(OD a ig O3- MINISTRY OF MINES AND ENERGY ETHIOPIAN INISTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION TEAM PRELIMINARY GEOLOGICAL REPORT OF GEBA BASIN (WAYU AREA), WESTERN ETHIOPIA By KIBRIE TADESSE GASHAWBEZA MENGISTU * October, 1997 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia7o ie 26 2T- ABSTRACT Coal and Oilshale explorction at a regional scale his been carried out around Yayu, in the period between late December 199S.2nd mnid Ime 1997. During this time an area of 1300 Sq. kms was mapped (1:50,000). The major rock units include Precambrian basement rocks (mainly gncisscs), and younger Tertiary volcanics intercalating with 150 meters of fluvio - lacustrine sediments. This intervoleanic sedimentary sequence contains a substantial smount of coal and oilshale deposits in association with sandstone, mudstone and tif. At the outerop scale, the coal and oilshale scams are meesurcd to have maximum thickness of 4 and 25 meters, respectively. From the chemical analysis (reported on as received basis), the ash content of the coal samples ranges from 3.31% to 59.3% and the calorific value, from 1173 Kealkg to 9100kcabkg, with most of the sample having values greater than 2500 kcal/kg. For further detail exploration work, potential blocks, in the Geba asin are selected; and drilling with bore hole geophysical logging are recommended to evaluate the coal and oilshale potential of the area.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to extend our gratitude to all friends and colleagties who have willingly co operated both ip the field and report writing, We wish to thank the staff of Hydrocarbon exploration group, generally. But we appriciate, particularlly, the contribution of Obssa Fuffa, Zewdinch Tassew,Bisrat Hagos, Muhaba Jemal, Girma Assemu, and Adissie Mckonnen. They individually participated in the field work at different times from the reconnaissance trip to the final period of the surveys, sharing their knowledge through friendly discussions. We are also grateful to Miniye Betru and Getahun Belay, as the report gets its shape by their invaluable discussions,suggestions and material suport in the process of compilation Finally,we are highly indebted to Legesse Geda (Jima Mines and Energy Office), who initially informed the occurrence of oilshale in the area. ikTABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT. AKNOWLEDGEMENTS. 1 INTRODUCTION... 1.1 LOCATION... 1.2 ACCESS...... 1.3 TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGI 1.4 CLIMATE AND VEGETATION... 1.5 OBJECTIVES... 1.6 PREVIOUS WORK.. 1.7 METHODOLOGY. 2 GEOLOGY...... 2.1 GEOLOGICAL SETTING... 2.2 STRATIGRAPHY. 2.2.1 Crystaline Basement. 2.2.2 Voleanle Rocks. 2.2.2.1 Lower Basalt, 2.2.2.2 Upper Basalt... e 2.2.3Coal and Oilshale Bearing Sedimentary Uni 2.2.3.1 Oilshale. 2.2.3.2 Coal... 2.2.33 Mudstone... 2.2.3.4 Sandstoe. 2.2.3.5 Tuff. 2.3 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COAL AND OILSHALE DEPOSITS. we 3.STRUCTURES..4. TYPE SECTIONS DESCRIPTION...... seen 4.1 Western and southwestern part (Vayu Block)... 4.2 Centralsouth and southeastern part (Wittete Block).. 4.3 Eastern part (Geda Block)... 4.4 Northern part (Didu Block). S.DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT. 5.1 Fluviatile Environment. 5.2 Lacustrine Environment... 6. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS... 7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION... REFRENCES. APPENDICES.. ivLIST OF TABLES = ‘Table1 Analytical results of coal samples from southem and easter parts of Geba basin (on as received basis)... +26 Table 2 Analytical results of coal samples from western and southwestern parts of Geba basin (on as received basis). Table3 Analytical results of coal samples from southwestern Geba . Table 4 Proximate analysis of coal samples from southem part of Geba.34 Table 5. Analytical results of oilshale samples from southern and eastern paris of Geba basin... emis 235: Table 6 Analytical results of oilshale samples from wester and southwestem parts of Geba basin. é 36 Table 7 Analytical results of coal samples from southern and easter parts of Geba on moist mineral matter free basis (MMMF), and on dry mineral matter free basis (DMM). 37 Table § Analytical results of coal samples from southwestem part of Geba ‘on moist mineral matter free basis (MMMF), and dry mineral matter free basis (DMMF).........-.+.+-+++LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Location map of Yayu - Kumbabe area: Figure 2 Section taken along Gogetti stream............ Figure 3 Section taken along Teble stream. Figure 4 Section taken along Ogode stream. Figure 5 Section taken along Duckecha stream...APPENDICES Appendix A. Figure A-l Section taken along Leku stream. Figure A-2 Section taken along Saki stream......'.........45 Figure A-3 Section taken along Wobo stream Appendix B.. nen a Figure B-1 Section taken along Achebo 1 stream... Figure B-2 Section taken along Achebo 2 stream... Figure B-3 Section taken along Wochale stream. Figure B-4 Section taien along Birbir stream. Figure B-5 Section talcen along Baho stream, Figure B-6 Section taken along Negade stream............$3 Appendix C. Figure C-1 Section taken along Kodo stream. Figure C-2 Section taken along Muchuchato stream.. Figure C-3 Section taken along Kersa 1 stream. AppendixD.... Figure D-1 Section taken along Alga stream. Figure D-2 Section taken along Gogetti stream. Figure D-3 Section taken along Jejeba stream... Figure D-4 Section taken along Borele stream... Figure D-5 Section taken along Kusi stream, Figure D-6 Section taken Hursa stream.1) iN] 1. INTRODUCTION The exploration work in Yayu area began based on informal information received from Jima Mines and Energy Office in 1994, The office had informed the existence of oilshale near Yayu to a regional group of the Coal and Oilshale Division, mapping around Shebe. In the following year (1995), the Division arranged 4 reconnaissance trip to Yayu and confirms that there is a thick succession of sediments containing oilshale. Systematic mapping and exploration work has been conducted from late December, 1995 to mid June 1997, for a toial of 11months, by two rounds of field seasons. During the ficld work, an arca of more than 1300 Sq. kms is mapped at a scale of 1:50,000 and 230 coal and oil shale samples and 86 rock samples were collected, This report includes part of the laboratory results of the samples (some results are not yet received), and is designed to deal with the major characteristics of the rocks, giving more attention to the solid fossil fuels. 1.1. LOCATION The project area is found in western Ethiopia (Illubabor zone) specifically in Yayu and Kumbabe districts. Physiographically, it is included under the Wester Ethiopian Plaicau. Yayu and Kumbabe towns are located at a distance of $60 and 515 kms from Addis Ababa along the Jima-Gambela road, respectively. The area is located in the eastem margin of Gore Sheet (NC 36-16), and in the westem margin of Arjo Sheet (NC36-13), within subsheets Metu (0835D1), Yayu (0835D2) and Kumbabe (0836C1). It is bounded by the geographic co-ordinates of 8°15'00"'- 8°20'00"'N and 35°42'47''-36710'00"E (fig.1). 1.2. ACCESS: Two routes can reach the mapped area from Addis Ababa. One through Jima and the other through Nekemte by driving to Bedele in both ways and then to Kumbabe and Yayu. The road goes 2s far as Gambela through Metu and Gore towns, bisecting the target area into two parts, north and south. In the area, there are many trails heading side ways from the main high way, which are fairly motorable by four wheel drive in dry seasons. However, most part of the area was covered on foot.exploration in part of southwestem Ethiopia in 1972 and 1973. They came out with four broad major chronological groups of rock units. These are: ~ 1. Precambrian to early Paleozoic crystalline basement Permian terrestrial sediments, 3. Eocene to Miocene pre-rift voleanie rocks, and 4. Late Miocene to Holocene syn- and, post-rift deposits (Davidson, 1983) Similarly the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) surveyed the northern adjacent region (Wollega) for mineral occurrences between 1969 and 1971 1,7, METHODOLOGY The exploration work is accomplished mainly by geological mapping, and describing every lithologic unit at the site of outcrops. The geologic mapping is carried out by using. topographic maps of 1:50,000 scale namely: - Metu (0835D1), Yayu (0835D2) and Kumbabe (0836C1) subsheets together with aerial photographs of epproximately of the same scale, Traverse lines were designed giving priority to streams and creeks. However, infilling traverses along ridges, roads and trails were carried out whenever needed. Usually, outcrop sections are constructed for every possible traverse arid these were criticaliy analyzed and correlated to other outcrop sections. Representative samples of every rock unit were collected for different laboratory analyses. Especially, coal beds that are thicker than 30cm were sampled. Wherever thicker seams were encountered they are sampled at an interval of 30cm. 2. GEOLOGY 2.1. GEOLOGICAL SETTING The project area is found in western Ethiopia, where the geology comprises mainly the Precambrian crystalline basement rocks overlain by Tertiary volcanics. The Precambrian geology is part of the Mozambique Orogenic Belt with a dominant north-south trend of deformation. The basement complex in this part of Ethiopia had undergone through periods of uplifting and peneplanation before the extrusion of the voleanies. Mengesha and Seif Michael (1982) had regionally mapped the Gore Sheet and distinguished four ‘major domains in the metamorphic basement. These domains from west to east are the: - 1. Baro domain; 2. Birbir domain;- 3. Yubdo domain; 4. Geba domain. Rocks of the Baro and Geba domains are commonly high grade gneisses and that of the Birbir domain are low grade metasedimentary and metavolcanic schists (green schist to lower amphibolite facies) and are bounded by the two gneissic domains to the west and the east. The Yubdo domain represents an ophiolitic succession consisting of mafic- ultramafic rocks in the northeastern part of the map sheet, and pinches out in the south between the Birbir and the Geba domains. Although radiometric age dating confirms that volcanism in south western Ethiopia had started as early as middle Eocene (Davidson, 1983), there is no record in westem Ethiopia which indicates any volcanic activity beyond Oligocene (Merla, et al, 1979, Zanittin and Justin Visentin, 1974, Giday et al, 1990). According to Mengesha and Seife michael (1982), volcanism in the Gore map sheet, the magma had changed through differentiation from basic to intermediate in composition and from fissural to central type, in occurrence, through time. A time dependent bimodal volcanism was, however, reported from the Omo Project Arca during middle Miocene (Davidson, 1983). The association of coal bearing lacustrine sediments with the Tertiary volcanics of Ethiopia has long been known (Kazmin, 1970, and 1972; Miniye, 1989; Getahun, Yirva and Miniye, 1993; Wollela, 1991; Alula and Gashawbeza, 1993; Gashawbeza and Mesfin, 1995).° 2.2. STRATIGRAPHY ‘The target area found within the Geba domain of Mengesha and Seifemichael (1982) is underlain by high-grade gneisses and younger basaltic rocks associated with coal and ilshale bearing sediments (see enclosure for geologic map). The sedimentary sequence is situated between two basalts, which are referred to as the “lower” and “upper” basalts. No acidic-intermediate rocks were observed in the volcanics of the area. The General stratigraphic framework of the mapped area from bottom to top is: - 1. The crystalline basement 2. Lower basalt 3. Sedimentary rocks 4. Upper basalt Considerable lithological and /or textural variations are observed within each unit, The characteristics and areal coverage of cach unit is discussed below according to the stratigraphic sequence.2.2.1. Crystalline Basement The basement rocks in the mapped area include biotite gneiss; quartzo-feldspathic gneiss and various minor schists intruded by different pegmatite and quartz veins, of which some are concordant and others discordant to the foliation. Commonly the unit is observed at a lower topography following the highly dissected Geba and Sese vailies and their tributaries. The basement is found at higher elevations exceptionally in the west implying uplifting of the blocks. The gneiss is generally light dark gray or pinkish but is darker where it includes biotite and ferromagnesians. Texturally, the gneiss varies fom medium to very coarse-grained types. Along with textural variation it shows difference in the development of gneissosity. In the field, the coarser grained variety is seen to develop wide (Sem) gneissic bands composed of light and dark colored minerals. In relatively finer grained gneisses, the width of the gneissosity decreases. Under the microscope, the gneisses are seen to contain Plagioclase (10-40%), Quartz (30- 60%), Biotite (10-20%), Microcline (5-40%) Muscovite (0-5%), Orthoclase (0-5%), Opaque minerals (1-5%), Zircon (trace-2%) and traces of Calcite. Feldspathic minerals frequently show alteration 10 sericite. In the southern and southwestern parts of the area plagioclase-amphibole schists occur within the gneiss forming pocket-like structures. For the fact that the schist is soft and easily cleaved, in some streams it was observed to be eroded leaving voids measuring upto several meters. This schist might have been derived from early basic volcanics, which suffered from repeated and extensive deformations, Although their relation to the gneiss is not well studied, a number of schist samples were collected from the central part of the arca (Dogi and Angu streams), and described in thin-sections. Hence, the mineralogical composition of the schist is mainly Quartz (10-35%), Plagioclase (15- 2024), Homblende (20-37%), Biotite (10-35%) Microcline (310%), Muscovite (0-3%), Epidote (0-10%), Zircon (0-3%) and Aetinolite (0-20%) In the field, the pegmatites and quartz veins are repeatedly observed to associate with the schists then with the gneisses. Comparing the two veins, quartz veins are less frequent than the pegmatites. Both veins are either parallel or discordant to the schistocity. In places they show sulfide mineralization. 2.2.2. Voleanic Rocks A series of basic volcanic rocks of different episodes are observed in the project area. With respect to the coal and oilshale bearing sedimentary sequence, these volcanics can, stratigraphically, be clustered into two that some are below and the others are aboveHence the prefixes “lower” and “upper” are adapted generally, to differentiate the basalts those underlying and overlying the sedimentary pile, respectively. 2.2.2.1 Lower Basalt The lower basalt is observed in the southwestem end central parts of the mapped area. Commonly, it crops out along the courses of deeply cut streams underlying the sedimentary succession. It is dark gray colored in fresh samples and has microporphyritic texture. In slightly weathered outcrops, the feldspar grains become more visible. Near the contact with the overlying sedimentary sequence, it fiequently appears to be stratified almost parallel - subparallel to the surface. But farther down stream, it losses this character and develops columnar joints. Commonly the columnar Joints are large enough (>3Ccm) and appear to have hexagonal shape. ‘This basalt, in the mapped area, is believed 10 be not thicker than 100m, Although its extension outside the basin is poorly understood (by the present fieldwork), Mengesha and Seifemicheel (1982), had noted that this sub unit thins out towards the west. In addition, the upper basalt is observed at a road-cut exposure overlying the basement near Hurumu. Farther to the west, Tesfaye (1977) had observed a basaltic flow (continuation of the upper basalt) overly ing the Precambrian granite and biotite gneisses around Metu and Gore. Hence, the continuation of the lower basalt to the west seems to be limited some where between Hurumu and Yayu, Age determination of Merla et al, (1970), on ‘two samples of this basalt assigned 40 and 32MY. Mengesha and SeifeMichale (1982) had also described this basalt to be the oldest volcanic rock in the Gore map sheet (NC 36-16), and correlated it to the Omo basalts whose age ranges from 40 10 25 M.Y. (Davidson 1983), and to the Ashangie-Aiba basaltic succession (Zanettin and Justin Visentin, 1974). The west ward limitation of this basalt may be explained by erosion caused by a regional uplifi which Davidson (1983) suggested for the abscnce of Pre- Oligocene volcanies in the north westera part of the Omo Project Area. The mineralogical composition of the lower basalt is Plagioclase (40-50%), Pyroxene (15-35%), Olivine (0-12%, Biotite (4-8%), Opaque minerals (2.20%), Volcanic glass (3- 129%) and Calcite (trace-12%). 2.2.2.2 Upper Basalt The upper basell is one of the most extensive rock units that comprehends a number of flows and presumably covers almost the southern and castern parts of the study area. In the eastern part it includes a thick succession of reworked pyroclasts. Here, it occupies topographic highs and form peaks and continuous easi-west running ridges. Generally it appears to be dark gray colored and sphanatic. In its bottom part, it develops columnar joints but is thin enough (<1Scm) and is not that frequent as such.Mengesha and Seife Michacl (1982) correlate these basalts to the Jima voleanies whose age ranges between 27 and 15 M.Y. (Merla et al.1979), and the Alaji Basalts of Zancttin and Justin Visentin (1974), and the Mekonnen basalts of Davidson et al (1983). The mineralogical composition of the upper basalt is Plagioclase (30-60%), Pyroxene(20- 35%), Olivine (trace-8%), Biotite (0-1%), Opaque minerals (5-40%), Calcite (0-2%), Volcanic glass (0-5%) and Hornblende (0-10%). = 2.2.3. Coal and Oilshale Bearing Sedimentary Unit The thick coal and oilshale bearing sedimentary sequence (about 150m in outcrop sections), of Yayu area consists of sandstone, oilshale, coal, mudstone, and tuff. The sediments are observed within the Gcba (south) and Sese (north) valleys separated by the cast west trending Elemo Block. The sequence in the Geba basin is scen to lie unconformably partly on the lower basalt and partly on the Precambrian basement. However, the lower basalt was not observed in the Sese basin and hence the sediments are observed to rest on the Precambrian rocks only. Further detail studies may give 2 clear picture about the relationship of the sediments in the two valleys (whether they belong to the same basin or not). Although the sediments in the Geba basin appear to be thicker than that of Sese, with abundant end promising coal seams, itis believed that the two sedimentary sequences have similar stratigraphic posit For the reason that the Sese basin is not well studied due to shortage of time, much emphasis is given for the Geba basin, in this report. The fence diagram constructed from stream sections of Geba basin may give a rough picture about the distribution of the sediments in this basin (see enclosure). ‘The lithologic description of the sedimentary units is given below: - 2.2.3.1 Oilshale Oilshale is one of the major and most widespread sediments observed in the mapped area. The thickest oilshele scams arc found in the east. Two cycles of oilshale depositions separated by mudstone and sandstone layers have been distinguished. General features of these two oilshales are summarized below. A) Lower oilshale: - The lower oilshale, which is observed in almost all parts of the area (eacept in the north and the northwest) lies on the lower basalt (in the cast), and on the crystalline basement (in the central par). In outcrop sections, it appears to have nearly uniform exposed thickness ranging from 8-10 meters. However, in the central part (Leku stream), it is estimated to reach upto 15 meters. Compositionally, it shows gradational variation between cilshale, coaly shale and carbonaceous shale, with little oF no intercalation of coarser detritalsCommonly, the oilshale has a light brownish gray color and is characterized by thin laminations and paper fissility particularly at its lower part. This oilshale is also observed to include plant fossils and some circular and elongated concretions along fissility surfaces. Sulphide mineralization is common implying deposition under a reducing environment. Amorphous glassy secondary precipitates (probebly silica) are frequently observed in its lower part. B) Upper Oilshale The upper cilshale is generally thicker than the lower oilshale and is estimated to be about 25 meters on outcrop sections and characteristically it includes intercalation of sandstone, mudstone and coal beds. ‘The thickest coal seam (4 meters) is observed to intercalate with the upper oilshale. Its color varies between light gray to dark brownish gray and is characterized by alternation of thin and thick laminations. Plant fossils and concretions are commonly associated with the thickly laminated part of this oilshale. The upper oil shale, above the middle fluvial horizon, represents the second renewed lake in the basin. Influxes of detritals within this oilshale may result from syn-depositional tectonic activities. 2.2.3.2 Coal The coal occurrence of Yayu area is interbedded commonly with finer sediments (oilshale and mudstone) at different stratigraphic positions. However, the middle part of the sequence is the common position where abundant thick coal beds (>1m) are observed. The number and thickness of the beds, infact, considerably vary from section to section (block to block) throughout the basin due to different geological factors. Generally, thick coal seams are frequently encountered within the blocks that are located to the south and to the east of Geba River (Wittete and Geda blocks). Particularly, @ coal bed situated in the upper oilshale is measured to thick 4m in a stream called Tebel (south of Geba). From the fence diagram, the lateral continuation of this very promising coal bearing horizon in the southem part (Wittete block), is roughly estimated to cover the distance between Baho and Achebo-I streams. Physically, the coal of Yayu area is characterized by blocky and massive appearance, jointing and brownish black color. 2.2.3.3 Mudstone Mudstone beds are observed in almost all parts of the basin ranging in thickness from few centimeters to several meters, and are commonly associated with the other sediments,ies ml Regardless of some thin intercalations, two mudstone horizons arc identified in the sedimentary sequence. One horizon is found below the upper oilshale and the other above it. ‘The lower mudstone in most cases intercalated with the coal beds, and altemates with or laterally changed to sandstone layers in some places. However, the upper mudstone horizon is either interbeded with silty coarse sandstones or closely related with tuffaceous sediments. Generally, the mudstone has a light gray color but at places where it is associated with coal seams, it appears to be darker (commonly dark brown) indicating the existence of gradational variation of organic cnrichment beoween the mudstones and the coal seams. Plant fossils, usually coalified, are abundant in the mudstone beds. At the outcrop level the unit is massive. 2.2.3.4, Sandstone Sandstone is one of the major sedimentary rocks in the mapped area and is observed in almost all sections either being interbeded with other sediments (ic. as an intercalation os thin as few centimeters), or forming thick beds of coarse grained types altemating with very fine grained varieties. The spatial distribution follows such a pattem that beds of coarser sandstones are dominant at the western and eastern margins of the basin and relatively finer sandstones in the central part. The fine sandstone beds are exclusively limited to the southeastem part of the Geba basin (Teble and Negade streams). ‘The medium-coarser grained sandstones of the area are moderately lithified and show light gray color in fresh and light yellowish, light brownish or light reddish colors in weathered outcrops. The grains are commonly poorly sorted, and angular to sub-rounded Compositionally it includes quartz and feldspars (plagioclase, microcline), iron oxide, biotite, muscovite, clay minerals and other trace minerals. It seems more immature (or submature), both in texture and composition. Structurally the coarser sandstones commonly appear to be massive or thickly bedded. The immaturity of these sandstones both texturally and compositionally is a function of weathering processes in the source area and the degree of reworking and transportation of the materials. Therefore, this immaturity condition indicates the prevalence of weak rock weathering and/or the nearness of the source area with short distance transportation. The fine sandstone commonly shows thin bedding and thick lamination that can clearly be scen by alternation of quartz and feldspars with dark minerals. Lithification is well developed as compared to the coarser sandstone. Locally plant fossil fagments are common. On the other hand the highly indurated and very fine sandstone beds, usually thin (<3 meters), are frequently observed in the upper part of the westem sections, and locally at some other places. They have light dark gray color (sometimes black) and have developed conchoidal fractures. Fossils of plant fragments are common in this part of the rock. 10 u2.2.3.5 Tufi(tffaceous sediments) Volcaniclastic sediments are represented in the studied area by tuffaccous beds, whose thickest formation is observed mostly at the eastem part, both within and out of the basin. In the basin, it crops out at the upper part of the sediments and is closely related to the upper basalt. Although locally, it has been observed underlying the sediments, the lateral extension of this lower tuff is not clearly understood at present. Outside the basin, there is a thick tuffaceous unit observed within the basaltic flows, in the east. This tuff is not limited to the area covered by mapping but, conteneu farther east upto the vicinity of Bedele. Commonly, the tufTaceous sediments are observed to include rounded basaltic pebbles, cobbles and boulders. They show horizontal bedding. i 2.3 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COAL AND OILSHALE DEPOSITS In the Geba basin, the solid fossil fuels (coal and oilshale) can be traced laterally at two horizons within the coal measures. However, these two horizons vary in lateral continuity, number of beds, thickness and abundance of intercalation from block to block or section to section. Therefore, it is not possible to make layer to layer correlation using the present surface exploration data. Therefore, it is only possible to construct stream sections as well as the fence diagram in order to depict the continuity of the horizons within the basin. From the diagram it is observed that the rich zones are limited to the southem and westem parts of the basin (Yayu, Wittete and Geda blocks) The solid fossil fuels geometrically lie horizontal to subhorizontal like the other sediments, except at few localities where they appear to have low angle of dipping probably due to local tectonic disturbance. It has also been observed that the fossil fitels. are affected by deep weathering on cliff sections and appear to be bleached. Many physical features characterize the coal layers. Jointing (horizontal and vertical), very faint laminations, blocky and massive appearance characterize the coal seams at the outerop level. Thick to very thin interealation of dirt bands are also common. The coals. are fragile, particularly upon drying. The fresh parts of the coals have grayish black color with brownish black streaks. On the other hand, the oilshale seams were cbserved in a number of layers one on top of the other with altemating thick and thin fissility. It is also common to see the oilshale grading into coaly shale (lower cilshale) or carbonaceous shale with gradual color variations (but this is not common through out the basin). uaS = Fragments of plant fossils and concretions are obscrved fiequently within the two oilshale horizon (upper and lower), and are more abundant in thickly laminated parts. Dark brownish gray, olive greenish gray and gray colors characterize the oilshales. 3. STRUCTURES Sets of vertical faults, trending ENE-WSW, N-S and NW-SE are found in the area, associated with other minor faults. The ENE-WSW trending faults are the most conspicuous and important in the surveyed area. They bound the Geba basin in the north and in the south, and control the trend of Geba and Sese Rivers. Recent block movement activities along these faults are evidenced by sharp, small, east-west trending blocks (~30or 50m length), found in the Geba River and along northem and southem boundaries of the basin. At the southem boundary, the fault line shows an echelon pattern. No trace of the sediments is found south of the boundary faults. The N-S faults mark the east2m and western boundaries of the basin. Along Metu-Bedele main road, these faults are seen forming cliffs and steep slopes. They exposed the basement blocks in both eastem and westem parts of the basin. The NW-SE trending faults control the trend of mzjor tributaries of Geba, mainly in the southern part, ‘These different sets of faults are related to each other, within the Geba basin in a fashion that one is bounded by or merge with the other in order to divide the basin into blocks. Four fault-bounded blocks, named after the respective locelities (villages), found on each block, are distinguished. They are Yayu block, Wittet block, Geda block, and Didu block. ‘The sedimentary sequence, on these blocks varies in thickness and sediment distribution. Normally, the attitude of the sedimentary unit is horizontal, deposited onto the blocks that. may locally slightly tilt to form minor half grabens. 4, TYPE SECTION DESCRIPTION ‘ In the course of mapping the sedimentary sequence that hosts the fossil fuels is described from sections obtained mainly from streams. ‘The log and description of these established sections is given in the appendices (A, B, C, D,). In order to verify the relation and distribution of the sediments in the Geba basin it is convenient to describe the sections by classifying them into bed sets by taking locally representative type sections from different parts of the basin. Based on topographic and structural evidences (as mentioned above), the basin is divided into four local morphological blocks. 121) Wester and south western (Yayu block) - Gogetti type section. 2) Central south and south eastem part (Wittete block) - Tebel type section 3) Eastem part (Geda block) - Ogode type section 4) Northem part (Didu block) - Dukacha type section. Description of the type sections in each block is given below 4.1. West and south western part (Yayu block) Z The Yayu block is located in the southwestem part of the basin and is bounded in the north by the Geba River and in the east by Dosi stream. The southern and westem parts of the block are dissected by Saki stream. This block consists of Leku, Saki, Gogeiti, Wobo, Meti, Angu and Abafaji stream sections (appendix A, figures A-1 to A-3), with the type section at Gogetti (fig 2). The basement and lower basalt, in such a way that the bascit is limited in the southern part only underlie the sedimentary sequence in the block. Thick succession of sediments is observed in the southern part of the block. In the type section, four bed sets are distinguished and the characteristics of each set are summarized below. A) The first set (a-bed set) This set represents an oilshale horizon ranging in thickness from 10 to 12 meters, of which about 3 meters is coaly shale. The coaly shale (shally coal) layer is situated at the middle part of the horizon and has no distinctive boundaries (contacts) with the overlying and underlying oilshale beds. It has dark gray 10 black color and is thinly fissile parallel to bedding. However, part of the oilshale bed shows gray color and relatively thick lamination. The lower contact of this set is obscure, but a few meters down stream aphanitic basalt is observed on the streambed. B) The second set (b-bed set) Mudstone layers of about 6-7 meters thick appear overlying the first bed set. It has dark brown and gray colors at the top and bottom respectively. At the upper part it intercelates with a thin coal layer (0..meter). The contact of this bed set with the overlying and underlying beds is sharp. © The third set (c-bed set) This third set contains the cilshale horizon with estimated thickness of more than 16 meters. It consists of two coal layers of 0.5 and -1.45 meter thickness at the bottom and 1BGoget Stream Section see coir | renure | of] gt é ‘ ae nor ‘eaten tn ain crne an} see rine |e re Shemeoraena a ory cae pew) oS ee wana [TE cone fee fe [etl tr = 3! we “eins i oa seen : wee . fevwne To = say wenn ee ™ wiect - eng, t cad = Lf = pee} 1 rr ri 4 neon ne sb-9 7 nee nates, She centr ee nly Pau, t = kines roar sR 4 a eee ) od ~ 3 ‘aie i - i wd TI a esti ‘Teaver comtacts be peda, ws ewe | - seen ‘Tae say where paral, : naprepee, én ererish Teste The besten = ode ame farm [7 a | erm bbe o IN [= - [ mar [anew fig Sein tenting Capt Sree mam tien 2top parts respectively. The coal seams are massive in nature and datk brownish black colored. D) The fourth bed set (d-bed set) ‘The thickest part of the type section is represented by this set and the thickness is ectimated to be nore than 25 meters. It is composed of altemating layers of very fine, medium and coarse grained sandstones with moderate degree of lithification, ‘The very fine and fine sandstones are indurated. and silica cemented. The contacts between the sandstone layers of different degree of lithification are not sharp but rather gradational. Near the top part of the set, black carbonaceous shale of about a meter thick, and gray mudstone (0.Smeter) are intercalated, West of this type section, the thickness of the sedimentary sequence decreases and ultimately dies out to the margin of the mapped area. In this part of the basin, arenaceous sediments dominate argillaccous sediments. 4.2 Central south and south eastern part (Wittete block) This block is found immediately to the east of Yayu block and is bounded by Dogi stream in the west, and the Geba stream in the north and east. Sections observed in this block are Kersa (Yembo), Bitbir 2, Achebo 1, Achebo 2, Wochale, Tebel, Negade, Birbir, Baho and a road cut exposure near Dogi stream (appendix B, fig. B-1 to B-6), Thick coal and oilshate beds commonly overlying the lower basalt characterize the sedimentary sequence in the block. Tebel stream is the type section of the block (fig. 3) with a 4 meters coal layer and more than 25 meters thick oilshale, Four sets of beds ate distinguished in this type section. 4) The bottom lying set (a-bed set) ‘This set represents the olive greenish gray oilshale which grades to shally coal and carbonaceous shale at the bottom and top parts respectively. It rests sharply on the tuffaceous part of the underlying rock. This oilshale is characterized by thick and thin fissility. The bottom part is thinly fissile while the upper part is thickly fissile. Small circular and elongated sand concretions are common along fissility and bedding surfaces Post depositional amorphous silica precipitates were also common especially on the lower part of the facies. The thickness of this oilshale is estimated to be 8 to 10 meters. 4) The second bed set (b-beil set) This set comprises fine to coarse clastics intercalating with about 6 (six) coal layers ranging in thickness between 0.1 - 0.6 meters. The clastics ate altemate layers of mudstone and fine, medium and coarse sandstones. The color of these clastics varies with the texture. However, in most cases they have dark gray color. 15‘The coal layers within this bed set have dark to brownish black color. Some of the layers are vertically jointed and blocky. Faint laminations parallel to bedding are also observed on some of the coal seams. ‘The total thickness of this coal bearimg clastics is estimated to be 10 raeters on the-outerop scale, ©) The third bed set (c-bed set) This set represents the thickest part of the type section, which has a thickness of more than 25 meters. Compositionally, it consists of thick oilshale and three coal layers of 0.3, 08 and 4 meters thickness. ‘The coal layers are characterized by blocky nature and have dark brownish black color. They include dirt bands, particularly within the thickest seam. Vertical joints and faint laminations are also observed in the coal layers. The coal hosting oilshale appears as a series of layers separated by thin bands of mudstone, sandstone and coal. It is highly fissile and includes plant fossils at the upper zone, and small (2-3 mm diameter) animal fossils (bivalves?) at the lower part. This oilshale has light-dark olive gray color @) The fourth bed set (d-bed set) This facies lies on top of the others and is composed of fine to coarse clastics including tuff, mudstone, sandstone and lenses of coals (<30em), The lower boundary of this bed set fo the underlying one wasnot seen, because of thick soil horizon. Jumping structure was observed in its lower part, at the type locality probably as a result of local tectonic disturbance. ‘The degree of compaction and lamination varies with the grain size of the clastics, The finer clastic layers are moderately compacted and faintly (weakly) laminated as compared to the coarser ones. The thickness of this overlying bed set is estimated to be more chan 15 meters. From the fence diagram the bed sets in the type section decrease in thickness eastward, particularly beyond the nearby stream section (Wochale stream). 4.3 Eastern part (Geda black) Geda block is a triangular block located at the eastern extreme of the basin whose apex is pointing to the west. It is bounded by Geba and Geda rivers. It includes Kodo, Ogode, ‘Muchuchato, Tekle- Haymanot, kersa 1, Kersa 2, Abono and Geba sections (Appendix C, Bg, C-I to C-3), Here, Ogode stream is taken as the type section of the block (fig. 4) and three of the principal bed sets are described as follows: 74) The first bed set (a-bed set) A thick sandstone deposition at the bottom is characteristic of the eastern part of the basin. In the upper part it includes mudstore, oilshale, and minor coal layers. From field observation, the sandstone is coarser at the bottom with subangular-subrounded grains of quartz and minor feldspars, It is massive (rarely bedded). Except at the Kersa 1 section, this basal sandstone, is commonly observed to lie on the basement. The total thickness of the bed set is estimated to be more than 20 meters. 4) The second bed set (b-hed set) This bed set consists mainly of oilshale with coal and nmudstone intercalations. The thickness of the bed set is estimated to be more than 30 meters. The oilshale is brown in color, highly fissile and thinly laminated. Southward the set becomes very thinner (1-2 meters) and finally pinches out. ©) The third bed set (c-bed set) This set forms a thick horizon, which comprises tuff, sandstone and mudstone. As compored to the others, sandstone beds are not abundant. The top part of the bed set is occupied by tuff, implying the inception of the upper basaltic flows before sedimentation ceased. Coal seams in this set ate rare. 4.4 The Northern part (Didu block) Didu block is the longest and the narrowest block found to the north of Geba River, It is bounded by Geba River in the south and west, and by Kodo sireara in the east. Duckecha, Alaga, Kitili, Gogetti 2, Jejeba, Borele, Kusi, Melaka and Hursa sections are included within this block (Appendix D, fig D-1 to D-6). ‘The sediments, in the type section and its vicinity, lie directly om the crystalline ‘basement. But west ward in the central part of the block, (north part of the basin), the lower basalt appears below the sediments, Far to the west (at the northwestem part of the basin), again the sediments lic on the basement. Dukecha section (fig. 5) is taken as a type section with four sets of beds whose separate thickness decreases continuously westwards.4) The first bed set (a-bed Set) ‘The first bed set in the type section is represented by about $ meters oilshale. It is light gray in color and includes coalified plant fragments and visible mica flakes. West of the type section (northern part of the basin), the oilshale becomes thicker. In Borele section, for example, it if estimated to be more than 20 meters and is seen to include thin. coal seams and other detrital sediments. Farther to the west, however, this oilshale becomes thinner and is underlain by coarser sandstone. On the other hand, in the westem extreme of the block (northwestem comer of the basin), the whole sedimentary succession is represented by the sandstone, 4) The second bed set (b-bed set) The set consists of a mmnber of sandstone, mudstone and coal beds. The bed set in the type section is estimated to be 10 meters, but in the other sections it seems to be less (see fence diagram,). Four coal seams with thickness of 0.6, 0.1, 0.8 and 1.0 meters are observed in the block (Borele section) and are interbeded with carbonaceous mud. ‘The frequency of the sandstones in the set is limited to the east. 6) The third bed set (e-bed set) Thick accumulation of oiJshale including six coal layers with considerable mudstone represents the bed set. ‘This thinly fissile oilshale occurs in four major beds of varying thickness. The composite seam thickness of the coal layers is more than 5 meters. ‘The oak seams include dirt bands. Beds of mudstone are also situated at different levels within the bed set, ‘Che total thickness of this bed set is estimated to be more than 20 meters. Laterally, however, both the type end the thickness of the bed set as a whole is not clear due to lack of exposures. 4d) The fourth bed set (d-bed set) It is represented by different beds of sandstone and mudstone. However, laterally the abundance of these clasties varies in the east and west. In the east, the mudstone beds are abundant, while in the west the sandstone beds are frequently observed and in the western part of the block (northwestern comer of the basin); the section becomes" exclusively sandstone. In the type section, the upper part of the sandstone shows cross bedding. 5. DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT On the basis of the sedimentary sequences of the sections two principal environments of deposition can be identified within the basin, These are Fluvial and lacustrine environments, 215.1 Fluviatile Environment Deposition of the sediments within the Yayu Basin began with the accumulation of coarser sandstone in the east. As it is seen from the fence diagram this sandstone decreases continudusly in thickness and finally terminates to the west some where between Wochale and Achebo 2 streams. Although a detail study of facies is not yet carried out, thickngss variation of the sandstone coupled with the existence of the eastern fault boundary (to which the sandstone thickness increased) may suggest alluvial fan deposition. On the other hand, a basal sandstone deposition is observed at the lower part of the sedimentary succession 4 the northwest of Geba River. With this sandstone a clear pattem of thickness variation was not observed. However, as the field observation confirms, this part of the basin is elevated and may mark a tiarginal sandstone deposition with little reworked texture (subangular-subrounded grains). A horizon of mudstone and sandstone, sandwiched between the ojlshale characterizes the middle fluviatile facies that interrupted the lake environment. This horizon shows lateral variation both in thickness (6-10 meter) and lithology throughout the basin. The association of coal seams in this part of the succession may signify possible synchronous swamp facies with the fluvial condition. Finally, the upper most horizon represents the last fluvial facies which consists of different beds of sandstone, mudstone and tuff. Comparing the abundance of the tuff and sandstone sediments within the horizon, the former is more abundant to the east while thick accumulation of the latter (30 meters) is found in the west, Similarly, the sandsone itself shows textural variation, in that finer beds are common in the central part of the basin 5.2 Lacustrine Environment The lake condition of the basin is expressed by two eycles of oilshale deposition. The first cycle of the oilshale occupies the bottom of the sedimentary sequence in the west, central south, north and north eastern parts of the basin lying either on the basement directly or on the lower basalt. The occurrence of the lower oilshale throughout the area indicates the wide extension of the lake condition at the early stage of sedimentation, However, at the caster extreme part of the basin this oilshale decreases in thickness and lies on the sandstone (i.e. over the fluvial facies). Pyrite has been frequently observed in the lower oilshale, with no intercalation of coal. On the other hand, samples from the upper oilshale do not show any sulfide with thicker beds of coal. According to Tesfaye and Minye (1995), the intrbedding of coal layers in the upper oilshale, may attribute to the low alkaline nature of the shales. 26. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS Laboratory analysis were made for some of the samples on certain parameters such as; proximate (moisture content, volatile matter content, ash content, fixed carbon), calorific value, total sulfur content and specific gravity; on as received basis. Due to the lack of some laboratory ‘instruments and technical facilities, other physical, chemical or technological tests on different properties of the fossil fuels are not possible to be done here in the E.LG.S Laboratory. As the results indicate (rgported on as received basis, Tables 1 to 4), the coals of Yayu area are characterized by fairly good energy values (most of the samples being more than 2,500 keal’kg), high ash content (more than 15%) and low to medium sulfur content (less than 3%). Other parameters are presented with their respective sample number for the oilshale samples (Tables 5 and 6). It can be seen that as the energy value decreases, the percentage of ash increases and vice versa, ‘The high calorific value (with relatively low ash content) probably corresponds to coaly shales. For the classification of the coals according to rank, the results (Tables 7 and 8) are calculated on mineral matter free basis for the three parameters (volatile matter, fixed carbon and calorific value), by using the part formulas of ASTM method (Tables 7 to 8). The results of heat values are expressed in Metric system (kcal/kg) and British system (BTU/Lb), both on as received and mineral matter fice basis for sinaple cross reference. Hence, based on these, it is observed that the majority of the coal samples belong to subbituminous C and subbituminous B rank, although, there are some exceptions that belong to higher or lower rank groups. 7, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The Geba basin is a fault-bounded basin, filled with fluvio-lacustrine sediments, Based on the age determination of Merla et al., (1970), for the lower basalt, and the lithologic correlation of Mengesha and Seifemichael (1982), made for the upper basalt, the probable age of the basin may be considered to range between late Oligocene and early Miocene Fossil fuels (coal and oilshaie) with a wide aerial coverage and appreciable thickness are observed within this basin. The most prospective parts of the basin are thought to be the southern (Wittete block), and the eastem (Geda block). Priority, however, should be given to the southern part where the thickest coal bed (4m), is exposed. Therefore the following recommendations are necessary in order to assess the resource potential of Wittete block and to know the extension of the sediments north- ward beyond Sese. Five to seven exploration drill holes with nominal depth ranging (of each drill holes) from 200-250 meters should be sunk at the eastern part of Wittete block (in the proximity of the 4 meters thick coal layer). 23Appropriate surface and subsurface geophysical investigations should be appliedto the target area. Hydro and engineering geological studies for the part of the basin south of Geba River (if possible), and if not to the chosen block, should be undertaken, ‘Topographic and profile tine surveying at the scale of 1:10,000 or 1:3,000 for the Wittetg block should be carried out. Chemical and physical tests on the fossil fuels should be carried out, Regional geological mapping of the area north of Yayu subsheet should be conducted to confirm whether the sediments observed at the mapped area extend northwards. 24References Aula, H.G., and Gashawheza, M,, 1993 Report on the coal occurrence of Mush Valley, IGS (Unpub, Rep.) Rep.) Addis Ababa. Davidson, Av, 1983. Reconnaissance Geology and Geochemistry of pars of Hlubabor, Kofa, GamoGofa, and Sidamo, Omo River Project, Ethiopia-Canadian Intemational Development Agency, Addis Ababa, Gashawbeza, M., and Mestin, W., 1996, Report on Geological and Geophysical Exploration for Coal Occurrence at Mush Valley, EIGS (Unpub, Rep.) Addis Ababa. Getahun, B, Yitga, £, and Miniye, B., 1993.Detail Geotogical Mapping, Subsurface Exploration, Geochemical Studies and Reserve Evaluation of Coal and Oilshale Resource ot Ditbi Moye Basin, EIGS, (Technical Rep.) Addis Ababa, Giday, w., Aronson, JL., Walter, R.C., 1990. Geology, Geochronology, and Rift Basin Development in the Central Sector of the Main Ethiopian Rift. Geological Society of ‘Amesica Bull, V.102, pp 439-458 Kazmin, V., 1972, Geological Map of Ethiopia, 1:2,000,000 scale, FIGS. Addis Ababa. Mengesha, ., and Seifernichael, B., 1982, Report on the Geology of Map Sheet NC 36 — 16 (Gore Sheet), FIGS (Unpub. Rep.) Merla, G., Abbate, E,, Canuti,P., Sagri, M. and Taccomi, P,, 1973. Geologic Map of Ethiopia and Somalia, Consiglio Nionale Delle Ricerche, Firenze, Miniye, B., 1992. MSe. Thesis, Chang Mai Univ., Thailand. ‘Tesfaye, C., 1977, Metu and Gore Prisons Water Supply Appraisal, FIGS, Note No. 55 (Unpub. Rep.) Addis Ababa, ‘Tesfaye, L., and Miniye, B., 1995. Geochemical Characteristics of the Dilbi Oilsbales, Bull. Chem, Soc. Eth, 92), pp 79-91. Wollela, A., 1991, Coal and Oilshale Occurrence and Theis Geofogical Seting in Ethiopia, Ministry of Mines and Energy, Addis Ababa Zavettin, Band Justi-Vientiane, E., 1974, The Voleanie Succession inCentral Ethiopia, ‘The Voleanics of the Western Afar and Ethiopian Rift Margins, Memorie degli Isttuti di Geologia e Mineraloia dell Universita dt Padova, V. 31, pp 1 - 19. 256. 8 ea72-08 va 8 68-1 eee | 66 | vee | cer |7ecze0| 602-15 YOSA vez_| eee Z| vor [262899 gis [en | oe | 99: [26 si809 wece_| soe | sez | vse | ez) |zeaceoo Cai-oy zoe | zee | ree | eee | 251 [seszeso ea-oy deve [vee | 2 | riz | eoe We, B15 sece_[ rec | eez | e4e | roe e 681, sr [oz | zoe | se | oiz Zz Sa/1-62 vest [vez [rez [eee | or ve eee zist | ror | rer | eee Gs 68 G17, see [ves [oer | oor 8r alee esse | vez | ez | eez_| ter 1 Sa/9-£61 ove | vee [ere | eee | rer 9h sais L61 zery | eis [ab zoz_| oar sr 68/@-G0) very | go | ese [sve | ~ror vr GBIe-C2h zew [ger | 92 yee | 6 eh OB/LLS zc | ev | vee | zee | vee [at OB/-18h euoe | 922 | eee [ese [vec tb 8/0181 doz {cos | ez | vez | ver oF Gaz seer [en [ere [ree [rie 5 ‘8iS/bL ~ i ISIE BREN 9 WA amsiony ON isis JBedg | oyo1e9 pexis_|_ameion (s1seq ponjaoas se uo) ulseq Bqag jo sued ule}seayjnos pue Uley;nos uloy} sojdwies Je00 jo syinsou jeonAteUY | ake 26wi | owe | vee [zen eee eet zs zou | eeaz | vee | zer zee | ser us est | oze | sec | oor 92. 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Jt seteton the settee wien ' - aac atacte teat 2 a= faniand os " ” Tae apse prt ot ea fyeitee ater “ SZ) estenee | srntoe | = = i wea, se ener » | omer alt omar |” , Wate] Tae toe ganas owner tainted a : Uespratant toate! eon fee THe sate pert nen U7 sare » wnt son] - safe fomeeten [omer ms - = male Teas iets [eon wor a : ™ scrrre - a Thiet wipes Reve a DT PUSSIES Ty a ain " sicaatel sear |= tteane “ ce rap A Fig:a.t. Sectlon Yalan clong Letu stream a4Macunu-Yoyy Area ‘Wobo Stream Secon Color Textore VER MCW ese wl ¢ Remark era ication ot any vortared Shecveston w mesberee ates part conact Us ecars tanec ot oe, . on SSS eee ger = |e = vr) ‘ prec —— hee} | inn aid. eee pen er ts bocce IN Nove vol Ina pve artnet 7 \ —_ ‘The batten contect Ia ner obaar red, - — ae J Fig. AiSection taken along Wobo Stream. ae rove dy Ah ag.HORN Yau AREA 6 SAkI Stream Mpewe! of é ~ = Flo.&2 Section token olong sok! stream 58 45APFENDIX-Bfocttion-Kumbabe({tubabor! fection Achebo-! Beaty ne! T Ts sie s Renorbe & yeenc ve lat 4 fen We te iy - - plant | mea¥ put y a Jars NV auates | sn 2 2 . G cma panda paw ae La fe wo Pot feos | [taestnene e os back Teessiva |[Puant | lnclude coal tense, etc joie ck oP cael ark gray] = Its incodorent changed fe cor. wou fue progreveiety ere oe ve 68 deblocie faaierated it Te ates blocky. wes [>= [eae reat leat 1 : TT Yecsate incor o a amas | Te aeRaE oe + lace aa ee ie eo — ty | | rnc ct ames tenn ee Token bolton par eaaTievai |X ww fe ca |"Saa ‘ini Sonor ner tecay rte “ne ‘Ithy thinty flesile and laminated ys fan vile shale| OTe “= Avsite nly fleslle 8 emake a eer sane Te ane om us a ti hice ity fa, ys | Team This eoeranyconpacteg 15-95 | 10 batty ot | mostive 1 bs inconoren® in nohice. 0 = 1 15 le t ot jet | beaded Besa toot eT oor ” ashe iN ncoornt 1” iri poory sorted with 300 ofa 1 amended ons metre == [testes | fat conpacne 220 a Th 7 =o 7 cicaprpurie-ophanaie 1] + Jo jure [ nar fewer = — — — [ane snus a nd , errs a 7 x x lbasement | dark fone foltionedLOCATION = Kumbebe (ILLUSAECR) SECTION - Achebo ~2 SCALE ~ 1100 ] eh z if Bb ferrae ve rie fe pay txt wie Jesse] | sears er snare, snl tw om ennver Weise Senne soci a wor [7 asl! Tee 1 in amare soot vest | | matin ot coer rene : Tomer thn et 9 ~via oe I seta | [nn cat meteens west . aot = wr |e. vor | | Sa ren secon ‘ued men iON © Iam] [in em ty ee ane seteng] | termine wre Jat ote | over | tase . 1m aise ty weatberne ee Soar = wie | ey eect ee 2 oF the comet hewean te eer pert grater! a weakly betawe a | eee ane “ od eed ‘enaea| . a rea aa aa ao wo Es Drom by DESSALEINE Acne Fiabe Section token clong Achebo-2 stream: 43| ~ seats mune, 50HURUMU- YAYU BIRBIR STREAM SECTION ome ema Texture Terizontal_subnerizontet meen ive bedding cod faint amination Hortzentalty badéed oil shuts with sural concretions and plant foesile ¢ lente priat,coatitiad veed.ste) It a thinly Maaite ad the bose ‘ i ahate Jt ta aighty weathered und popar 2 snalty coat tlasite tanita: secendaryprecipitation of sulting 77 [tr wow beset 1] % » o xx x) | besenent Fig B+ Section taken along Birbir stream 51Marvau-Yoys Are eho stream section oe ee, a Texture ceior lmao re “n rm Veen c am ae el a see fey Hey P aman ot " — = [etd imme ry a ~ 1 ae wom | mai tree oman ir pe ia Tera ' ame [ET [ren aa am tt tame ie : Sarna seen bay td : te | eananemevomree aa " = “Thin oe [tight pray] intercalanes at re ee Ate r= ae ot 7 inshane [Mego Wea dae "| == FighsSection token aiong Behe streom,& cor o 5 woes | Liar tesa eaty ah hen hk eam ma Sa : ie ‘ ans wre = |usninotes | vty bn : cost | gi pees " : vase oe [my nvene cone, 7 ia iat waa emiee mee | in leew} ° cet je pene etree ~ Toes eeaaacemeaaer berm " ST oe = wee 1s ott ne ns rent ee [amend pat | sethagnt oes aos Bar coemevaeoe . vane | core or iste vena stoned ecsaa Tee no eee cy : bated F —— ma > camae [eno mn an cannon aa eee = freer peer + FighsSaction token along Bane strecm,hetune- Yeyy Ace. an Sactien Tetture | VEEN C Foseis amarh nn et. He shady vreceatice tem] FipB'6 Section Taken along Negade StreeAPPENDIX-CLOCATION — Kumbobe (ILLUBABOR? SECTION Muchuchato Stre SCALE _ 1/100 am Aes os] flee : Lathes M6 seme [coier | texture ie Remerns [geelat ile PE veew eve \ J. The uppar part af thew OR lee be co ehow Ban oot 18 s S see | | Hegeuity or comomrs tem, | ge | fet jee | fren of ee asli \ cen bestae [pion ‘ bere - She green are scroundae| esl er | - | Nowwo ferro | 77 ve etee thew nara jo-3| + | wm 7 oe r% coal Bical Lieinied ! en ie ert we Cine surfaces end et comme pornine) = pedoed horizon, tee te shlaftlentien , mr snore fork et he bers Ea Te teary bo artis! way) SE eee joint es ond hori pomre i | S jm men tiem at the \ A veto awn e eee x jeer | -- 2040 le ot how sty sare 4 | hen cancretion een he flaehe oetteee 3 oo Tories [re ain costa me tetton | ~ "| ery tmwrectoning thn (OE) eee 07 Orncegm Aarew pCR voction tat clang Muenecnere seem . 56APPENDIX-DLOCATION-Kumbabe (Iilubabor) SECTION- Algo stream 1100 SCAL Te] butt |- ~~ ~ -lmossive| Wis observed discomtinously along the stream bed J] i 1 f - ive 1 is also observed as between along the slope id beded It Is highly weothored oi flight a Gnd thickly tominated shale forow Haminat ol! shale 4 grey ed — — [massive] U1 appears as docks 21? |" end Boulders 22 fo jy [Drowns laminated | The laminations are thin 25 sae re forey Po & | 08 compared to the upper oil shale mud [light sae] ony | itis water scturated jand has sticky nature ernie Finish fen Figp1 Section taken along Alga strem It ls coarse grained groniste gnetasLOCATION _ YAYU (ILLUBABOR) SECTION _ gogeni_2 00 scale =f E Be] Rock Texts 71 hal: lle are : gehdideg gine Wwerwew| 2 |? : treet ten weneray vee cae matte 8 on ual wer bs [eas js ven jens een ari ~ i Fa 1 esa iS Imvermas) ant oy ee on ee Pid oe ie =a Bn tne Rest appeers a8 eens enrol pert it forme a tember ot He wine ‘hier toe los seine sro ot me “oe i i t tk ae Tf for [oe poe [oe ee Tena eal . ven oman he Lomi sat |" pean | |e tr eee men ee VA venen | sore | = paepieynie Teawe wim oak os Seng Se i < Sarto <8] ou poor |) found” [wn soar wm some . Clem [ome Satie at \s Figb2Section taken dong Gogeti- 2 sream Dien 07 Derecope ewLOC ATION ~YAYU { ILLUBABOR) SECTION= JEJEBA Coter|Texture rset leans | iia tiga aictarbed extern] Wf eatititien rome | a He ate Prageant ot 1 pane | we wetent eeedat ovals ie eine" toncolanily TrLOCATION = YAYU — (inubaber! SECTION - Sore SCALE - 1:10 T. jw rue wer | Ty om seam be wo = leat moun || Rem ot In como, wel !? wn | vat <= feat) | secon tome arson bed mous | [baie et vet 1 : cones Thm aarrtne and tetan= wwe |r| = > atoms | Meer ert 2 era eatet wt L a ele te ae AN - ome pn ond se = seve | wom = || ett , ” tee zz on Ts bocty ant biad r- | mm ae eho ts ape mone | [i tne as a aa i eee] oe 4 S tea [en tte) sod! ate lee fo ‘ey ete oe Teeiy, ed, tavmated ar hoe et cont mature (hm taneom Chasen)" rai an 1 ie ony toate « ec?T ection rekon ekg Bavie stmamLocation = Yayu{ ilibabor} Section - Kusi Scata- 17100 Remarks Ie vapercanlact a neonpeaad. ice Piptay and eancratioet feneratigna,wice hakeaare com is Dhecerent pines [Tee bettes iznet eapored, tinaite plant] ie teens ara not frequent ete peers sect and wey Te thick fiesiteand see aU petere 1 J= cJaasetoefertony |= = es fey feat festa rete geseey vores aaa os eager praine 1 We high gre cing va are fal ted Nope boc, Fig’ section tuken along Kusi streaeLOCATION - YAYU (iHubebert SECTION ~ Murso SCALE - 1°100 gee rer [eo | renee rest afl ee sane vee Ms ve " = mean | [0 me : pone foe [amie | Jn tom ct wt - 2 mh ware || 2 = T]redmere) arey f= bedded 8 tortured and ho sally estes | [ruc ne pn so = a | ” te sorted with angular areine as Bee ae a S beau pew | TLS a] te hs weve me tect bee |. deem | ene Ed oe pone eo ee ta = ie Peery varied : eee = rar Re a a ae r te oy ta em = 2 rey - " resin Me Indurerne eT : om | ‘otc Lance [por | 7 ane | toe te ae t= ‘ < Lt ot ae [te : 8 bone oot 08 ana nena cect ot ate To, wien ~ co fr MA pares | [oat at ei = is wow for [= (amar || tr ne : pe wre oo : jon . nn de pa Vege | Ii tos wa a0 z - * 4 q 3 | : : i (agvEntt) ulsog nko, woiboiq e9uay BI 4 ‘ 3 d : : 7 | q : : - | ae ; mae 3N wouseg zi ~ ‘ > & e 7 wawesog x é ee ees ; ee | os teenie, oe ; ‘ ; fet 2 | | ee oa 7 vo | | : : : | sons pas, ah \ d Es] oe \ * su0sspAW Stara wosuss apis poo y 4 \ A e se " Eg nwa é ‘ i To a 3 Ea | | | ~ | i { | : | q | | 7 = - : } : els | O | oo | ee | fe i la 4 ; Rass : ; i she : | : | a| : es Caewane 160g teal ah - 4 ee “assapey Bay : PO ors cavan woomeesory : 000'0S:) a1095 oe Prsedary eriney ahd ose — See ee ~ Obed T= : sive 1 ton Mle pbs ate BrP ie dedi AS \ aif 1 ae 2 “ 4 => F 2 eo a: x ‘00 ee dk wants (260)19) UM0, Be ibrar (W011) poo sayioam hug === poos asayyoam yy == oie ae woes - ‘ Nee: 4n0jU0} ga6r7 Passayui-yooju0D -~- suing, xa|dwoo uawasog i 41080q 1am07) sy}soq saddn E Guaoav VWANV NAVA AD AVW IWDIDDIMAIAD