Strauss Calculus Answers

Appendix E A-33
a P' a + P'
34. sin a — sin ft = 2 sin cos
Hyperbolic identities
1 1
35. sechx - 36. cschx =
coshx sinhx
1 sinhjc
37. cothx = 38. tanhx =
tanhx coshx
cosh x
39. cothx 40. cosh2 x — sinh2 x = 1
sinhx
41. 1 — tanh2 x = sech2 x 42. coth2 x — 1 — csch2 x
43. sinh(—x) — — sinhx 44. cosh(—x) = coshx
45. tanh(-x) = -tanhx
46. sinh(x ± y) = sinh x cosh y ± cosh x sinh y
47. cosh(x ± y) = coshx coshy ± sinhx sinhy
tanh x ± tanh y
48. tanh(x ± y) = —---—
1 ± tanh x tanh y
49. cosh 2x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x 50. sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x
r\
= 2 cosh x — 1
= 1 + 2 sinh2 x
2 tanh x I cosh x + 1
51. tanh2x = 52. cosh ^x =
1 + tanh2 x
1 /coshx — 1
53. sinh -x = ±+---
2 V 2
1 coshx — 1 sinhx
54. tanh -x = ——-
2 sinh x coshx + 1
55. sinh 1 x = ln(x + \/x2 + 1)
1 + vT+x2
56. csch 1 x = In if x > 0
57. cosh 1 x = ln(x + Vx2 — 1)

1 + Vl — X2
58. sech-1 x = In if 0 < x < 1
x
'1 +x'
59. tanh 1 x = - In if — 1 < x < 1
,1 - +
1 'X + 1
60. coth x = - In if x2 > 1
A—34 Appendices
APPENDIX F Answers to Selected Problems
Many problems in this book are labeled WHAT DOES THIS SAY? 51. a. period 2n b. period 2jt
These problems solicit answers in your own words or a statement
for you to rephrase as given statement in your own words. For
this reason, it seems inappropriate to include the answers to these
questions. COUNTEREXAMPLE PROBLEMS generally ask for
counterexamples for which answers may vary so these answers are
also not given.
We also believe that an answer section should function as a
check on work done, so for that reason, when an answer has both
an exact answer and an approximate solution (from technology),
we usually show only the approximate solution in this appendix.
c. period n
The, exact solution (which may be the more appropriate answer)
can be checked by using the given approximation.
The Student Survival and Solutions Manual offers some re¬
view, survival hints, and added explanations for selected problems.
Chapter 1: Functions and Graphs

1.1 Preliminaries (Pages 10-13)
1. a. (-3, 4) b. 3 < x < 5 c. -2 < x < 1 d. (2, 7]
3. a. ' I ' I i I » H I i »++++*
-6-4-202468
b. ' I I I I 1 ♦ I I I « ! I I I I .
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 55. period An
C‘ ' > I I I I I I »-K> I | I | I | i

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
M = (0, A)\d = 2\/5

b ± ~Jb2 + 12c
7. x = 0, 1 9. y = 7, -2 11. x =
13. x = 6, -10 15. w = —2, 5 17. 0
7n
19. x = 7f, 1 hr
6
71
41 , v _ 37T
x 4 » 4131
57T 7r 5n
3 23. x = 2f
25. (-oo,-f) 27. (-f,0) 29. (-8,-3]
31. [-1,3] 33. [7.999,8.001]
59. sun curve: y — cos |x; moon curve: y = 4 cos
0-1^
35. (x + l)2 + (y — 2)2 = 9 37. x2 + (y - 1.5)2 = 0.0625 combined curve: v = 5 cos £x

O
39. Center (1, —1); r = 1 41. Center (— 1,5); r = 1
61. a. The apparent depth is 3.4 m.
b. The angle of incidence is 59°.
1.2 Lines in the Plane (Pages 17-19)

3. 2x + y — 5 = 0 5. 2y — 1 = 0
7. x + 2 = 0 9. 8x — 7_y — 56 = 0
11. 3x + _y — 5 = 0 13. 3x + 4v — 1 = 0
,, y/2- Vb
43. ---% -0.2588 45. 2-^3^0.2679 15. 4x + y + 3 = 0
Appendix F A-35
39- HI)
X
lnt4KS4ctiori
H=.7S: V=3.E
II iB( “2X+12V3 ViB-X+12
1
V 2BC4X+13 > x6 V 2 B <.5/.6)< 40 >
Xnin="l Vnin-'l X pi i n =- 5 0 V pi i n = ■ 5
(0, 3), 0) (1.50025,0), (0, -9.003) Xnax=5 Vnax=50
Xnax=5 Vnax=5
23. y = |x — 0.3; m - 3/5 Xsc1=.5 Vscl=.5 Xsc1=10 Vsc1=5
21. y = — fx — 3; m = —3/5
/_15 7y53 \ /_ 15 7v53\
43. (V2, V2), (-V2,-V2) 45. y 8 ’ 8 /’ \ 8 ’ « /
(-5,0), (0,-3) VzB-Vi

viBias-x*)
(0.5,0), (0, -0.3) V £ B "V i
V 3 BX
V^B-T <16-(X+4)2)
Xr-i i n= _5 VhB-Vs
Xnax=5 Xnin= “10
Xsc1=1 Xnax=7
Vnin= -3.287872...
Vnax=3.29787234 Xscl=l
Vn i n= “5.606382...
Vsc1=1 V pi a x=5. 6063829...
Vsc1=1
47. a. —38.2°F b. -17.8°C c. -40°
49. The Spy escapes since freedom is reached at the border after
only 83.8 km.
51. V(t) = -19, 000r + 200,000
(2,0), (0,-3) (0,0)
29. no slope
>.
4-
2-
+-►
X
The value in 4 years is $124, 000.

55. For the 8th month, 216 gallons
(-3.0) 57. a. $48 b. not linear
31. y = 0 and y = 6 a ± y/c 4 2
33. D(6. 6) or £(2, 16); two parallelograms can be found
59. x = -,y
±Ja2- 4
35. no values 37. (4,-1) 1.3 Functions and Graphs (Pages 31-33)
Let D represent the domain in Problems 1-11.
1. D = (—oo, oo); /(—2) - -1; /(1) = 5; /(0) = 3

3. D = (-oo, oo); /(1) - 6; /(0) - -2; /(—2) = 0
5. D = (—oo, -3) U (-3, oo); /(2) = 0; /(0) = -2;
/(—3) is undefined
1. D = (—oo, -2] U [0, oo); /(—1) is unc' -fined; / (1) =
ViB<2X+8>/3
V2B(4^62 X VsB<X-6)/2 /(1) = V3
Xpi i n= " 19 Vpi i n= “ 10 Xpi i n= “. 2 Vnin=;5 9. D = (-00,00); /(-l) = sin3 0.1411; /(l) = 0;
Xnax=10 Vnax=10 Xnax=6 Vpiax=l /(l) = sin(-l) « -0.8415
Xscl=l Vsc1=1 Xscl=l Vsc1=1
A—36 Appendices
11. D = (-00, 00); /(3) = 4; /(1) = 2; /(0) = 4
13. 9 15. 1 Ox + 5/z 17. -1 19. ———

x{x + h)
21. not equal 23. equal 25. not equal
27. even 29. neither 31. neither 33. even
35. (/ o #)(*) = 4x2 + 1; (g o f)(x) = 2x2 + 2
37. (/ o g)(r) = |*|; (g o /)(0 = t
39. (/og)(r) = sin(2x + 3); (g o f)(x) = 2sinx + 3
41. u(x) — 2x2 — 1; g(u) - u4 37. inverse exists
43. u(x) — 2x + 3; g(u) = |w|

45. m(x) = tanx; g(u) — u2
47. u(x) - y/x\ g(u) — sin u
x -j- l
49. u(x) = --; g(u) = sinn
2—x
51. P(5, /(5)); 0Uo, /(x0))
57. 0 59. ±1
61. a. The cost is $4,500. b. The cost of the 20th unit is $371.
30 , x tan B tan a
63' a- 1 = _ ty_ b. 7(1) = f candles; 7(4) = || candles 49. h =---
tan a — tan f3
65. a. 625r + 25r + 900 b. $6,600 c. 4 hours Chapter 1 Review
Proficiency Examination (Page 42-43)
18. a. 6x + 8y - 37 = 0 b. 3x + lOy - 41 = 0
c. 3x - 28y - 12 = 0 d. 2x + 5y - 24 = 0
e. Ax — 3y + 8 = 0
69. a. The maximum height of the cannonball is 280 ft.

b. It hits the ground approximately 1,243 ft from the firing
point.
c. The basic shape of a parabola (standard quadratic func¬
tion).
71. a. 19,400 people b. 67 people

c. The population will tend to 20,000 people in the long run.
73. Pythagorean theorem: A ABC with sides a, b, and c is a right
triangle if and only if c2 = a2 + b2. Proofs vary.
1.4 Inverse Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions

(Pages 41-42)
3. These are inverse functions.
5. These are not inverse functions.
7. These are not inverse functions.
9. {(5,4), (3, 6), (1,7), (4, 2)}
3
11. y = \x 2 13. y = 'Jx +5
3x + 6
15. y = (x -5)2 17. y =
2 — 3x
a £
19. a. 3 n 5jt
b. 3
21. a. -'J b. 6
23. 51a* —2L3 b. n 25. ^ 27. 3 29. 2v^6
r ^ ^ -
-0.9798
Appendix F A-37
7. 15 9. 10 11. 8
13. 2 15. -1 19. 1.00

21. 5.00 23. -0.17 25. does not exist
27. a. 0.00 b. 0.64
29. 8.00 31. -2.00 33. 0.17
35. 0.25 37. does not exist 39. 2.00
41. 1.00 43. does not exist
45. a. —321 +40 1». 40 ft/s
c. 3; impact velocity is; —56 ft/s
27. -§, 1
d. t = 1.25 seconds
28. The two functions are not the same.
47. 228
29. / o g = sin y/\ — x2; g o f = |cosx|
2.2 Algebraic Computation of Limits (Pages 68 -69)
30. V = |x(12 — x2)
1. -9 3. -8 5. - 7. 2 q V3
9
Supplementary Problems (Pages 43-45) y‘
1
11. 4 13.-1 15. 1 17- 5 19. 2
1. P = 30; A = 30 3. P « 27.1; A = 40
21. 0 23. 2 25. f 27. 0 29. 1
5. (x — 5)2 + (y — 4)2 = 16 7. 5x — 3y + 3 = 0
31. 0 35. a 37. — 1 39. 0
9. A = — | and B = | 43. the limit does not exist
41. the limit does not exist
11. The medians meet at the point (2, |). 49. the limit does not exist 51. the limit does not exist
13. 1,024 ft 53. the limit does not exist 55. 4 57. 8
15. a. 1.107149 b. 0.463647609 c. 1.899250945
2.3 Continuity (Pages 78-■80)
1. Temperature is continuous, so TEMPERATURE = /(TIME)
would be a continuous function. The domain could be mid¬
27. a. 15 inches b. 21 inches c. 29 inches d. 19 inches
night to midnight say, 0 < / < 24.
29. a. The domain consists of all x ^ 300.
3. The charges (range of the function) consist of rational num¬
b. x represents a percentage, so 0 < x < 100 in order for bers only (dollars and cents to the nearest cent), so the func¬
fix) >0 tion CHARGE = /(MILEAGE) would be a step function (that
c. 120 d. 300 is, not continuous). The domain would consist of the mileage
e. The percentage of households should be 60%. from the beginning of the trip to its end.
31. a. V = y-n; S — 64n b. V = 30; S = 62 5. No suspicious points and no points of discontinuity with a
polynomial.
c. V = 16tt, S = 24n d. V = 157r; A =
7. The denominator factors to x(x — 1), so suspicious points
35. c = —(—2, 0), (2, 0) would be x = 0, 1. There will be a hole discontinuity at x = 0
37. 6 = f - tan“‘ ± ~ 0.3906 and a pole discontinuity at x = 1.
39. a. 6 < p < 8 b. (V(7) = 1 is the maximum profit 9. x = 0 is suspicious point and is a point of discontinuity.
41. The glass should be taken in on the 11th or 12th day. 11. x = 1 is a suspicious point; there are no points of discontinu¬
ity.
13. The sine and cosine are continuous on the reals, but the tan¬
gent is discontinuous at x = n/2 + nn, n an integer. Each of
these values will have a pole type discontinuity.
15. 3 17. n 19. no value
21. a. continuous b. discontinuous on [0, 1]
23. discontinuous at t = 0 25. discontinuous at x = 0
39. a = \\b — —18/5 41. a = \‘,b=\
43. a = 5-,b = 5 45. 0
Xmin=0 Ymin="1@0
Xnax=15 Ynax=500 47. a. 1.25872 b. 0.785398
Xscl=3 Yscl=100
2.4 Exponential and Logarithm Functions (Pages 89-91)
43. C(x) = 4x2 + l,000x_1

45. This is Putnam Examination Problem 4 in the morning session
for 1959.
Chapter 2: Limits and Continuity

2.1 The Limit of a Function (Pages 59-61)
1. a. 0 b. 2 c. 6
3. a. 2 b. 7 c. 7.5
A-38 Appendices
5. 31 7. 200.33681 9. 9,783.225896
27. 3 29. 0 31. -~
11. 38,523.62544 13. 0 15. 2 y/2x

-4
17. -2 19. 3.5 21. -d-
10 33. — 35. ex 37. continuous on [—5, 5]
23. 4 25. 0.23104906 27. -1.391662509
39. discontinuity is removable 41. not continuous anywhere
29. 729 31. 2, -1 33. 3
43. a. continuous on [0, 5] b. not continuous at x = -2
35. 2, -f 37 —-2
j/. 39. 1
c. not continuous at x = -2 d. continuous on [-5, 5]
41. a. 0 b. e~l 43. a. e b. 2
45. 2e 47. 27 49. 0.4
51. logarithmic 53. exponential
55. 3 m below surface 57. 0.7/r years to double
59. 6.9%
61. a. 793.7 b. 2 hr 40 min
63. a. eL5M+ua b. 1,000 times more energy
x —> 3
c. The limit exists for all nonintegral values.

47. does not exist 49. a = 2 and b = 1
51. a. 0.2973 b. 0.8232 c. 0.07955
53. The rock concert is one million times as intense as normal
conversation.
67. a. The windchill for 20 mi/h is 3.75° and for 50 mi/h is -7°.
b. v ~ 25.2
b. It crosses the y-axis at (0, 1). As x +oo, y +oo. As c. at v = 4, T 91.4; at v = 45, T « 868
x —> — oo, y —>• +oo.
71. This is a Problem A1 of the morning session of the 1956 Put¬
c. The smallest value of y = E is E = 0.5. nam Examination.
67. a. $10,285.33 b. $10,285.29
Chapter 3: Differentiation
69. a. | b. 59° c. 70°
3.1 An Introduction to the Derivative: Tangents
Chapter 2 Review
(Pages 107-110)
Proficiency Examination (Page 92)
1. Some describe it as a five-step process:
19. | 20. i 21. -i
(1) Find /(x)
22. 0 23. f 24.-1 (2) Find /(x + Ax)
25. a. exponential b. exponential (3) Find /(x + Ax) fix)
c. logarithmic d. logarithmic (4) Fi„dAf + aV fix)
26. We have suspicious points where the denominators are 0 at Ax
t = 0, — 1. There are pole discontinuities at each of these fix + Ax) fix)
(5) Find lim
points. A.t-»0 Ax
27. Suspicious points x - -2 and x = 1 are also points of dis¬ 3. Answers vary; continuity does not imply differentiability, but
continuity (since the denominator is 0). differentiability implies continuity.
28. a. 11 years, 3 quarters b. 11 years, 6 months

c. 11 years, 166 days
29. A = —1; B=1
30. Let f(x) — x + sinx-———. This function is continuous
yjx + 3
on [0, oo), and /(0) = -± f(n) = tc-—-% 2.93.

3 y/n +3
So by the root location theorem there must be some value c in
(0,7r) where f(c) = 0.
Supplementary Problems (Pages 92-95)

1. a. 1.504077397 b. 16.44464677 C. TV d. y/2
3. -2 5. 16, -I 7. 1.46085
9. 5 11. 1 13. 0
15. 1
2
17. e4 19. 5
3
21. 2 23. 0.8415 25. 1
Appendix F A-39
11. a. 0 b. 0 13. a. 2 b. 2 21. f'(x) = 5x4 - 15x2 + 1; f"(x) = 20x3 - 30x;

15. a. —Ax b. 0 17. 0; differentiable for all x f"'(x) = 60x2 - 30; /(4)(x) = 120x
19. 3; differentiable for all x 21. 6x; differentiable for all x 23. f’(x) = 4x-3; f"(x) = -12x“4; f"\x) = 48x“5;
23. 2x — I; differentiable for all x fw(x) = —240x“6
25. 2s — 2; differentiable for all real s d2 y

25. —4 = 18x - 14 27. 7x + y + 9 = 0
\/5x dx2
27. ——; differentiable for x > 0 29. 6x + y — 6 = 0 31. x — 6v T 5 = 0
2x
29. 3x - y - 1 = 0 31. 3s — 4y + 1 = 0 33. (1,0) and (f,-i) 35- (f.-f)
33. x + 25v - 7 = 0 35. x + 3y-9 = 0 37. (1,-2) 39. no horizontal tangents
37. 216x - 6y - 647 = 0 39. 2 41. d. —4x-3 + 9x-4 43. 2x - y - 2 = 0
41. 0 43. a. -3.9 b. -4 45. a. 4x + y — 1 = 0 b. x = 0
45. The derivative is 0 when x = \\ the graph has a horizontal 47. (0, 0) and (4, 64)
tangent at -|). 49. The equation is not satisfied.
51. This function satisfies the given equation.
53.^^f^§^ 3.1416 63. y=x +3
3.3 Derivatives of Trigonometric, Exponential, and

Logarithmic Functions (Page 125)
1. cosx —sinx 3. 2t — sin? 5. sin2r
7. — *fx
x sinx + ^x 1/2 cosx - x esc x + cotx
U x cosx — sinx
9. —x2 sinx + 2x cosx
c. (§, f) 49. yes 13. e' cscf(l — cotr) 15. x + 2x In x

17. e2x(3sinx — cosx) 19. c-;r(cosx — sinx)
sec2 x — 2x sec2 x + 2 tan x
21
(I — 2x)2
t cos t + 2 cos t — 2 — sin t
23.
(t + 2)2
1 2 cosx — sinx — 1
25. 27.
cosx — 1 (2 — cosx)2
-2
29. 31. —sinx
(sinx — cosx)2
b. / is not differentiable at x = 1, because the difference
quotient has different limits from the left and right. 33. — sin 6 35. 2 sec2 6 tan 6
53. 4 55. \ 57. \ 37. sec3 6 + sec 6 tan2 9 39. — sinx — cosx
59. The y-intercept is (0, —Ac2). 61. a. 2x b. 2x 41. —2crsinx 43. -\r2l2\nt
63. For* < 0, the tangent lines have negative slope and for x > 0 45. 4x — 2y — tt+2 = 0
the tangent lines have positive slope. There is a comer at 47. V3x -2y + (l - ^ 0
x = 0, and there is no tangent at x = 0, and consequently
49. 2x - y = 0 51. x - y + 1 = 0
no derivative at that point.
53. a. yes b. yes c. no d. no
65. Yes, the equation of the tangent line is y = 1.
55. A — 0, B — — y = — |x sinx
67. The point (6, 0) on the x-axis is the point through which the
normal to the parabola at (4, 4) passes. The required tangent 3.4 Rates of Change: Modeling Rectilinear Motion
is then the line through (4, 4) perpendicular to this normal. (Pages 134-137)
69. The equation of the normal line is f'(c)y—f(c)f'(c)+x—c = 1. A mathematical model is a mathematical framework whose
0. If f'(c) = 0, then the normal line is vertical with equation results approximate the real-world situation. It involves ab¬
x = c. stractions, predictions, and then interpretations and compar¬
3.2 Techniques of Differentiation (Pages 117-118) isons with real world events. An excellent example of real
world modeling from Scientific American (March 1991) is
1. (11)0 (12)1 (13)2 (14)4 (15)0 (16)-4
mentioned on page 129.
\[5x
3. (23) 2x — 1 (24)—2t (25) 2s-2 (26) ■x-x~2 (27) 3. 1 5. -3 7. f
2x
9. -1 11. \ 13. -1 15. -6
5. a. 12x3 b. -1 7. a. 3x2 b. 1
17. a. 2t - 2 b. 2 c. 2
9. 21 + 2r2 - 20r5 11. -14x“3 + fx-1/3
d. Because a(t) > 0, the object is always accelerating.
13. 1 -x~2 + 14x-3 15. —32x3 — 12x2 + 2
19. a. 3r2 — 18/ + 15 b. 6r - 18 c. 46
22
17. -- 19. 4x3 + 12x2 + 8x d. decelerating on [0, 3); accelerating on (3, 6]
(x + 9)2
A—40 Appendices
21. a. -2r2 - 2/~3 b. 4/~3 + 6/“4 71. -r[f'(f(x))i = f"(f(x))f'(x) and

c. 20 d. accelerating on [1,3] dx
’ 9
23. a. —3 sin/ b. —3 cos / c. 12 f'(f’(x))f"(x)
d. decelerating on [0, |) and on accelerating on dx
( ZL 37r \ 3.6 Implicit Differentiation (Pages 155-157)
V2 ’ 2 /
X
25. quadratic model 27. exponential model 1. 3. -1
29. quadratic model 31. cubic model
y x
-(2x + 3y)
33. logarithmic model 5. 7 -y2
3x + 2y 7- X2
35. a. —6 b. The decline will be the same each year. 1 — cos(x + y) 2x — y sinxy
37. 136 9.
39. a. 9.91 m/min b. 9.961 m cos(x + y) + 1 x sinxy
41. a. 64 ft/s b. 336 ft c. — 32/+ 64 ft/s d. —160 ft/s 13. C2e2x — x_1)y
43. 30 ft 45. 144 ft 47. v0 = 24 ft/s; 126 ft 2x —2x 2x
15.
49. a. 200/ + 50 In / + 450 newspapers per year. 3y2 b' 3(12-x2)2/3 ~ 3y2
b. 1,530 newspapers per year c. 1,635 newspapers 1
17. a. yi
=J
51. a. 0.2 ppm/yr b. 0.15 ppm c. 0.25 ppm (x - 5)2
1
53. 91 thousand/hr 19. 21.
•s/—x2 — X (x2 + 2 )sjx2 + 1
55. a. 20 persons per mo b. 0.39% per mo
6(sin_1 2x)2 -1
dP 4 Jr/r-iV 2 23. 25
57. 7.5% per year 59. Vl — 4x2 sje~lx - 1
dT 9k
-1
61. a. v(t) = —7sin/; a(t) = —7cos/ b. 2n c. 7 27. 29. ±1
x2 + 1
63. The Spy is on Mars.
1 — sin 1 y —
3.5 The Chain Rule (Pages 143-145) 1 T x2
31.
—8x + tan 1 x
3. 6(3x - 2) 5.
(x2 - 9)3 yr r
33. 2x -3y+ 13 = 0 35. (n + l)x — y + tt = 0
7. [tan u + u sec2 u] 3 - 37. y = 0 39. y = 0
41. y=i 43. x — 1 — 0
9. a. 3u2 b. 2x c. 6x(x2 + l)2
49
11. a. 7«6 b. —8 — 24x c. -56(3x + l)(12x2 + 8x - 5)6 45. y" = - 100y*
13. 25(5x - 2)4 15. 8(3x l)(3x2 — 2x + l)3
dy_ 10 1
17. 4cos(40 + 2) 19. (-2x + 3)e~x2+3x 51.
dx 2x 1 2(x - 9) x +3
.
21 esecx sec x tan x 23. (2/+ 1) exp(/2 + / + 5) 6x2 8
25. 5x cos 5x + sin 5x 27. 6(1-2x)"4 53. = y 6x +
dx x3 + 1 4x — 7_
29. (1 — 2x)ei~2x 31. 2xcos2x2 dy y lnx
55. 57. (3,-4), (-3, 4)
33. 3x2(2 — 3x)(2 — 5x) dx
,2 + 3x-|/2 61. c. The derivative does not exist.
16x
35. 11* 63. (2,0), (-i.f).(-i,-^)
-5 (x2 - 5)2
1 d2y ac
37. 65. 0.44 rad/s 69.
3 dx2 b2y3
cosx — sinx 73. The student was correct.
39. 41. | 43. 1,7 45. 0,
sinx + cosx 3.7 Related Rates and Applications (Pages 162-165)
47. a. 1 b. | c. 1.5 1. -3 3. 1,000 5. 15
_9_
49. a. 40 b- "I
c. 28 7. I 9. ff 11. -3
51. ~3 53. 0.31 ppm/yr 13. —10>/3 units/s 15. 0.637 ft/s
55. decreasing by 6 Ib/wk 17. increasing at $34,000/yr
57. a. increasing by 0.035 lux/s. b. 7.15 m 19. —30 lb/in.2/s 23. —3n cm3/s 25. 7.2 ft/s
61. T'(2) % 5.23; it is getting hotter 27. decreasing at 7.5 ft/min
29. 200 ft/s toward the light. 31. 2.78 rad/s
63 1(0) — ■ ° sin f)(P cos — sin /?) cos -
A p} X 33. Assume a sphere of radius r. The volume is changing at the
-1 rate of 60.3 cm3/min.
67. a. b.
(3x — l)2 + 1 x2 + 1 35. 74.35 ft3/min.
Appendix F A—41
dH 3, 125/ -6, 250 dy

37. a. 32. — = 1 - 6x 33. 14x - v - 6 = 0
dt V3, 125/2 — 12, 500r + 62,500 dx
b. r = 2 c. 224 mi 34. tangent line y — \ = | (x — 1); normal line y — \ = — £(x — 1)
39. 1 rad/min 41. 3.927 mi/h 35. 2n ft2/s
43. At t = 2 P.M., 8.875 knots; at r = 5 P.M., 10.417 knots
45. 0.001925 ft/min or 0.02310 in./min
1. y' = 4x3 + 6x - 7
47. a. 0 = cot-1 ^
, , -4x
b. d6/dt approaches 0.27 rad/s 3. y =
(x2 - l)'/2(x2 — 5)3/2
c. As v increases so will d6/dt and it becomes more difficult Ax — y
to see the seals. 5. y' —
x — 2
3.8 Linear Approximation and Differentials (Pages 173-176) 7. / = 10(x3+x)9(3x2 +1)
1. 6x2 dx 3. x~l/2 dx n , U3 + 1)4(46x3 + 1)
9.
3x sec2 3x — tan 3x 9- y=-3^-
5. (cosx — x sinx) dx 7.
2x2 dX 11. ' = 8x3(x4 - l)9(2x4 + 3)6(17x4 + 8)
ex , — sin y/x
9. cot x dx 11. — (1 + x lnx) dx 13.
Ayfx -y/cOS yfx
(x — 3)(x2 sec x tan x + 2x sec x) — x2 sec x
13. -—-dx 15. y' = 5(xl/2 + x1/3)4 (ix-1/2 + }x-2/3)
(x - 3)2
17. y' — (4x + 5) exp(2x2 + 5x — 3)
x + 13
15. dx y(l + xyexy)
2(x + 4)3/2 19. / = 32~x(\ — x In 3) 21. y' =
x( 1 - xyexy)
19. 0.995; by calculator, 0.9949874371
21. 217.69; by calculator, 217.7155882 so we can see an error of 23. y' = eslni(cosx) 25. y' = (1 — x In 3x)
x ln5
approximately 0.0255882
. , 2x2 + 2xy2 — 1
23. 0.06 or 6% 25. 0.03 or 3% 27. y — —--—-—- 29. y = [cos(stnx)] cosx
2_y — 2x — 2y2
27. 0.05 parts per million 29. reduced by 12,000 units
2y'xy- yfy 1 — y cosxy
31. 28.37 in.3 31. / = 33. y' -
y/x x cosxy — 1
33. decrease of 2 beats every 3 minutes
dy sin 'x — x(l — x2) '/2 1 x
35. ±2% 35. ~ = -:-:-- + - tan 1 x
dx (sin x)2 1 + x2
37. S increases by 2% and the volume increases by 3%
d2y
39. 0.0525 ft 37. -4 = 20x3 - 60x2 + 42x - 6
dx1
41. —6.93 (or about 7) particles/unit area
„ 2(3y3 + 4x2)
43. a. 472.7 b. 468.70
9y5
45. 1.2 units 47. -1.4142 49. 0.5671
41. y" = —2[1 + y2 - 4x2y - 4x2y3]
51. b. x ^ 1.367 53. 0.5183
43. 33x — y — 32 = 0 45. 2nx + 4y — tc2 — 0
57. Ax = -3, /(97) = 9.85; by calculator 9.848857802; 47. x + y — 2 = 0 49. 4x - 2y - 1 = 0
if Ax = 16, /(97) ^ 9.89
51. y - 1 = 0 53. 4x - y - 3 = 0
61. Xn — Xn+] — X„-)-2 —
55. tangent line, 12x — y — 11 =0; normal line, x + 12y — 13 = 0
Chapter 3 Review dy t
57. -j- — (3x2 — 7)(rcosr + stnr)
Proficiency Examination (Page 177) dt
or (312 sin21 — l){t cos t + sin t)
21. — = 3x2 + -xl/2 — 2sin2x
dx 2 59. f’(x) = 4x3 + 4x-5; f"(x) = 12x2 - 20x“6;
dy \/3x 6 f'"(x) = 24x + 120x-7; /(4)(x) = 24 - 840x“8

22. , —4x3
dx = TT ~ x3 S'-4 t
dy -1/2 ‘ ^ “ (X4 - 2)4/3 (X4+ l)2/3

23. = —x[cos(3 — x2)][sin(3 — x2)]
dx , x + 2y „ 5y2 - 20xy - 5x2
—y 63. y = -—; y =
dy y — 2x ’ ’’ (y — 2x)3
24. 25. y’ =
dx x + 3y2 65. a. /'(0) = 0 b. f{x) — 2x sin X-cos -
X
! In 1.5
26. 27. y = c. /' is not continuous at x = 0
x(ln3x)2 y/\ - (3x + 2)2 67. 0.8634074099; calculator 0.8633955506
/ 2 dy 69. 0.012 rad/min
28. 29.
' 1 + 4x2 dx
71. — /(x2 + x) = (2x + 1) (x4 + 2x3 + 2x2 + x)
2x 1 dx
30. y = y
_(x2 — 1) ln(x2 - 1) 3x 3x — 1 73. 4x cos 2x2 — 6x sin 3x2
31. y" = 2(2x - 3)(40x2 - 48x + 9) 75. 75 mi/h
A—42 Appendices
77. a. fx + 3 b. $4.00 c. $11.00 d. $11.40 x2 for —0.5 < x < 1

45. a. /(x) =
81. 0.09 radians/s 5°/s —x + 3 for 1 < x < 1.5
83. a. —0.2 b. -0.4 c. 0.3 The minimum is 0, but there is no maximum.
d6 dx
85. — = 0.05 87. — = 20;r mi/min —x2 for — 1 < x < 1
dt dt b. f{x)
x — 3 for 1 < x < 1.5
dx \2nxsm6
93. For the velocity, — =-; for acceleration, The maximum is 0, but there is no minimum,
dt 2 cos 9 — x
sinx for -7T < X < |
c. fix) =
d2x 144n2xx r v0.5 for | < x < 3
-T 2 si sin" 9 cos 0 +(2 cos 0— x)(l — ^xcos#)
It* (2 cos 9 —
- x)
x)3 L The maximum is 1 and the minimum is — 1.
(1 + x)/2 —1 < x < 1
95. This is Putnam Problem 1, morning session in 1946.
d. fix) = 0 1 <x < 2
97. This is Putnam Problem 6, morning session in 1946.
(x-4)/2 2 < x < 4
Chapter 4: Additional Applications of the Derivative There is no maximum and there is no minimum.
4.1 Extreme Values of a Continuous Function (Pages 193-195) 47. a. No such function can be found because of the extreme
value theorem (Theorem 4.1).
1. critical number x = 5 is not in the interval; maximum value is
26 and the minimum value is —34 b. No such function can be found because of the extreme
value theorem.
3. critical numbers, x = 0, x — 2; maximum value is 0 and
minimum value is —4 c. f (x) = sinx for [0, In).
d. No such function can be found because of the extreme
5. critical number x = 0; maximum value is 1 and minimum
value theorem.
value is — |
49. fix) — x_1 on (0, 1) has no extremum.
7. critical numbers x = 0, maximum value is 0 and minimum
51. The maximum velocity is 60 when t = 0.
value is —2
53. The largest product occurs when x = 3 and v = 6.
9. critical number, 1 = 1; maximum value is e~1 and minimum
value is 0 55. The largest product occurs when x = 21 and y — 63.
57. The largest area occurs when the length of a side is one-fourth
11. critical number x = 0; maximum value is 1 and minimum
of the length of the perimeter.
value is 0
59 a. The greatest difference occurs at x = |.
13. critical numbers 0, j; maximum value is 1.25 and minimum
value is approximately 0.41067 b. The greatest difference occurs at x = 1 /V3.
!/(«-!)
15. a. Find the value of the function at the endpoints of an inter¬ 1
c. The greatest difference occurs at x =
val. n
b. Find the critical points, that is, points at which the deriva¬
4.2 The Mean Value Theorem (Pages 199-201)
tive of the function is zero or undefined.
3. c = 1 5. c % 1.5275 7. c « 1.0772
c. Find the value of the function at each critical point.
9. c — 9/4 11. c & 0.73 13. c 0.6901
d. State the absolute extrema.
15. c ^ 0.54 17. c ^ 1.082 19. c ^ 0.5227
17. The calculator does not seem to take the derivative at x = 0
21. does not apply 23. applies 25. does not apply
and x < 0 into account. The derivative is not defined at
27. does not apply 29. applies
x = 0, but it certainly is defined for x < 0. If you enter
(x2)a(1/3)(5 — 2x) you will obtain the correct graph. 31. fix) = 8x3 — 6x + 10 33. does not apply
19. not defined at t = —50; the maximum value is 16 and the 35. applies 37. c = 2.5 and c — 6.25
minimum value is 0. 41. does not apply 43. does not apply
21. the maximum value is 76 and the minimum value is —32 47. does not apply 55. does not apply
23. the maximum value is | and the minimum value is \ 4.3 Using Derivatives to Sketch the Graph of a Function
25. the maximum value is 2n and the minimum value is — n (Pages 214-217)
27. the maximum value is 0.2898 and the minimum value is 7. The black curve is the function and the one in color is the
-0.2898 derivative.
29. the maximum value is 11 and the minimum value is —4 9. r*
y. 11. y
4-
31. the smallest value is 3 3-
33. the largest value is |
35. the largest value of g on |2, 3] is approximately —1.1 1- 1•
37. the maximum value is approximately 1.819 and the minimum -4 -3 -2 -1^ i 2 3 4 *
-2-i . .12345678 *
value is 0 -2-
1
- -
39. the maximum value is 6,496 and the minimum value is 0 -3-
-4- -2- o-o
41. the maximum value is 1.59 and the minimum value is -2.52
43. the maximum value is 1 and the minimum value is — e~n -3-
Appendix F A-43
b. increasing on (—00, —2)U(0, +00); decreasing on (—2, 0)
c. critical points: (0, 1), relative minimum; (—2,5), relative

maximum
d. x = —1; concave down on (—00, —1); concave up on

(-1, 00)
21. critical points: (—3, —11), relative maximum; (3, 13), relative
minimum; increasing on (—00, —3)U(3. +00); decreasing on
(—3, 0) U (0, 3); concave up on (0, +00); concave down on
(-00, 0)
15. a. critical numbers: x = |, x — —25
b. increasing on (—00,—25) U (|,+oo); decreasing on

(-25, f)
c. critical points: (|, —9,481), relative minimum; (—25, 0),

relative maximum
d. x = — y; concave down on (—00, — y); concave up on

(-f,oo) 23. critical points: (0, 26), relative maximum; (—6.38, —852.22),
relative minimum; (1.88, —6.47), relative minimum;
inflection points (—4, —486), (1,9); increasing on
(—6.38, 0) U (1.88, +00); decreasing on
(—00, —6.38) U (0, 1.88); concave up on
(—00, —4) U (1, +00); concave down on (—4, 1)
17. a. critical numbers: x = — 1, x — 3
b. increasing on (—1,3); decreasing on (—00, —1)U(3, +00)
c. critical points: (—1, —|), relative minimum; (3, |),

relative maximum
d. x ~ —2.1, x ~ 0.3, x ~ 4.8; concave down on 25. critical point: (0,0), relative minimum; increasing on
(—00, —2.1) and (0.3, 4.8); concave up on (—2.1,0.3) (0, +00); decreasing on (—00, 0); concave up on (—00, +00)
19. a. critical numbers: t = — 1, t = 3

27. critical points: (—1, —2), relative minimum; (1, ^), relative
b. increasing on (-00, — 1)U(3, +00); decreasing on (-1,3)
maximum; (0, 0) is a point of inflection; points of inflection:
c. critical points: (3, —32), relative minimum; (—1,0), (V3, y^), (—\/3, —y^); increasing on ( —1, 1); decreasing on
relative maximum
(—00, — 1) U (1, -boo); concave up on (—V3, 0) U(V3, +00);
d. t = 1; concave down on (—00, 1); concave up on (1, 00) concave down on (—00, — \/3) U (0, \/3)
A-44 Appendices
29. critical points: (0, 0), relative minimum; (0.67, 0.06), relative 37. At x = relative maximum; at x = 1, relative minimum
maximum; (0.195, 0.021), point of inflection; (1.138, 0.043),
point of inflection; decreasing on (—oo, 0), (0.67, +oo); in- 39. At x = 4, relative minimum
* creasing on (0, 0.67); concave up on
(—oo, 0.195)U(1.138, +oo); concave down on (0.195, 1.138) ■x +5 x2 + 8x — 9 50
41. f(x) = ; fix) ; fix)
x +4 ix + 4)2 Or + 4)3 ’
/"(1) = | > 0; relative minimum /"(—9) = < 0; rela-
tive maximum
43. fix) = sinx + \ cos2x; fix) = cosx — sin2x;

fix) = —2cos2x — sinx; /"(f) = 1 > 0; relative mini¬
mum; /"(f) = — | <0; relative maximum
Answers for Problems 45-^19 may vary.
31. critical points (1,0), relative minimum; (e, 1), point of inflec¬
tion; decreasing on (0, 1); increasing on (1, +oo); concave up
for (0, e); concave down for (e, +00)
33. critical points: (jf, 1.13), relative maximum; (^f, 0.44), rel¬
53. a. -(2)3+6(2)2+13(2) = 42; — |(2)3 + i(2)2+25(2) =49f
ative minimum; inflection points: (f,0.79), (ff,2.36); in¬
b. Nix) — — x3+6x2 + 13x — |(4—x)3 + |(4—x)2+25(4—x)
creasing on (0, jf) U (^f, 7r); decreasing on (^, ^|); concave
up on (|, ^); concave down on (0, f) U (~, n) c. N\x) ~ —lx2 + 5x = 0 when x - 2.5, so the optimum
time for the break is 10:30 A.M. The optimum time is half
the value for the diminishing return; A"(2.5) < 0.
2£
55. Maximum deflection at x = —
3
61. f(x) = —3x3 + 9x2 — 1
4.4 Curve Sketching with Asymptotes: Limits Involving

Infinity (Pages 227-228)
5. 0 7. 3 9. 9
11. 1 13. 0 15. -1
35. There are no critical points; the function is increasing for all
x. Inflection point (0, 0) concave down (—1.57, 0); concave 17. +00 19. 1 21. —00
up (0,1.57) 23. 0
Appendix F A-45
25. asymptotes: x = 1, y = —3; graph rising on

(—oo, 7) U (7, +oo); concave up on (—oo, 7); concave down
on (7, +oo); no critical points; no points of inflection;
35. no asymptotes; graph rising on (—3, 0) U (3, +oo);

graph falling on (—oo, —3) U (0, 3); concave up on
(—oo, —V3) U (V3, +oo); concave down on (—V3, \/3);
critical points are (—3, 0), relative minimum; (0, 81),
27. asymptotes: x = 3, y = 6; graph falling on relative maximum; (3, 0), relative minimum; points
(—oo, 3) U (3, +oo); concave up on (3, +oo); concave down of inflection are (—V3, 36), (\/3, 36);
on (—oo, 3); no critical points; no points of inflection;
37. no asymptotes; graph rising on (l,+oo); graph falling on

29. asymptotes: x = 2, y = 1; graph falling on (—oo, 1); concave up on (—oo, — 2)U(0, +oo); concave down
(—oo, 2) U (2, +oo); concave up on (—4^4, 0) or (2, +oo); on (—2,0); critical points are (1,-3), relative minimum;
concave down on (—oo, — -^4) or (0, 2); critical point is (0, 0), vertical tangent; (0, 0) and (—2, 6^2) are points of in¬
(0, — |); points of inflection (0, —|), (—OA, |); flection;
39. horizontal asymptote at y = relative minimum at x = 0;

31. asymptotes: x = —4, x = 1, y = 0; graph falling on
(—oo, —4) U (—4, 1) U (1, +oo); concave up on (—4, —1) or
(1, -foo); concave down on (—oo, —4) or (—1, 1); no critical
points; point of inflection is (—1, 5);
41. no asymptotes; graph rising on (0, U (^f,2n)\ graph

falling on (^f, fy, concave up on (0, |) or (^f, 2n)\ con¬
cave down on (|, ^); critical points are (^, s/l), relative
33. no asymptotes; graph rising on (0, +oo); graph falling on
(—oo, 0); concave up on (—oo, +oo); critical point is (0, 0), maximum; Of, —02), relative minimum; points of inflection:
which is a relative minimum; no points of inflection; (f,0),(f ,0);
A-46 Appendices
4.6 Optimization in the Physical Sciences and Engineering

(Pages 245-250)
3. The dimensions of the garden should be 8 ft by 8 ft.
7. The largest rectangle has sides of length R//2 and sj2 R.
R R
9. The dimensions are h = —-s/3 and r = — s/6.
3 3
11. A circumscribed square of side s = —— 4—— = s/2L yields

s/2 s/2
a maximum area.
13. The minimum distance is 200 mi.
43. critical number at x = no asymptotes; graph rising on
(|, 7r); graph falling on (6, ~); concave up on (0, n); critical 15. The minimal perimeter is obtained when the rectangle is a
points are (f, 0), relative minimum; (0, 1), and (tv, 1) relative square.
, maxima; no points of inflection; 17. 11,664 in.3 = 6.75 ft3
19. a. When 5 = 4, Missy should row all the way.
b. When 5 = 6, she should land at a point 4.5 km from point
B and run the rest of the way (1.5 km).
21. $60.00
23. He has about 5 minutes 17 seconds to defuse the bomb.
25. r ph 3.84 and h ^ 7.67 cm
27. b. When p — 12, the largest value of / is 6.
29. x “
n/4nv M2
31. a. T'(x) = -T + ln p
{kx + c)x
—c In p + s/c2{In p)2 — 4kcln p
b. x —
2k In p
d. —oo e. +oo
53. a — h = | 55. oo 57. True 59. False
4.5 l’Hopital’s Rule (Pages 236-237)
mv
1. a. The limit is not an indeterminate form. The correct limit is 33. a. The maximum height occurs when x =
2
32 (m2 + 1)
7r * b. The maximum height occurs when y' = 0 or when
b. The limit is not an indeterminate form. The correct limit is m = ir/(32jc0).
2
3
J. 12 5. 10 7. not defined
9
y• -2 11. 0 13. i
15. 3 i/. -2
17 19. 2
21. +oo 23. 2 25. \
27. 0 29. —oo 31. 0
33. e2'2 35. e2 37. -f-oc
39. +oo 41. +oo 43. — oo
45. 1 47. 0 49. limit does not exist
51' 120
53. horizontal asymptote, y — 0
39. The minimum value occurs when T % 4°.
55. horizontal asymptote, y = 1 41. 270 cm3
61. b. 1 63. a = —2; b = | 65. If C = j, the limit is |.
43. b. D\a) = 2 — 4 C°S“
67. lim
c -Ct 1.33 cos fi
- (sin at - sin fit) cos at
P2 a- 2a c. The rainbow angle is 0.742 (or about 42.5°).
Appendix F A-47
4.7 Optimization in Business, Economics, and the Life 37. v = 39

Sciences (Pages 259-263)
1. x = 26 3. x — 20
5. The minimum average cost is 25
*2 380 -x\
7. a. C(x) = 5x + —; R(x) = x |
20 J
7(x) = —0.07x2 + 14x
b. The maximum profit occurs when the price is $ 14/item.
The maximum profit is $700.
9. Profit is maximized when x = 60.
11. a. 1.22 million people/yr b. The percentage rate is 2%. The largest survival percentage is 60.56%, and the smallest
survival percentage is 22%.
13. 208 years from now 15. 45 times per year
b. S'(T) = —(—0.067 +1,67)(-0.0372 +1.677- 13.67)“2;

7 » 27.83
19. Since the optimum solution is over 100 years, you should will
the book to your heirs so they can sell it in 117.19 years.
21. Sell the boards at a price of $42, sell 39 per month, and have
the maximum profit of $507.
23. Lower the fare $250.
25. Plant 80 total trees, have an average yield per tree of 320 or¬
anges, and a maximum total crop of 25,600 oranges.
27. 62 vines
29. a. The most profitable time to conclude the project is 10 days
from now.
b. Assume R is continuous over [0, 10].
bx — x2
31. a. R(x) =xp(x) = -— on [0,/?]; R is increasing on
The largest hatching occurs when 7 « 23.58 and the
( b\ ° (b \ smallest when 7 = 30.
I 0. - 1 and decreasing on I -, b J
pQ PQ
41. a. C = Sx H-; x = , / ——
nx V nb
51. 6 & 0.9553; this is about 55°.
Chapter 4 Review
Proficiency Examination (Page 263)
18. 2 19. 20. 0 21. e6
22. Relative maximum at (—3, 29); relative minimum at (1, —3);

inflection point at (—1, 13);
35. a. x = r is a maximum
A—48 Appendices
23. inflection points at approximately (--96.43) and (0, 0); 29. The dimensions of the box are 19 in. x 19 in. x 10 in.
relative maximum at (^, 38.27); 30. hire 7 people
24. relative maximum at (0, |)

5.
25. relative minimum at (-1, -2e); relative maximum at

(3, 6e“3);
26. (0, 0) is a point of infection; the graph is concave up for x <0

and down for x > 0.
25. maximum /(0) = 12; minimum /(2) = -4

27. minimum /(0) = 0; maximum /(v^/2) rs 0.68
29. 0 31. -i 33. 0
35. This limit does not exist.
37. 1 39. 9 41. 0
43. e4 45. 1 47. 0
49. +oo 51. / is the function and g is the derivative
55. A = j, B = 0,C = —|, D = 0
28. absolute maximum at (0.4,5.005); absolute minimum at 57. The maximum profit of $108,900 is reached when 165 units
(1,4) are rented at $740 each.
Appendix F A-49
59. maximum yield of 6,125 for 35 trees per acre 35. F(x) = ln|x|—x ‘ — 1 37. Fix) = ^x2 + ex + 1
r7“!
61. 28,072 ft of pipe laid on the shore gives the minimum cost.
k
t X
>
r~r
/ :
1
/ /
63. c — Aab £ T / / /
1 t /
J s '*>•• 1 / / j
65. The price is 90 and the maximum profit is 1,100. A-V
\ '
\
.
•
‘ /
r
/
r/
\ - / j 1 / ' / I
1 I 1
73. x = \fab leads to a relative minimum; x = —fab leads to a —I-
. r , S. _ y /
1
/
relative maximum. V '■» -

s ,
/ / / f t
rrrH
. v,
s m s' / / t I /
\ \ - / / / r /
75. a. The highest value is 165,000 when N = 20; this is in the \ \ N
-2-
s ‘ l / t ' /
SI w1
. / ' /
year 2002. 44- v "V i
I S' LL jL X
b. The model predicts that the highest point occurs when
x ss 11.21 or in the year 1991. This model predicts it
will reach 0 when x 15.25, or in the year 1995.
c. This model seems to do a better job of fitting the data.
d. Linear model: y — 5.122x — 16,387;
exponential model: y = 347e04888*;
logarithmic model: y — —21,712 ln(12 — x) + 49,700
77. a. /'(x) >0on(-f,-f)U(l,2) b. /'(x) < 0on(-±,l)
c. /"(x) > 0 on (|, +oo) d. f"{x) < 0 on (-oo, |)
e. /'(x) = 0 at x = — |, 1 f. fix) exists everywhere
g. f"(x) = 0 atx = -|
43. The population in 8 months will be 10,128.
79. a. f(x) > 0 on (-2, -0.876) U (0.876, 2)
b. f(x) < 0 on (-0.876, 0) U (0, 0.876) 45. k = 20 ft/s2
c. fix) > 0 on (0, 2) d. fix) < 0 on (-2, 0) 47. The acceleration of the plane at liftoff is 4.3 ft/s2
e. fix) = 0 at x « ±0.876 49. k = —32 ft/s2 51.28.8 53.21

f. fix) does not exist at x = 0 g. fix) f 0 55. e2 - 3 57. 1
81. Distance is minimized in the neighborhood of x = 0.460355. 59. a. | sec-1 y + C b. \ tan-1 y/y2 - 1
83. a. Cost is minimized in the neighborhood of 27 mi/hr. c. Technology does not use “+C,” and to reconcile the in¬
b. The total cost is minimized at x = 55 mi/hr. verse trigonometric functions, use a reference triangle
where 0 = sec-1 y, so y = seed. Then tan# = y/y2 — 1
85. This is Putnam Problem 11 of the afternoon session of 1938.
so that tan~*(y2 — 1) = sec-1 y.
87. This is Putnam Problem 1 of the morning session of 1987.
61. A = \id — c)[mid + c) + 2b]
5.2 Area as the Limit of a Sum (Pages 288-290)
Chapter 5: Integration 1. 6 3. 120 5. 225 7. 9,800
5.1 Antidifferention (Pages 281-282)
9. \ 11. 3 13. a. 3.5 b. 3.25
1. 2x ± C 3. x3 ± 3x + C
15. a. 2.71875 b. 2.58796
5. r4±r3±C 7. |ln|x|±C
17. 0.795 19. 1.269 21. 1.2033 23. 18
9. 2u3 - 3 sin u + C 11. tan#±C
25. 68 27. 2 29. false 31. true
13. —2 cos 6 + C 15. 5 sin-1 y + C
33. true 37. a. y c. The statement is true.
17. \u5/2 - §m3/2 - |«-9 + C 39. 21.3646 41. 0.6018907 43. 0.5038795
19. |x3 + §x5/2 ± C 21. -r1 + \t~2 - \r3 + c
45. a. 2 c. The statement is true.
23. Ix5 + f x3 + 25x + C 25. -x~* - fx~2 + |x"3 + C
ilk + 1 )ib — a)\( b — a
27. x + In |x| + 2x-1 + C 29. x — sin-1 x + C 49. A = lim E/ •+
n->+oo 2n
i=l
31. Fix) = fx3 + §x2 33. Fix) = \x2 + 4x3/2 + 9x - 40
5.3 Riemann Sums and the Definite Integral (Pages 301-302)
1. 2.25 3. 10.75 5. -0.875
7. 1.18 9. 1.94 11. 28.875
13. 1.896 15. 0.556 17.
19. \ 21. -i 23. 1
25. J fix) dx 1; J gix)dx - 1 27. 10

A—50 Appendices
3 71
L 3
f{x)dx - —
2
b. The Dirichlet function is defined as a function / so that
f(x) equals a determined constant c (usually 1) when the
variable x takes a rational value, and equals another con¬
stant d (usually 0) when this variable is irrational. This
famous function is one which is discontinuous everywhere.
47. f 49. 710-72 51. 0 53. 0
55. a. true b. true c. false 57. F(x) = -| In 11 - 3x2| +5
59. The amount of water at 4 seconds is 2 ft3. The depth at that
time is about \ in.
61. a. L{t) = 0.03 736 + 16f - t2 + 3.82

5.4 The Fundamental Theorems of Calculus (Pages 308-309) b. The highest level is 4.12 ppm.
1. 140 3. 16 + 8a 5.
7.,Tc 9. 18 11. l+n2
22a+1 - 1
13. 15. 15 272
17. 15
2a + 1
an
19. 2 21. 23. 5
2
25. 2-e 5
27. 2 29. 4
31. 83 33. 1 35. e~l c. It is the same as 11:00 A.M.
sin/ (t = 4) at 7:00 P.M. (when

37. 3 In 2 — 2 39. (x — l)Vx + 1 41. t = 12).
t
-1
43. 55. 2(8 + 3tt2) « 4.7011
71 + 3x2
57. a. relative minimum b. *(1) = 0 c. .x = 0.75
5.6 Introduction to Differential Equations (Pages 325-328)

9. + y2 = 8 .
11 y — tan (x — 3jr
4 ) 13. x3/2 - y3'1 = 7
15. rrr t / TT I 1 y A rr rr 17. i i i i i yi . A # f| 1 /
1 1 / / 1 1 ! 1 / t T i / 11 f Z 1 i \ l i ! i ii/1
i i l $ t \ i 4- ' / TT rr rr 1 ! i i 1 t / fin
/ /
(
/
}
/ / / f t / /
1 / 1 i i / i ~
/ / / / / (/
t / TT FT
. Ui- i . / i tjii
/ / / / / / kl 0 / / / 5 1 1 1 i / ]/ ; ' / / / / 1 l|M
{{ / / / /
/ / / / / / / / f £ / / / / f / I 1 1 f / '✓ . ' ✓ // / 1 An
/ / / / / / // : // / / 3
S’ S’ ss ✓ ✓ t 1 ir *- / / 1 / /
«•'* St
1) __ ? j ^ k /
K v. -N i t t f -1 /4
*v S .
•v
° 1
/ / / /
V \ \ \ S V \ \ \ \ \ \ \s. \\ \ \ V V fv
\ \ 1 1 t y /)/ • ✓ ' / / / / y
65. F\x) = - f(u)~
\ \ \ \ T1“ FT ~tf - -y- -hi •
dx dx \< \ \ \\ tt
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ^ \
\ \ \ \ \\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
rr t l
( t
1
t
/
' k
/ /
/ / ' / / / 1 1
/ / ■ / / i / 1
5.5 Integration by Substitution (Pages 315-316) 7 1 \ \ \ 1 1 ^ 1 1 V \ \ l \ ; | i Jaj t
-2.0
/ l / i i
1 \ * \ \ \ \ t \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 1 1 1 1 » I 1 i 1
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \\\ \ ^ \ 1 71 t It 1 J j_ _L _L J_L
1. a. 32 b. 273 - 2 3. a. 0 b. 0
19. |V \ 4
1 ■ \ *✓ / / A // 21. y = Be0/2>*2
5. a. 225 b. f i44-
\
\ :.o=
s > / / /
/ / I
n
//
5 "5 !\ \ \ \ . —/ / / / / / // 23. 2(1—x2)3/2+3y2 = C
V \ T7 / TT
7. a. |72x9/2 + C b. ±(2x3 5)3/2 + C \ \ \ ✓ / / / / /
> > T7 t /
S \ ' '
4
* s / / / / 25. x3/2 + 3y1/2 = C
9. ±(2x + 3)5 + C \ \ \ s / / / / /
— 27. cosx + siny = C
11. -In |cos(x2 + 5x + 3)| + C or In |sec(x2 + 5x + 3)| + C ti
-i. —1 ■7 0 ✓ -
1, / / / X N \\ \ \\
13. ^x3 — 1 sin3x + C 15. cos(4 — x) + C / > 7 -S
n / / H7 \ \ v\
17. I(r3/2 + 5)4 + c 19. — 1 cos(3 + x2) + C / / / t
/, v V \ \\
( / / / \ \ \\
21. 1 ln(2x_ + 3) + C 23. \(2x2 + l)3/2 + C It] - ^ 77 AJ \A
29. -|(l - y2)3/2 _ i(lnx)2 + C 31. xy — C 33. y = Cx

25. \ e*V2 + C 27. 1(jc2 + 4)3/2 + C
29. l(ln x)2 + C 31. 2 ln(7* -(-7) -\- C
33. \n(e' + 1) + C 35. | In 3
37. 0 39. e — el/2
41. 1 In 2 43. 1.80
45. a. We take 1 Frdor as the variable so the note from the stu¬
dents reads “Because of illness I cannot lecture between
Easter and Michaelmas.”
Appendix F A—51
5. a. 2.037871 b. 2.048596
7. a. 0.584 b. 0.594
11. A ~ 0.775; the exact answer is between 0.775 — 0.05 and

0.775 + 0.05

0.455 + 0.0005

3.25 + 0.01
49. Conjecture: The orthogonal trajectories are circles.
51. There was still 78% of the 14C still present. 17. A 0.44; the exact answer is between 0.44 — 0.01 and
53. 1326 A.D. 55. 28 min 0.44 + 0.01
57. a. 98.5 ft/s b. s = 3, 956.067; h « 352 ft 19. a. n = 164 b. n = 18 21. a. n = 184 b. n = 22

59. a. 33,000 b. 42,000
61. 10 years from now 63. 2 hr and 53 min 23. a. n = 82 b. n = 8 25. a. 3.1 b. 3.1
65. It will take about 65 hr for 43% to be left. Neptunium-139 has
27.430 29.613 ft2 31.79.17
a half-life of 53.70 hours.
67. 7.182%; the percentage lost is always the same. 33. a. Simpson error is 0. b. /(4)(x) is unbounded near x = 2
5.7 The Mean Value Theorem for Integrals; Average Value
35. The inscribed circles have diameter 13| and 8|.
(Pages 332-333)
1. 1.55 is in the interval [1,2]. 39. y 41. Error is zero.
3. \/5 ^ 2.24 is in the interval.
5.9 An Alternative Approach: The Logarithm as an Integral
5. The mean value theorem does not apply.
(Pages 345-346)
7. 0.0807 is in the interval.
3. E « 0.00104; the number of subintervals should be 18
9. —0.187 is in the interval.
11. A = 25 13. A = 38/3 Chapter 5 Review
Proficiency Examination (Pages 346-347)
22. — | 23. x5Vcos(2x + 1)
24. | tan-1 (2x) + C 25. -\e~x2+C 26. f
27. -f 28. \ 29. 0 30. 36
3L /V dx does not have a closed form, so we must use ap¬
proximate integration or technology to find

21. 0.3729 23. f 2
25. -10
29. 2.36
27. -25.375
l ex dx % 14.99.
32. 0
33. The percent is approximately 1.33 x 10 l84, which exceeds

the accuracy of most calculators and measuring devices.
33. Avg temperature = 49.4 °F

35. a. 1,987.24
b. The average population i reached at just under 14 minutes.
37. /(*) = (* + l)cosx + sin
5.8 Numerical Integration: The Trapezoidal Rule and
Simpson’s Rule (Pages 339-342)
1. Trapezoidal rule; 2.34375; Simpson’s rule, 2.33333; exact
value, |
35. a. n > 26 b. n > 4
3. a. 0.7825 b. 0.785
A—52 Appendices

33. y =-
1. 25 3. 6 5. 1,710 2(4 - x3)3/2 + C
6- 2V2 35. y = 5 ± 2<?-2*

7. --- 9.73-1 11. -fd-79) 37. a. jjz — 8 b. 3
13. 2x5/2 - fx3/2 + 2xl/2 + C 15. 3 sin'1 x + 2 + c c. 4x+y — 20— = 0

d. x = 0 and x = 7
17. — In |sinx + cosx| + C 19. ±(x - l)3 + C 21 .x + C
39. 0.1 rad/s
x3(x2 + I)3/2
23. +C 25. -i(l-5x2)3/2 + C
b. y = —2x + 7r
27. i(l+x2)3/2-(l+x2)>/2 + C
c. x ~ 0.690; mean value theorem
29. |(1 + ln2x)5/2 — |(1 + ln2)(l + ln2x)3/2 + C 31.0
43. a. relative maximum at (0, k)\ relative minimum at (4, k — 32)
33. ITTTTy; -•nS. \ \ •v t \ 1 b. 0 < k < 32 c. k= f
Tirrs~
'*\\W \ ^
v
\ l
w~ TT
/ / / / / / *^\i v \ \ \ \ \ 3
/ / > / / / / V- - v i \ v \ V \ 1 45. y = ■
cos 3x + C
11 3
/ / / / 'V- x *1 \ \ 1 t
';
10 iKj 0 25 > Chapter 6: Additional Applications of the Integral

/ / “TT
/ / / '/- \ \ \\ 6.1 Area Between Two Curves (Pages 361-362)
i 1 ft t / 'V- 1 V s \\
1 1 7*5
( / / / ''•> X ^ . \ \ \ \ \\ 1. vertical strip; ^ 3. vertical strip; 2
J.2 / V. ^ /. "XN
/il?/ / /. 1
X ' \ \ \ \ \ V 5. horizontal strip; —■
tit// / /. **• X * \ \ \ \ 1 \
1
7. 1 9. 11. 8
37. In 4 39. |(<?8 - 1) 12 3
9
13. 15. 17. 253
2 12
41. /(0 = -issin4f + lcos2f+ ff + | - fjr 323
19. f 21. 23. 131
12 4
43. y — 1-— 45. tany + cotx = C 25. 2 In 1.6 — sin-1 0.6i 27. k ta 0.34 29. 71
x — C
31. c. The V values are approximately 72.5299, 196.539,
47. y = Cea'3)x3+x 49. y = tan_-‘(C - In |cosx|) 344.337, 502.655, 660.972, 808.77, 932.78, 1,005.31
51. 0.5274 53. 1.9541 55. 0.9091 5
6.2 Volume (Pages 372-375)
59. Number of primes less than X The given volumes are all in cubic units.
X jr(x) Gauss 1. 9 3• — 5. 36V3
30
103 q 64tt
168 178 7. 2
15 n- f(i -f)
104 1,229 1,246 13. f 15. n 17. 2,555
105 9,592 9,628 19
±y. -2 21. -212- 23. ? 25. |
106
1010
78,498
455,052,511
78,628
455,055, 614
27. a. 7r /V ■ x)2 dx b. 2;r f x(4 — x) dx
Jo
61. 1.01297 63. b. ±8 m/s tt [24- lOx + x2] c/x l. 2tt / (x + 2)(4 — x) c/x
Jo Jo
65. The revenue for the five years is $7,666.67.
29. a1. 27T / y-y/4 — y2 cfy TV [ (4 - y2)dy
67. The tree was 2.33 ft tall when it was transplanted. Jo Jo
69. y = |(x2 + 5)3/2 + 1 71. 4.45 ppm 73. 126 people
:. 27T [ (y + l)i/4 - y2 c/y
75. The average price was $1.32 per pound. Jo
77. about 2 min, 45 seconds n f [4 - y2 +4v/4 - y2 ] dy
81. a. 51.7%
b. The time for 90% to disintegrate is about 17^ years. 31. TT [ (e~x)2 dx b. 2 TT j xe * c/x
Jo
83. 35 years 85. 1:44 p.m.
71 f (e_2x + 2e~x) dx d. 2tt j
87. This is Putnam Problem 1 from the morning session in 1958. Jo
l>n/2 r n/2
Cumulative Review for Chapters 1-5 (Pages 353-354) 2tt l y(l — siny)dy
5- i 7'• -2 9. 0 11. 1 13. 1 b' * l
r*/2
cosx + x sinx c. 2;r / (y + 1)(1 — siny) c?y
15. 6(x2 + 1)2(3x - 4)(2x - l)2 17. Jo
(x + cosx)2 r*/2
10x + 3 d. n [5 - sin2 y — 4siny]c/y
19. 6sec23xtan3x 21 . Jo
5x2 + 3x — 2
23. 5 25. 7T0-3 27. \n(ex+2) + C 29. 1.812 35. a. V = 7r£[(V7)2-(x2)2]c/x
Appendix F A—53
b- v = n fo [(Vj )2 - (y2)2] dy
37. a. V = n f
Jo
[(x2 + l)2 - \2]dx
b. V = n ^ |^(2)2 - (yy- l)“j dy
r3-566 r 21
39. a. V = n / (lnx)2 — (O.lx2) dx
J 1.138 -1
23. Px (2, £) and P2 (2, f) 25. P,(0, 0), P2(2, 0), P3(2, n)
b. V — n J [(710,) - (e-v)2J dy
27. P,(0,0), P2(l, f)
41
HI. —
35 43. § 45. |7rr3
29. There are no intersection points.
32yT
47. 36V3 49. 187r 51.
31. s. + £ « 0.2392 33. ^ w 0.4330
32?r
53. 90,000,000 ft3 55. a. 7rln4 b. c. 7r(8 + In 4)
35. |(tt + 2) » 0.6427 37. ^ « 99.2201

57. 63.187 ft3 59. 20.13 61. \nr2
6.3 Polar Forms and Area (Pages 384-385)

3. a. lemniscate b. circle
c. rose (3 petals) d. none (spiral)

e. cardioid f. line
g. lemniscate h. limagon
5. a. rose (4 petals) b. circle
c. limagon d. cardioid
e. line f. line
h. line
43. — 45. a2 (2 - £) 47. An
g. rose (5 petals)
49. 4;r + 12^3 « 33.3510 51.0.0674
53. The maximum value of x is 9\/3/4 ~ 3.8971.
1 — cos# ,
59. a. — cot 6 b. ——— c. r
sin# J
6.4 Arc Length and Surface Area (Pages 393-395)

10\/5 2
1. 3VT0 3. 2V5 5. 3 3
7 331
9. 123
11. 14
' 120 32 3
13. 12ttV5 15. 25.28 17. JT
19. ^[e2”/2-\] 21. 1 (53/2) - f
23. 25tt 25.

A—54 Appendices
27. It appears the arc length is approximately 3.82. 11. a. $12.46
y = sin(X)
i or ARC LENGTH OUER

TERttS [0, wl
z 3.721192
A 3.790091
e 3.812S29
16 3.818275
32 3.819717
M 3.828077 13. $6.25 15. $2.84
128 3.828160
2S6 3.82819 21. a. FV = $10,171.84 b. PV = $8,001.46
512 3.828196
| THIS IS THE FINAL ESTIMATE | 23. a. The machine will be profitable for 9 years.
•0 b. $12,150; in geometric terms, the net earnings is presented
29. a. b. 127.4 by the area of the region between the curves y = R'(x) and
y = C'(x) from x = 0 to x = 9.
31. 3xVid 33. - j§)
25. a. The second plan is more profitable for the first 18 years.
35. 6 37. 8.6322 39. 141.6974 b. $7,776; in geometric terms, the net extra profit generated
45. L = C \b2n — a2"] — D n) — a2(1~n)] by the second plan is the area of the region between the
curves y = 7*2CO and y = Pi{x) from x = 0 to x = 18.
47. /(x) = ± In |cosx|
27. a. x = 20 is a maximum b. $400
6.5 Physical Applications: Work, Liquid Force, and Centroids
(Pages 405-407) 29. a. The revenue function is R(q) = qp(q) = \q(\0-q)2\ the
marginal revenue function is R’(q) = |(10 - <?)(10 - 3<?).
5. 12,750 ft-lb 7. 6,500 ft-lb
b. q = 2
9. f ft-lb 11. 2,000 ft-lb
c. The consumer’s surplus is $8.67.
13. 4 ergs 15. 1921b 17. 59.7 1b
31. |
19. F — x2 dx 33. The number of people entering the fair during the prescribed
time period is 1,220 people.
21. x2 dx
35. The total future revenue is $176,256.
37. $4,081,077
1 1
23. (0,-f) 25. 27. (|, 4 In 2) 39. a. The second plan will be profitable for 12 years.
In 2’ 4 In 2
b. $100,800
29. about y = -1, V = ^ 31. V = ^(4 + In)
33. a. 4.284 ft-lb b. 12,603 ft-lb
35. The amount of work is approximately 345,800 ft-lb.
37. 24,881 ft-lb 39. 2,932.8 1b 41. 152,381 mi-lb
43. a. —7.5 ergs b. —37.5 ergs
45. The total force on the bottom is about 85,169 lb.
47. /, = ff,/v = f 49. p = §V6
41. a. The second plan will be more profitable for about 24.5
53. V — n{2sL2 + L3) years.
6.6 Applications to Business, Economics, and Life Sciences b. The excess profit is about $3.2 million.
(Pages 414-417)
43. a. The machine will be profitable for 8 years,
5. a. 0.75 b. 0 7. a. 75 b. 432 b. The net earnings are $7,168.
9. a. $468.00 c. x.
7000 - -
R '(f) = 6,025 -8f2
4000 - -
C\t) = 4,681 + 13/2
3000 - -
2000--
1000
H-1-1—I-1—|-1-1—H
123456789
Appendix F A—55
45. a. f
50-51
47. There would be approximately 208.128 people living in the

ring.
49. 0.047T or 0.126 cm3/s.
51. The population will increase by about 98 people.
53. The demand is approximately 515.48 billion barrels.
55. There are about 240 spies still alive.
57. There should be approximately 4,207 active members.
59. a. f{tk)e~rtk~1
N
b. ^ f{tk)e r'k~' A„t, where Ant = 13. | 15 ^
ij. 15 17. 8^-
*=i
n „N
c. PV = lim Y f(tk)e~r‘k~l A„t — / f(t)e~r> dt 19. \ 23.

n—>oo ^' ' /n
k=1 J0
25. f(V3-x/2) 27. ^ 29. 225 in.-lb
Chapter 6 Review
Proficiency Examination (Pages 417-418) 31. Vi = ||; V2 = 2; S2 has greater volume.
20. The definite integrals could represent the following: 33. S = nrVr2Th2 35. 30,264 ft-lb
A. Disks revolved about the y-axis. 37. 2,954.67 ft-lb 39. 44.108 ft-lb
B. Disks revolved about the x-axis. 41. The spring should be stretched about 14 in.
C. Slices taken perpendicular to the x-axis.
43. 5.625 x 10-5 45. (|, f)
D. Slices taken perpendicular to the y-axis.
47. $7,191.64 49. 309,030 people
E. Mass of a lamina with density tv.
F. Washers taken along the x-axis.
51. a. 3 units b. $31.50
G. Washers taken along the y-axis. 53. 17,500 ft-lb 55. 135 1b 57. F(t) = \t + §
a. All but E are formulas for volumes of solids. 59. The total work is 6,1767T.
b. A, B, F, G c. F, G d. C, D e. B, F f. A, G 61. The desired distances are 4.88 cm, 11.12 cm from the right,
10.34 cm from the top, and 5.66 cm from the bottom.
21. SV2 22. \ 23.
63. a. ft-lb b. f 7T ft-lb
1 28tt
24. a. f b. 2ft 3 65. The force is approximately 1,321 ft-lb. 67. S =
25. a2(f - 1) « 0.5708a2
69. W = (4,000)2P ( —1-- ) mi-lb 71. 344;r
26. ^(133/2 - 8) as 1.4397 \4,000 t)
73. a. h « -0.644391 b. h % 0.865202
27. | (5^5 - l) « 5.33
75. W » 1.728 x 1012 ft-lb
28. M = fc My = %\Mx = -^\the centroid is (§, jfj) 77. 4.7999 79. | 81. 1.3833
83. This is Putnam Examination Problem 1 of the morning session
29. F = 128 / (5 - x)(l + Vl -x2) dx in 1939.
Jo
85. This is Putnam Examination Problem 1 of the morning session
30. The amount in the account will be $7,377.37.
in 1993.
3. line
Chapter 7: Methods of Integration
7.1 Review of Substitution and Integration by Table
(Pages 433-435)
2--
1. 2(x2 + 5x)l/2 4- C 3. ln|lnx| + C
-1—1—h H-1-1— tan 7. —1(1 + cotx)5 + C

T +c
9. —i(x4-2x2 + 3)-‘ +C 11. ln(x2+x + 1) + C
-2-
Vx2 - a2
13. -— -+ C 15. ^x2 (lnx — |) + C
a2x
A—56 Appendices
■ esc3 x + C
-\„ax
17. a e {x - a *) + C 29. 31. — cscx + C
19. + 1 - j In + a/-*2 + 1 + C 33. 2sin 1 ^ 4- -fV^-T2 4- C
—4 sin 5x 5 cos 5x
21 . x^ + l + C
W*r2
4
23. +C 35. \/4 + x2 + In V4 4- x2 4- x +c
41e4j;
25. b~x In 11 + bx | + C 27. ^(* + l)4(4x - 1) + C
37. In 4- \/^ +C 39. sin-1 + C
29. yx (* - ?)+c 31. x - |ln|l + e2*| + C V5
33. ±(4x4 + l)'/2 + C 41. - + C 43. y/x2 — 4 — 2 sec 1 ^ 4- C

x x 4x
35. sec - tan —b In sec —b tan - + C
2 2 2 2 x 4-4
1 45. -In +C
37. +C v/9" (x + l)2
3(3x + 1)
47. >/x2 — 2x 4- 6 4- x — 1 + C
39, — sinx -b In tan
(l+4
+c
49. 7 tan4 «4-C 51. i 53. 15.5031
41. yx 4- | sin 2x + C 43. — | cos5 x 4- y cos7 x + C
55. ±2V2sinf + C
45. If m is odd, let u = cosx. If n is odd, let u = sinx. If both
m and n are even, use the identities shown in Problems 40 and 57. — 5 cos (|x) — ^ cos (|x) 4- C
41 until one exponent is odd. 59. | sin4x — | sin 2x — ^ sin lOx 4- C
x1/2
47. 4 x1/4 + ln(x1/4+ 1) +C 61. -In +C
1 7.4 Method of Partial Fractions (Pages 455-457)

49. —6(2 "j- tan3?) * -(- C 51. +C
ex + e~x -1 1
53. 94.68 55. 40.3053 57. 0.7207 59. 3.8097 1. 3. 3-
3x + 3(x - 3)
7.2 Integration by Parts (Pages 439-441) 4 -8
5.
1. ■\xe 2x \e ^ + C 3. |x2 lnx — |x2 4-C x 2x 4- 1
3 -1 1 -2
5. x sin' 1 x + vT" x2 + C 7. 4-
x ' x2 + x 4- 1 ' (x 4- l)2
7. ■ê 3jcsin4x — 3*cos4x-bC
-4 ( 17 13 10
9. |x3 lnx — yx3 + C 9.
9X2 + 27^ ~ 9(x 4- 3)2 + 27(x + 3)
x
11 . 2
[sin(lnx) — cos(lnx)] + C 11. 1 1 , 1
4(1 -x) + 4(1 +x) + 2(1 +x2)
13. x ln(x2 + 1) 2x + 2 tan-1 x + C
1 1 1
—xe 13.
15. + e~ +C 17. f In 2 x 3(x -f- 1) 3(2x - 1)
x - 1
1 x — 3
19. e — 2 21. i(e2"-l) 15. In +C 17. 3x — In |x| 4- C
1 2
25. 5 COSz JC (cos2 x) ln(cos x) + C 19. 4 In |x| — 4 In |2x 4- 11 4- C
27. — (2 + cosx) ln(2 + cosx) + (2 + cosx) + C .
21 —9 In |x | — x_1 4- 6 In |x 4- 11 4- 5 In |x — 11 4- C
29. 7 4- ^ sin 2x C 23. x — I| In |x 4- 2| 4- I| In |x — 11 4- C
31. 4\x2 +1 4~x sin 2x + | cos 2x 4- C 25. x 4- \2 In |x — 11 — \2 In |x 4- 11
*1
tan 1 x 4- C
„n+l vn+1
33. lnx — +C
27. In |x 4- 11 4- (x 4- 1) 1 4- C
n + 1 (n + l)2 29. — \ In |x | 4-1 In |x 4-11 4- ^ In |x — 2| 4- C
35. 177 units 37. 3.73218
x 4- 2
39. a. 2.2565 b. 13.1775 41. (0.68,1.27) 31. In + C
x 4~ 1 x 4- 2
43. 2y1/2 = |x3/2(lnx — |) + C
33. 3 In |x — 11 4- 2 In |x 4- 3| 4- C
45. y = exp(l — cosx — x sinx)
35. In |x3 — x2 4- 4x — 4| 4- C
47. 65 miles 49.0.07 51.1.558nRT
39. 4 In \ex — 3| - i \n{2ex + 1)4-C
7.3 Trigonometric Methods (Page 447) 1
41. 7-1-C 43. In |tanx 4-4| 4-C
5. sinx — 71 sim
„:„3 „ , r-
x+C n
7. 1 „;„3
| sin x — ^ sin x + C 1 4- cos x
9. -|(cosr)3/2 -(- C 11. -ecosx + C 45. 3x*/3 4- 6x1/6 4- 6In |x1/6 — l| 4- C
13. gx — sin4x + C 15. — \ In |cos20| + C 1 X 1 X
47. - In tan-3 + - In 3 tan —1-1 ' + C
17. g tan6 x + \ tan4 x + C 5 2 5 2
19. 2 tan x — x + C
49. — In |sinx 4- cosx| 4- C
21. 1
y2 sec u tan u — \ In |sec u + tan u \ + C
51. — ln(l — sinx) 4- C 53. +C
23. |(tanx)4/3 + C 25. 7 sin2 x2 + C tan j — 2
27. 5 sec3t tan r - jj sec t tan t + | In |sec t + tan r| + C 55. y In |lnx 3| — y In |lnx — 11 4- C
Appendix F A-57
57. 0.6931 59. a. 1.0888 b. 7.6402 25. In the “long run” (as t +oo), the concentration will
a a
61. ^ In |jc2 — 9| +C 65. -In +C be lim — (1 - e P') = —; the “half-way point” is reached
b r-*-+oo ft P
ax +b
In 2
7.5 Summary of Integration Techniques (Pages 460-461) when t =-.
P
1
1. +C In sec 2x2 4 tan 2x2 + C k
2x2(x — l)2
27. 46.8 million 29. M(t) = -(1 — e~rl)
r
5. In |sine*| + C 7. — In |cos(lnx)| -f C 31. It will take about an hour to drain.
9. 3 In |sec t + tan/j + 2 In |sec t\ 4 C k
33. a. y =-(x4 — 2Lx3 -f T3x)
11. \ tan"1 c"'
~2' *T C 13. x + | ln(x2 + 9) — | tan 1 | + C 24
b. maximum deflection occurs where ym ~ —0.0130A-L4
15. —x — 2 In \e~x — 11 + C
c. The maximum deflection is ym ~ —0.0054AL4; the maxi¬
17. \ sin-113 + C 19. x - | InO2* + 1) 4- C
mum deflection in the cantilevered case is less than that in
21. tan 1 (jc + 1) + C part b.
23. —= tan 1 —=(2x + 1) -f C
V3 a/3 35. a. S\{t) = 200(1 e-'/iOQ)
25. tan x- - \ ln(x2
jc 1) + C b. S2(t) = 200 - 2re-'/100 - 200g-'/10°
1
27. 2 e "(sinx — cosx) + C c. The maximum excess is 5(100) ~ 73.58 lb.
29. x cos_1(—x) + a/1 — x2 + C
37. P(t) - Poo exp - I In ) e~kt
31. — COS X + J COS3 X + C 33. ^ cos5 x — ^ cos3 x + C
1 Cey
35. 16"
sin 4jc + ^ sin3 2x + C 39. ^ = ~{y + l)e-v + ——
2 y 4 1
37. -1 COS9 X + | COS7 X cos5 x + C
41. a. /(0 = §(1 — e~2t) b. I it) — e 2,(1 — cos t)
39. | tan8 x + | tan6 x C
1 + \/l — 43. 9.872 days 45. N = (-+Cep' ) 5

4i. yr In
jc2
+C
-mg , fm8 ,
V m
\ - kt/m.
47. a. v(t) =
k k
43. \]2x2 — 1 H—— In \[2x + \/2x2 — 1 + C
V2 sit) =
-mg m /mg —kt/m
)
45. In |jc| — In 1 + a/x2 + 1 + C k k \ k
b. The object reaches its maximum height when i>(r) = 0.
x — 2 The maximum height is
47. -2^\x - c2 — 2 + 5 sin +C
a/2 mv o mrg
m2g ( kv0'
^max — , , o In 1
49. ln(sinx + \/1 + sin2 x) + C k kz \ mg
2 cos3 x c. The maximum height is 82.98 ft; the object hits the ground
cos5 x
51. + cos x + C when t % 5.51 seconds.
d. 9.38 seconds
53. | tan3 x — tan x + x + C
55. ;r 57. 1.8101 59. 0.1353 61. 113.4327 7.7 Improper Integrals (Pages 479-481)
63. In (vi +e2* 4- e-v) + c 3. 21 5. diverges 7. 10 9. diverges
_,V3 11. —
10
13 -2 17. diverges
65. 3 In |x | — In x2 + x + 1 H-— tan (2x + 1) + C 2
V3 19. - 21. 0 23. diverges 25. 2
67. 5 In |x — 7| + 2(x + 2)_1 + C e
27. diverges 29. diverges 31. 0 33. 35. 2
69. 3 In |x + 11 — 2(x + 1)_1 + C
|[(l_e-l)2/3_(1_g)2/3j
71. — \1 In |x + 11
1| + 2 In |x 4- 2| — |\ In |x + 31 + C
+ 2\ 37.
73. 0.09 77. 2.9579 79. 4 81. 101.7876 39. — 1 41. 1 43. 2 45. diverges 47 -
*'• 4
83. (0.71,0.12) 87. sin3 4x cos 4x + |x — ^ sin 8x + C 49. There will be 100,000 millirads.
+oo
7.6 First-Order Differential Equations (Pages 469-472) fix)dx = 4

/—o
J
1. |x2 4- Cx-3 3. —5x 3 4- Cx 2
-i 1 C
5. jX~2e*3 4- Cx~2 7.
(/+2l)tan 2 + 7
9. y = — cos x In |cosx\ + C cosx
.
11 y = x2 — 1 for x > — 1 13. y = 2x3 — 6x2
15. 2X2 4 Y2 = C 17. Y = CX
19. The GDP in the year 2010 will be about $17,828 billion.
21 . The predicted number of divorces in 2005 is about 2,378,000. 53. (1 — p) 1 if p < 1, and diverges if p > 1
23. a. Q(t) — 30 — 20^-'/'15 b. 4 minutes, 19 seconds 55. both diverge 57. 8 59 —
40
A—58 Appendices
s2 -4 17. -4(1 +x-2)5/2 + 4(l +x-2)3/2 + C

65. b.
(.s2 + 4)2 19. —2\fV^!mx + C
_6_ 28
- n5 x
67. b. C{y) = +
13
+ 13 .
21 -[sin(lnx) — cos(lnx)] + C
S2 +4 S2 +4 5 +3
c. y = — -j| cos 2f + sin 2t + y|e-3' 23. ln(e2x +4ex + 1) - x + C
x^ x2 1
7.8 Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions 25. — cot-1 x + — - - ln( 1 + X2) + C
3 6 6
(Pages 486-487)
27. ^ In |x3 + 6x + 11 + C
1. 3.6269 3. -0.7616 5. 1.1995 7. 0.9624
29. 2 cos \Jx +~2 + 2\/x + 2 sin \jx ~\~~2 + C
9. 1.6667 11. 0.6481 13. 3cosh3x
31. 4 ln(x4 + 4x2 + 3) + C
15. (4x + 3) sinh(2x2 + 3x) 17. — x-2coshx-1
3x2
75 +VF^2
33. V"5 — x x/51n +C
19. 21. secx 23. secx
„ Vl + *6
x — yr+^sinh-1 x sec3 x
25. 27. cosh-1 x 35. 4^/x2 + 4 (x2 — 8) + C 37. + C
3.. ^ " 3
2vTT
39. |x2/3 -2x1/2 + 3x1/3 -6x1/6 + 61n|x'/6 + l| + C
29. 2elx sinh 1 x sinh(eJC — elx sinh-1 x) 41. — In 11 + cos x — sin x | + C
7i + •
43. -2ex/2 - 3^/3 - 6ex/6 - 6 In \ex/(> - 11 + C
31. — coshx 1 + C 33. in | sinh x | + C
1 31 45. y - —l—[x + C]
35. - cosh-|-C 37. sinh-1 (sinx) + C X + 1
3 4
47. y = sin x + 4 cos x tan3 x + C cos x
39. | tanh-1 x3 + C 41. -0.2027 43. 1.0311
45. 0.3808 47. 1 49. 51. 0.8101 53.
7« + l
49. The curve is rising for all x. The curve is concave up on
57. -1 59. T = T0 + Se*' 63. (0.65, 1)
(—oo, 0) and concave down on (0, +oo).
65. 2.848 67. 1.2876 69. 4.739
53. b. y = cosh 2x + sinh 2x 55. 2.3504a 57. 17.68
71. 23.38 73. Ai = A2 = ln|a|
Chapter 7 Review b2 3tt
75. 3 |a| + ——; In 2 81.0.5199 83. —
Proficiency Examination (Pages 487-488) 8 \a\ 16
12. a. 0.5493 b. c. 0.5493 W - B (l _ e~(kg/W)tj
85. a. v(t) =
13. 2y/x2 + 1 + 3 sinh 1 x + C k
x 1 W - B w
t + _e-WW), w
14. — — cos 2x + - sin 2x + C b. 5(t) =
kg' k8.
15. —4 cosh(l — 2x) + C 16. sin c. The critical depth is 269.07 m.
+C
87. about 5.6 years
17. 4 in(x2 + 1) + 4 tan 1 x + \ In |x — 11 + C 89. This is Putnam Examination Problem 3 in the morning session
x2 1 of 1980.
18. -h - In lx2 - l| + C
2 2 1 1
19. 1.9089 20. 0.1144 21. -0.2027 Chapter 8: Infinite Series
22. 0.6095 23. 4 24. 2 8.1 Sequences and Their Limits (Pages 503-505)
25. diverges 26. 4 3. 0,2, 0, 2,0 5. i, l 3l ’ 4’
i 1
5
4 7 10 13 16
1 1 7. 3’ 4’ 5 ’ 6 ’ 7
9. 256, 16, 4, 2,72
27. 28. 4.7999 11. 1,3, 13, 183,33673 13. 5
7tanh 1 2x L 1 — 4x2 _
X -4- 1 15. -7 17. 0 19.
29. y =-(In |x + 1| + 1) 30. 485.2 lb 21. 4 23. 0 25.
Supplementary Problems (Pages 488-490) 27. 1 29. 1 31.
1. (1 -X2)-1 3. e-2*
33. 1 35. 1 47. a4 = 6.25%, a„ == 100( 4)"%
49. N = 100 51. N = 1,001
5. x cosh x + sinh x + (ex — e~x) cosh^ + e~x)
7. — — v^4 — x2 + 2 sin-1 ^ + C 8.2 Introduction to Infinite Series;1Geometric Series

(Pages 511-514)
9. — In |x| — x-1 + In |x — 2| + C
3. 5 5. 3 7. diverges
11. 4x1/4-41n(l +x1/4) + C
9- b 11. 4.51665 13 ——
^ 45
x3 -2
13. — tan x ——1 7 ln( 1 + x~) + C 15. 4 17. 4| 19. 2(2 + 72)
3 6 6
21. 4(4 + 372) 23. converges to 1 25. converges to 1
15. - ex y/4 — e2* +2 sin 'f^-^+C
27. diverges 29. The series converges to 1 31. 99
Appendix F A—59
33. § 35. a. ,4 = 1,5=! 9. converges absolutely 11. converges conditionally

1 13. converges absolutely 15. diverges
37. 0 39. 9.14 41. 4.858 43.
a 17. converges absolutely 19. converges conditionally
45. 2 47. 1,500 49. 3 ft
21. converges conditionally 23. converges conditionally
51. The total depreciation is $10,000.
25. diverges 27. converges conditionally
53. The patient will have about 30.8 units of the drug.
29. converges conditionally 31. converges absolutely
55. In the long run there will be 33 members on the board.
33. a. | b. S7 « 0.632 35. a. 0.0823 b. 0.083
59. 4 miles 63. a. false b. true 65. d. 2 67. 3
37. a. —0.1664 b. „S's -0.167
8.3 The Integral Test; p-Series (Pages 520-521) 39. The interval of convergence is [—^).
3. p = 3; converges 5. p — diverges 41. The interval of convergence is [— 1, 1 ].
.
7 converges 9. diverges 11. converges 43. The interval of convergence is (— 1, 1) for all p > 0.
13. diverges 15. diverges 1 7
.
17 diverges 19. converges 21. diverges
45. E„ = — % 0.0278
62
47. Ema- = -
27
0.0547
23. converges 25. diverges 27. diverges 49. converges absolutely

29. converges 31. diverges 33. converges 8.7 Power Series (Pages 552-553)
.
35 converges 37. diverges 39. diverges 1. (-1, 1) 3. (-1, 1) 5- (§,-¥)
.
41 diverges 43. diverges 45. diverges
7. 9. x = 1 11. (-1,3)
.
47 converges 49. converges 51. diverges
o
13. [i.f) 15. (-7, 7)
X
II
53. diverges
19. [-i. i] 21. (—oo, oo) 23. x = 0
55. converges if p > 1 and diverges if p < 1
25. (—CXD, OO) 27. [-1,1] 29. R = 1
57. converges if p > 1 and diverges if p < 1
59. converges if p > 1 and diverges if p < 1 31. R = e 33. R =
61. false
kx k-l
8.4 Comparison Tests (Pages 526-527) 35. f(x) = 37. f'(x) = k(k + 2)xk
k=\
2k k=1
1. converges if |r| < 1 and diverges if \r , > 1
+ 2)xk+
3. geometric; converges 5. geometric; diverges 39. F(x) = ]T 41. F(x) =
rf k(2)k~l
k= 1 k=0
(k + 1)
7. p-series; diverges 9. p-series; converges
.
11 geometric; diverges 13. converges 47. > 1 49. (-1, 1) 51. R = V2
15. diverges 17. diverges 19. converges 8.8 Taylor and Maclaurin Series (Pages 564-566)
.
21 converges 23. converges 25. diverges
„Zr (2x)k c : ^
27. converges 29. converges 31. converges 3.
E
k=0
it!
5. e — >
^
k=0
k\
—
33. converges 35. diverges 37. converges

(-\)kx4k+2
39. converges 41. converges 43. diverges 7. sinx2 =
k=0
(2k + 1)!
45. converges 47. converges 49. converges
oo
51. diverges 53. converges 55. converges (—l)/;(«x)2*+1
9. sinrzx =E k=0
(2k + 1)!
oo / xxkt'i^lk
3. converges 5. diverges 7. converges 11. cos2x2 = ^-
k=0 (2k) \
9. converges 11. diverges 13. converges
OO
15. converges 17. converges 19. diverges (-l)kx2k+1
13. x2 cosx = }
21. converges 23. converges 25. converges k=0 (2 k)\

27. diverges 29. converges 31. diverges 15. x2 + 2x + 1 is i
33. converges 35. converges 37. diverges oo y.k+1
v X—' *
39. converges 41. converges 43. converges 17- ** - E k,

k-0 K‘
45. converges for 0 < x < 1

X 2x5
19. ex + sinx = 1 - + — + +
* /. cunveiges ioi ^ \j.j 2! 4! ~5\ 6!
..8 ,9
49. converges for x > 0 x“ 2x y
51. converges for 0 < x < a~x + 8! +"9!" +

53. The integral also converges.
21.
1
23.
1
= y (-i)V
7^+1
1 +4x a +x
8.6 Alternating Series; Absolute and Conditional k=0 k= 0
Convergence (Pages 542-544) (~\)kxk+x

25. ln(3 + x) = In 3 + ^
5. converges conditionally 7. diverges k=0
(k + 1)3*+1
A—60 Appendices
(-l)kl2k+1x2k+1 15 — e -1
27. tan 1(2x) = ^ 23. 25. - 27. 4\
Ik + 1 9(6 — e) In 2
*=0
(-1)**2* 29. diverges 31. diverges 33. converges
29. = £
35. converges 37. converges 39. converges
*=o
41. diverges 43. diverges 45. converges

31. ex & e + e(x - 1) + ê(x - l)2 + G-e(x - l)3
47. converges absolutely 49. converges absolutely
n\2
-- TC / 7T\ . 7T (X 3 )
3 JT 51. diverges 53. converges absolutely
33. cos x cos-{x-I, sin-
-— COS —
3 V 3/ 3 2! 3 55. converges absolutely
n \3
57. (0,2) 59. (-1,1) 61. (—oo, oo)
+ (—f) sin
;r
63. [-3,-1) 65. x = 0 67. (—oo, oo)
3! ' 3
Ox2 2x3 00 „2k+4
35. tan x ^ 0 -}~ 1 • x -\~--f- 69. fix) = £(-l)*
2! 3! (2 k + 1)
k=o
37. f{x) = (x - 2)3 + 4(x - 2)2 + 5(x - 2) - 3
00 <— \\kY2k+\
39. /(x) « -| + |(x - 5) - ^(x - 5)2 + gy(x - 5)3
71. /(x)=x+x2 + J]
41. fix) « 1 - f (x - 2) + f (x - 2)2 - £(x - 2)3 k=1
lk + 1
43. /(x) = 1 + \x - |x2 + ^x3 - y|gX4 H- 5(—1)*+1

Interval of convergence is [—1, 1],
73. fix) = J2 2 +
k=0
45. fix) = 1 + |x — |x2 + jjrj-x3 — • • • Interval of convergence
is [-1,1]. 75. 0.000022 77. f ft 79. p = 0.95
47. fix) = x + |x3 + |x5 + -j|x7 H-Interval of convergence 3
1 • 3 • 5 • • • ilk - 1)
is (-1, 1). 81. ak = (-1)*(4* + 1)
r2k+l
2 • 4 • 6•••ilk)
1 1 00
51. x H-x3 H-x5 H-= 5^ There is an interesting discussion of this identity, as well
3! 5! £o(2* + l)! as biographical information on Ramanujan, in the article
1 “Ramanujan the Phenomenon,” by S.G. Gindikin, Quantum,
53. n — 4 55. /(x) = 1 pp. 4-9, April 1998.
k=0 L
2k+l
1 r7 | 1 rio
i-\)k22kx2k+l 85. f V-x3 + 1 dx ~ x + |x4 56A 'r 16CT*
57. /(x) = J2
k=0
ilk + 1)! 89. 0.1986693 91. R3(x) < 10“12 93. lx I < 0.187
59. /(*) = -£(-!)

“ 1 + 22*1 ,2 k
95. a. t ss —
sq) -stor
(2k)\ In 2 R(t)
k=0
r^+l b. t ^ 5.61 x 107 years (56 million years)
61. /(x) = ^][(-l)*2*+1 + 2*+l + 1]
A=0
&+ 1 97. This is Putnam Problem 3 in the morning session of 1951.
63. 1 69. 0.499514
Cumulative Review for Chapters 6-8 (Page 571)
Chapter 8 Review 5. \x lnx — |x + C 7. l(tan_Ix)2 + C
31. This is the definition of e. 32. a. 0 b. converges 9. 2 sin 1 (0 + \x V4 - x2 + C
,27 2 ' ’
33. diverges 34. diverges 35. diverges

3 2 5
36. diverges 37. converges absolutely 11. a. -- +
x — Ce¬ I)2 2x + 3
38. The interval of convergence is (—1, 1).
2 5
(—1)*(2x)2*+1
b. 3 In lx ll - -- — - In |2x + 31 + C
x — 1 2
c. diverges
39. sin 2x = ^
ilk + 1)!
*=o 13. converges 15. diverges 17. converges
—-§£(§) H)‘ 19. -6

25. 9.7828
21. -1 <x < 1 23. 16,937 ft-lb

27. a. y = x tan-1 x + Cx b. y = 1 + 2 cos x
1. does not exist 3. converges to e~2
y6 10
(-l)*x4*+2
5. converges to 1 7. converges to | 29. a. x2 — — + --
3! 5! =£ ilk + 1)!
9. converges to 0 11. converges to 0 k=o
13. converges to e4 15. converges 3 19
17. T 19. 21. 1 ^G)‘

c. -
2 £(-H‘
To *=o VJ /
3 —e
Appendix F A-61
Chapter 9: Vectors in the Plane and in Space 7. d = V382

p
9.1 Introduction to Vectors (Pages 580-582)
5. (4,3); ||PQ|| =v/42~+32 = 5
8-
9. x2+y2+z2 = l
11. x2 + (y- 4)2 + (Z + 5)2 = 9

e(7,2)
13. C(0, 1,-1, );r = 2
H-1-1-h- --—I—►
-4 ' 8 * 15. C(3, -1, 1); r = 1
P( 3,-1)
-4-- 17. PQ = —2i + 2j + k; ||PQ|| = 3
19. PQ = —4i - 4j - 4k; ||PQ|| = 4v/3
21. —7i — 16k
9. PQ - 2i; || PQ || = 2 11. PQ = 4i + 2j; HPQII = 2>/5 23. 13i-4j + 19k
25. 4= (3,-2, 1)
.3. -L(i+j) 15. fi-fj V14
17. 5 = 6; t = 24 19. s = -5;t = -l
21. 17i — 18j 23. 35i — 35j
25. (3,2) 27. (2, 4), (-4, -2)
4 1
29. — i + -j 31.
2 2J
5 1
33. —=i + —=j 35. (3, 10)
x/26 V26
37. a. 6i + 3j b. 10i + 5j
39. ||v|| = \/cos2 0 + sin2 6 = 1 41. Not necessarily equal.
43. a. This is the set of points on the circle with center (xq, yo)
and radius 1.
b. ||u — u0|| < r is the set of points on or interior to the circle
with center (x0, yo) and radius r.
45. a = —21, b — t, and c = t, for any t

47. —6i + 3j 49. 5.22 mi/hr; N53.6°W
9.2 Coordinates and Vectors in R3 (Pages 587-588)

1. a. (2,2,4) b. (6,-8,-2) c. (10,-y, §) d. (2,9,11)
33. (2jc + l)2 + (2y - 5)2 + 4z2 = 46
3. a. (1,-3, 8) b. (1,-1,2) c. (f, -5, f) d. (2,-7, 19)
35. V3 37. 66 39. 6i + 12j - 3k
5. d = x/149 41. \/46 (3i + 2j + k) 43. no 45. yes

47. A ABC is right, but not isosceles
49. A ABC is neither right nor isosceles
51. collinear
53. F, = f (0, -2, -6), F2 = f (-V3, 1, -6),
F3 = f(V3,l,-6)
55. P (}.?.§)
A—62 Appendices
9.3 The Dot Product (Pages 595-597) 7. y = x2/3; x > 0 9. x2 + y2 = 9; —3 < x < 3
3. -16 5. 5 7. orthogonal
9. orthogonal 11. 11 13. 0
15. 71° 17. 114° 19. 1; k
21. 0; 0
23. u, = ,0, f ),u2 = <-f ,o,-f;
1
25. u (2i + 3j - 2k)
vn
27. x = — 1, y --= — 1, and z = 4 29. a = |
11. (x — l)2 + (y + 2)2 = 1;
„ ' 2 -3
31. cos a —=, a ~ 1.24 or 71°; cos (5 = —= , ft « 2.08 or 0 < x < 2
738 738
-5
119°; cos y = —=, y « 2.52 or 144°
738
1 -4
33. cosa — —=, a ~ 0.79 or 45°; cos8 = ——, 6 2.17 or
72 5V2
3
124°; cosy = ——, y « 1.13 or 65°
5V2’
35. cos 6 = —
49
37. a. 26 b
u. 35 C.
26
d. ^
25 15. y = lnx; x > 0
39. 10 yn
8"
41. The force has magnitude ||F|| 49.53 lbs and points in the
direction of the unit vector (0.979, —0.025, 0.202)
43. a. 500 ft-lb b. 500^2 ft-lb
47. The region inside a sphere with center (a, b, c) and radius r.
9.4 The Cross Product (Pages 604-606)

1. k 3. -2i + 4j + 3k
5. -2i + 25j+14k 7. -2i+16j + llk
17. x = 1 + 3t, y = — 1 — 2t, z = — 2 + 5?;
73
9. — 14i — 4j 11. 13. — x - 1 _ y + 1 _ Z + 2
2 3 ~ -2 “ 5
i 3 .
15. _ y + 1 z —2
Vl4 + 7fts yi4 ~ 2 _ 1
-16 7 _ y +3 z — 6
17. -=i + =j + 21. x = 1 + t, y = — 3 — 3?, z = 6 — 5f;
V386 v/386J ' 7386 _ -3 “ -5
y -4 _ z+3
19. n/26 21. 2759 23. |73 23. x = 11 r, y = 4 — 3?, z = — 3 + 5f;
-3 “ 5
25. §V3 27. a. does not exist b. scalar y — 1 z — 6
25. x = — 1 +3?, y = 1 + t, z = 6 — 2t;
29. a. scalar b. vector ~ 1 = -2
27. (0.-6,-3), (8,0,-1), (12, 3,0)
31. 5 33. 8 37. ^
29. (0,4, 9), (8. 0,-3), (6, 1,0)
39. Cross product is not an associative operation.
31. parallel 33. parallel 35. (1,2,3)
41. w — 0 43. T = -4073i 45. 40°
37. ±—=(4i + 2j + k)
9.5 Parametric Representation of Curves; Lines in K3 7H
(Pages 614-615) 39. x = 73cost, y = 73 sin t; 0 < t <2n
3. y 2; 1 < x < 3 4. 1 xl. 41. x = 3 cos r, y = 2 sin t\ 0 < / <2n
5- y = \*~ w5x2>
0 <x < 180 4
43. x =-, y — 3 tan t,0 < t < 2n, t ^ f, t ^
cos r 2 2
45. parabolic arc
49. a = 0, /; = 5; other choices will work
51. x = -1 - 231, y = 3 + 2?, z = 1 - 19/
53. The Spy should travel front Q(0, 0, 1) in the direction of the
vector v = 674.35i + 337.68j + 4.34k
9.6 Planes in IR3 (Pages 621-622)

5. 5x — 3y + 4z — 4 = 0 7. x - 2y + 4z + 7 = 0
Appendix F A-63
9. x — z + 1 = 0 11. x + 2y — 3z — 6 = 0 17. elliptic paraboloid: parallel to xy-plane, z > 0, ellipse;

yz-plane, parabola; xz-plane, parabola
13. x = 0 15. ±—7=(5i — 3j + 2k)
738
477 Y / K-
5738 726 2a2 + 1 ftm

17. 19. 21.
19 26 a 7l4
29 47
23. 25. 2 27. —
7T265 5
473 765 65
19. elliptic cone: parallel to xy-plane, z ^ 0, ellipse; parallel to
29. 31. 33.
7l4 7T22 yz-plane, x 7 0, hyperbola; parallel to xz-plane, z 7 0; hy¬
2 perbola
35. 37. b.
76 76
39. (jc + l)2 + (y - 2)2 + (z - 4)2 = 2-(2x - 5y + 3z - 7)2

a A + bB + cC
41. a. cos 9 b. 0 « 52°
7a2 +b2 + c2 7A2 + fi2 + C2
43. 3i — 2j — Ilk
4 3
45. cos a = , a « 2.47 or 142°; cos £ = -^=, £ « 0.94 or
726 726’
1
54°; cos y = , y 1.37 or 79°
726
x - 1 y +5 z -3
47.
-3 1
1
49. The unit vectors are N = ±—=(i — k) 21. elliptic paraboloid: xy-plane, parabola; yz-plane, parabola;
72
xz-plane, ellipse
51. 2x — y + 3z + 3 = 0 53. P(9,—5, 12)
cc ^-2_y-3_ z- 1
1 “ 1 1
9.7 Quadric Surfaces (Pages 626-627)
3. circular cone; B 5. hyperboloid of one sheet; E
23. elliptic cone: xy-plane, hyperbola; yz-plane, hyperbola; xz-
7. sphere; A 9. paraboloid, G
plane, ellipse
11. hyperboloid of two sheets; /
13. ellipsoid: xy-plane, ellipse; yz-plane, ellipse;

xz-plane, ellipse
25. ellipsoid centered at (1, -2, 3) with semi-axes 2, 1, and 3.
27. ellipsoid centered at (^,-2,-^) with semi-axes approxi¬

mately 1.31, 3.46, and 2.00.
29. elliptic paraboloid with vertex (2, - f) and the y-axis as the
15. hyperboloid of one sheet:, xy-plane, ellipse; yz-plane, hyper¬ axis of symmetry.
bola; xz-plane, hyperbola
8 7
31. —x2 H-y2 = 1; this is an ellipse in the xy-plane
45 20
35. x2 + 2y2 = 1; this is the equation of an ellipse.
37. a. The equatorial radius is a = 6,278.2 and the polar radius

is b — 6,356.5.
b. The volume is approximately 1.08319 x 10'~ km3.
39. 20x2 + 36y2 + 36z2 = 45 is an ellipsoid.
A-64 Appendices
Chapter 9 Review 205

c. A % 125°, B 26°, C 30° d. p —-
Proficiency Examination (Page 628-629) y 6
33. a. 13i — 12j + 2k b. 1 x — 1 z
3- —-— = - and y = 4; x — 1 + 2r, y — 4, z = t; answers
c. 12 d. 2i + 3j + 5k vary for the two points
6vT4 5. z = 0 7. 3x + 4y -z + 13 = 0
e. jf(3i — 2j) f.
7 9. 5x —2y + 3z —32 = 0 11. 3x + 2y - llz + 19 = 0
34. a. 40 b. not possible
17. (u - v) • w = 3; (2u + v) x (u - w) = 6i - lOj - 10k
c. 25i — lOj - 15k d. not possible
19. cos a = ——; cos fi = —; cos y = ^
35. * = l±l = izl 36. 2x + 3z — 11 = 0 v/46 ^46’ V46
1 -6 4 21. 0 = 74°
37. x = - lOr, y = 5 + 6t, z = 2/
23. The center is (0, |) and the radius is §.
38. 17* + 19y + 13z - 25 = 0 25. P(3, -2, 1)
-2
39. *cos a = —t=, a 2.13 or 122°; cos , ft ph 0.64 or 27. 37X + 20y - 21Z = 61 and 67X - 20Y + 99Z = 121
VT? 29. x — 2 cos t, y = 2 sin r is a circle.
1
37°; cos y = .—y 1.30 or 74°
yi4
40. a. skew b. intersect at (2, 2, 3)
41. a. 6 b. >/2
6 5\/6
42. ^ 43. 44.
15 V26 V35
45. 168.4 mph 46. 130 ft-lb
31. 13
33. i (IIu x v11 + ||u x w|| + ||v x w|| + ||(u - v) x (w - v)||)
9V2 V26
37. a\ + 2b\ + C] = 0 39. 41.
43. 2x — 3y — lz — 0
x + 1 y - 2 ±1
45. —-— = — and z = 0 47. N =(—6i + j)
V37
49. Let P have coordinates (a, b,c); then r = v + wris the set
of position vectors in the line x = a + At, y = b + Bt, and
z = c + Ct.
51. linearly independent
55. M(i.f.l)
57. Let S denote the position where the snowman had been, and
let W and F denote the positions of the woodpile and flag¬
pole. Also, for any vector v, let \L and \R denote the vec¬
tors obtained by rotating v through 90° counterclockwise and
clockwise, respectively. (Note that \R - -\L.) Then, the two
stakes are driven at points A and B, where SA = SW + SWL
and SB = SF+SFfi. Find the digging point from W by pacing
off half the distance from W to F, turning right, and pacing
off an equal distance.
59. c. The result is still true.
61. Let Mi be the midpoint of AB. To divide ~AB into thirds, drop
the^perpendicular from the intersection of AM and CM, to
50. a. elliptic cone b. hyperbolic paraboloid AB. The point Ri at the foot of the perpendicular satisfies
c. hyperboloid of two sheets ARj = |AB. Then drop the perpendicular from the inter¬
section of AM and CR\ to obtain R2, which divides AB into
d. hyperboloid of one sheet e. plane f. line
fifths. The process may be continued as far as desired.
g. sphere h. elliptic (circular) paraboloid
i. hyperboloid of two sheets
j. hyperboloid of two sheets Chapter 10: Vector-Valued Functions
Supplementary Problems (Pages 629-631) 10.1 Introduction to Vector Functions (Pages 640-641)
1. a. 8V2 + x/l4 b. \*/YU t , -x n - (2n + l)n

i. t yt v J. / f---, n an integer
Appendix F A-65
t2 1 tl
5. t j=- —, n an integer 7. t > 0 29. —(In/ - -)i - cos(l - f)j + -k + C
9. parabolic cylinder; in R2, the graph is a parabola in the xy- 31. R(t) = (|/3 + 1) i + (-\e2' + \) j + (|/3/2 - 1) k
plane
33. R(z) = (|/3/2 + 1) i + (sin? + l)j
11. cylinder; in R2, the graph is a circle in the xy-plane
35. V(?) = (2 + sinf, 0, 3 + /cos? — sin?);
13. plane; in R2, the graph is a line in the xz plane parallel
R(f) = (2 + 2? - cos ?, -2, -1 + 3? + 2 cos ? + ? sin f)
to and four units below the x-axis
37. R(?) = e'i + (|?3 - l)j 39. R(?) = (2?4 + 1, 2?2 + 2)
15. a circular helix; in R2, the graph is a circle in the xy-plane
17. the curve is in the intersection of the parabolic cylinder
43. -180?2 45. 3?2(—7i+ 11 j + 5k) 49. a = f
y = (1 - x)2 with the plane x + z = 1; in R2, the graph 53. not smooth
is a parabola in the xy-plane 61. [F x (G x H)]' = [(H • F)G]' - [(G • F)H]' 63. false
19. the curve is the intersection of the cylinder y = x2 + 1 and the
10.3 Modeling Ballistics and Planetary Motion
plane y = z + 1; in R2, the graph is a parabola in the xy-plane
(Pages 657-660)
21. (7? - 3)i - lOj + (V - J y k 1. 4.6 sec; 481 ft 3. 129.9 sec; 73,175 m 5. 1.9sec;41m
7. 1.5 sec; 148 ft 9. V(f) = 75 ur; A(f) = 0
23. 3? — 2f2 25. (1 -0 sint
27. -t2e'i + (t2 sin t)j + (2tel + 5 sin t)k 11. V = (2cos2?)ur + (2sin2?)ue;
A = (—8 sin 2?)ur + (8 cos 2?)u0
29. (Ate' - f2 + ? + 10 sin t)i + (2e't2 + l)k
13. V = —10 sin(2? + l)ur + 10[1 + cos(2? + l)]ue;
31. fV — ?V — 2e' — ~ sinf A = [-40cos(2f + 1) - 20]ur - 40sin(2? + l)ue
t
37. F(0 = ti +12j + 2k 15. 140 m/s 17. 21.7°
39. F(0 = 2ti + (1 - 0j + (sin t)k 19. The maximum height is 85 ft; the ball will land at a distance
of 568 ft; the distance to the fence is 560 ft
41. F(0 = f2i + fj + V9 - t2 - Ok
43. a. no b. yes c. yes 21. 52.3 ft 23. 387.8 ft/s 25. 5.5 sec
45. 2i — 3j + ek 47. 0 49. + 51. fi+j 27. The Spy should wait one minute before releasing the canister.
53. continuous for all t 55. continuous for t ^ 0, t ^ -1 29. 18.13ft 31. V = (—atosinGj?)i + (acucoscur)j; R V = 0
57. continuous for all t ^ 0 59. x — y + z — 1 33. —aco1 R
65. a. The function is continuous at t0. 35. a. 1,533.33 m b. 142.41 m/s
b. The function is continuous at t0. 37. 21.8° 39. 37.2°; 471.77 ft/s
c. The function is discontinuous at t0 = 0 if h(t) = t. 43. a. Rf — u0cosa sec/3 Tf b. or = f — \fi
d. The function is continuous at f0.
10.4 Unit Tangent and Principal Unit Normal Vectors;
10.2 Differentiation and Integration of Vector Functions Curvature (Pages 671-673)
(Pages 650-651) 2 3?
1. T(?) = . = i H-, • —T
1. F'(?) = i + 2?j + (l + 3?2)k V4 + 912 V4 + 9?2
3. F'(s) = (1 + lns)i + 55_1j - ^(ln j + 5_1)k -3? . 2
N(?) = —. —_i H—, ~^J
5. F'(t) = 2?i - ?~2j + 2e2'k; F'(f) = 2i + 2?~3j + 4<?2'k x/4 + 9 ?2 \JA + 9 ?2
7. F'(s) = (cos5)i — (sin5)j + 25k; y/2 .
3. T(?) = — [(cos ? - sin ?)i + (cos ? + sin ?)j];
F"(j) = (— sin5)i — (cos s )j + 2k
, 4x V2
9. f’(x) = —9x2 - 2x 11. g (x) = N(?) = - — [(sin? + cosf)i+ (sinf - cos?)j]
Vl + 4x2
13. V(l) = i+2j+2k; A(l) = 2j; speed = 3; direction of motion
5. T(?) = —y=(— sin ?i + cos ?j + k); N(?) = -cosfi-sinfj
is ii+fj + fk V2
n \/2 y/2. it V^2. >/2. 1
7. T(f) = (i + 2?2k); N(?) = (—2?2i + k)
15* V( 4} = 2-1 + + 3k; A(4> “ 2"1 2 J’ Vl +4?4 Vl +4 f4
. i . i . 3
speed = v 10; direction of motion — + 3V2 n
9. 4V5 11. L
13. V4l?r
17. V(ln 2) = 2i — |j + 8k; A(ln 2) = 2i + \j + 16k;
15. k = 0 17. k = 2 19. k = 2_3/2
V273 1
speed — -; direction of motion :(4i — j + 16k) I V2 — s s '
2 ’ -v/273 21. R(5) =
\ V2 ’ V2j
19. F'(0) = 2j; F'(l) = 2i + 2j + 5k; F'(-l) = -2i + 2j + k
. 35 5 —45 \
21. F'(0) = 0; F'(f) = rri - j - ^k 23. R(5) = 2 - -=, 1 +
23. x = -l -3f,y = 1 +2r,z = -1 -t
V26’ V26’ V26/
„3i
1 *2 27. T = (i - 3j)
25. *-i- yj + 3rk + C 27. (/In / -r)i- \t2\ + 3/k -+■ C
VIo
A—66 Appendices
s/2 Chapter 10 Review

29. a. T(7r) = ^(-i + k) b. \ c. s/2it
Proficiency Examination (Page 679-680)
31. The points at which a maximum occurs are P(0, 3), and
Q(0. -3).
33. p(0) = p(l) = p(-1) = 2.
2V9r4 + 9t2 + 1 2
3S. K - - -r-:—r—r 37. K =
: 1 + 4r2 + 9r4)3/2 (1 + 4x2)3/2
6x5 1
39. k = 41.
(xb + 4)3/2 s/2,
43. The fly’s speed at time t is 4r2 + 4r + 1; 4 sec
51. c. lim^ /c(s) = -f-oo, so the spiral keeps winding tighter and 1 t cost — sin t
25. F =—-ri-|---j + (—sint)k;
* tighter. (1 +02
w, 2 . -t2 sin t - 2r cos t + 2 sin t
55. The total length of the ramp is about 7 units. * ——---H-;-j —(cosr)k
(1+03
„ 1 1 .
57• K — zttt -r.— 1 the minimum is 7 and there is no maxi- 26. (3-61n2)i+fj + (61n2- |)k
2 ' v 1 — cos t 4
mum value.
27. ^-<)l-(T+2lj+('|l+3()k
10.5 Tangential and Normal Components of Acceleration 28. V = i + 2j + e'(r + l)k; speed is V$ + e2l(t + l)2;
(Pages 678-679) A = e'{t + 2)k
4t 2
1. At =
Vl +4t2
; An =
Vl +4t2
29. T=2M+3j-3H. N = ?Vii±A; at = A72l
V4t2 + 18 ’ " (2r2 + 9)1/2 ’ V2VT9’
6
t t2 + 2 Am =
3. At = Am — V212 + 9
yr+72’ 30. a. The maximum height is 9.77 ft.
At 2
5. At — b. ~ sec; maximum range is 67.7 ft
s/2 + 4t2 ’ An Vl +212
sin t cos t
7. Ar = - ; An 1. 2k 3. -5 5. i -j
Vl + cos21 1 + cos21
7. F'(f) = (1 + t)e'i + 2fj; F"(r) = (2 + t)e‘i + 2j
9. Ar = An = 11 t1 , _ ~19 , [59 9. F'(t) = —2t_2i —2j + (l —t)e“'k; F"(t) = 4/_3i + (t —2)e“'k

VTo’ VTo t-7taAn = 'Ita 11. F'(t) = (21 + aeat)i + (1 - + a^'+'k;
5 F"(t) = (2 + fl2ca,)i + (a2r — 2a)<?“"'j + a2ca,+1k
13. — 15. 0
V8
17. The maximum speed is 8 at t = 0, and the minimum speed is

6 at t = n/A.
19. V(t) = (—2sin2r)i + (2cos2r)j;

A(t) = (—4cos2t)i — (4 sin 2r)j; AT = 0; AN = 4
21. Ar » 7.98999; AN = 0.4
23. a) = 0.52 rev/s 17. The graph is a circular helix of radius 2, traversed clockwise.
It begins (t = 0) at (0, 2, 0) and rises 107T units with each rev¬
25. a. the maximum safe speed is 47 ft/s (about 32 mi/h) olution.
b. 65.94 ft/s (about 45 mi/h) c. 23.1°
19. ~ [F(0 • F(t)] = 2F • F'
dt
27. 14 rev/min
m F||2F' - (F • F')F
At 2V5 21 .
29. At ; An = dt LIIF(0IIJ ||F||3
V5 + 4r2 V5 + 4t2
23. — [F(t) x F(t)] = 0 25. (e — c-1)i + 6k
31. At = s/2>e' ; AN = s/2e' 33. 42.43 units/s
sn , , ,cos2t. t3
37. = TvF = 0 and An = A|1 =g
27. (te1 -e‘)i+_—j+ k+C
IIV|| w ||V|| 8
39. b. About 36,000 km c. About 200 km/h 29. (te' - e')\ + ^r(21nr - l)j -)- ^-k + C
Appendix F A-67
ds Cumulative Review for Chapters 1-10 (Pages 691-692)

31. V(r) = i - j; — = 72; A(r) = 0
at 5. -2 7. 9. -1
33. V(0 = (t cost + sinr)i + (1 — t)e~'j + k; 1 2
ds 11. y' = 3 sin2 x cosx + 2 sec2 x 13. v' = —-===-0 , .
= Jt2 cos21 + t sin 2t + sin" t + (1 — t)2e 2' + 1; 7l -x2 x- + 1
It -(y3 + 2xe v)
A(r) = (2 cos t — t sin t)i + e 1 (t — 2)j 15. 17. | sin1 x — 2 sin5 x + C
3xy2 — x2e~y
i — 2rj —2ri — j
35. T(r) = ; N(r) = 21. sin 1 (x — 1) + C
19. — cotx + cscx + C
s/At2 + 1 V4t2 + 1
37. T(f) = i(-4sini i - 3j +4cosi k); 23. a. yes b. yes c. no
N(f) = (- cos r)i + (- sin t)j 25. 0.4467 27. 5.8069
41 + e2' 2„2r
tle 2/e2' + 2e21 + 4 29. a. 2x + 7y - z — 15 = 0 b. 2x + 5y - 2z + 17 = 0
39. At = —===== ; An = 2 — 31. converges by the ratio test
\/4 + 4f2 +
e2' V 4 + At2 + eit
ij?2^ 2 te2' + 2e2' + 4 33. diverges by the ratio test
K = 35. converges by the absolute convergence test
{At2 + 4 + e2')2/2
41. Ar = 0; An — 4; k = |
37. a. converges; 5e-1 b. converges; |
43. * = ± 45. /c ~ 1.9221 47. k =

39. F'(/) = 2i - 3e~3,j + 4f3k; F"(f) = 9e~3'j + 12?2k
49. F(r) is continuous for / jA 1. 41. T = —— [2(cos2r)i - 2(sin2r)j + 3k];
312 r tL 713
51. F(r) = (21 - sin t + l)i + (— + cosr - l)j + N = — sin 2/i cos 2rj
24;r 2
00 {-\)kx2k+2
53. a. x = 1 + 5, y = 1 + s, z = 1 + 3^ 43. b. 0.189
>-E k\
b. (-2,-2,-8) k= 0
-2x
55. T(s) = (-sinj)i+(cosi)j + 2k]; 45. 47. x = -2
75 y = J~2 + 4 + 4e
( s\- ( ■ s\ 49. 1,562.5 ft-lb
cos - 1 - sin -)
V a> V a/
b2 Jt a2 Chapter 11: Partial Differentiation
57. At t = 0, p = —; at t = —, p = —
a 2 b 11.1 Functions of Several Variables (Pages 699-701)
59. a. V(r) = e~'{-cost -sin t)i + e~'{- sin t + cos r)j-e_'k; 1. a. 0 b. 0 c. 0 d. 2
A(r) = e_'(2sin?)i + e~'{—2cosr)j + e_'k
e. 48 f. 213 g. t4 + t5 h. t - t2
5. The domain is x - y > 0, and the range is /(x, y) > 0.
b. k = — e1
3 7. The domain is uv > 0, and the range is f{u,v) > 0.
61. 4,537.5 lb
9. The domain is y — x > 0, and the range is M.
63. V(t) = —a sin at u, — ae~a,{ 1 + cosat)u0;
A(r) = [-a2 cos at - a2e~2aX (1 + cos at)]ur 11. The domain is R2, and the range is /(x, y) > 0.
+ [a2e~a'( 1 + cos at) + 2a2e~a' sina/]uo 13. The domain is x2 - y2 > 0, and the range is /(x, y) > 0.
* = l 15. Sketch C = 0: 2x - 3y = 0; C = 1: 2x - 3y = 1;
C = 2: 2x - 3y = 2, and C = 3: 2x - 3y = 3.
67. 20.888 ;um

69. a. At t = 0, V(0) = lOu,
b. At t — 0.25, V(0.25) = 10u,. + 57T ue 17. Sketch C = 0: x3 - y = 0; C = 1: x3 - y = 1;
71. sinxi — cos2xj + e~xk C = 2: x3 — y = 2; C = 3: x3 — y = 3.
t2 t2 t2
73. F(r) = (- + l)i + (- + 2)j - (- + 3)k
75. F(t) = - ) (3 — cos2r)
+ 7 j (sin r + cos t) - - j — [3 In |f + 1| + 3] k
77. This is Putnam Problem 6ii of the morning session of 1939.

A—68 Appendices
v2 V2
19. Sketch C = 1: x2 + y— = 1; C = 2: x2 + y— = 2; 27. ellipsoid; traces are ellipses in all three coordinate planes
2 4 4
C = 3: x2 + — = 3.
4
29. hyperboloid of 1 sheet: the trace in the xy-plane is an ellipse;

in the xz- and yz-planes the traces are hyperbolas
21. This is a cylinder, y2 + z7 = 1, which has the x-axis as its
axis.
31. elliptic paraboloid: traces in the xz- and yz-planes are parabo¬
las; the trace in the xy-plane is an ellipse
23. This is a plane: x + y — z = 1; its trace in the xy-plane is the
line x + y — 1; its trace in the xz-plane is x — z = 1; and its
trace in the yz-plane is y - z = 1. We show this plane (along
with the xy-plane for reference).
33. elliptic cone: traces in the xz- and yz-planes are pairs of lines;
the trace in the xy-plane is the origin if z = 0 and is an ellipse
if z ^ 0
25. This is a sphere: (x + l)2 + (y - 2)2 + (z- 3)2 = 4; its cross

sections in the planes x = -1, y = 2, and z = 3 are circles.
35. D 37. B 39. A
41. This is a plane parallel to the xy-plane.
-.2
Appendix F A-69
43. This is a cylinder which bends upward from the xy-plane. 53. Equipotential curves are ellipses.
E = 1: x2 Ely2 = 46
E = 2: x2 + 2y2 = f
E = 3: x2 + 2y2 = f
45. This is a plane which intersects the xy-plane along the line
2x — 3 y = 0.
55. These level curves are hyperbolas. 57. y —
47. This is an elliptic paraboloid with vertex at the origin and

which rises upward from the xy-plane.
11.2 Limits and Continuity (Pages 708-710)

3. 5 5. -2 7. 1 9. 1 11. 0
13. 1 15. 1 17. 50 19. 4 21. 10
23. The limit does not exist.
25. 1 27.-1 29. 0
49. This is a surface that lies close to the xy-plane as it moves 31. The limit does not exist. 33. The limit does not exist.
away from the origin, but “peels” upward close to the z-axis. 35. / is not continuous at (0, 0).
37. a. b. The limit does not exist.
39. B = 0 41. 0 43. 2 45. e 47. 0
49. The limit does not exist.
e €
51. Choose 8 = —. 53. Choose 8 =
11.3 Partial Derivatives (Pages 717-719)

3. fx = 3x2 + Ixy + y2; fy=x2 + 2xy + 3y2; fxx = 6x + 2y;
fyx =2x + 2y
51. This is a paraboloid with vertex (0, 0, 2) and rises upward 5. fx = fy = fxx = 0; fyx -
from that point.
2 e 3 _ -4
7' fx = 2x + 3y’ fy ~ 2x + 3y’ fxx ~ {2x + 3y)2’
-6
fyx~ (2x4-3y)2
9. a. fx = (2x cosx2)(cosy); fy = -(sinx2)(siny)
b. fx = cos(x2 cos y){2x cosy);
fy = cos(x2 cos y)(—x2 sin y)
3x 2 y3
11. fx = ; fy
{3x2 + y4)1/2 (3x2 + y4)1/2
A—70 Appendices
13. fx — xex+y(x + 2) cosy; fy — xV'+v(COSy - siny) 43. 22%

15. fx — —f=4==', fv X 45. The maximum possible error in the measurement of S
v/1 ~x*y /T • X2 v2 0.014.
17. fx = y2 + yz; fy = 2xy + z3 + xz; fz = 3yz2 + xy 47. The function is not continuous.
x + y2
49. A increases by about 1%.
;/* =
z z
11.5 Chain Rules (Pages 735-737)
21. \ . /y =
x + y2 + z3 ’x + y2 + z: :;/« = X + y2 + z3
2y 3z2
-3 sin3 3t + 6 sin 3r
8e2,(l -f e6') 7.
,, _ 2x _ y cos2 3?
Z’“ 9z.z.-S dF ,
—— = 2u sin‘ v + 2u — 4u;
6xy 3x2 + 3y2z du
Zjc — ^ ^ , Zy —
y3 - 2z y3 - 2z dF
— = 2u sin v cos v — 4u + 8u
1 z 2y dv
27, z,
2x3/2 cos xz x ’ 'v x cos xz dF 2 dF
29. a. fx = y3 + 3x2y; £(1, -1) = -4 11. — — V + v, — = 2 uv + u
ou dv
b. fy = 3xy2 +x3; /v(l,-1) = 4 dw dw dx
13. 1 dw dy 1 dw dz
nr “T
31. a. fx = x2 cos(x + y) + 2x sin(x + y); fx (f, §) = ~ ~ds ' dx ds dy ds d Z ds’
dw dw dx dw dy i dw dz
b. fy =x2cos(x + y); fy (§, f) = i
T“ “T
~dt " dx Jr dy dt d Z dt
33. fx = ~(x 3“ 2x + 1); = y2 + 2y + 1
35. fx = 6xy; fxx = 6y; = 3x2 - 3y2; /w = —6y; 15. ~r1 “T
thus, /„ + = 0. 3^ dx ds dy ds dz Js’
dw dw dx dw dy i dw dz _
37. fx = ex sin y; fxx = ex sin y; /v = cos y; = -ex sin y; ~ri +
thus, fxx + fyy = 0. ~dt ~ dx Jt dy dt Jz Jt’
41. 2(sinz — xcosz) i \ "h
du dx du dy du Jz du
45. a. Cm = —0.67a{T — t)m~Xbl
dw
b. Cr = am 067 c. C, = -arm“a67 17. = cos(xyz)[-3yz - ex 'xz + 4xy]
dv k dt
3P P
47. a. — = - b. dw 3, -6x" 2z
dT P dV V 19. = (ex +n + 2 ty +
49. a. 9 b. 14 dt tz ' 2t-3
51. a. not satisfied b. not satisfied c. satisfied dw 2s + tcos(rt)
21.
JJ= 2~^z ;
11.4 Tangent Planes, Approximations,
dw _ (2 — z)[r cos(rt)] + 2st(x + y)
and Differentiability (Pages 727-729)
~Jt ~ (2 - z)2
1. 3x + y — VTOz = 0 3. 2x + 4y — z—4=0
dy —[3x(x2 y)1/2 + 2xy]
5. x — y + 4z — Jr = 0 7. df = 10x.y3 dx + 15x2y2 c/y 23.
dx -|(x2-y)>/2+x2
9. df = y(cosxy)c/x + x(cosxy)c/y
1 dy _ (1 — cosy)(l+x2) — y dy_ y
11. c// — — <7x + - c/y 13. df = yex dx + c/y 25. 27.
-If dx (1 +x2)(—x siny + tan-1 x) dx x
15. c// = 9x2 c/x — 8y3 c/y + 5 c/z Z2 . 4 4
29. a. — b. -r— c. —-
17. df = 2z2 cos(2x - 3y) dx - 3z2 cos(2x - 3y) dy 2 x3y xy-
+2zsin(2x - 3y)c/z
2z3 2z2(x + z) 2z2(y + z)
19- /, A, and fy are all continuous, so the function is differen¬ 31. a. b. c.
x2y2 xH y4
tiable.
sec y cosx 2z2 sinx — cos2 x
21. f, fx, and fy are all continuous, so the function is differen¬ 33. a. b.
tiable. 4 z3 2z3
23. 37.04 25. 0 27. 2.691 29. z = 9 4z2 sec2 y tan y — sec4 y
c.
31. c. |(1 - x - y) 4z3
d2Z
33. The maximum possible error will cost $1.14. 35. - 2 . d2Z _ U2
^ ^ — b Zyy
'4,000-p\ /3, 000 — q du2 ~ dv2
35. a. R = P+ 37. volume and surface area both decreasing
500 )r ' V 450 R
b. The revenue is increased by approximately $ 180. dC _ [ 1 — t (b — a)]e~al — e~bt

39. a.
37. R increases by approximately 11%. da (b - a)2
dc [{b-a)t + l]e~b' -e~a'
39. 0.0360 cal
db (b- -a)2
41. The manufacturer should decrease the level of unskilled labor 8C 1
by about 2.4 hours. [—ae + be~b']
~dt b —a
Appendix F A—71
dC (1 — bt + \nb) (|) - e bl (-In ft) 49.8.06 51. V/(l,2) = 5vT0(i — 3j)

dt (bt — In b)2 1 59. Duf = fx cos 9 + fy sin ft; for / = xy2ex~2y, Duf = 6e 1
t — In ft
11.7 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables (Pages 758-761)
-bt
+ + be 5. a minimum occurs at (2, 3)
bt — In b bt
41. The monthly demand for bicycles will be increasing at the rate 7. a maximum occurs at (0, 0)
of about 31 bicycles per month (4 months from now). 9. (0, 0), relative minimum
43. The joint resistance is decreasing at the approximate rate of 11. (V3, 0), relative maximum; (—s/3, 0), saddle point
0.3471 ohms/second.
13. (0, 0), relative minimum; (1,0), saddle point; (— 1.0), saddle
d2z
51. — = yzfx X1 fyy~ 2XyfXy ~ XfX ~ yfy point; (0, 1), relative maximum; (0, —1), relative maximum
dO2 ■ J
15. (2-1/3, 2_l/3), relative minimum
—(2x + 2 yz)
57. — — I—L
17. (0, 3), saddle point; (0, 9), relative minimum; (—2, 9), saddle
dx Fz 2 xy + ez
point; (—2, 3), relative maximum
dZ _ —Fy _ -(2xz + 3y2)
19. (|, 2), saddle point
dy ~ Fz ~ 2xy + ez
59. a. The degree is n = 3. 21. (6, 2), relative minimum; (8.99, —2.45), saddle point
23. (—2, 0), saddle point; (—2, 1), relative minimum
11.6 Directional Derivatives and the Gradient (Pages 747-749)
25. The largest value of / on S is 0 and the smallest is — 14.
1. V/ = (2x — 2y)i - 2xj
27. The largest value of / on S is 7 and the smallest is —5.
( y i 1 x
3- v/= V -4 29. 0 is minimum, | is maximum
X2 + -
y
5. V/ = e3~v(i — wj) 7. V/ = cos(x + 2y)(i 31. y = 1,62x + 0.68 33. y = -0.02x + 5.54
2j)
V2
35. The closest points are (0, 2, 0) and (0, —2, 0).
9. Vf = ey+3l(i + xj + 3xk) 11. — 37. The dimensions for the minimum construction occur when the
sides measure x = \/2V, y — \/2V, and z = ^0.25 V.
5 v/2
13. 15. 0 39. The product is maximized when all three numbers are 18.
~8~
■n/3 41. The temperature is greatest (13°C) at (3,2) and is least
17. Nu = ± — (i — j + k); the tangent plane is
H°C)at(M)-
x-y + z- 3 = 0. 43. The revenue is maximized at (y, v).
y/3 45. The owner should charge $2.70 for California water and $2.50
19. Nu = ± -y (—i — j + k); the tangent plane is
for New York water.
x + y — z—§=0.
47. 200 machines should be supplied to the domestic market and
V3 300 to the foreign market.
21. Nu = ±-^-(i — j + k); the tangent plane is
49. 1.35
x - y+ z = 0.
23. Nu = ± - ■_(3i + 6j + k); the tangent plane is

V46
3x + 6y + z — 3 = 0.
25. V/(l, —1) = 3i + 2j;
IIV/H = VT3
27. V/(3, -3) = 27(i + j); ||V/|| = 27^2
29. V/(a, ft, c) = 2(a2i + ft2j + c2k); ||V/|| = 2Va4 + ft4 + c4
31. V/(l,2) = i(i + 2j);||V/|| = -^ = ^

b. y = 0.0001064x +1.5965
33. V/(2, -1,2)= 2(5i + 2j + 5k); ||V/|| = V2l6 = 6v/6 c. 2.28 gal/person (not even close to the actual)
ai + ftj ft2x0i + n2y0j 53. a. W = 3.42674 + 0.573164X
35. u = ± 37. u = ±
Va2 + ft2 Jb*xl+aVo 57. The minimum time of travel occurs when Dick waits 0.4243
miles from the line AS and Mary waits 1.6396 miles from the
6e
39. Duf — \/3 + 1 41. £>„/ = - finish line.
yi7
11.8 Lagrange Multipliers (Pages 767-770)
llV3
43. Du/ = 1. fi 3. f 5. 2 7. 4
15
45. Maximum rate of temperature change is ||V7b|| = 2>/3 in the 9. 1.8478 11. 0.72 13. f 15. f
V3 . 17. 17.3 is the constrained maximum and —17.3 is the constrained
direction of u = + J + k).
minimum.
47. For the most rapid decrease, she should head in the direction \D\
19. The minimum distance is
-j — -j s/A2 + B2 + C2'
2* 2-J-
A—72 Appendices
21. The nearest point is (|, |, 1), and the minimum distance is 13. For c = 0, y/x2 + y2 = 0 is the origin and half-line y = 0,
0.4082. x < 0. For c — 1, yjx2 + y2 = 1 is a semicircle (to the right
23. x = z = 3, y = 6; the largest product is 324. of the y-axis). For c = — 1, |y| = 1 is a pair of half-lines, 1
25. The lowest temperature is ^. unit above or below the x-axis, to the left of the y-axis.
yX.2 2
27. The maximum value of A is 6,400 yd2.
15. For c = 1, x2 + = 1 is an ellipsoid. For c — 2,
29. the radius x = 1 in. and the height y = 4 in. 2 2
y z
31. $2,000 to development and $6,000 to promotion gives the x2 + + — = 2 is an ellipsoid.
maximum sales of about 1, 039 units.
17. 0 19. The limit does not exist.
33. x % 13.87 and y & 12.04
35. x = y — z — -VC 21. -j- — ye'(~t~2 + t~]) + (x + 2y) sec21
dt
37. The farmer should apply 4.24 acre-ft of water and 1.27 lb of dz x (
x 7x\ (x2
fertilizer to maximize the yield. 23. — = tan - + - sec - u + —- sec — | v
du \ y y y) \ y2 y
39. The triangle with maximum area is equilateral. dz ( x x , x\ ( x1 ....
41. f 43. — = tan - + - sec - m + —- sec - (—uv )
dv V y y y) \ y2 y,
45. a. $3,000 for development and $5,000 for promotion. dz ex r_7 dz y-z
b. The actual increase in profit is $29.68. 25.
dx ez dy ez
c. $4,000 should be spent on development and $6,000 should dz z dz 2z
be spent on promotion to maximize profit. 27.
dx 3z + 1 ’ dy 3z + 1
d. A. = 0
8 abc _ ka k/3 29.
47. 49. 53. b. x fxx = 77—Xy>..is*n ’ fyx = (1 - x2y2)-3/2
p(a + P)
-,y
q(a + P)
(1 -x2y2)y2’Jyx
3V3
31. fxx = 2exl+y\2x2 + 1); fyx = 4xyex2+yl
Chapter 11 Review
Proficiency Examination (Pages 770-771) 33. fxx = sinx cos(cosx); fyx = 0
... x — 1 y — 1
32. ^ = &r2 35. normal line: — — —— and z = 1; tangent plane:
31. fxy = fyx =
(1 — x2y2)3/2 dt
— 16(x — 1) + 7 (y — 1) = 0
-2V5 37. relative minimum at (3, —1)
33. a. V/ = i + 3k b. Du(/) =
39. (1,0), saddle point; (0, 1), saddle point; (|, |), relative max¬
i + 3k r-
c. u = ■; IIV/II = VIo imum; (1, 1), saddle point
7!o
41. (0, 9), relative minimum; (0, 3), saddle point; (—2, 9) saddle
34. lim /(x, y) along the line y — x is
(^•V)—*• (0,0) point; (—2, 3), relative maximum
v3
1 43. The largest value is 2 at (0, -1) and the smallest is —2 at
lim = -. The limit does not equal /(0, 0) so the
»or3+r3 2 (0, 1).
function is not continuous.
45. The largest value of / is 10 at (0, -2) and the smallest is -9/4
35. fx = , fy - — , fyy = fXy = 0 at (0, 3/2).
X y y2
dz
36. fx - 2xy + z2; fy-x2 + 2yz; fz~y2 + 2zx 47. = (2x - 3y2)(2) + (—6xy)(2f)
dt
fx + fy + fz — 2xy + z2 + x2 + 2y z + y2 + 2zx = (x + y + z)2
dz
37. Du(/) ^ -87.4 49. = e (8 xu2 + 4x — 12 mux);
dx
38. (0, 0), saddle point; (9, 3), relative maximum; (—9, —3), rel¬
dz
ative maximum = eu ~v (12yw2 + 6y + 8uvy)
dy
39. maximum of 12; minimum of 3
dy
40. The largest value of / is 49/42 at (2, |) and the smallest is 51. = -1 at (1, 1)
dx
-9/4 at (-3/2, 0).
... x y - 1 z—3
53. normal line: - =- =-;
Supplementary Problems (Pages 771-774) 2 2 -1
tangent plane: 2x + 2y — z + 1 =0
1. The domain consists of the circle with center at the origin,
radius 4, and its interior. 55. g(x, y, z) = x2y -(- y2z + z2x
3. — 1 < x < 1 and — 1 < y < 1 is the domain dw 2x
57. ( 2t \
5. fX = Ufy = ~l ~dt _ 1 + x2 + y2_ \ 1 + ^2/
- , 0 v y , 2 , 1
,2 y
7. fx= 2xy-- cos -; fy = xz + - cos - 2y
x1 x xx +
i 1 1 + x2 + y2 1+y2.
9. fx = 6x2y + 3y2 S fy = 2x3 + 6xy + -
X 59. Duf = -y=(—161n2 — 12)
11. For c = 2, x2 — y = 2 is a parabola opening up, with vertex v5
at (0, —2). For c = —2, x2 — y — — 2 is a parabola opening 1
up, with vertex at (0, 2). 61. b. (-6i+j + 7k)
786
Appendix F A-73
63. x = 6, y = z = 3; maximum is 324
65. The minimum distance is 73.
«./ 7' y-x
(x + y)3
dx dy
77'
—^ - dy dx =
(x + y)3 y 2’
— 1 + J1 + Akyr2 ky e -z/2 Fubini’s theorem does not apply because the integrand is not
67. a. b. M(r) = continuous at (0, 0).
\ky V n y/z - 1
c. The darkest part of the eyespot pattern occurs near the 12.2 Double Integration Over Nonrectangular Regions
center. (Pages 793-795)
69. a. 3. f 5. | 7. 3jz - 2y/3 9. f
11. ^ 13. 7 sin3 2 15. - - — 17. - 1

12 6 3 2 2
19. V2 - 1 21. \ 23. ^ 25. f + 2 In 2
JBffairoUH _ FORMAT 27. 2e — 4 29. 2 31. f 33. f 35. e - 2

Xfi i n=U
Xnax=20
Xsc1=1 2^3
Vr-i i n=0
Vnax=200
Vsc1=10
43.
The least squares line is y — 11.54x+44.45. If x = 5,000,

the sales are y « 102.15.
71. 24xy2z3 sin(x2 + y3 + z4)
73. 0.—1 75. u = ±±(2i + 2j-k) 45. Intersection: (1,3)

dx 3
77. fix, y)dy dx + fix, y) dy dx

dxd y
sin“(x + z) cos(x + y) + sin (x + y) cos(x + z)
sin3(x + z)
79. /(2, 3) = 12 is a relative minimum.
a b c
81. x — ■; y = ;z =
a2 + b2 + c2 a2 +b2 + c2 a2 + b2 + c2
87. 0=2 and r = y/Ao
89. a. 1 Ojt cm3 b. 87r cm2
91. Approximately 2.01 cm3 has been removed.
97. This is Putnam Problem 6 in the afternoon session of 1967.
47. Intersections: (2, 4) and (—3, 9)
Chapter 12: Multiple Integration
ndy f? pt-y
12.1 Double Integration Over Rectangular Regions fix, y) dx dy + / / fix,y)dxdy
(Pages 785-786) ■Jv M J -v+
1. f 3. (e2 — 1)(In2) + 2 5. f ln3 - 101n2 + \
7. 32 9. 24 11. 24 13. \ 15. -1
17. 4In2 19. 1 21. 8 23. 31n2 25. f
2
27. V3 -\yf2 + \ 29. 3 31.
35. M — JJ 8(x,y)dA 37. — — -

R -4
39. 0.91 43. 1.44
A-74 Appendices
49. Intersections: (0, 0) and (7, 7) 41. f(e4- 1) 43. 4

p0 p3+y/9+y pi p3-t-\/9+y
/ / f(x,y)dxdy+ / / f(x,y)dxdy
7-9 73—v/9+v 7o 7v
a
n (7—3j:)/2
(7 — 3jc — 2y) dy rfjc
57.
5;r
76
59. 63. ^naz(3R — a); a «=! 0.6527/?

' 3—jc'2 4 2
53. V = 8
55
n /»(t?/a)y/ a2—a2
{b/a)yja*-x*
yjl — x2 — y2 dy dx
_ cj'-*~hdydx
x2 2
12.4 Surface Area (Pages 810-811)
1. 4>/2l
7. 2^17 + \ ln(4 + Vl7)
3. |(5a/5 — 1) 5. |
9. 8 a/65 + ln(8 + V65)
11. |(5a/5-1) 13. 2n 15. 16^(2-V2)
57. V = ^(V2)3 - 8 / f y/2-x2- y2 dy dx
3 Jo Jo 17. 15^2+|ln(2V2 + 3) 19. f(17VT7 — 1)
nv
, ^^fy-rTr2
59. 7rab 61. 1 63. /(*. y)dx dy 23. S = D~ y/A2 + B2 + C2 25. 5 = —3-Ta~
'Jy 2 ABC
65. £ 67. 22 69. 1 8tt 71. ^ 27. \l2nh1 29. 36tt
• 1 ry
73. The value of the integral is between 1.10 and 2.15. (The actual
31 . S = f f y/csc2 y + z-2 dzdy
value is approximately 1.63.) 7o Jo
2 tt r'y/n/2
12.3 Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates (Pages 801-804)
33. 5 v 47r2 sin2 r2 + \ r dr dO
32 jt _
1. 3. nO—A
>/(2x + 5y)2 + (2y + 5x)2 + 1 dy d*
/x
37. 4|u|>/h2 + 1 39. 2|u| V9m4 + 1

41. ^(3V6-4)
43. a. (cos u)i — (sin u)j — wk
b. - J^ln(a + y/\ + a2) + a\J 1 + a2J
47. AnR2
12.5 Triple Integrals (Pages 820-822)

7. 2
15
3. 45 5. 45 7. — 9. —
2 9 n
1+ 11. | (5 - e2) 13. 6n - 18 In 2 15. 8 17.

720
H-1- -I-1-► 47T
-2 -1 1 2 * 19. 0 21. —~e 23- } 25.
1
- --
2
16
2
- --
27. 4?r 29. 3 V6n 31. y
•i r' ry
jt 33 f(x, y, z.)dz dx dy
9. 1 6tt 11. 6n 13. 4n 15. ■i a:
2
f2 r n/4-v2-^2
17. \{2n + 3\/3) 19. —-2 21 .n 35 . / / / f(x,y,z)dxdydz
0 4
Jo Jo
Jo
3V3 a47r ml —y
23. 7T 25. 27. n In 2
2 ' 4 /(*, y, z)dz dy dx
29. 2tt«( 1 - In 2) 31. 0 33. n(e9 - 1)
37T
35. In 3 + n In 2 — n 37. 87r 39. 9 39. 32tt 41. 32tt 43. 45. |tt/?3
Appendix F A-75
4nabc 1 — COS 71 ~ n
47. 51. 53. £ 19. 4> = -
3 6 4
12.6 Mass, Moments, and Probability Density Functions

(Pages 829-833)
5- (1-2) 7. (1, !) 9. (i,f) 11. (1,1.1)
13. (o.15. (7, |) 17. (1.608,0.231)
8a 4a
,9. a. (o. £) b.
37T2' 3n
21. (4.9110,0.7616) 23 —
zo. ]5 25. (0.56,0.56)
3a 30N a4n mb2 21. p = -- - or 4p cos (p = p2 sin2 0(cos2 0 + 3 sin2 0)
27. — 29. 31. 3 — 2 cos2 0
4 ’ 8 y/ 64
3a 3a 3 a\
33. — |1 35. 1 - U~l
8 8 8 J 2
37. The probability is roughly 75%. 39. (-J4, y|)

a b2
41. 3(e - 2) 43. 0 45. 47. 2.4107
6
v-2 2 e-l/2
49. a. t„ ^-;Cm(x0) Co
2k 7T X0
b. xm < 1.9358; the danger zone is approximately 1.9 miles
^ /> 1.9358 /•*x2/m r 23. z = 2xy
'-'Io /
c. AV exp dt dx
= A 0 J 0 J y/knt 4kt
hl(h2 + l2)
51. c. 5,4007r<5 53. 55. 4n2ab
12
12.7 Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates (Pages 840-843)
3. a. (4,7r/2, 73) b. (7l9, tt/2, cos"1 (73/^19))
5. a. (\/5, tan-1 2, 3) b. (714, tan-1 2, cos-1 (3/714))
7. a. (—3/2, 3V3/2, —3) b. (718, 2tt/3, cos-1 (—3/VT8))
9. a. (72, 72, tt) b. (7?r2 + 4, 7t/4, cos-1^/^^2 + 4))
11. a. (3/2, 73/2,-1) b. (73, ^,-l)
13. a. (sin 3 cos 2, sin 3 sin 2, cos 3) b. (sin 3, 2, cos 3)
15. z = r2 cos 26
_16 1_
3 60
2
jc y2 z2 2
37. — + fr + - = R1 39. 41. (0,0,^)
i2 b2
2n
plTC />3 />77r2
^
43. a. m = / / (r2 sin 0 cos 9 + z)r dz dr d9

Jo Jo Jo
1 /»27T /»3 r
6z b. x = — / / / r cos0(r2 sin0 cos0 + z)r r/z dr d9

17. r = or 9r2 cos2 0 — 4r2 sin2 0 + 36z2 = 0 mJ0 Jo Jo
74 — 13 cos2 6 /»27T /»3 /» 9—r2
r {r sin 0 cos 0 + z) r dz dr d9
c- 7* = /
Jo Jo Jo
128tt \6n\f2
45. 0 47. - 49. - 51. 6rt
15 5
In
53. — 55. — 57. He should survive.
2 2
A-76 Appendices
8;r 3.608;r 8\/2 — 4

61. 63. a. b. 4.31445 5.
5 ' ' ' 2,625 7. ^3-D
15
12.8 Jacobians: Change of Variables (Pages 850-852) 2•j
1. 2 3. 2u 5. —2elu 7. —e 9. -9 10 y= 1
11. ueuv 13. i 15. -1 17.

Sxy r.°
-1.0 10 *
19. A(0, 5) -> (5, -5);
O
*
II
5(6, 5) -* (11, 1); JC = 1
C(6, 0) -> (6, 6);
0(0, 0) -> (0, 0)
1 — cos 1
9.
12
21. A(5, 0) ■ A-
J
5(7,4) ■
-7
II
C(2,4)
0(0, 0) -1.0 10
-1.0- <— X =
11. ke-1)
3
13.10 15. |7t4(2-V2) 17 ’ —
30
23. dxdy = ududv 25. 3 In 2 27. 0 29. 0
8l7T 22n+2n
33. § 35. f tan-11 5 — f In 26
37. y 19. 21. 12tt 23. 25. 0
8 n + 1
39. 6(<r — e~1/2) 41. \(e — 1)
27. i 29. 11 31. 7 33, 27r(ln2 + 2V2
a bn , 8v/5 9n
43. —— (1 -e~l) 45. p5ix/\2 p2ciy/sin20
35. m = / / Src/rc/0
49. 4.
/jr/12 7V2a
47.(1.1430,1.5690) \nabc
1 / 75
51. - (491n7- — ln5-271n3 + 6 53.
n V6 37. a2 39. J
/* 1
j/»4—3*
f(x,y)dydx
41. V3- y 43. 7r + 3 >/3 45. | 47. -

3 3 2
57. C = 4 f — y/a4 + (b2 — a2)x2 dx
Jo cisja2 — x2 9n 4(37r - 4)
49 .^(37>^7-l) 51. 53.
6 T
Chapter 12 Review
Proficiency Examination (Pages 852-853) 2na5
55. na3 57. (cos3 00 — 3 COS 00 + 2)
15
V3
22. e-^2
+ ~r~l 23. 0 24. 36 25. j sin 1
59. f 61. |// 63. 32xyz 65.
3tt — 7
243
abc
26. 27. 0.15 28. 2nV2 67. a. —x <y<x;2<;t<i
6
128tt 1 8 , , d(u,v) rr 7
29. 30. -(e2 + - -3) b-HZ7)—2dJ{u + v)‘“'dv = 5
15 3 e
Supplementary Problems (Pages 853-856) 16 1 11
69. | —, — J_ 71. a. b.
1. I 3. In 2 \3A 35 3C 35' 2 240
3 ►>' l 3
/i ✓ 32a3 4a3n
/1 // 73. 75.
2- / 1 2 77. (0,0,0)
9 35
1 • /
/I
1
y = 0—’
,
y V=
/ 1 / V = 1 1 — In 2 1 — In 2 1 — In 2
1
/ * r
' . . . . ■* 79. 81. (0,0,-0.71)
1 2 7 v=° f 1 2 3 -2-1 1 2 3 4— n 4 — 7r ' 4 — n

y = 3xV2 Lx = 1 /f 85. This is Putnam Problem 5 in the morning session of 1958.
/ y = x
Appendix F A-77
Chapter 13: Vector Analysis kmM kmM

b. W =
13.1 Properties of a Vector Field: Divergence and Curl
(Pages 866-867)
102 + bj + c\ \Ja\ + lr\ + c
47. No work is performed.
3. div F = 3x + 3z2; curl F = yk 5. div F = 2; curl F = 0 49. a. W = —(2a + b)\ the path does not matter
7. At (2, — 1,3) div F = 0; curl F = 0 b. W\ = a(e~' — 3); the path does not matter
9. At (1. 2, 3) divF = 7; curl F = j — 3k c. W2 = f (9c”7/9 - 23); W3 = -ae~^9(2e1/9 -he — 1);
11. At (3, 2, 0) div F = 2 — 2c”6; curl F = —3i + 3c“6k the path does matter here
13. div F = cos x — sin y; curl F = 0 13.4 Green’s Theorem (Pages 896-898)
15. div F = 0; curl F = 0 17. div F = ■ ■ *— ; curl F = 0 1. 0 3. 3 5. 0 7. -6n 9. 0
7*2 + y2 11. 16 13. 0 15. 2;r 17. An 19. f
19. div F = a + b\ curl F = 0
na4
21. div F = 2(x + y + z); curl F = 0 21. 27. 0 29. 0 31. 0 33. 3
4
23. div F = jt + y + z; curl F = —yi — zj — .vk f ff/dN 3M\
41. / M dx + N dy = j1-)dA
25. divF = yz + 2x2yz2 + 3y2z2;
Jc J J \ dx dy J
curl F = (2yz3 - 2x2y2z)i + xyj + (2xy2z2 — xz)k
27. divF = —x2c”v + 3y2 lnz; = / M dx + N dy + / M dx + N dy + / M dx + N dy
JC[ Jc2 Jc3
curl F = ——-xe~yj i + (2ze~x — e~y)j 43. There are a total of seven possible values.
29. harmonic 31. harmonic 35. 2yz3 + 6x2yz 13.5 Surface Integrals (Pages 906-907)
37. (xy - 3xz)i — (y2 + 3yz)j + (yz + 3z2)k 39. xz — xy 160 n/6
1. 4V2 3. 0 5. 7. 1 9. 8^-
43. a. (bz — cy)i + (cx — az)j + (ay — bx)k 2
b. div V = 0; curlV = 2o> 11. 0 13. 1 6tt 15. i(39l/i7+l)
45. II only 61. div(V/g) = /div(Vg) + 2V/-Vi? + gdiv(V/)
lns[2
17. J(17VT7- 1) 19. A-f 21.
13.2 Line Integrals (Pages 875-877) 6
3. 272-2 5. ^(2573/2 - 53/2) 7. f 9. 1 23. -6 25. & 27. 7T
77
11. f 13. a. b. -| 15. -f 17. 15
29. gln(25
32 v
-4V^9)
v
- f
8
V39
7 7T2 jr 191n(V5 + 2) _ M\/5 1

19. 21. 12 23. -a 25. a. — b. 31.-+
60 8 192 32 12
27. a. f b. H 29. | 31. 33. ■| 35. 0
33. -4(4717 + 01(4 + ^)1
8
\/2 4
37. — 39. 27r 41. —2a2 43. f - 3 1676 r~
2 2 35. f 37. ——- 39.^(2575+1)
45
‘♦J. X
35 47 21
*/. 6
243;rp
41. t7T3(5 — 75) 43.
'3V2 Tt
49. The center of mass is
16 na
45. a. b. 27ra2(l — cos<p0) 47. \ma2
12 44 14 192
51. The centroid is
T’ 25’ 15 13.6 Stokes’ Theorem (Pages 914-916)
53. The work done is 11,000 ft-lb. 1. 1 8tt 3. | 5. -8tt 7. -18 9. 0
55. 0 57. No; answers vary. 11. 2V2.7Z 13. -3n 15. i 17. 19. 0
13.3 The Fundamental Theorem and Path Independence 21. -167T 23. 0 25. | 27. -f 29. f 31. 0
(Pages 884-887)
13.7 The Divergence Theorem (Pages 922-924)
5. f(x, y) — x2y3; conservative 64;r 128 13
1. 3. - 5. 3 7. 24;r 9.
7. not conservative 9. not conservative TT 3 y
11. a. —2n b. —4 c. —2n 13. a. 0 b. 32 c. 32 81tt „ 8(16-772)
11. 13. 0 15. 12 7T 17. -n
15. 1 17. i 19. I 21. zexy — 15
23. \(x2 + y2 + z2)2 25. ^x2_v2 + xyz + y3z 9naA
19. 21. Ana4 23. div V/ = 0 25. b. 6
27. cos 1 + sin 1 + 1 29. |
31. ^ 33. 8 35. i(37r-4) 37. 8 39. 32 Chapter 13 Review
4 Z
41. — tan”1 (—2) + 2c”2 — f — e~l
23. / = xyz
43. g(x) = Cx”5
24. div F = 2xy — zcv:; curl F = ycî — |j — x2k
45. a. f(x,y,z) = kmM\- 25. -2 26. -4tt72 27. 0 28. 0
A—78 Appendices
moo 25. a. y = — x — 1 + Ae,x—1

29. <p = (x2 + y2 + z2) 30. 0
C.
1. F is conservative; / = 2x — 3y. 6-
3. F is conservative; / = xy 3 + siny.
5. F is not conservative. 2"
7. -7 9. sin 4 — sin 1 — || 11 . § 1-1-1-h-
13. divF = 3; curlF = 0 2

- "
2
15. divF = :; curl F = 0
s/x2 +y2+z2
17. TC COS 7T2 19. -If -6 21. s/2
23* I 25. — 1) 27. 0 29. 4tt

6s/2 TV 2a + 3b
31. 33. 35. 0 37. |
2 abc
39. § 41. -1 43. |O
45. F is conservative in any region of the plane where x + y ^ 0;
W = ln
a +b 31. —h In |y | = C 33. x2y2 + x3y — xy3 = C
J
53. 0
x2 y2
55. a. D is any region that does not contain the y-axis; 35. — + — + 3 y = C
y x
1 + y2 ”2
r
f(x,y) = 37. 5ex = ey (2 sin x cos x + sin2 x + 2) + Cex+y
2x2 2
-67 39. x3 + cosxy = C
b. ; C is any curve that does not intersect the y-axis. 41. y = (escx + cotx)[(— sinx + x) + C]
57. | + In | 59. 2jtc 61. 0 43. Jx2 + y2 -f y = B 45. cot — = In (—) + 1
x V 4 /
63. 0 65. -|ln2 67. 2tt
47. y = x3 In |x| + x3 49. x sin(x2 + y) = 0
71. An2ab 73. 21 75. (0,0,2) 51. | In (y2 + 2y 4- 2) — tan-1 (y + l) + e~x — l
Cumulative Review for Chapters 11-13 (Pages 933-934) 53. If a > /), lim <2(0 = /J; if a < ft, lim 2(0 = a.
f->+oo /->+oo
5. fx = e>/*(2x — y)\fy = fxy = ey'x( 1 - y/jc) and if a = /), lim 2(0 = a
i->+00
7. fx = 2y sinx cosx — y sinxy; /v = sin2 x — x sinxy;
n(ô - r2) - r2(P0 - ri)<?~Dr
= sin 2x — xy cos xy — sin xy 55. a. P(0 = b. lim P(r) = rx
(Po ~ r2) - (Po ~ n)e~Dt r->+oo
2 xy y" j. x2 + 2xy — y2 -Axy
9. fx 1
’ fy ~ > fxy —
57. a. x = I (y)S(y) dy + C
(x - y)2 (x - y)2 (x - y)3
J
7(y) Lj
49,152
11. 13. — 15. e2 - 3 17. n 19. 8 b. x = -y2[(y + l)<r> + C]
13 15
59. The Spy must run at 4.674 yd/s or about 14 ft/s.
21. 0 23. x = y = z — ^V~0
1 3Cx + 2x4
25. a. b. ^(—41 c. ^726 61. b. y = n(x) + c. y =
10 ' '■ -I-j
1 J -(- 3k)
' -"»/ 10 z(x) ' 3 C—x3
27. f (65\/65 1) 29. 0
14.2 Second-Order Homogeneous Linear Differential
Chapter 14: Introduction to Differential Equations Equations (Pages 955-957)
14.1 First-Order Differential Equations (Pages 944-946) 1. y = Cx + C2e~x 3. y = Cxe~5x + C2e~x

5. y = C,e3* + C^-2* 7. y = Cxe(~x'2)x + C2e3*
1. In |y| = x + In |x - 5|5 4- C
9. y = Ci^ + C2e~x 11. y = Cx cos \/TTx -f C2 sin vTfx
3. In |y| = --^[lnO?2* + 9) - 2x] + C
-1 „ / v/nr \ ^ . (y/m
5. y = 3 sec +C 7. y 2(1 -<r*') 13. y = e(~3/14)jf C1 cos I ———x 1 4 C2 sin | ———x
14 14
9. y = |(cosx 4- sinx) — \e x . 9 2
11 y = x3 — -X
4* 15. y = C\ 4- C2x 4" C2e
1
13. — In s/x2 + y2 — - tan - = C
x 17. y — C\ + C2x 4- e-(X/2)x C3 cos | ^-x J 4- C4 sin L~^x \
15. (y + x)2(y — x) = C 17. y = Cx8

3y + x 19. y = Cxe2x + C2e~3x + C3e
19. x3y + x tany = C .
21 y = e5t — 6xe5( 23. y = iAex + 4„1U
21. tan-1 x + ln(x2 4- y2) + e~y = C V — 94 _ 12^—Sor _ 2r,,-5*

^ ~ 25 25c 5ê
23. x2 cos 2y — 3xy 4- 3x2y — 6y = C -2.t
27. 5£p 29. <? 33. y = C,e2jr + C2e"3A:/2
Appendix F A-79
35. y = C\X 2 + C2x2 37. y = Ci(l — x) + C2(l — x) 1 14. y = x 4- C^/x 15. x2(x2 — 2y2) = C
39. y = | cos(473/) — |\/3 sin(4>/3 0
16. —7= tan 1 u = In |x| + C
41. y = — cos(4\/31) 73 .73 2,
43. y = c-008' [cos 6.93/ 4- 0.0115 sin 6.93/] 17. y = c-JC(C) cosx 4- C2 sinx) | cosx + | sinx
w — rt ( w — rt\ 18. x3e~y + xy-2 4- x2y-3 = C
53. a. m(t) = ———; s (/) = —vq In - — gt
8 V u> / 19. x(t) = c-l1.60/ f
f>u'[0.33 cos 10.84r + 0.05 sin 10.84/]
vo(w-rt) w — rt
b. s(t) = -In 1 2 20. I{t) = c-125'[-0.562cos 185.4? 4 2.79 sin 185.4?)]
u>
- 2 8r + vol
+ 0.562cos lOOf — 0.899 sin 1 OOr
c. The fuel is consumed when rt = Wf\ that is, when
t = Wf/r.
d. The height is 1. a. I \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ 1 \ \\ \\ \\ \
v0(w - wf)
r
In
(W — Wf\
UJ )
1 gw2f
2 ~rr +
t V0u>f
r s
it\\\XN\-
\W-' 4*/ /
////
/ / / / /
--'*/// hr//1 t
14.3 Second-Order Nonhomogeneous Linear Differential
Equations (Pages 965-966)
1. yp = Ae2x 3. yp = Ae x
5. yp = xe~x(A cosx + B sinx)
7. yp = (A + Bx)e~2x +xe~2x(C cosx + Dsinx) 3. 4y
4-
4 = —2x2 + C 5. =ln|x| + C
9. yp = A3x3 + A2x2 + Ajx + Ao

7. +C 9. y = — e5x cosx + Ce5x
11. yp = (A3x3 + A2x2 + A\x 4- Ao) cosx
■T (i)3x3 + B2x2 T B\X + Bq) sinx
.
11 x = c->[y + C] 13. — = sin(ln |x| + C)
x
13. yp — A0e2x + B0 cos 3x + Co sin 3x 15. y = fic(1-2'c)/(2j;2) 17. x,4a,3
4y3 + In |x| — In |y | = C
15. yp — A3x3 4- A2x- + A[X + Ao + B$e x 19. y = — tan-1 e* 4- C

17. y — C1 + C2e~x — x3 + 3x2 + x .
21 a. yh = C\e3x 4- C2c-3j; b. yp = -|(x + 1)
19. y = C,c-3* + C2e~Sx + ye2x 23. a. yh = CiC2-1 + C2c3jc b. yp = (|x2 + |x + 2) ^
21. y = e~x(C[ cosx + C2 sinx) + 2 cosx + | sinx 25. a. yh = Cicjr+C2c2j: b. yp x3 — 3x2 — 6x) 1
23. y = Cxex'n + C2e~x + c"* (-^x2 - ifx) 27. a. y/, = Ci cosx + C2 sinx
25. y = C, + C2ex - (±x4 + x3 + §x2 + lOx) b. yp = sinx In |secx + tanx| — 2
27. y = Cxe~* + C2xe~x + e~x{\x3 + 2x2) 29. y = \e~3x + 5^ — 5 31. z(t) = -3c-2' + 2c-3' + 1
29. y = C\ cosx + C2 sinx — cosx In |secx + tanx| 33. y2 = 5x — x2 35. ex+Y = 1 + Kex
31. y = Cte3x + C2c-2j; - ^(8x2 + 12x + 13)e2x 37. Y{Y2 + 3X2) = K
33. y = C1 cos2x + C2 sin 2x + \x cos2x — | sin2x(ln |cos2x|) X x - 1
39. y = Cix + C2 + 1
35. y = C\e~x + C2xe~x 4- ix2(21nx — 3)e~x [2 x 4 1
1
37. y — C1 + C2ex — ^ sin 2x — ^x — | cos2 x 41. —+ C2
o x
39. y = — | + |c* — sin2x — x — | cos2x
43. x = y[ey + C] 45. 0.62 sec
41. y = — | cos 3x + | sin 3x + |c3jt
WLx3 Wx4 WL3x
43. y = || sin 3x + ^x 47. a. y(/) =
6EI 24 El SEI
45. y = —4cosx — sinx In |cscx + cotx| WL4
b. ymax ~ (-0.045)
47. y = C\e~2x + C2e~3x + G(x) El
for 0 < x < 1 49. b. y = Cixm‘ + C2xm2
where G(x) = { 4 for 1 < x < 3 c. y = Cixm° + C2xm° In |x|
— |x 4- f§ for 3 < x < 4 d. y = x“[Ci cos(y6 In |x|) + C2 sin(/3 In |x|)]

53. This is Problem 9 of the afternoon session of the 1938 Putnam
49. /(/) — 656e -9' -±e-
]6i. T^cosr
< 41 , £sin/
+ g2
Examination.
51. 7(0 = 0.312c-' - 0.015c"9' - 0.297 cos / - 0.067 sin t
55. This is Problem 6ii of the morning session of the 1948 Putnam
+ t (0.244 cos t + 0.305 sin t)
Examination.
53. y = C\x + C2(x tan-1 x 4 1) — 5 tan-1 x
Chapter 14 Review Appendix A (Pages A-7-A-8)

Proficiency Examination (Page 966) 1. 8 — | 3. false 5. <5 = min(l, |)
12. sin-1 y = sinh-1 x + C 13. y — Bx 7. 8 = € 9. <5 = f 11. S = min(l,§)

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Appendix E A-33

57. cosh 1 x = ln(x + Vx2 — 1)

APPENDIX F Answers to Selected Problems

Chapter 1: Functions and Graphs

C‘ ' > I I I I I I »-K> I | I | I | i

M = (0, A)\d = 2\/5

35. (x + l)2 + (y — 2)2 = 9 37. x2 + (y - 1.5)2 = 0.0625 combined curve: v = 5 cos £x

1.2 Lines in the Plane (Pages 17-19)

(-5,0), (0,-3) VzB-Vi

The value in 4 years is $124, 000.

1. D = (—oo, oo); /(—2) - -1; /(1) = 5; /(0) = 3

11. D = (-00, 00); /(3) = 4; /(1) = 2; /(0) = 4

13. 9 15. 1 Ox + 5/z 17. -1 19. ———

43. u(x) — 2x + 3; g(u) = |w|

69. a. The maximum height of the cannonball is 280 ft.

71. a. 19,400 people b. 67 people

1.4 Inverse Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions

13. 2 15. -1 19. 1.00

43. C(x) = 4x2 + l,000x_1

Chapter 2: Limits and Continuity

11. 38,523.62544 13. 0 15. 2 y/2x

c. The limit exists for all nonintegral values.

28. a. 11 years, 3 quarters b. 11 years, 6 months

on [0, oo), and /(0) = -± f(n) = tc-—-% 2.93.

Supplementary Problems (Pages 92-95)

11. a. 0 b. 0 13. a. 2 b. 2 21. f'(x) = 5x4 - 15x2 + 1; f"(x) = 20x3 - 30x;

25. 2s — 2; differentiable for all real s d2 y

3.3 Derivatives of Trigonometric, Exponential, and

c. (§, f) 49. yes 13. e' cscf(l — cotr) 15. x + 2x In x

21. a. -2r2 - 2/~3 b. 4/~3 + 6/“4 71. -r[f'(f(x))i = f"(f(x))f'(x) and

dH 3, 125/ -6, 250 dy

dy \/3x 6 f'"(x) = 24x + 120x-7; /(4)(x) = 24 - 840x“8

dy -1/2 ‘ ^ “ (X4 - 2)4/3 (X4+ l)2/3

77. a. fx + 3 b. $4.00 c. $11.00 d. $11.40 x2 for —0.5 < x < 1

b. increasing on (—00, —2)U(0, +00); decreasing on (—2, 0)

c. critical points: (0, 1), relative minimum; (—2,5), relative

d. x = —1; concave down on (—00, —1); concave up on

15. a. critical numbers: x = |, x — —25

b. increasing on (—00,—25) U (|,+oo); decreasing on

c. critical points: (|, —9,481), relative minimum; (—25, 0),

d. x = — y; concave down on (—00, — y); concave up on

17. a. critical numbers: x = — 1, x — 3

b. increasing on (—1,3); decreasing on (—00, —1)U(3, +00)

c. critical points: (—1, —|), relative minimum; (3, |),

19. a. critical numbers: t = — 1, t = 3

43. fix) = sinx + \ cos2x; fix) = cosx — sin2x;

Answers for Problems 45-^19 may vary.

4.4 Curve Sketching with Asymptotes: Limits Involving

25. asymptotes: x = 1, y = —3; graph rising on

35. no asymptotes; graph rising on (—3, 0) U (3, +oo);

37. no asymptotes; graph rising on (l,+oo); graph falling on

39. horizontal asymptote at y = relative minimum at x = 0;

41. no asymptotes; graph rising on (0, U (^f,2n)\ graph

4.6 Optimization in the Physical Sciences and Engineering

11. A circumscribed square of side s = —— 4—— = s/2L yields

4.7 Optimization in Business, Economics, and the Life 37. v = 39

b. S'(T) = —(—0.067 +1,67)(-0.0372 +1.677- 13.67)“2;

51. 6 & 0.9553; this is about 55°.

22. Relative maximum at (—3, 29); relative minimum at (1, —3);

Supplementary Problems (Pages 263-268)

24. relative maximum at (0, |)

25. relative minimum at (-1, -2e); relative maximum at

26. (0, 0) is a point of infection; the graph is concave up for x <0

25. maximum /(0) = 12; minimum /(2) = -4