- Part 4· Corrugated,
flat or grooved metallic and filled metallic gaskets for use With steel flanges

[42] EN 12560-5, Flanges and their;oznts- Gaskets for Class-designated flanes- Part 5 Metallzc rzng
;oznt gaskets for use With steel flanges

[43] EN 12560-6, Flanges and their;oznts- Gaskets for Class-designated flanges- Part 6 Covered
serrated metal gaskets for use with steel flanges

[44] EN 13645, Installatwns and eqwpment for lzquefied natural gas- Design of onshore znstallatwns
with a storage capacity between 5 t and 200 t

[45] EN 13766, Thermoplastic multi-layer (non-vulcanzzed) hoses and hose assemblzes for the transfer
oflzqwd petroleum gas and lzquefied natural gas- SpecificatiOn

[46] EN 60079-29-1, Electncal apparatus for the detectwn and measurement offlammable gases-
Part 1· General reqwrements and test methods {IEC 60079-29-1)

[4 7] EN 61508 (all parts), Functwnal safety of electncaljelectronzcjprogrammable electronzc safety-

related systems (IEC 61508)

[48] EN 61800 (all parts), Ad;ustable speed electncal power dnve systems

[49] EN ISO 5199, Technzcal specifzcatwnsfor centnfugal pumps- Class II {ISO 5199)

[50] EN ISO 9906, Rotodynamic pumps- Hydraulzc performance acceptance tests- Grades 1, 2 and 3
(ISO 9906)

[51] ISO 15664, Acoustics- Noise control design procedures for open plant

[52] SIGTTO- ESD Arrangements & Lmked Ship/Shore Systems for Lrquefred Gas earners

[53] EN 60034-5, Rotatzng electncal machznes- Part 5· Degrees ofprotectwn provzded by the zntegral
deszgn ofrotatzng electrzcal machznes (IP code)- Classzfzcatwn (IEC 60034-5)

[54] EN 60529, Degrees ofprotectwn provided by enclosures (IP Code) (/EC 60529)

[55] EN ISO 12241, Thermal znsulatwn for bwldzng eqwpment and zndustnal znstallatwns-
CalculatiOn rules (ISO 12241)

[56] ISO/TS 16901, Gwdance on performzng nsk assessment zn the deszgn of onshore LNG znstallatwns
zncludzng the shzpjshore mterface

134
Th1s page deliberately left blank
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