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DRILLING PRACTICES
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Bits and Holemaking
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IADC Bit Classification
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Drillability
formation in a
Roller
Bearing
1 B - Special Bearing Seal
STEEL Medium to Medium C - Center Jet
Roller
TOOTH Hard Formations w ith particular Series and D - Deviation Control
BITS High Compressive 2 4 refers to the
Bearing Air
Cooled
2 E - Extended Nozzles
Strength
hardest formation Roller G - Gauge/Body
Hard Semi-Abrasive Bearing
within the Series 3 Protection
and Abrasive 3 Gauge
H - Horizontal Steering
8-1/2” EHP 51
Formations
Low Compressive
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Soft Formations w ith
5
Appl.
J - Jet Deflection
L - Lug Pads
M - Motor Application
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S - Standard Steel Tooth
Formations w ith Low 5 Gauge
Protected T - Two Cone Bit
Compressive Strength
INSERT Sealed W - Enhanced Cutting
Medium Hard
BITS
Formations w ith High 6 Friction
Bearing
6 Structure
Compressive Strength X - Predominantly Chisel
Sealed
Hard Semi-Abrasive Tooth Insert
Frction Brg
and Abrasive 7 Gauge 7 Y - Conical Tooth Insert
Formations
Protected Z - Other Shape Insert
Extremely Hard and
Abrasive Formations 8
Bits and Holemaking
IPM Ref: SPE 23937 The IADC Roller Bit Classification System
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(the lower the number, the lighter set the bit).
Cutter Size/Type For PDC cutter, 1 indicates >24 mm, 2
12-1/4” DS66H is between 14 and 24 mm, 3 is between 8 and 14 mm
and 4 is smaller than 8. For diamond bits, 1 represents
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natural diamond, 2 is for TSP, 3 is a combination of
natural diamond and TSP and 4 is for impregnated.
Profile The final digit indicates the general body style
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and varies from 1 (flat profile) to 4 (long flanked
turbine style).
Fixed cutter IADC codes are intended only to provide a means for characterizing the general
physical appearance of fixed cutter drill bits. Unlike the IADC classification for roller bits, these
codes do not represent an application guideline.
Ref: SPE 23940 Development of a New IADC Fixed Cutter Drill Bit Classification System
Bits and Holemaking
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IADC Codes
Tooth
Soft 1-1
1
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2
1-3
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2-1
Hard
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IADC Codes
Tooth
Soft 4-1
1
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Insert
2 4
3 l.c
5
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6
7
8-3
Hard
8
Bits and Holemaking
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IADC Codes
Tooth PDC
Soft
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Insert
2 4
3 l.c
5
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6
7
Hard
8
Bits and Holemaking
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IADC Codes
Tooth PDC
Soft
1
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Insert
2 4
3 l.c
5
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6
Diamond
7
Hard
8
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IADC Codes
Tooth PDC
Soft
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Insert
2 4
3 l.c
5
Impregnated
Diamond
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6
Diamond
7
Hard
8
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IADC Bit Dull Grading Code
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performance analysis.
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Fixed Cutter Bits Roller Cone Bits
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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BF - Bond Failure *BC - Broken Cone LN - Lost Nozzle
BT - Broken Cutters BF - Bond Failure LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters
BU - Balled Up BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear
CT - Chipped Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit PB - Pinched Bit
ER - Erosion *CC - Cracked Cone PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
LN - Lost Nozzle
LT - Lost Cutter
NR - Not Rerunable
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CI - Cone Interference
CR - Cored
CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters
ER - Erosion
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
SD - Shirttail Damage
SS - Self Sharpening Wear
TR - Tracking
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PN - Plugged Nozzle FC - Flat Crested Wear WO - Washed Out Bit
RG - Rounded Gauge HC - Heat Checking WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters
RO - Ring Out JD - Junk Damage NO - No Dull Characteristic
RR - Rerunable *LC - Lost Cone
SS - Self Sharpening Wear * Show Cone under Location 4
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit Note that this is for the Primary dull characteristics.
WT - Worn Cutters
NO - No Dull Characteristics
Bits and Holemaking
IPM Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
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NO WEAR WORN BROKEN LOST BOND EROSION
(NO) CUTTER CUTTER CUTTER FAILURE (ER)
(WT) (BT) (LT) (BF)
CYLINDER
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CUTTERS NO WEAR WORN BROKEN LOST BOND
(NO) CUTTER CUTTER CUTTER FAILURE
(WT) (BT) (LT) (BF)
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ER - Erosion
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
LN - Lost Nozzle
LT - Lost Cutter
NR - Not Rerunable
PN - Plugged Nozzle
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
RR - Rerunable
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SS - Self Sharpening Wear
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit
WT - Worn Cutters
NO - No Dull Characteristics
BU - Balled Up
Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
Bits and Holemaking
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BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear
BU - Balled Up Bit PB - Pinched Bit
*CC - Cracked Cone PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage
*CD - Cone Dragged RG - Rounded Gauge
CI - Cone Interference RO - Ring Out
CR - Cored SD - Shirttail Damage
CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters
ER - Erosion
FC - Flat Crested Wear
HC - Heat Checking
TR - Tracking
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SS - Self Sharpening Wear
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ER - Erosion
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
LN - Lost Nozzle
LT - Lost Cutter
NR - Not Rerunable
PN - Plugged Nozzle
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
RR - Rerunable
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SS - Self Sharpening Wear
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit
WT - Worn Cutters
NO - No Dull Characteristics
CT – Chipped Cutter
Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
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ER - Erosion
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
LN - Lost Nozzle
LT - Lost Cutter
NR - Not Rerunable
PN - Plugged Nozzle
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
RR - Rerunable
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SS - Self Sharpening Wear
TR - Tracking LT – Lost Cutter
WO - Washed Out Bit
WT - Worn Cutters
NO - No Dull Characteristics
Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
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BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear
BU - Balled Up Bit PB - Pinched Bit
*CC - Cracked Cone PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage
*CD - Cone Dragged RG - Rounded Gauge
CI - Cone Interference RO - Ring Out
CR - Cored SD - Shirttail Damage
CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters
ER - Erosion
FC - Flat Crested Wear
HC - Heat Checking
TR - Tracking
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SS - Self Sharpening Wear
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ER - Erosion
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
LN - Lost Nozzle
LT - Lost Cutter La
NR - Not Rerunable
PN - Plugged Nozzle
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
RR - Rerunable
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SS - Self Sharpening Wear
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit
WT - Worn Cutters RO – Ring Out
NO - No Dull Characteristics
Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
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BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear
BU - Balled Up Bit PB - Pinched Bit
*CC - Cracked Cone PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage
*CD - Cone Dragged RG - Rounded Gauge
CI - Cone Interference RO - Ring Out
CR - Cored SD - Shirttail Damage
CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters
ER - Erosion
FC - Flat Crested Wear
HC - Heat Checking
TR - Tracking
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SS - Self Sharpening Wear
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ER - Erosion
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
LN - Lost Nozzle
LT - Lost Cutter
NR - Not Rerunable
PN - Plugged Nozzle
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
RR - Rerunable
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SS - Self Sharpening Wear
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit WT – Worn Cutters
WT - Worn Cutters
NO - No Dull Characteristics
Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
Bits and Holemaking
IPM
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BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear
BU - Balled Up Bit PB - Pinched Bit
*CC - Cracked Cone PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage
*CD - Cone Dragged RG - Rounded Gauge
CI - Cone Interference RO - Ring Out
CR - Cored SD - Shirttail Damage
CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters
ER - Erosion
FC - Flat Crested Wear
HC - Heat Checking
TR - Tracking
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SS - Self Sharpening Wear
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BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear
BU - Balled Up Bit PB - Pinched Bit
*CC - Cracked Cone PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage
*CD - Cone Dragged RG - Rounded Gauge
CI - Cone Interference RO - Ring Out
CR - Cored SD - Shirttail Damage
CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters
ER - Erosion
FC - Flat Crested Wear
HC - Heat Checking
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SS - Self Sharpening Wear
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit
WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters
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JD - Junk Damage NO - No Dull Characteristic
*LC - Lost Cone
* Show Cone under Location 4
TR - Tracking
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BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear
BU - Balled Up Bit PB - Pinched Bit
*CC - Cracked Cone PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage
*CD - Cone Dragged RG - Rounded Gauge
CI - Cone Interference RO - Ring Out
CR - Cored SD - Shirttail Damage
CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters
ER - Erosion
FC - Flat Crested Wear
HC - Heat Checking
TR - Tracking
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SS - Self Sharpening Wear
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BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear
BU - Balled Up Bit PB - Pinched Bit
*CC - Cracked Cone PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage
*CD - Cone Dragged RG - Rounded Gauge
CI - Cone Interference RO - Ring Out
CR - Cored SD - Shirttail Damage
CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters
ER - Erosion
FC - Flat Crested Wear
HC - Heat Checking
TR - Tracking
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SS - Self Sharpening Wear
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N - Nose Row
M - Middle Row
Cone 1, 2 or 3
G - Gauge Row
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This box is for roller cone Non Sealed Bearings
bits. Fixed cutter bits will A linear scale estimating
always be designated by "X". bearing life used. (0 -No life
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The letter “I” is used to designate bits that are in gauge.
If the bit is under gauge, the amount is recorded to the nearest 1/16” of
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an inch. For example, if the bit is 1/8” under gauge, this is reported as
2/16 or often only as 2.
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This is for the Secondary dull char. and it uses the same codes as for the Primary dull char.
Fixed Cutter Bits Roller Cone Bits
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BF - Bond Failure *BC - Broken Cone LN - Lost Nozzle
BT - Broken Cutters BF - Bone Failure LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters
BU - Balled Up BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear
CT - Chipped Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit PB - Pinched Bit
ER - Erosion *CC - Cracked Cone PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage
HC - Heat Checking
JD - Junk Damage
LN - Lost Nozzle
LT - Lost Cutter
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CI - Cone Interference
CR - Cored
CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters
RG - Rounded Gauge
RO - Ring Out
SD - Shirttail Damage
SS - Self Sharpening Wear
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NR - Not Rerunable ER - Erosion TR - Tracking
PN - Plugged Nozzle FC - Flat Crested Wear WO - Washed Out Bit
RG - Rounded Gauge HC - Heat Checking WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters
RO - Ring Out JD - Junk Damage NO - No Dull Characteristic
RR - Rerunable *LC - Lost Cone
SS - Self Sharpening Wear * Show Cone under Location 4
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit
WT - Worn Cutters
NO - No Dull Characteristics Bits and Holemaking
IPM Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
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BHA - Change Bottom Hole Assembly HP - Hole Problems
DMF - Down hole Motor Failure HR - Hours
DSF - Drill String Failure PP - Pump Pressure
DST - Drill Stem Test PR - Penetration Rate
DTF - Down hole Tool Failure
RIG - Rig Repair
CM - Condition Mud
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TQ - Torque
TW - Twist Off
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CP - Core Point WC - Weather Conditions
DP - Drill Plug WO - Washout -DrillString
FM - Formation Change
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Photo courtesy of
Bits and Holemaking
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BIT RECORD
To be filled up at wellsite
Well :
BIT RECORD
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Date :
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420 18.04 22.45 151.50 10-25 120 820 1450 0
0.50 4.00 1.22 2-10 60
4 2RR2 12 1/4 DSX113 204556 PDC 8 x 13 1408 1714 16.54 18.50 119.09 25-35 120 820 1900 1.00
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Drilling Parameters vs Bit Performance
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DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE AT BIT
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WOB Worn Cutters Depth of Cut
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Air in Mud
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CIRCULATING PRESSURE
(standpipe pressure with bit off bottom)
Mud Properties
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Mud Weight Pumps Restriction
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Bit Related RPM
Junk
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Reaming Dry Drilling
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Junk
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RATE OF PENETRATION Bit Related
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Overbalance Formation Hole Angle
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Excessive broken teeth Improper bit type Use harder formation bit type having
more teeth
Improper break-in procedure used Proper break-in procedure used for new
for new bit bit
Excessive WOB for type used Lighter WOB
Unbalanced tooth wear Improper bit type Use of different bit type based upon the
rows of teeth which are excessively
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changing the RPM
Improper handling Proper handling
Sheared diamonds Improper break-in, Clean bottom of hole,
Broken nose stones Correct break-in procedure
Burned (flattened) Inadequate cooling Increase the circulation rate to
diamonds improve cooling
Burned bit
Bit performance
• Main function: ROP and longevity
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• Drilling fluid is circulated through passageways in
the bit to remove cuttings and apply hydraulic
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power to improve ROP
• ROP is a function of WOB, RPM, mud properties
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and hydraulic efficiency
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Faster Drilling Slower Drilling
Less Durable More Durable
42 Bits and Holemaking
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• Longer Teeth • Shorter Teeth
• Bigger Teeth • Smaller Teeth
• Sharper Teeth • Duller Teeth
•
•
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Fracture-Resistant
•
•
Flat Profile
Wear-Resistant
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Tooth Material Tooth Material
• Faster Drilling
• Slower Drilling
• Less Durable
• More Durable
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• Under no circumstances should the cutting structure of fixed cutter bit be allowed to contact any steel surfaces.
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• All bits should be gauged with an appropriately sized gauge ring
• Bit serial number should be recorded, together with the bit type and diameter.
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• Natural diamond bits, impregnated bits and TSP bits have a fixed TFA which can not be modified at the rig site.
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• Tricone bits should be made up to the drill string using a correctly sized bit breaker.
• Fixed cutter bits should be “walked” by hand before applying correct torque.
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• Lower the bit slowly through ledges and dog legs This will prevent plugged nozzles and clear out hole fill.
• Lightly tag the bottom with low RPM.
• Lower the bit slowly at liner tops
• Roller cone bits are not designed for reaming. If reaming is required • Gradually increase the RPM.
then it should be undertaken with light weight and low RPM • Gradually increase weight on WOB.
• Protect nozzles from plugging
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Before re-running green bits
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• Make sure the bit is in gauge.
• Before running a diamond bit into the hole, have a junk basket run on the previous bit.
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• After the previous bit is pulled, inspect it for junk damage and other wear, then gauge it.
• If the previous bit appears OK, the bit may be prepared to be run into the hole.
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• Check O-ring and install nozzles, if appropriate, using the correct nozzle spanner as
supplied by the bit manufacturer.
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• Check for cutter damage.
• Check that the bit is within tolerance on diameter and that there is no foreign material inside it.
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• A correct bit breaker should be used and the bit should be made up to the correct torque as determined
by the pin connection size.
• Care should be taken in running the bit through the rotary table and through any known tight spots.
Hitting ledges or running through tight spots carelessly may damage the cutters or gauge.
• Reaming is not recommended, however, if necessary, pick up the string and run the maximum fluid possible.
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Rotate at about 60 RPM. Advance bit through tight spot with no more than 4000 pounds weight on bit (WOB) at any time.
• As hole bottom is approached, the last three joints should be washed down slowly at full flow and with
40 to 60 RPM to avoid plugging the bit with fill.
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• Once the bottom is located, the bit should be lifted just off bottom (0 to 1 foot if possible) and
full volume circulated while slowly rotating for about 5 to 10 minutes.
• After circulating, ease back to bottom and establish the bottom hole pattern.
• When ready to start drilling, increase the rotary speed to about 100 RPM and start cutting a new bottom hole pattern
with approx. 1000 to 4000 pounds WOB.
• Cut at least one foot in this manner before determining optimum bit weight and RPM for drilling.
Bitstest.
• Determine optimum ROP by conducting a drill-off and Holemaking
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• After a short cleaning period, lower the bit to bottom and increase WOB slowly.
• After establishing a bottom hole pattern, additional weight may be slowly added.
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• As weight is increased, pump pressure will increase, so the differential pressure and
WOB must be kept within the recommended downhole motor specifications.
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• drillpipe should be slowly rotated to prevent differential sticking.