Combining the above results,

P iVi = PaVa

Subsitution of the above results into Eq. (20.4) gives

Z .V y -y 2 _ j

- i 4 '
7 y- 1
—r
T

(5.002)r~°5t; - 1
= 1-
1.4 ( 3 .1 6 7 ) - r040

where -f- = 3 .1 6 7 ,y = 1.4 have beenused Substitution of r = 21.0 yields

e = 0.708 = 70.8%.
21.1: m, . = 8.00 g and charge = -3 .2 0 x 10-9 C
- 3.20 x 10”9 C
a) n = = 2.0 x 10 .
- 1 . 6 xlO "19 C
8.00 i
b) «load = N A * = 2.33 x 1022 and = 8.58 x 10"13.
207 Icad

21.2: current = 20,000 C /s and t = 100 ¿js = 10 -4 s

Q = I t = 2.00 C

ne = Q = 1 .2 5 xlO 19.
1.60 x 10 C

21.3: The mass is primarily protons and neutrons of m = 1.67 x 10 27 kg, so:
70.0 ks . ^
= 4 .1 9 x 1 0 '
pandn 1.67 x 10-27 kg
About one-half are protons, so rap = 2.10 x 1 0 24 = nc and the charge on the electrons is
givenby: Q = (1.60 x 10 "19 C )x (2.10 x 1028) = 3.35 x 109 C.

21.4: Mass of gold = 17.7 g and the atomic weight of gold is 197 g/mol. So the number
ofatom s NA x mol = (6.02 x 10” ) x (1, ^ 1) = 5.41 x 102!.
a) nf = 79 x 5.41 x l 0 52 = 4 .2 7 xlO24
<? = rap x l . 6 0 x 10“ 19 C = 6 .8 3 x l 0 5 C

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 b ) n9 = R p = 4 .2 7 x 1024.

2 1.5: 1.8 O m ol = 1.80 x 6.0 2 x 1 0 * H ato m s = 1.08 x 1024 electrons.

ch arge = - 1 . 0 8 x 1 024 x 1.60 x 1 0 '19 C = -1 .7 3 x lO 5 C.

21.6: First find the total charge on the spheres:

F = —— K = > q = = M x e 0( 4 .5 1 x 1 0 '21)(0.2)2 = 1 .4 3 x lO '16C

4jk0 r
And therefore, the total number of electrons required is
n = q ¡ e = 1 .4 3 x 10“16 C /l .60 x 10-1* C = 890.

21.7: a) Using Coulombes Law for equal charges, we find:

F = 0.220 N = — - ^ => o = J 5 .5 x 10’° C2 = 7 .4 2 x 10" 7 C.

4tk0 (0.150 m) v

b) When one charge is four times the other, we have:

F = 0.220 N = — — 7 =>o = J l .3 7 5 x 10' 13 C2 = 3 .7 1 x l 0 ’! C

4jk0 (0.150 m) v
So one charge is 3.71 x 10 ”7 C, and the other is 1.484 x 10"6 C.

21.8: a ) I h e total number o f electrons on each sphere equals the number of protons.

,7 0.0250 k g in24
ra = rc = 13 x N , x = 7.25 x 10 .
p Á 0.026982 kg/m ol
b) F o r a forcé o f 1.00 x 104 N to act between the spheres,

F = lO4 N = - 1— % = > ? = (104 N ) (0 .0 8 m )2 = 8 .4 3 x 10 '4 C.

4a:s0 r
15
0' = q / e = 5 .2 7 x 1 0
c) nc is 7.27 x 10 10 o f the total number.

21.9: T he forcé o f gravity m ust equal the electric forcé.

i q1 2 i
m e = -----------=> r = -------------
(1.60xio ~19 c f oco 2
T{-------------- — = 25.8 m = > r = 5.08 m.
4 tt£0 r 2 4«fio (9.11 X 10-31 kg)(9.8 m /s)

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21.10: a) Rubbing the glass rod removes electróns from it, since it becornes positive.
7.50 nC = (7.50 x 10^ C) (6.25 x 1018 electrons/C) = 4.69 x 1010 electrons
(4.69 x 1010 electrons) (9.11 x 10“31 kg/electron) = 4.27 x 10"20 kg.
The rods mass decreases by 4 .27 x 10~¿0 kg.
b) The nnmber of electrons transferred is the same, but they are added to the mass of
the
plástic rod, which increases by 4.27 x 10 "20 kg.

21.11: F 2 is in the 4- x - direction, so F l must be in the - x - direction and q¡ is positive.

F¡. F ,
q¡ = (0.0200/0.0400)2|? ,| = 0.750 nC

2 1 .1 2 : a ) F - J - =* 0.200 N - J - ^ O x : I 0 * Q g ,
4 x £0 r 4 tt£0 (0.30 m)
= > ? 2 = + 3.64 x 10"6 C.
b) F = 0.200 N, and is attractive.

21.13: Since the charges are equal in sign the forcé is repulsive and of magnitu.de:
F = V = ( 3 .5 0 x l 0 ^ C ) ^ = a ] 7 2 N
r2 4jt£0(0.800 m)

21.14: W e only need the y-components, and each charge contributes equally.
„ 1 (2 .0 x 1 0 -* C ) ( 4 x 1 0-6 C ) .
F = ------ -------------------——t sin a = 0.173 N (since sin a = 0.6).
4ror0 (0 .5 0 0 m)2
Therefore, the total forcé is 2 F = 0.35 N , downward.

21.15: F¿ and F : are both in the -fx-direction.

F2 = ¿ 1 ^ 1 = 6 .7 4 9 x 1 0' 5 N, F3 = ¿ ^ f ^ = 1 .1 2 4 x l O '4 N
*12 *13

F = F + F, = 1.8 x 10-4 N, in the +.x-direction.

-6
21.16: F 51 = ( ^ L 109 N -m 2/ C 2) ( 2 0 . x l 0 0 ( 2 .0 X 1 0 * 0
(0.60m )
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F qj is equal and opposite to F iQ (Ex. 21.4), so
(Fe i)_ = .-0 .2 3 N
f e l = 0 -1 7 N

Overall:
F x = -0 .2 3 N
F y = 0.100 N + 0.17 N = 0.27 N

The magnitude of the total forcé is ^/(0.23 N) 2 4- (0.27 N)2 = 0.35 N. The cürection of
the forcé, as measuied from the +y axis is

9 - tan”1 - A0°
0.27

21.17: F 2 is in the 4- x -direction.

F2 = = 3.37 N, so F 7x = +3.37 N
rl2
F x = F 2x 4- F ix and F x = -7 .0 0 N
F3x = F x - F 2x= - 7 .0 0 N - 3.37 N = -1 0 .3 7 N

For F3x to be negative, q3 must be on the -¿c-axis.

F3 = k '[— 1^1, s o U = = 0 .1 4 4 m, so x = - 0 .1 4 4 m
* V F,

21.18: The charge q3 must be to the right of the origin; otherwise both q 2 and q3 would
exert forces in the + x direction. Calculating the magnitude of the two force s:
F 1 g&2 (9 x 1 0 ? N •m2/C 2)(3.00 x 10”6 C )(5 .0 0 x l0 ^ C)
21 ~~ 4xs0 r¿ ~ (0.200 m)2
= 3.375 N in tlie -h x direction.

( 9 x 1 09 N m 3/ C 2) (3.00 xlO ”6 C) (8 .0 0 x 1 0 ^ C)
F 3i = -------------------------------------2-----------------------------------
ni
0.216 N •m 2 . , .
= -------------- inthe—x direction

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 0.216 N •m 1
r, a = = 0.0208 m
3.375 N + 7.00 N
r13 = 0.144 m to the right of the origin

21.19: F = F [ 4- F 7 and F = F 2 + F l since they are acting in the same direction at

y = - 0.400 m so,

1.50 x 10"9 C 3 .20 x 1 o -9 C '

F = — — (5.00 x JO’ 9 C) = 2 .5 9 x 1 0 N downward.
AlZSc (0.200 m)5 (0 .4 0 0 m)J

21.20: F = F¡ + F 2 and F = F l - F2 since they are acting in opposite directions at

x = 0 so,
4 .0 0 x 10"9 C 5 .0 0 x 10-9 C '
F = — — ( 6 .0 0 x 1 0 "9 C) = 2.4 x 10 N to the righL
4 7t£c ( 0.200 m)5 (0.300 m f

21.2 1 : a)

qQ IqQa
b) F = 0 ,F = 2 sin
47üs: (a~ -\-x7) 4 7t£: ( a 2 4- x 2

c) A tx = 0, F y = — — in the 4- y direction.
4 7i£: a'

d)

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21.2 2 : a)

b) F , = - 2 - ^ — ■_ e o s0 = ~ ~ . 2, . 2n3/2 ’, F y
V= 0
4 7t£0 (a 4- x ) 4 ks ; (a 4- x )

c ) Al x = 0, F = 0.
d)

21.23:
------------
1

/.

1---------------- 4K ”
\
\

b) F = — (1 1 o ./ o ^ 1 ?2 at an angle of 45° below the

2¿ 4 7Z£q L‘ v ’ “ 14ice^ 2 Ü
positive.x-axis

21.24: a) E = — — ? _ j _ ff-QQ* *0 = 432 n /C , down toward theparticle.

4 tt£0 r 7 4 tü£0 (0.250 m)2

(3 . ° o x i ° - c ) = i_5 0 m .
b) E = 12.00N /C = r=
4 ks0 r 2 \4xs0 (12.0 N /C )

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21.25: Let +.x-direction be to the righL Find ax :
v0x = + 1 .5 0 xlO 3 m /s , vx = - 1 .5 0 xlO 3 m /s , í = 2.65 x 1 o -6 s, a x = l
vx = v0x + ayt gives ay = - 1 .1 3 2 x 109 m /s2
F x = may = -7 .5 1 6 x l 0 “18 N
jP is to the left ( - x - direction), charge is positive, so É is to the left.
E = F /^ = (7 .5 1 6 x 10"18 N ) / [(2 )(1 .6 0 2 x 1 0"19 C )]= 2 3 .5 N /C

21.26: (a) x = ±at

m. 2 '4 - » ^ L « I . 0 0 , 10" » / s =
r (3 .0 0 x 10 s)

p_ F ma (9.11 x 10 kg) (1.00 x 10 m /s )

~ q ~ q ~ 1.6 x 10' 19 C
= 5.6 9 N /C

The forcé is up, so the electric field must be downward since the electrón is negative.
(b) The electrones acceleration is ~ 1011 g, so gravity must be negligibly small
compared to the electrical forcé.

21 .2 7 : a ) \q\E= mg => \q\= <0 0 0 1 4 j k§ H 9 -8 °V S‘ ) = 2.19 x 10"5 C, siga is aegative.

m s m 6 5 0 N /C

b) q E = m g => E = ( L 6 / X l ° k g)(9.S m /s ) = ^ 7 upward

' H 5 1.60 x 10 C v

21 .2 8 : a ) g - J - * - J - P 6 » 1•«>x f - 1 .0 4 x 1 Q'~N /C .
4xs0 r2 4 ®£0 ( 6 .0 0 x 1 0 m)

b) ¿ w - T
4 xs-0 rl - T4 k£- z (5 .2 9 x 1 0 % - ^-1^ 10“ n / c .
m)

21.29: a) q = - 5 5 .0 x 10-6 C, and F is downward with magnitude

6.20 x 10 "9 N. Títere fui e, E = F / q = l. 13 x 10"4 N /C , upward
b) If a copper nucleus is placed at that point, it feels an upward forcé of magnitude
F = q E = (2 9 )-1 .6 x 10”19C - 1.13 x 10"4 N /C = 5 .2 4 x 10"” N.

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21.30: a) The electric fie Id of the Earth points toward the ground, so a NEGATIVE
charge will hover above tlie sur face.
wg = g £ = > g = _ ( 6 0 .0 k g ) ( 9 8 m /s‘) = _ 1 9 2 C
150 N /C

b) F = —— = — -------C) = 1.38 x 10 7 N. The magnitude of the charge is

4 tts0 r 7 (100.00 m)2
too great for practical use.

21.31: a) Passing between the charged plates the electrón feels a forcé upward, and just
misses the top píate. The distance it travels in they-direction is 0.005 m. Time of flight
= t = 1600,™ ° = 1.25 x 10 -8 s and initialy-velocity is zero. Now,

y=V Ta^ so 0-005 m = 2 a ( l x *0 8 s)7 => a = 6.40 x 1013 m / s2. But also
~ _ F - eE E -_ (9 .1 1 x l 0 - 3 , kfiX: 6 .4 0 x lO , 5 m / S 7) _
1.60 x 1 0 " 19 C

b) Since the proton is more massive, it will accelerate less, and NOT hit the piales.
To find the vertical displacement when it exits the plates, we use the kinematic equations
again:

y = — at7 = — (1.25 x 10"8 s) 2 = 2 .7 3 x 10-í m.

2 2 mí
c ) As mention in b), the proton will not hit one of the plates because although the
electric forcé felt by the proton is the same as the electrón felt, a smaller acceleration
results for the more mas sive proton.
d) The acceleration produced by the electric forcé is much greater than g; it is
reasonable to ignore gravity.

21.32: a)

4K e r f (0.0400 m f
¡i J , % _ ( 9 , l l f N . m V C = )(3. 0 0 , 1 0 ^ C ) _ 1 0 8 y l 0 . N
1 1 r7 (0.0300m ) + (0.0400 m )7

Theangle o f É 2, measured from the .x-axis, is 1 8 0 - t a n 126. 9° Thus

É 2 = (1.080 x 104 N /C ) ( i eos 126.9° 4- j sin 126.9°)

= ( - 6.485 x 103 N / C) / + (8.64 x 103 N / C) j

b) The resultant fie Id is

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 £', + £ ', = ( - 6.485 x 10 3 N /C) / + ( - 2.813 x 104 N /C + 8.64 x 103 N /C ) j

= ( - 6 . 4 8 5 x l 0 3 N /C ) f - (1 .9 5 x 1 04 N /C ) j

21.33: Let 4- x be to the rightand + y be downwarcL

Use the horizontal motion to find the time when the electrón emerges from the
field:
x - x 0 = 0.0200 m, ax = 0,v 0x = 1.60 x 106 m / s , t = l
x - x 0 = v0xí 4- 7¡axt2 gives t = 1.25 x 10-8 s

v = 1 .6 0 x 1 0 * m /s
y ~ y o = 0.0050 m, Vo = 0, í = 1.25 x 10 s s, v = ?

y -y o = t gives v = 8.00 x 105 m /s

v = ^vl + v ¡ = 1 .7 9 x i o 6 m /s

21 .3 4 : a ) É = .-\ 1 n / C i + 1 4 N /C /, so E = ^ ( - 1 1)2 + (14)2 = 17.8 N /C .

0 = tan" 1 ( - 1 4 / 1 1 ) = - 5 1 . 8 o, s o 0 = 128° counterclockwisefromthe.x-axis
b ) F = ¿ ? so F = (17.8 N /C ) (2.5 x 10"® C ) = 4.45 x 10"8 N, i) at - 5 2 ° (repulsive)
ii) at + 1 2 8 ° (repulsive).

21 .3 5 : a ) Fg = mcg = (9.11 x 10 "31 kg) (9.8 m / s 2) = 8.93 x 10"30 N. Fc = eE =

(1 .6 0 x 1 0"19 C ) (1 .0 0 x 1 0 " N /C ) = 1 .6 0 x 1 0"15 N. Y es, ok to neglect F&
because Fc » Fs.
b) £ = 304 N /C ^ > F „ = 1 .6 x l 0 " ‘s N = mg => m = 3 .63x 10"'s kg
m = 1 .7 9 x lO ‘V .
c) No. The field is uniform.

2 1 .3 6 : a ) x = l * ’ = 1 ^ = *fi = ^ 0 ly P 7 - 10^ ) =148 N /C

2 2 mp (1.60 x 1 0 C) (1.50 x 10_o s)

b) v = vo + at = ——t = 2.13 x 104 m /s .

m.

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 -1 .3 5 ' 71 \ , , _i 02' 71 . J2- J2 ,
21.37: a) tan-1 = --------- = r-i b) tan = —,/ ' = 1+ /
0 , 2 ^-2 J 4 2 2
2.6
c) tan-i = 1.97 radians = 112.9°, r = - 0 .3 9/ + 0.92j (Second quadrant).
1.10

21 .3 8 : a ) E = 614 N / C , F = q E = 9 .8 2 x 10‘ 17 N.
b) F = e 1/ Ajce0 (l.O x 10~10) 2 = 2 .3 x 10~® N.
c ) Part (b) » Part (a), so the electrón hardly notices the e lee trie fielcL A person in
the el ec trie field should no tice nothing if physiological effeets are based solely on
magnitude.

21.39: a) L et+ .x be east.

E is westand q is negative, so F is eastand the electrón speeds up.
F„ =|q |E = (1.602 x 10' 19 C ) (1.50 V /m ) = 2.403 x 10~‘9N
ax = F J m = (2 .4 0 3 x 10~19 N )/(9 .1 0 9 x 10_31kg) = + 2.638 x l 0 “ m /s5

v0í = + 4 .5 0 x 1 0 5 m /s , ^ = + 2 .6 3 8 x 1 0 “ m /s5 , * - x 0 = 0.375 m ,v , = ?

vl = VL + 2ax(x - x 0) gives v, = 6.33 x l O5 m/s
b) q > 0 so F is west and the proton slows down.
F ,= - \ q \ E = - (1 .6 0 2 x 1 0"19 C) (1.50 V /m ) = - 2.403 x 10' 19 N

ax = F x/ m = ( - 2.403 x 10' 19 N ) /(1.673x 10 '57kg) = -1 .4 3 6 x 1 0 ® m /s 5

v0¡t = + 1 .9 0 x 10“ m /s , ax = -1 .4 3 6 x 10® m /s 2 , x - % = 0.375 m , v , = ?

v\ = v5o* + 2 ax{ x - x¿) gives v , = 1.59 x 104 m /s

21.40: Pointcharges ql (0.500 nC) and q7 (8.00 nC) are separatedby .x = 1.20m . The
electric field is zero when E, = E 2 => . => q~r? = q, (1.2 - r, )2 =

q r f - 2q{ (1.2>í + 1.22* => f e -*,> • * + 2 ( 1 .2 ) ^ - (1.2)2* = 0 or 7 .5 ^ 4 l .2 r 4 - 0.72 = 0

r¡ = 4- 0.24, - 0.4 rY= 0.24 is the point between.

21.41: Two positive charges, q , are on the .x-axis a distance a from the origiiL
a) Halfway between them, E = 0.

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 1 <2 <2 x \< a
4r,eo ^(a + x f

i-j
(a

1
r
1 <2 <2
b) A tany position x , E = , x >a
4 ks0 ^(a + x f (a - x f )
\
-1 <2 <2 , x < —a

lO
4 ks0 ^(a + x f (a

1
For graph, see below.

y F,

21.42: The point where the two fields cancel each other will have to be closer to the
negative charge, because it is smaller. Also, itcant’tb e between the two, since the two
fields would then act in the same direction. W e could use Coulombes law to calcúlate the
actual valúes, but a simpler way is to note that the 8.00 nC charge is twice as large as the
—4.00 nC Charge. The zero point will therefore have to be a factor of y¡2 farther from the
8.00 nC charge for the two fields to have equal magnitude. Calling the discance from
the -4 .0 0 nC charge:
1.20 + x = y¡2x
x = 2.90 m

21.43: a) Point charge ql (2.00 nC) is at the originand q 7 ( - 5 .0 0 n C ) is at

x = 0.800 m.

i) A t j: = 0 .2 0 0 m , £ = k^ 1 + k 1^ = 575 N /C rig h t.
( 0.200 m)2 (0.600 m )2

ii) A t = 1 .2 0 m , £ = ^ !g i l , + fe|gl 1, = 269 N /C left

(0.400 m) 2 (1.20 m) 2

iii) At x = - 0.2 0 0 m , E = k^ , + k ^g2 L = 405 N /C left.

( 0.200 m)2 (1.00 m)
b) F = - e E i) F = 1.6 x 10~19 C -5 7 5 N /C = 9 .2 x 10'1! N left, i i ) F =

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1.6 x 1CT19 C •269 N /C = 4.3 x 1 0 '1! N right, iii) F = 1.6 x 1CT19 •405 = 6.48 x 10 '1JN right.

21.44: A positive and negative charge, of equal magnitude q , are on the .x-axis, a
distance a ffom the origin.
1 2^7
a) Halfway between them, E = y , to the lefL
4 tc£: a '
r
1 -q q , \x\<a
4 **0 ^(a + x f (a - x )
r
1 -q q
b) A tany position x , E = , x >a
4 x s 0 K( a + x f (a - x )
r
1 -q q , x < —a
4 x s 0 v_(a + x f (a - x )
with “+ Mto the right
This is graphed below.

b) A t x = 0.3 m, y = 0 :

É = —^— (6 .0 0 x 10-9 C) i = 2 6 6 7 / N /C .
4 TZSr, (0 .1 5 m )2 (0.45m )2

c) A t x = 0.15 m, y = - 0 .4 m :

-1 1 0 .3 ; 1 0.4 \
¿r = —!—(6.ooxi o-9 c)
4;is* (0 .4 m) (0.5m ) 0.5 l ~ ---------
(0.5 my 0.5
É = ( 1 2 9 .6 /-5 1 0 .3 ^ ) N /C = > £ = 526.5 N /C and 0 = 75.7° down from the x-axis.

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 0.2 >
2 (6 .0 0 x 1 0"9 C)
0.25 ,
d) x = 0, y = 0.2 m : E = = 1 3 8 2 ; N /C
4K£, (0.25 m)'

21.46: Calcúlate in vector form the electric field for each charge, and add them.
-1 (6.00 x 10”9 C) í
E = i = - 1 5 0 / N /C
4 K£, (0.6 m)"

-1
E = ( 4 .0 0 x 1 0"9 C) y (0 .6)/ + ------------=-(0.8) j = 2 1.6/ + 28.8y N /C
47Í£, (1.00 m )2 (1.00 m)
28.8
E = ^/(128.4)2 -+ (2 8 .8)2 = 1 3 1 .6 N /C , at 0 = tan = 12.6 up fforn
128.4
- j:axis.

2 1 .4 7 : a ) Al the origin, F = - . ] 2 (6 '„°.X. 10 = -4 8 0 0 1 N /C .

4^ 0 (0 .1 5 m )‘
b) A t x = 0.3 m , y = 0 :

E = (6 .0 x 10“9C) i = 2133/ N /C .
4K€P (0.15 m ) (0.45 m )'
c) A t x = 0.15 m, y = - 0 .4 m :
-1 ; 1 0 .3 ; 1 0.4 ;
£■ = —!— (6 .0 X 1 0 -9 C) 7 í J --------------- 2 J
47l£r (0.4 m )‘ " (0.5 m f 0.5 (0.5 m)5 0.5

E = ( - 1 2 9 .6 í - 1 6 4 . 5 / ) N /C => E = 209 N /C and 6 = 232° clockwise from

x - axis.

d, . 0,y . 0.2 n ,: E , J - -1037,’ N /C

4 7 l£ r (0.25 m)

X 1.5 xlO -10 C /m

21.48: For a long straight wire, E = r= = 1.08 m.
2 7ce0r 2 ^ 0(2 .5 N /C )

21.49: a) For a wire o f length 2a centered at the origin and lying along the v-axis, the
electric field is givenby Eq. (21.10).

b) For an infinite linc of chargc:

2 tI£qX
Graphs of electric field versus position for both are shown below.
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 ='

21.50: For a ring o f charge, the electric field is given by Eq. (21.8).
l Q x
a ) F .= i so with
4 7zs: ( x 2 + a 2)3/2

Q = 0.125 x 10^ C , a = 0.025 m a n d * = 0 .4 m =í> É = 7 .0 / N /C .

b) / oLn n™
ng = - io7™
nq = - Q E = - ( - 2.50 x 10"6 C ) (7 .0 / N /C ) = 1.75 x 10 5/ N

21.51: For a uniformly charged disk, the electric field is given by Eq. (21.11):

E = 1-
2£r V* 4/ * 4 + 1
The .x -component of the electric field is shown below.

21.52: The earth’s electric field is 150 N / C , directly downward So,

E = 150 = =>a = 300¿0 = 2.66 x 10~9 C /m 2 , and is negative.

2¿0

21.53: For an infinite plañe sheet, E is constantand is given by E = directed

2í 0
perpendicular to the snrfare.

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 4 x ícr9 -%■
so E = — = 226 N / C directed toward the sur face.
2&

21.54: B y superposition we can add the electric fields from two parallel sheets of charge.
a) E = 0.
b) E = 0.

c ) E = 2-^— = — , directed downward.

¿o

21.55:

<A>

<c>

+a

21.56: The fie Id appears like that of a point charge a long way from the diskand an
infinite plañe cióse to the disk’s center. The fie Id is symmetrical on the rightand left (not
shown).
! \ S

21.57: An infinite Une of charge has a radial fie Id in the plañe through the wire, and
constan! in the plañe of the wire, mirror-imaged about the wire:

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 Cross section through the wire: Plañe of the wire:

Length of vector does not depend on angle. Length of vector gets shorter at
pointa furthcr away from wire.

21.58: a) Since field lines pass from positive charges and toward negative charges, we
can deduce that the top charge is positive, middle is negative, and bottom is positive.

b) The electric field is the smallest on the horizontal line through the middle charge,
at two positions on either side where the field lines are least dense. Here the y-
components of the field are cancelled between the positive charges and the negative
charge caneéis the ^-component of the field from the two positive charges.

21 .5 9 : a ) p = qd= > (4.5 x 10 ^ C )(0.0031 m ) = 1.4 x 10 -11 C •m , in the dirección from

and towards q7 .
b) If E is at 36.9°, and the torque z = p E sin 0, then:
_ z 7 .2 x 1 o -9 N -m
E = --------- = -------------- n = 856.5 N /C .
p sin^ (1.4 xlO ”u C m ) sin 36.9°

2 1 .6 0 : a ) d = p / q = (8 .9 x 10-30 C - m ) /( 1 .6 x 10' C) = 5.56 x 10

-v-24
b) ^ = p E = (8.9 x 10-30 C -m )(6.0 x 10 5 N /C ) = 5.34 x 10-24 N - m.
Máximum torque:

Na

O
C1

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21.61: a) Changing the orientation of adipole ffom parallel to perpendicular yields:
A U = U f - U¡ = - (p E c o s 9 0 ° - p E eos0o) = + (5 .0 x 10"30 C -m )(1 .6 x 106 N /C ) =
+ 8 x 1 0 "24 J.

2(8 x 1O"24 J)
b) —kT = 8 x 10"24 J => !F = = 0.384 K.
3(1.38 xlO _MJ / K )

6 .1 7 x 1 o -30 C -m
¿?dlm b( 3 .0 0 x l 0 -9 m) =
dipols
= 4.11
2 7T£0X' 2?t£0(3 .0 x 10"9 m)3
x 10S N /C . The electric forcé
F = q E = (1.60 x 10-19 C )(4 .1 1 x 10s N /C ) = 6.58 x lO-13 N and is toward the water
molecule (negative x-direction).

(y + ¿ / 2 ) 2 - ( y - ¿ / 2 )' 2 yd
21.63: a)
( y - d f 2 )2 ( y + d / 2)2 ( 7 - ¿ 2/4 )2 (y W /4 ):
q 2yd qd y .. p
4 ^ 0 (y2 - d 7 4 )2 2 tk( (y 2 - d 7/ 4 f 2 tk0/
b) This also gives the correct expression for ü^since y appears in the full
expression’s denominator squared, so the signs carry through correetly.

21.64: a) The magnitude of the field the due to each charge is

E =
4 r 4 7Ü£, ( d / 2)2 + x 2)
where d is the distance between the two charges. The.x-components of the forcés due to
the two charges are equal and oppositely directed and so cancel each other. The two
fields have equal y-components, so:
2q
E = 2E . = sin.
47C£r (¿ / 2)
where 6 is the angle below the .x-axis for both fields.
d /2 ,
sm u =
2 •¿ 2
thus

í d /2 qd
dipole 2q 1 1
l 4^0 t ( ¿ / 2)2 + x2J { 4 ( d / 2 f + x \ 4 * Í0( ( ¿ / 2 ) 2 + x 2)3' 2

The field is the - y directions.

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 b ) A t large x » (d / 2 )2, so the relation sh ip red u ces to the ap p roxim ation s
qd
E dipofc . 3
4 7 l£ 0 X

21.65:

& /'2.V
The dipoles attract
^ ^ ^ = 0, F , = F ly + F 2y = 2F,„

b) ____

Opposite charges are closest so the dipoles attract.

21.6 6 : a)
C O -« O O **-C D W

The torque is zero when p is aligned either in the same direction as E or in the
opposite directions
b) The stable orientadon is when p is aligned in the same direction as E
c)

21.67:

>'• sin# = 1 .5 0 /2 .0 0 so 9 = 48.6°

Opposite charges attract and like charges repel.
f , = í ; , + f 2i = o

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 l w l . ^ 5 . 0 0 , 11^ 0 , 10.0 , 10" C ) , . u .2 4 y , 0, N
(0.0200 m )‘
F{ij- = - F [ sin # = -8 4 2 .6 N
F7y = -8 4 2 .6 N so F y = Fly + F2>; = -1 6 8 0 N
(in the direction fforn the 4- 5.00 - ¡¿Ccharge toward the - 5.00 - piCcharge).
b)

1.5ÍI
on

r.

The y - components have zero momentarmand therefore zero torque.

F[y and F 2x both produce clockwise torques.
Flx = F[ cosQ = 743.1 N
z = 2 ( ^ X 0 .0 1 5 0 m )= 22.3 N -m , clockwise

21.68: a) F n = 1 <?1?3 C O S & ' i m i sin 6/

4ror0 ra 4jk0 f¡3
(5.00 nC)(6.00 nC) 4 , 1 (5.00 nC)(6.00 nC) 3j
i- 4 1
4ns0 ((9.00 + 1 6 .0 ) X 10"* m) 5 4 ^ 0 ((9.00 + 1 6 .0 ) x 10 Tu) 5
=> F 13 = +(8.64 x 10"5 N)/ + (6.48 x 10"5 N)j.
Similarly for the forcé from the other charge:
K J ± s * . } = - i L q o o "C )(6.oo n o . = -20 x 10.4 .
23 4jcí0 4 4to 0 (0.0300 m)2
Iherefore the two forcé components are:
F.. = 8.6 4 x 10~5 N F.. = 6 .4 8 x 1 0 '5 - 1 2 .0 x l 0 ' 5 = - 5 .5 2 x 1 0 ‘5N

/ F 2 + F ¿ = ,/(8 .6 4 x 10"5 N)2 + ( - 5 .5 2 x l 0 “5 N) 2 = 1 .0 3 x 1 0 " N, and

b ) Thus, F = %
the angle is 9 = arctan(f^,/ F x) = 32.6,below th ex axis

2 1 .6 9 : a ) F , = qQ qQ i qQ
4 tz£0 ( a 4- x ) 4 7i£0 ( a - x ) 4 jze: a ' (1 + x j a f (1 - x ' á f

F -4 — qQ x. But this is
9 4 tz£0 a a a 4 7Z£0 a
the equation o fa simple harmonic oscillator, so:
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 b) If the charge was placed on the y-axis there would be no restoring forcé if q and
g h a d the same sign. It would move straight out from the origin along the y-axis, since
the x-components of forcé would cancel.

21.70: Examining the forces: ZF_ = T ú n O - F ' = 0 and Z F = F eo s# - m g = 0.

So cozd = Fc = ^á 7- B u t t a n ( ? ~7 4L = > ¿ 3 = ^m g= > ¿ = (_Z£_)l/3

\7íi£0m g }

21.71: a)

i i

b) Using the same forcé analysis as in problem 21.70, we find:

q = 4x£0d 7m g tan 9 and

d = 2- (1.2)sin25 => q == ^¡4ks0 (2 - (1.2) •sin 25o)2 tan 25°(0.015 kg)(9.8 0 m / s2) => q
2 .7 9 x 10"s C.
c ) From Problem 21.70, m g tan# =

(8.99 x 109 Nm2/C )(2 .7 9 x 10* C)2

sin# = — => tan# = --------= —----------------------- ------------ -— —--------—= ------
.2 * .
2L m óg(2L
V )/ sin # -4r ^(0v .6m)
. u u i ^ (0.015j kg)(9.8
.i-i umi j/so )sin
pj i i i 6
Iberefore tan# = . Numerical solution of this transcendental equation leads to
0 = 39.5°.

21.72: a) Free body diagram as in 21.71. Each charge still feels equal and opposite
electric forces.

b) T = m g / co s2 0 ° = 0.0834 N so Fe = 2" sin 20° = 0.0285 N = (Note:

r i
r{ = 2(0.5 00 m)sin20° = 0 .342 m .)

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 c ) From part(b), q{q2 = 3 .7 1 x 1 0 13 C2.
d) The charges on the spheres are made equal by connecting them with a wire, but
we still have Fc = mg tan 9 = 0.0453 N = — where Q = s^ 2-. But the separation r2 is

known: r2 = 2(0.500 m) sin 30° = 0.500 m Henee: Q = Fer7?

= 1.12 x 10"6 C. This equation, along with that from part (b), gives us two equations in
^ a n d q2. q [ + q 2 = 2.24 x 10”6 Cand q[q2 = 3.70 x 10”13 C 2.B y elimination, substitution
andafler solving theresultingquadratic equation, we find: ql = 2 .0 6 x 1 0 ”6 Cand
q2 = 1 . 8 0 x l 0 ”7 C .

21.73: a) 0.100 mol NaCl => m Fa = (0.100 m ol)(22.99 g /m o l) = 2.30 g

=> mcl = (0.100 m ol)(35.45 g / mol) = 3.5 5 g
Also the number of ions is (0.100 mol)ATA = 6 .0 2 x 1022 so the charge is:
q = (6.02 x 10 22)(1.60 x 10 ”19 C) = 9630 C.The forcé between two such charges is:

F = = <9 63° > \ = 2 .0 9 x 10^ n .

■te0 r ¿ t e c ( 0.0200 m f

b)a = F / m = ( 2 .0 9 x l 0 21 N )/(3 .5 5 xlO "3 kg) = 5 .8 9 x 1 023m /s 5.

c) With such a large forcé between them, it does not seem reasonable to think th
sodium and chlorine ions could be separated in this way.

kq2q2 (2.5 x 10”9 C) 4.5 x 10^ C

21 .7 4 : a) F , - 4 .0 x 10' 6 N - ^ + 2 = kq2
ri¡ r23 (-0 .3 m)' (+0.2 m)'
4 .0 x 10 N
q, = — = 3.2 nC.
(1262 N /C )
b) The forcé acts on the middle charge to the righL
c ) The forcé equals zero if the two forces from the other charges cancel. Because of
the magnitude and size of the charges, this can only occur to the left of the negative
kqi kq2
charge q 2. Then: F 13 = F,23 where x is the distance
(0.300 - x ) 2 (-0 .2 0 0 - x ) 7
from the origin. Solving for x we find: x = - 1 .7 6 m. The other valué of x v/as between
the two charges and is not allowed.

21 .7 5 : a ) F = + — q(?q)
, , toward the lower the left charge. The other
4¡t£0 ( L / y ¡ 2 f 4xe0 L
two forces are equal and opposite.

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 o<•
o
-¿(7
<v

b) The upper left charge and lower right charge have equal magnitude forcés at right
angles to each other, resulting in a total forcé of twice the forcé of one, directed toward
the lower left charge. So, all the forces sum to:
9 (3? ) V2 , q (3q)
F = 3 'J l + — N.
4 K£r L (M r 4xs0L 2

2 1 .7 6 : a ) E ( p ) = — —

b) E ( p ) = -^— - % ( ( } - a / y yf + 0 + a ¡ y ) '
te 0y
2a 3 a' 2a 3a 2
1
-f — r + - - + 1 ------- 4- —= - + -------2
y y y y
1
Note thata point charge drops offlike - i 2- andai dipole ^ like 3
y y
21.77: a) The field is all in the * -direction (the rest caneéis). From th
i ^ i
g _ v E — ____ - _______ _______________
f c 0 a -t-
+ x.x2 ^ t e 0 a J + j*:! ^¡a 7 + x 2 4¡zs0 (a
' *'<¿0u
(Each + q contributes this). From the - 2q :

F = _ 1 2?-x 2q) 3 2? ,
?
* /l
x
tolal 4
(0
/ 2 . 2\3/2
4 - .x; ) ' jc

1_2q 1 3#a2
b) — i \ - 342x -1 ------------— , for x » s
4 x s0 X 4;t£0 x

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 Note that a point charge diops off like andadipole like \

2 0 .0 g
21.78: a) 20.0 g carbón = 1.67 mol carbón => 6(1.67) = 10.0 mol
12.0 g/m ol
electrons => q = (10.0)A^a (1.60 x 10"19C) = 0.963 x 106 C. This much charge is placed at
the earth’s poles (negative atnorth, positive at south), leading to a forcé:
1 g _ 1 (0.963 xl0°C)
F = = 5.13 x 107N.
(’ 2 Jc aLi t hJ' 2 “ 4 * s 00 (1 .2 7 6 x l0 7m )2
'0

b) A positive charge at the equator of the same magnitude as above will fe el a

forcé in the south-to-north direction, perpendicular to the eartlTs surface:

F =2 sin 45c
4 ^ o ( 2 R c *ih )

= > F = 2 ^ _ 4

4iií0 y¡2 (1.276 x l 07m)'

21.79: a) With the mass of the book about 1.0 kg, most of which is protons and
neutrons, we find: #protons = |(1.0 k g )/(1.67 x 10"27 kg) = 3.0 x 10 25. Thus the charge
difference present if the electrones charge was 99.999% of the protones is
£¡q = (3 .0 x 1026)(0.00001)(L 6 x 10' 19 C ) = 4 8 0 C.
b) F = k ( A q f j r 1 = £ (4 8 0 C ) '/( 5 .0 m)5 = 8.3 x 10 13 N - repulsive.The acceleration
a = F / m = (8.3 xlO 13 N ) /( l kg) = 8 .3 x 1013 m /s 5 .
c ) Thus even the slightest charge imbalance in matter would lead to explosive
repulsión!

21.80: (a)

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 F ct(°n central charge) =
4 7T£0 ( b - X )2 4 x £: (b 4 X )2

4 tk> (Z> - * ) 2 (Z>4* ) 2

* 2 (b + x ) * - ( b - x ) 2 <?2 4fex
4;gs0 ( b - x ) 2(b 4 x ) 24 7i£; ( b - x ) 2 ( b 4 x ) 2
For x « b, tliis expression becomes
rP
q *-
bx q-2
F ncl YT = J x direction is opposite to x.
x£0 b b x£0b

(b)
N '
Z F = m a : - ^ne-b
- r x = m ^dt -

d 2x
dr mx£0b'
2
1 q
co = = 2* / - » / =
y mx£0b' 2k y mx£0b*
,-5 7
(c) # = e , ¿>= 4.0 x 10- 10m, m = 1 2 a m u = 12 (1 .6 6 x 10”" kg)

i r ~ (1.6x10’19c f
f= = 4 .2 8 x 1 0 Hz
2n V 12(1.66 x 10“27 kg>r(8.85 x 10~12 C2/N m 2)(4 .0 xlO “10 m ):

21 .8 1 : a ) m = p V = p(\iiri ) = (8 .9 x 103 k g / m 3)(±7r)(1.00x 1 0 '3 m )3 =

3.728 x 10~5 k g
n = m / M = (3 .7 2 8 x lO ’ 5 k g )(6 3 .5 4 6 x 1 0 ‘ 3 k g /m o l) = 5 .8 6 7 x 10-4 mol
N = nNA = 3.5 x 102° atoms
\20
(b) W = ( 2 9 ) ( 3 .5 x 10'") = 1 .0 1 5 x 1 022 electronsand protons
v-19 \22-
? o* = eNc - (0.99900)eN c = (0.100 x 10' 2)(1.602 x 10 '1" C )(l. 015 x 10“ ) = 1.6 C

F = k ^ = k q - « Q ’a = 2 . 3 x i 0‘° n
r2 (1.00 m) 2

21.82: First, the mass of the drop:

4 *(1 5 .0 x 1 0-6 m)3
m = p V = (1000 k g /m 3) = 1 .4 1 x 1 0 -ii

Next, the time of flight: t = D / v = 0 .0 2 /2 0 = 0.00100 s and the acceleration:

1 _ 2d 2(3.00 x 10-4 m ) ,.nn . 2
J v 7 - 600 m /s

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 (1.41 x l O"11 kg)(600 m / s )
= F ¡m = qE j m => q = nía j E = 1 .0 6 x 1 0 "
8 .0 0 xlO 4 N /C

21.83: F = e E F = O

a,. =

le E
a) vl = V0 y + 2ayAy = V0 sin2 a + K** when vy = 0
m.
2 ■2
_ v0m ,s.n a

1 ,
b) Ay = v0yt + - a yt

í = t aewhenAy = 0

1
0 = - v0 sin a + —a t

_ 2v0sin a
s o t , , = 0 , - 2 -------

or
2v0mp sin a
^orig
eE

eos a sin a

c)

, (4 x 10 5 m / s ) 2( l .67 x 10~27kg) sin2 30°

d) k =± ------------ = 0.42 m
2(1.6 xlO ' 19 C)(500 N /C )
2 (4 x 105m / s)2(1.67 x 1027 kg) eos 3 0o sin 30°
d = = 2.89 m
(1 .6 x 10-19 C)(500 N /C )

c' >
1 ?1 1 q2 1
21.84: a) £ = 5 0 N /C = "i" T Í2 = > ?2
1
1

4 k 8q r i2 4 ks0
O

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 47C£0E ~ = > ? , = ( 1 .2 m ) K S O . O N / c - t 4 -0 0 - 10; ^ = - 8 x l 0 "9 C.
(0.6 m)

1 1 q2
b) E = - 5 0 N /C = $ 2 =
4tt£0 r? 47T£0 rl 4k s{

-5 0 (4 .0 0 x 10”9 C )N
2 q r¡ = (1 .2 m ) 4 a * , ( - 3 0 .0 ) - = - 2 4 . 0 x 1 0’9 C.
k n (0.6 m)

-fc(16.0nC) *(1 2.0 nC) kq

2 1 .8 5 : £ = 12.0 N /C =
(3.00 m )2 (8 .0 0 m) 2 (5.00 m)2

12 1 .6 0 x 1 o -8 C 1.2 0 x 10”* C
=> £ = 25.0 m' f = +7.31 x 10 C = +73.1nC.
k 9 .0 m2 64.00 m2

1 dq Qdx
21.86: a) On the x-axis: d E = E =
4 k s, ( a + r ) ‘ 4 k £ , ¿ a { q 4- r — x ) '

i Q 1 1
. And Ey = O.
4 t¡£; a r a-Y r

i Q 1 1 2 qQ 1 1
b )If a 4- r = x , then £ = =;> F = q E =
4 7££0 a x —a x 4 x £0 a x —a x

c ) For x » a, F = -^ ^ ( ( 1 - a / x ) 1 - 1 ) = —^ ( 1 4- a j x - Y ------ 1) ^ ~
ax ax x

—— (Note that for x » r = x - a ™x.) Charge distribution looks likea point

4X£0 r
ffom far away.

kQ dy
21.87: a ) d E = -/ £^ , 7í \ / 2 . 2 \
with =
(x 4- y ) a (x + y ) a (x + y )

/ 2 . 2\3/2
. Thus:
a (x + y )

1 <3x f 4y 1 Qx <2
4?re0 a “ (j:2 + y 2) 3'’2 4ji:s0 a (x7 + a'2)[/'2 x 2 4 ks 0 x {x 7 + a 1)1^

F- i Q j ydy -1 8
2x1/2
31 4 ® ^ a J ( j :2 i y 2 ) 3 /2 4xc0 a x (x I a )

b) F = - q E and F = —q E where E and E are given in (a).

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 c) For x » a, F = i qQ (1 - ( 1 + a 2 / x 2)"1/2) «
4 K£; 2x 3 •
y 47L£; CX 4 7l£0 CX 2x
2 ^
Looks dipole-like in y-direction F r = - qQ
2'
4 h£0 X 4jl£0X

Looks point-like along .x-direction

21.88: a) From Eq. (22.9), E = Q

4 .^ 0 X y j x 2 + a2

( - 9 .0 0 x 1 o -9 C)
=>£■ = = ( - 1 .2 9 x 1 06 N /C )í.
4 ®£0 (2.5 x 10-3 m )y (2 .5 x 10-3 m)5 + (0.025 m )'

(b) The electric field is less than thatat the same distance from an infinite line of

1 2X -1 2 Q
charge ( E = = - 1 .3 0 x 1 0 N /C). This is because in the
4 ks 0 x 4 7t£: x2 a

X X
approximation, the terms left off were negative. 1-
27l£; jcll + ^ 2K£ 2a'

E c o - (Higher order terms).

c) For a 1% difference, we need the next highest term in the expansión that was left

off to be less than 0.0 1 :

2

< 0.01 => X < ay¡2(0.01) = 0 .025m ^2(0.0 1 ) => * < 0.35 cm.
2a-

2 1 .8 9 : (a) From Eq. (2 2 .9 ), E = Q

4jíí0 x\jx2 + a2

( - 9 .0 x 1 0 -9 C)
=>E = = (-7 8 5 8 N /C )¿.
4 ^ 0 (0 .100 m)yj(Z'. 100 m )2 + (0.025 m )'

b) The electric field is less than that at the same distance from a point charge (8100
/• n t
i e
N /C). SinceE. 1- = ípoim -(Higher order terms).
4 tls0 X 2x

c) For a 1 % difference, we need the next highest term in the expansión that was left

off to be less than. 0.0 1 :

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 2
Y Y « 0.01 => X « a y jl/(2 (0 .0 1 )) = 0 . 0 2 5 / 0 . 0 2 = > .x « 0 .1 7 7 m .

21.90: (a) On the axis,

-1/2 -1/2"
4 .00 pC /?r(0.025 m )2 ' (0.025 m)’ '
1- —V 1 1-
2í 0 X 2^o ^(0.0020 m ) ,

£ = 106 N /C , in the + .x-direction.

b) The electric field is less than that o f aa infinite sheet E„ = —— = 115 N / C.

2 £n

c) Finite disk electric field can be expanded using the binomial theorem since the
3

expansión terms are small: => E So the difference between the

2e( R 2 R:

infinite sheet and finite disk goes like — . Thus:

R
AE (x = 0.20 cm ) ~ 0 .2 /2 .5 = 0.08 = 8 % and AE (x = 0.40 cm)
« 0 .4 /2 .5 = 0 .1 6 = 16%.

- 1/2

R
21.91: (a) As in 22.72: E = 1-
2e,

- 1/2
4.0 0 p C /;r (0.025 m)' (0.025 m)'
1- E
2Sr ( 0.200 m )'

= 0.89 N /C in the -f .x-direction

b) x » £ , E = — [1 - (1 - R 2 / 2 x 7 + 3 R 4/ S x 4 - • • • ) ]
2£r,

a R ojiR ' Q
2s0 2x 4 ne: x 4 k £0x 2

c) The electric field of (a) is less than that of the point charge (0.90 N ¡C ) since the

correction term that was omitted was negative.

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 d) From above x = 0 .2 ^ = 0.01 = 1%. For r = 0 .1 m
0.89

5 * * = 3 .4 3 N /C
^poinl = 3.6 N /C

so (3 -6 - 3 -43> = 0 ,0 4 7 .5 % .
3.6

21 .9 2 : a ) f ( x ) = f ( - x ) : £ / (x)áx = £ f ( x ) d x + \ j ( x ) d x = j~° f ( - x )d ( - x ) +

J0 f(x )d x . Now replace - x with > : -> £ f ( x ) d x = £ f ( y ) d (y ) + Jo f ( x ) d x =

2 1° f(x )d x .

b) g ( x ) = ~ g ( ~ x ) : £ g (x )d x = £ g (x )d x + J° g(.x)<& = - £ ° - g(-.xX -< i (-.x)) -

j*<2 j*<2 j*<2

g(x)<¿x. Now replace - x with y : => £(*)<& = - g ( y )¿ (y ) + g(x)<& = 0.
Jo J-a Jo Jo

c ) The integrand in E y for Example 21.11 is odd, so E y= 0.

21.93: a) They-components o f the electric field cancel, and the x-components from both

charges, as given in problem 21.87 is:

1 -2 6 ri i ' 1 1
E = —✓iF 1 I.
4 x £0 a ,y (y 7 ^ 7) , , 7 / 4®r0 y y a ') " 7

1 Qqa
l i y » a ,F ~ 1 1Qq (1 - (1 - a 2/ 2y 2 + ■•• ) ) / = -
47i£0 ay 47t¿0 y

b) I f the point charge is now on. the x-axis the two charged parts of the rods provide

different forces, fhough still along the x-axis (see problem 21.86).

i Qq 1 1
i and F_ = q E_ = - 1 Qq 1 1
K =q£, =
4 ks 0 a x —a x 4xs0 a x x 4- a

So,
/*

F = F .+ F =
4 7i£0 a \ x —a x x+ay

'f \
i Qq a a a a ¡ = J_ 2 Q q a -.
For x » a , F 1 + — — -2 1 •+ —
4 x £0 ax X X x x' 47 £ : X3

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21.94: The electric field in the .x-direction caneéis the lefland righthalves of the

semicircle. The remainingy-componentpoints in the negativey-direction. The charge per

unit length o f the semicircle is:

Q kXdl kXdQ . KXsmQ dQ

X = — and d E = — -r—= -------- bui d E = d E sin 6 = ----------------.
iza a a a

2kX . 2kX i2 2kX 2kQ

So, E = ----- sin 0 dO = [-cosGJg' = ------ = — downward
jo
a iza

21.95: B y symmetry, E y = E y. For E y¡ compared to problem 21.94, the integral over the

angle is halved but the charge density doubles—giving the same result. Thus,

2 kX 2 kQ
F = E..y = 2 ’
a iza

mg
21.96: = 0 => T eos a = m g => T =
eos a
qa qa
V
¿—i F y = 0 => F sin a = — —
- => F = 2s; sin a
o2^0

917 - tan a==

eos a sin a 2s0mg

qa
a = are tan ---------
2 s0mg

2 1 .9 7 : a ) q E = lO m g => — = — = L 4 x l ° = 1429 k g /C .
q lOg 10(9.8 m / s )
b) 1429 1 m °l 6.0 2 x 10a carbons 1 .6 x l0 -19 C _ j j 5 x j q 10 carbons
C 12 x 10“3 k e m ol excesse" excess e ~
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2 1 .9 8 : a ) E , = E and Ex = l E ^ ^ ^ ^ Q= 2 - / - = = = = , where
4™ 0Xyjx7 + ( í J

r = “ =>F ^ F ^ 6
2 * 7i£0a2 ’ y jiSqO2
b) If all edges of the square had equal charge, the electric fields would cancel by
symmetry at the center of the square.

21.99: a)
DI
£ ( P ) _ I I K I . K I _ °- 0 2 0 0 C / m 2 °- 0 1 0 0 C I a? . °- 0 2 0 0 C /

2^o 2f0 2e0 2sr l£r le .

0.0100 c / m
E (P ) = = 5 .6 5 x 1 08 N /C , in the-.x-direction.
le ,

, r, /n . I cjJ I I I cj3 I 0.0200 C /m 2 0.0100 C /m 2 0.0200 C /m ‘

b) E (R )= 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1- 1 ' ‘ 1 '
2¿0 2£0 2¿0 le . l£r le .

0.0300 C / m
E (R ) = = 1 .6 9 x ] ( f N /C , in the+x-direction.
le .

I (7{ I + J_f_i
I a7 1+ |u3
1 1 0.0200 C /m 2 0.0100 C '/m 2 0.0200 C f/ m
c) £ ( 5 ) = + J—LL
2«0 2i 0 2«0 2í0 2 ío 2 ¿,
0.0500 C / m
E (S ) = = 2 .8 2 x l 0 9 N /C , in the + x-direction.
2¿,
M [fz \ _ \ ^ \ _ 0-0200 C /m 2 0.0100 C /m 2 0.0200 C / m
d) £ (T )
2e0 2¿0 2 f (1 2¿, le . le .

o.oiooc/ m
E (S ) = = 5.65 x 10 8 N /C , in the + jc-direction.
2¿„

^oa_I_ _ ^/^at_I_ = 2 .0 0 xlO "4 C /m 2

21 .1 0 0 : <7, = + 1 .1 3 x l0 7 N /m .
A A 2* 2*
/
^*on I I _ #^at H
4 .0 0 x 10”4 C / m
= (7-i = + 2 .2 6 x 107 N /m
A A 2¿, le .

F. + 1t7j |+ 1 - 6.0 0 x l 0~4 c/ m

= <7-, = - 3 .3 9 x 107 N /m
A le . le .
(Note that “+ ” means toward the right, and is toward the lefL)

2 1 .1 0 1 : B y inspection the fields in the different regions are as shown below:

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 G
E,= ( - i + k ), E„ = (+ /+ * )
, 2¿„, , 2 .0
r
G
Em = ( + i - h E rv = (-/-* )
, 2Í0, , 2¿o
r
a
:.E =
, 2*» X Z

x. y

111 IV

21.102: a) Q = Aa = jc{B% - íQ)o

b) Recall the electric field of a disk, Eq. (21.11): E = So,

2s.

E (x ) = 1- l / M /* ) * + ! . 1 —1 / v (^ i / x ) + 1 * 7 = > £ ( j0 = - ^ x
2er * 2¿o

jcy + i - i / v ^ / j c y - i p i .
.x

c) Note that 1 / * ) 5 +1 = ^ ( 1 + (jc / i?,)5) '1' 2 - V

2
r
G X X X í G r l 1) X
=> £ ( * ) = i , and sufficiently cióse means that
2|
c*T

tT0 A |x| 2^0 X

(x /R rf « 1 .

qG r l r ~~ Cú ~~ 1
1 %v ~~ vyiv.. \ t qa r l 1 '
d ) F = ?£ ( * ) p - - ffUK --/ t — -
2¿o ~ E¿ / 2tz 2 x \ 2s0m A

21.103: a) The four possible forcé diagrams are:

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Only the last pictuie can result in an electric field in the -.x-direction.
b) q[ = - 2 .0 0 p iC ,q i= 44.00, and#2 > 0.

c) E = 0 = <3\ s m y. - <37 sin

4 7i£; (0.0400 m)2 1 4iza, (0.0300 m)
9 sin 4 9 3 /5 27 ^
=> <37 = t t = 7 7 ?i 7 7 7 = — = 0.843 ^C.
16 sin^2 16 4 / 5 64

to = 56.2 N
d) F, = = ?,
0.0016 5 0.0009 5

21.104: (a) The foui possible diagrams are:

The first diagram is the only one in which the electric field must point in the negative y-
direction.
b) q¡ = - 3 .0 0 y«C, and ^ < 0-
kqy kq. 12 kq. kqi
c) E = 0 =
(0.050 m) 13 (0.120 m) 13 (0.120 m )' (0.050 m )' 12
kq{ 12 kq. kq, 12 r 5^
E = E = í 5 '
11^
i—i

y (0.050 m)2 13 ' (0.120 m) 2 13 (0.05 m)2 ,1 3 ' U 3y

E = E V = 1 .1 7 x l 0 7 N /C .

kQ 1 1
21.105: a) For a rod in general of length L , E = andhere r = x 4 —.
L r L+r 2
Ic Q r 1 1 'i _ 2 k Q

^Icflrod ' 1 1
L ^ x - Y a / 2 L - Y x - Y a / 2 ¿ L ^ 2 x - Y a 2L-y2x-Y a j

L+an E Q 2kQ 2 *17

b) d F = dq E ^ > F = j E J q = j^
n L
1
dx
2x 4 a 2L 4 2x 4 a

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=> F = |( [ l n (« + 2x y f í i '* - [ln(2¿ + 2* + a ) ] ^ /2)

a-\-2L-\- a \ Í 2L + 2a X r (a + L ?
=>F = * 2 * la í * e s ia
¿2 H 2a ^4L -f 2 a ^ - ¿ 2 ln Ka (a + 2¿ ) J
i \
kQ a (l + ¿ / a ) kQ
c ) For a » L : F = In (2 In (1 + 2L j a ) - h(l + 2 1 / a))
1} a 2(l + 2 L / a) Ú

kQ
f
+' kQ ■

te
¿2
F 0
, F

-
2
L‘ \.a 2a \.a a ,

22.1: a ) ® = É A = (14 N/C) (0.250 m2)c o s 60° = 1.75 Nm2/C .

b) As long as the sheet is fíat, ics shape does not matter.
ci) The máximum flux occurs at an angle 0 = 0 ° between the normal and ñeld.
cii) The minimum flux occurs atan angle <¡) = 90° between the normal and field.
In part i), the paper is oriented to “capture” the most field lines whereas in ii) the
area is oriented so that it “captures” no field lines.

22.2: a) = E •A = EA eos 6 where A = Añ

ñ s¡ = - / ( l e f t ) ® , = - ( 4 x 103 N /C ) (0.1 m)2 eos ( 9 0 - 36.9°) = - 2 4 N- m2/C

ñSj = + ¿(to p )® ^ = - ( 4 x l 0 3 N /C )(0 .1 m)2 c o s 9 0 ° = 0

ñ s ¡ = + j (right)® s¡ = + (4 x lO 3 N /C )(0.1 m)2 eo s(90° - 36.9°) = +24 N - m2/C

ñ Sf = - k (bottom)®^ = ( 4 x 1 0 3 N /C ) (0.1 m)2 eos 90° = 0

ñ s¡ = + í(£ro n t)® ís = + ( 4 x l 0 3 N /C )(0 .1 m )2 co s36.9° = 3 2 N -m 2/C

ñSt = - i (back)® s¡ = - ( 4 x 10 3 N /C )(0.1 m) 2 eo s36.9° = - 3 2 N - m2/C

b) The total flux through the cube mustbe zero; any flux entering the cube mustalso
leave it.

22.3: a) Given th a tF = - B í + Cj - = É •A, edge length L , and

n Sj = - j => í>i = É ■A ñs¡ = —CL2.

ñ Sj = -\-k => d>2 = É •AñSj = -D L 2.

= + 7 => d>3 = É •AhSi = +CL2.

ó ii., = - k = $ $ >4 .= E •A ñii«. = 4-DT .

ñ s = + / => <J>5 = E •A hSr = - B L .

h s = - i => (f>6 = E •Ahs = -t-BL .

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 b) Total flux= <3?; = 0

2 2.4: <E>= É -A = (75.0 N /C ) (0.240 m2) eos 7 0 ° = 6.16 Nm2/C .

22.5: a ) d» = É •A Á ^ (2jcrl)= % = C6'00,,‘0'< = 2.71 x 10 5 Nm2/C .

b) W e would get the same flux as in (a) if the cylinder’s radius was made larger— the
fíe Id lin.es must still pass through the surface.
c) If the length was increased to 2 = 0.800 m, the flux would increase by a factor of
two: <E>= 5 .4 2 x 1 0 5 Nm2/C .

22.6: a) < = (4.00x10^ C )/e 0 = 4 5 2 Nm2/C .

b ) 4>S; = q j s o = (- 7 .8 0 x 10-9 C )/e0 = -8 8 1 Nm2/C .
c ) d>Sj = (q¡ + q 2)/¿ 0 = ((4 .0 0 - 7 .8 0 ) x 10-9 C)/« 0 = - 4 2 9 Nm’ /C .

d) = (<?, + ? * )/« * = ((4 -0 0 - 2 .4 0 ) x 10-* C)je 0 = 723 Nm2/C .

e) ^ = ( íi + 1 i + )A o = ((4-00 - 7.8 0 + 2 .4 0 )x 1 0"9 C )/¿ 0 = - 1 5 8 N m 2/C .
f) All thatmatters for Gauss’s law is the total amount of charge enclosed by the
surface, not its distribution within the surface.

2 2.7: a ) d> = q ¡s0 = ( - 3 .6 0 x 10 's C )/e0 = - 4 .0 7 x 1 0 5 Nm2/C .

b ) © = ? / í 0 = > ? = í 0d> = í 0(780 Nm2/C ) = 6 .9 0 x 1 0 ^ C.
c) No. All that matters is the total charge enclosed by the cube, not the details of
where the charge is located

22.8: a) No charge enclosed so -3> = 0

q2 - 6 .O O xlO ^C 4/
b) <&= í—l = -------------- 77.— 7T,------y = - 678 N m /C .
8.85 x 10 C /N m

c) * =^ = ( 4 - 0 0 - 6 - 0 0 ) x l O-9 C = _ 226 N m VQ
8 .8 5 x 1 0"12 C2/N .m 2

22.9: a) Since E is uniform, the flux through aclosed surface must be zero. That is:
$> = j É - d A = -^ = -^¡ p d V = 0 => J p d V = 0. But because we can choose any volume we
want, p must be zero if the integral equals zero.

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 b) If there is no charge in a región o f space, that do es NOT mean that the electric field
is uniform. Consider a closed volume cióse to, but not including, a point charge. The field
diverges there, but there is no charge in that región.

22.10: a) If p > 0 and uniform, then q inside any closed surface is greater than zero.
= > (& > 0 =>j).£, < ¿ i> 0 and so the electric field cannot be uniform, i.e., since an
arbitrary surface of our choice endoses a non-zero amount of charge, E must depend on
position.
b) However, inside a small bubble of zero density within the material with density p ,
the field CAN be uniform. All that is important is that there be zero flux through the
surface of the bubble (since it endoses no charge). (See Exercise 22.61.)

22.11: 0 6sidcs = q f s 0 = (9.60 x 10 "5 C) / * 0 = 1.08 x 106 Nm2/C . But the box is
symmetrical, so for one side, the flux is: <í>l¿de = 1 .8 0 x 105 Nm2/C .
b) No change. Charge enclosed is the same.

22.12: Since the cube is empty, there is no net charge enclosed in it. The net flux,
according to Gauss’s law, must be zero.

22-13= ® , = É L , / * 0
Tlie flux through the sphere depends only on the charge within the sphere.
É L i = ¿o ® , = *o(360 N •m5/C ) = 3.19 nC

22 .1 4 : a ) E ( r = 0.450 m + 0 .1 m )= — \ =— (2 -5 0 x l ° c ) = 7 44 N/ c .
4/k 0 r 2 4 tcs0 (0.550 m)
b) E = 0 inside of a conductor or else free charges would move under the iufluence of
forces, violating our electrostatic assumptions (i.e., that charges arenTmoving).

í 1 (0.180 x 10"6 C)
22.15: a)| E \= 1 lf f l= > r | 1 = 1.62 m.
4xe0 r 2 )¡ 4tk0 E \l 4 jz£: 614 N/C
b) As long as we are outside the sphere, the charge enclosed is constantand the sphere
acts like a point charge.

2 2 .1 6 : a ) ® = EA = q / e 0 =>q = s0EA = s0 ( 1 .4 0 x l 0 5 N /C )(0 .0 6 1 0 m 2) = 7 .5 6 x 10' 8 C.

b) Double the surfacearea: q =á0(1 .4 0 x 105 N /C )(0 .1 2 2 m 5) = 1.51 xlO ' 7 C.

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22.17: E = ^ j r ^>q = 4n£0E r 2 = 4 xs0(1150 N /C ) (0.160 m)2 = 3 .2 7 x 1 0 ^ C. So the

number of electrons is: nc = c= x *®

22.18: Draw a cylindrical Gaussian surface with the line of charge as its axis. The
cylinder has radius 0.400 m and is 0.0200 m long. The electric field is then 840 N/C at
every point on the cylindrical surface and directed perpendicular to the sur face. Thus
§ É - d s = ( E ) ( A cylhaJ = ( E ) ( 2 x r L )
= (840 N/C) (2 k ) (0.400 m) (0.0200 m) = 42.2 N- m2/C
The field is parallel to the end caps of the cylinder, so for them •d s = 0 . From
Gauss’s law:

q = s0<S>s = (8.854 x 10 "15 ( 4 2 .2 - ^ - ^ - )

N •m C
= 3 .7 4 x 1 0 ' 10 C

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22.19:

(1.200 ni >2 “ 2 .40;.O r n

0 .4 0 0 m
0.2(10m"
A, - + 4 .8(y;C/m

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 a) A t point a, E l and E 7 are in the 4- y -direction (toward negative charge, away from
positive charge).
Ei = (1 /2 to 0[(4 .8 0 x 10’ 6 C/m ) /( 0 .2 00 m)] = 4 .3 1 4 x 10s N /C
£ , = (1 /2 ;k 0[(2.40 x 1 0 's C/m ) /(0 .2 0 0 m )] = 2.157 x 105 N /C
£ = E¡ + £ 5 = 6 .47 x 10 5 N /C , in the y - direction.
b) A t point b , E 2 is in the + y - direction and Z¿ 2 is in the - y -direction.
£ , = (1 /2 to 0[(4.80 x 10' 6 C/m ) /( 0 .6 00 m)] = 1.438 x 10 5 N /C
£ 2 = (1 /2 to 0[(2.80 x 10' 6 C/m ) /( 0 .200 m)] = 2.157 x 105 N /C
£ = £ , - £ , = 7.2 x 104 N /C , in the - y - direction.

22.20: a) For points outside a uniform spherical charge distribution, all the charge can be
considered to be concentrated at the center of the sphere. The field outside the sphere is
thus inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the center. In this case:
0.200 cm
E = (480 N /C) = 53 N /C
0.600 cm
b) For points outside a long cylindrically symmetrical charge distribution, the field is
identical to that of a long line o f charge:
X
E =
2rcs0r
that is, inversely proportional to the distance from the axis of the cylinder. In this case
0.200 cm
E = (480 N /C) = 1 6 0 N /C
0.600 cm
c) The field of an infinite sheet of charge is E = a /2 s : ; i.e., it is independent of the
distance from the sheet. Thus in this case E = 4 8 0 N/C.

22.21: Outside each sphere the electric field is the same as if all the charge of the sphere
were at its center, and thepointwherewe are to calcúlate E is outside both spheres.
E { and E 2 are both toward the sphere with negative charge.

E, =¿LgLÍ = feL 8 0 x 1 0 ^ f = 2 .5 9 1 x l 0 5 N /C
r' (0.250 m )2

E , = k L%1 = k 3-8 0 x l ° ISL = 5.471 x io s N /C

(0.250 m);
E = E[ E 7 = 8 .0 6 x 1 0 5 N /C , toward the negativelychargedsphere.

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22.22: For points outside the sphere, the field is identical to that of a point charge of the
same total magnitude located at the center of the sphere. The total charge is given by
charge density x volume:

q = (7.50 n C /m 3)(| a;)(0.150 m)3 = 1.60 x 10~10 C

a) The field just outside the sphere is

E _ g _ (9 x 109 N- m2/C 2) (1.06 x 10~‘° C) ^

4 ^ 0r 7 (0.150 m)2

b) A t a distance o f 0.300 m from the center (double the sphere’s radius) the field will
be 1/4 as strong: 10.6 N /C
c) Inside the sphere, only the charge inside the radius in question affects the field. In
this case, since the radius is half the sphere’s radius, 1/8 of the total charge contributes to
the field:
E ( 9 x 109 N- m2 / C 2) (1 /8 ) (1.06 x 10~10 C ) 2 1 2 H /C
(0.075 m) 2

22 .2 3 : The point is inside the sphere, so E = k Q r/R i (Exam ple22.9)

f i g j , (950 N /C ) (0.220 m) 3
kr *( 0.100 m)

22.24: a) Po si tive charge is attracted to the irnier sur face of the conductor by the charge
in the cavity. Its magnitude is the same as the cavity charge: q = + 6.00 nC, since
E = 0 inside a conductor.
b) On the outer surface the charge is acombination of the net charge on the conductor
and the charge “left behind” when the + 6.00 nC moved to the inner surfece:
?ioi = q-vn, + ?oUl« => - q-vm* = 5-00 nC - 6.00 nC = - 1 .00 nC.

22.25: S2 and S3 endose no charge, so the flux is zero, and electric field outside the
plates is zero. For between the plates, S1 shows that: EA = q /s 0 = a A je0 => E = <j/e0 .

22.26: a) At a distance of 0.1 mm from the center, the sheetappears “infinite,” so:

l ¿ -dA = E 2 A = — = > E = — = 7 -5 0 x l ° 9 c = 662 N/C.

J 2 s0A 2 í0(0 .8 0 0 m )2
b) A t a distance of 100 m from the center, the sheet looks like a point, so:

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 1 q 1 (7 .5 0 x 1 0 ^ C)
6 .7 5 x 1 0 ' 3 N /C .
4xe0 r 2 ~ 4 z e 0 (100 a i)2
c) There would be no difference if the sheet was a conductor. The charge would
automatically spread out evenly over both faces, giving it half the charge density on any
as the insulator ( a :). Ec = = - ^ near one face. Uníike a conductor, the insulator is the
charge density in some sense. Thus one shouldn’t think of the charge as “spreading over
each face” for an insulator. Far away, they both look like points with the same charge.

22.27: a) a=—
^ = - Q — = > ^ = a lu R = A.
A 2 jiRL L

b)

c) But from (a), X = c rlx R , so E = same as an infinite line of charge.

22.28: All the u's are absolute valúes.

(a) at A : E Á =

— (5 ¡i C jm 2 + 2 fi C /m 5 + 4 ¡x C /m 2 - 6 ¡i C /m 5)

2 .8 2 x 1 0 5 N /C to the left
<b)

= 3 .9 5 x 1 0 5 N /C to the left.
(c)

22.29: a) Gauss’s law says + 6 on inner surface, so E = 0 inside metal,

b) The outside surface of the sphere is grounded, so no excess charge.

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 c) Consider a Gaussian sphere with the - Q charge at its center and radius less than
the inner radius of the metal. This sphere endoses net charge - Q so there is an electric
field flux through it; there is electric field in the cavity.
d) In an electrostatic situad on E = 0 inside a conductor. A Gaussian sphere with
the - Q charge at its center and radius greater than the outer radius of the metal endoses
zero net charge (the - Q charge and the + Q on the inner surface of the metal) so there is
no flux through it and E = 0 outside the metal.
e) No, E = 0 there. Yes, the charge has been shielded by the grounded
conductor. There is nothing like positive and negative mass (the gravity forcé is always
attractive), so this cannot be done for gravity.

22.30: Given É = (-5 .0 0 (N /C ) •m)x i + (3.00 (N /C ) •m )z¿, edge length

L = 0.300 m, L = 0.300 m,and ñ a¡ = - j => = É ■hS¡A = 0.

ñs ¡ = + k ^ > ® i = É - ñ s A = (3.00 (N /C ) • m )(0.300 m)2z = (0.27 (N /C )m )z =

(0 .2 7 (N /C )m )(0.300 m ) = 0.081 (N /C ) m2.
íiSi = -\-j => d>3 = É ■h SiA = 0.

ñ Si = - k ^ d>4 = É ■ñ SiÁ = - ( 0 .2 7 (N /C ) - m)z = 0 (z = 0).

ñSi = ;+ /= > (& ,= £ • ñSíA = ( - 5 .0 0 (N /C ) - m )(0.300 m f x = -(0 .4 5 (N /C ) •m)x

= - (0.45 (N /C ) - m )(0.300 m) = - (0.135 (N /C ) •m2).
ñs¡ = - Í ^ 0 6 = É - ñ SeA = + (0.45 (N /C ) ■m )x = 0 (x = 0).
b) Total flux:
© = + ® 5 = (0.081 - 0.135) (N /C ) - m2 = -0 .0 5 4 Nm2/C
q = í 0Í> = -4 .7 8 x 1 0 'I3C

22 .3 1 : a)

b) Imagine a charge q at the center of a cube of edge length 2L. Then: <&= q / s 0.
Here the square is one 24th of the surface area of the imaginary cube, so it intercepts 1/24-
of the flux. That is, O = q ¡ 24á-0 .

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2 2 .3 2 : a ) <E>= EA = (125 N /C )(6.0 mJ ) = 750 N - m2/ C .
b) Since the field is parallel to the surface, <0 = 0.
c ) Choose the Gaussian surface to equal the volume’s surface. Then: 750 -
E A = q /s0 => E = ^ ¿ r ( 2 - 4 0 x 10-8 C /^ 4- 750) = 577 N /C , in the positive x -direction.

Since q < 0 we must have some net flux flowing in so EA —> —|EA |on second face.
d) q < 0 but we have E pointing away from face I. This is due to an external field
that does not affect the flux but affects the valué o f E.

22.33: To find the charge enclosed, we need the flux through the parallelepiped:
€>, = AEl eo s60° = (0 .0 5 0 0 m )(0.0600 m )(2.50 x 10“ N /C ) eos 60° = 37.5 N ■m2/C
= AE7 c o s 1 2 0 ° = (0 .0 5 0 0 m )(0.0600 m )(7.0 0 x 104 N /C ) eos 60° = - 1 0 5 N - m2/C
So the total flux is <t> = <&, + <&5 = (37.5 - 1 0 5 ) N- m’ /C = -6 7 .5 N - m VC,and
q = <t£o = (-6 7 .5 N - m 7 C )«0 = -5 .9 7 x 10' 10 C.
b) There must be a net charge (negative) in the parallelepiped since there is a net
flux flowing into the surface. Ais o, there must be an external field or all lines would point
toward the slab.

22.34:
L in o

The a par tic le feels no forcé wh ere the net electric field is zero. The fields can
cancel only in regions A and B.
^tine = ^3heel
X _ a
l7ts0r 2í 0
, 50/tC /m
r = k¡ z<7 = 7—= 0.16m = 1 ocm
«•(100 fjC/m )
The fields cancel 16 cm from the line in regions A and B.

22.35:

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 The electric field E l of the sheet of charge is toward the sheet, so the el ec trie field
E 2 of the sphere must be away ffom the sheet. This is true above the center of the sphere.
Let r be the distance above the center of the sphere for the point where the electric field is
zero.

E¡ = E7 s o = 1
2 í0 4 k s 0 R¡

I tzo, t 2^(8 .OOxlO"9 C/m2)(0 .1 20 m)3 „

r = ----- ! 1 P ----------- — = 0.097 m
a 0.900x 10 c

22.36: a) For r < a, E = 0, since no charge is enclosed.

For a < r < b , E = since there is -tq inside a radius r.
For b < r < c , E = 0, since now the - q caneéis the inner +q.
For r > c , E = since again the total charge enclosed is +q.

b)

b c
c ) Charge on inner shell surface is -q.
d) Charge on outer shell surface is -+q.
e)

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2 2 .3 7 : a ) r < R , E = O, sin ce no charge is enclosed.
b) R < r < 2 R, E = 4¿ —r , since charge enclosed is g . r > 2 R, E = ¿ s i n c e
charge enclosed is 2Q.

2/í

22.38: a) r < a, E = ^¿ ^ 7-, since the charge enclosed is g .

a < r < b ,E = 0, since the - g on the inner surface of the shell caneéis the + g at the
center of the sphere.
r > b ,E = - >since the total enclosed charge is - 2 g .

b) The sur face charge density on inner sur face: a = - - ¿ r •

c ) The surface charge density on the outer surface: a = — 2£_.

4nb

<Í)

e)

►
a l> y

22.39: a)(i) r < a, E = 0, since g = 0

(ii) a < r < b, E = 0, since g = 0.
(iii) b < r < c , E = since Q = + 2g.
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 (iv) c < y < d , E = O, since 6 = 0.
(v) r > d , E = 1¿r^ , since g = + 6 g.

b)(i) small shell imier: Q= 0

(ii) small shell outer: Q = + 2q
(iii) large shell inner: Q = - 2q
(iv) large shell outer: Q = -+ 6q

22.40: a)(i) r < a, E = 0, since the charge enclosed is zero.

(ii) a < r < b ,E = 0, since the charge enclosed is zero.
(iii) b < r < c ,E = 4~—“t* since charge enclosed is 4- 2q.
(iv) c < r < d , E = 0, since the net charge enclosed is zero.
(v) r > d , E = 0 , since the net charge enclosed is zero.

¿i

>•

b)(i) small shell inner: 6 =0

(ii) small shell outer: Q = + 2q
(iii) large shell inner: Q = - 2q
(iv) large shell outer: Q= 0

22.41: a)(i) r < a, E = 0, since charge enclosed is zero.

(ii) a < r < b, E = 0, since charge enclosed is zero.
(iii) b < r < c , E = since charge enclosed is -f 2q.
(iv) c < r < d , E = 0, since charge enclosed is zero.

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 (v ) r > d , E =- jj¡ ¿ — f , sin ce c h arg e en clo sed is - 2 q .

b)(i) small shell inner <2 = o

(ii) small shell outer Q =+2q
(iii) large shell inner Q = ~2q
(iv) large shell outer 6 = - 2 ?

22 .4 2 : a ) W e need:
3Q
P= 3 ’
28 k R
b) r < R, E = 0 and r > 2R, E = 0, since the net charges are zero.

R < r < 2R , 0 = £(4jw 2 ) = @- + ^ - ( r ¡ - R ¡ ) ^ > E = Q

-0 3<£0 4 ^£0r 2 3¿r0r2
Substituting p from (a) E = 2 y7
e - Qr
\ 2 8 ’

c) W e see a discontinuity in going from the conducting sphere to the insulator

due to the thin surface charge o f the conducting sphere— but we see a smooth transition
from the uniform insulator to the outside.

22.43: a) Tlie sphere acts as a point charge on an external charge, so:

F —qE — q9j, radially inward.

(b) If the point charge was inside the sphere (where there is no electric field) it
would feel zero forcé.
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 3q
2 2 .4 4 : a ) p.m = 4 _ k 3 . £ _ ~ 3
b? 3 - a3

g_ - 3 <?
/"outer 4 3 ,3 3
a -c

b) (i) r < a i É •¿ 4 = 0 => E = 0.

(ii) a < r < b &É ■d A = — í p ¡m¡c!d V => E A x r 1 = - ^ - ;r ( r 3 - a*)pú

£0 3s0

K=^ -o ( ^ ~ g 3) - g (^ -^ )
x» r im ie r ?
3*,

(iii) b < r < c í ¿ •¿¿3 = — => EAiir1 = — = > £ = ^

¿o ¿o 4^or"

(iv) c < r < ¿ f É ¿ 5 = -?- + — J poulcr¿K =>

¿o £0
? ( f 3 - c 3)
^ 4 /rr2 = — + l> 3 - c 3 )p so £ =
£0 3í0 47Z£; r Ajis.r (d - c )

(v) r > ¿ -<¿.5 = — - — = 0 =>¿? = 0

1 2X.
22.45: a) a < r < b , E = ------------ , radially outward, as in 22.48 (b).
fes0 r
b) r > c, E = 4¿ - - t S radially outward, since again the charge enclosed is the
same as in part (a).

c)

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 L

d) The inner and outer sur feces of the outer cylinder must have the same amount
of charge on them: Xi = - k , ^ J => X¡m„ = - X , and Xoul„ = X.

22 .4 6 : a ) (i) r < a, E (2 n rl) = — = — => ¿ ' = — —— .

í 0 £0 2 its0r
(ii) a < r < there is no net charge enclosed, so the electric field is zero.

(iii) r > f c , £ ( 2*W) = — = — =>£ = — .

£0 £0 7Z£0 r

b) (i) Inner charge per unit length is - a. (ii) Outer charge per length is + 2a.

22.47: a) (i) r < a, E (2 x rl) = ^ => E = radially outward

(ii) a < r < b , there is not net charge enclosed, so the electric field is zero.
(iii) r > b, there is no net charge enclosed, so the electric field is zero.

b) (i) Inner charge per unit length is - a .

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 (ii) Outer charge per length is ZERO.

22.48: a) r < R, E (2 x rl) = j- = => E = radially outward.

c) y = R. the electric field for BOTH regions is E = so they are consisten!.

22.49: a) Hie conductor has the surface charge density on BOTH sides, so ichas Cwice
the enclosed charge and twice the electric field.
b) W e have a conductor with surface charge density a on both sides. Thus the
electric field outside the píate is = E (2 A ) = (2aA)/s0 => E = a¡£0 . To find the field
inside the conductor use a Gaussian surface that has one fece inside the conductor, and
one outside.
Iben:

= E ov[A + E mA = (a.A )¡£(} but £ oul = a /e0 => E mA = 0 => Ein = 0.

22.50: a) If the nucleus is a uniform positively charged sphere, it is only at its very
center where forces on a charge would balance or cancel

3 \

So from the simple harmonic motion equation:

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 1 1 e2
C ) If / = 4 .5 7 x l 0 14Hz =
2 4 ji£0 mR‘

p 1 (1 .6 0 x 1 0 -19 C)2 )n_10

¿? = 3 ?--------- — tt n t = 3 .1 3 x 1 0 m
U4tt£0 4^: (9 .1 1 x 1 0 k g )(4 .5 7 x l0 Hz) 2

y* i y*
actual i/ ^ TThompson
h o m o so a ^

d) If y > R then the electrón would still oscillate but not undergo simple
harmonio motion, because for r > R, F ce \jr2 , and is not linear.

22.51: The electrons are separated by adistance 2 d , and the amount of the positive
nucleus’s charge that is within radius d is all that exerts a forcé on the electrón. So:
7 2
F = = F , = 2ke2 -¿r => d* = R* /$ => d = R / 2.
( 2 d ) nueleus

2 2 .5 2 : a) g(V ) = g - J,pdK = g - - % J J | e ^ ' V d r sin <W(9 d<¡> = Q - ^ j’ x dx

—a t

Q(r) = Q~ (2e " - «V - 2« r - 2) = Q e 7” °° [2 ( r I a, f + 2 ( r / <z0 ) + 3].

Note if r ^ co, g ( r ) 0.

b) The electric field is radially outward, and has magnitude:

-It!ae
kQe
E = ------ 5----- (2(f/í3o) + 2 ( r / o 0) + 1 ) .

1 ( 8 2 ) ( 1 .6 * 1 0 ~ lg C )?
22.53: a) At r = 2R, F = q E = 4 ?1í o ÍÍÍPí
4 fl7
-’ 4 oto 4C 7.1x lO _ I 5 m )7
= 94 N.

So: a = F jm = 94 N /9 .1 1 x 10 -3 1 = 1.0 x 1032 m/s2.

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 b) A t r = R, a = 4 a(a) = 4.1 x 1032 m/s2.
c ) A t r = R/ 2, Q = j(8 2 e ) ( j because the charge enclosed goes like r 1 ) so with the
radius decreasing by 2, the acceleration from the change in radius goes up by (2 )2 = 4,
but the charge decreased by 8 , so a = = 2.1 x 1032 m/s2.
d) At r = 0, Q = 0, so F = 0.

22.54: a) The electric field of the slab must be zero by symmetry. There is no preferred
direction in the y -z plañe, so the electric field can only point in the .x -direction. B u tat
the origin in the x -direction, neither the positive ñor negative directions should be
singled out as special, and so the field must be zero.
b) Use a Gaussian surface that has one face of area A on in the y -z plañe at
x = 0, and the other face at a general valué x. Then:

x < d : < f = EA = ^ =^ ^ E = ^
£ 0 ¿o £0

with direction given by -^i.

Note that E is zero at x = 0.
Now outside the slab, the enclosed charge is constant with x :

x>d:ct> = E A = Q ^ = ^ - = > E =^ ~ ,
£0 £0 £0

again with direction given by ¡j^i.

22.55: a) Again, E is zero at x = 0 , by symmetry arguments.

b) x < d : 4 > = EA = Q ^ = dx‘= ^ T ^ > E = ^ - T , in — / direction.

ío s ,d 2 i 3í0d 2 3s 0d 7 |X |

x > d :< !> = EA = Q ^ = - ^ 4 - = > E = ^ - , i n — í direction.

«o sod d 3ío 3ío 1*1

22.56: a) W e could place two charges + 6 on either side of the charge -\-q :

7 < J
O. Q

b) In order for the charge tobestable, the electric field in a neighborhood around it
mustalways point back to the equilibrium position.
c ) If q is moved to infinity and we require there to be an electric field always
pointing in to the región where q had be en, we could draw a small Gaussian surface

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there. W e would frnd that we need a negative flux into the sur face. That is, there has to be
a negative charge in that región. However, there is none, and so we cannot get such a
stable equilibrium.
d) For a negative charge to be in stable equilibrium, we need the electric field to
always point away from the charge position. The argument in (c) carries through again,
this time inferring that a positive charge must be in the space where the negadve charge
was if stable equilibrium is to be attained

R R S

22 .5 7 : a ) The total charge: q = 4 x J p 0( l - r l R)r'ld r = 4*r[J r ‘d r - J r 3 / Rdr]

4xR p0 _ 4 jcR2 3 0
q = 4m [R*/3 - R¡/ 4] = = Q.
12 12 kR-

b) r > R, all the charge Q is enclosed, and: <í>= E (4 x r5) = Q / s 0 => E = 4^ 7 -,

the same as a point charge.

c ) r < R , then Q(r) = q ( S / R 3).

Also, Q (r) = 4 jcj p0 (1 - r ¡R )r2d r =4np:

kQ
1^

1
=>£M m Q (Ir' l r *' - kO ——
i.
r 1 [ 3 R3 4R\ y2 ~ k Q I? v.

d)

:\(i
r/K

2 kQ 4 kQ
e) ® - 0 ( r S * ) = > ± * M ¥ - 0 ^ = 3 *S o£ _ = -^ (4 -2 )=
’ dr K R R 3 R2

2 2 .5 8 : a)

Q = 4;r J p ( r ) r 2dr = 4xp0f 11 - r 2dr = 4 Kp, í r^dr - — [ r ldr

3R J 3R h
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 R*_
= 4 xp0 ¡2 = 0
3 3R 4

b) r > i ? , t £ ' - li i = ^ s 2!. = 0 ^ * £ = 0

4 np.
c) r < i?, I É •<¿5 = — p {r ’)r '7d r’ => EAk y 1 = r '2d r ’ - — [ r '2d r'
3R

Po 1 V r4 Po_
2 1- —
_3 3i? 3 i?

d)

e) M . = o - Po 2 / ,° r = = 0 rm ax = —
2
d r
- £o 3 ¿ 0*
R Po ^ P o -^
£ r ----- i - i
2 3^ o 2 2 1 2 ^

r sinQ drdQ
22.59: a) O , = |¿> •¿ 5 = -G m | = — 4 -T z G m .

b) For any cío sed surface, mass OUTSIDE the surface contributes zero to the flux
passing through the surface. Thus the formula above holds for any situation where m is
the mass enclosed by the Gaussian surface.
T h a t is: d> = f g • dA = - AtzG M ^

22.60: a) 4>e = g 4 x r ¿ = -AnG M => g = - , which is the same as for a point mass.

b) Inside a hollow shell, the = 0, so g = 0.

c) Inside a uniform spherical mass:
3 '\
GMr
<j> = g 4 ju " = - 4 n G M ^ = - 4 tlG M -
R R

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which is linear in r.

22.61: a) For a sphere NOT at the coordínate origin:

r m ? - b => 4> = 4?¡x'5 E = Q e * = =>E = ^ -

«0 5o 3 3 ío
in the y ' - direction.
p (F - b )
=>E =
3 í0

b) The electric field inside a hole in a charged insulating sphere is:

pF p(F - b ) pb

Note that E is uniform.

22.62: Using the technique o f 22.61, we first find the field of a cylinder off-axis, then the
electric field in a hole in a cylinder is the difference between two electric fields— that of a
so lid cylinder on-axis, and one off-axis.

? ' = ? - b => <E>= 2 kv'I E = = -?-bcr'7 => E = Y L . => £ = p(y

s0 s0 2 Í0 2 Í0

¿bolo = ¿odinder - ¿ . w = ~ p(> ~ b ] = Note that ¿ is uniform.

2í 0 2s0 2í0

22.63: a) * = 0 : no field contribution from the sphere centered at the origin, and the
other sphere produces a point-like field:

E (x = 0 ) = - <2 I = — e./.
4 ^ o ( 2 i?)‘ 4 i?'
b) .x = £ / 2 : the sphere at the origin provides the field of a point charge of charge
q = Q / 8 since only one-eighth of the charge5s volume is includecL So:

É (x = R/2) = Q
( g / g ) _________ l = 1 g
(1 /2 - 4 / 9 ) / =
4 7Z£, (R /2)2 (3R/2Y 4 x £0 R 2 4 « 0 18i?2
c) x = R : the two electric fields cancel, so E = 0.
d) x = 3 R : now both spheres contribute fields pointing to the right:

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22.64: (See Problem 22.63 with Q - > - Q for terms associated with right sphere)

a) É ( x = 0 ) =
4ks0 4 R

R' 1 (6 / 8 ) , : 1 [ 6 , 4 6 1 1 176 ■
b) E 6 i =
2, 4xe0 L ( ¿ ? /2)2 ( 3 R / 2 f 4 its0 .2 R7 9 R \ 4 ®£0 1 8 i?2

e , e _
í =
6
c ) £ ( * = * ) =
i? 5 * 2 2 xc0R2

d) É ( x = 3R) =
1 6 6 r 1
\Q el l = : ± - ! 2 /
4x¿0 (3 R f i?2 4 ks0 9 R2 4 jk 0 9 R 2

22.65: a) The charge ene los ed:

•O ^ ^ U ^ 4 tc( R /2 Í a ic R 3
6 = 6 , + 6 . , w h e re Q = a • ' = , and a = 4 ;r ( 2 a ) ( r 2 - r3 / R ) d r

(i? 3 - R ¡ / S ) ( i ? 4 - i ? 4/ 1 6 ) 'l lla r c i? 3

45 24

15<wcR- 1 £
6 = a =
24 5*5 3 ’

2 a 4 * r ‘ ar 80r
b) r < R ¡ 2 : 0 = £ 4 * r 2 = E = 3 *
3Sr 3f0 15*£05
\ \
( r 3 - i?3/ 8 ) ( r 4 - R 4/ l 6 )
i ? / 2 < r < i ? : * í > = £4jrr2 = ^ L + — 8 tu r

;0 c 0 4 5
v.

£ = o7""77—5T (6 4 (r /« )* - 4 8 (r/i?)4 - 1) = (6 4 ( r /£ )3 - 4 8 ( r /* ) 4 - 1).

24<£0(4 * r ) 15r

r > R :E = Q , since all charge is ene lo sed.

4 7ue: r '

e L = ( 4 e m ) = £ = a 2 6 7 _
c)
6 6 15

d) r < R f 2 : F = - e E = — ^ -r-r, so the restoring forcé depends upondisplacement to

1 5?rf0fl

the first power, and we have simple harmonic motioii

8eg 1 5 tü£ 0R~me

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 f) If the amplitude of oscillation is greater than R / 2, the forcé is no longer linear in
r, and is tlius no longer simple harmonio.

22.66: a) Charge enclosed:

■a/? 3 ar"
--J 6jra 1 U 3 ,
Q = Q,+Q o where 0 , = Ají £ d r -------------- = — jiaR .
2R i? 4 16 32

an d 0 , = Ana í (1 —(r/R )2)r 2 dr = Aji:aR3 I--------------- JiaRi .

^ I r /? v v ' ' ' l 74
24 1160 6 0 1 120

3_ _47_ 4800
Therefore, 0 = ;zaR1 = -^^-Tra/Í3 a. - ■
32 120 480 233 jíR í
? Ají r 3a r'3 , 3Jtar4 6 a r2 18 O0r
b) r < R 2 : <&= EAjzt = — d r = ---------- E =
k 2R 2snR 16^1? 233 jí£0R

R / 2 < r < R : ® = E4jzr2 = ^ - + — f (1 - (r’ / R f ) r ’2 d r’

’ P p JR/2
o
3 \
Q. Ana R rs R
= —Y----
2Á ~ J¥ 160

AnotR 17
5 [R 430

4800 23
233jis0r 1920

Q
r> R :E = y , since all charge is enclosed.
An£nr
c) The fraction of 0 between R ¡2 < r < / í :

= 0.807.
0 120 233
d) E ( r = R /2 ) = using either of the electric field expressions above,
evaluatedai r - R ! 2.
e) The forcé an electrón would feel never is proportional to - r which is necessary for
simple harmonic oscillations. It is oscillatory since the forcé is always attractive, buí it
has the wrong power of r to be simple harmonic.

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23.1:A U = kqlq7 — - - = ^(2.40 ímC ) ( - 4 .3 0 ^ 0 ) = 0.357J
n 0.3 54m 0.150m
=>W = - A U = - 0.357 J.

23.2: W = -1.9yA0-*] = - A U = U¡\ - U f => Uf = 1.9x 1 0 '*J + 5.4 x 1 0 '*J =

7 .3 x 1 0 '8J

23.3: a)

* = + = 1 (0 .0015 k g )(2 2 .0 m /s)2 + * (2 - 8 0 x l0 " C X7 -5 0 x l0 " C ) = 0 60g ,

J 2 0.800 m
2(0.608 J - 0.491 J)
E ..= E ( = - m v 7 • kqi^ = 12.5 m /s.
J J V 0.0015 kg
b) A t the closest point, the velocity is zero:
L-Ó
0.608 * ( 2 - S 0 x l 0 - * C )(7 .S 0 x lc r C ) = Q ^ ^
r 0.608 J

*gig2 - r _ - ^ • 3 0 x l O H5CX7.2QxlOH5C ) _ 0 3 ?3 n L
23.4: U = - 0.400 J =
r r - 0.400 J ' ^

2 3.5: a) I, . ^ . K ^ 1 0 <C ) q ^ l O < q . f t l w l

r 0.250 m
b) (i) K / = K¡ + U ¡ - U f

t-6
= 0 J + ^ (4 .6 0 x l0 ‘4C ) (1.20xl0~ °C ) = 0.0994 J
0.25 m 0.5 m

2 (0 .0 9 9 4 JL ^ 2 6 6 m /s
= > K , = 0.0994 J = - m v7í =
—> ví
"f = V 2 .8 0 x 1 0 '

( ü ) K f = 0 .1 8 9 J , v ¡ = 36.?m /s.
< jn)K f = 0 .3 9 8 J , vf = 37.6m /s.

2 3.6: U = —^ — = 6kg7 = 6 k ( l .í x l O ^ C ) 2 = 0 .0 7 8 1
0.500m 0 .5 0 0 m

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23.7: a)
(4.00 n C )(-3.00 nC) (4.00 nC)(2.00 nC)
(0.200 m ) (0.1 OOm)
U=k =*
(- 3 .0 0 nC )(2.00nC )
(0.1 OOm)

= - 3 . 6 0 x 1 0”7 J.

b) I f U = O, O= k . So solving for x we find:

0 = - 60 + ----- 60.x - 26x -1-1.6= 0 => jc = 0.074 m, 0.360 m. Therefore

o: 0.2 - x
x = 0.074 m since it is the only valué between the two charges.

23.8: From Example 23.1, the initial energy E i can be calculated:

Ei = Ks + Ui = - ( 9 .1 1 x 10 kg)(3.00 x 106 m /s)'

-19
&( - 1 . 6 0 x l 0 ‘ l9C )(3 .2 0 x l0 ‘iyC)
10"10oi
=> Ei = - 5 . 0 9 x 1 0”19 J.
When velocity equal s zero, all energy is electric potential energy, so:
2

- 5 . 0 9 x 10-,9J = - — r = 9 .0 6 x l0 "'°m .

23.9: Since the work done is zero, the sum of the work to bring in the two equal charges
q must equal the work done in bringing in charge Q.
k q‘ _ 2kqQ 0 =_1
W« = W*Q
d d 2

23.10: The work is the potential energy of the combinatioiL

U = U ^ + U p e + Uex
ke(2e) ke( - e ) k ( - e)(2 e)
-1 0
5\/2 x 10~'°m 5 x 1C"‘° oi 5x10 m

ke‘
- 1-2
5 x 10~‘°m y¡2
(9.0 x 109 Nm2 /C 2) (1.6 x 10“19 C )'
-3
5 x l0 ~ ‘°m V2
= - 7 . 3 1 x 1 0 '19 J

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 Since U is negative, we want do + 7.31 x 10 19 J to sepárate the partióles

23.11: K ^ U { = K ^ U 7\ K{ = U2 = 0 so K 2 =
1 c ¿
1 2 2
U ,= e , with r = 8 .0 0 x 1 0-10 m
47€£, r r r
U{ = 1 .4 4 x 10"lb J = 9.00 eV

1 1 ke'
23.12: Ge t el os es t di stance y. Energy c onservation: —m v2 4- —mv = —
2 2 y
ke1 ( 9 x l 0 9 Nm; /C i )(1 .6 x lo -19 C); L , g : a o -n
m
mv (1 .6 7 x 1 0 '® kg)(10s m /s)
Máximum forcé:
ke‘
F =

(9 x 109 Nm2/C 2) (1 .6 x 1 0”19 C)'

(1.38 x 10“13m)2
= 0.012 N

23.13: K á + U a = K b + Ub
U = q V ^ o K Á +qVÁ = K B +qVB
K b = K á + q(VA - v 9 ) = 0.00250 J + ( - 5.00 x 10-6 C) (200 V - 800 V )= 0.00550 J

vB = yj2KB jm = 1 A l m/s
It is fester at B; a negative charge gains speed when it moves to higher potential.
23.14: Taking the origin at the center o f the square, the symmetry means that the
potential is the same at the two corners not occupied by the + 5.00 piC charges (The
work done in moving to either comer from infinity is the same). But this al so means that
no net work is done is moving from one córner to the other.

23.15: E points from high potential to low potential, so VB > VÁ and Vc <V A.
The forcé on a positive test charge is east, so no work is done on it by the electric
forcé when it moves due south (the forcé anddisplacementare perpendicular); VD = V Á.

2 3 .1 6 : a ) W = - A U = q E d = AK = 1 .5 0 x 1 0"6 J.
b) The initial point was at a higher potential than the latter since any positive charge,
when free to move, will move from greater to lesser potential.
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 A V = A U fq = (1 .5 0 x 10"6 J ) / (4.20 n C )= 357 V.

c) q E d = 1 .5 0 x 10 '6 J => E = l , 5 0 x l °~S J— = 5 .9 5 x 103 N /C

(4 .2 0 n C )(0 .0 6 m )

23.17: a) Work done is zero since the motion is along an equipo tendal, perpendicular to
the electric field

b) W = qEá = (28.0 nC) 4 .0 0 x 1 0 “ — (0.670 m ) = 7 .5 x 1 0 '“ J

m

c ) W = q E d = (28.0 nC) 4.0 0 x 10“ — |( - 2.60 eos 4 5 °) = - 2.06 x 1 0'3 J

m

23.18: Initial energy equals final energy:

> J e )
Y, k,.. V, r Yr, , l
li 2i '[ / '7 /

(3.00 x
-* C)
10-9 (2.00 x 1 o -9 C)
E i = £ ( - 1 . 6 0 x 10 -1 9 C) = - 2.88 x 10-17 J
0.25 m 0.25 m

(3.00 x 10”9 C) (2.00 x 10"9 C

E f = £ ( —1.60 x 10-19 C) -I- —m y
0.10 m 0.40 m

= - 5 . O 4 x l 0 '17 J + —m v f7
2 e7
-1 7
(5.04 x lO '17 J - 2.88 x 1 0 '17 J)
V/ \ 9 .1 1 x l 0 '31 kg

= 6 .8 9 x 1 06 m/s.

, -.r *9 h ^ (2 .5 0 x 10 C) _ 3
23.19: a) V = — = > r = — = — --------------------- = 2 .5 x 1 0 3 m.
y V 90.0 V
, T_ kq kq £ (2.50 x 10-11 C)
b) K = -±-=> y = - 1 = -± - = 7.5x10 ol
r V 30.0 V

23 .2 0 : a ) K - * => g - ^ - (° 2 5 ° ' “ X4 8 -0 V) - ! . 3 3 x lO ^ C.
Y k k

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 * 0 .3 3 x 1 0 * 0
(0.750 m)

! ?2 = k 2.40 x 1 o -9 C - 6 . 5 0 x 1 0 -”"
9
C
23.21: a) A í A : V A = k = - 738 V.
V.rl X 0.05 m 0.05 m
C \
^ 2 .4 0 x 1 0 ^ C - 6 .5 0 x 1 e r 5 c ]
b) A t B :V 9 = k £l | ^2 - V _|_ = - 705 V.
^2 / v 0.08 m 0.06 m y
c ) W = qA V = (2.50 x 10”9 C)( - 33 V ) = - 8.25 x 10-6 J.
The negative sign indicates that the work is done on the charge. So the work done by the
field is 8.25 x 1(T8 J.

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2 3 .2 2 : a)
G

cr
b) V= 2 -^ -1 .
4 ks 0 a

c) Looking at the diagram in (a): V (x ) = 2 —-— — = 2

4xe0 r 4 ns0 ^¡a2 +

d)

1 2
e) When x » a, V = ------------ J u s t like a point charge of charge + 2q.
4tí£: X

23.23: a)

kq , £ ( - ? )
b) V =
r r
c ) The potential along the x-axis is always zero, so a graph would be flaL
d) If the two charges are interchanged, then the results of (b) and (c) still holcL
The potential is zero

kq kq *2kqy
23.24: a) \ y \ < a :V =
(a 4- y ) (a - y ) y 2 - a2

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 kq kq — 2 kqa
y > a :V =
(a-\- y ) y —a y 2 —a
—kq kq _ 2 kqa
y < - a :V =
(,a + y ) ( - y + a) y 7 - a 2'

Note: This can also be written as V = k

y -a
b)

kq
c) y » a :V =
(a + y ) (y -a ) y‘
d) If the charges are interchanged, then the potential is of the opposite sign.

23.25: a)

6
+<?
o

kq 2kq —kq(x 4- a)
b)
X x - a x (x — á)
kq 2kq kq(3x - a)
X a- x .x(.x — a)
-k q 2kq kq(x 4 a)
x<0\V =
x —a j:(j: — d)
Note: This can be also be written as V = £(4? - ■A-)
c) Tlie potential is zero a t x = - a and ai3.

d)

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 e) For x » a :V « — =— which is the same as the potential of a point charge
X x

-q . (Note: The two charges must be added with the correct sign.)

23.26:a) V = ^ - - ^ - = kq
\y\ r yI + y '2
b) V = 0, when y 2 = a + y => 3y 2 = a 1 => y = ± ~^=.
4 v3
c)

Vl'.'c!»

í__2 kq
d) = -------, which is the potential of a point charge - q
.y y/ y

23 .2 7 : W = - A U = - V q = (295 V ) (1 .6 0 x 1 0"19 C) = 4 .7 2 x 1 0 '17 J.Bulalso:

2 (4 .7 2 x lO -17 J )
W = AK = —mv‘ v= -3 1
= l.O lx 107 m/s.
2 ]¡ 9 .1 1 x 1 0

V V 4.98 V
23.28: a) £ = — = > ¿ = — = --------------= 0.415 m.
d E 12.0 N/C

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 b) v u M ^ q = V ± = (4-98 V ) (0-415 m) = Z 3 0 x l ( ) -10 Q
d k k
c ) The electric field is directed away ffom q since it is a positive charge.

23.29: a) Point b has a higher potential since it is “upstream” from where the positive
charge moves.
V '- V b = E ( b - a ) = - \ E \ ( b - a ) ^ V b - V o = | £ | (fc -a) > 0
V 240 V
b) e = — = — —— = 800 N/C.
d 0.3 m
c ) W = - A U = - q A V = - ( - 0 .2 0 X lo-4 C )( - 240 V ) = - 4.8 x 10 '5 J.

23.30:(a) V = VQ + V2Q > 0, so Kis zero nowhere except for infinite ly far from the
charges.
Q 2Q

The fields can cancel only between the charges

E q = E ,q ^ = (d _ x y = 2 x ,
x (d - x)
x = The other root, x = , does not lie between the charges.

(b)
-Q 2Q
¡i • A •
V can be zero in 2 places, A and B.

x d —x

y d +y
E 0 = E 20 to the left of - Q.
kQ k(2Q ) ^ x= d
x2 (d + x f V 2 -1

(c)
d JQ

Note that E and V are not zero at the same places.

23.31: a) K v + qVv = K 2 + q V 2

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 q(Vl - V ¡ ) = K í - K í ; q = - 1 .6 0 2 x 1 0"19 C
K l = ^ m v ¡ = 4 .0 9 9 x l 0 “13 J ; K 2 = ^mv\ = 2.915 x 10’ 17 J

V ¡- V.2 = K * ~ K ‘ = - 1 5 6 V
9
The electrón gains kinetic energy when it moves to higher potential.
b) Now K ¡ = 2.915 x 10~17 J, K 2 = 0

V ¡- V.' = — = +182 V

Tlie electrón loses kinetic energy when it moves to lower potential

2 3 .3 2 : a ) K = * = ^ ^ C ) - 6 5.6 V .
r 0.48 m

* ( 3 .S 0 x l Q - C )
0.240 m
c) Since the sphere is metal, its interior is an equipotential, and so the potential
inside is 131.3 V.

23.33: a) Tlie electrón will exhibit simple harmonic motion for x « a, but will
otherwise oscilíate between ± 3 0 .0 cm
b) From Example 23.11,

kQ í__
V = AV = kQ
i a V

A V = £ (2 4 .0 x 10”9 C)
0 .1 5 0 m ^ (0 .3 0 0 m)J + (0 .1 5 0 m)'
= 796 V
1 ^
But W = - qA V = —mv =>v =
2

23.34: Energy is conserved:

2 2(1.60 x 10 C)
But:

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 X I tzsqA V 2jze^AV
AV = In (fo A ) f0 = r exP => r = r0 exp
2 KS, ~X

2 ^ 0 (0.0117 V)
r = (0.180 m)exp = 0.158 m.
5.00 x 3 0 '12 C/m

V 860 V
23.35: a) E = — = -------------- = 8000 N/C.
d 0.0450 m
b) F = E q = (8000 N /C ) (2 .4 0 x 10"9 C ) = 1 .9 2 x 30~5 N.
c ) W = F d = (3.92 x 3O"5 N ) (0.0450 m) = 8.6 4 x 30‘7 J.
d ) A U = AVq = ( - 360 V ) (2.40 x 10"9 C ) = - 8.64 x 30~7 J.

23 .3 6 : a ) V = E d = (4 8 0 N /C ) (3.8 x 30~5 m) = 18.2 V.

b) The higher potential is at the positive sheeL

c ) E = — ^>a = í0(4 8 0 N /C ) = 4.2 5 x 10-9 C /m \

23.37:a ) £ = - — = > d = — = ----- ---------------- = 3.58x 30’ 3 m.

d E 3.00 x 10 V/m

b) E = — => i? = £0(3 .0 0 x 1 0 6 V/m ) = 2.6 6 x 10 '5 C/m2.

£0

23.38: a) E = — = 4 7 0 * ^ =5311 N/C.

¿o ¿o
b) V = E d = (5311 N /C ) (0.0220 m) = 117 V.
c ) The electric field stays the same if the separation of the plates doubles, while the
potential between the plates doubles.

23.39: a) The electric field outside the shell is the same as for a point charge at the center
of the shell, so the potential outside the shell is the same as for a point charge:

V = - 2 — for r > R.
4 7cs0r
The electric field is zero inside the shell, so no work is done on a test charge as
it moves inside the shell and all points inside the shell are at the same potential as the

surface of the shell: V = — - — for r <R.

4 tz£0R

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 b) K ^ s o g = ^ ^ Q 15m X - 12QQV^ - 2 0 n C
R k k
c ) No, the amount of charge on the sphere is very small.

23.40: For points outside this spherical charge distribution the field is the same as if all
the charge were concentrated at the center.
Therefore

E =—^T
4 KS0r
and
2 (3800 N /C ) (0.200 m)2
u = 4ju¿nEr = 4----------' .---- = -*- = 1.69 x 10~°C
H 0 9 x 1 0 N.m / C?
Since the field is directed inward, the charge must be negative. The potential of a point
charge, taking c© as zero, is
y _ q (9 x 10? N.m2 / C2) ( - 1 . 6 9 x 10~8C) ?6 Q y
4 7t£0r 0.200 m
at the surface of the sphere. Since the charge all resides on the surface of a conductor, the
field inside the sphere due to this symmetrical distribution is zero. No work is therefore
done in moving a test charge fromjust inside the surface to the center, and the potential at
the center must ais o be - 760 V.

23.41: a) E = - V V .

E . , = - ^ - = - ^ - (Axy- Bx2 + Cy) = - A y + 2Bx.

ox ox
dV d
Ey = - — = - — (A x y -B x + C y ) = - A x - C .
oy oy

E1 = - ^ - = - ^ - (A x y - B x 2 + C y ) = 0.
OZ OZ

2B C I B —C*
b) - Ay -V 2Bx = 0 => y = — x , - Ax - C = 0 => x = so y = — . -----
A A A A
~ 2£C „ -C - 2 BC
,£ = 0at
A

23.42: a) E = - V V

d_ kQx kQx
dx dx ¡ 2 , 2 / 2 . 2
(x 4- y 4- z )
. 2 \3 /2
y¡x 4-y 4-Z

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 kQy kQz
Similarly, E = — — and E ? = —— .

xi yi zk * 0 r, , which agrees with Equation (21.7).

b) So from (a), E = — + - 4 - ----
r r r r

23.43: a) There is no dependence of the potential on x or y, and so ithas no

components in those directions. However, there is z dependence:

E = - V V ^ E , = - — = -C = > E = - C k , fo r 0 < z < d .

dz
and É = 0, for z > since the potential is constant there.

(b) Infinite parallel piales of opposite charge could create this electric field, where the
surface charge is a = ± Cs0.

23.44: a)
1 1
(i) r < r ■V = ^ - * 2 - = kq

1 1
(ii) r <r < '■V = — —— = kq

(iii) r > rb : V = 0, since outside a sphere the potential is the same as for point
charge. Therefore we have the identical potential to two oppositely charged point charges
at the same locatioa The se potentials cancel.

í - í - 1 1
b) K = and K = 0 => Vab =
47l£, 47U£,

dV <1 d ' l P y* 1
1 q
|

1
^ 1

Ja < } < £ ^
dr 4 tt£0 dr 4 jzs0 r 7 r2
T _ T
\.Va Yb,
d) From Equation (24.23): E = 0, since V is zero outside the spheres.
e) If the outer charge is different, then outside the outer sphere the potential is no

longer zero but is V = i Q i ( q - Q ) . AI1 potentials inside the outer

4 r 4 x £0 r 4K£r

shell are just shifted by an amount V = ----- í— — . Therefore relative potentials within the
4xs0 rb

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shells are not affected Thus (b) and (c) do not change. However, now that the potendal
do es vary outside the sphere s, there is an electric field there:
dv d kg + z kQ kq
E =- 1 -2
2
dr dr r r

23 .4 5 : a ) V .= k q 1 1 =500 V

b)

c) The equipotentials are closest when the electric field is largest.

dv d kQ a 2 -Y x 2 + a
23.46: a) E = - In
de dx la a 2 -Y x 2 - a

kQ d
=> £ =- 1n (y ja 2 4 x ‘2 -Ya) —— 1n(Va2 4 x 2 - a)
la dx dx
/ 2 , 2 \ -l/ 2 / 2 . 2 \ - l/ 2
= _kQ x{a -\-x ) x{a -\-x ) kQ
la 2 , 2 . /2 , T . 2 , 2
1 a 4 x -Ya Va -Yx —a .xVfl 4 .x
(laX) X
=>£ =
4 k s 0x a , ¡ 1 4 x 2 j a 2 1X¿Q X y fl -Yx2 la 2

b) The potential was evaluated a ty and z equal to zero, and thus shows no
dependence on them. However, the electric field depends upon the derivative of the

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potential and the potential could still have a functional dependence on the variables y and
z, and henee E y and E ? may be non-zero.

23.47:

V= 120 V V= 360 V

F.

l'=0V V= 240 V l/=4W)V

a) Equipotentials and electric field lines of two large paral leí p lates are shown above.
b) The electric field lines and the equipotential lines are mutually perpendicular.

23.48:
mi m-
\—'—(h—'—
8.0 8.0
cm cm

(a) Z F = mYa = Fn -\-

M&i

~ $7 ~ ~ <2
1 1
ma =kql 7 7

(0.02 kg)a = (9 x 109 Nm5/C 2) (2 .0 x 1 0 '6C ):

(0.08 m)2 (0 .1 6 m )‘

a = 3 5 2 m /s 2

(b) Máximum speed occuis a t “infinity”. The center charge does notmove since the
forces on it balance. Energy conservad on gives Ui = K f .

3^3

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 V, = v3, ml = mi ,a n á q l = q2 =q^ = q

kq 2
'± +± + ± '
\ ^2 ni «23 ,

( 9 x 1 09 Nm2/C 2) (2 x lO "á C )2 r 1 3 1
= 7.5rn/s
]¡ 0.020 kg 0.08 m 0.16 m 0.08

23.49: a) WE = A K - WF = 4.35 x 1 0 '5 J - 6 .5 0 x 10-5 J = - 2.15 x 10-5 J.

b) W- = - q A V => A V = ^ = + 2829 V. So the initialpoint is

} K H q 7.60 x 10 C H
-2 8 2 9 V with respect to the final point

V 2829 V 4 V
c) E = - = -----------= 3 .54 x 10 — .
d 0.08 m m

mv ke‘ te­
23.50: a) v=
ñir

., „ 1 ! 1 3
b ) K = —mv = -------- = U.
2 2 r 2
1 fe(1.60xl0~‘9 C)2 _
C) E = K + U = ±-U = - ^ - 2 . 1 7 x ! 0 “‘4 J = - 1 3 .6 eV.
2 2 r

2 3 .5 1 :a) V = Cx4/3 => C = (2 4 0 V) (0.0130 m)-40 = 7.85 x 10“ V /m 43.

b) £ = - — = - - C x íl¡ = - - (7.85 x 304 V/m4/V " = - 3 .0 5 x 105 V /m ,

dx, 3 3 m
toward cathode.
c ) F = - e E = ((3.05 x 105) (0.00650)13 V /m ) (1.60 x 10'19 C )= 3 .1 4 x 1 0 '15 N,
toward anode.

23.52: From Problem 22.51, the electric field of a sphere with radius R and q distributed

uniformly over its volume is E = — ^r 3 for r < R and E = — ^ for r > R

4 tíSqR 4Tie^r
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V - K = | Edr. Take b at infinky and = 0. Let point a be a distance r < R from
the center of the sphere.

K = ¡« - V — d r + \ dr = 3-
R 47¡z0r ‘ R
Set q = 4 l e to get Vf for the sphere. The work done by the attractive forcé of the sphere
when one electrón is removed from r = d to co is
.2 "V
2e
Wsphere
. = - e V = - 3-
R
The total work done by the attractive forcé of the sphere when both electrons are
removed is twice this, IW ^ ^ . The work done by the repulsive forcé of the two electrons

is W__ = The total work done by the electrical forces is 2Wspbc¡c + Wee. The
t e 0(2 d )
energy required to remove the two electrons is the negative of this,
-

2 jzs 0R 4d R2
W e can check this result in the special case o f d = R, when the electrons initially sit on
the surface of the sphere. The potential due to the sphere is the same as for a point charge
+ 2e at the center of the sphere.

W ^b = U - U b

- 2e -le ‘
u bh = 0. Ua = 2 - 2 4 -
4 ks^R / 4 ksJ 2 R ) 4 jzs; R 4 8x £; R

The work done by the electric forces when the electrons are removed is - l e 2/8x£: R and
the energy required to remove them is l e 7/S tz£0R . Setting d =R in our general expression
yields this same result.

23.53: a)
3 1 3 1 2 2 1
U = kq 4 kq kq
v. d y¡2d fid , v. d y¡2d fid d 4 ld y¡3d
1 2 1 1
kq kq - 4 — kq kq
d 4 ld fid . d 4 ld d 42d
12 12 4 12kq
U = kq 1- = —1.4§ q ¿
d 4 ld y¡3d

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 b) The fact that the electric potential energy is less than zero means that it is
energetically favourable for the crystal ions to be together.

23.54: a) U = 2kq I J_ _ J_
d Id 3d

b) u = - ^ - i n ( 2)

c ) The potential energy is the same for the negative ions— the equationsare identical
if we examine (a).

d ) If ¿ - 2 .82 x 1 0 -° m, then 1/ = - 2 ^ 6° » ^ ^ - -1 .1 3 » 1Q-» J.

2 .8 2 x lO '10 m

e) The real energy ( - 0 .8 0 x 1 0 18 J ) isab ou t70% o f that calculated above.

2 3 .5 5 : a ) 17, ~ 2^ 6° X = - 8 . 6 1 x 1Q-8 1
r 0.535 x 10 m
b) I f all the kinetic energy goes into potential energy:

U. = U . + K = - 8.61 X 1 0 '18 J + 1.02x 1 0 '18 J = ----------- = - 7 . 5 9 x 1 0 '18 J

fd 2 +x2

4k2e 4
= > x 2 = — 5----- d 2 = 8 .2 4 x lO'^m2 (d = 5 .3 5 x 1 0 '“ m)
U2
(Note that we must be careful to keep all digits along the w ay.) => x = 2.87 x 10 ' “ m
23 .5 6 : Fe = m g tan# = (1 .5 0 x 1 0 '3 kg) (9.80 m /s2) tan (30°) = 0.0085 N . (Balance
forces in x and y directions.) But also:
F - E , - V^ y - F d - (°-0085 N) (0-0500 m) _ 17 g v
d a 8 .9 0 x 1 0 's C

23 .5 7 : a ) (i) V = - ^ ( l n ( b / a ) - \ n ( b / b ) ) = ^ - l n ( b / a ) .
2 2 k s 0

(ii) V = (ln(b ¡r) - ln(b /b )) = — ln(b /r) .

2 1Z£0 2ns¡¡
(iii) V = 0.

b ) Vab= V (a ) - V (b ) i ' r — ln(h/a).

¿7l£o
c ) Between the cylinders:
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 X y*
V= ln(b jr) = ln(b jr)
liza, ln(b/a)
dv vab d n» i
:.E = - (ln(b/ r)) =
dr ln(b/a) dr ln(¿>/¿7) r

d) The potential difference between the two cylinders is identical to that in part
(b) even if the outer cylinder has no charge.

23.58: Using the results of Problem 23.57, we can calcúlate the potential difference:

E = T ^ f ¡ - - ^ V ai = E h (b /a )r
ln ( b / a ) r

=> Vai = (2 .0 0 x 104 N /C ) (In (0.018 m /145 x lO-6 m )) 0.012 m = 1157 V .

23 .5 9 : a ) F = E q = ( l.lO x lO 3V / m ) (1 .6 0 x 1 0 '19 C) = 1 .7 6 x 1 o -16 N ,dow n w ard

b ) a = F ¡m e = ( 1 .7 6 x 1 0 '“ N )/(9 .11 x 10 '31 k g ) = 1 .9 3 x 1014 m /s 2 ,downward.

C) t = — 0 060 m— = 9.23 x 10-9 s, y - y0 = - at2 = —(1.93 x 10 14m /s2 i (9.23 x 10"9s)2

6 .5 0 x 1 0 m /s 2 2
= 8 .2 2 x 1 0-3 m.
d) Angle Q = arctaR(yyjvx) = arctan(at/v^) = arctan(1.78/6.50) = 15.3°.
e) Tlie distance below center of the screen is:

D = d + v j = 8.22 x 10”3 m 4- (1.78 x 106 m /s) — 0 1 2 0 m = q.041 1 m.

' ' 6 .5 0 xlO 6 m/s

23.60:

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 (a) Use AV^ tog etX .:A K = f E ■di = f ^ dr = K ln £
Ja Ja 2 x £q 27Z£0
2ttr,AV
1ñ b /a
X 2 x£0A V /\ nb/a AV
2z£Gr 2 K£0r ln bj>

0.127 mm
at outer surface of the wire, r = a = 2

£ = _ 850 V = 2 .6 5 x 1 06 V /m
(0000127») in 1 .0 0 c m

(b) at the inner surface of the cylinder, r = 1.00 c m , which gives

E = 1.68 xlO 4 V /m

23.61: a) From Problem 23.57,

V. 1 50,000 V 1
E =
ln (b/a) r ln (0 .1 4 0 /9 .0 0 x 1 0 ) 0.070 m
=> £ = 9 .7 2 x 104 V/m.

b) F = £ g = 1 0 w g = >g = 1 0 (3 -0 0 x l °~S y - 80m / sÍ> = 3 .0 2 x l 0 - " C .

9 .7 2 x 1 0 “ V/m

23.62: Recall from Example 23.12 for a line of charge of length a :

+ a jí
V = — ln
4 + x 1 -a /2
a) For a square with two sets of oppositely charged sides, the potentials cancel and
V = 0.
b) I f all sides have the same charge we have:
-Ja2/ 4-1-.x2 4- a/2
K=^ l u , buthere x = a / 2 , so:
-Ja2/ A + x 2 - a/2

2+ 4x2 4kQ '(V2 + 2 )

ln
4x - a (V2 - 1)

23.63: a)

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 kQ 2^7* ¿fr* 2&0 r ¿fr*
dV =
, 2 ,
Vx 2
-V r ;r£ 2
* 5 Vx
2
-V r
2

2A gf rrfr 2*¡2 i/s 2=x'+fl' 2kQ

2 lZ J 2 = *7 ^ 2 + i?2 - j;
O A OV-x 2 + r2 K R2

u
-^.x2 4- i?2 - x
2 ¡f

dV 2kQ 17
b) E =- -1 1-
i? 2Z V íT ^ /P

23.64: a) From Example 23.12:

y/a 2 +. x 2 -Va
.
Vi + a2/ x 2 -V ajx
F ( * ) = — ln = ^ m
2a i 2 , 2 2a
-ya 4-.x —a y¡l + a2/ x 2 —a¡ x
z' ^
a . £ , ¿Z 11/ 1 \ 1 2
If a « x , yjl -V a2/ x 1 ± a /x ™ l + ~ ± - « l + - , and ln(l 4- a ) ^ a,4 —a
.x x 2
r r 2 r
*e a 1 a a 1 a 2 _L. . . _ k Q "2a" kQ
V (x) _iL . . . i
2a * + 2~ X / + 2 x 2a X X
That is, the finite rod acts like a point charge when you are a long way from it.
b) From Example 23.12:
2 , 2 ,

V (x ) = ^ ] n . 4<a -V x -Va kQ
ln
■^1 4- x ¡ a2 -I-1
2a a2 + x 7 - a 2a 1 -I- x 2/a 2 —1
z' >>2
.x 1 2
I f x « a, -^14- x 2j a 2 ± l « l ± l H — , andln(l 4- a ) ** a 4- —a

(2 + x 2/ 2 a 2) * 6 ln 4a-
F ( jc) ln +1 * ^ I n ( 2 a /x ) =
2a ( 4 / 2 a 2 ) 2a a

^ ln (2a/x) = ^ ln (2 a / .x).
4;z£0a 2**0

Thus <2 , and ¿? = 2a, which is the only natural length in the problem.
—
2a

pr_
23.65: a) Recall: r < R : E = V = - \ É - d r = - - ? - \ r dr = - - ? - ( / -
i 2¿r,
2‘ ° l 4á°
So with X = jiR2p , V = - KX(r2 / R2- 1).

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 pR r¿ ’c dr X
For r > R : E = - ^ - ^ V = - [ É d r = - ^ ~ f— = - — ln [*■]=-2 i& ln [f j
2 £0r
/ C V0 V I Q
2a, " V
■o flo r
f'TTC

b)

23 .6 6 : a ) F ( 0 .0 3 ,0 )= * « - ° ° * 10"? C> 4- * < - 2 - ° ° » * 0 * Q - . 3Q0 V.

0.0300 m 0.01 m
K(0.03,0.05)= , *g-0<»<K>"P) + *<-2.00x10" Q _ 4J9 y
^/(0.03002 + 0.05 002) m y¡0 .0 1002 + 0.05 002
b) FF = - 9 A F = - ( + 6 .0 0 x 1 0 ^ C )(7 1 8 V ) = - 4.31 x lO ^ J .
Note that the work done by the field is negative, since the charge is moved AGAINST the
electric field.

1 Ox
2-3.67: From Example 21.10, wehave: E x = - ------ , 2 23/2
4 x £0 (.x 4- a )'

=>V = Q rf . *' ,, =
X , i:, dx’ Q ..-i« ® = Equation
4 k £0 ¿ ( x 4 a ) 4 x s0 o ^\/xv 2 44- a
4 K £ r. n 2

(23.16).

23.68:
1 dq 1 X dl 1 Q di \ QdQ "¡Q d e 1 Q
dV = V=
47i£0 r 4 7Z£, 4 x £(i na a 4?k0 T ía 4 y£ q
x q iz a 4 tz£ 0 a

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 0.3

2 3 .6 9 : a ) S, and S3 : = - J ( - 5xi + 3zk ) ■j d y = 0; Si and are at equal potentials.

o
0.3 0 .3 ~ ~

b) S2 and S4 : V74 = - J ( - 5x¡ 4 3zk) •kdz = - 3 J z dz = — z2 1 " = — (0.3)2 =

o 2 2
- 0 .1 3 5 V . S 4 is higher.
03 0 .3 - ^

c) S5and S 6 :V 56= - j (~ 5x¡ 4 3 zk) •idx = 5 J x dx = - x * |JJ = - (0.3)2 = 0.225 V.

o o 2 2
S 5 is higher.

2-3.70: From Exam ple 22.9, we have:

kQ _ ^ ^ fd r' kQ
r y’2 r

, , kQ k Q \:
r < R \ E = kOr = > V = - \ É - d ? ' - \ É - d r =
R R R-

k Q _ k Q }_ t'i ' kQ kQ kQr‘

V=
R £32 R 2R 2 R:
kQ
:.V = 3-
2R R
b)

23.71: a) Problem 23.70 shows that

V, = (3 - y2¡R 2) for r < R and V, = for r > R

8x £0R 4ns0r

v, = k ^ - , V t = - R - íWdV0 - V s = e
8K£0R 4 7T£0R 8x £0R
b) If Q > 0, V is higher at the center. If Q < 0, V is higher at the surface.

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23.72: (a) Points a, b, ande are all at the same potential becau.se E = 0 inside the
spherical shell of charge on the outer surface. So AVab = AVbc = AV^ = 0 .

A V - kq - (9 * 109 NmV c ; ) (l 5 0 x l O'6 c )

" R 0.60 m
= 2.25 x 106 V.
(b) They are all at the same potential
(c) Only AVt^ wouldehange; itwouldbe - 2 . 2 5 x 1 0 6 V.

23.73: a) The electrical potential energy for a spherical shell with uniform surface
charge density and a point charge q outside the shell is the same as if the shell is
replaced by a point charge at its center. Since Fr = —d U jd r, this means the forcé the
shell exerts on the point charge is che same as if the shell were replaced by a point charge
at its center. But by Newton's 3rd law, the forcé q exerts on the shell is the same as if the
shell were a point charge. But q can be replaced by a spherical shell with uniform
surface charge and the forcé is the same, so the forcé between the shells is the same as if
they were both replaced by point charges at their centers. And since the forcé is the same
as for point charges, the electrical potential energy for the pair of spheres is the same as
for a pair of point charges.
b) The potential for so lid insulating spheres with uniform charge density is the same
outside of the sphere as for a spherical shell, so the same result holds.
c) The result doesn't hold for conducting spheres or shells because when two charged
conductors are brought cióse together, the forces between them causes the charges to
redistribute and the charges are no longer distributed uniformly over the surfaces.

23.74: Máximum speed occurs at “infinity” Energy conservad on gives

*?1?2 1 2 ,1 2
--------- = + r mi50v!50
r 2 2
Momentum conservad on: m50v50 = m[50v150 andv50 = 3vlg0
Solve for v50 and vlg0, where r = 0.50 m
v50 = 1 2 .7 rr^s, v150 = 4.2 4 m / s
Máximum acceleration occurs just after spheres are released. = ma gives
kW 7
r2
( 9 . 1 0 ’ N n .V c = ,( 1 0 - ; C , ( . . 1 0 - C , = (| )1 5 | ts> [ji
(0.50 m)
a = 72.0 m/s

«50 = 3 «1 5 0 = 216 m/s

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2-3.75: Using the electric field from Problem 22.37, the potential difference between the
conducting sphere and insulating shell is:
kQ
V = - \Í FÉ - d ? = - j ^ - d r = kQ v =
2R 2R r
R 2R 2R

23 .7 6 : a ) At r = c :V = - \ ^ d r =
i r c

b) A t r = b : V = - \ É d r - ¡ É ■d F = ^ - ~ 0 = ^ - .
t í c c
c b a i
} dr . i i + r
c ) At r = a : V = - j É d r - j É d r - j É d ? = ------- kq 1— = kq
br c b a_

d) A t r = 0 : V = kq I_ I I since it is inside a metal sphere, and thus at the

c b a
same potential as ifs surface.

23.77: Using the electric field from Problem 22.54, the potential difference between the
two faces of the uniformly charged slab is:

V = - jÉ -d ? = - J dx = -B- v = o.
-á -A

,3 .7 8 : a ) F = ^ = ^ - 1-2 ° X i r C) = - , 6 . 6 V .
r 6.5 0 x 10 m
b) The volume doubles, so the radius increases by the cube root of two:
=\¡2R = 8 .1 9 x 10"4 m and the new charge is g new = 2 Q = - 2.40 x 10"'J C. So the
new potential is:
y _ * ! S L . _ * ( - 2 - 4 0 * 1 0 - 1* C ) _
^nev; L19 x 10”4 m

23.79: a)
r . \ r \
kdq kQ dz kQ } dz kQ x-Y a
dVp = ^ ln = — ln i - “
z + x a z -Y x a . z -y x a x y a
b)
/ 2 . 2 .
kQ dz kQ dz dz kQ y a -f y -Ya
ln
a r a z 2 -Y y 2 n *■
y
í-
c)
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 kQ a kQ „ .
x » a : V' » = — , Since ln (1 4 a ) » a.
a j: j:
r \
Tr kQ a kQ a 2 4-. y 2 4-. a y4 ^
y » a :VR « -------- = — , Since ln - ln = ln 1 4 — ftá—
* y y y y y y^ y

23.80: Set the alphapartide’s kinetic energy equal to its potential energy:

k(2e) (82e) ¿(1 6 4 ) (1 .6 0 x 1 0 '19 Cf

K = U =>11.0 Me V = r= 4 -1 9
(1 1 .0 x 1 0 ° eV )(1.60x 10 J/eV )
= 2.15 x 10-14 m.

kQs kQÁ kQt

23.81: a) V = a ,= i a 2s. = 1
R, Ra Ra / i Q a 3

dV kQa _ k í Q j 3 ) _ 3 k Q A = 3 E = > Ej l = 3_
b) Es = -
dr (^ /3 )2 * £

23.82: a) From Problem 22.57 we have the electric field:

r > R :E = ^ V = - m dr ' = k
-Q
r J y ' y

which is the potential of a point charge.

3 4 U 7
kQ
b) r < R -.E = 4 —j - 3 -^t- K= - ¡E d r
£3 i?4

kQ 2 n2 3 3 J

V= 3 _ 2 ^ - + 2 ^ + Ít - ^ *e -^ -2 -^ + 2
R £5 R1 i?3 i?3 i? i?3 i?5

23 .8 3 : a ) £ = ^ % , F = ^ - , s o K = £ £
£, Ri
b) Afler electrostatic equilibrium is reached, with charge Q¡ now on the original
sphere we have:

a = q ; + & an d Vt = V2 => => q ; = a A

Ai A^ A^

n - n * L + n n 6i ^261 ■ ( ^ 1/ ^ 2)8 i ^161

5 2 (l + £ ) (£ , + £ ,) 1 T ^ T +

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 c) The new potential is the same at each sphere’s surface:
kQ[ kQ, kQt
=K
Rt r 2 [i +±) (* * + * .)
d) The new electric field is not the same at each sphere’s surface:
ko; kQl kot
£ ,=
i?,2 i?,i?2(l + | -) RiiS^ + S i)

kQi _ k& _ kQi

V ( i + |-) R2(R2 + Rt)

2 3 .8 4 : a ) W e have V (x, y , z ) = A(x2 - 3y 2 + z2). S o :

dV - dV ' dV -
E = i j k = - 2Axi + 6Av¡ - 2Azk
dx dy dz

b) A charge is moved in along the z -axis. So the work done is given by:
0 0 jy
W = q í É •k dz = q f ( - 2Az) dz = + (Aq)zQ => A = y
í í o
6.00 x 10"5 J
A= = 640 V /m 2.
(1.5 x 1 o -6 C )(0.250 m)2

c ) E ( 0, 0, 0.250) = - 2(640 V /m 2) (0.250 m) i = -3 2 0 v / m k.

d) In every plañe paral leí to the x - z plañe, y is constant, so:

V (x, y, z) = Ax2 + A z 1 - C => x 2 + z ! = V + C = R \

A
which is the equation for a circle since R is constant as long as we have constant
potential on fhose planes.
. 2 , 2 1280 V -i- 3(640 V /m )(2.00 m)‘ 2
e) K = 1280 V , and y = 2nr x + z = r¡ 14 m
640 V /m 2
Thus the radius of the circle is 3.74 m.

k e 2 —v . * ( 1 .6 0 x 1 0"19 C )2
23.85: a) Ei = E r1 í’ —
.1 ^ -1 5 .
|_2 p
2- p \
=> v = 7.58 x 106 m/s.

b) For a helium-helium collision, the charges and mas se s change from (a):
* (2 (1 .6 0 x 1 0"1’ C ))2
v= -2 7
= 7.26 x l 0 s oVs.
(3.5 x 10’ 15 m )(2.99)(1.67 x 1 0 '" kg)

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 C)
k = 3W = m v ^ ^ T _ mpv ¿ _ (1.67 x 1 0 ^ k g)(7.58x 106 m /s)2 _ 2 3 r 1Qg K
2 2 p 3k 3(1.38 x l O'23 J/K )
_ r m ^v2 (2.99)(1.67xlQ -2! k g )(7.26x 10* q^s)2 ^^ ^
H
" 3k 3(1.38 x lO '23 J/K )

d) These calculations were based on the partióles5 average speecL The distributio
of speeds ensures that there are always a certain percentage with a speed greater than the
average speed, and these partióles can undergo the necessary reactions in the srnTs core.

23.S6: a) The two daughtcr nucid have half the volume of the original uranium nuclcu3,
so their radii are smaller by a factor of the cube root of 2:
7 .4 x 1 0 '15 m . 15
r= = = 5 .9 x 1 0 m.
V2
[ f = k ( 4 ^ = k(4 6 )2( 1 . 6 0 x l 0 - C ) 2 = 4 ] 4 x l 0 -il j
2r 1.17 x 10 m
Each daughter has half of the potential energy turn into its kinetic energy when far from
each other, so:
K = 17/2 = (4.15 x 1 0 '“ J ) /2 = 2.07 x 1 0 '“ J.
c) If we have 10.0 kg of uranium, then the number of nuclei is:

n = -------------10’01*» — = 2 .5 5 x 1025 nuclei.

236 u ( 1 .6 6 x 1 0 '27 kg/u)
And each releases energy U : E = nU = (2.55 x 1025)(4 .15 x 10"11 J ) = 1.06 x 1015 J =
253 kilotons of TNT.
d) W e could cali an atomic bomb an “electric” bomb since the electric potential
energy provides the kinetic energy o f the par tic les.

23.87: Angular momentum and energy must be conserved, so:

mv¡b = mv2r2 and E l = E 2 => = —mv27 4- and E l = 11 MeV = 1.76 x 10"12 J.

2
Substituting in for v2 we find:

El = El — 4- — — L=> (E {)r2 - (kq{q2 )r2 - E fi = 0, and note q{ = 2e and q2 =S2e.

r2 r2
(i) b = 10 '12 m => r2 = 1.01 x 10"12 m
(ii) b = 10"13 m => r2 = 1.11 x 10"13 m.
(iii) b = 10-14 m => r2 = 2.54 x 10-14 m.

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 r2 r3 dV
23.88: a) r < a : V = Po*' 1 - 3 - + 2 - and E = -
18*. a a dr

1
i
2

>11 'sí lO
=;> E = -
Poa _ Po<*

1
~ 6 — j2r 4 6 —3r-

1
18Sr a a 3¿o a aL
dV
r > a : V = Oand E = - — = 0.
dr
r r
4 Tur
s0 3s0 a a

r -Ydr (r2 4 2r d r)
E , ^ 4 x ( r * + 2 rd r) = ^ ± = & . 47i(r2 4- 2r ¿r)
¿o 3^0
p (r )4 x r 2 dr p0a 4 x r2dr
3Sr
—
2r
a
+2
a
2r
a
+
2-
1
a
L 4r~ * y~\
P (r ) = f 3 ------ = Po [\1 ------
a_ 3a _

c ) r > a : p (r) = O, so the total charge enclosed will be given by:

u
2
Q = 4 j c f p ( r ) r 2dr-=é4jcp0j¡t r ------- d r = 4Tipr = 0 .
3a 3V 3a
Therefore, by Gauss’s Law, the electric field must equal zero for any position r > a.

23.89: a) F g = m g = ^ - p g = q V j d = qE = Fe ^> q =

b) F e = m g = ——— p g = 6jajrvt = F v => r = ^ ^ '

3 2 pg

4 k pgd ¡V , vV
=>q =
i K* yaA

1 0 '3 m (1.81 x l O'5 N s/m 2) 3(10'3 m /39.3 s)3

c ) £ = 18tt = 4 .8 0 x l( T ‘9 C = 3e.
9 .1 6 V \ 2(824 k g /m 3)(9.8 0 m /s2)

'9(1.81 x lO '5 N s/m 2)(lCT3 m /39.3 s)

r= = 5.07 x 10~7 m
2(824 k g /m 3)(9.8 0 m / s2)

23.90: For an infinitesimal slice of a finite cylinder, we have the potential:

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 kdQ _kQ . dz
dV =
2
< J(x - z)2 + R2 L < J (x - z )2 + R
Z/2 L ¡2 - x
kQ dz kQ du
v = whereu = x - z.
í T ¡ ( x - z f + R¿
L ~L} L _L/7_ :fy¡u'2 + R
2

y j ( L / 2 - x f + R2 + {L ¡2 - x)
K = -^ ln on the cylinder’s axis.
L ^ L j l - x f + R7 - L j l - x

b) For L « R:

ij(L ¡2 - x )2 + ¿?2 + ¿ / 2 - - x ¿ + 2J2 + £ / 2 -

la
L t] (L /2 + x f + R 2 - L ¡2 - . ¿ f é + x L + R7 - L / 2 - x

J l - x L / ( R '2 + x \ ) + ( L / 2 - x ) / ^ R 7 + x 2
L ■ Jl+ x L /iR 2 + x 2) + ( - ¿ / 2 - * ) / ,/i ?2 + * 2

1- x L / 2(i?2 + x 2) 4 (Z./2 - j c ) / , / F + 7
L 1+ x L ¡ 2 (R 7 + ,x2) + ( - ¿ / 2 - x ) / ^ f + 7
r
1 + L¡2^¡R 7 + x 7 _ kQ ln L L
=> K « — ln 1+ - ln 1 -
L L 2 , 2
1 - L ¡2 ^ R 7 + x 7 2./R + .x

*e 2¿
V , which is the same as for a ring.
¿ 2 ,/ jc2 + i?2 /x 2 + R

£ 2feg (y'(Z. - 2.x) 2 + 4 £ 2 - 2+ 4£2

c)
a*: ^/(¿ - 2 x f + 4 R 2 •^ ( ¿ + 2x)2 + 4 R'

23 .9 1 : a )

wi.v. + m,v, (6 x 10"5 kg)(400m /s) + (3 x 1(T5 k g )(l300 o^/s) ,

= ---------------- = -------------------------- —------------------- —--------------------= 7UU m/
6.0 x 10 k g + 3 .0 x 1 0 '
U\ n * 2 , 1 2 , k q ,q 2 1 2
b ) E ,e i = + T ™ 2 V2 + — 1— - > 1 + ™ 2>cm '
2 2 r 2
After expanding the center of mass velocity and collecting like terms:
1 2 , 2 0 , kq{q 2 1 2 kq {q 2
=> ¿ L , = ------- — — [V! + v2 - 2\\V7 ] + — = —^(v, - v2 ) + —
r 2
i~6
c) = 1 ( 2 .0 x 10- W 0 0 i V s y + ^ " 0 x 1 ^ r X - ^ x 1^ O a _ x
; ,d 2 V 0.0090 m
d) Since the energy is less than zero, the system is “bound”
e) The máximum separation is when the velocity is zero:
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 - 1 . 9 J = - ^ - = > r = ^ 2-0 x 1 0 ^ C X -S .O x lO -6 C ) = ft047ffL
r -1 .9 J
f) Now using Vj = 400 m /s and v2 = 1800 m /s , we find: E tel = + 9.6 J. so the partióles
do escape, and the final relative velocity is :
2 2(9.6 J)
= 980 m/s.
\ íí y 2 .0 x 10'

24.1: Q = C V = (2 5 .0 V )(7.28 í¡F) = 1 .8 2 x 1 0 '4 C.

24.2: a ) C = ¿0 - = ¿0 °-00122 m = 3 .2 9 p F .
d 0.00328 m
Q 4 .3 5 x 1 0 C
b) V = ^ = ZT^ . „ = 13.2kV .
C “ 3 .2 9 x l 0 ’w F
V 1 3 .2 x 103 V
c) E =—= — = 4 .0 2 x 1 0 V /m .
d 0.00328 m

Q 0.148 x !Q -6 C
2 4.3: a) V = ^ = _ _10 - = 604 V.
C “ 2 .4 5 x 1 0 ’ 10 F
b ) 0 3 = (2.45 x 10~'°F)(0.328 x 10"3 m) = Q^ ^

«o «o
V 604 V
C) E ■=:■— = ------ —r— = 1.84 x 10 V/ m.
d 0.328 x 10 m

d) £ = — => <¡ = e0E = «0(l.84xlO s V /m ) = 1 .6 3 x 1 0"5 C/m'

2 4.4: AV = Ed = — d

_ (5.60 x 10 C /m )(0.00180 m)
8.85 x 1 0 '15 C2/N m 5
= 1.14 mV

2 4.5: a ) Q - C V - 120 ¡a.C

b) C = SoA ¡d
d —¡>d j 2 means C C ¡2 and Q -í* Q ¡2 = 6 0 ¡xC

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 c) r - > 2 r means A -> 4 A .C -> 4C , and Q - > 4 Q = 480 C

24.6: (a) 12.0 V since the píatesremain charged

(b) (i) V=%
Q does notchange since the plates are disconnected from the battery.

c = ^
d
l i d is doubled, C -> so V -> 2V = 2 4 .0 V
(ii) A = 7ir2, so if r —> 2r,then A —> 4A , and C —>4 C which means that

V —> —V = 3.00 V
4

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24.7: Estímate r = 1.0 cm

C =^ s o d =^ = = 2.8 .r c ,
d C 1 .0 0 x 1 0 F
The separation between the pennies is nearly a factor of 10 smaller than the diameter of a
penny, so it is areasonable approximation to treat them as infinite sheets.

24.8: (a) AV = Ed
1 0 0 V = (104 N/C )d
d = 10~2 m = l.OOcm
c _ £oÁ _ £o* r *
d
4 Cd
R=
\ 4jza0

R = J 4 (5 .0 0 x 10 '12F )(1 0 '2m )(9 x 109 ^ - )

R = 4.2 4 x 10"2m = 4.2 4 cm

(b) Q = C V = (5p F)0 00 V) = 500 pC

24.9: a) — = ^
¿ In O l/rJ
(00 .1 8 0 m )2x
)^ .,
ln(5.00/0.50)
b) V = Q ! C = (lO.OxlO"12C )/(4 .3 5 x 10~12 F ) = 2 .3 0 V

= 2 ^ ==;].77 => —
¿ ln(rA/ r J C jL 31.5 x lO '12 F/m

b) — = F — = (2.60V )(3 1.5 x 10"12 F /m ) = 8.19 x 10"11 C/m.

Z/ A

24 .1 1 : a ) C jL = 2™ j = ----------- ^ -------------= 6.56 x 10 '11 F/m.

In O á/rJ ln(3.5 m m /1.5 mm)
b) The charge on each conductor is equal but opposite. Since the inner conducto
is at a higher potential it is positively charged, and the magnitude is:
Q . C F - _ 2 » 0 ( 2 .8 mXO.35 V ) = ^ y ] y l ,Q
]n(rbjra) ln(3.5 mm/1.5 mm )
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24.12: a) For two concentric spherical shells, the capacitance is:

C -I kCr¡b: —kCra = rar b. => r,b =

k £ C -r

£ (1 1 6 x 10 F) - 0.150 m
b) V = 220 V , and Q = CV = (116 x 10"12 F )(220 V ) = 2.55 x 10"8 C.

1 1 '(0 .1 4 8 m )(0.125 m)")

= 8 .9 4 x 1 0"11 F.
k ^ b ~ ra / k 0.148 m - 0.125 m
b) The electric field at a distance of 12.6 cm:
kQ kC V ¿ ( 8 .9 4 x 1 0 '“ F )(1 2 0 V )
E = = 6082 N/C.
r‘ r5 (0.126 m)2
c) The electric field a t a distance of 14.7 cm:
kQ kC V £ (8.94 x 10"11 F)(120 V )
E = = 4468 N/C.
r r (0.147 m)
d) For a spherical capacitor, the electric field is not constant between the
surfeces.

24.14: a) — = ------------+ — -= ------------------------ 7— + -------------- t—

C^ C, + C2 C3 ((3.0 + 5 .0 ) x 10 F ) ( 6 . 0 x l 0 '6 F )
=> = 3.42 x 10"6 F.
Ib e magnitude of the charge for capacitors in series is equal, while the charge is
distribuled for capacitors in parallel. Tlierefore,
03 = 0i + 02 = FC«q = (24.0 V )(3 .4 2 x 10"6 F) = 8.21 x 10"5 C.

Since C, and C2 are at the same potential, — = => Q2 = —~-Q{ = —0 ,

Cj ^''2 C, 3
& = !S i = 8.21 x lO '5 C=>Q¡ = 3 .0 8 x 1 0 '5 C ,a n d Q7 = 5 .1 3 x 10'5 C.
b) V2 = Vl = Q / C , = (3 .0 8 x 1 0 '5 C )/(3 .0 0 x 10'6 F ) = 10.3 V . AndK3 =
24.0 V - 10.3 V = 13.7 V.
c ) Ib e potential difference between a and d: Vaá = Vl = V2 = 10.3 V.

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 Then, 0 12 + 0 3 = 0 4 = 0 toül = C ^ V = (2 .4 0 x 10"* F)(2S.O V ) = 6.72 x 10-5 C and

2 0 2 = Qi => 012 = = 6,72 x * ° C = 2 .24 X 10"5 C , and03 = 4.48 x 10'5 C. But

also, 0 , = 0 2 = 0 I2= 2 .2 4 x 1 0 '5 C.

b) K = 0 i / c i = (2-24 x 10"5 C ) /( 4 .0 0 x 10"6 F ) = 5.60 V = F2
V¡ = 0 3 /C j = (4.48 x 1 0 '5C )/(4 .0 0 x 10"6 F ) = 11.2 V.
V4 = 0 4/C 4 = (6 .7 2 x 10 '5 C )/(4 .0 0 x 10-6 F ) = 16.8 V.
C) K , = Vob - F4 = 2 8.0 V - 1 6 .8 V = 11.2 V.

2 4 .1 6 : a)
J_ -J _ 1 _ 1 1
c .q _ C1 c2_ (3.0x1o-6 F ) ( 5 .0 x 1 o - 6 F)

= 5 .3 3 x lO s F"1 = > C ^ = 1.8 8 x 1 0'® F

=> 0 = v c «, = (52-0 V )(l .88 x 10"6 F ) = 9.75 x 10"5 C

b) v¡ = Q /C l = 9 .7 5 x 1 0-5 C/3-OxlO"6 F = 32.5 V.

F2 = 0 / C 2 = 9 .7 5 x 1 0-5 C /5 .0 X 1 0 -6 F = 19.5 V.

2 4 .1 7 : a ) 0 , = FC, = (5 2 .0 V )(3 .0 x 10-6 F ) = 1 .5 6 x 1 o -4 C.

0 2 = FC2 = (5 2 .0 V )(5.0 x 10"6 F ) = 2 .6 x 10-4 C.
b) For parall el capacitor s, the voltage over each is the same, and equals the
voltage source: 52.0 V.

24.18: = Qr 4--¿j-)”1 = r* = So the combined capacitance for two

capacitors in series is the same as h at for a capacitor of are a 4 and separation. (d{ + d2).

24.19: = Cj 4- C2 = ^ 4- . So the combined capacitance for two

capacitors in parallel is that o f a single capacitor of the ir combined area (A[ + A2) and
common píate separation d.

24.20: a) and b) The equivalent resistance of the combination is 6.0 /¿F, therefore the
total charge on the network is: Q = (6.0 ¿wF)(36 V ) = 2.16 x 10-4 C. This is also the
charge on the 9.0 ¿¿F capacitor because it is connected in series with the point b. So:
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 & = 2.16X 10- c = 2 4 V j
C9 9 .0 x 10 F
Then V3 = V n = V ¡ 2 + V 6 = V - V 9 = 3 6 V - 2 4 V = 12 V.
=> Qi = C 1V1 = (3-0 2 V ) = 3.6 X10 ' 5 C.
=> Su = C n K = 0 1 j“F)(12 V )= 1.32 x 10-4 C.
=> Qe = Qn = Q ~ Qi - S u
= 2 .16 x 10"4 C - 3.6 x 10”5 C - 1.32 x1o "4 C.
= 4 .8 x 10“5 C.
So now the final voltages can be calculated:
a = 4 .8 x l O - C = g v
6 C6 6 .0 x 1 0 F
a i = 4 8 x l0 2 C =4V _
Ca 12 x 10 F
c) Since the 3 ¿¿F, 11 /¿F and 6 /¿Fcapacitors are connected in parallel and are in
series with the 9 ¡JF capacitor, their charges must add up to that of the 9 ¡áF capacitor.
Similarly, the charge on the 3 ¿¿F, 11 ¡iF and 12 ¡¿F capadtors must add up to the same as
that of the 9 ¡iF capacitor, which is the same as the whole network. In short, charge is
conserved for the whole system. It gets redistributed for capad tors in parallel and it is
equal for capacitors in series.

24.21: Capacitances in parallel simply add, so:

1 1 1 1
(15 + x ) p¿F = 72 piF => * = 57 piF.
Q 8.0^ F (11 + 4 . 0 + jc) ^ F 9.0 ^ F

24.22: a) C, and C2 are in parallel and so have the same potential across them:

K = — = 4 0 -0 x l0 "‘ C = ] 3 3 3 V
Cj 3 .00 x l 0 '6 F
Thus g , = VC¡ = (13.33 V )(3 .0 0 x 1 0 '6 F) = 8 0.0 x 10"‘ C. Since Q¡ is in series with the
parallel combination of Cj and C2 , its charge must be equal to their combined charge:
4 0 .0 x 10"6C + 8 0 .0 x 1 0-6 C = 120.0x 10"6C b) The total capacitance is found from:
J__J_ 1 _ 1 1
c t o, _ c n c 3 ~ 9 .0 0 x l 0 '6 F 5.00 x 10-6 F
Cto = 3 . 2 1 ^
and
g £L = 1 2 0 .0 x l ° - C = 3 7 4 v
Cto, 3.21 xlO F

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24.23: Vl = Q J C [ = (150 ¿¿C)/(3.00 /¿F) = 50 V
Cj and C2 are in parall el, so K2 = 50 V
K3 = 120 V - ^ = 70 V

24 .2 4 : a ) V = Q I C = (2.55 Jw C )/(920x 10'12 F ) = 2 772 V.

b) Since the charge is kept constant while the separation doubles, that means that
the capacitance halves and the voltage doubles to 5544 V.
c ) U = ± C V 2 = ^(920 X 1 0 '12 F )(2 7 7 2 V)2 = 3.53 xlO -3 J. Now if the separatioa
is doubled, the capacitance halves. and the eneigy stored doubles. So the aoiount of work
done to move the plates equals the difference in energy stored in the capacitor, which is
3.53 x lO '3 J.

2 4 .2 5 : E = V /d = (4 0 0 V )/(0 .0 0 5 m )= 8 .0 0 x 1 04 V/m.
And u = { s 0E 7 = \s0(8 .0 0 x 104 V /m )2 = 0.0283 j /m 3.

24 .2 6 : a ) C = Q ¡V = ( 0 . 0 1 8 0 ^ / ( 2 0 0 V ) = 9 .0 0 x lO '11 F.

b ) c = v i ^ ¿ = C d = (9.00 X 10 -11 FX 0.0015 m ) _ 0 0 ] 5 2 m ;

d £0 £0
C) E msr_ = V m¡r_ / d => = E ^ d = (3 .0 0 X 1 0 6 V /m )(0.0015 m ) = 4500 V.

d ) U = £ L = (l-8 0 x lO '8 C )2 = L 8 0 x i o - < J

2C 2 ( 9 .0 0 x 1 0 '" F)

24 .2 7 : U = ^C K 2 = ^ (4.50 x lO-4 F )(2 9 5 V )2 = 19.6 J.

24 .2 8 : a ) Q = CV0.
b) They must have equal potential difference, and their combined charge must
add up to the original charge. Therefore:

v = ~ = -^ -a n d a ls o g , + Q2 = Q = CV0
Cj c2

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 _ i . 2 ( ¿ 0 2~ _ 1 6 2 _ 1 c r2
c) U = - a * H
------------
2 2 C c _ 3~C~ ~ 3

d) The original C/was U = \ C V 2 =>A U = ^-CV02.

e) Tliermal energy of capacitor, wires, etc., and electromagnetic radiatioiL

24.29: a) U0 = e 2 *e‘
2C 2 e0A

b) Increase the separarion by d x = > U = 2 enA

= U0(1 + d x /x ). The change is

c) The work done in increasing the separation is given by:

d w = U —U . = F d x => F = @
2scA 2s0A
d) The reason for the difference is that E is the field due to both plates. Ib e forcé
is QE if E is the field due to one píate is Q is the charge on the other píate.

24.30: a) If the separation distance is halved while the charge is kept fixed, dien the
capacitance increases and the stored energy, which was 8.38 J, decreas es since
U = Q2 ¡ 2 C. Tlierefore the new energy is 4 .19 J.
b) If the voltage is kept fixed while the separation is decreased by one half, then
the doubling of the capacitance leads to adoubling of the stored energy to 16.76 J, using
U = C V 7 i 2, when V is he Id constant throughouL

24.31: a) U = Q 7 j2 C

Q = ij2 U C = ^ /2(25.0 JXS.OOxlO"9 F ) = 5 .0 0 x 10'4 C

The number of electrons N that must be removed from one píate and added to the
other is N = Q / e = (5.00 x 1CT4 C)/(1.6 0 2 x 10 '19 C ) = 3.12 x 1 ( f 5 electrons.
b) To double U while keeping Q constant, decrease C by a factor of 2.
C = s: A / d ; halve the píate area or double the píate separation.

24.32: C = 6 = 8 20 x 10 C = j.4 1 7 x 10~12 farad

V 2.40 V
Since C = Ks0 A jd for a parallel píate capacitor
j _ KsaA _ (1 .0 0 )(8 .8 5 x ]0 ~ 1* c V N -m * )(2 .6 0 x l0 ~ 3m ?)
C 3 .4 1 7 x lO '15 farad
= 6 .7 3 4 x l 0 ’ 3m

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 The energy density is thus

j C K 2 | ( 3 .4 2 x l 0 '12farad)(2.40V )2 J
—
U = ---------------- = : : = 5 .6 3 x 1 0 r

-
Ad (2 .6 0 x l 0 ' 3m2)(6 .734 x l 0 ' 3m ) m3

2 4 .3 3 : a ) 1/ = V - 6 = = L 6 0 x 1 0 - C.
2 V 4.0 0 V

b) y = y y - y - => — = exp(2*s0 L /C ) = exp(2xs0 L V /Q )

= > -£ -- exp(2sí„(15.0 m)(-1.00 V )/(1 .6 0 x 10"9 C )) - 8.05.

24.34: a) For a spherical capacitor:

1 (0 .1 0 0 m )(0.115 m)
c = i~ S 5 _ = 8 .5 3 x 1 0 '“ F
k r t ~ r< * (0 .1 1 5 m - 0.100 m)
V = Q /C = (3 .3 0 x 10'9 C )/(8 .5 3 x 1 0 '“ F ) = 38.7 V.
1 , ( 8 .5 3 x 1 0 '" F )(3 8 .7 V )' .
b) U = - C V 2 = -i------------------ ^ = 6.38 x 1 0 's J.
2 2

kq kVC e0k ‘ (120 V )¿ (8.94 xlO~n F)

24 .3 5 : a ) k = - í 0£ 2 = ^ -
’ 2 o 2 2 (0.126 m)4
=>w = 1 .6 4 x l 0 " 4 J /m 3.
b) The same calculation for r = 14.7 cm => u = 8.83 x 10~5 J /m 3.
c ) No, the electric energy density is NOT constan! within the spheres.

1(8.00 x 10”9 C)
24 .3 6 : a ) u = , = 1.11 x lO '4 J/m 3.
2 o 2 o 4k s0 r 32ic s0 (0.120 m)
b) If the charge was -8 .0 0 nC, the electric field energy would remain the same
since U only depends on the square of E.

24.37: Let the applied voltage be K L et each capacitor have capacitance C .U = %C V 2

for a single capacitor with voltage V
a) seríes
Voltage across each capacitor is V¡2 . Ib e total energy stored is

U = 2 \c[V/2] = |CF

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 pa ralle1
Voltage across each capacitor is V. The total energy stored is
Ut = 2 (| C F2) = C V 2
U? = 4 U3 b) Q = C V for a single capacitor with voltage V.
a = 2(C'[v/2]) = C V ; Qp = 2 (C V ) = 2 C V ; 0 = 20
c) E = V /d for a capacitor with voltage V
Es = V /2 d - ¿sp = Vjd\ El = 2 E ¡

24.38: a) C = Ke0 A jd gives us the area of the plates:

¿ - — (5 '° 0 * 10 ' 1' f a t a d ) g - 5 0 x 10-3 m> _ 8.475 X , O"4 r f

Keo (1.0G)(8.8 5 x 10"12C2/N •m2)
W e also have C = K¿; A j d = g /K , s o g = K s0A (y / d ) . V j d is the electric field
between the plates, which is not to exceed 3.00 x 10 4 N /C . Thus
Q = (1.00)(8.85 x 10~12 C2 /N - m2)(8.475 x 10-4 m2)( 3 .0 0 x l 0 4 N /C )
= 2.25 x 10”10 C
b) Again, Q = Ks: A (V j d ) = 2.70¿04 (K j d ) . If we continué to think of V j d as
the electric field, only K has changed from part (a); thus Q in this case is
(2.70)(2.25 x 1 0 ‘10C ) = 6.08 x 1 0 "° C.

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2 4 .3 9 : a ) <7 = s0 ((3 .2 0 - 2.50) x 10 5 V /m ) = 6.2 0 x 10 '7 C /m 2. The field induced in the
di electric creates the bound charges on its surface.
E0 3 .2 0 x 1 0 5 V/m
b) K = =± = = 1.28.
E 2.5 0 xlO J V /m

2 4 .4 0 : a ) E0 = K E = (3.60)(1.20x 10s V /m ) = 4 .3 2 x 106 V /m => a = s0E0 =

3 .8 2 x 1 0"5 C /m 2.

b) a¡ = a 1 1
- ' = (3.8 2 x 10"5 C / m2 )(1 - 1/ 3.60) = 2.76 x 10“5 C / m2.
K
c) U = ± C V ’2 = u A d = ± K £ 0E'2Ad
U = ± (3 .6 0 > o(1.20 * 106 V /m )2(0.0018 m)(2.5 x 10-4 m2) = 1.03 x 10"5 J.

_ Ks0A _ Ks0A E _ i _ CV _ (1.25 x 10 F)(5500 V)

24.41: C = = 0.0135 m .
~ V ~ Ks0E ~ (3 .6 0 > o(1 .6 0 x 1 0 7 V /m )

24.42: Placing a di electric between the plates just results in the replacement of s for s 0 in
the derivation o f Equation (24.20). One can follow exactly the procedure as shown for
Equation (24.11).

2 4 .4 3 : a ) s = Ks0 = (2 .6 )í0 = 2.3 x 10 ' 11 C2 / Nm2.

b) = Em*.d = ( 2 - ° x l o ! V /m ) ( 2 .0 x 10' 3 m) = 4 .0 x 104 V.
G
c) E = — => <? = « £ = (2 .3 x 1 0 "“ C2 /N m 2) ( 2 .0 x l 0 7 V /m ) = 0 .4 6 x lO '3 C m2.
KSr,

And G: = g i - r = (0.46 x 10 ' 3 C /m 2)(1 - 1 / 2 . 6 ) = 2.8 x 10 ' 4 C /m 2.

K

2 4 .4 4 : a) A g = Q - & = (K - 1)& = ( K - 1)C0K0 = (2 .1)(2.5 x 10 ' 7 F )(l 2 V ) =

6.3 x 1 o -6 C.
b) Q = e ( l - i ) = (9.3 X 10"6 C)(l - 1 /3 .1 ) = 6.3 X 10"6 C.
c ) The addition of the mylar doesn’t affect the electric field since the induced
charge caneéis the additional charge drawn to tlie plates.

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 W±= 2(1.85 x 10~s J ) il01„
2 4 .4 5 : a ) U 0 = - C 0V 7 ^ V = ^. -------- = 10.1 V.
= -, ------------------------ y ------- = I V A
V.
\ C0 y (3.60 x 10 F)
U 2 ( 2 .3 2 x 1 0 ' 5 + 1 .8 5 x 1 0 ' 5 J)
b) U = - K C aV 2 = > K =- 7T~ ------------------- ----------------- 7 —2. ¿.7
2 0 C0V 2 (3 .6 0 x lO "7 F)(10.1 V )2

24.46: a) The capacitance changes by a factor of K when the di electric is inserted. Since
V is unchanged (The battery is still connected),
^añcr _ S a lic r _ 4 5 .0 p C _ g _ j gQ

^ e bcfore 25.0 pC
b) The area of the plates is n r2 = ^ (0.0300 m )2 = 2.827 x 10 3m2, and the
separation between them is thus
d _ Ks0A _ (1.00)(8.85xlQ -‘2 C2/ N - m 2)(2 .8 2 7 x 10~3 m2)
C 12.5 x !0 ~ 12 farad
= 2 .0 0 2 x 1 0 ' 3 m
Before the dielectric is inserted,
c Ke»A Q
d V
y Qd___________ (25.0 x 10'12 C )(2 .0 0 x 10~3 m)
~ Ks0A ~ (1 .0 0 )(8 .8 5 x l0 '‘2 C2/N - m 2)(2.827 x 10~3 m2)
= 2 .0 0 0 V
The battery remains connected, so the potential difference is unchanged after the
dielectric is inserted.
c ) Before the dielectric is inserted,
2 5 .0 x 1 0"15 C
s0KA (8 .8 5 x l0 ~ 12 C2 / N •m2 )(1.00 )(2 .827 x 10~3 m2)
999 N /C
Again, since the voltage is unchanged after the dielectric is inserted, the electric field is
al so unchanged

24.47: a) before: V0 = Q0 / C 0 = (9.00 x 10"* C )/(3 .0 0 x 10"* F) = 3.00 V

after: C = KC0 = 1 5 .0 F; Q = &
V = Q / C = 0.600 V ; V decreases by a factor of K
b) E = V j d , the same at all points between the plates (as long as far fforn the
edges o f the plates)
before: E = (3.00 V ) / (2.00 x 10“3 m) = 1500 V /m
after: E = (0.600 V ) / (2.00 x 10"3 m) = 300 V /m

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24.48: a ) Í K E - Á = ^ = - = > X E 4 ® ¿ * = - 2 - ^ £ = — -q ^ - .
3 - - Aned7

b) \ E -d A = ^ = ^ - ^ ^ E 4 r c d 7 = ^ qt ^ E = q + q b
£0 £0 Ax£0d-

=><2<olof=<2 + (2b=<2/ K'

c) The total bound change is qh = q (^ - 1)

24.49: a) Equation (25.22): fK E - d A = ^ = > KEA = -¿-=> E = - ^ = ^

Qd Qd
b ) V = Ed =
Ks0Á £Á

C) C = Q = - = K ^ - = KC0.
V d d 0

24.50: a ) c = 3 ¿ ^ ( ° - 161f ) = 4 .8 x 1 0 - “ F.
d 4.7 x 10 m
b) Q = C V = (4.8 x 10"“ F ) (12 V ) = 0.58 x 10-9 C.
c ) E = V /d =(12 V )/(4 .7 x 10"3m )= 2 5 5 3 V /m .
d ) [ / = i C F 2 = ^ (4.8 x 1 0 '“ F )(12 V)5 = 3.46 x l C 9 J.
e) If the battery is disconnected, so the charge remains constant, and the
plates are pulled fiirther apart to 0.0094 m, then the calculations above can. be
carried oui justas be fore, and we ñud:

a ) C = 2 .4 1 x 1 0 '“ F b) Q = 0 .5 8 x lO -9 C
6 1 = ( 0 . 5 8 x 1 0 ^ = 6 9 1 xiQ -9 J
c ) E = 2553 V /m
2C 2 (2 .4 1 x 1 0 F)

24.51: If the plates are pulled outas in Problem 24.50 the battery is connected,
ensuring that the voltage remains constant Ttiis time we find:
>1 s

a) C = 2 .4 x 10”11 F b) g = 2 .9 x lO _10C c) E = — = 1 2 V = 1 .3 x l 0 3
d 0.0094

_ (2-4 F ) ( 1 2 V ) 2 = 1 7 3 x 1 Q -9 j

24.52: a) System acts like two capacitors in series so = (-4-4- d-)-1

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 b) After rearranging, the E fields should be calculated Use superposition recal ling
E = for a single píate (not since charge Q is only on one face).

between 1 and 3: E = Q Q Q e Q
2«0¿ -. T-1-
4 ^0

between 3 and 2: E = Q Q Q ' Q = _26

2 s0L‘ 2 s0L‘ 2íoÚ 4 ^

between 2 and 4: E = Q Q e e e
\2«0¿ 2Í0L ‘

e 5 . 4g2 . g 5 , 2 , 3 g 2d
Ü d = - e ,
2/ 4 ■ V 4 - 2/ 4 L d = ~£0¿
Tú

1 Q ‘d Q ‘d 2 Ó ‘d
A U = U ^ - U =
¿(1^r2 ,7-2 <„£0¿r2
This is the work required to rearrange the plates.

24.53: a) The power output is 600 W , and 95% of the original energy is converted
400 J
E = P t = (2 .7 0 x 105W ) (1.48 x l O"3 s) = 4 0 0 J : . E 0 = ^ f = 4 2 1 J.

b) [ T = I c ^ C ^ = i ^ = 0 . 0 5 4 F
2 V (125 V )

A s0 _ ( 4 .2 0 x 1 0"5 m ; )¿(
24 .5 4 : C„ = = 5.31 x 1 0 '13 F
d ~ 7.0 0 x lO "4 m
=> C = C0 + 0.25 pF = 7.81 x 10"13 F.
d , = A ^ = (4 .2 0 x 1 0 " m > 0 = 4
Bul C = 磡
d ’ C 7.81 x 10"13 F
Therefore the key must be depressed by a distance of:
7 .0 0 x 1 0"4 m - 4.76 x 1 o -4 m = 0.224 m m

2 x £0L Tjls 0¿ 2tisj-t 2jzraL sQ s0A

24.55: a ) d « r a : C =
W l/rJ ln((d + ra)/ra) ln(l + ¿ / r J 4 4
b) A t the scale of part (a) the cylinders appear to be fíat, and so the capacitance
should appear like that of flat plates.
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24.56: Originally: Q = C y = (9.0 ¡¿F) (28 V ) = 2.52 x 10"4 C; g 2 = C2K2 = (4.0 ¿ F ) x
(28 V ) = 1.12 x 10-4 C,and = C{ 4- C2 = 13.0 piF. So the original energy stored is
U= = h (1 3 .0 x 10"6 F) (28 V )2 = 5.10 xlO-3 J. Disconnectand flip the capacitors,

so now the total charge is Q = Q2 ~ Q = 1.4 x 10"4 C, and the equivalent capacitance is
still the same, = 13.0 /¿F. So the new energy stored is :

U . - g - O-4 * 10* ? = 7 .5 4 x 1 0 - J
2C^ 2(13.0 x 10 F)

=> A I/ = 7.45 x 10’ 4 J - 5.1 0 x 10’ 3 J = - 4.35 x 10~3 J.

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24.57: a) = 4 .00 ¡iF + Ó.OO^F = 10.00 ¿ F , and Qío¡at = C ^ V = (10.00 ¡JB) (660 V ) =
6.6 x 10~3C. The voltage over each is 660 V since they are in paral leí. So:

Q = = (4.00 piF) (660 V ) = 2.64 X 10"3 C.

Q2 = C2V2 = (6.00 piF) (660 V ) = 3.96 x 10"3 C.

b) Qtotal= 3.96 xlO ”3 C - 2 .6 4 x 1 0"3 C = 1.32 x 10"3 C, and still = 10.00 //F ,
so the voltage is V = Q/C = (1.32 x 10"3 C )/(10.00 ¿¿F) = 132 V , and the new charges:

Q = q v , = (4.00 jwF)(l 32 V ) = 5.28 x 10"4 C.

S 2 = C2V2 = (6.00 je¿F)(132 V ) = 7.92 xlO ”4 C.

24.58: a)

= -f + -f = C. So the total capacitance is the same as each individual capacitor, and

the voltage is spilt over each so that V = 480 V. Another solution is two capacitors in
parallel that are in series with two others in parallel.

b) If one capacitor is a moderately good conductor, then it can be treated as a

“short” and thus removed from the circuit, and one capacitor will have greater than 600
V over iL

24 .5 9 : a) — =— +J + . J _ => r = C , = 2C , and
-

^ c, c 2 + ^ +^ c5
1 2 2 5 3
C, = C , = C , so — = — + -= - C , = > C = —C , = 2 .5 2 «F.
2 3 4 C , 3C5 3 5 ^ 5 2
b) <¿= CV = (2 .5 2 f it )(220 V )= 5 .54 x ÍCT* C = ( ¿ = Q5
^ ,v l = v5 = (5 .5 4 xlO"4 C ) / (8 .4 x 10'* F ) = 66 V.

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 So V2 = 2 2 0 - 2 (6 6 ) = 88 V = > g , = (88 V )(4 .2 /xF) = 3.70 x 10"4 C. Also V¡ = V4 =
1 (8 8 V ) = 4 4 V = > 0 > = Q , = (44 V )(4 .2 ^ > = 1.85 x 10’ 4C.

24.60: a) With the switch open: i

c « ,= 6 .u F ,

=>O = C V = (4.00 <iF)(2 1 0 V ) = 8 .4 x 1 0 " C .B y symmetry,each

capacitor carnes 4 .2 0 x 10"4 C. The voltages are then just calcuiated via V=Q/C.
So: K , = QIC\ = 140 V ,and Va = Q!CS = 7 0 V = > V ^ = Vs¡¡ - V ^ = 7 0 V.
b) When the switch is closed, the points c and d must be at the same potential, so
the equivalen!capacitance is:

= 4.5 fiF.
(3 + 6) fiF (3 -h 6) /¿F
=> Qtotol = C ^V = (4.50 ¿¿F) (210 V) = 9.5 x 10-4 C,and each capacitor has the same
potential difference of 105 V (again, by symmetry)
c) Ib e only way for the sum of the positive charge on one píate of C2 and the
negative charge on one píate of C, to change is for charge to flow through the switch.
dliat is, the quantity of charge that flows through the switch is equal to the charge in
0 2 - 0 , = 0. With the switch open, Q = 0 2 and 0 2 - Q[ = 0. After the switch is closed,
0 2 - Q = 315 ¡iC\ 315 C of charge flowed through the switch.

\ -l

2 4 .6 1 : a ) C = = 2.1 fiF
A /¿F 8.4 fiF 4 .2 /¿F

Q = C V = (2.1 ¡x F ) (3 6 V ) = 7.5 0 x 10 '5 C.

b) U = j C V = -j(2.1 ^ F ) ( 3 6 V ) = 1 . 3 6 x 1 0 " !
c ) If the capacitors are all in parallel, then:
(8 .4 ¡xF + 8.4 ¡xF + 4 .2 ¡xF) = 21 ¡xY and Q = 3(7.56 x 1 0 " C) = 2.27 x 10-4 C,

and V = Q /C = (2 .2 7 x 1 0 '4 C )/(21 /¡F ) = 10.8 V.

d ) U = ^ C V 7 = ! ( 2 1 / ¿ F ) ( l 0.8 V )2 = 1 . 2 2 x 1 0 " J.

-1
2 4 .6 2 : a ) C = = 2.4 x 10 F
4 .0 ¡iF 6.0 ¡iF
Q = C V = (2 .4 x 1 0 " F ) (6 0 0 V ) = 1.58 x 10’ 3C
and V7 = Q /C2 = (1.58 x 1 0 '3 C )/(4 .0 ¡¿F) = 395 V K3 = 660 V - 395 V = 265 V.

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 b) Disconnecting them from the voltage source and reconnecting them to
themselves we must have equal potential difference, and the sum o f their charges must be
the sum of the original charges:
Q = C\V and & = C 2V = > 2 Q = 0 ¡ + 0 7 = (C, + C ,) V

= ¡,y = — — = 2(1.58 x l0 ~ 3 C ) _ g 1g V _
C ,4 C 2 1 0 .0 x 10-6 F
=> Q = (4.00 X 1 0 's F )(3 1 6 V ) = 1.26 x 1 0 '3 C.
=> O, = (6.00 x 10 '6 F )(3 16 V ) = 1.90 x 10~3 C.

2 4 .6 3 : a ) Redncing the furthest right leg yields C = ( ¡ ¿ f + =

2.3 piF = C ,/3. It combines in parallel with a C 2 => C = 4.6 piF 4- 2.3 piF = 6.9 piF = C,. So
the next reduction is the same as the first: C = 2.3 p¿F = C J 2 . And the next is the same as
the second, leaving 3 C¡ 5s in series soC ^ = 2.3 piF = C,/3.
b) For the three capacitors nearest points a and b:
Qc, = c ^ v = (2-3 x 10 -‘ F )(4 2 0 V ) = 9.7 x 10-4 C
and Qc¡ = C2K, = (4 .6 x 10 's F )(4 2 0 V )/3 = 6.44 x 10-4 C.
c ) Va! = -j V ) = 4 6 .7 V, since by symmetry the total voltage drop over the
equivalent capacitance of the part of the circuit from the junctions between c, c and
d ,b is V , and the equivalent capacitance is that of three equal capacitors C[ in series.
Vcd is the voltage over just one of those capacitors, i.e., l/3 o f V.

24.64: (a) C ^ v = C, + C2 + C3 = 60 ¿ F
Q = C V = (60 piF) (120 V ) = 7200 piC
1 1 1 1
(b)
c cqtnv c1 c2 c3
C ^ 5 A 5 ¡¡B
Q = C V = (5.45 jmF)(1 20 V) = 654 piC

24.65: a) gisconstant.
with the dielectric: V = Q /C = Q/ ( KC0)
without the dielectric: V0 = Q /C:
V0 í V = K , so K = (45.0 V )/( 11.5 V) = 3.91
b)

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 A/3

2A /3 2A/3

Let C0 = s0 A jd be the capacitance with only air between the plates. With the
dielectric filling one-third of the space between the plates, the capacitor is equivalent to
C, and C2 in parallel, where C, has A¡ = A / 3 and C2 has A7 = 2 A / 3
q = K C J \ C2 = 2C 0/3 ; C = q + C2 = ( C j 3 ) ( K + 2 )

V= = (45.0 V) = 2 2.8 V
5.91

24.66: a) Ih is situation is analagous to having two capacitors C, in series, each with

separation j (<¿ - a). Therefore C = (■£- + ^ =j q =

b) c = J * ± = f ^ _ d _ = Co^ _
d- a d d- a d- a
c ) As <? —> 0, C —> C0. Andas a —>d , C —>co.

24.67: a) One can think of “infinity” as a giant conductor with V = 0.

b) C = y = g , = 4 tu£0R, where we’ve chosen V = 0 at infinity.
( Q / 4 m e R)

c) = Rea,* = 4*£c(6.4 x 106 m) = 7.1 x 10"4 F. Larger than, but

comparable to the capacitance of a typical capacitor in a circuit.

24 .6 8 : a ) r < R :u = - e 0£ 2 = 0.
2 0

b) r > ¿ ? :« = -± -í0£ 5 = - í 0 Q ) <2;

4jü£: r ¿ J 3 2 x 2£0r 4

c ) U = \ u d V = 4 n A r ' iu d r = - ^ - l % = - ^ —
8 ^ 0J r 8tk0£
d) This energy is equal to which is just the energy required toassemble all
the charge into a spherical distribution. (Note, being aware of double counting gives the
factor of 1/2 in front of the familiar potential energy formula for a charge Q a distance R
from another charge Q.)
e) From Equation (24.9): U = -§¿ = from part (c) => C = 4 tt£0R, as in
Problem (24.67).
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 ^ ,2 2
kQr *g >
24.69: a ) r <R :u= t^ o^ 2 = ~ £o
R 8tc5 6 -

*e-
b) r > / ? : « = I ío£ 5 = I í(, ¡ ^ 4•
8;tr
2 fl

c) r < R : C/= J = 4 k J ?*2w¿r = J r 4¿ r = ¿ S I

25 105

kQ2 } d r kQ2 Jr 3kQ2

r > R : U = ¡ u d V = ^ ¡ r 2udr = ^ - ¡ ^ = ^ ^ U =
2 jr 5R

X X‘
24.70: a) w = - £ 0£ =
^27is0r ) $ x 2£0r 2.

b) U = í udV = 2tjL [ ^ f — => — = — — ln(^ / ).

» J A4TTC
JK0 “•> Vr r
L 4/l x
TTC
£0
c) Using Equation (24.9):
x 7l
U = Q7 2'
tofo / , ‘J = InO» / r„) = 17 o f part (b)
2C 4 * ? 0£ 4 ot„

- n -i -i / -1
2 4 .7 1 : Q = ¿i'*
¿ /2 d /2 , 2 ^ , 2 et A 2 e0A * i + * S

_ 2s0/4 '
d + A ':

24.72: This situation is analagous to having two capacitors in parallel, each with an
area-^-. So:

C = C i + C , = -£ ^ + -£ ^ = ^ ( K i + K ,).
1 5 á d 2d

24 .7 3 : a ) £ = ^ = ^ Ü ^ ^ 1 . 0 x l 0 9 VA*.
Ks0 (5 .4 )í0
b) V = E d = (1.0 x 107 V/m ) (5 .0 x 10"9 m )= 0 .052 V . The outside is a t the higher
potential.
c ) volume = 10~16 m3 => £ « 2.88 x 10-6 m
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=> shell volume = 4 n R 2d = 4 k (2 .8 8 x 10-6 m)2(5 .0 x lO^m) = 5 .2 x 1 0 '19 m3
=>U = u V = (-^Ks0E 2yV = ^ (5.4)í0( 1 .0 x l 0 7 V/m)2(5 .2 x 10’ 19 m3) = 1 .3 6 x 1 0 '1S J.

2 4 .7 4 : a ) Q = C V = ^ V = ^ (300° V> , j .33 x 10"6 C.

d 1.00 x 10 01
b ) Q = g ( l - l / £ ) = (1.33xlO -6 C ) (1 -1 / 2 .5 0 ) = 7 .9 8 x l 0 ’ 7 C.

c) ^ x lO -C = 3 .o i x i o Sy /m,
í Ks0A (2.5 0 ) í 0 (0.200 m2)

d ) U = —Q V = —(1 .3 3 x 10"6 C ) (3 0 0 0 V ) = 2 .0 0 x 1 0 '3 J.

U 2 .0 0 x 1 0 '3 J , ,
e) u = -----= -------------- t------------------= 1.00 J/m = > or
Ad (0.200 m 2) (0.0100 m)
u = ^Ks0E 2 = í( 2 .5 0 ) í c(3.01 x 105 V/m)2 = 1 .0 0 J/m 3.
f) In this case, one do es work by pushing the s lab into the capacitor since the
constant potential requires more charges to be brought onto the piales. When the charge
is kept constant, the field pulís thedielectric into the gap, with the field (or charges)
doing the work.

24.75: a) W e are to show the transformarion from one circuit to the other:

c b
Circuit l Circuit 2

From Circuit \:VQC= ( and Vbc = t , where q3 is derived from Vab

Cy C*

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 Setting the coefficients of the charges equal to each other in matching potential
equations from the two circuits results in three independent equations relating the two
sets of capacitances. The set of equations are:

1- 1- and
KC. KC, KC KC, KCyC ,
From these, subbing in the expression for K , we get:
C I = (C ;C y + C f , + C2C ,) /C ,.
C2 = (C ,C v + C yC , + C ,C ,) ¡C y.
C 3 = {C ,C y + C yC t + C ,C ,)¡C ,.

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b) Using the transformad on of part (a) we have:
RK

C,

Where C, = 126 ¿ F , C2 = 28 ¿¿F, C3 = 4 2 ¿ F , C4 = 4 2 ¿¿F, C5 = 147 /¿F, and

C6 = 32 jmF. N ow the total equivalent capacitance is:
-i
C = = 14.0 //F ,
^ 72 ¡JF 126 ^F 34.8 ¿ F 147 ¿ F 72 ^F
where the 34.8 /¿Fcomes from:
\ -i -n
34.8 Jt¿F =
4 2 ¿wF 32 ¿¿F 28 jmF 4 2 /¿F

c) The circuit diagram can be re-drawn as shown on the next page. The overall
charge is given by:
Q = C ^V = (14.0 fíF) (3 6 V ) => Q = 5.04 x 10"4 C.
And this is al so the charge over the 72 ¿¿F capacitors.

5 ,0 4 x 1 0 ^ = 7 _0 V .
72
71x10" F

Next we will find the voltage over the numbered capacitors, and their associated voltages.
Then those voltages will be changed back into voltage of the original capacitors, and then
their charges.
Q cM Q c, = e „ = 5 .0 4 x 1 0 ^ C

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 5 .0 4 x 1 0"4 C 5 .0 4 x 10~4 C
= 3.43 V and VCj = = 4.00 V.
147 x 10"6 F 126 x 10"6 F
=> vc¡Ca = VCiCs = (36.0 - 7.00 - 7.00 - 4 .00 - 3.43) V = 14.6 V.
-1
l '

S*\>
But (C5C4) = « 1 6 . 8 //F and C „ (C SCS) = ' 1 + 1 = 18.2 //F, so:

+
»° l '
, c 3 4 c 6/

V.
6 c , = 6 c . = r c ' c C ^ c v = 2-45 x 10-4 c,
Q c ^ Q c . ^ c .CJc C. C
,~ e,q C C J C , )
= 2 .6 4 x 1 0 '4 C.

a a Q,
=>Fc = ^ - = 8 .8 V , Fcc, = ^ - = 6 . 3 V , F cC. = ^ = 5 . 8 V , Fc = = 3.3 V.
C, c j
C, c

=> K , = Vc, + Ve, = y» = 13 V => ¡ a , = c i8^ 8 = 2.3 XlO-4 C.

K> = yCt + FCj = K21,= 10 V =>Q27 = C 27V27 = 2.8 X 10-4 C.
V e = Ve, + VCi = V2i = 9 V => & 8 = C5SFI8 = 2 .6 x 10 '4 C.

^ = ^c5 + = K , = 12 V =>a . = C21K51 = 2 .5 XlO-4 C.

n * = kc5 - = ^6 = 2.5 V => a = C6V6 = 1.5 X 10 -5 C.

24.76: a) The forcé between the two parallel plates is:

r. r w * ic r? v2
2s0 2scA 2 e0A z2 2 s0A 2z2
b) When V = 0, the separationis just z0.So:

= 4k(z0 - z) = => 2z3 - 2z2z0 + í s d f - = 0.

c ) For A = 0 .3 0 0 m2, z0 = 1 .2 x 1 0 '3 m , £ = 25 NAn,and V = 120 V ,

2z3 - (2 .4 x 10"3 m )z2 + 3 .8 2 x 10"10 m 3 = 0 => z = 0.537 mm, 1.014 mm.
d) Stable equilibrium occurs if a slight displacement from equilibrium yields a
forcé back toward the equilibrium point. If one evaluates the forces at small
displacements from the equilibrium positions above, the 1.014 mm separation is seen to
be stable, butnot the 0.537 mm separation.

2 4 .7 7 : a ) C , = ^ ( ( £ - x ) L + xK L) = ^ L ( L + { K - 1)*).
D D

b) A U - ¿ (A C )V 7 where C - C0 ^ ( - d x + djcK)

=>AU = - £J > L d X ( K - V) V 2 = ( K - V ) e 0V ‘L dx.

2 D 2D
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 c ) I f the c h arg e is k ep t co n sta n to n the p la te s, then:

e= (L + ( K - 3}x), and U = - C V ¿ = - C 0V
D

C V'
1 - *:L (K - \)dx =>A U = U - U 0 = - ( K 1)g°K L dx.
D C0 0 2D
( K - l ) s 0V ? L
d) Since d l l = - F d x = - 7D -¿¿t, then the forcé is in the opposite direction to the
motion dx, meaning that the slab feels a forcé pushing it out.

24.78: a) For anormal spherical capacitor: C0 = Ajis^ ) Here we have, in effect, two
parallel capacitors, C L andC^,.

and C v = y = 2xs0

b) Using a hemispherical Gaussian surface for each respective half:

E,
4]¡r~ Ql Er= Ql and E r
4*r2 a
=> E„ = a
K£r 2TtKe^r' 2 7Z£: r

But Ql = VC: and & , = VCv , QL + QV = Q.

S o: Q i = VC^ - => a (1 + K ) h Q => a = and Q t = KQ

2 1+ K 1+ K
KQ Q and E r, = Q 2 Q
=>Er = 2'
l + K 2 x K s 0r ¿ 1 + K 4ji£0r ‘ 1 4- K 2jiK¿,r2 1 4- K AizKs.r
c) The ff ee charge density on upper and lower hemispheres are:

O /, )u =
a Q
^ O7/ , )u =
a e
4 je t 2 4rcr 2 ( 1 4 £ ) 4;rr.2 4;trt2 (1 + £ )
a and (p f¡ )L = a KQ
4 ;tr 2 4 ;tr 2 (3 4 K ) Arcr? 4 k k 2(1+ K )
( K - 1) Q K _K-1 Q
d ) <7, = <7, ( 1 - ! / £ ) =
K 4 %r2
a
is: 4 1 £ 4 1 4%r2
a
'
( K - 1) Q K K- 1 Q
K 4Jtr* K 4 1 £ 4 1 4 jcr? '
e) There is zero bound charge on the fíat surface of the dielectric-air interface, or else
that would imply a circumferential electric field, or that the electric field changed as we
wentaround the sphere.

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 sA 2(4.2)¿0 (0.120 m )‘
b) C = 2 C = 2.38 x 1 o -9 F.
d ) 4.5 x 10”4 m

24.80: a) The capacitors are in parallel so:

c _ _ s0W (L - h) | Ks0Wk _ s0WL Kh h
K eff
d d d L L
Kh h'
^ l l;
b) For gasoline, with K = 1.95 :

— fu.ll: K eff k = - 1= 1 - 2 4 ;- fu.ll: K eff k = - = 1.48;

2

- fiill:£ eff k = = 1.71.

c ) For methanol, with K = 3 3 :

< r; „ i . .. ,,
-si
11 ^

— fiill: K. h = — = 17;
II

4 T U ff , 2,
3L
— fiill: K eff k = = 25.

d) This kind of fiiel tank sensor will work best for methanol since ithas the greater
range of K eff valúes.
25.1: Q = It = (3.6 A )(3)(3600 s) = 3.89 x 10 4 C.

25.2: a) Current is given by I = j- = = 8.75 x 10 2 A.

b) / = nqvdA
I 8.75 x l 0 ' 2 A
nqA (5.8 x 1028)(1.6 x 10 ' 19 C)(tc(1 .3 x 10 ' 3 m)2)
= 1.78 xlO -6 m /s.

/ 4.8 5 A
2 5.3: a ) vd =
¿ nqA (8. 5 x 1 028)(1. 6 x 1 0 ’19 C )(ti/4)(2.05 x 1 0 ’3 m )2 )
= 1.08 x l O"4 m/s
0.71 m
travel tíme = — = 1 .0 8 * 1 0 m /s
= 6574 s = 110 min
b) I f the diameter is now 4 .12 mm, the time can be calculated using the formula above
or compar ing the ratio o f the areas, and yields a time of 26542 s = 442 miiL

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 c) The drift velocity depends on the diameter of the wire as an inverse square
relationship.

25.4: The cross-sectional area of the wire is

A = tlyí = ji(2 .0 6 x 1 0 '3 m)2 = 1 .3 3 3 x 10~5 m2.
The current density is

J = — = -------— — = 6.0 0 x 105 A /m 2

A 1.333 x l0 ~ 5 m 2
We have vd = J j n e ; Therefore
J 6.00 x 105 A /m 2 , _ , , ^28 electrons
n = ----- = ---------------- — ------------------ rr— --------------= 6 .9 4 x 1 0 -------- :—
vde (5 .4 0 x 1 0 ni/s)(l. 6 0 x 1 0 C/electrón) ni

25.5: J = ri^q |vd, so J / v d is constant.

(J 7M ) = ) = (1.20 X 10"4 m /s)(6.00/l .20) = 6.00 x 10"4 m/s

25.6: The atomic weight of copper is 63.55 g/m ole,and its density is 8.96 g/cm 3. The
number of copper atoms in 1.00 m3 is thus
(8.96 g/cm 3)(1.00x 106 cm3/m 3)(6.023 x 1023 atoms/mole)
63.55 g/mole
= 8 .4 9 x 1 028 atoms/m3
Since there are the same number of free electrons/m3 as there are atoms of copper/m3
(see Ex. 25.1), Tlie number of free electrons per copper atom is one.

25.7: Consider 1 m3 of silver.

density = 10.5 x 103 k g /m 3 , so m = 10.5 x 103 kg
M = 107.868 x 10-3 kg/m ol, so n = m /M = 9.734 x 104 mol and
N = nNA = 5.86 x 1028 atoms/m3
If there is one free electrón per m3, there are 5.86 x 1028 free electrons/nT. Tliis
agrees with the valué given inExercise 25.2.

25.8: a) Qíoía¡ = (n cl + nNa )e = (3.92 x 1016 + 2.68 x 1016)(1.60 x 1 0 '19 C) = 0.0106 C

=>/ = = Q' ° 1Q6C = 0 .0106A = 10.6 mA.

t 1.00 s

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 b) Current flows, by conven ti on, in the direction of positive charge. Thus, current
flows with N a+ toward the negative electrode.

f c o i» 0.65 a , 8
25.9: a) Q = J / dt =J (55 - 0 .6 5 1 7) dt = 55í|q4- í3 |q= 329 C.
o o 0 3 0
b) The same charge would flow in 10 seconds if there was a constant current of:
/ = Qjt = (329 C )/(8 s) = 41.1 A.

25 .1 0 : a ) J = ¿ = = 6.81 x 105 A/m\

b) E = p J = (1.72x10"® £2- m )(6.81x 105 AAn! ) = 0.012 V /m .

c) Time to travel the wire’s length:
t _ I _ l n g A _ ( 4 .0 m )(8 .5 x l0 27 m 3)(1 .6 x l0 ~ 19C )(2 .3 x l0 ~ 3 m)2 _ g 0 ^ 1Q4 0
vá I 3.6 A S
= 1333 min « 22 hrs!

25.11: R = ^ = q - ^ ^ 0 - ^ - mX24-Qm) = 0 J 2 5 í l
A (n:/4)(2.05 x 10" m)

25.12: R = ? k ^ L = ™ = W n M W ™ * * , 9,75 m.
A p 1 .7 2 x 1 0 í2 -m

25.13: a) tungsten:
pí (5.25 x 10~6 £ 2 /0 0 ( 0 .8 2 0 A)
E = pJ =— = ^ -i- =¡— = 5.16 x 10"-4 V /m .
A (jr/4)(3.26 x 10 m)
b) aluminum:
pl (2.75 x 10 _í o /m 3)(0.820 A )
E = p J = -f _ = i_ : ----- 'i — — — - = 2 .7 0 x 1 0 “ V/m.
A (ji/4 )(3 .2 6 x 10 m)

25.14: R ^ = R c^ ^ =£ ^ = > ^ =^ . ^ dcu= d

A a , A c , 4 P a , 4P a V A*

dA¡ = ( 3 .2 6 moi) 1 ,7 2 x 1 0 , " ' m = 2 . 6 mm.

^ V 2.75 x 30 £2- m

25.15: Find the volume of one of che wires:

R = — so A = — and
A R
. PÜ 1 .7 2 x 1 0"8 O hm -m )(3.50m )2 , „ in _6 ,
volume = AL = - — = ----------------------------— — = 1 .6 8 6 x 1 0 mcb
R 0.1250hm
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 m = (d en sity )K = (8.9 x 103 k g / m 3)(1.686 x 10"6 m 3) = 15 g

25.16:

3 . 5 0 cm

8.5 cm
r, = ---------- = 1.75 cm
2
3.25 mm
= 1.625 mm

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 / = 2;rr, (per coil) x 75 coils
A = Turf
_ R Á _ R xr¿ _ R r%

P ~ ~ T ~ ( 2 » ¡) 7 5 ~ 150r,
(1.74 Q )(1.625 x 10~3 m)2
1 5 0 (1 .7 5 x 1 0 '5 m)
= 1.75 x 10"6 n - m

25 .1 7 : a ) From Example 25 .1 , an 18-gauge wire has A = 8.17 x 10~3 cm 5

1 = JA = (l.O xlO 5 A/cm2)(8.17 x 1 0 '3 cm2) = 820 A
b) A = I / J = (1000 A )/(1 .0 x 106 A /cm 2) = 1.0 x 10’ 3 cm2

A = K ri so r = i¡A ¡x = ^(l.O xlO "3 cm7¡iz = 0 .0 1 7 8 cm

d = 2 r = 0.36m m

25.18: Assimiing linear variation of the resistivity with temperature:

^ = p 0P + a ( r - r 0)]
= p0 p + (4.5 X 10 '3/°C )(3 2 0 - 20)°C]
= 2.3 5p0
Since p = E j J , the electric field required to maintain a given current density is
proportional to the resistivity. Thus E = (2.35)(0.0560 V /m ) = 0.132 V /m

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 pL PL 2.75 x 10 í l 'O i
25.19: R = = 1.53 x 10
A ¡} 1.80m

25.20: The ratio of the cuirentat 20°C to thatat the higher temperature is
(0.860 A )/(0 .2 2 0 A ) = 3.909. Since the current density for a given field is inversely
proportional to p (p = E / J ) , The resis tivi ty must be a factor of 3.909 higher at the higher
temperature.

^ = i + a ( r - r 0)
Po
T" —1 3 909 - 1
T = T0 4- -----= 20°C + = 666°C
a 4.5 x 10'V°C

\lp L _ (6 .0 0 A )(2.75 x 10~8 Q.- m)(1.20 m)

R= L = £k =£ k r =
25 .2 1 : l A iw'1 kV V

= 2 .0 5 x 1 0 '4 m.

25 .2 2 : , = ™ - <4 -5 ° V ^ 6 -54 * 10^ m f ^ ^

L IL (17.6 A )(2.50 m)

25 .2 3 : a ) ^ ^ * ? ) M 1 J A,
p (2.44 x 10 £2 - m)

b) V = IR = ^ L = ^ IÁ A)(2;4^ * \ 0 * m)f 4 m) = 3.13 V.

A (7r/4)(0.84 x 10 m )'
V 3.13 V
c) R = — = ----------= 0.28 Q.
/ 11.1A

25.24: Because the density does not change, volume stays the same, so LA = (2L )(A /2)
and the area is halved So the resistance becomes:
ñ = p(2Z;) = 4 P¿ =
Al 2 A *
Hiat is, four times the original resistance.

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 _ R A J R1 V 0.938 V
2 5 .2 5 : a) E = p J = ------- = — = — = ------------ = 1.25 V /m .
L L L 0.75 m

b) p " F °-9 3 8 V - 2 .8 4 x l 0 - O .r n .
L JL (4 .4 0 x 10 7 A /m 5 )(0.75 m)

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25.26: - — = <x(Tf - Tt )
Rt
R -R , 1.512 £2 - 1 .4 8 4 Q.
=> a = = 1.35 x 10”3 ° C _1
(Tf - T J R q (34.0oC - 20.0°C )(1.484 Q.)

2 5.27 :a)Rf - R. = R ¡a ( T / - T i) = * R f = 100 £2 - 1 0 0 £2(0.0004°C_1)(11.5°C) = 99.54£2.

b) R f - Ri = Ria {T f - T¡) => Rf = 0.0160 £2 + 0 .0 1 60£2(-0.0005°C "1)(25.8°C ) =
0.0158 £2.

R( - R . Rf -R>
25.28: T/e - T . = ; T/t = T :
aR aR¡
215.8 £2 - 217.3 £2
4°C = 17.8° C
(-0 .0 0 0 5 ° C-1)(217.3 £2)

25.29: a) If 120 strands of wire are placed side by side, we are effectively increasing the
area of the current carrier by 120. So the resistance is smaller by that factor:
R = 5 .6 0 x 10-6 Q./12 0 = 4 .6 7 x 10 '8 £1
b) If 120 strands of wire are placed end to end, we are effectively increasing the
length o f the wire by 3 2 0 ,and so R = (S.óOxlO'6 £2)120 = 6.72 x 10"4 £2

25.30: With the 4 .0 £2 load, where r = internal resistance

12.6 V = (r + 4 .0 £2)/
Change in terminal voltage:
AV t = rl = 12.6 V - 1 0 .4 V = 2.2 V

r
2.2 V
Substitute for / : 12.6 V = (r + 4 .0 £2)

Solve for r. r = 0.846 D

25 .3 1 : a ) i? - * - ^ m ) _ a 2 )9 Q
A ^(0.05 Om)
V = IR = 0 25A )(0.219£2) = 27.4 V
b) P = VI = (27.4 V)(125 A ) = 3422 W = 3422 J/s
Energy = P t = (3422 J/s)(3600 s) = 1.23 x 10 7 J

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2 5 .3 2 : a ) V, = £ - V ai = 24 .0 V - 2 1.2 V = 2.8 V => r = 2.8 V /4 .0 0 A = 0.700 Q..
b) Vs = 21 .2 V => /? = 2 1.2 V /4 .0 0 A = 5.30 í l

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25.33: a) An ideal voltmeter has infinite resistance, so there would be NO current
through the 2.0 Q resistor.
b) Vab = 8 = 5.0 V; since there is no current there is no voltage lost over the internal
resistance.
c ) The voltmeter reading is therefore 5.0 V since with no current flowing, it measures
the terminal voltage of the battery.

25.34: a) A voltmeter placed over the battery termináis reads the emf: 8 = 24.0 V.
b) There is no current flowing, so Vr = 0.
c) The voltage reading over the switch is that over the battery: V3 = 24.0 V.
d) Having closed the switch:
/ = 24.0 V /5 .8 8 £2 = 4.08 A => = 24.0 V - (4.08 A )(0.28 £2) = 22.9 V.
Vr = IR = (4.08 A )(5.60 £2) = 22.9 V.
Vs = 0, since all the voltage has be en “used up” in the circuiL The resistance of the
switch is zero so Vs = IR = 0.

25.35: a) When there is no current flowing, the voltmeter reading is simply che emf of
the battery: 8 = 3.08 V.
b) The voltage over the internal resistance is:
V 0.1 IV
V, = 3.08 V - 2.97 V = 0 .1 1 V = > r = — = ---------- = 0.067 £1
/ 1.65 A
c ) VR = 2.97 V = (1.65 A)R
2 97 V
R = ^ — ^ = 1.8 £2
1.65 A

25.36: a) Ib e current is counterclockwise, because the 16 V battery determines the

direction of current flow. Its magnitude is given by:
r 1 8 1 6 .0 V - 8 .0 V
I = ----- = -------------------------------------------- = 0.47 A
ZR 1.6£2 + 5.0 £2 + 1.4 £2 4- 9.0 £2
b) Vab = 16.0 V - (1.6 £2)(0.47 A ) = 15.2 V.
c ) Vqc = (5.0£2)(0.47 A ) + (1.4 £2)(0.47 A ) + 8.0 V = 11.0 V.
d)

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www.FreeLibros.me
25.37: a) Now the cuirent flows clockwise since both batteries point in thatdirection:
ZS 16.0 V + 8.0 V
1 = = 1.41 A.
I R 1 .6 a + 5 .0 Q + 1 .4 n + 9 .0 f í
b) Vab = - 1 6 .0 V + (1.6 £2)(1.41 A ) = - 1 3 .7 V.
c ) Vac = - ( 5 .0 £2)(1.41 A ) - (1.4 £2)0.41 A ) + 8.0 V = - 1 .0 V.
d)

25.38: a) Vbc = 1 .9 V = > / = V ^ /R ^ = 1.9 V /9 .0 £2 = 0.21 A.

5.48
b) Z £ = Z IR => 8.0 V = ((1.6+ 9.0 + 1.4 + 2?)£2)(0.21 A ) => ¿? = —— = 26.1 £1
0.21
c)

25.39: a) Nichrome wire:

V ollagc
(V)

C u i i ent ( A )

b) The Nichrome wire does obey OhnTs Law since it is a straight line.
c ) The resistance is the voltage dividedby current which is 3.88 £1

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2 5 .4 0 : a ) T hyrite re sistir:

Curren!. (A )

b) The Thyrite is non-Ohmic since the plot is curved.

c ) Calculating the resistance at each point by voltage divided by curren t:

C u rre n ! <A>

2 5 .4 1 : a ) r = S / I = 1.50 V /1 4 .8 A = 0 .1 0 1 Í1
b) r = S / I = 1.50 V / 6.8 A = 0.22£1
c ) r = £ / / = 12.6 V /1 0 0 0 A = 0.0126 £1

25 .4 2 : a ) P = V 7/ R =>R = V7/P = (15 V )2/3 2 7 W = 0.68S £2.

V 15 V
b) V = IR = > / = — = ----------- = 2 1 .8 A.
R 0.688 Q.

25.43: P = VI = (650 V )(0.80 A ) = 520 W.

25.44: W = Pt = IVt = (0.13 A )(9 V )(l .5)(3600 s) = 6318 J.

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 J 2 A {pL j A)
25.45: a) P = / 2i? => p = — = — = J A R
vol AL AL L
E = p l.
b) From (a) p = J 2p.
c ) Since J = E ¡ p, (a) becomes p = E 2¡p.

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2 5 .4 6 : a ) / = L S /R , m = 8.0 V /l7 Q = 0.47 A => = I 2R = (0.47 A)2(5 .0 Q ) =
1.1 W and P9íi = / 2i? = (0.47 A )5 (9.0 £1) = 2.0 W.
b) f¡S(, = £ 1 - / V = (16 V )(0.47 A ) - (0.47 A )2(l .6 Q ) = 7.2 W.
c) = S I + / r 2 = (8.0 V )(0.47 A ) + (0.47 A) 2 (1.4D ) = 4.1 W.
d ) (b) = (a ) + (c)

2 5 .4 7 : a ) W = P t = m = (6 0 A )(12 V )(3600 s) = 2 .59 x 10s J.

b) To release this much energy we need a volume of gasoline given by:

m = ^ 9 X 1 ° 6 T = 56 .0 g ^ vol = ^ = ° ° 5fi ^ 3 = 6 .2 2 x 10"= = 0.062 litera

46 ,0 0 0 J / g p 900 k g /m
c) To recharge the battery:
t = (W k)¡P = (720 W h )/(4 5 0 W ) = 1.6 h.

25.48: a) / = £ / ( R + r ) = 12 V/1G Q. = 1.2 A => P = S I = (12 V)(1.2 A ) = 14.4 W.

Ih is is less than the previous valué of 24 W.
b) Tlie work dissipated in the battery is just: P = I 2r = (1.2 A )7 (2.0 £2) = 2.9 W.
Ih is is less than 8 W , the amount found in Example (25.9).
c ) Ih e net power output of the battery is 14.4 W - 2.9 W = 11.5 W. Ihis is less than
16 W , the amount found in Example (25.9).

25.49: a ) 1 = V jR = 12 V /6 Q. = 2.0 A => P = £ 1 = (12 V ) (2.0 A ) = 24 W.

b) The power dissipated in the battery is P = I 2r = (2.0 A )2 (1.0 Q.) = 4.0 W.
c ) The power delivered is then 24 W - 4 W = 20 W.

25.50: a) / = = 3.0 V /1 7 Í 2 = 0.18 A => P = / 2i? = 0.529 W.

b) W = Pt = IV t= (0.18 A )(3.0 V )(5.0)(3600 s) = 9530 J.
c) Now if the power to the buJb is 0.27 W,
3.0 V
P = / ¿2?=> 0.27 W = (17 £1) (17 Q. + R f = 567 Q? R = 6 .8 Í 1
1 7Í2+ R

25 .5 1 : a ) P = V 2/R =>R = F 2/ F = (120 V )2 /5 4 0 W = 26.7 £1

b) / = V /R = 120 V / 26.7 £2 = 4.5 A.
c) If the voltage is just 110 V, then / = 4.1 3 A => P = VI = 454 W.

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 d) Greater. The resistance will be less so the currentdxawn will increase, increasing
the power.

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 yy¡
2 5 .5 2 : F r o m E q . (2 5 .2 4 ), p = 7
ne i
m 9 .1 1 X 1 0 -31 kg t __ ,2
=>z = — t — = -------------------T7----- ñ----------------- rñ— ~ = 1 .5 5 x 1 0 s.
nep (1.0 xlO 16 m '3) (1 .6 0 x 1 0"19C f (2300 Q -m )
b) The number of free electrons in copper (8.5 x 102: m~3) is much larger than in
16
puré S ilic o n ( 1 .0 x l 0 iO m"J ).

, RA (0.104 í l ) (jz¡4 ) (2 .5 0 x 10’ 3m )5 ^

25.53: a) p = — = ------------ — = 3 .6 5 x 1 0 £2-m .
L 14.0 m

b) jr _ J Á _ EA _ q -28 V / m ) ( * / 4 ) ( 2 -5 Q X 1Q" 3 m )2 _ 1 ? 2 A
p 3.65 x 10"8 £1- m
__________________ 1.28 V/m__________________
~ nq ~ p n q ~ (3 .6 5 x 1 0-8 Í 2 m ) ( 8 .5 x 1 02í m"3) (1 .6 x 1 0"19 C)
= 2 .5 8 x 1 0"3 m/s.

25.54: r = 2.00 cm
T = 0.100 mm

J _V _ V _ V A _ V(2 tzvT )
R p ljA pl pl
(12 V ) (2;r)(2.0Q x 10~2 m) (O.lOOx 10~3 m)
(1.47 x 10"8 Q. • m) (25.0 m)
= 410 A

25.55: With the voltmeter connected across the termináis of the battery there is no
current through the battery and the voltmeter reading is the battery emf; s = 12.6 V.
With a wire o f resistance R connected to the battery current I flows and
e -Ir-IR = 0
Cali the resistance o f the 20.0-m piece i?,; then the resistance of the 40.0-m piece
is R7 = 2R[ .
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 £ - 1 ^ - 1 ^ = 0; 12.6 V - (7.00 A )r - (7.00 A)Rl = 0
£ - I 2r - 12 (2 5 ,) = 0; 12.6 V - (4.20 A )r - (4.20 A )(2R l) = 0
Solving these two equations in two unknowns gives R{ = 1.20Q. This is the
resistance of 20.0 m, so the resistance of one meter is [1.20Q /(20.0m )] (1.00m )= 0.060Q

V V
2 5 .5 6 : a ) I = — = --------------
R Ra +R,
and
R Pa.L
_ ________________ 0 . 7 2 X 1 0 - ü - m) ( 0 . 8 m ) = 0 0 4 9 a
c“ ACu (n!4) (6.0 x 10~4m)5
and
£ A = ( 1 .4 7 x l 0 ^ .m ) ( 1 .2 m ) = a 0 6 2 n
£ AÁg (tt/4) (6.0 x 10 m)

= > / = ___________ = 4 5 A.
0.049 Q + 0.062 ^
So the current in the copper wire is 45 A.
b) The current in the silver wire is 45 A , the same as that in the copper wire or else
charge would build up at their interface.

O * > - ./* > - f - = ^ f ^ = 2 .7 6 V /m .

La 0.8 m

dl y /m
LÁg J.z m
e) v. = I R Á = ( 4 5 A ) (0.062 D )= 2.79 V.

2 5 .5 7 : a ) The current must be the same in both sections of the wire, so the current in the
thin end is 2.5 mA.

b) 1< r Q •m) (2f * f A ) - 2.14 x 10 - V /m.

' 1A" A ( íe/ 4 ) ( 1 .6 x 1 0
A)
, pl (1.72 x lO '8 £ 2 - m ) (2 .5 x l O '3 A )
c) {n i 4 ) (0 .8 0 x 10"3 A )5
= 8.55 x 1 0 ': V/oi (= 4 £ 16mm).

^ .6 n m ^ l . 6 m m ^ 0 .8

=>V = (2.14 x 10"5 V/m) (1.20 m )+ (8.55 x 10"5 V/m) (1.80 m) = 1 .8 0 x 1 o -4 V.

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 K
25.58: a) = n -m v ,
volume

K = - ( 8 . 5 x 1028 m~3) (9.11 x 10-31 kg) (1.5 x l O'4 m/s)2

volume 2
= 8 .7 x 1 0 ' 10 J /m 3.
b) U = q V = ne(volume)K = (8.5 x 102*m'3) (1.6 x 1CTISC ) (10-6 m3) (1.0 V) = 13600 J.
And the kinetic energy in 1.0 cm3 is K = (8.7 x JO-10 J/m3) (1 O^m) =

8 .7 x lO '16 J .S o — = — 13- 0 J = 1 .6 xlO 19.

K 8 .7 x 10 J

2 5 .5 9 : a )

pL pdx
dR = where r = ri — x.
A tu-'1
n
p dx ph rb du
=>R = \ ~ J ~
o tí in - - r*>
ph 1
” =^ x ]
x(r¡ - r 2) u Tí
>i
ph pL
b) When = r2 = r , R = 7
tíy A

b
pdr _ R P f dr p 1 P "i n
25.60: a) dR =
4 tíy1 4 tí “ r2 4x a a b)
y V^Aizab ^ j _ i _ Vab4 xah V .a b
b) / = —
R p (b -a ) A p{b
p ( b -- aa))4
4 xx rr2¿ p (b -a )r2
c) If the thickness of the shells is small, we have the resistance given by:

R= _P _ p(> - a) , whereL = b - a .
4¡z 4 T ia b 4 Tía A

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2 5 .6 1 : E = p J a n d E = i £ = -g ¿ = > p J = ^ = > A J = 1 = - g ¿ = leakage current.

25.62: a) I = j[^> J = -j = -%¿ = [?ua )á = Tl - So to make the current density a máximum,

we need the length between faces to be as small as possible, which means L = d. So the
potential difference should be applied to those feces which are adistance d apart. This
máximum current density is J ^

b) For a máximum current I = y = = JA must be a máximum. The máximum area

is presented by the faces that are adistance d apart, and these two feces also have the
greatest current density, so again, che potential should be placed over the feces a distance
d apart. This máximum current is
Vd
f-MÁX
P

25 .6 3 : a ) ^ ^ m> - 0 .0 5 7 Í 1
A (jjt/4) (0.0016 m)
b) p (T ) = p0(l + o.AT) => />(60°C) = (9.5 xlO "7 D - m ) ( l + (0.00088(C°)~‘)(4 0 °C )
=> p(60°C ) = 9 .8 3 x l t r 7 a - m => Ap = 3 .3 4 x 10‘8 Q .■m.

c ) A V = f¡V0A T => AAL = A (SÍ^AT) => AL = pl^AT = (18 x 10 '5 (C°)~‘ ) x

(0 .1 2 m ) (40°C ) => AL = 8.64 x 10"4 m = 0.8 6 mm.The volume of the fluid remains
constant. As the fluid expands the container, outward expansión “becomes” upward
expansión due to surface effects.

d ) r = pL ^ a r = ^ L + E^L
A A A
_ ^ _ ( 3 .3 4 x l 0 '8 n m )(0 .1 2 m ) t (95 x 10~8 Q. •m) (0 .8 6 x 10~3 m)
(niA) (0.0016 m )¿ (a/4) (0.0016 m)¿
= 2 .4 0 x 1 o-3 a

e) From Equation (25.12), « = ¿ f e - 1 ) = 1)=

1.1 x 10 -3 (C°)_1. This valué is greater than the temperature coefficient of resistivity and
therefore is an important change caused by the length increase.

Y £ 8.0 V - 4 . 0 V
2 5 .6 4 :a ) / = ^ =^ ü ü ^ = 0 .1 6 7 A
=> = 8.00 V - (0.167 A ) (8.50 Q.) = 6.58 V.
b) The terminal voltage is
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 Vbc= + 4.0 0 V 4- (0.167 A ) (0.50 £2) = 4 4.08 V.

c) Adding another battery at point d in the opposite sense to the 8.0 V battery:

r V £ 10.3 V - 8.0 V + 4.0 V ___ 4

I = — = ---------------------------------- = 0.257 A , and so
24.5 £2
=> = 4 .00 V - (0.257 A ) (0.50 £2) = 3.87 V.

25.65: a) Vab = S - I r => 8.4 V = 8 - (1.50 A ) r and 9.4 V = 8 4 (3.50 A ) r

=> 9.4 V = (8.4 V 4 (1.50 A )r) 4 (3.50 A)r

5.00 A
b) £ = 8 . 4 V 4 (1.50 A ) (0.20 £2) = 8.7 V.

25.66: a) / = V / R = 14 kV /(10 k£2 4 2 k£2) = 1.17 A

b) P = I 2R = (1.17 A )2 (10,000 £2) = 13.7 kW.
c ) If we want the current to be 1.0 mA, then the internal resistance must be:

R 4 r = 14,000 V = 1.4 x 1 Q7£2 => R = 14 M£2 - 1 0 k£2 ^ 14 m i

0.001 A

pL _ (5.0 £2- m) (0.10 m)

25.67: a ) R = ¿=- = v ^ 2 ’ = 1000 £1
A 7t(0.050 m)
b) VmiJR = (100 x 10 ' 3A ) (1000 Q.) = 100 V.
c ) p = V I = (300V ) (100 x 10 ‘3A ) = 10 W.

25 .6 8 : a ) V = 2 .5 0 / + 0 .3 6 0 /5 = 4 .0 V. Solving the quadratic equation yields

/ = 1.34 A or - 8.29 A , so the appropriate current through the semiconductor is
7 = 1.34 A
b) If the current I = 2.68 A,
=> V = (2 .5 0 V /A ) (2.68 A ) 4 (0 .3 6 V /A 5 ) (2.68 A )5 = 9.3 V.

25 .6 9 : V = IR + V (I ) = IR + a l + p i* = ( a 4 R ) 1 4 y?/2

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 =>fil7 + (R + o . ) I - V = O
=> (1.3) P + (3.8 4 3 .2 )1 - 1 2 .6 = O => / = 1.42 A

25 .7 0 : a ) „ = £ - ^ - 0.85 Q =* / = = 7 '8 6 V - 2 .4 2 A
/ 9.25 A R+ r 0.85 ¿ 2 + 2.4 Q.
b) p l 2 + (a + r ) / - 8 = 0 => 0 .3 6 /2 + (2.50 + 0.85) / - 7.86 = 0
= > / = 1.94 A
c ) The terminal voltage at this current is
Vab = 8 - I r = 7.86 V - (1.94 A ) (0.85 Q ) = 6.21 V.

25.71: a) With an ammeter in the circuit:

/ =- S = I A(r + R + RA).
r +R+ R
So with no ammeter:
r + R-\- R, R.
1 = ------- = 1 =/
r +£ r +R r +R
b) W e want:
R. R.
1.01 0.01 => R . (0.01) (0.45 Q. + 3.8 Q)
a \ r+ R / r+ R
= 0.0425
c) This is a máximum valué, since any larger resistance makes the cuirent even less
that it would be without iL That is, since the ammeter is in series, A N Y resistance it has
increases the circuit resistance and makes the reading less accurate.

25.72: a) With a voltmeter in the circuit:

8
1= V . = 8 - Ir = 8 1-
r + R, r + R,
b) W e want:
Vrob
1- 0.99 0.01
r+ R r + R,

=> RL * r° '01r = 99 r = 9 9 -0 4 5 ¿2 = 4 4.6 0 .

0.01
c ) This is the minimum resistance necessary— any greater resistance leads to less
current flow and henee less potential loss over the battery’s infernal resistance.

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25.73: a) The line voltage, cuirent to be dxawn, and wire diameter are what must be
considered in household wiring.
P 4200 W
b) P = Vl => / = — = ----------- = 35 A , so the 8-gauge wire is necessary, since it can
V 120 V
carry up to 40 A.
c ) p _ ? R _ ? P L _ (35 A f (1.72 x 1 0 " Q . m) (4 2 .0 m ) _ ] Q6 w
A ( ^ 4 ) (0.00326 m)2
d) If 6-gauge wire is used,
D Ú p L _ (35 A )2 (1 .7 2 x 1Q-8 O •m) (42 m) 66
A ( ^ /4 ) ) (0.00412 m)2
=> AE = APt = (4 0 W ) (365) (12 h) = 175 kWh
=> Savings = (175 kWh) ($ 0 .1 1/kWh) = $ 19.25.

25.74: Initially: = V j l 0 = (120 V )/(1.35 A ) = 8 8 .9 0 .

Finally: Rf = V j í f = (120 V )/(1.23 A )= 97.6 O.

R 97.6 O
And A - = \ + a {T f - T0)=> (3> - T 0) = - -^ -1 -1
Aq a 4.5 x 10~4°C_1 8 8 .9 0
T/ - T 0 = 217°C T/ = 217°C 20°C = 237°C.
b) (i) P0 = n 0 = (120 V ) (1.35 A ) = 162 W
(ii) Pf = VIf = (120 V ) (1.23 A) = 148 W

25.7 5 : a ) 7 = M = = o.4o a .
ZR 1 0 .0 0
b) =I2 = (0.40 A )2 (1 0 O ) = 1.6 W.
c ) Power generated in £ l, P = £ l I = (12.0 V ) (0.40 A ) = 4.8 W.
d) Rate of electrical energy transferred to Chemical energy in
S 7 P = £ 7I = (8.0 V ) x (0.40 A ) = 3.2 W.
e) Note (c) = (b) + (d), and so the rate of creation of electrical energy equals its rate
o f dissipation

25 .7 6 : a ) ^ = 1.57 x , 0 ^
' A (tt/4 ) (0.01 S m)
^ = ( 1 . 7 2 x l 0 - ^ - m) ( 3 5 m) = 0 0 | 2 f ¿
A (jc/4) (0.008 m )2
=>V = IR = 1 (Rsleel + RC, ) = (15000 A ) (1.57 x 10 '3 Q. + 0 .012 Q.) = 204 V.

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 b) E = Pt = I 7Rt = (15000 A )* (0 .0 1 3 6 Q.) (65 x 1 0 '6 s) = 199 J.

25 .7 7 : a ) Y, F = m a = \ q \ E => — = — .
m E
I q I cL
b) If the electric field is constant, Vbc = EL => — = — .
m vbe
c ) The free charges are “left behind” so the left end of the rod is negatively charged,
while the right end is positively chargecL Thus the right end is at the higher potential.

d) fl , - P -°* 1 (1-« * 1°-~9 C ) 3.5 x 108 o ^ .

mL (9.11 x 10 kg) (0 .5 0 m)
e) Performing the experiment in a rotational way enables one to keep the
experimental apparatus in a localized area— whereas an acceleration like that obtained in
(d), if linear, would quickly have the apparatus moving at high speeds and large
distances.

25.78: a) W e need to heat the water in 6 minutes, so the heat and power required are:
Q = mcvA T = (0.250 kg) (4190 J/kg°C) (80°C ) = 83800 J
= > p = e = 8 3 8 0 0 J = 233W_
6(60 s)
v2 (1 2 0 vy
But P = Y l R= = 61.8 f l
R 233 W

pL pL¿ R -v ol (61.8 £2) (2.5x10'5 m3)

b) R = L= = 39m .
A vol ]¡ p V 1-OOxlO"6 £2-m
Now the radius of the wire can be calculated from the volume:
rv o í _ Í2 .5 x 1Q~5 1 ~
v ol= L (jir2) => r = = 4.5 x1o-4 m
jiL y ^ (39 m)

25.79: a) Vab = 8 - I r = 12.0 V - (- 1 0 .0 A ) (0.24 Q) = 14.4 V.

b) E = Pt = IVt = (10 A ) (14.4 V ) (5) (3600 s) = 2.59 x 106 J.
c ) E d¡K = Paat = I 7H = (Í O A )2 (0.24 Q ) (5) (3600 s) = 4 .3 2 x 1 0 5 J.
d) Discharged at 10 A:

/= ^ ^ =^ J 2-0 V - q ° A>(0 -2 4 -Q) = 0 , 9 6 a

r +R I 10A
e) E - P t - m - (10 A ) (9 .6 V ) (5) (3600 s) - 1.73 x 10s J.
f) Since the current through the infernal resistance is the same as before. there is the
same energy dissipated as in (c): Ediaa = 4 .32 x 10 J J.

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 g) The energy originally supplied went into the battery and some was ah o lost over
the internal resistance. So the stored energy was less than was needed to charge it. Then
when discharging, even more energy is lost over the internal resistance, and what is left is
dissipated over the external resistor.

25.80: a) V<b = 8 - I r = 12.0 V - ( - 30 A ) (0.24 Q ) = 19.2 V.

b) E = Pt = IVt = (3 0 A ) (19.2 V ) (1.7) (3600 s) = 3.53 x 106 J.
c) = Paj = í ‘Rt = (3 0 A )5 (0.24 Q ) (1.7) (3600 s) = 1.32 x 106 J.
d) D ischargedat30 A:
r- e ^ ^ _ £ - / r _ 12.0 V - (30 A ) ( 0 .2 4 f l ) p ^
r+ R I 30 A
e) E = Pt = I 7Rt = (3 0 A )2 ( 0 . 1 6 0 ) (1.7) (3600) = 8.81 x 105 J.
f) Since the current through the internal resistance is the same as before, there is the
same energy dissipated as in (c): Edjss = 1.32 x 106 J.
g) Again, the energy originally supplied went into the battery and some was ais o lost
over the internal resistance. So the stored energy was less than was needed to charge it.
Then when discharging, even more energy is lost over the internal resistance, and what is
left is dissipated over the external resistor. This time, atahigher current, much more
energy is lost over the internal resistance.

'd p n ndT dp . , . , a
25.81: a) a = — í r = > ^ r = — = > ln (T -)= ln fc> )= > /> = — .
P dT T T p T
b) n = - a T = - ( - 5 x 10-4 (K )"‘ ) (293 K ) = 0.15.
0.15
p= ^ => a = ¿ T ” = (3.5 x 10 ' 5 O - m) (293 K )° 15 = 8.0 x 10 '3 O - m - Kul5.

c) r = - 1 9 6 ° C = 7 7 K : p = 8'0 x 1 0.15
? . . = 4 . 3 x lO '5 O -m .
(77 K )

T = - 300°C = 573 K : p = S,° x l 00.15

.. = 3 .2 x 10~5 O - m.
(573 K )

2 5 .8 2 : a) £ = IR + IRt => 2.0 0 V = /(1 .0 Q.) + V => 2 = I s[&xp(eV¡kT) - 1] + V.

b) I , = 1 .5 0 x 10"3 A , T = 2 9 3 K =^> 1333 = exp [39.6 V - 6 6 7 ]+ 667 V.
Trial and error shows that the right-hand side (rhs) above, for specific V valúes, equals
1333 V , when V = 0.179 V. The current then isjust
I = I s cxp [39.6 V - 1] = (1.5 x 10"3 A ) cxp [39.6 (0.179) - 1 ] = 1.80 A.

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2 5 .8 3 : a ) R = E L => d R = ^ R = — | exp [ - x/L\ dx
A A A A

=> R = & [ - ¿ e x p [- x /L ]]¿ = B L (i _ e -‘) => /

¿4 ^4 R f í ^ - e 1)
dV d(IR ) d I f^Le I ñ e*1 v¿r*L
b) E (x ) = -
dx dx dx A A
-1
C) K W = K0 ^ t- + C ^ K (0 )= K 0 =
a - o ¿ ( 1 - e - 1)
/ -*/ ¿ -i\

= * V (x ) = V0 (e ~f \
(1 -e )
d) Graphs of re sis tivi ty, electric field and potential ffom x = 0 to L.

1.2(1
R c M s ü v il y l i l c c l i i c h e Id

V ,.) (Vrfi:
0-^0
<1.1X1
0 . III I>.<SI> 0 .X 0 1.<H)
• a .)

P o t e n t ia l
CV,.)

£ dP
25.84: a ) I = ----- — => P = £ 1 - I 7r = > - = £ - 2 Ir = 0 for máximum power outpuL

P t iy r> r\ ah o rl c íic jíI ■

2 r 2
£ 1£
b) For the máximum power outpui of (a), I = -------= ------ => + f? = 2 r = > £ = r.
r 4- R 2 r

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26.1: a)

b) /

C)^32& Ü = ^ X = 7 .5 A ;/ .
R 320

26.3: For resistors in series, the currents are the same and the voltages add. a) true.
b) false. c ) P = Í 2R. i same, R different so P different; false. d) tme. e) V = I R .I
same, R different; false. f) Potential drops as move through each resistor in the
direction of the current; false. g) Potential drops as move through each resistor in the
direction of the current, so Vb >V c\ false. h) true.

26.4: a) False, current divides at june don a.

b) Tme by charge conservatioiL

c) Tme. V, = K?, so / ce —
1 2 R
d) False. P = IV V { = V2, b u t/, * / 2, so P{ * P7.
e) False. P = I V = Since R2 > R l,P2 < ¿}.
f) Tme. Potential is independent of path.
g) Tme. Charges lose potential energy (as heat) in Rr
h) False. See answer to (g).
i) False. They are at the same potential.

2.6.5: a)
2 .4 D + 1.6 D + 4.8
b ) /M = e/R-¡4 = (2 8 V )/(2 .4 Q.) = 11.67 A ; I ¡6 = e / ^ = (28 V )/(1 .6 £1) = 17.5 A;
/ 48 = ¿/R 4Í = (28 V )/(4 .8 O ) = 5.83 A
c ) I,M, = * ¡ K « = (28 V )/(0 .8 Q ) = 35 A
d) W hen in parallel, all resistors have the same potential difference over them, so here
all have V = 28 V.
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 e) P24 = I 2R2a = (11.67 A )2(2 .4 D ) = 3 27 W ;i^ 6 = I 2Rl6 = (1 7 .5 A )J (1 .6 D ) =
4 9 0 W ; P4 8 = / 2P 4 8 = (5.83 A )5 (4.8 Q ) = 163 W.
f) For resistors in parallel, the most power is dissipated through the resistor with the
y2
least resistance since P = I ¿R = — , with V = constanL
R

26.6: a) = Z R¡ = 2 .4 Q + 1.6Í2 + 4 .8 Q = 8 .8 Q.

b) The current in each resistor is the same and is / = = 3.18 A.

c) The current through the battery equals the current of (b), 3.18 A.
d) V74 = IR74 = (3.18 A )(2 .4 Q ) = 7.64 V ;V L6 = IR l 6 = (3.18 A )(1 .6 Q ) =
5.09V;K48 =Z£48 = (3.18 A )(4.8Q )= 15.3 V.
e) P54 = / 2P j 4 = (3.18 A )5(2 .4 D ) = 24.3 W ; P, 6 = / 2P, 6 = (3.18 A)5(1.6 f i) =
16.2 W ; P48 = / 2P48 = (3.18 A )2(4 .8 D ) = 4 8 .5 W.
f) For resistors in series, the most power is dissipated by the resistor with the greatest
resistance since P = I ¿R with I constanL

26.7: a ) P = — => V = -¡PR = ^ 5 ^ W ) ( Í ^ Ó 0 0 í 2 j = 274 V.

R
b)
R 9,000 Í2

26.8: R^ = = 5.00 a .
3.00 £1 6.00 Í2 1 2 .0 n 4 .0 0 Í2

4 ,* = = (6.oo v)/(5.oo a ) = 12.0 a

I 1,2 = ^ — (12.0) = 3.00 A ;/ 4 = 7^ T (12.0) = 9.00 A;
12 + 4 12 + 4

/ , = ------- (12.0) = 8.00 A ; / , = (12.0) = 4.00 A .

3 3+6 } 6 3+6 }

-i
26.9: R^ = = 3.00 a .
\3 .0 0 Q. i 1.00 n 5 .0 0 Q. i 7 .0 0 £1 /
4 ,* , = * I K « = (48-0 V )/(3-00 a ) = 16.0 A .

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 / , = / . = ——— (16.0) = 4 .0 0 A ; I, = / , = - i ^ — ( 16.0) = 1 2 .0 A .
5 ! 4 + 12 > 1 3 4 + n y

26.10: a) The three resistors R7, R3 and R4 are in parallel, so:

-1 / s -1
1
í_ 1J _ 1
^234 = = 0.99 £2
*2^ 3 R. :.2 0 Í2 1.50 Í2 4.50 Q.
=> 2? = 4- = 3.50 Q + 0.99 Q = 4 .49 D .
¿ 6.0 V
b) / , = = 1.34 A => V¡ = /,£ , = (1.34 A ) (3.50 Q.) = 4.69 V.
R^ ~ 4 .49 n
VB 1.33 V
v . = /i^ 3 4 = a -3 4 A) (0.99 Q ) = 1.33 V => I 2 = = 0.162 A,
R, 8.20 Q.
Va 1.33 V K 1.33 V
L = = 0.887 A and / . = = 0.296 A.
R* i.5on R, 4.50 Q.

2 6 .1 1 : Using the same circuit as in Problem 27.10, with all resistances the same:
-1 -1
^cq “ R\ + ^234 “ A = 4.50 Q = 6 .0 0 D .
kR2 R3 4.50 D
9.00 V
a) I { = = 1.50 A, L = L = I . = - I . = 0.500 A
R 6.00 Q. 2 4 3 1

b) Pv = I l R[ = (1.50 A ) ( 4 .5 0 Q) = 10.13 W , P2 = P2>= P4 = - P l = 1 .1 2 5 W.

c) If there is a break at R4, then the equivalent resistance increases:

-i
1 1
R - R{ 4- R^ - R[ = 4.5 0 Q = 6.75 a
& 4.50 D
And so:
= J e_ = 9™V_V_
00 V = 1 3 3 A j r - L1 [ Q.667A.
R^ 6.75 Q. 3 2 1

d) Py = / , 5/?, = (1.33 A )2(4 .5 0 Q ) = 7.9 6 W ,P 5 = P3 = i f ¡ = 1 .9 9 W .

e) So i?2 and R3 are brighter thanbefore, while R{ is fainter. The amountof current
flow is all that determines the power oulput o f these bulbs since their resistances are
equal.

2 6 .1 2 : From OhnTs law, the voltage drop across the 6.00 Q resistor is V = 1R =
(4.00 A )(6.00 D ) = 24.0 V. The voltage drop across the 8.00 Q resistor is the same,
since these two resistors are wired in parallel. The current through the 8.00 Q resistor is
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then I = V /R = 24.0 V /8.00 O = 3.00 A- The current through the 25.0 O resistor is the
sum of these two currents: 7.00 A. The voltage drop across the 25.0 O resistor is V = IR
= (7.00 A )( 25.0 Q ) = 175 V , and total voltage drop across the top branch of the circuit is
175 + 24.0 = 199 V , which is also the voltage drop across the 20.0 O resistor. The
current through the 20.0 O resistor is then I = V /R = 199 V /2 0 0 = 9.95 A.

26.13: Current through 2.00- O resistor is 6.00 A. Current through 1 .0 0 -Q resistor also
is
6.00 A and the voltage is 6.00 V. Voltage across the 6 .00-Q resistor is 12.0 V + 6.0 V =
18.0 V. Current through the 6.00-Q resistor is (18.0V )/(6.00Q ) = 3.00 A. The battery
voltage is 18.0 V.

26.14: a) The filaments must be connected such that the current can flow through each
separately, and also through both in parallel, yielding three possible current flows. The
parallel situation always has less resistance than any of the individual members, so it will
give the highest power output of 180 W , while the other two must give power outputs of
60 W and
120 W.

6 0 W = — =>i?, = (12° V| = 2 4 0 0 , aad 120 W = => IL, = (1 2 0 V ) =1200

P, 60 W 120 W

Check for parallel: P = - 2 * -= Q2 0 ^ , = 0 ^ 1 = 180 W.

(i+ i) (« é ñ + i ^ s r 1 800
b) If R{ burns out, the 120 W setting stays the same, the 60 W setting does not work
and the 180 W setting goes to 120 W : brightnesses of zero, médium and médium.
c) If R7 burns out, the 60 W setting stays the same, the 120 W setting does not work,
and the 180 W setting is now 60 W: brightnesses of low, zero and low.

120 V
26.15: a) / = — = = 0.100 A.
R (4 0 0 Í2 + 8 0 0 P -)
b) = I 7R = (0.100 A )2(4 0 0 Q ) = 4 .0 W ; Pm = I 2R = (0.100 A )2(800 Ü ) =
8.0 W => PÍOÍQi = 4 W + 8 W = 12 W.
c) When in parallel, the equivalent resistance becomes:
/• \-i
120 V
= 2610. = 0.449 A
400 Q. 800 n 2610
800 400
■íioo (0.449 A ) = 0.30 A; l m = (0.449 A ) = 0.150 A.
400 + 8 0 0 ' 4 0 0 + 800
d) = I 2R = (0.30 A f (400 Q.)= 36 W ; Pm = I 2R = (0.15 A )2(8 0 0 O ) = 18 W

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 => Pí0¡al = 36 W +18 W = 54 W.
e) T h e 8 0 0 Q resistor is brighter when the resistors are in series, and the 400 Q is
brighter when in parallel. The greatest total light output is when they are in parallel.

26 .1 6 : a ) Psow - £ = = 24Q = £ = ( 1 2 0 V ¿ = ?2
P 60 W “ w P 200 W
e 240 V
^ ^eow - Acow _ _ _ 0.769 A.
R ~ (2 4 0 iQ+ 72 iQ)
b)
P60w = / 2i? = (0.769 A )5(2 4 0 £ 2 ) = 1 4 2 W ; POTW = I 2R = (0.769 A )5(7 2 D ) = 4 2 .6 W.
c) The 60 W bulb burns outquickly because the power itdelivers (142 W ) is 2.4 times
its rated valué.

26.17:
lü.i: íi 10.0ÍL 2(1.0SI
w - VW -VvV—
10.0i i 1 0 .0 1 1
2(1.0 5.0 í 2

■AAAA W AVA----- - — V vV
10.042
5 .Oíi >°
VW VW - 'V W

30.0 V - / (20.0 Q + 5.0 + 5.0 Q ) = 0; / = 1.00 A

For the 20.0- Q resistor thermal energy is generated at the rate
P = I^R = 20 .0 W.
Q = Pt and Q = mcAT gives
¿ mcAT (0.100 kg) (4190 J/k g - K ) (40.0 C°) 1 0 1 . . 1(p .
P 20 .0 W

2 6 .1 8 : a) P, = I¡R ¡
2 0 W = (2A )2 -> R, = 5.00Q
i?, and 10 Q. in parallel:
(10 £2 )/10 = (5 £2) (2 A )
/ 10= 1 A
So / 2 = 0.50 A. and R7 are in parallel, so
(0.50 A )R 7 = (2 A ) (5ÍT)
* 2 = 20.0 a
b) £ = yl = (2A )(5 £2) = 10.0 V
c) From (a): / 2 = 0.500 A , / 10 = 1.00 A
d) /} = 20.0 W (given)
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 p2 = i\ R7 = (0 .5 0 A )2(2 0 Q.) = 5.00 W
Pu =-& R¡0 = (1.0 A )2 (10 £2) = 10.0 W
P = 2 0 W + 5 W + 1 0 W = 35.0 W
« = (3-50 A) (10.0 V ) = 35.0 W
^Reút = ^Battery w ^ ic h a g r e e s w ith the c o n se rv a tio n o f en ergy.

26.19: a) I R = 6.00 A - 4 .00 A = 2.00 A.

b) Using a Kirchhoff loop around the outside of the circuit:

28.0 V - (6.00 A ) (3.00 Q ) - (2.00 A ) R = 0 => R = 5.00 Q.

c) Using a counterclockwise loop in the bottom half of the circuit:
£ - (6.00 A ) (3.00 D ) - (4.00 A ) (6.00 Q ) = 0 => £ = 42.0 V.
d) If the circuit is broken at point .x, then the current in the 28 V battery is:

I = — = -------------------- = 3.50 A.
ZR 3.00 £2+ 5.00 £2

26.20: From the given currents in the diagram, the current through the middle branch
of the circuit must be 1.00 A (the difference between 2.00 A and 1.00 A). We now use
Kirchoff s Rules, passing counterclockwise around the top loop:
20.0 V - (1.00 A ) (6.00 £2 + 1 .0 0 £ i)+ (l.OO A )(4 .0 0 Q. + 1.00 £ > )- s¡ = 0 = > = 18.0 V.
Now traveling around the external loop of the circuit:
2 0 .0 V - (1.00 a )(6 .0 0 £ 2 + 1 .0 0 £ 2 )-(2 .0 0 A )(1 .0 0 £ 2 + 2 .0 0 £ 2 )-£ 2 = 0 = > « , = 7 .0 V .
And
Va» = “ (3-00 A )(4 .0 0 Q .+ 1.00 Q ) + 18.0 V = +13.0 V , so Vb¡1 = - 1 3 .0 V.

26.21: a) Ih e sum of the currents that enter the junction below the 3 - 0 resistor equals
3.00 A + 5.00 A = 8.00 A.
b) Using the lower left loop:
¿i - (4.00 £2)(3.00 a ) - (3.00 n )(8 .0 0 A ) = 0
=>£j = 36.0 V.
Using the lower right loop:
- (6.00 Q )(5.00 A ) - (3.00 £2)(8.00 A )= 0
=> = 54.0 V.
c) Using the top loop:

54.0 V - £ (2 .0 0 A ) - 36.0 V = 0 => £ = 18'0 V = 9.00 Q.

2.00 A

26.22: From the circuit in Fig. 26.42, we use KirchhofFs Rules to find the currents,
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to the left through the 10 V battery, I 2 to the right through 5 V battery, and / 3 to the right
through the 10 Q resistor:
Upper loop:
10.0 V - (2.00 £2 + 3.00 £ 2 X - (l.0 0 £2 + 4 .0 0 - 5.00 V = 0
=> 5.0 V - (5.00 n y , - (5.00 £ 2 X = 0 => / , + I2 = 1.00 A.
Lower loop: 5.0 0 V + (l.OO £2+ 4.0 0 £ 2 X - (l 0.0 í l ) l ¡ = 0
=> 5.00 V + (5.00 d ) [ 7 - (l 0.0 Q )li = 0 => / , - 21} = - 1 .0 0 A
Along with I I = I 2 + / 3, we can solve for the three currents and find:
I I = 0.800 A , / 2 = 0.200 A , / 3 = 0.600 A
b) K t = - (°-200 A )(4 -0 0 £ 2 )-(0 .8 0 0 A )(3.0 0 £ 2 ) = -3 .2 0 V.

26.23: After reversing the polarity o f the 10-V battery in the circuit of Fig. 26.42, the
only change in the equations frorn Problem 26.22 is the upper loop where the 10 V
battery is:
Upper loop: - 1 0 . 0 V - (2.00 £2 + 3.00 £ 2 X - (l ■00 £2 + 4 .0 0 £2)f5 - 5.00 V = 0
=> - 1 5 .0 V - (5.00 £ 2 X - (5.00 £2X = 0 = > /, + / , = - 3 .0 0 A .
Lower loop: 5.0 0 V + (1.00 £ 2 + 4 .0 0 £2)/j - ( l 0.0 £2)^3 = 0
=> 5.0 0 V + (5.00 £ 2 X - (10.0 £2X 3 = 0 => / , - 2I3 = - 1 .0 0 A .
Along with I [ = I 2 4- / 3,w e can solve for the three currents and find:
I I = - 1 .6 0 A , I 2 = - 1 .4 0 A , / 3 = -0 .2 0 0 A.
b) K t = + (l.4 0 A )(4 .0 0 £ 2 )+ (l.6 0 A )(3 .0 0 £ 2 ) = 10.4V .

26.24: After switching the 5-V battery for a 20-V battery in the circuit of Fig. 26.42,
there is a change in the equations írom Problem 26.22 in both the upper and lower loops:
Upper loop: 10.0 V - (2.00 £2 + 3.00 £ 2 X - (l.0 0 £ 2 + 4 .0 0 £2X - 20-00 V = 0
=> - 1 0 .0 V - (5.00 £2X - (5.00 £2)£, = 0 = > I ¡ + I 2 = - 2 .0 0 A .
Lower loop: 20.00 V + (l .00 £2 + 4.0 0 £2X - (l 0.0 £ 2 X = 0
=> 2 0 .0 0 V + (5.00£21/, - (l 0.0 £2X3 = 0 I2 - 2/ 3 = - 4 .0 0 A.
Along with I I = I 2 4- / 3,w e can solve for the three currents and find:
I I = - 0 .4 A, I 2 = - 1 .6 A , / 3 = +1.2 A.
b) £3(4 £ 2 ) - /,(3 £2)= (1.6 A )(4 £ 2 )+ (0.4 a ) ( 3 £2)= 7.6 V

26.25: The total power dissipated in the four resistors of Fig. 2 6 .10a is given by the sum
of:
F2 = 1 % = (0.5 A )2(2 £2) = 0.5 W , P3 = f = (0.5 A J (3 £2)= 0.75 W ,
F4 = P R , = (0.5 A)2(4 £2) = 1 W , P7 = P R, = (0.5 A f (7 £2)= 1.8 W.

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 ^ P B 1 = P { + PÍ + P) + P! = 4 W .

26.26: a) If the 12-V battery is removed and then replaced with the opposite polarity,
the current will flow in the clockwise direction, with magnitude;
/ = Z 1 = 1 2 V + 4 V = 1A
LR 16 0
b) Vab = ~(R4 4- R7) l + £4 = - ( 4 Í 2 + 7 0 ) ( l A )+ 4 V = - 7 V.

26.27: a) Since all the external resistors are equal, the current must be symmetrical
through them. That is, there can be no current through the resistor R for that would imply
an imbalance
in currents through the other resistors.
With no current going through R, the circuit is like that shown belowat right

So the equivalent resistance of the circuit is

r >.-1
13 V
= 1Í2 => / , . = --------= 13 A.
20 20
1
=> / achlcg = —l íoía¡ = 6.5 A , and no current passes through R.

b) As worked out above, = 10 .

c ) Váb = since no current flows.
d) R do es not show up since no current flows through it

26.28: Given that the full-scale deflection current is 500 ¡j A. and the coil resistance is
25.0 O:
a) For a 20-mA ammeter, the two resistances are in parallel:
Vc = V3 => I cRc = I sRs => (500 x 10-6 A )(25.0 0 ) = (20 x 10"3 A - 500 x l O"6 A )Rs
=>^ = 0 .6 4 m

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 ¡ i 500 //A

20 mA

b) For a 500-m voltmeter, the resistances are in series:

v^ = i { r c + r ! )= > r 1 ^ E a _ Rc

= SOOx 10-» V _ 25 0 a = 9 7 5 a
5 0 0 x 10 A

26.29: The fiill-scale deflection current is 0.0224 A , and we wish a fiill-scale reading for
20.0 A.
(0.0224 A )(9.36 Q .+ R )= (20.0 A - 0.0224 A )(0.0250 Cl)
^ R = 0 A 9 9 O A _ 9 36^ = n 9 a
0.0224 A

90 V
26.30: a ) / = = 0.208 A
Rloíal (8.23 Í2 + 4 2 5 0 )
=> V = e - I r = 90 V - (0.208 A )(8.23 Q )= 88.3 £1

b) V = £ - I r = a - £V £R
r + Rt r + Rv ( r /* ,,) + 1 Ry V
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 y y u
Now if Kis to be off by no more than 4% itrequires: — = 1 = 0.0416.
Ry 86.4

26.31: a) When the galvanometer reading is zero:

= IR * and s, = IR * => e7=

^ y.
&ab *
b) The valué o f the galvanometer5s resistance is unimportant since no current flows
through it.

C ) e = s - = ( 9 .1 5 v ) ° ' 365 m = 3 . 3 4 V.
2 1l ' 1.000 m

26.32: Two voltmeters with differentresistances are connected in series across a 120-V
V 120 V . _ __3
line. So the current flowing is / = = 1 .2 0 x 1 0 A. But the cuirent
R. lOOx10 O
required for full-scale deflection for each voltmeter is:
150 V 150 V
I f a á CIO = 0.0150 A and / f s ¿ (9 0 k& ) = 1 .6 7 x l0 "3 A
10,000 o 90,000 O
So the readings are:
1.20 x 10~3 A 1.20 x 10~3 A
Koka = 1 5 0 V = 12 V a n d K ^ = 1 5 0 V = 108 V.
0.0150 A 1 .6 7 x 1 0"3 A

26.33: A half-scale reading occurs with R = 600 Q. So the current through the
galvanometer is half the full-scale current
3 .60 xlO"3 A
£ = I Rtotal 1.50 V = (l5 .0 £ 2 + 6 0 0 £ 2 + P ,) = > P , = 2 1 8 £ l

26.34: a) When the wires are shorted, the fiill-scale deflection current is obtained:
e = IR,m => 1-52 V = (2.50x 10 '3 a )(6 5 .0 Q + R ) => R = 543 fí.

b) If the resistance R., = 200 Q : l = —— = -------- 1-52-\---------- _ j gg

K ,, 65.0 „Q + 543 Q + R,

c) = * « ,- I ^ - « 0 8 n
Rfotaí 65.0 Q + 543 Q + R ., I,

So: 1 = - I M = 6.25 x 10'4 A => R = — 1-52 \ 608 £2 = 1824 D.

' 4 Isá ’ 6.25x 10 A

I = I r = l .2 5 x 10~3 A => R, = — 1,32 V.6 08 Q = 6 0 8 D.

-

’ 2 /!e ' 1.25x 10 A

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 1.52 V
4 = ^ = 1 - 8 7 5 x 1 0 - ^ ^ = - 6 0 8 £2 = 2 0 3 £2
1 .8 7 5 x lO "3 A

2 6 .3 5 : [RC] = Te" Q ' Q '

I V_ j _ Le/<J

26.36: An lincharged capacitor is placed into a circuit.

a) At the instant the circuit is completed, there is no voltage over the capacitor,
since it has no charge stored
b) All the voltage o f the battery is lost over the resistor, so VR —s —125 V.
c) There is no charge on the capacitor.

d) Ib e current through the resistor is i = —- — = = q.01 67 A.

7500 £2
e) Afler a long time has passed:
The voltage over the capacitor balances the emf: Vc = 125 V.
The voltage over the resister is zero.
The capacitor’s charge is q = Cvc = (4 .6 0 x lO-6 F ) (125 V )= 5.75 x lO-1 C.
The current in the circuit is zero.

2631: a) i = - $ - = T" — = 1 .1 2 x lO '4 A

RC (l^ S x lO ^ H A S S x lO ^ F )
r = R C = (1.28 x 106 £2) (4.55 x 10"10 F ) = 5 .8 2 x 10"4 s.

2638:
f IR C __________ __
v =_ ^v0e _r" 'c = > C = = ^ 4 = 8.49 x 10-! F.
~ R ln(vc / v) (3 .4 0 x 10° £2) (ln (1 2 /3 ))

2639: a) T h e tim e constant R C = (0.895 x 10s £2) (12.4 x 10"s F ) = 11.1 s. So a t:

í = O s: q = C í ( l - < f '/s c ) = 0.
t = 5 s : q = Cs(l - e " sc ) = (12.4 x 10"6 F ) (6 0 .0 V ) (1 - e"C50sVC“ 1s))
= 2.70 x 10"4 C.
t = 10 s \q = Cs(1 - e~" sc ) = (12.4 x 10"6 F ) (6 0 .0 V ) (1 - e"00 0;)ílUa))
= 4 .4 2 x 10"4 C.

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 t = 2 0 s : q = C s ( l - e " ' ) = (12.4 x 10'° F ) (6 0 .0 V ) (1 - )
= 6 .2 1 x 1 0 '“ C.
í = 100 s : 9 = Cí (1 - e ' " sc ) = (12.4 X 10 '6 F ) (60.0 V ) (1 - e '(1®aK“ 1s))
= 7 .4 4 x 1 0 '“ C.

b) T h e cu rre n t a t tim e t is g iv e n b y : i = — e ',BC. So a t :

R
t = o s :i = 6 0 -0 V e -o;n.i = 6 7 0 x j 0 -5
8 .9 5 xlO 5 £2

t = 5 s:i = 60- ° V = 4 .27 x 10' 5 A.

8.95 xlO 5 £2

t = 10 s : i = 6 0 ,0 V e~‘o m l = 2 .27 x 1 0 ' 5 A

8.95 xlO5 £2

t = 20 s : ¿ = — °V 1 = 1.11 x 10~5 A
8 .9 5 xlO 5 £2

t = 100 s : i = — Z ! Z Z — i = 8.20 x lO '9 A.

8.95 xlO 5 £2
c) C h arge a g a in st tim e:

Current against time:

26.40: a) Originally, r = R C = 0.870 s.The combined capacitance of the two identical

capacitors in series is given by

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 C tot C + C C ,Cto* 2
The new time constant is Ihus R (£ ) = = 0.435 s.
b) With the two capacitors in parallel the new total capacitane is simply 2 C. Thus the
time constant is R (2C ) = 2(0.870 s) = 1.74 s.

26.41: s - V R- V c = 0
£ = 120 V , Vr = I R = (0.900 A ) (80.0Q ) = 72V, so Vc = 48 V
Q = C F = ( 4 .0 0 x l 0 's F ) (48V ) = 192 /¿C)

2 6 .4 2 : a ) Q = C V = (5.90 x 10"6 F) (2 8 .0 V ) = 1.65 x 10"4 C.

b) q = Q Q . - e " ac)^ > e - ’"lc = 1 - ■ £ = > £ = — .

g C ln (l - q / Q )
—3 x 10-3 s
After í = 3 x 10”3 s : R = --------------- 7— :------------------------ = 463 Q
(5 .9 0 x 1 0 F) (ln(l -1 1 0 /1 6 5 ))
c) I f the charge is to be 99% of final valué:

| = (1 - => í = - R C ln(l - q /Q )

= - (463 Q ) (5 .9 0 x lO '6 F ) ln(0.01) = 0.0126 s.

26 .4 3 : a ) T h e tim e co n sta n t R C = ( 9 8 0 £2) ( 1 .5 0 x 1 0 -5 F ) = 0 .0 1 4 7 s.

t = 0 .0 5 s : q = C s (1 - e~ " a c ) = (1.5 0 x 10 ’ 5 F ) (1 8 .0 V ) (1 - e "°-010'° 0‘4!) = 1 .3 3 x 1 0 -4 C .

b) i = - e - ¡,RC = ! M X e-°.10/0.*147 = 9 .3 0 x l 0 -3 A.
R 980 D

=> Vs = I R = (9 .3 0 X lO ' 3 A ) ( 9 8 0 Í 2) = 9 . 1 1 V a n d Vc = 1 8 .0 V - 9 .1 1 V = 8 .8 9 V .
c) Once the switch is thrown, VR = Vc = 8 .8 9 V .
d) After t = 0 .0 1 s \q = Q 0e ~ ,,R C = (1 .5 0 x 1 0 "5 F ) (8 .8 9 V ) e ^ 01/00147 = 6 .7 5 x lO -5 C.

P 4100W
26.44: a) 1 = — = ------------ = 17.1 A. So we needat lest 14-gauge wire (good up to 18
V 240 V
A). 12 gauge is ok (good up to 25 A).

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 b) f = ^ =>/? = Z ! = (2 4 0 V ¿ = 14£,
R P 4100 W

c) A t 11 £ /kWhr => in 1 hour ,cost =(11p/kWhr) (1 hr )(4 .1 kW ) = 45p.

26.45: W e want to trip a 20-A circuit breaker:

/= l ^ +^ ^ w jth F = 9 0 0 W : / = l « + 9 0 0 W 20A _
120 V 120 V 120V 120V

26.46: The current gets split evenly between all the parallel bulbs. A single bulb will
P 90 W 20 A
d raw / = — = --------- = 0.75 A => Number of bulbs < ------------= 26.7. So you can attach
V 120 V 0.75 A
26 bulbs safely.

V 120 V
26.47: a) / = — = --------- = 6.0 A => P = I V = (6.0 A ) (120 V ) = 720 W.
R 200

b) A t T= 280° C, R = R0 (1 4- a&T) = 20 O (1 4- (2.8 x 10”3 (C°)_1 (257°C))

= 34.4 O.
V 120 V
= > / = — = ---------- = 3.49 A => P = (3.49 A ) Q20 V ) = 419 W.
R 34.4 A

26.48: a)

R-

R-
R

-i
í_ J_
Rl R2

U R ^ = R l ^ R i = R[ - * 1*2
Rl 4 - R, Rl 4- R,

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 -1
i?3 (^1 + R7 )
» > )*« =
Rl + R¿ R2 R { 4- R 7 4- R 3

If i? = i?j => /?, (i?, -l- R2 -l- i?3) = R3 (R¡ -l- R¿) => i?3 = R[ ( Rl 4- R7 )¡ R:

26.49: a) W e wanted a total resistance of 400 Q. and power of 2.4 W from a

combination o f individual resistors of 4 00 O and 1.2 W power - rating.

K K K K

K K K K

b) The current is given by: I = J P / R = ^ 2 .4 W / 4 0 0 H = 0.077 A. In each leg half the

current flows, so the power in each resistor in each resistor in each combination is the
same: P = ( I / 2 ) 7R = (0.039 A )2 (400 Q) = 0.6 W.

26.50: a) First realize that the Cu and Ni cables are in parallel.

1 1 1
^Cablc ^Ni ^Cu

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 L
^ní = PmLI A = p N i 2
Tía
L
RCu - Peu l ía - p ^ 2 2
7 r (¿ > - ¿2 )

iI ;t¿z2 /L2 —a 2X
7r(o )
So:
Rcab la P n í-^ P C u^

^ a2 b>2 - a 2
^ V^Ni Peu
K (0.050 m)2 (0.100 m)2 - (0.050 m )2_
20m 7.8 x 10 £2m 1.72 x 10 Qm

/ L bl = 1 3 .6 x 1 0 "* 0 = 13.6 pQ

b) R = Pcff - = P e S ^ J
A 7ib

Kb2 R ^(O.lOm)2 (13.6 x 10-6 Q.)

Pcff =
L 20 m
= 2.14 x 10”8 Qm

26.51: Let R = 1.00 Q, the resistance of one wire. Each half of the wire has Rb = R j2.

R\\
Rv Ru RI1/2 R1

The equivalent resistance is 4- £ h/ 2 + ¿?h = 5 £ h/ 2 = f (0.500 T2) 1.25 £2

26.52: a) Hie equivalent resistance o f the two bulbs is 1.0 Q. So the current is:

V 8.0 V
I = = 4.4 A => the current through each bulb is 2.2 A.
R¡0¡a¡ 1 .0 A 4 0 .8 0 n

Kbuib = £ - I r = S.0 V - (4.4 A ) (0 .8 0 Q ) = 4 .4 V => = I V = (2.2 A ) (4.4 V) = 9.9 W

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 b ) I f one b u lb burns out, then

I = = 2.9 A => P = I 2R = (2.9 A )5 (2.0 £2) = 16.3 W ,

R,m 2 .0 £ 2 4 0.8 0 £2

so the remaining bulb is brighter than before.

26.53: The máximum allowed power is when the total current is the máximum allowed
valué of 1 = \¡P/R = y¡36 W /2 .4 Q = 3.9 A Then half the current flows through the
parallcl rc3Í3tor3 and the máximum powcr Í3:

P ^ = ( / /2 )2 R 4- ( I / 2 ? R + f R = | f R = | (3 .9 A )2 (2.4 Q.) = 54 W.

-i
1 1
26.54: a) « ( 8 , 16,16) = = 4.0 a ;
a i6 a i6 a

-i
1 1
(9 ,1 8 ) = = 6 .0 a
9a isa

So the circuit is equivalent to the one shown below. Thus:

-1
= 8.o a
6a +6a 2oa+ 4a

4Q 20 a

60 60

b) If the current through the 8 - D resistor is 2.4 A , then the top branch current is
/( 8 ,1 6 ,1 6 ) = 2.4 A 4- \ 2.4 A + \ 2.4 A = 4.8 A .But the bottom branch current is twice
that of the top, since its resistance is half. Therefore the potential of point a relative to
point x'\sVa f= - IR ^ {9 ,1 8 ) = - (9.6 A ) (6.00 Q ) = - 58 V.

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26.55: Circuit (a)
The 75.0 Q. and 4 0.0 Q resistors are in parallel and have equivalent resistance 26.09 Q.
The 25.0 Q and 50.0 O resistors are in parallel and have equivalent resistance 16.67 Q.
The network is equivalent to

" O f l .U ii M X i.l K l

'V W ' 1 WA ■VvV-

.*>i :. o í '2
=
— AAAA— 2\II.SÍ2
— 42,76Q
20-09 1 M i" ? i ¿

A/V'*\A- -v w -

so íaq = 1 8 .7 Q.
R. 100.0 Q. 23.05 a

Circuit (b)

The
30.0 Q. and 45 .0 Q. resistors are in parallel and have equivalent resistance 18.0 a

The network is equivalent to

7 .0 0 0
7 .0 0 Ü io.oñ
10 .0 0
AAAA-1- A W
/W V S" f'O.OO
6 0 .0 Í2 — AAAA
A -V A
20.0 £5 IH.Oi'l
V A VV 'nA

7 .0 (1 L'l 10.0 €1 10.0i 2

— /V V v'— — •v v v — AAAA-H
23.3£1 30.3íl
--------- AAA/'----------- —w —

so R._ = 7.5 a
R. 10.0 a 30.3 a

26.56: Recognize that the ohmmeter measures the equivalent parallel resistance, not just
X.

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 + + +
20.2 a x 115a 130a 85a
X = 4 6 .8 a

26.57: Top left loop : 12 - 5 ( /2 - / 3) - 1/2 = 0 => 12 - 6 /2 + 5 /3 = 0.

Top right loop : 9 - 8 (II + / 3) - l / x = 0 => 9 - 9I I - 8 /3 = 0.

Bottom loop : 12 - 1 0 /3 - 9 + 1/, - l / 2 = 0 => 3 + / , - I 2 - 10/3 = 0.

Solving these three equations for the currents yields:

/ , = 0.848 A, I 2 = 2.14 A , and / 3 = 0.171 A.

26.58: Outside loop : 24 - 7(1.8) - 3(1.8 - I t ) = 0 => I t = - 2.0 A.

Right loop : £ - 7(1.8) - 2 (-2 .0 ) = 0 => £ = 8.6 V.

26.59: Left loop : 20 - 1 4 - 2 /1 + 4 ( / 2 - 1[ ) = 0 => 6 - 6 /¿ + 4 12 = 0.

Right loop : 36 - SI2 - 4 ( / 2 - I L) = 0 => 36 4- 4 / , - 9 / 2 = 0.

Solving these two equations for the currents yields:

I { = 5 .2 1 A = I 7Cí J 2 = 6 .3 2 A = / 5£i,a n d / 4£i = I 7 - I { =1.11 A.

26.60: a) Using the currents as defined on the circuit diagram below we obtain three
equations to solve for the currents:

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 Left loop: 14 - - 2(7, - / 2) = 0
=> 3Il - 2 1 2 = 14.
Top loop : - 2 (1 - I I ) + /2 4- I I = 0
=> - 2 1 + 3Il + / 2 = 0.
Bottom loop : - - / A+ / 2) + 2(/j - / 2) - / 2 = 0
= > - / + 3/, - 4 / 2 = 0.

Solving the se equations for the cúrrente we find:

I =w = 10-° A; = 4 , = 6-0 A ; /, = /fl> = 2.0 A.

So the other cúrrente are:

/ „ , = / - / , = 4 .0 A ;/ Í4 = i, - /, = 4 .0 A ; /Ss = / - /, + /2 = 6 .0 A.

b ) i ^ ^ H ^ = 1 .4 0 a

26.61: a) Going around the complete loop, we have:

£ 7 i ? = ] 2 . 0 V - 8 . 0 V - / ( 9 . 0 ; Q ) = 0 = > / = 0.44 A.

=>Vú¿ = £ s - £ i r = 12. 0 V - 1 0 . 0 V - ( 0 . 4 4 A ) ( 2 . Q + m + m )
= + 0.2 2 V .

b) If now the points a and b are connected by a wire, the circuit becornes equivalent to
the diagram shown below. The two loop equations for currents are (leaving out
the units):

12 - 1 0 - 4/j + 4 / 2 = 0 = > / 2 = I 1 - 0 . 5

and

10 - 8 - 4/2 - 5/3 = 2 - 4/2 - 5 ( 4 + /2) = 0

=> 2 - ( 4 /a - 2) - 5I¡ - 5I¡ + 2.5 = 0
= > 4 = 0.464 A.

Ihus the current through the 12-V battery is 0.464 A.

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26.62: a) First do series/paral le1 reducti on:

20Q
WvMr-

/, I5Í 2
’A >' —V a w t - T S V

20 L'i
j <■WWr

Now apply KirchhofPs laws and solve for s.

A V ^ a = 0 : - (20 n ) ( 2 A ) - 5 V - (20 Q )I2 = 0

I 2 = - 2 .2 5 A
/ 1 + / 2 = 2 A - » / 1 = 2 A - (-2 .2 5 A ) = 4.25 A

A Kabodefa = 0 : (15 n ) (4.25 A ) + £ - (20 Q.) ( - 2.25 A )

s = - 1 0 9 V ; polarity should be reversed.

b) Paral leí branch has a 10 D resistance.

AKpar = R ! = (10 Q ) (2A ) = 20 V

Current in upper part: I = ^ - = = |A

Pt = u -> r Rt = u

( 1 0 n > = 6 0 . T
3

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26.63:

i . = 0 0700 A 20.0 £¿
-W /
r
12.0V£¿ -r 2 4 .0 V

Í0.I)Ü
< 10.0 Q 10-00
>
•b

Vá 4-1[ (10.0 + 12.0 v = v c

VrC - V <3. = 12.706 V ; V - K = V1
’ <2 C
- V<.3 = 12.7 V

26.64: First recognize that if the 40 Q resistor is safe, all the other resistors are ais o safe.

/ 2£ = P - > / 2(40£T) = lW
1 = 0.158 A

Now use series / parallel reduction to simplify the circuit. The upper parallel branch is
6.38 Q and the lower one is 25 Q . The series sum is now 126 D . OhoTs law gives

£■=(126 Q )(0 .158 A) = 19.9 V

26.65: The 2 0 .0 -D and 3 0 .0 -Q resistors are in parallel and have equivalentresistance

12.0 Q . The two resistors R are in parallel and have equivalent resistance RI1. The
circuit is equivalent to

5 .0 0 A
12.0 íl Ra
AA V W V\AA
/.

OS‘2
5* 8.000 2 0 0 .0 V

2 0 .0 V

5 .0 0 A

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a) VQ- (5.00 A )(12.0 Q ) - (5.00 A )(18.0 O ) - 20.0 V = Ve
Vc - V a = 20.0 V + 90.0 V + 60.0 V = 170.0 V
n - n = ^ = i 6 .o v
AT-K^ = 1 7 0 .0 V so X = 1 8 6 .0 V,withtheupperterminal +

b) I [ = (16.0 V ) /( 8 .0 0 Q ) = 2 .0 0 A
The junction rule applied to point a gives I 2 + 1[ = 5.00 A , so / 2 = 3.00 A. The
cuirent through the 200.0 V battery is in the direction from the - to the + terminal, as
shown in the diagram.
c) 2 0 0 .0 V - I 2(R /2 ) = 1 7 0 .0 V
(3.00 A ) (R /2 ) = 30.0 V so R = 20.0 a

V7
26.66: For three identical resistors in series, Ps = — . If they are now in parallel over the
3R
V7 V7 9V 7
same voltage, Pp = ------= — = - — = 9 Ps = 9(27 W ) = 243 W.

2 6 .6 7 : = ^ /f ? , so i?, = e 7¡Pl
P2 = £7/R 7 so Sj = e7/P7

a) When the resistors are connected in parallel to the emf, the voltage across each
resistor is s and the power dissipated by each resistor is the same as if only the one
resistor were connected F[ol = P{ + P2
b) When the resistors are connected in series the equivalent resistance is
RKl = R2

26.68: a) Ignoring the capacitor for the moment, the equivalent resistance of the two
parallel resistors is

1 1 1 3 ; R^ = 2.00 £1
R^ 6.00 Q 3.00 Q. 6.00 Q.
In the absence of the capacitor, the total current in the circuit (the cuirent through the
8.00 Q resistor) would be

42- ° V = 4 .2 0 A
R 8.00 Í2 + 2.00 Í2
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of which 2 / 3 , or 2.80 A , would go through the 3.00 O resistor and 1/3, or 1.40 A,
would go through the 6.00 O resistor. Since the current through the capacitor is given by

i = - e ~í/RC,
R
at the instant t = 0 the circuit behaves as through the capacitor were not present, so the
currents through the various resistors are as calculated above.
b) Once the capacitor is fiilly charged, no current flows through that part of the circuit
Ib e 8.00 O and the 6.00 £2 resistors are now in series, and the current through them is
i = s/R = (42.0 V )/(8 .0 0 £2 + 6.00 £1) = 3.00 A. The voltage diop across both the 6.00 £2
resistor and the capacitor is thus V = iR = (3.00 A )(6.00 £2) = 18.0 V. (Hiere is no
current through the 3.00 £2 resistor and so no voltage drop across i t ) The change on the
capacitor is
Q = c v = (4 .0 0 X10’ 6 £arad)(18.0 V ) = 7 .2 x 10 '5C

26.69: a) When the switch is open., only the outer resistances have current through them.
So the equivalent resistance of them is:
-i
V 36.0 V
= 4.5 0 £ 2 = > / = = 8.00 A
6£2+3£2 30. O R^ 4.50 0

- 8 . 0 0 A (3.00 £ 2 ) - - 8 . 0 0 A (6.00 a ) = - 1 2 .0 V.
2 2
b) If the switch is cío sed, the circuit geometry and resistance ratios become identical
to that of Problem 26.60 and the same analysis can be carried out However, we can also
use symmetry to infer the following:
I 6a = j / 3a, and I mÁtoh = j / 3a. From the left loop as in Problem 26.60:

36 V - (6 £ 1 ) - / M(3 Í1 ) = 0 = > Iia = 5.14 A => = - I ia = 1.71 A.

36.0 V
(C) Aattexy - ~ ^ R ( = 4.20 O
ballcry
8.57 A

26.70: a) With an open switch: Vab = £ = 18.0 V , since equilibrium has been reachecL
b) Point “a ” is at a higher potential since it is directly connected to the positive
terminal of the battery.

c) When the switch is cío sed:

18.0 V = 1 (6 .00 O + 3.00 0 ) = > I = 2.00 A => Vb = (2.00 A )(3.00 O ) = 6.00 V.
d) Initially the capacitores charges were:
g 3 = c v = (3 .0 0 x l0 " s F )(18.0 V ) = 5 .4 0 x l 0 " 5 C.

Q6 = C V = ( 6 .0 0 x l 0 ’ s F )(18.0 V ) = 1 .08x 1o "4 C.

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 A fte r the sw itch is clo sed :
Q i = C K = ( 3 .0 0 x 10^ F ) ( I 8 .0 V - 1 2 .0 V ) = 1 . 8 0 x 1 0 "5 C.

Q 6 = C V = (6 .0 0 x lO-4 F ) ( 1 8 .0 V - 6 .0 V ) = 7 .2 0 x 1 0 ' 5 C.

S o b o th ca p a cito rs lo s e 3 .6 0 x l 0 "s C .

2 6 .7 1 : a ) W ith a n open sw itch:

g 3 = C eqK = ( 2 .0 0 x l 0 ' 6 F )(1 8 .0 V ) = 3 .6 0 x l 0 ' 5 C.
A ls o , there is a cu rre n t in the le ftb ra n c h :

/ = = 2 .0 0 A .
6 .0 0 Q + 3 .0 0 a

_ 3 .6 x l O " 5 C
( 2 .0 A ) ( 6 .0 Q.) = - 6 .0 0 V.
6£i“ 6 .0 x l O " 6 F
b ) P o in t “b ” is a t the higher potential.
c ) I f the sw itch is clo sed :
Vb = V a = ( 2 .0 0 A ) (3 .0 0 Q ) = 6 .0 0 V .
d ) N ew ch a rg e s are:
g 3 = C V = ( 3 .0 0 x 1o "6 F ) ( 6 .0 V ) = 1. 8 0 x 1 0 ’ 5 C.

g 6 = C V = (6 .0 0 x lO "6 F X - 1 2 .0 V ) = - 7 .2 0 x 10~5 C.

A Q ¡ = + 3 .60 x 10~s C - (1.80 x lO " 5 C ) = 4 1.80 x 1 o -5 C.

=> AQ j = - 3 . 6 0 x lO -5 C - ( - 7 .2 0 x lO -5 C ) = 4 3 .6 0 x 10"5 C.
S o th e to tal c h a rg e flow in g through th e sw itch is 5 .4 0 x 1 0 " 5 C.

2 6 .7 2 : T h e cu rre n t fo r fiill-s c a le d efle ctio n is 0 .0 2 A . F ro m the c ir c u it w e ca n derive

three equations:
(i) ( £ , + R 2 4- £ 3 ) ( 0 . 1 0 0 A - 0 .0 2 A ) = 4 8 .0 Q ( 0 .0 2 A )

=> R{ -f R2 4- = 12.0 Q.
(ii) ( R l 4- X I .0 0 A - 0 .0 2 A ) = (4 8 .0 Q 4- £ 3 ) ( 0 .0 2 A )
=> £ , + R2 - 0.0204i?3 = 0.980 Q.
(iii) (1 0 .0 A - 0 .0 2 A ) = (4 8 .0 Q + R 2 4- £ 3 ) ( 0 .0 2 A )

=> i?, - 0 .0 0 2 R 2 - 0 .0 0 2 £ 3 = 0 .0 9 6 D .

F ro m (i) an d (ii) => i ?3 = 1 0 .8 £1

F ro m (ii) an d ( iii) R 7 = 1 .0 8 £ 1 A n d so => R [ = 0 .1 2 ¿T

2 6 .7 3 : F ro m the 3-V ran g e:

(1 .0 0 X 1 0 '3 A )(4 0 .0 D 4 i? ,) = 3.00 V => i?, = 2960O = 4 R ^ , = 3000£ 1
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F ro m the 1 5 -V ran ge:
(1.00 X 10 '3 A )(4 0 .0 Q + 5 , + R2 ) = 35 .0 V => = 12000 Q => Rsvemll = 15000 a
From the 150-V range:
(1.00 x lO '3 A )(4 0 .0 D + i?, + R 7 +R i ) = 150 V => = 135,000Q
=> « ^ ^ 1 5 0 k í l

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 \- i
26.74: a) P = 100 kD = 140 kD.
200 k-Q 50 kD

=>j _ 0I4 0 0 k V _ 2 g6 x j o -3 A.
140 kD

V,20om = [ R = (2.86 x 10~3 A ) = 114.4 V.

200 kD 50 kD
b) I f VR = 5.00 x 10 D, then we carry out the same calculations as above to find
R^ = 292 kD. / = 1.37 x 10”3 A ^oom = 263 V.
c) If = co, then we find. ¿ ^ = 300 kD = > / = 1.33 v 10-3 A => V2Kkn = 266 V.

26 .7 5 : / - 110V =>V = 100 V - ^ 10 v ^3 0 = gg y

(30 k£l + R) (30 kD + £ )
=> (68 V )(30 kD + P ) = (110 V )3 0 kD => P = 18.5 kD.

26.76: a) V = IR + IRÁ => R = y - RA. The true resistance R is always less than the
reading because in the circuit the ammeter’s resistance causes the current to be less then
it should Thus the smaller current requires the resistance R to be calculated larger than it
should be.
b) / = y + -^ = > i? = ™~v = i-v/Ry •Now the current measured is greater than that
through the resistor, so R = V ¡ I fí is always greater than V j I.
c ) (a): P = I ' R = I \ V ! 1 - R á ) = r v - I 7RA.
(b): P = V 2/ R = V ( I - V / R v ) = I V - V 2 / R v.

26.77: a) When the bridge is balanced, no current flows through the galvanometer:

NI m = P IPJÍ => N -------- = P ------- {N + M )

(P + X + N + M ) (P + X + N + M )
MP
=;> N (P + X ) = P (N + M ) => N X = PM => X =
N
x = (S .5 0 a )(3 3 .4 S D ) = 1 8 9 m
15.00D

26.78: In order for the second galvanometer to give the same full-scale deflectionand to
have the same resistance as the first, we need two additional resistances as shown below.
So:

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 ( 3 .6 /i A ) ( 3 8 .0 a ) = (1.496m A )i?1 => £ , = 9 1 .4 m il
And for the total resistance to be 65 D :
>.-1
65 = R. R , = 6 4 .9 O
38.0 O 0.0914 O

= 38-0 Í2 A / = 3 .f i/ t A

A / - 1.5 mA

90K
26.79: a) / = ------------------------- = 0.111 A
(224 ¿2 + 5 8 9 Í2)
=> = (0.111 A )(224 O ) = 24.9 V.
=> y5 = (0.111 A )(5 89 Í2) = 65.4 V.
90 V
b) / = ! . -i ail(^^224¿i ™8 -®589fl
5 8 9 n + ( ^ +22h í)
(90 V )(589 £2)
=> 23.8 V = 90 V -
589^ + ^ +^ ]-'
-1
= 211.8 £2 => £ „ = 3874 £1
224 £2 /
c) If the voltmeter isconnected over the 589 -£2 resistor, then:

-1
^ = 224.Q = 735 £2
3874 589 £2
90 V
= > / = ---------- = 0.122 A = I V + / 589£i also 38742V = 5 8 9 /589£i
135Q .
0.122 A
/ 589&
= 0.106 A => V5Z9Q¡ = / 589, R = (0.106 A)(589£2) = 62.4 V.
V1 + 3875

d) No. From the equation in part (b) one can see that any voltmeter with finite
resistance Rv placed in parallel with any other resistance will always decrease the
measured voltage.

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 120 V
(iii) P = d = (\ 20 V ) = 3380 W.
' 4 .26 Q.
b) After a long time, i = 0 => PR = 0, Pc = 0, PB = 0.

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 C)

=> = I 2R = (14.08 A )2 (4.26 Q ) = 845 W.

p _ ig _ iQf _ i s (14.08 A )(120 V ) _ g 15 w

= 845 W.
c C 2C 2 2
And Pg = d = (120 V)(14.08 A ) = 1690 W.

26.81: a) If the given capacitor was fully charged for the given emf, = CV =
(8.4 x 10 -6 F)(180 V ) = 6.12 x 10 '4 C. Since if has more charge than this after if was
connected, this tells us the capacitor is discharging and so the current must be flowing
toward the negative píate. The capacitor started with more charge than was “allowed” for
the given emf. Let

above Q f = 6.12 x ÍO^C. The cu rren t/(í) = ^ f L= e~ !/RC. A t t = T , Q (T ) =

(So - Qf y * ,tc + Qr So the current at t = T is I ( T ) = = ^ l ( - e T/sc) = RC

Thus m = - 8-24 * 10-3 A ^

b) As time goes on, the capacitor will discharge to 6.12 x 10"4 C as calculated
above.

26.82: For a charged capacitor, connected into a circuit:

J 0 = Q - => q o = I 0R C = (0.620 A )(5.88 k Q )(8.55xlO -10 F) = 3 .1 2 x 1 o -6 C.

RC

26.83: = 1 .6 9 x l 0 6 Q. =>

C = — = ------6-2 s , = 3.67 X 10-6 F.

R 1.69 x 10 D.

Qr/ (0.0081 C)'

2 6 .8 4 : a ) U0
o/-1 1

= 3616 W.

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 c) When U = —U0 =
2 o 2 2C

_e_ i? = I p = 1 8 0 3 W.
RC 2

26.85: a) W e will say that a capacitor is discharged if its charge is less than that
of one electrón, The time this takes is then given by:
q = Q0e - '/sc ^ t = R C l a í a / e )
=> í = (6 .7 x 10 S £2)(9.2 x 10~7 F ) ln ( 7 .0 x 1 O'6 C / 1 .6 x 10 '19 C ) = 19.36 s,
or 31.4 time constants.
b) As shown in (a), t = x ln (Q0 / q ), and so the number of time constants
required to discharge the capacitor is independent of R and C, and depends only on
the initial charge.

26.86: a) The equivalentcapacitance and time constant are:

i i
= 2.0 0 ÜF => r = £ t o t a ,C'
! cq
= (6 .0 0 £2)(2.00 ,uF) = 1.20x 10"5 a
3 /iF 6 /¿F

b) After t = 1.20 x 10~5 s, q = Q , (1 - e ',SC’q) = C ^ ffl - e ' 1*0* )

=* ^ _ _ L .S d ( i _ = ( 2 . 0 ^ F ) ( I 2 V)
* C ,„ C ,^ ' 3.0 /JB

K> CO 2

26 .8 7 : a) E,M = ¡P t d t = \ d d t = ^ ¡ e " 1*0 dt = s 2C ( 1) = * 5C.

b) E s = ] p s d t = J i'R d t * £ - } e -2,/fiC dt = - s 'C .

0 0 ^ 0 ^

c) U = Q ¿ = Y ^ = ^ c = e ,m - e s .
2C 2 2
d) One half of the energy is stored in the capacitor, regardless of the sizes of the
resistor.

2 2 co
26 .8 8 : i=- - > P = i? R = £ = _2o^ f ,/ic d(
RC R C2 R C2 i
2 ^ 2
8o R C a
-2 ~ _-U^0
r,.
RC£ 2 2C

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26.89: a) Using Kirchhoffs Rules on the circuit we find:
Left loop: 9 2 - U 0 I l - 210I 2 + 55 = 0 => 147 - 140Il - 210/ 2 = 0.
Right loop: 5 7 - 3 5 / 3 - 210 / 2 + 55 = 0 => 1 1 2 - 2 1 0 /2 - 3 5 / 3 = 0 .
Currents: => / A- / 2 + / 3 = 0 .
Solving for the three currents we have:
/ , = 0.300 A , / 2 = 0.500 A, / 3 = 0.200 A.
b) Leaving only the 9 2 -V battery in the circuit:
Left loop: 9 2 - 1 4 0 /* - 2 1 0 /2 = 0 .
Right loop: - 3 5 /3 - 210 / 2 = 0.
Currents: I [ - / 2 4- / 3 = 0.

Solving for the three currents:

/* = 0.541 A , / 2 = 0.077 A, / 3 = -0 .4 6 4 A

c ) Leaving only the 57-V battery in the circuit:

Left loop: 1 4 0 /* + 2 1 0 /2 = 0 .
Right loop: 57 - 3 5 /3 - 2 1 0 /2 = 0.
Currents: /* - / 2 -1- / 3 = 0.
Solving for the three currents:
I I = —0.287 A , / 2 = 0 .1 9 2 A , / 3 = 0.480 A.
d) Leaving only the 5 5 -V battery in the circuit:
Left loop: 55 -1 4 0 /* - 210Z2 = 0.
Right loop: 55 - 35 / 3 - 210/ 2 = 0.
Currents: /* - / 2 4- / 3 = 0.
Solving for the three currents:
/* = 0.046 A, / 2 = 0.231 A , / 3 = 0.185 A.
e) If we sum the currents from the previous three parts we find:
/* = 0.300 A , I 2 = 0.500 A , / 3 = 0.200 A , just as in part (a),
f) Changing the 57-V battery for an 80-V battery just affects the calculation in part
(c). It changes to:
Left loop: 140/* + 2 1 0 /2 = 0.
Right loop: 80 - 3 5 /3 - 210/ 2 = 0.
Currents: I [ - 1 2 -\-1: = 0.
Solving for the three currents:
/ , = -0 .4 0 3 A , I 2= 0.269 A, /3 = 0.672 A.
So the total current for the fiill circuit is the sumof (b), (d) and (f) above:
/ , = 0 .1 8 4 A , / 2= 0 .5 7 6 A, / 3 = 0 .3 9 2 A.

26.90: a) Fully charged:

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 0 = C F = (10.0 x lO ”12 F ) ( l 0 0 0 V ) = 1. 0 0 x 10 ”6 C.
S -V r -t¡RC
b ) í0 = i(t) = , w hereC ' = l.lC .
R R RC .R R C ',
c ) W e need a resistance such that the current will be greater than 1 jjA for longer
than 200 jjs .
1.0 x 10 C
¡'(200 /js ) = 1.0 x 1 0 '6 A = ¿ 1000 V -
1 .1 (1 .0 x 1 0 '" F)

1 .0 xlO-4 A = 4 ( 9 0 .9 ) e ',:Uxlo,ft!/s 18.3/? - i? ln i? - 1 . 8 x l 0 7 = 0.

Solving for R numerically we find 7 .1 5 x l 0 6 a < £ < 7.01 x 107 £1

If the resistance is too small, then the capacitor discharges too quickly, and if the
resistance is too lar ge, the current is not lar ge enough.

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2 6 .9 1 : W e can re-draw the c irc u it a s show n below :

1
Re

Rr = 2Ri = 2r í + - M i _ Rt - 2 R iRr - 2 2 ^ = 0.
R7 Rr Ri + R2

RT = R[ ± tJ r * + 2 but 2?^ > 0 => 2?r = 2^ + -^2?,2 4- 22?,2?2.

26.92:

Let current / enter at a and exit at b. A t a there are three equivalent branches, so
current is I / 3 in each. A t the next junction point there are two equivalent branches
so each gets current 1 / 6 . Hien at b there are three equivalent branches with current
1 / 3 in each. Tlie voltage drop from a to b then is V = ( f ) R 4- (■£) R 4- ( f ) R = f IR.

This must be the same as V = IR’c q ’, so 2?«1 = —R.

26.93: a) The circuit can be re-drawn as follows:

-+c

R.
o
¡i -

R.cq _ y
Then Vcá= V ab V ab and R =
2 Rl + Rk R2 4- Rt

Rt R2 R.
b) Recal 1
Vr. v ,; Vr, K -i v.

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 If i?, = i?2 => Rt = R¡ + yjR,2 + 2 5 ,^ " = /?,(1 + S ) and ¡3 = 2(2 + ^ = 2.73.
1 4- \ 3
So, for the rcth segment to have 1% of the original voltage, we need:

1 1 < 0 .0 1 = > b = 4 :K 4 = 0 .0 0 5 F 0 .
(1 + P f (1 + 2.73)”

c) Rt = R¡ + + 2R¡R7

=> Rr = 6 4 0 0 f i + t/(6400 Í2)2 + 2(6400 £2) (8.0 x 108 Q.) = 3.2 xlO6 £1
2(6400 n ) ( 3 . 2 x 10* f t + 8 .0 * 10s Q ) <| p ;; ^
~^ (3 .2 x 10s £2) (8 .0 x 10* £2)

d) Along a length of 2.0 mm of axon, there are 2000 segments each 1.0 long.
The voltage therefore attenuates by:

y = Yl => = _________í = 3 4 x 10“4

™ (l + jff)** Vo a + 4 .0 x lO -3 )20W

e) If R2 = 3.3 xlO 12 Q .^>R t = 2.1 x lO 8 Q. and /7 = 6 . 2 x l 0 -5.

V 1
- ®° = 0.88.
V, (1 4- 6.2 x 10 - 5 \2
) 000

27.1: a ) F = g v x S ( - 3 .2 4 x 1 0 '8 C )(-3 .8 5 x 104 m /s )(1 .4 0 T ) (/x / )

= > F = - (6.68 x 10-4 N )¿
b) F = qv x B

=> F = ( - 1 . 2 4 x 10 ' 8 C )( 1.40 T ) [( - 3.85 x 104 m /s ) ( / x k ) + (4 .1 9 x 10 4 m /s)(f x A)]

=> F = (6.68 x 10-4 N ) i 4 (7 .2 7 x 10"4 N ) /

27.2: Need a forcé from the magnetic field to balance the downward gravitad onal forcé.
Its magnitude is:

qv B= m g ^ B = ^ = 0 -9 5 * 1 0 -^ X 9 .8 0 ^ ) | = 1 9 ]T
qv ( 2 .5 0 x 1 0 C )(4 .0 0 x 10 m /s)
The right-hand rule requires the magnetic field to be to the east, since the velocity
is northward, the charge is negative, and the forcé is upwards.

27.3: B y the right-hand rule, the charge is positive.

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 X

X
w
X

X X

qvx B
27.4: F = ma = qv x B a=
m
(1 .2 2 x lO ' 8 C )(3 .0 x 10“m /s)(1.6 3 T) ( J x i )
= - (0.330 m /s )ft.
1 .8 1 x 1 0 '3 kg

27.5: See figure on nextpage. Let F0 = q v B , then:

F a = F 0 in tiie —k direction
F b = F0 in the 4- j direction
F c = 0, since B and velocity are parallel
Fd = F0 sin 45° in the - j direction
F e = F 0 in the - ( j 4 k ) direction

27.6: a) The smallest possible acceleration is zero, when the motion is parallel to the
magnetic field. The greatest acceleration is when the velocity and magnetic field are at
right angles:
. gvB (1.6 x lO -1» C)(2.50 x l O > / s ) ( 7 .4 x l Q - 2 T ) ; 2 5 : : 1 0 .6 ,2
m (9.11 x 10~31 kg)

b) I f a = - (3.25 x 10‘6m /s2) = sm ^ => sjn 0 = 0.25 => <¡>= 14.5°.

4 m

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 F 4 .6 0 x l 0 ' 15 N
2 7 .7 : F = \q v B sin V =
-3
<?|5 sin (¡S (1 .6 x 10'19 C)(3.5 x 10~J T ) sin 60
= 9.4 9 x 10s m /s.

27.8: a ) F = qv x B = qB, [v, ( ¡ x i ) 4 v f ( j x l ) 4 v , ( i x i ) ] = qB , [v, ( - j ) + vy (i)].

Set this equal to the given valué of F to obtain:

Fy (7.40 x l O"7 N)
v. = — — = ----------------------«---------------------= - 1 0 6 m/s
-q B , - ( - 5 . 6 0 x lO ”9 C X - 1-25T)
Fy _ —(3.40 x 10 N)
= - 4 8 . 6 m/s.
q B , ~ ( - 5.60 x 10^ C)( - 1 .2 5 T)

b) The valué o f v? is indeterminate.

p T?
c ) v - F = vxF , + vyF y + v ,F , = F„ + F y = 0 ;5 = 90'.

27.9: F = qv x B , v = vyj with vy = - 3 .80 x ] O3m /s

F , = 4- 7 .60 x 10 '3 N , F y = 0 ,a n d Ft = - 5 . 2 0 x 1 0’ 3 N
p ^ q ( y yB , - v , B y) = qvyB1
B; = F j q v y = ( 7 .6 0 x 10"3 N ) /( [ 7 .8 0 x l 0 ‘ 6 C ) ( - 3 . 8 0 x l 0 3m /s)] = - 0 .2 5 6 T

Fy = q _ v7CF 9 ) = 0, which is consistent with F a s given in the problem. No

forcé component along the direction of the velocity.
p , = <lty,By - vyB .,)= - qvyBx
B-, = ~ F , j qvy = - 0.175 T

b) By is not determined. No forcé due to this component of B along v\ measurement

of the forcé tells us nothing about By.

c ) B - 'F = BXF X + ByFy + B!F ! = ( - 0 . 1 7 5 T )( + 7 .6 0 x 1 0"3 N ) +

( - 0 .2 5 6 T )( - 5.2 0 x 10“ 3 N)
B •F = 0; B and F a r e perpendicular (angle is 9 0 °)

27.10: a) The total flux must be zero, so the flux through the remaining surfaces must be
- 0.120 Wb.
b) The shape of the surface is unimportant, just that it is closed

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 C)

2 7 .1 1 : a ) <1>S = B A = (0.230 T > (0 .0 6 5 m )2 = 3.05 x 10 '3 Wb.

b ) <t>s = S -3 1 = (0 .2 3 0 1)K (0.065m )I c o s 5 3 .1 ° = 1 .8 3 x lO '3 Wb.
c) = 0 since B 1 A.

27.12: a) ® 9 (abcd) = B A = 0.
b) $>B(befc) = B A = - (0.128T )(0.300 m )(0.300 m) = - 0.0115 Wb.

c ) 'S>3 {a e fd )= S •3 = eos = ^ (0 .1 2 8 T )(0.500 m )(0.300 m ) = + 0 .0 1 1 5 Wb.

d) The net flux through the rest of the surfaces is zero since they are parallel to the x-
axis so the total flux is the sum of all parts above, which is zero.

27.13: a) B = [(p - yy2 ) ] j and we can calcúlate the flux through each surface. Note that
there is no flux through any surfaces parallel to the y-axis. Thus, the total finí through the
closed surface is:

<E>B(abe) = B A = ([-(0.300 T - 0)] + [0.300 T - (2.00 T/m 2 )(0.300 m)2 ])

x i (0.400 m)(0.300 m)
= - 0 .0 1 0 8 Wb.

b) The studenfls claim is implausible since it would require the existence of a

magnetic monopole to result in a net non-zero flux through the closed surface.

RqB
27.14: a) p = mv = m = RqB = (4.68 x 1 0 '3 m )(6.4 x 10”19 C )(1.65 T)
m
= 4 .94 x 10~2‘ m /s.
-1 9 i-2 3
b ) L = Rp = R ‘qB = (4.68 x 10‘3 m )'(6 .4 x 1 0 'iy C )(1.65 T ) = 2.31 x 10 m 7s.

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 mv ( 9 .1 1 x l 0 '31 k g ) ( 1 .4 1 x l 0 6 m /s )
2 7 .1 5 : a ) g = - — = v — — ^ = 1.61 x 10"4 T.
|?|¿? (1.60 x 10~19 C )(0.0500 m)
The direction of the magnetic field is into the page (the charge is negative).
b) The time to complete half a c irele is just the distance traveled divided by the
velocity:
t = D_ = x R _ 0.0500 m)
v v 1 .4 1 x 1 0 m/s

mv (1.67 x 10~57 k g)(1.41x 106m,

27 .1 6 : a ) B = — = — = 0 .294 T
qR (1.60 x lO '19 C )(0.0500m )
The direction of the magnetic field is out of the page (the charge is positive).
b) The time to complete half acircle is linchanged:

27.17: K l + Ul = K 2 -b U7

Ul = K ^ = 0, so K { = Ur¿ ; = ke7 ¡ r

2k
v = eA —— = (1.602 x 10’19 C) = 1.2 x 107m/s
mr ^ ( 3 .3 4 x l 0 ',7 b g )(1.0x 10"15 m)

b) = ma gives qvB = mv7j r

mv _ (3.34 x l0 ~ 27 k g )(1.2x 107m/s) _
B= 0.10 T
qr (1.602 x 10 C )(2.50m )

27.18: a) F = qvB sin 9

B F 0.00320 x 10-9 N
~ qvsin.9 ~ 8 ( 1 .6 0 x 1 0 '19 C )(5 0 0 ,0 0 0 iV s)sin 90°
B = 5.00 T. If the angle 6 is less than 90 °, a larger field is needed to produce the
same forcé. The direction of the field must be toward the south so that v x B can be
downward
b) F = qvB sin 6
F _____________ 4 .6 0 x 10~12 N________
V~ qB siné1 ~ (1 .6 0 x 1 0 '19 C )(2.10 T ) sin 90°
v = 1 .3 7 x 1 0 ' m /s. If 6 is less than 9 0 °, the speed would have to be larger to have the
same forcé. The forcé is upward, so v x B must be downward since the electrón is
negative, so the velocity must be toward the south.

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27.19: q = (4.00 x 10 8) ( - 1 .6 0 2 x 1 0"19 C) = 6.408 x 10"11 C
speed at bottom of shaft: jm v 2 = mgy; v = y¡2gy = 49.5 m/s

v is downward and B is west, so v y B i s north. Since q < 0, F is south.

F = qvB sin 0 = (6.408 x 1 0 '“ C )(49.5 m /s)(0.250 T ) sin 90° = 7.93 x 1 0 '10 N

qB
_ qBR _ 3 (1 .6 0 x lO '19 C )(0 .2 5 0 T )(k f£ m)
m 12(1.67 x 1 0 '27 kg)
v — 2.84 x l 0 s m/s
Since v y B is to the left but the charges are bent to the right, they must be
negative.
b ) Fffav = m g = 12(1.67 x 10 '27 k g)(9.80m /s2 ) = 1.96 x 10 '25 N
= qvB = 3(1.6 x 1 0 '19 C)(2.84 x 106 m /s)(0 .2 5 0 T )
= 3.41 x 1 0 'I3N
Since F„.,„ » 1 0 12 x F ysv we can safely neglect gravity.
c) The speed does not change since the magnetic forcé is perpendicular to the velocity
and therefore does not do work on the particles.

>. qRB ( 1 .6 0 x l 0 '19 C ) ( 6 .9 6 x l 0 '3 m )(2.50T ) .

27 .2 1 : a ) v = ± — = i ¿1 _ L = 8 .3 4 x 105oys.
m (3.34 x 10 kg)
b) t = D = * R = * í 6 . 9 6 x l 0 "m ) = 2 6 2 x l 0 -8 s
V V 8.34 XlO5m/s

c ) - m v 2 = q V =>V = ^ - = P - 34 - 10'Í7 M ? - * » 105 - 7260 V.

2 2q 2(1.60 xlO "19 C)

27 .2 2 : ^ ^ ^ g - n x l O - k g X Z B x l o V s ) ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
qB ( 1 . 6 0 x l 0 '19 C )(0.0877T )

27 .2 3 : a ) B = ^ = ^ ^ k g )2 ,(3 .0 0 . x 1Q-2 H z ) , ] 0 7 1
|9 | (1 .6 0 x lO '19 C)
Ib is is about 2.4 times the greatest magnitude yet obtained on earth.
b) Protons have a greater mass than the electrons, so a greater magnetic field would be
required to accelerate them with the same frequency, so fhere would be no advantage in
using them.

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27.24: The initial velocity is all in the y-direction, and we want the pitch to equal the
radius of curva ture

=> d = v T = — = R.
qB
_ 2 tz _ 2 jz m
But
co qB

_ Ircmv, mvy ^ ^ jL = 2K=<SLae = > e = ?,\.(f.

qB qB

27.25: a) The radius of the path is unaffected, but the pitch of the helix varíes with time
as the proton is accelerated in the;c-direction.

2k 2 jan 2*:(1.67x 10"27 kg)

b) T = = 1.31 x 10"7 s, í = 2n/2,an d
co qB (1.60 X 10 '19 C )(0.500 T)
F _ g E _ (1 .6 x 10 C ) ( 2 .0 0 x l 0 V /m ) ^ ,
«i =
m m 1.67 x 10 '27 ka
(1.92 x 1012m /s2)(6 .5 6 x 10"8 s)2
d , = v0, f + = (1.5 x l 0 5m /s)(6 .5 6 x 10~8 s) +

d = 0 .0 1 4 m.

2q V 2 (1 .6 xlO "19 C )(2 2 0 V )

27.26: —m v = q V => v = = 7 .7 9 x 1 0 “ m/s.
2 m \ ( 1.16 x 10"26 kg)
m v _ 0 . 1 6 X 1 0 - k g)(7.79 x 1 0 m /s) ? _g] ^ 1Q_3
qB ( 1 .6 0 x 1 0"19 C )(0.723T )

2 1 1 - 6 .1 0 - 0 ,2 .0 ,1 0 ’ V ,
m \ (9.11 xlO "31 kg)
= 2.65 x lO 7m /s.
B _ mv _ (9.11 xlO "31 kg; • 6 5 x lO V s )= ^ T_
"" U fi ~ (1.60 x 10"19 C )(0.180m )

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2 7 .2 8 : a ) v = E / B = ( 1 .5 6 x 10 4 V /m ) / ( 4 . 6 2 x 1CT3 T ) = 3 .3 8 x 106m /s .

b)

• • • •
V

• • •

' \ ’

«V (9 .1 1 x 1 0 kg)(3.38 X 10 6 m /s)
c ) i? =
\q\B ~ ( 1 .6 0 x 1 0 '19 C )(> 1.62xl0'3 T)
i? = 4 .1 7 x 10 ”3 m.
T 2 xm 2 xR 2^ (4.17 x 1 0 ~ 3 m) 7 ? 1 . . l 0 -9 .
\q\B v ( 3 .3 8 x l 0 6m /s)

27 .2 9 : a ) F B = F s so |9 |vS = \q\E\ B = E /v = 0.1 OT

Forces balance for either sign of q.
b) E = V /d so v = £ / £ = V/dB
smallest v :

largest V, smallest £ , v ■ = ---------- 120 \------------ _ 2 j y i o 4m/s

“ “ (0.0325 m )(0.180 T)
largest v :
560 V
smallest K, largest £ , v . = = 3 .2 x 1 0 5m/s
(0.0325 m )(0.054 T)

27.30: To pass undeflected inboth cases, E = vB = (5.85 x 103m /s)(1.35 T ) = 7898 N/C.
a) If q = 0.640 xlO -9 C, the electric field direction is given by - ( j x ( - k)) = ¿,
since it must point in the opposite direction to the magnetic forcé.
b) If q = - 0.320 x 10^ C, the electric field direction is given by ( ( - j ) x \-k)) = i ,
since it must point in the same direction as the magnetic forcé, which has swapped from
part (a). The electric forcé will now point opposite to the magnetic forcé for this negative
charge using F e = q E .

„ mv mE RqS2 (0 .3 1 0 m )(1 .6 0 x 1CT19 C )(0 .5 4 0 T )2

2 7 .3 1 : K = ------ = ------ = > m = ------------ = :--------------- ---------- :-----------------
qB qB2 E (1 .1 2 x 105 V /m )
= 1 .2 9 x 1 0"55 kg

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 1.29 x 1 0 '55 kg
=> m(amu) = 7T = 78 atonnc mass units.
1.66 x 10 kg

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2 7 .3 2 : a ) E = vB = (1.82 x 106m /s )(0 .6 5 0 T ) = 1.18 x 106 V /m .
b) E = V /d = > V = E d = (1 .1 8 xlO 6 V /m )(5 .2 0 x l0 ’3 m ) = 6.14kV .

27.33: a) For minimum magnitude, the angle should be adjusted so that (B ) is parallel
to the ground, thus perpendicular to the current To counter gravity, ILB = mg, so

b) W e want the magnetic forcé to point up. With a northward current, a westward
B field will accomplish this.

27 .3 4 : a ) F = I l b = (1.20 A ) (0.0100 m ) (0.588 T ) = 7.06 x 10’ 3 N , and by the righthand

míe, the easterly magnetic field results in a southerly forcé.
b) If the field is southerly, then the forcé is to the west, and of the same magnitude as
part (a), F = 7 .0 6 x 1 0 ' 3 N.
c) If the field is 30° south of west, the forcé is 30° west of north (9 0 °
counterclockwise from the field) and sti 11 o f the same magnitude, F = 7 .6 0 x l0 ~ 6 N.

27.35: / = — = ------------------- = 9.7 A.

IB (0.200 m )(0 .067 T)

27.36: F = RB = (10.8 A )(0.050m )(0.550T ) = 0.297 N.

27.37: The wire lies on the x -axis and the forcé on 1 cm of it is

a) F = l í x B = ( - 3 .5 0 A )(0.010 m)( - 0.65 T )(/ x j ) = + (0.023 N) k.

b) F = U x B = ( - 3 .5 0 A )(0.010 m )( 4- 0.56 T )(/ x k ) = 4- (0.020 N) j.

c) F = l í x B = ( - 3 .5 0 A )(0.010 m)( - 0.31 T )(/ x / ) = 0.

d) F = l í x B = ( - 3 .5 0 A )(0 .0 1 0 m )(- 0 .2 8 T )(/ x k ) = ( - 9 . 8 x 10”3 N) j.

e) F = I ~ l x B = ( -3 .5 0 A )(0.010 m )[0.74 T (í x j ) - 0.36 T (/ x ¿ )]

= - ( 0 .0 2 6 N ) ¿ - (0.013 N ) /

27.38: F = U x B

Between the poles of the magnet, the magnetic field points to the right Using the
fingertips of your right hand, rotate the current vector by 90° into the direction of the

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magnetic field vector. Your thumb points downward-which is the direction of the
magnetic forcé.

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2 7 .3 9 : a ) F z = m g w hen b ar is ju str e a d y to levitate.

^ = mg, / = ^ = í 5 ^ M ^ V L ) = 32.6 7 A
IB (0.500 m )(0.450T )
s = IR = (32.67 A )(25.0Q ) = 817 V

b) R = 2.0 O, I = s¡R = (816.7 V ) / (2.0 Q ) = 408 A

F z = IIB = 92 N
a = (F z - m g )/a = 113 m /s2

27.40: (a) The magnetic forcé on the bar must be upward so the current through it
must be to the righL Therefore a must be the positive terminal.
(b) For balance, F maga = mg
IIB sin 9 = mg
IIB sin 9
m = ------------
S
/ = s/R = 175 V /5 .0 0 Q = 35.0 A

(35.0 A )(0.600 m )(l .50 T)

m= — = 3.21 kg
9.80 m /s2

27.41: a) The forcé on the straight section along the -.x-axis is zero.
For the half o f the semicircle at negative x the forcé is out of the page. For the
half of the semicircle at positive x the forcé is into the page. The net forcé on the
semicircular section is zero.
The forcé on the straight section that is perpendicular to the plañe of the figure is
in the -y-direction and has magnitude F = ILB.
The total magnetic forcé on the conductor is ILB, in the - y -direction.
b) If the semicircular section is replaced by a straight section along the x -axis, then the
magnetic forcé on that straight section would be zero, the same as it is for the semicircle.

2 7 .4 2 : a ) r = IBA = (6 .2 A X 0.19T )(0.050 m)(0.080 m) = 4.71 x 1CT3 N - m.

b) n = IA = (6 .2 A )(0.050 m )(0.080 m ) = 0.025 A - m2.
c) Máximum torque will occur when the area is largest, which means a circle:
2k R = 2(0.050 m + 0.080 m) => R = 0.041 m.
=> r ^ , = IBA = (6 .2 A )(0 .19 T > ( 0 .0404 3 m )5 = 6.22 x 10 ' 3 N- m.

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27.43: a) The torque is máximum when the plañe of loop is parallel to B.
t = NIBA sin<á => = (15)(2.7 A )(0.56 T > (0 .0 8 8 6 6 m /2 )2 sin 90° = 0.132 N - m.
b) The torque on the loop is 71% of the máximum when sin^ = 0.71 => $ = 45°.

27.44: (a) The forcé on each segment o f the coil is toward the center of the coi 1, as the
net forcé and net torque are both zero.
(b) As vi ewed from above:
a

As in (a), the forces cancel.

Z r = 2 F mlga^ sin 9

= RBL sin 9
= (1.40 A )(0.220 m )(l. 50 T )(0.35 0 m) sin 3 0o
= 8.09 x 10"2 N •m counterdockwi.se

2 7 .4 5 : a ) T = Itz r/v = 1.5 x 10 ' 16 s

b) I = Q ¡t = e ¡t = \.\ mA
c ) iá = IA = I x r 2 = 9.3 x 10‘w A -m 2

2 7 .4 6 : a) <f>= 9 0 ° : z = NIAB sin(90°) = NIAB, direction : í c x ) = - ¡ , U = - N/j B co s^ = 0.

b) $ = 0 : z = NIAB sin(0) = 0, no direction, U = - N/j B cos^ = - NIAB.
c) ^ = 90° : z = NIAB sin(90°) = NIAB, direction : - ¿ x j = i , U = - N/j B eos ó = 0.
d) ¿ = 180° : z = NIAB sin(l 80°) = 0, no direction, U = - NjjB cos(1 80o) = NIAB.

27.47: AU = Uf - U . = - / jB eos 0o + jjB eos 180° = - 2/ j B

= - 2(1.45 A •m 2 )(0.835 T ) = - 2.42 J.
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2 7 .4 8 : a ) r , - , + / , = > / 120 V - 1 0 5 V - 4 , 7 A
' 04 r 3 .2 Í2
»>) supplied = IVab
ab = (4-7 A )(l 20 V ) = 564 W.

C) ^mech = ¿K * - ? r = 564 W - (4.7 A )2 (3.2 O) = 493 W.

mcch

120 V
27.49: a) / , = --------- = 1.13 A
f 106 Q
b) / , = ■ / * * - / , = 4 . 8 2 ^ - 1 . 1 3 ¿ = 3.69 ¿
c) V = £ + / ri?r -> £■ = K - I f Rr = 120 V - (3.69 A )(5.9Í2) = 98.2 V.
<*) ^ ^ = (98.2 V )(3.69 A) = 362 W.

120 V
27.50: a) Field current / , = --------- = 0.550 A.
J 218 Q
b) Rotor current / , = / tolaJ - 1 } = 4 .82 A - 0.550 A = 4.27 A.
c) V = s + I yRf => s = V - I tRt = 120 V - (4.27 A )(5 .9 Q ) = 94.8 V.
d) P¡ = l ) R f = (0.550 A )5(218 Q.) = 65 .9 W.
e) P. = Í^R , = (4.27 A )2(5 .9 Q) = 108 W.
f) Power input = (120 V) (4.82 A ) = 578 W .
¿U , (578 W - 65 .9 W - 108 W - 4 5 W ) 359 W
g) E ffcien cy = -------- = ---------------------------------------------------- = ------------= 0.621.
P ^ ul 578 W 578 W

n\q\ dn\q\
120 A _____________________
~ ( 0 .0 1 1 8 m ) ( 2 . 3 x l O '4 m ) ( 5 . 8 5 x l 0 28 n T 3 ) ( 1 . 6 x 10~19 C )

= > v d = 4 . 7 2 x 1 0 " 3 m/s.

b) E , = vdB y = ( 4 . 7 2 x 1 0 '3q ^ s)(0.95 T ) = 4 .4 8 x l O ' 3 N / C , in th e + z -d irection

(negative charge).
c) = zE ? = (0.0118 m )(4.48 x 10"3N /C ) = 5.29 x 10"5 V.

IB. IS vh IB.
27.52: n=
\q\E, A\q\E, A\q\s, y ¡\q\s

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 _____________(78.0 A )(2.29 T)_____________
~ (2.3 x 1 o -4 m ) ( 1 .6 x l 0 “19 C ) ( 1 .3 1 x l0 -4 V )
=> n = 3.7 x 1028 electrons per cubic meter.

27.53: a) B y inspection,using F = q v x B , B = - B j willprovide thecorrect direction

Fr,
for each forcé. Using either forcé, say F 2, B =
*2y 7 |
?|v2|S_ F
b) Fj = q Vj\B sin 45° = 2 (since IvJ = |v2|).
~

27.54: a) F = q v x 5 = - q V [ B x( j x / ) + B? ( j x A:)] = qVB( k - q V B J

b) B x > 0, B2 < 0, sign of By doesn’ t matter.

C) F = \q\VBj -\q\V B X = {Í\q\vBx.

27.55: The direction of E is horizontal and perpendicular to v, as shown in the sketch:

Fg = qvB, F s = qE
F b = F e for no deflection, so qvB = qE
E = v B = (14.0 m /s)(0.500 T) = 7.00 V /m
W e ignored the gravity forcé. If the target is 5.0 m from the rifle, it takes the
bullet 0.36 s to reach the target and duiing this time the bullet moves downward
y - y0 = ayt7 = 0.62 m. The magnetic and electric forcés we considered are horizontal.
A vertical electric field of E = m g /q = 0.038 V /m would be required to cancel the
gravity forcé. Air resistance has also been neglected.

27.56: a) Motion is circular:

+ y 2 = i?2 => x = Z) => j/j = ^ R ¿ - D l (path of deflectedparticle)
y2 = R (equation for tangent to the circle, path of undeflected particle)

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 mv
For a partióle moving in a magnetic fie Id, R =
qB

r> 1 2 i* n 1 2 mV
But —mv = q V , so R = — -------
2 B\ q
D B D B
Thus, the deflection d
2m V 2 mV
(0 .5 0 m)! ( 5 .0 x 1 0 '5 T ) ( 1 .6 x 1 0 ' 19 C)
b) d = = 0.067 m = 6.7 cm.
\f 2(9.11 x 10-31 kg)(750 V )
d ™13% o f Z), which is fairly significanL

27.5 7 : a ) _ S M . . q -6 - 1 0 - 9 C ) (0.85 T ) (0 .4 0 m) = ^ ^^ ^
m 1.67 x 10”27 ks
= (1.67 x !0 ~ ” k g )( 3 .3 x 1 0 7 m /s¿) _ 8 _9 x =
=> E mmo. =—
ax ^
mv

f _ 2xR _ 2 ,( 0 .4 0 1 ) = 7 6 y l 0 -8 s
v 3 .3 x 10 m/s
c) If the energy was to be doubled, then the speed would have to be increased by
^/2^ as would the magnetic fíelcL Therefore the new magnetic field would be

= V 2 S „ = 1 .2 T .

d)For alpha par tic les,

mn a 2 mn fá ln )7
(<*) = £ w . 0 0 — % =£ -0 0 7 7 ~ (P ).

í ) k i j k
O
O

27.58: a) F = q v / B = q = -gvfi / + /
>

V
x V
y V
2 =1
Bx By B, Bx By B,

But F = 3F0í 4- 4 F 0y, so 3F0 = -qvB y and 4 F 0 = qvB.A

3F 4F
=> 5, = — B, is arbitrary.
qv qv

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 6F»
b) B = ^ ¡± = p * + B y2 + B,2 = * ^ 9 + 16 + ^ 2 5
B,2 = ?o +5s
qv qv
11 Fr,
=>5 = ±
qv

co qB f q B/2jum em. 1 .1 6 x 1 0 -“ kg
27.59: / = = 4244.
2 tl 27zm f L¡ qLiB i 27imLi 3eme 9.11 x I0"M kg

27 .6 0 : a) K = 2.7 M eV (2 .7 x 10seV) (1.6 x 10‘19 J/eV ) = 4 .3 2 x 10-13 J.

1K 2 (4 .3 2 xlO "13 J)
v= = 2 .2 7 x lO ’ m/s.
m \ 1.67 x 10~57
R _ mv _ (1.67 x 10~;? ke) (2 .2 7 x 107 m/s'
= 0.068 m.
qB (1.6 x 10"19 C ) (3.5 T )

ai v 2 .2 7 x lO 7 m/s ¡
Also, co = — = ----------------------= 3.34 x 10 rad/s.
R 0.068 m
b) If the energy r each es the final valué of 5.4 MeV, the velocity increases by 4 2 , as
does the radius, to 0.096 m. The angular frequency is unchanged from part (a) at
3 .3 4 x 1 0 8ra d /s .

27.61: a) F = q v / B = q \( y B ) i - ( v B ) / => F =q (v i ) - (v i )

F-
=>? =
B * (V v ) 2 + ( v x ) 2

- 1 .2 5 N
=> q = ------------
0 .1 2 0 T y [4(1.05 x 10 S m/s)]2 + [- 3(1.05 x 106 m/s)]

= —1 .9 8 x 1 0 -6 C.

- = F = q _ ^ =H M ) .
b)
771 771 771

_ _| QO y 1Q"6 p
=> a = — ' ‘ ~ (1.05 x 10s m /s) ( - 0 .1 2 0 T ) 14/ + 3 /
2.58 x 10 kg 1

=> a = 9.67 x 10‘3m /s5 14/ + 3j

c) The motion is helical since the forcé is in the .xy-plane but the velocity has a z-
component. The radius of the circular part of the motion is:

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 „ mv ( 2 .5 8 x l 0 -15 k g ) ( 5 ) ( 1 .0 5 x l 0 s m/s)
R —— = = Q 057 oí
gB (1.98 x1o-6 C) (0.120 T)

ca gB (1.98 x1o-6 C) (0.120 T)

d) / = = 14.7 MHz.
2tz 2 tan 2k(2.58 x 10-15 kg)

e) After two complete cycles, the x and y valúes are back to their original valúes, x
R and y = 0, but z has changed
2v 2(+ 12) (1.05 x l 0 s m /s)
z = 2Tv. = — 2- = -^ ----- 45 4 = 1.71 m.
/ 1 .4 7 x 1 0 ’ Hz

mv qER ab
(1.6 xlO "19 C) (120 V)
27.62: a) —^ ~ = ^E ^ r kg)ln(5.00/0.100)
m \ m ln(b /a ) \ (9 .1 1 x 10"J1
v = 2.32 xlO m/s.
m
b) ^ = q (E + vB) v ‘ - (qB)v - qE = 0
R
=> (2.28 x 10"29) v 2 - (2.08 x 10"23) v - (1.23 x 10"16) = 0
=> v = 2.82 x 106 m/s o r - 1 . 9 1 x l 0 6 m /s,
but we need the positive velocity to get the correct forcé, so v = 2.82 x 10 6 m/s.
c) If the direction of the magnetic field is reversed, then there is a smaller net
forcé and a smaller velocity, and the valué is the second root found in part (b),
= > v = 3 .1 9 x l 0 ‘ m/s.

E 1 -8 8 x 1 0 “ N/C mv
27.63: v = — = ---------------------- = 2 .6 8 x 1 0 m /s,and R = — , so
B 0.701 T qB
_ 82( 1.6 6 x 1Q— kg) (2.68 x 10“ m /s ) _ Q ^ ^
(1.60 x lO -19 C) (0.701 T)
= 8 4 ( 1 .6 6 x 1 0 ^ k g )(2 .6 8 x l0 “ m/s) = Q ^ ^
(1 .6 0 x l O-19 C ) (0.701 T )
_ 8 6 ( 1 . 6 6 x 1 0 - k g ) ( 2 .6 8 x l 0 “ m/s) _ Q ^ ^
(1.60 xlO -19 C) (0.701 T)
So the distance between two adjacent lines is 2R = 1.6 mm.

27 .6 4 : F , = q f y yB , - v , B y) = 0.

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 F v = q ( v , B , - v xB , ) = (9 .4 5 X 10 C ) (5 .8 5 x 104 m /s ) (0 .4 5 0 T )

= 2 .4 9 x 1 0 ' 3 N.
F , = q(vxBy - vyBx) = - (9.45 x 10"8 C ) ( - 3 . l l x l 0 4m /s) (0.450 T )

= 1 .3 2 x 1 0 ”3 N.

27 .6 5 : a ) : F = / /*» x B = I(iobB ) j x í = - (6.58 A )(0.750 m )(0 .8 6 0 T )k

= (—4.24 N)A.

lb c: F = I í bcy B = I (lbcB) = - (6.58 A )(0.750 m )(0.860 T ) /

•¡Z

= ( - 4 .2 4 N ) /

I „ .:í = l /„ .x 8 = /( y ) = - (6.58 A )(0.750 m )(0.860 T ) 1/ + k

V2

= > F = (4.24 N ) D + ¿ 1

láe\ F = I U x B = Il&B |-A x i J = - (6.58 A )(0.750 m )(0.860 T ) j = ( - 4 .2 4 N )j

le / : F = Ú e{ x 5 = I(le/B ) ( - Í ) x / = 0.

b) Summing all the forces in part (a) we have Fioiai = (-4 .2 4 N) /

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2 7 .6 6 : a ) F = I L B , to the rig h t

b) v2 = 2 c d ^ d = — = ^ - m
2a 2ILB
dm ( 1. 1 2 x 1 0 - ^ ( 2 5 kg) _ 3 - 1 4 x 1 0 6 m = 3 1 4 0 km !
2(2000 A )(0.50 m )(0.50 T)

27.67: The current is to the left, so the forcé is into the plañe.

y '/ F v = N eos Q- Mg = 0 and ^ F x = N sin 9 - F B = 0.

M g tan#
F b = M g tan 0 = ILB => / =
LB

27.68: a) B y examining a small piece of the wire (shown below) we find:

F b = ILB = 2T sin (OJ 2)

rr n 2 TQ 2TLIR T
=> ILB « ------= ------------=> = R.
2 2 IB

b) For a particle:
_ mv2 _ mv mvIB Tq
R Rq Tq mi

27.69: a) —mvx2 = q V => vx = ■A lsoa = and t = —

2 V m i m v x

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 r 2
\2 r 2 / 1/2
1 X 1 rqB x2 m
=> y = —at = —a
2 2 2 m , 2 m [ l qV,

/■ \-
y=£x <7
8m V
b) This can be used for i solape separarion since the mass in the
denominator leads to different locations for different isotopes.

27.70: (a) Duiing acceleration o f the ions:

q V = —mv'2
2
2q V
v=
m
In the magnetic field:

R=
qB qB
q B 'R 2
m=
2V
¡2
gB 7R7 — (1.60 x 10~19 C'i(0.150 T ) 2 (0.500 m)'
-__________________
(b) V
2m 2 (1 2 )0 .6 6 x 10“” kg)
V = 2 .2 6 x 1 0 “ volts

(c) The ions are separated by the differences in the ir diame ters.

2Vm
D = 2 R = 2.

2 Vm . 2Vm
AD = D l4 - D n = 2
gB 7 14
I g B 7

2V(\ amu)
= 2 14 - Vl2
V i*
2 (2.26 x ] O4 V ) ( 1 .6 6 x l 0 '27 kg)
= 2 1 4 -V 1 2
V (1 .6 x 1 0"19 C )(0.150 T )'
= 8 .0 1 x 1 0 2 ni « 8 cm - easily distinguishible.

27.71: a)

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 Divide the rod into infinitesimal sections of
length dr.

The magnetic forcé on this section is dFl = I B dr and is perpendicular to the rod.
The torque dz due to the forcé on this section is dz = rdF¡ = IB r dr. The total torque is

^dz = I B jV d r = ^ I Í ¿B = 0.0442 N/m,clockwise. This is the same torque calculated

from a forcé diagram in which the total magnetic forcé F¡ = IIB acts at the center of the
rod
b) F z produces a clockwise torque so the spring forcé must produce a
counterclockwise torque. The spring forcé must be to the left, the spring is stretched.
Find x, the amount the spring is stretched:
^ r = 0, axis at hinge, counterclockwise torques positive

(kx)l sin 53o - I I l 7B = 0

X=- gL = ( ^ 0 A ) ( 0 .2 0 0 m)(0.340T) _ q a
2k sin 53.0° 2(4.80 N/m) sin 53.0°
U = ± h c 7 = 7.98 xlO ”3 J

27.72: a) F = / 7 x B => F pQ = (5.00 A ) (0.600 m ) (3.00 T ) sin(0°) = 0 N ,F ^

= (5.00 A) (0.800 m) (3.00 T ) sin(90°) = 12.0 N(into the page), F QR = (5.00 A) (1.00 m) (3.00 T

( t ^ ) = 12.0 N (out of the page).

b) The net forcé on the triangular loop of wire is zero.

c) For calculating torque on a uniform wire we can assume that the forcé on a wire is
applied at the wire’s center. Al so, note that we are finding the torque with respect to the
PZ?-axis (not about a point), and consequently the lever arm will be the distance from the
wire5s center to the .x-axis.

|z |= |? x F |= r F sin(0) => zPQ = r(0 N) = 0, zRP = (0 m ) F sin O = 0, zQR =

(0.300 m ) (12.0 N) sin(90c) = 3.60 N •m (pointing to the right and parallel to PR)
d ) According to Eqn. 27.28, z = NIÁB s ia á = (1) (5 .0 0 A ) ( i ) (0.600 m) (0.800 m)
(3.00 T ) sin(90°) = 3.60 N •m, which agrees with part (c).
e) The point Q will be rotated out of the plañe of the figure.

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 counterclockwise torques positive
m g (l/2) sin 37.0° - IAB sin 53.0°, with A = f
I _ mg sin 37° _ m g tan 37° _ 1Q QA
2 IB sin 53° 2 IB

2-7.74: a) F = U x ~ B = I(líc) x B =11 [(- By )i 4- ( 5 x) j]

=> = -(9 .0 0 A ) (0.250 m) (-0 .9 8 5 T ) = 2.22 N.
F y = IIB; = (9.00 A ) (0.250 m) (-0 .2 4 2 T) = -0 .5 4 5 N
=> F ? = 0 , since the wire is in the z - direction.

b) F = ^ F , 2 + F y7 = -J(2 2 2 N )2 + (0.545 N)2 = 2.29 N.

27.75: Summing the torques on the wire from gravity and the magnetic field will enable
us to find the magnetic field valué.
zB = IAB sin 60° = 5 (8 .2 A ) (0.060 m) (0.080 m) sin 60° = (0.0341 N •m /T)£.

There are three sides to consider for the gravitadonal torque, leading to:

TS = mi S h sin <p+ 2 mtSlt sin ¿

where l6 is the moment arm from the pivot to the far 6 cm leg and /8 is the moment arm
from the pivot to the centers of mass of the 8 cm legs.

zg = (9.8 m /s2) sin 30°[(0.00015 k g /cm ) ( 6 cm ) (0 .0 8 0 m)

+ 2(0.00015 kg/cm ) (8 cm ) (0.040 m)]

= > z = 8.23 x 10 '4 N - m => B = 8-23 x 1 0 — = 0.024 T , in lke y - iliiecüun.

6 0.0341 N -m /T

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27.76: a) z = IAB sin 60° = (15.0 A )(0.060 m) (0.080 m) (0.48 T) sin 60° = 0.030 N- m
in the - j direction. To keep the loop in place, you must provide a torque in the 4- j
direction.
b)z = IAB sin 30° = (15.0 A )(0.60 m) (0.080 m) (0.48 T) sin 30° = 0.017 N •m, in
the 4 j direction you must provide a torque in the - j direction to keep the loop in
place.
c ) If the loop was pivoted through its center, then there would be a torque on both
sides of the loop paral leí to the rotation axis. However, the lever arm is only half as large,
so the total torque in each case is identical to the valúes found in parts (a) and (b).

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 . i , , d\<b\ d 2
27.77: r = /„ \a\= L - L - 1= - I , —
dt “ d t2
but |r| = piB sin^ = NIAB <fi (sin (¡> « 0 ) if (j) is small)
d 7ó NIAB í

This describes simple harmonic motion with

I co V NIAB

27.78: r| = líB sin0 = IAB sin^.

2
qco L qco tzL ‘ icoc¿B
= 90°, I = q f = , A = m-7 = x => z = B=
2k 2x ~2k Atz‘ 8 3C2

27.79: The y-components o f the magnetic field provide forces which cancelas you go
around the loop. The.x-components of the magnetic field, however, provide a net forcé in
the -y- direction-

F = J NIB di sin 60° = NIB sin 60° j d ¡ = 2% RNIB sin 60°

0
=> F = 2^ (0.0156/2 m) (50) (0.950 A ) (0.220 T ) sin 60° = 0.444 N.

27 .8 0 : = * £ ¿ ^ * £ ( '- - '7 ) * f , = ^ (P).

Note that we added a term after the second equals sign that was zero because the
body is in translational equilibrium.

27.81: a)

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 f ¿c Bny dy 1
b) Side \ . F = ^Id l x g = / j °-y y k = -B ^ L Ii.
Z 2

S id e 2 : F = ¡ I d í y . B = l j B ° y d: x j = ~ I B : L).
O¿> = L O j= Z .
L
£
S id e 3 : F = jld lx B = I J ^ ( - / ) = - l / £ 0¿ /.
L ,i= L L ,x = L ^

O O
S id e 4 : F = | / ¿7xS = / J = 0.

c) The sum of all forces is JF toai = - I B 0Lj.

27.82: a)
/?

b) Side 1: F = fI d 7 x B= I f B ° y — (~ ¿ ) = - - £ 0í / ¿ .
o o ¿ 2

S id e 2 : ? = J / á / x B = l j B ° X ***k = - I B 0L k .
L 2

S id e 3 : / 7 = j/ í ¿ / y B = I \
s oydy,-.
oJ = +. 1- I B 0L k .

t ¿ ^ ^ Z n .

Side 4 : F = \ ld T x B = l \ - ^ — ( - k ) = — IB0Lk.
0 3 L 2
-*■ -*■ -> i b ] } » i
c) If free to rotate about the je-axis => t = L x F = — -— i = —IABA.
’ 2 2 0
ib i } * 1
d) If frcc to roíate about the y-axÍ3 => r = L x F = — ^— j = ——IAB0j.

e) The form of the torque r = fix B is notappropriate, since the magnetic field is not
constant.
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27.83: a) Ay = 0.350 m - 0.025 m = 0.325 m, we must subtract off the amount
immersed since the bar is accelerating un til i t leaves the pools and thus hasn’t reached v0
yeL
v2 = 0 = v02 - 2 gAy => v0 = yjlgAy.

=> v0 = ^2(9.8 m/s2 )(0.3 25) = 2.52 m/s.

b) In a distance of 0.025 m the wire’s speed increases from zero to 2.52 m/s.
v2 (2.52 m /s)2 _ , -
=> a = ------= ------------------ = 127 m/s . But
2Ay 2(0.025 m)
rr rrn r ™ (g + * ) (5.40 X 1 0"* kg) ((127 + 9.8) O l/S 2 )
F = IL B -m g = m a ^ I = — = = 7.58 A.
LB (0.15 m) (0.00650 T)
V 1 50 V
c ) V = IR=> R = - = - ------- = 0.20
/ 7.58 A

2 7 .8 4 : a ) /, = = *£ =iZ =* / = . ü .
dt At 2 7Tr 3m-
U\ t a ev 7 evr
3m- 3
c) Since there are two down quarks, each of half the charge of the up quark,

evr 2evr
Bd = = — =>

3 (9 .6 6 x 10-27 A -m 2 , .
d) v = —— = ------ fñ----------------T7— = 7.55 X 10 m/s.
2e r 2 (1 .6 0 x 1 0 C )(1 .2 0 x l0 m)

27.85: a) Ji = IA h = - IAk using theright -handrule.

i J *
b) t = Ji x B = 0 0 -IA
By B.

Bul r = 4D i - 3 1 ) /, so ÍABy = 4D , - 1AB, = - 3 D

_ o _ ™
IA ' LA
TT 13£> 25£)'
Bul ¿ W S , 2 + S ; 5 2 = 1^
s- " z r ” \ I 2Á JA

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 12D -* -+ 12 D
=> B. = ± -------, but U = - u •B < O, so take B = ----------
IÁ IÁ

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27.86: a) di = dlt = Rdo\- sin Oi 4- eos 9¡ j Note that this implies that when 0 = 0, the
line element points in the + y-direction, and when the angle is 90°, the line element
points in the - x-direction. This is in agreement with the diagram.

d F = Id! y B = IRdO I- sin Oí - eos Qj x (B i ) => d F = IB RdO - eos Ok

b) F = j - eos0IB.f R dOÍc = -IB xR j eo sQdOi = 0.

c) d r = y x d F = R(eos Oi -f sin#/) x (IB.XR dO [- eos Ok \)

=> ¿ r = -R^IB^dO (sin#cos#í - eos2 Oj).

r0 sin 20
d) r = j d r = -R^IB.^ jsin # co sOdOi - je o s 2 OdÓj = X
— i-------------------
\o o ,2 4

=> r = IR 7B x j = Ix R 2B j = IAk x B i ^ t = Ji / B

27.87: a) j~ B d A = f B ?d A + j BtdÁ = J (pL)dA + ¡ B ydA = 0.

barrel baircl

=> 0 = film *7 -+ By2xrL => By(r) = ~~~-

b) The two diagrams show views of the field lines from the top and side:

27.88: a) A U = - { J i f ■B - Jii ■B )

= - f * ¡ ) ' B = - f¿(-k - ( - 0 .8 / + 0.6j ) ) B0(12i + 3 j - 4 k)

A U = IAB, [(-0.8X + 12) + (0.6)(+3) + (+ l)(-4 )]
A U = (12.5 A )(4.45 x 10"4 m 2)(0.0115 T ) ( - l 1.8) = -7 .5 5 x 10 -4
^ J.
2AK 2 ( 7 .5 5 x 1 0"4 J)
b) A K = —Ico1 => co = = 42.1 rad/s.
2 V / \ S . 5 0 x l 0 ~ 7 k g -m '

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 -1 1
mv .2 0 x 1 0 .45 x 1 0 : m /s) =
2 7 .8 9 : a ) R = 5 .1 4 m.
qB (2.15 xlO -6 C )(0.420T )

b) The distance along the curve, is given by

d = RB = (5.14 m)sin (0.25 / 5 .1 4 ) = 0.25 m.

0.25 m
And t = — = = 1.7 2 x 1 o -6 s.
v 1.45 x 10 m/s
c) Axl = d tan(¿? / 2) = (0.25 m)tan (2 .7 9 °/ 2) = 6.08 x 10“3 m.
d) A x = A x[ 4- Ax 7 = 6.08 x 10 ”3 m + (0.50 m) tan(2.79°) = 0.0304 m.

27.90: a) Ap = FA = RBA = JIB.

J _ A j? _ (1 .0 0 atm )(1.013 xlO 5 PaVatm) = ^ 106AVm2.
IB (0.0350 m )(2.20T )

27.91: a) The máximum speed occurs at the top of the cycloidal path, and henee the
radius of curvature is greatest there. Once the motion is beyond the top, the partide is
being slowed by the electric field As it returns to y = 0, the speed decreases, leading to a
smaller magnetic forcé, un til the partic le stops completely. Then the electric field again
provides the acceleration in they-direction of the partide, leading to the repeated motion.

b) W = F d = qEd = qEy = —mv2 => v =

2 V m
c) A t the top,
„ „ mv¿ m 2qEy
Fy = q E ~ ¿¡vB = — —— = ——
R 2y m
2E
= - q E => 2q E = qvB => v =

28.1: For a charge with velocity v = (8.00 x 106 m /s )/, the magnetic field produced at

aposition r away from the particle is B = ** g 0 for ^ below:

4n r
a) r = ( 4 0.500 m )i => v x r = - ¿ , r02 = 4-

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 - qv¡ t o (6.0 x 10-6 C )(8 .0 x 106m /s ) p
k = - (1.92 x 10” J T ) k = - B 0k.
4 x r0 4 tz (0.50 m)

b) ? = (-0.500mX/=> y x ; = 0=> 5 = 0.
. . * 7 1
c ) r = (0.500 m )k => y x r = + i , r0 = —.

4 77 r¿

d) r = - (0.500 m ) j 4- (0.500 m)A: => y x ¿ = - i , r = — = 2r0

B, i B0i
B = 1 M° qV 1
4x r2 42 2 42 2^ 2

qv q v
2.8.2: Btoial = B + B' = Fo_ i2
4 ;r

-6 C)(9.0 x 10°m/s)
=>5 =
i?o_ ( 8 .0 x 1 0"6 C )(4 .5 x lO °a 0 O ( 3 .0 x l 0 “°
4;r (0.120 m )‘ (0.120 m)

=> B = 4 .3 8 x 1 0 4 T, into the page.

to_qv><J_
28.3: B =
4 ti r3

a) v = v i, ? = r i ; y x ? = 0 , 5 = 0
b) y = v i, r = ry; y x ? = v r¿, r = 0.500 m

¿ ( p o ^ klv lx l 0 ~ 7 N s 2/C 2)(4 .8 0 x 1 0 “6 C )(6 .80x 105m /s) 1

31 x 10“6 T
" U * J r2 “ (0 .5 0 0 m )2
q is negative, so B = - (1.31 x O"6 T)k
c ) y = vi, r = (0.500 m )(i -f jr); y x F = (0.500 m )v¿, r = 0.7071 m
r \
I 3\ _ l x i o -7 N - s 2/ C 2) ( 4 . 8 0 x 10“6 C ) ( 0 .5 0 0 m ) ( 6 .8 0 x 105m /s)
B = Bo_ W Ü v x r/r J -
471 (0.7071 m)-

5 = 4 .6 2 x 10"7 T; B = - (4.62 x 10"7 T)A

d) v = vi, r = rk\ y x í = - vr/, r = 0.500 m
' M? NWv lx l O -7 N •s2/C 2)(4.80 x 1 o -6 C )(6.80 x 105 m /s)
B=
4;r (0 .5 0 0 m ) ‘

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28.4: a) Following Example 28.1 we can find the magnetic forcé between the charges:
.-6
l^ q q w (S.OOx 10"6 CXS.OOxlO-6 C )(4 .5 0 x l 0 6m /s)(9 .0 0 x 106m /s)
F d= = (10-7 T - m /A )
4k r‘ ‘ ' (0.240 m )2
= ] .69 x 10“3 N (the forcé on the upper charge points up and the forcé on the lower charge
points down).
The Coulomb forcé between the charges is
(8.0G )(3.00) x 1 0 C'
F = k * & - = ( 8 .9 9 xlO 9 N -m 2/ C 2) ( 0 .2 4 0 m ) 7
= 3.75 N (the forcé on the upper
charge points up and the forcé on the lower charge points down).
The ratio o f the Coulomb forcé to the magnetic forcé is , J ' 75‘l — = 2.22 x 101 =
& 1 .6 9 * 1 0 N

b) The magnetic forces are rever sed when the direction of only one velocity is
reversed but the magnitude of the forcé is unchanged.

28.5: The magnetic field is into the page at the origin, and the magnitude is
qv qv
B = B + B’ =
Ají
-6
( 4 .0 x lO '6 C ) ( 2 .0 x l 0 5m /s) (1 .5 x 1 0 '6 C )(8 .0 x 105o\/s)
B=
Ají (0.300 m): (0.400 m)1

B = 1.64 x 10"s T , into the page.

2 8 .6 : a) q = - q; B = in to th e p ag e; B , = o u t o f th e page.
4na 4Kd

(i) v = — => B = into the page.

2 A x (2 d 7)
(ii) V = v => B = 0.

(iii) v' = 2v => S = out of the page.

And
2/
b) F = q'v' x B q => ^ and is attractive.
' H A x (2 d f
2 / 2 p
c ) F b = ftoff W p _ i => —^-= LÍq£0w ’ = Wo£o(3.O0X ÍO^DI
' 5 A x (2 d f c Axe 0 ( 2 d ) Fc ™ 0 M oV

= 1.00 x 10“6.

28.7: a) P = eos 6i + sin Q¡ = cos(150°)i 4- sin(150° ) j = - (0 .8 6 6 )/+ (0 .5 0 0 )/

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 I di x r fi0 I di (0.500 m) L to 0 25 A )(0.010 m )(0.500 m)
C l a O — - — — - rí — — - rC
A re r Are r Are (1.20 m )

=> d B = - ( 4 . 3 x 10~s T )k.

2 8.8: The magnetic field at the given points is:

dB _ V o I di sin 9 _ t¿0 (200 A ) (0.000100 m) _ 2 0Q;; 1Q_6 T
a Are r2 Are (0.100 m)2
to l di sin 0 (200 A ) (0.000100 m) sin 45°
d t> h = -------------------------- 7 ----------------= ------------ :--------------------------------------------------------------- t ------------------------------- = 0 . 7 0 5

Are r2 Are 2(0 .1 0 0 m)2

d g _ fio / di sin 9 _ fi0 (200 A ) (0.000100 m) 2 qq j o ¿ t
c Are r2 Are (0.100 m )2
fio I di sin Q fio I di sin (0o) „
~ 4a k r? ~ 4 ti
a
ri '

¡Xp i di sin e
e 4Ati r2
>dB ¿*0 (2 0 0 A ) (0.00100 m ) - J l
^ s ~ An 3(0.100 m)2 S
=í> dBe = 0.545 x 10"6 T.

28.9: The wire carries current in the z-directioii The magnetic field of a small piece of

wire d B = — ^ * atdifferent locations is therefore:

4k r-
a) ? = ( 2 .0 0 m )i = > l x r = j

= > d B = ^ Id¡ f " J - ÜL (4 -° ° A> » 1^ “ >s¡n90° - 5.00 x 1 0 - Tj.

Are r2 Are (2 .0 0 Olf
b ) F = (2 .0 0 m ) j => / y r = - í.

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 - - fu I di sin 8 - - f i , (4.00 A ) (5 x 10'4 m) sin (9 0 ° ) ;
= > a B = -------------- 7.----- 1 = ---------------------------------- 7--------------- 1
4 Tí r2 4k (2.00 m)!

= - 5 .0 0 x 1 0 '" T /.

c) ? = (2 .0 0 m )i + (2.00 m => i x r = (j - i)
V2
=* ¿ g * (? - (4-00 A ) ( 5 .0 * 1 0 - m) 1 ( ■ _ f )
4K r- V2 (2.00 m) 4- (2.00 m) v2

= 1.77 xlO ”11 T ( j - Í )

d) r = (2.00 m )¿ => / x ¿ = O

r 1 1 ' _
—:— 1------ :— ^8 — °'—, inthe / direction.
2' 1k v.°’/ 2 3 d /2 , 2 jz ,3 d ) 3;r¿

b) The position .x = is symmetrical with that of part (a), so the magnetic

fie Id there is B = ^,Lic¿ in the / direction.

3 nd

28.11: a) At the point exactly midway between the wires, the two magnetic fields are in
opposite directions and cancel.
b) A t a distance a above the top wire, the magnetic fields are in the same

direction and add up: B = ^ - k 4 ^ - k = - ^ L 'k + “o/ k = ^ - k .

2 m\ 2 iza 2iz (3 a) 3 na
c ) At the same distance as part (b), but below the lower wire, yields the same

magnitude magnetic field but in the opposite direction: B = - .

3 na

28.12: The total magnetic field is the vector sum of the constant magnetic field and the
wire’s magnetic field. So:
a) At (0, 0 ,1 m):

B = Bo - ^ - i = (1.50 x 10”6T )/ - /i° (8 'QQA) / = - (1.0 x 10"7T)i\

2x r 2^(1.00 m)
b) A t (1 m, 0, 0):

B = Bo + £ ¿ - k = (1 .5 0 x 10”6T ) / 4- ^ (8 ° ° A ) Í
2x r 2^(1.00 m)

=> 5 = (1.50 x 10”6T )/ 4- (1.6 x 10~6 T )¿ = 2.19 x 10”6 T, a t £ = 46.8°

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 from x í o z .

c ) A t (0, 0 , - 0.25 m ): B = B o + ^ - i = (1.50 x 1 0 “6T)í: + M 8-0 0 A > ¿

2 tu- 2 jt (0 .2 5 m )

= ( 7 .9 x 1 0 ^ T)*: .

xdy __ y 0Ix y ¡B,1 la

2 8 .1 3 : B =
4 7t ^ ( x ‘ + y 2) il7 4* x 2( x 2 + y 2) 112 Ajz x (x 2 + a 2) 117 '

lia-B, 2 ^ (0 .0 4 0 m ) (5 .5 0 x 1 0 ^ T )
2 8 .1 4 : a ) B0 = Bo1 1= = 110 A
/'» /'o

b) B = so ¿?(r = 0 .0 8 0 m) = — = 2 .7 5 x 1 0 '4 T,
2 tzt 2

B (r = 0.160 m) = = 1.375 x 10"4 T.

28 .1 5 : a ) B = ^ - = ‘M° (80° A ) = 2.90 x 10~5 T , to the e a s t

2nr 2a;(5.50 m )
b) Since the magnitu.de of the earth’s magnetic filed is 5.00 x 10_:' T, to the north,
the total magnetic field is now 30c east of north with a magnitude of 5.78 x 10-5 T. This
could be a probleml

28.16: a) B = 0 since the fields are in opposite directions.

_|_ 1 1
b) B = B + B b = — h—
2 jrra 2jzrb 2x K* n
(4 x x 10"7Tm /A ) (4.0 A) 1
0.3 m 0.2 m

= 6.67 x 10”6 T = 6.67 /¿T

c)

r <l ■'í'

St'ir
• 0
Note that B o T ra and B ._L r.b
b

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 B = Ba
a
eos 9 4- B.d eos 9
= 2Ba eos 9

tan 0 = - i - - » 0 = 14.O 4°:ra = ,/(0 .2 0 m )2 4 (0.05 m)2

B = 2 ^ ¿ - cosí?
2 *n,
_ o ( 4 , + 1 0 -7 T m/ A ) ( 4 . 0 A ) _ 1<|<^
2;r y (0 .2 0 m)2 + (0.05 m)2

= 7.53 x 10 -* T = 7.53 /¿T, to the left

28.17: The only place where the magnetic fields of the two wires are in opposite
directions is between the wires, in the plañe of the wires.
Consider apointadistance x from the wire carrying / 2 = 75.0 A. B to. will be
zero where 5 , = B7 .
ftoA ffoA
2^(0.400 m - x ) 2nx
/ 2(0.400 m - x ) = I {x\ I I = 25.0 A , / 2 = 75.0 A

x = 0.300 m; £ tol = 0 along a line 0.300 m from the wire carrying 75.0 A am d 0.100 m
from the wire carrying current 25.0 A.
b) Let the wire with / , = 25.0 A be 0.400 m above the wire with / 2 = 75.0 A
Hie magnetic fíelds of the two wires are in opposite directions in the plañe of the wires
and at points above both wires or below both wires. But to have Bl = B7 must be cío ser
to wire #1 since I I < / 2 , so can have B tol = 0 only at points above both wires.
Consider a point a distancej: from the wire carrying I I = 2 5 .0 A S tol will be
zero where Bl = £ 2.

M _____ _________
2nx 2 ti (0.400 m + x)
I 7x = / a(0.400 m + x)] x = 0.200 m

B iot = ® along a line 0.200 m from the wire carrying 25.0 A and 0.600 m from the wire
carrying current / 2 = 7 5 .0 A.

28.18: (a) and (b) B = 0 since the magnetic fields due to currents at opposite corners of
the square cancel.

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 (c)
© ©

© ©

B = Bn
a eos 45° + Bh
o eos 45° 4- 5 c eos 45° + B a. eos 45°

= 4 B . eos 45° = 4 eos 45°

2x r

r = 7 (1 0 c m )J + (1 0 cm )2 = 1 0^ 2 cm = 0.10\/2 m

¿ = 4 ( 4 , x l 0 - T m / A ) ( 1 0 0 A ) cos45B
2^ (0.10V2 m)
= 4 .0 x 1 0"4 T, to the left

28.19:

1 0 .0 A «.'1 *1

8-0 A

2 0 .0 A

Tt?. 5 , 0 , fi 2 0 , 5 3 O

5 = ; r = 0.200 m for each wire

2m-

5 , = 1.00 x 10"5 T, S 2 = 0.80 x 10"5 T , 5 3 = 2.00 x 10"5 T

Let O be the positive z-direction. I l = 1 0 .0 A , / 2 = 8.0 A, / 3 = 20.0 A
Blx = - 1 . 0 0 x 10-5 T , B7z = - 0.80 x 10”5 T, S3z = + 2.00 x 10"5 T

5 lz + + + = 0
S 4?= - ( 5 1?+ 5 2? + 5 3?) = - 2 . 0 x l 0 - 6 T
To give B 4 in. the 0 direction the current in wire 4 must be toward the bottom of the
page.
rBÁ (0.200 m) (2 .0 x 10"6 T )
B a = E ¿_ so L = = 2 .0 A
2 tít- (f t/2 ® ) (2 x 10~! T •m /A )

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 F /t d 1 Ms L ■, upward.
28.20: On the top wire: — = — —
L 277 2d 4 77d
On the middle wire, the magnetic ñelds cancel so the forcé is zero.
F u I
On the bottom wire: — = ' 0 , downward
L 277 2d 4 77d

28.21: W e need the magnetic and gravitational forces to cancel:

/v i
%Lg = k =
277h 27 7 k g

^ I {I 2L _ Ao(5-00 A ) ( 2 -00 A ) O-20 m»

28.22: a) F = - = 6.00 x 10 N, and the forcé is
277r 277(0.400 m)
repulsive since the currents are in opposite directions.
b) Doubling the currents makes the forcé increase by a factor of foui to
F = 2.40 xlO ”5 N.

28 .2 3 : ^ = M Í 2 = ( 4 .0 x 1 0 '5 N /m) 2,r(0-0 2 5 0 m ) = 8.33 A.

L Ircr L /a ,/, ' ' A o(0.60A )
b) The two wires repel so the currents are in opposite directions.

28.24: There is no magnetic field at the center of the loop from the straight sections.
The magnetic field from the semicircle is just half that of a complete loop:
Fo1 ' Fo1
2R 4R
into the page.

28.25: As in Exercise 28.24, there is no contribution from the straight wires, and now we
have two oppositely oriented contribuíions from the two semicircles:
Ao_
2R
into the page. Note that if the two currents are equal, the magnetic field goes to zero at
the center of the loop.

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28.26: a) The field still points along the positivex -axis, and thus points into the loop
from this location.
b) If the current is rever sed, the magnetic field is rever sed A t point P the field would
then point into the loop.
c ) Point the thumb of your right hand in the direction of the magnetic moment, under
the given circumstances, the current would appear to flow in the direction that your
fingers curl (z.e., clockwise).

laB. 2(0.024 m) (0.0580 T)

28.27: a) B , = ^ NI/ 2a, so 1 = = 2.77 A
{^N (4 k x 10“ T - m /A ) (800)
b) A t the center, Bc = /i0 N I¡2a. A t a distance x from the center,
UoNIa2
B = = BC
2 ( x 2 + a 1f 7 y. 2a
3 j

“ « « V - i

(.x 2 4- a ' f = 4 a 6, with a = 0.024 m, s o i = 0.0184 m

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2 8 .2 8 : a ) From Eq. (29-17), B ^ ^ - = / ^ 600) (0-~’° ° A ->= 9 4 2 x ]Cr 3 T.
7 “ ”te 2a 2(0.020 m)
b) From E q (29-16),
S (x ) _ => 5 (0 .0 8 m) = ( 0 . 5 0 0 A ) ( 0 . 0 2 0 m)^ ^
/ - o ( 6 0 0 ) ^ T

2{ x 7 + a f 17 2 ((0.080 m) + (0 .020 m ) ) ¥

2 8 .2 9 : r __2 B ( x ) ( x U a ^
2 (x 2 + a f n p ja
2 (6.39 x 10"4 T ) [(0.06 m)! + (0 .0 6 m)
f t (2 .5 0 A )(0 .0 6 m )2

2 8 .3 0 : j B - d l = /i0Icac¡ = 3.83 x 10-4 T •m => I ^ = 305 A.

b) - 3 . 8 3 x 1 0"4 since d i points opposite to B everywhere.

28.31: W e will travel around the loops in the counterclockwise direction.

a) = 0 ^ § B - d ! = 0.

b) = - / , = - 4 .0 A => | B ■d i = -fi0(4 .0 A ) = - 5 .0 3 x 10 ‘ 6T - m

c ) IenrA= - / , + / , = - 4 .0 A + 6.0 A = 2.0 A => | s - d i = p 0(2.0 A )

= 2.51 x 10' 6 T - m.
d) 4 * i = - fi + h + h = 4-0 A => Í 8 -di = + ^ ( 4 .0 A ) = 5 .0 3 x 10-4 T - m

Using Ampere’s Law in each case, the sign of the line integral was determined by
using the right-hand rule. This determines the sign of the integral for a counterclockwise
path.

28.32: Consider a coaxial cable where the currents run in OPPOSITE directions.

a) For a < r < I eyiCt = I => f 5 di = ¿i0I => B 2 ky = ¿i0I => B =

J 2Tir
b) For y > c, the enclosed current is zero, so the magnetic field is also
zero.

28.33: Consider a coaxial cable where the currents run in the SAME direction.

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 a) For a < r < b , / arrl = I I => i B ■d i = fi0I [ => B 2 x r = ¡x; I { => B = t ¿ L .
J Ijir
b) For r > c, = I [ + / 2 => cffí •cH = + / 2 ) => 52^ * = + / 2)

2^7*

28.34: Using the formula for the magnetic field of a so leño id:

L (0.150 m)

2 8 .3 5 : a) B=^ ^ N = ^ = <ft0 2 7 0 T ) ( ° - 4 ° ° m> - 716 mrns

L fj0( 12.0 A )
N 716 turns ,
=> n = — = -------------- = 1790 turns/m
L 0.400 m
b) The length of wire required is 2?rrN = 2 ^ (0 .0 1 4 0 m ) (1 1 6 ) = 63 m.

N
28.36: B = /j 0I —
L

/ = 5¿
Mon
(0 .1 5 0 T ) q .4 0 m)
~ {An x 10~TT m /A )(4000)
= 41 .8 A

28 .3 7 : a) B = ^ ~ , s o / = gr = 3 .7 2 x 1 0 ? A
2nr (/Jj2 n )

b) Bx = & ^ , s o / = ^ - = 2 .4 9 x l 0 5 A
* 2a faN
c ) B = ¡x^rl = ¿i0(N /L )I , so / = BL¡¡¿: N = 237 A

28.38: Outside a toroidal solenoid there is 110 magnetic field and inside it the magnetic

field is given by B =
'Iju'
a) r = 0.12 m, which is outside the toroid, so B = 0.
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 b) x - 0.1 6 m=> * - - ^ (2 5 0 ) (8-5° A ) - 2.66 x lO '3 T.
2x r 2^ (0.160 m)
c) r = 0.20 m, which is outside the toroid, so B = 0

JJ0N I /j0 (600) (0.650 A )

28.39: B = = 1.11 x l O '3 T.
2 7TT 2 x (0.070 m)

2 8 .4 0 : a) 5 = = * < « » < 4 0 0 ) < 0 .2 3 A ) = Q ^ T

2m- 2 xr 2x (0.060 m)
b) The traction. due to atomic currents is B' = ^¡B = ^-(0.0267 T) = U.Ü263 T.

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 liir B 2^(0.0290 m) (0.350 T)
28.41: a) I f K = 1400 => B = 1 =
2 7TT K jto N A (1400)(500)
0.0725 A.

b) If K m = 5200 = > / = = 0.0195 A.

' m 5 2 0 0 p“ #s)

28 .4 2 : a) J => K . * ™ * W 2™ O'9 4 0 T > - 2021.

2 Tir f^N I ^ ( 5 00) ( 2.400 A)
b) X =K - \ = 2020.

28.43: a) The magnetic field from the so leño id alone is:

(i) S0 = fi0n l = {¿o(6 0 0 0 m '1) (0 .15 A ) => B0 = 1.13 x 10 '3 T.

K _ - 1_ 5 1 9 9 ..................._3
(ii) But M = *o = (1.13 x 10 T )^ > M = 4.68 x 10 A/m.
Ao Ao
(iii) B = K „ B 0 = (5200)(1.13 x 10"3 T ) = 5.88 T.

b)
‘
----- «0

(•) (i) is) <•)

N -m C -m
28.44: = A -m
N •s/C •m

28.45:

Í'(K)

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The material do es obey Curie5s Law because we have a straight line for temperature
against one over the magnetic susceptibility. The Curie constant from the graph is

C= = í = 1.55x 10 5 K -A /T -m .
Ao(sl°Pe) Ao(5-13)

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2 8 .4 6 : T h e m agn etic field o f ch arge q ' a t the location o f ch arge q is into the p ag e.
/i0 q v sin# Bo gg sin#
F = qv y B ' = (qv)i x ^0 * * = (qv)i x (-* ) =
4 tl r 4K r2 4 ti r2
where 0 is the angle between V and P’.
_ r (8 .0 0 x 1 0-6 C )(5 .0 0 x l0 -6C )(9 .0 0 x l0 4 m /s )(6 .5 0 x l0 4 nVs) fü.4V U
=; > F =
4x (0.500 m )‘ 0.5

~F = (7.49 x 10”8 N) /

i^ I\ ^ (1 .6 0 x 10-19C )(6.0 0 x 104 m /s)(2.50 A)

28.47: F =
. 2jlv ^ 2K (0.045 m)
= 1.07 xlO ”19 N.

Let the current ron left to right, the electrón moves in the opposite direction,
below the wire, then the magnetic field at the electrón is into the page, and the electrón
feels a forcé upward, toward the wire, by the right-hand rule (remember the electrón is
negative).

^ / v F qvB sin# ev
28.48: (a) a = — = -±------------ = — F ¿_
771 771 7R 2nr
( 1 . 6 x 1 0 " l7C ) (2 5 0 ,0 0 0 m / s )(4 ;r x 1 0 ' 7T m / A )(2 5 A )
a=
(9 . l l x l O'31 k g )( 2 ^ ) (0 .0 2 0 m )

= 1.1 x 1 0 13 m / s1 , a w a y fro m th e w ire.

b) The electric forcé must balance the magnetic forcé.

e E = eVB
W
E = vB = v
2 nr
_ (2 5 0 ,0 0 0 m/s)(4;r x 10~7 Tm /A )(25 A)
2^(0.020 m)
= 62.5 N/C, away from the wire.

(c) m g = (9.11 X lO'31 kg)(9.8 m/s2) « 1CT29 N

Ftí = e E = (1.6 x 1 0 '19 C )(62.5 N /C )« 10"17 N
Fd 1012 F ^ i so we can neglect gravity.

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28.49: Let the wire connected to the 25.0 Q resistor be #2 and the wire connected to
the 10.0 Q resistor be #1. Both / , and / 2 are directed toward the right in the figure, so at
the location of the pro ton / 2 is 0 and I v = O

B. = ^ and S , = with r = 0.0250 m.

2jv liu-
Bi = 8 .00 x 10"5 T , 5 , = 3 .2 0 x 10’ 5 T and B = Bi - B2 = 4 .8 0 x 10 ' 5 T
and in the direction O.

fí F Forcé is to the right.

F = qvB = (1.602 x 10"19C)(650 x 103 m /s)(4.8 0 x 10"5 T ) = 5.00 x 10 _18 N

28.50: The fields add

B = Bl + S 2 = 2Bl = 2 AoIR'
2 \ 3/ 2

(4 tcx 10~7Tm /A)(1.50 A )(0.20m )2

= 5.75 x 10" T
[(0.20 m)2+ (0.125 m)2]3' 2
F = qv B sin O
= ( 1 . 6 x 1 0 ” 19 C )(2400 m/s)(5.75 x 1 0"6 T) sin 90°
= 2.21 x 10~21 N, perpendicular to the line a band to the velocity.

28.51: a)

42
. '2

r X 1 0 .0 A

. 45 »)
1 0 .0 A |
Along the dashed line, B [ and B 2 are in opposite directions.
If the line has slope - 1 .0 0 then r{ = r2 and
B, = S2, 00 B a = 0.

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 b)
#2
10 .0 A

■- #1
3 .0 A

Along the dashed line, B i and B 2 are in opposite directions.

If the line has slope 1/3 then r2 = (10.0/3.0> ¡
and B[ = 5 2, so £ to, = 0.

c)

2 0 .0 A

45
2 0 .0 A

Along the dashed line, B i and B 2 are in opposite directions.

If the line has slope + 1 .0 0 then r, = r2 and B[ = B2, so B to[ = 0.

í y A:
2 8 .5 2 : a) b = = ^ ^0,
4 ti r 4 ti r
1 0 0

i-6
= Í 4 M - v0yk ) = ( 6 .0 0 x 1 0 -° T ) j
4k r

T ^ o , = 0 => v0y = 0 and - = 6.00 x 10~s T

4k r 4 ti r

4jc(6. 00 x 10"s T )(0.25 m f .., ,

V0* = //0(, - 7 .2 0 x 10
.1-3---------- = - 521 “ /S-
C)

A n d v o , = ±,/v0 - v 0y - v j = ± ^ (8 0 0 m/s)2 - (-5 2 1 m/s)2 = ±607 m/s.

, i j k
-f

b) 5 ( 0 , 0.250 m, 0) = Vo,
II

M
4 il r 4/c r w - v
0 1 0

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5 (0 ,0 .2 5 0 m, 0) = = ¿ S -( - 7-2 0 x l 0 ~* C>800 m/s 9 .2 x 1 0 "
V ' 4 x r7 0 4 * (0.250 m)2

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28.53: Choose a cube of edge length L , with one face on the y-z plañe. Then:

so the only possible field is a zero field.

28.54: a)
tsJ*>

S2= - (sin ¿fe" + coséf)

II

,2 > r r % ^ 2*7j J
And so
ís
L L .
B = — + — sin i + — eos 8 j
2 TI

Ir L
B = ( 0.6 ) (o.8)y
2 TZ (0.030 m) (0.050 m) (0.050 m)

B =
_£o_ 12/ 3 - 3 3 . 3 / 2) / + (l 6/ 3) j
2 71

ÍSl 2)(4.00 A) - (33.3)(2.00 A )) i + (16)(4.00 A);'

271
= - 3 . 7 2 x 1 0”6 T / + 1.28 x lO '5 T/.
c) F = I [í x B = I lI B j + I lI B j

=> (1.00 aXo.O 10 m )[(3.72 x1o"6 T )) + (1 .2 8 x 1 0 "5 T)f ]

= 3.72 x 10-8 I j + 1 .2 8 x 10"7 T /; F = 1.33 x 10 -7 N, 16.2° counterclockwise

from +x-axis.

28.55: a) If the magnetic field at point P is zero, then from Figure (28.46) the current / 2
must be out of the page, in order to cancel the field from I I . Also:

B = B2 ^ =» / = /' ü = (6.00 A ) ( a 5 0 ° m) = 2.00 A.

2 jo\ 2 jrr2 1 r* 7 ( 1.5 0 m )

b) Given the currents, the field at Q points to the right and has magnitude

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 Afo. _ ih _ r 6.00 A 2.00 A"]
= 2 .1 3 x 10 T.
B e =
2jl *1/ 2z 0.500 m 1.50 m ,
c) The magnitude of the field at S is given by the sum of the squares of the two
fields because they are at right angles. So:

¿ 2
6.00 A^ r 2.00 A"]

J*
-V = 2.1 xlO"6 T.

II
4-
2 í-
2K u 2*1 0.60 m^ 0.80 m j
*2 /

28.56: a)

b) At a position on the je-axis:

= 2 ^ s in í? = .---------- ,
Iv r / 2 -,V a 2 \ /x 2 -V
7 i\x
. a2

. n _
^ / 2 . 2
/r^je 4- a
in the positive jc-direction, as shown at left.
c)
1.20
1.00
0 .8 0
0 .6 0
0 .4 0
0.20
0.00
:ui«> lo o i.oo o.oo i.oo 2.00 :uk>
x f/rt)
d) The magnetic field is a máximum at the origin, je = 0.

e) When x » a , B * > ^ Ia
2 '
7ZX '

28.57: a)

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 b) A taposition on the.x-axis:

B = 2^ ¿co sf? = *
2*7" jcyjx + a5 '¡ x i + a 2
l^Ix
ÍC^JC 4- a

in the negative y-direction, as shown at left

c)

xí*r)

d) The magnetic field is a máximum when:

dB C 2Ca2
x 2 4 ¿z2 )= 2 x 2 => x = ±a
& * 0" —
* U 4 a
e) When x » a, B » — , which is just like a wire carrying current 21.

28.58: a) Wire carrying current into the page, so it feels a forcé downward from the
other wires, as shown at right
fi0Ia
— = IB = I . 2 4. a 2
L k \x

F__
L Tí((0.600 - (0 .4 0 0 m )2 )

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 b) If the wire carries current out of the page then the forces felt will be the
opposite of part (a) . Thus the forcé will be 1.11 x 10 -5 N/ m, upward.

28.59: The current in the wires is I = s /K = (45.0 V )/(0.500 Q )= 90.0 A The curreuts
in the wires are in opposite directions, so the wires repel. The forcé each wire exerts on
the other is
„ Hü í (2xlQ -? N /A ; )(90-0 A y (3 .5 0 m ) p ^
2jzr (0.0150 m )

To hold the wires at rest, each spring exerts a forcé of 0. 189 N on each wire.

F = k x so k = F / x = (0.189 N )/(0.0050 m ) = 37.8 N /m

28.60: a) Note that the Earth’s magnetic field exerts no forcé on wire B , since the
current in wire B is parallel to the Earth’s magnetic field. Thus, for equilibrium, the
remaining two forces that act on wire B must cancel. Assuming that the length of wire B
is L and that wire A carries a current I we obtain
^ 1(1.0 A)L | ^ ( 1 .0 A ) ( 3 .0 A ) ¿ _ Q
2 ^ 0 .0 5 0 m) 2^ (0.100 m)
So

/ = (3.0A)'- 5Qm=1.5A
0 .1 0 0 m
b) Note that the forcé on wire B that is generated by wire C is to the right Thus, if the
current in wire C is increased, wire B will slide to the right.

28.61:

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The wires are in equilibrium, so:

x : F = T sin 0 and y : T eos 9 = mg

m g tan0
=> F = ¿IB = T sin 0 = m g tan 0 ^ 1 =
IB
2jzr m g tan# 2nr m g tan#
But 5 = 1= 1=
2m-

And r = [2(0.0400 m) sin(6.00°)] = 8 .3 6 x 1 0 “3 ni

2 b:(8.36 x 10~3 m ) (0.0125 kg / m ) (9 .8 0 m / s ; ) tan(6.00°)

23.2 A.
V

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28.62: The forces on the top and bottom segments cancel, leaving the leftand right sides:

/^oA vire | /^üAvire r l

F = F t + F , = -(IlB f)i 4- (IlBy)i = II

1
2 n rt 2 Jirt 2 tz

^ ( 5 .0 0 A )(0.200 m )(l 4.0 A)

=> i7 = i = -(7 .9 7 x 10"5 N)í.
2K O.lOOm 0.026 m

28.63: a) x » a => B = ^ in » and |r |= |ju x B \= piB sin 6

2 (x £ + a )' 2x
N N ’f itfd Va a sin O
z = (N T A ’) sin y =
2xl 2?

NN 'n^dl’a a'2 eos O

b) U = - f i ■B = -piB eos 0 = - ( N T x a ’2) eos# = -
2x3 2?
c) Having x » ¿zallows us to simplify the form of the magnetic field, whereas
assuming x » a 1 means we canassume that the magnetic field from the first loop is
constant over the second loop.

r \

28 .6 4 : S = 8 - S . = - T _ f /V i - “ ,out of the page.

a b 4a

28.65: a) Recall for a single loop: B = 2f. -Here we have two loops, each of

N turns, and measuring the field along the .x-axis from between them means that the
Mx ” in the formula is different for each case:
a _ u,NIa2
Leftcoil: x -> x + — ^ B = ------------ —■=-------
2 1 2 ( ( x + a / 2 ? + a2f 2

t^. . & u.NIa

Right coil: x —>x - — => S, = ------------ —r------- t t t t .
2 ’ 2((x - a / 2 f + a 7)31*

So the total field a t a point.x from the point between them is:
l^NIa 2 1 1
B= 3/2
((x + a ¡ 2 f + a 2f 2 ((* - a ¡ 2 f + a 2)

b) Below left: Total magnetic field. Below right: Magnetic field from right coil.

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 \(/tí)

^M a'
c ) A t point P , * = 0 => 5 =
((a /2 )2 4 a 2)*2 ( i- a f lf + a 'f *
r a \ 3/2
l^NIc
B=
(5 a 2/4 ) * 2
^ N 3/2 r a A/2 ^ (3 0 0 )(6 .0 0 A)
d) 5 = P o*/ = 0.0202 T.
5 (0.080 m)

dB ^ N ía - 3(x + a/2) - 3 ( x - a¡2)

e)
dx~ 2 ((x 4 a /2 ? 4 a 2 )5/2 ( ( * - a/ 2)2 4 a 2)5' 2

dB fi0M a 2 f -3 (a /2 ) -3 (-a /2 )
= 0 .
dx 2 ,{ ( a / 2 ) 2 + a2f ' 2 ( { - a / 2 ) 2 4 a 2)5/2 J
-3 6 ( x + a /2 )2(5/2)
dx ((x 4 a / 2 f 4 a f 2 ( ( x 4 a/2)2 4 a ) y2

-3 , 6(x - a / 2 ) 2 (5/2)
( ( x - a / 2 ) 2 + a 2)5'2 ( ( x - a / 2 ) 2 + a2 ) 212

d 2B -3 , 6( a /2 )2 (5 /2 ) ,
__________________________________ -3 , 6 ( - a / 2 ) 2 (5/2)
dx2 *=: ((a /2 )2 4 « * ) “ - ((a /2 )2 4 a 2) ” 2 " ((a /2 )2 4 a 2) " 2 ((a /2 )2 4 a 2) ” 2
Since both fírst and second derivatives are zero, the field can only be changing very
slowly.

28.66: A wire oflength l produces a field B = 4n . Here all edges produce a

field into the page so we can just add them up:

= a /2 and l = b=> Slcñ _= E sL

4® (a /2 )-j(a /2 )2 + (b ¡2 )2 *■ \ a ) 4 a + b 2 '

x = b l2 w & l = a = > B t o = 1- ^ Bo1

(b }2 )^ (b /2 ? 4 (a /2 )2 * U J ja + b 2 '
And the right and bottom edges just produce the same contribution as the left and top,
respectively. Thus the total magnetic field is:
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 2^0/ a'' 1
B= =W V 7 7 7
;r b / J a 7 + b7 jzab

28.67: The contributions from the straight segments is zero since di x y = 0. The
magnetic field from the curved wire is just one quarter of a fiill loop:

=>£ = - £¿_
4 2R
and is out of the page.

28.68: The horizontal wire yields zero magnetic field since di x r = 0. Tlie vertical
current provides the magnetic field of H A LF o f an infinite wire. (The contributions ffom
all infinitesimal pieces o f the wire point in the same direction, so there is no vector
addition or components to worry about.)

=>£ = - V
2 2xR
and is out of the page.

2 koR' 31
28.69: a) / = J JdA =J arrdrdQ = o.2k J r 2dr = a= 3 *
2 kR
or or 3

b) (i) r < R = > I ,= t- í r2drdQ = . 2jc í r2d r = I ^ r .

I tzR

B di = B 2nr = =/i0 B=
R 2k R3 ’

{Ü) r - ^ = / => = 5 2 »" = = < V => S =

2xr

r r 7\ i J-
•r r ~ ,7
28.70: d )r < a => =/ = 2
2
=5 | ¿?-dí = Blrcr = / V CI» , = /^o 2
, 4 , s.* / V .«

B = i»o-fr
27ra2 ■

When r = a, B = —— which is just what was found from Exercise 28.32, part (a).
2flr¿z

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 2 ?'2\
Áb - * r r -b
b )b < r < c => / , = 1 —1 =1 1- ~ 2 7?
Áb - * c c -b
2 2
r7 - b 2 c —r c —r
B di = Bljzr = fo l 1- =W 5 = /V
c2 - 6 ' 2* r c2- 6 ‘

Bo1 , justasin Ex.Exercise 28.32, part (a), and at r = c , 5 = 0, justas in Ex.

When r = b ,B = ——
2*6
Exercise 28.32, part (b).

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28.71: If there is a magnetic field component in the z-direction, it must be constant
because of the symmetry of the wire. There fore the contribuiion to a surface integral over
aclosed cylinder, encompassing a long straight wire will be zero: no flux through the
barre 1 of the cylinder, and equal but opposite flux through the ends. The radial field will
have no contribution through the ends, but through the barre 1:

0 = & B -d A = Í B - d A = [ B dA=¡ B,dA = B A W . = 0 => 5 = 0 .

J j L ' Jhanel , JbaiTci ' ' bam í '

28.72: a) r < a => / , = 0 => B = 0.

n.(r7 - a 1)'] = I ( r 7 - a 1)
b) a < r < b = > l . = / =/ /z.2 - a 2)\ /? 2 2\
7i(b O ~a )

/i.2 2\
(b - a ) litr (b2 - a 2)

c) r > b = > 1 ^ = / => \B •d í = B7.nr = => B =

2 tZ7*

28.73:

Apply Ampere’s law to a circular path of radius 2a.

B(2izr) = ¡ i J ^ A

( 2 a ) 2 - a 2 '

/« ! = / = 31/8
(3 a f - a -
3 l
B = ------ — ; this is the magnetic field inside the metal at a distance of 2 a from the
16 2™
cylinder axis.
H 1 . The valué of r where these two fields are equal is
Outside the cylinder, B = ——
2^7*
given by 1/r = 3/(16a) and r = 16c/3.

28.74: A t the center of the circular loop the current I 2 generates a magnetic field that is
into the page-so the current I I must point to the right. For complete cancellation the two
fields must have the same magnitude

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 J^ í/ l _
2jiD 2R

Thus, I { = *j-Ir

2 \ 3 '\

28.75: a) I = ¡ J d A = 1- rdrdO =-^kr2x r— dr =

Ka Ka
1 -ílO

*■

fio]
2 = > / = fio]
2 _ / 0-
c-l
rvJ

a a 2 4a5

b) For r > a => v B - di = B 2nr = => jM

0/ 0 => £ =
2rcr
>2 fi
2Z
c) For r < a = > I , = <{>J ■ = 1- r'dr'dd = ¥ \ 2 k r —• dr
;ra Tía

«olV 2 r'4 = 2/. 1-

r2 N

"a*! 2 4a5 V 2a2,

(T 2
d) For r < a => i1 B - d i = B 2 tzy = = 2 ^ /, 1 --
v 2a

B = « iV 1-
7z:a 2 a'

At r = a, 5 = for both parís (b) and (d).

2^a

28.76: a) I 0 = f J dA = f [- e ^ ' 6 rd rd O = 2 n b f ¿ ' ~ * Vbd r = 2 x b ó

(r-a]/ó
Jj Jj v Jo

2xbS(l - e~a,s) => / 0 = 2^(600 A /m ) (0.025 m) (1 - *®*SWW25>) = 81.5 A.

b) For r > a => ¿ 5 ■d i = B 2 x r = ^ 1 ^ = /¿0/ 0 => B = A /o

2nr

c) r < a => I ( r ) = j J d A = j j — e ^ ’ r ’d r’dd

-a)/6
= 2 jib [ e (y-a),6dr = 2xbSe(/
Jo

I(r) = 2 - e ’ 11'6 ) = 2 t ó á e “" 's ( e , ' s - 1 ) = > / ( r ) = / 0 ^ ^

(e*'0 - 1 )
(e" s - 1)
d) F o r r < a => = B ( r ) 2 x r = /J0I ^ = /J0I (0 / a ! S
5 = k W '* - O
(e -1 ) t e f e 1' 8 - 1)
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 e) A t r = 5 = 0 .0 2 5 m => B = 1} = ifi J ) -----
2Tcó(e°'° - 1) 2 ^ (0 .0 2 5 m ) (e ° ° » '° ° 25 _ j )

= 1 .7 5 x 1 o -4 T .

A t r = a = 0 .0 5 0 m =>B = - 1} = ^ (S1 ’5 A ) = 3 .2 6 x 1 0 -4 T .
2n a (e -1 ) 2 ? r(0 .0 5 0 m )

A t r = 2a = 0 .1 0 0 m ^ B = ^ - = (S1 '5 A ) - = 1 .6 3 x 1 0 -4 T .
2 m- 2 ;r(0 .100 m)

28 .7 7 : f f ° /a; dx = ^ - f --------- i ------W d {x !a )

-1-» ' J-~ 2 (*2 I a 2)3'2 2 - '- ( ( x / a f l 1)3/2
r/2
=— f ; dZ v i => f B / b = — r c ° s 6Ü<?= ^ ( s k í )
= /V .
2 •*-" (z + 1 ) ' 2 -w/2 2
where we used the substitution z = tan 0 to go from the first to second Une. This is just
what Ampere’s Law telis us to expect if we imagine the loop runs along the ¿-axis
closing on itself at infinity: i>B •d í = ¿¿0I.

28.78: j B ■d í = 0 (no currents in the región). Using the figure, let B = B: i for
y < 0 and B = 0 for y > 0.
\ B - d t = B aiL - B ' dL = 0 ,
abccs

but Bcd = 0. BabL = 0, but Bab ^ 0. This is a contradiction and viólales Ampere’s Law. See
the figure on the next page.

cf, <- ¡c B=0

i i
¡____________1________.

jfr B >-0

28.79: a) Below the sheet, all the magnetic field contributions from different wires add
up to produce a magnetic field that points in the positive ¿-direction. (Components in the
z-direction cancel.) Using Ampere’s Law, where we use the fact that the field is anti-
symmetrical above and below the current sheet, and that the legs of the path
perpendicular provide nothing to the integral: So, a t a distance a beneath the sheet the
magnetic field is:

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 lead = => |-S ■d í = B 2L = ¡Á0n i l => B = —

in the positive x-direction. (Note there is no dependence on a.)

E

(•) V ) (•) (•) (•) •) (•)

/.

b) The field has the same magnitude above the sheet, but points in the negative x
direction.

28.80: Two infinite sheets, as in Problem 28.79, are placed one above the other, with
their currents opposite.
F
1 » < •) (•> (.) C) (•) (•)

—►
R

AA
loo oo (XJ W 00 (X) (X)
.V

a) Above the two sheets, the fields cancel (since there is no dependence upon the
distance from the sheets).
b) In between the sheets the two fields add up to yield B = /¿Orcf,to the right
c) Below the two sheets, their fields again cancel (since there is no dependence upon
the distance from the sheets).

28 .8 1 : M „ , = (¿ialolnof F e atoms/m3) = F e moles/m3)

=>M Fe = (vur^atomofFe))N A u of
—,-1-. \ => ratom ~
NAP?e
(6 .5 0 x 1 0 4A / m )(0 .0 5 5 8 kg/m ol)
J^alomofFe
( 6 .0 2 x 10 23 a to m s/ m o l)(7 .8 x 1 0 3 kg/m 3)

= 7 .7 2 xlO '25 A -m 2.
7 .7 2 xlO '25 A - m 2
9 . 2 7 x l O '24 A - m 2 ^ 8 0 -0 8 3 3 ^ -

28.82: The microscopio magnetic moments of an initially unmagnetized ferromagnetic

material experience torques from a magnet that aligns the magnetic domains with the
external field, so they are attracted to the magnet. For a paramagnetic material, the same
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attraction occuis because the magnetic moments align themselves paral leí to the external
field.
For adiamagnetic material, the magnetic moments align anti-parallel to the
external field so it is like two magnets repelling each other.

b) The magnet can just pick up the iron cube so the forcé it exerts is:

F„. = mFeg = p Fea lg = (7.8 x 10 3 k g /m 3)(0.020 m)3(9.8 m /s2) = 0.612 N.

But F Fe = laB = = 0.612 N => - = °-6 1 2 N .

a a fiFe
So if the magnet tries to lift the aluminum cube of the same dimensions as the iron
block, then the upward forcé felt by the cube is:

F = t á íi. = táLQ _en N = ^ 0 . 6 1 2 N = 1'000- 2 2 0.612 N = 4.37 x 1 0 '4 N.

« f t* H» 1400

But the weight of the aluminum cube is:

w = mMg = p Ma g = (2 .7 X10 3 k g /m 3)(0.020 m)3(9.8 m /s5) = 0.212 N.

So the ratio of the magnetic forcé on the aluminum cube to the weight of the cube is
4 2o?i7 ii" = 2.1 x 10"3,and the magnet cannot lift it,

c ) If the magnet tries to lift a silver cube of the same dimensions as the iron
block, then the DOWNWARD forcé feltby the cube is:
F = = 612n= 6 1 2 N = ( 1 .0 0 - 2 .6 x 1 0 ) 0 6 ]2 N
K ,. 1400
= 4 .3 7 x 10’ 4 N.
But the weight of the silver cube is:
w = mAsg = p Asa g = (10.5x 1 0 3 k g /m 3)(0.020 m)3(9.8 m /s5) = 0.823 N.
So the ratio of the magnetic forcé on the silver cube to the weight of the cube is
4 3q 823m H = 5 .3 x 10-4, and the magnet5s effect would not be noticeable.

28.83: a) Ih e magnetic forcé per unit length between two parallel, long wires is:
'¿
C"
►o

r v rv - rQ^
O
1

U 2, 4 nd 4 mi ■R C .
where 4= is the rms current over the short discharge time.

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 a a= MoQo Va = at = aRC =
L L And RC AnXdR2C* AnkdRC

l^ iC V f ^CV2 ^ ( 2 .5 0 x 1 0 ^ F ) (3000 V )2
= 0.347 m/s.
^ V° AjzkdRC 4 rckdR 4 ^ ( 4 .5 0 x l 0 ’ 3 kg/m )(0.03 m )(0.048 O)
c) Height that the wire reaches above the original height:

-/n v 0! = mgh => h = = í 2 :347m M . = 6 1 4 x 1Q-3 m.

2 2g 2(9.80 m /s5)

28.84: The amount of charge on a length Ax of the belt is:

AQ = LAxa => / = = L — a = Lva.

At At
^ ----------

Approximating the belt as an infinite sheet:

B=

out of the page, as shown at lefl

2 Otdv
28.85: The charge on a ring of radius r is q = oA = cr2nrdr = — -— . If the disk rotates
a
at n turns per second, then the current from that ring is:
Aq IQ nrdr / / 0/ /J0 IQ nrdr ¿¿0nQdr
1 = — = nq = — =>dB = —— = — — = .
At a 2r 2r a a
So we intégrate out from the center to the edge of the disk to find:

°¡u0nQdr fu0nQ
B

28.86: There are two parts to the magnetic field: that from the half loop and that from the
straight wire segment running from - a l o a.
i „ /V « 2

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 íT
d í- f* j b / • f* ^ ¡Z ax ú a(¡d < f> _ fija x
C O S0
By(r:ng ) [ d B Jn n g) _[ ^ 2 + ay n 4 ^ + a2)3'2
0
/u QI a x

2 z ( x 2 + ¿z2)3/2
¿>v(ro<¿) = 2mr^ l , y / 7 , usingEq. (28.8). So the total fieldcomponents are

fija 1
B =-
4 (x 2 + a7)3' 2
and
■i \
Jija & M
B. = 1-
2?dc(jc ■+a ) 2 ; dc( jc 2 + a7] V ! '

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29.1: <$>- = NBA, and <í>» = eos 37.0° => = A®¿(1 - eos 37.0°)
A®9 NBA(1 - eos 37.0°)
£ = —

Ai Ai
(8 0 )(L 1 0 T )(0 .4 0 0 m )(0.25 m)(l - eos 37.0°)
0.0600 s
=> Id = 29.5 V.

29.2: a) Before: $>s = NBA = (200)(6.0 xlO ”5 T )(1 2 x 10-4 m 2)

= 1.44 x 10”* T •m 2; after : 0
■,A = MBA _ (200X 6.0 x « T T)(l -2 * 1CT3 m2) = g g x } p_4
11 Ai Ai 0.040 s

NBA
29.3: a) R => QR = NBA => Q =
At At Ai R
b) A credit card reader is a search coil.
c) Data is stored in the charge measured so it is independent of time.

29.4: From Exercise (29.3),

e _ NBA
R
_ (9 0 )(2 .0 5 T )(2 .2 0 xlCT4 m 2
6.80 £ 2 + 12.0 £2
= 2.16 x lO '3 C.

29.5: From E x ercise (29.3),

NBA n OR (3.56 x 10 C )(60.0 Q + 45.0 Q ) ^
Q= B = ^— = 2— ó = 0.0973 T.
R NA (120)(3.20 x 10 m2 )

29.6: a) s = = n a — (5 ) = NA — ((0.012 T /s ) i + (3.00 x 10”5 T / s 4 )i4)

dt dt d r ( 1 '
s = N A 1(0.012 T / s ) + (1 .2 x 1 O"4 T / s 4)i3
= 0.0302 V + ( 3 .0 2 x1o-4 V / s 3)í3.

b) A t i = 5.00 s => £■= 0.0302 V + (3.02 x 10"4 V / s 2 )(5.00 s)3 = +0.0680 V

/ = £ = 00680V = J ] 3 x 1 0 .4 a
R 600 D

'2 * i " 2xNABñ . 2 x t

2 9.7: a) c - d<E>® = d NABr 1 eos sin for
dt dt T T T
0 < i <T\ zero otherwise..

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 T
b) £ = 0 a tt = —
2
2 tzNAB, T 3T
c ) s miv = occurs at t = — and t = — .
' ““ f 4 4

d) From 0 < t < f , B is getting larger and points in the 4- z direction. This gives
clockwise current looking down the - z axis. From j t < T ,B is getting smaller but still
points in the + z direction. This gives a counterclockwise current.

2 9 .8 : a ) |í4 := |^ |= i(iM )

dB_
I ^ J = A sin 6 0 ° ^ - = A sin 6 0 ° ^ - ((1.4 T>T0057a' 1
dt dt
= O 2 )(sin 60°)(1.4 T)(0.057s~' Je-00575"*

= ít( 0.75 m )2(sin 60°)(1.4 T )(0 .057 s “‘)e“00571"'

= 0.1 2 V e - 0 057*"'

b) s = — s0 = — (0 .1 2 V )
10 10

— (0.12 V )= 0.1 2 V e -0057

10
In (l/1 0 ) = - 0 .0 5 7 s “V - W = 40.4s
c ) B is getting weaker, so the flux is decreasing. B y Lenz’s law, the induced current
must cause an upward magnetic field to oppose the loss of flux. Therefore the induced
current must flow counterclockwise as viewed from above.

• • \.
iW
• • /
/

29.9: a ) c = 2 x r and A = xr't so A = c 2¡Ax

<bs = BA = (B ¡A x)c'2
B' de
c
dt K2k ; dt
A t t = 9.0 s, c = 1.650 m - (9.0 s)(0.120 s) = 0.570 m
|áj = (0.500 T)(l/2?r)(0.570 m)(0.120 m /s) = 5.44 mV
b)

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 Flux 0 is decreasing so the flux of the induced
current
O ^ is 0 and I is clockwise.

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29.10: According to Faraday’s law (assuming that the area vector points in the positive z-
direction)
A4> 0 - (1.5 TVr(0.120 m ) , .
s =- = 1------- . — = + 34 V (counterclockwise)
At 2.0 x 10 s

29.11: <t>B = BA eos (f>\<¡> is the angle between the normal to the loop and B , so (j>= 53°
. . dO
\£ \ = = (A eos 0 )(d B /d t ) = (0.100 m )2 eos 53°(1.00 x 10~3 T /s ) = 6 .0 2 x 10-6 V
dt

29.12: a)

Ld = = — (NBA eos (ot) = NBA co sin cot and 1200 rev/ min = 20 rev/ s, s o :
11 dt dt
s = NBAco= (150)(0.060 T>r(0.025 my (440 rev/m in)(l min /60sec)(2;r rad /rev) = 0.81

b) Average £ = — £ msx = — 0.814 V = 0.518 V.

X x

29.13: From Exam ple 29.5,

INcoBA 2(5 00)(5 6 rev/ s)(2;r rad /rev )(0.20 T )(0.10 m )2
* av = = — ----- ---------- ^ £----------------- ------------— = 224 V
x x

d*& d
29.14: £ = - —= - — (NBA eos cot) = NBA co sin&tf => £nux = NBA co
dt dt
£ 2.40 x l O"2 V
^ _ —max_ _ ------------------------------------- = 10.4 rad/ s.
NBA (120)(0.0750 T )(0 .0 1 6 m )2

29.15:
Induced //
A

29.16: a) If the magnetic field is increasing into the page, the induced magnetic field
must oppose thatchange and point opposite the external field5s direction, thus requiring a
counterclockwise current in the loop.
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 b) I f the magnetic field is decreasing into the page, the induced magnetic field must
oppose thatchange and point in the external fiekTs direction, thus requiring a clockwise
current in the loop.
c) If the magnetic field is con seant, there is no changing flux, and therefore no
induced current in the loop.

29.17: a) When the switch is opened, the magnetic field to the right decreases. Therefore
the second coil’s induced current produces its own field to the right. That means that the
current must pass through the resistor from point a to point b.
b) I f coil B is moved closer to coil A , more flux passes through it toward the right.
Therefore the induced current must produce its own magnetic field to the left to oppose
the increased flux. That means that the cuirent must pass through the resistor from point b
to point a.
c) If the variable resistor £ is decreased, then more current flows through coil A, and
so a stronger magnetic field is produced, leading to more flux to the right through coil B.
Therefore the induced current must produce its own magnetic field to the lefl to oppose
the increased flux. That means that the current must pass through the resistor from point b
to point a.

29.18: a) With current pass ing from a —> ¿>and is increasing the magnetic, field
becomes stronger to the left, so the induced field points right, and the induced current
must flow ftorn right to left through the resistor.
b) I f the current passes fforn b a , and is decreasing, then there is less magnetic
field pointing right, so the induced field points right, and the induced current must flow
fforn right to left through the resistor.
c) If the current passes fforn b —> a, and is increasing, then there is more magnetic
field pointing right, so the induced field points left, and the induced current must flow
fforn left to right through the resistor.

29.19: a) is O and increasing so the flux of the induced current is clockwise.

b) The current reaches a constant valué so <í>e is constant d<¡>8 ¡ dt = 0 and there is
no induced current
c) B is O and decreasing, so is O and current is counterclockwise.

29.20: a) s = vBl = (5.0 m /s )(0 .7 5 0 T )(1.50 m)

= 5.6 V
b) (i)

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 n
x x

Let q be a positive charge in the moving bar. The

magnetic forcé on this charge F = qv x B , which
points upward. This forcé pushes the current in a
counterclockwise direction through the circuit
(ii) The flux through the circuit is increasing, so the induced current must cause a
magnetic field out of the paper to oppose this increase. Henee this current must flow in a
counterclockwise sen se.

C) s = Ri

,_ £ _ M X _ o .2 2 A
R 25 Q.

m _ m N -s N -m
29.21: [vBL] = — Tm m = [v ]
s C •m C

29 .2 2 : a ) s = vBL = (5.00 m /s )(0 .4 5 0 T )(0 .3 0 0 m ) = 0.675 V.

b) Tlie potential difference between the ends o fth ero d isju stth e motional emf
V = 0.675 V.
c ) Ib e positive charges are moved to end Z>, so b is at the higher potential.
d) £ = K = a 6 7 5 V = 2_25V
L 0.300 m m
e) b

0.620 V
29.23: a) s = vBL v= = 0.858 m /s.
BL (0.850 T )(0.850 m)
s 0.620 V
b) / = - = ------------= 0.827 A.
R 0.750 Q
c) F = ILB = (0.827 A )(0.850 m )(0.850 T ) = 0.598 N , to the left, siuce you mus
pulí it to get the current to flow.

29.24: a) s = vBL = (7.50 m /s )(0 .8 0 0 T )(0.500 m) = 3.00 V.

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 b) The current flows counterclockwise since its magnetic field must oppose the
increasing flux through the loop.
. rrn eLB (3.00 V )(0.500 m )(0.800 T ) „ xr ,
c ) F = ILB = -------= —----------- —------------ = 0.800 N, to the right,
R 1.50Q.
d) Pmo,h = F v = (°-800 N )(7.50 m /s ) = 6.00 W.
s~ (3.00 V)
= 6.00 W. So both rates are equal.
P' ‘“ R 1.50 n

29.25: For the loop pulled through the región of magnetic field,
a)

-2 L -L
b)

Ik
/:>

- 2 /.
-I. i 1, 71.

Ai Y

vBL vB7L7
Where s = vBL = IR => In = and Fn = ILB =
R R

0.450 V
29.2-6: a) Using Equation (29.6): e = vBL => B = — = = 0.833 T.
vL (4.50 m /s ) ( 0 .120 m)
b) Point a is at a higher potential than point because there are more positive
charges there.

29.27: s = = — (BÁ) = — (jJ0nIA) = ¿J: nA — and'|>E -di = £

dt dt dt dt
£ _ ¡J: nÁ d i _ di
E =
2m- dt 2 dt

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 „ u , (900 m '1¥ 0 .0 0 5 0 m ) ,_ „ ,
a) r = 0 .50 cm => £ = - ( 6 0 A /s )

b) r = l.OOcm => E = 3 .3 9 x 10"4 V /m .

._ d<¡>ñ dB 2 dB
29.28: a) -----—= A — = nr. — .
dt dt dt

b) z 1 ^ dB n d B
2m-{ dt 2xr{ dt 2 dt

* N ...
n'r

c) All the flux is within r < R, 30 outside the solenoid

„ 1 d<t>s x R 2 dB R2 dB

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d)
Ei

e) A í r = R /2 :
d® dB _ ttR ¿ dB
=> £ = = x (R l 2 ?
dt dt 4 dt

f) A t r = R = > ¿ = —
dt dt
do dB
g) A t r = 2R => £ = ——= xR* — . Note that the emf is independent of the distance
dt dt
from the center of the cylinder as long as one is outside it

29.29: a) Ih e induced electric field lines are concentric c irel es since they cause the
current to flow in circles.

b) J - ,_ J - í ^ . - I i ® - ° ^ (a0350T/s)
2xr 2x r dt 2xr dt 2 dt 2
= > £ = 1 .7 5 x 1 0 -3 V /m , in the clockwise direction, since the induced magnetic field
must reinforce the decreasing external magnetic field

c) 1 = £ = ^ ¿ l = - ( 0 - 1 0 0 OI)- (0.0 3 5 0 x / s ) = 2 . 7 5 x 10"4 A

R R dt 4.00Í2
(2.75 x1o-4 A )(4 .0 0 £2)
d) s = IR = IRtot¡ 2 = AJ — — = 5 .5 0 x 10 V.

e) If the ring was cut and the ends separated slightly, then there would be a potential
difference between the ends equal to the induced emf:

s = m ’7 ^ d t= 100 (°-0350 T i ^ = 3 •10 x 1 ° " 3 v -

2 9 .3 0 : s = ^ = ^ ( B A ) = ^ U , n I A ) = =
dt dt dt dt dt
__ d i _ (S.00 x 1Q-* V /m )2g(0.0350) _ ? 2 ] ,_
^ dt ~ /j0 (400 m"' );r(0.0110 m )2

2 9 .3 1 : a)
W = j F - d J = q E lx R = (6.50 x 10"s C )(8.00 x 10"6 V /m )2 s-(0 .0 3 5 0 m ) = 1.14x 10"“ J.

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 (b) For a conservative field, the work done for a cío sed path would be zero.
— — d& di
f E dí = ------- - => E L = BA — . A is the area of the solenoid
dt dt
For a circular path:

E l x r = BA — = constant for all circular paths that endose the solenoid.

dt
So W = q E ln y = constant for all paths outside the solenoid
W = 1.14 x 1(TU J i f x = 7.00cm .

2 9 .3 2 : j N L< b" N A ( B r ~ B ') NAM„nI

A t A t A t

1 2 )(8 .0 0 x 10’4m í )(9000 m '1)(0.3S0 A )

0.0400 s
é - = 9 .5 0 x l O’ 4 V.

2 9.33 : iD = s ^ - = (3.5 x 1 0 '" F /m )(2 4 .0 x 103 V •m /s 3)í'

dt
iD = 21 x 10-6 A gives t = 5.0 s

7 1 2 9 x 10-12 A
29.34: According to E q a 29.14 s = D -
4 (8 .7 6 x lO 3 V - m / s 4)(2 6 .1 x l0 ~ 3 s)3
dt
2.07 x 10~u F/m .T h u s, the dielectric constant is K = -*- = 2.34.

2 9 .3 5 : a ) j D = e , — = £0 - ± - = ± = ° '2 8 ° A = 55.7 A / m 2.
dt s0A A «-(0.0400 m)
dE j D 55.7 A /m 2
b) — = í°- = — ' ‘ v = 6.29 x lO 12 V /m - s .
dt s0
c) Using Ampere’s Law

r < R :B = — A r iD= — ° ' ° 2 0 0 ” , (0 .2 8 0 A ) = 7 .0 x 10~7 T.

2n R 2 x (0 .0 4 0 0 m )
d) Using Ampere’s Law
~ - Mor . ^ P O O m )^ ^ ^ ,

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 (4.70)áo (3.00 x 10"4 m2 )(120 V)
29.36: a) Q = C V = V = -3
5 .9 9 x 10"‘° C.
2.50 x 10 m

b) ^ . = ¿c = 6 .0 0 x l 0 ‘ 3 A.
dt

c ') Jj DD = s — = K s0
O T-r - , = i k, = JjCc iD = ic = 6.00 x 10"3 .A
dt KSn A A

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2 9 .37:a )# = ict = (1 .8 0 x 10"3 A ) (0.500 x 10"6 s) = 0 .9 0 0 x 1 0 ^ C

e = cL = J Í _ = 0 . 9 0 0 x 1 0 *C , 2 , 0 3 x l 0 5 v / m ,

s0 A s0 (5 .0 0 x 1 0 m )f0
= > V = E d = (2.03 x 105 V /m ) (2.00 x 10"3 m) = 4 0 6 V.

b) — = — x 10— A— = x io u V /m - s, and is constant in time.

dt A s0 (5 .0 0 x 1 0 4 m )s 0

c ) Í d = ¿o ~ ~ = (4.07 x 1011 V /m - s) = 3.60 A /m ¿

dt
=>iD = j DA = { 3.60 A /m 5) (5 .0 0 X 1 C 4 m2) = 1 . 8 0 x l t r 3A , w hichisthe
same as L.

2 9 .3 8 : a ) g = p j * * * - ^ 1 0 ^ - 0 .1 5 V /m .
A 2.1 x 1 0 m

b) d E = d _ ( Pr
— — = 2 ,0 x 1 0 ( 4 0 0 0 d / s) = 3 8 V / m ■s.
dt dt A d di 2 .1 x 1 0 m

c) j D = s0 ^ = s 0( 3 8 V / s - s ) = 3 .4 x 1 0 10 A / m .
dt
d) ¡d = Í d a = (3 - 4 x l O ' 10 A/m2 ) (2 .1 x 10~6 m 2 ) = 7 . 1 4 x 1 0 'llS A

_^B = B ¿ J L = M>0’- » x l O — ^ ) , _ 2 .3 8 x 1 0 ' 21 T , an d th is i s a

2 m- 2^ (0.060 m)

n e g lig ib le co n trib u tio n . B = i1 6 A i = 5 .3 3 x 10 "5 T.

2 m- 2 x ( 0 .0 6 0 m)

29.39:In a superconductor there is no internal magnetic field, and so there is no changing

flux and no induced emf, and no induced electric field.

0 = y fcádc B ■& = <“ </«=! = A o (4 + I d ) = H => 4 = °>

material

and so there is no current inside the material. Therefore, it must all be at the surface of the
cylinder.

29.40:Unless some o f the regions with resistance completely fíll across-sectional area of
a long type-II supereonducting wire, there will still be no total resistance. The regions of
no resistance provide the path for the current. Indeed, it will be like two resistors in
pare lie 1, where one has zero resistance and the other is non-zero. The equivalent
resistance is still zero.

29.41: a) For magnetic fields less than the critical field, there is no internal magnetic
field, so:

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Inside the superconductor: 5 = 0, M = - — = - 1^ ^ = - (1.03 x 10 5 A /m )/.
f* 0 j“ü
Outside the superconductor: B = 3o = (0.13071) /, M = 0.
b) For magnetic fields greater than the critical field, ;£ = 0 => = 0 both inside
and outside the superconductor, and B = B o = (0.260 T )i, both inside and outside the
superconductor.

29.42: a) Just under 5ci(threshold of superconducting phase), the magnetic field in the
— Bd 5 5 x lO ”3 T i 4 , -
material must be zero, and M = ------ = = - (4.38 x 10 A /m )/.
Ao Ao
b) Just over B C2 (threshold of normal phase), there is zero magnetization, and
B = Bc2 = ( 15.0 T)i\

29.43 :a) The angle between the normal to the coil and the direction of B is 30.0°.
dO B
£\= ^ t = (N x r2) dB/dt a n d / = |s \¡R.

For t < 0 and t > 1.00 s, dB/dt = 0, |s |= 0 and 1 = 0

For 0 < t < 1.00 s, dBjdt = (0.120 T)tt sin izt
|£■|= (Afar2 )k { 0.120 T)sin nt = (0.9475 V ) sin jet

R for w ire: R = — = - ^ r \ p = 1.72 x 10~8n - m , r = 0.0150 x 1 0 '3m

A nr
L = Nc = N 2n r = (500) (2 k ) (0.0400 m) = 125.7 m
Rw = 3058 Q. and the total resistance of the circuit is
R = 3058 Q 4- 600 Q = 3658 Q
I=\s\IR = (0.259 mA)sin nt

0 .2 5 ‘> mA

0 .5 s 1 .0 * *

B increasing so is O and increasing

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 ^ in d is 0 so / is c lo ck w ise

29.44: a) The lar ge circuit is an R C circuit with a time constant of

r = R C = (1 0 £2) (2 0 x 1 0 "* F ) = 2 0 0 / í s . Thus, the current as a fiinction of time is

,_ í i o o v y ^
l io^ J
A t t = 200/js, we obtain i = (10 A) (e~[) = 3.7 A.
b) Assuming that only the Iong wire nearest the small loop produces an appreciable
magnetic flux through the small loop and referring to the solution of Problem 29.54 we
obtain

O
-r
So the emf induced in the small loop at t = 200/ís is

d® (4 jc x lO '7 (0 .2 0 0 m) 3.7 A
£= — In. 1 + “ ln (3.0) ( - + 0.81,
dt 2 71 2% 200 x 10 s
Thus, the induced current in the small loop is i' = f = = 54/j A.
c) The induced current will act to oppose the decrease in flux from the lar ge loop.
Thus, the induced current flows counterclockwise.
d) Three of the wires in the large loop are too far away to make a signifícant
contribution to the flux in the small loop-as can be se en by comparing the distance c to
the dimensions of the large loop.

29.45: a)

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 16

HA)

0.5 i ;5 <W)

, ' dB
£ 1 r dB (0.50 m) 0.80 T
C) E m = \ s . 1 ¿B
lNA i 7Ü = 0.4 V/m.
N 2xr 2x dt 2rrr dt 2 dt 2 0.50 s

i d®B 1 díBA eos cot) BA co sin cot

1

R dt R
B 7A 7co7 sin2 cot
b) P = P R =
R
BA7co&incot
c ) pi = IA =
R
B 7A7cosm7cot
d) r = juBswfp = ¿iBsincot =
R
B 7A 7co7sm 7cot ....
e) P = t o = ------------ —-------------- , w h ich is the same as part (b).

2 9 .4 7 : a ) <E>b = B A =
8 2a 2
Liorna di di . 2R
b) s = - ^ £-=iR=>-** — ™ = iR = > — = - i -------
dt dt o 2 dt dt Mo**

c ) Solving — = - d t ^ ~ for i(t) yields i(t)=

i pi: xa

d) W e want z(í) = z0 (0.010) = i0e => ln(0.010) = - t(2 R j pi^m)

=> ¿ = _ ln(0.010) = - ^ ^ (Q -50 m) jn (o.oi 0) = 4.55 x 10"5s.

2R 2(0.10 Q)
e) W e can ignore the self-induced currents because it takes only a very short time for
them to die ouL

29.48: a) Choose the area vector to point out of the page. Since the area and its
orientad on to the magnetic fieId are fixed, we can write the induced emf in tlie 10 cm
radius loop as

s = ----- L = --AA ,—
d^ J2- ^ ¡-=ür-,t(0. 10 a i f ^ = 10'4[(20.0 V ) - (4.00 V /s)í]
dt dt ' dt
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 After solving for and integrating we obtain

5 , (t = 2.00s) - B , ( t = 0 s) = - 10 f [(20.0 V ) - (4.00 V /s > ]dt.

7r(0.10 m) Jo
Thus,

5 , = (-0 .8 0 0 T ) - 10 m [(20.0 V ) (2 .0 0 s) - (2.00 V /s ) (2 .0 0 s)! ] = - 0.902 T

K
b) Repeat part (a) but set s = - (2.00 x 10"3 V ) 4- (4.00 x 10"4 V /s) t to obtain
B ? = - 0 .6 9 8 T
c) In part (a) the flux has decreased (i.e., it has become more negative) and in part (b)
the flux has increased. Both results agree with the expectations of Lenz’s law.

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 d$?¿
2 9.49:a) (i) |£■ |=
dt

d\

Consider a narrow strip ofwidth dx and adistance x from

the long wire.
The magnetic field of the wire at the strip is B = /¿0/ / 2nx.
The flux through the strip is
d$>s = Bbdx = ( f t I b / 2 * ) {dx!x)

The total flux through the loop is <í>B = {d O s = I f —

r4 a
<&8 = In
2k ,

dr
dt dt dt 2n r {r 4 a)
pi^Iábv
£ =
2 x r(r + a)

(ii) s = Bvl for a bar of length l moving at speed v perpendicular to magnetic field
B.

The emf in each side of the loop is

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 ' hP vb.
2nr

Mo1 vb,
2x { r 4- a)
S2 = £ 4 = O
Both emfs s { and s 2 are directed toward the top of the loop so oppose each other.
Ih e net emf is
/^ ^ %
Ivb /J0Iabv
2n r r+a 2 7cr(r 4- a)
This expression agrees with what was obtained in (i) using Faraday’s law.

b) (i) 5 i s 0 . 4 > B i s 0 and decreas ing, so the flux of the induced current is
0 and the current is clockwise.

(ii)

segment 1 segment 2

F* F»
\ f
! !
! _Vw
'■_L• • V- •T4-/ ■
'X v /y
B

B is larger at segment 1 since it is closer to the long wire, so F B is larger in

segment 1 and the induced current in the loop is clockwise. This agrees with the direction
deduced in (i) using Lenz’s law.
c) when v = 0 the induced emf should be zero; the expression in part (a) gives this.
When a —> 0 the flux goes to zero and the emf should approach zero; the expression in
part (a) gives this. When r —>co the magnetic field through the loop goes to zero and the
emf should go to zero; the expression in part (a) gives this.

29.50 :a) Rotating about the y - axis :

dO
£max = ^ = coBA = (35.0 rad/s) (0.450 T ) (6.00 x 1 0~¿ m ) = 0.945 V.
dt
dO,
b) Rotating about the x - axis : — —= 0 => e = 0.
dt
c) Rotating about the z - axis :

= aBA = (35-° rad/ s) (°-4 5 0 T) (6 -0 0 * 1 0'2m ) = 0.945 V.

dt

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29.51: From Example 29.4, e = co BA sin cot\ = coBA
For N loops, = NcoBA
N = 40 0 , B = 1.5 T, A = (0.100 m)2, = 120 V
co = ¡NBA = (20 rad/s) (1 rev/2;r rad) (60 s/lm in) = 190 rpm

29.52: a) The flux through the coil is given by NBA eos(cot\ where N is the number of
turns, B is the strength of the Earth’s magnetic field, and co is the angular velocity of the
rotating coil. Thus, s = o: NBA sin(<uí), which has a peak amplitude of s 0 = co NBA.
Solving for A we obtain

¿ - - S L h ' ___________________________ ^ ________________________ j— = 18 m1

coNB (30 rev/min) (1 min/60s) (2 tt rad/rev) (2000 turns) (8 .0 x 10 T)

b) Assuming a point on the coil at máximum distance from the axis of rotation we
have
18 m2
v = reo = „M
—co = (30 rev/min) (1 m in/60 s) (2 t i rad/rev) = 7.5 m/s.
71 \ 71

2 9 .5 3 : a ) g = - ^ = - B Z lü L = (0 .9 5 0 T ) £ < M « 3 0 / 2 m ¿ = 0 0 J 2 6 v
Ai Ai At 0.250 s
b) Since the flux through the loop is decreasing, the induced current must produce a
field that goes into the page. Therefore the current flows from point a through the
resistor to point b .

29.54: a) When / = z => B = into the page.

27TT

b) d O a = BdA = ^ - L d r .
B 2izr

c,
2x r 2x

d) s = ^ =^ ]n (b /a )- .
dt 2x dt

e) g = '¿i° (ft2 4 ° m'1ln(0 .3 6 0 /0 .1 2 0 ) (9.60 A /s ) = 5.06 x 10~; V.

2 77

29.55: a)

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 X | X X X
R f.
X X X X X

s = vBL = IR => I = and p _ p - p _ jp g = ma

R
F -IL B
=> a =
m m mR
dv _ F vB2Ü
where v{ is the terminal velocity
dt m mR
calculated in part (b).

n o r m a li x c d v c lo c it v

iK>mializ«il rime

b) The terminal speed vt occurs when the pulling forcé is equaled by the magnetic
' LB' - - r2 " 2
forcé: F B = ILB =
R R Ü B2'

29.56: The bar will experience a magnetic forcé due to the induced current in the loop.
According to Example 29.6, the induced voltage in the loop has amagnitude £Z v, which
opposes the voltage of the battery, s. Thus, the netcuirent in the loop is I = The

acceleratioa of the bar is a = m

= :LS m ma

a) To find v(í), set =a= and solve for v using the method of separation
of variables:
dv LB , £
dt —> v = ----- ( 1 - e ** ) = (10 m /s) (1 - e ).
r {s - BLv) - J0
í mR BL
Note that the graph of this fiinction is similar inappearance to that of acharging
capacitor.
b) / = s/R = 2 .4 A ; F = ILB = 2.88 N; a = F jm = 3.2 m/s2

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 c) When
v = 2_0 [12 V - (1.5 T ) (0.8 m) (2 .0 m /s)] (0.S m) (1.5 T ) = 2 6 ,
(0.90 kg) (5 .0 0 )
d) Note that as the velocity increases, the acceleration decreases. The velocity will
asymptotically approach the terminal velocity = (l = 10 m /s , which makes the
acceleration zero.

29.57: £■ = Bvl\ 5 = 8.0 x 10"5 T, L = 2.0 m

Use J I f = ma applied to the satellite motion to find the speed v of the satellite.

( r ^ y - = m — \r = 4 Ü0 x lü 3 m
r r

v= = 7.665 x 103 m/s

V y
Using this vgives £ = 1.2 V

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29.58: a) According to Example 29.6 the induced emf is s = BLv = ( 8 x 1 0 5T)
(0.004 m) (300 m /s) = 9 6/¿ V « 0.1 mV. Note that L is the size of the bar measured in a
direction that is perpendicular to both the magnetic field and the velocity of the bar. Since
a positive charge moving to the east would be deflected upward, the top of the bullet will
be at a higher potential.
b) For a bullet that travels south, the induced emf is zero.
c ) In the direction paral leí to the velocity the induced emf is zero.

29.59: From Ampere’s law (Example 28.9), the magnetic field inside the wire, a
distance r from the axis, is B (r) = /¿0 I r j 2 x R ¿.

R
Consider a small strip of length W and width dr that
is a distance r from the axis of the wire.
The flux through the strip is

d<b . = B M W d r = r dr
2 k R}
Hie total flux through the rectangle is

Note that the result is independent of the radius R o f the wire.

29 .6 0 : a) = BA = W ü - 3(í/í0)2 + 2 (t/t0 f ) .
2
b)e =- W ¿ ( 1 - 3(t/t0? + 2(t/t0 f ) = - ^ ( - 6(í/<,) + 6(t/t0f )
at ctt r0

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 2 r- 2 r \\
6 B0xr0 t t
£ = — so a t t = 5 . 0 x 1 0 3s,,
h \.v J ,

6 B ,x (0.0420 m)' 5.0 x 10~3 s 5.0 x 10~3 s

£=— = 0.0665 V, counterclockwise.
0.010 s 0.010 s 0.010 s

c) i = fflolai, = r + R = í =>y=1. 9 ^ 1 - 1 2 D = 10..2Q .

R total 3.0 x 10 A

d) Evaluating the emf a t í = 1 . 2 1 x l 0 2 s, using the equations of part (b):

c = 0.0676 V , and the current flows clockwise, from b to a through the resistor.

e) £ = 0 => 0 = 1=1 t = t, = 0.010 s.

['Jo

fi0Iv td+L dr i^Iv d +L

29.61: a) de = (v x B ) •dr = vBdr = /¿oIv dr ln
2jzr 2 ti r 2tz
b) The magnetic forcé is strongest at the top end, el os es t to the cuirent carrying wire.
Therefore, the top end, point <2, is rhe higher potential since the forcé on posidve charges
is greatest there, leading to more positives gathering at that end.
c) If the single bar was replaced by a rectangular loop, the edges parallel to the wire
would have no emf induced, but the edges perpendicular to the wire will have an emf
induced, just as in part (b). However, no current will flow because each edge will have its
highest potential closest to the current carrying wire. It would be like having two batteries
of opposite polari ty connected in a loop.

29.62: Wire A : P x 5 = 0 = > f = 0.

Wire C : s = vBL sin (¡>= (0.35 0 m /s)(0.120 T )(0 .5 00 m) sin 4 5 10= 0.0148 V.
Wire
D \s = vBL sin (f> = (0.350 m /s )(0 .1 2 0 T )> ¡2 (0.500 m) sin 4 5 ° = 0.0210 V.

29.63: a)de = (v x B ) d r = cor Bdr => e = j corBdr = i coI?B

(8 .8 0 ra d /se c)(0 .2 4 m )2(0 .6 5 0 T) Q^ y

2
b) The potential difference between its ends is the same as the induced emf.
c) Zero, since the forcé acting on each end points toward the center.

A FCCTto = f ^ = 0 .0 4 1 0 V .

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29.64: a) From Example 29.7, the power required to keep the bar moving at a constant
velocity is P = =>R = _ 0 090 Q
b) For a 50 W power dissipation we would require that the resistance be
decreas ed to half the previous valué.
c) Using the resistance from part (a) and a bar length of 0.20 m
p (BLv)2 [(0.25 T )(0.20 m )(2.0 n^s)]2 _ Q ^
R 0.090 Q

29.65: a) / = — = — F = !aB =
i? 5 £
b)
¿v vBV r c V = B V t ’dt,
F = ma = m — =
dt R v' mR
itiRvq
f dx’ = Vq => JC= - =e
B 2a2 B2a2 '

29.66: a) í = ( v x S ) T = (4.20 m /s)/ x ((0 .1 2 0 T )/ - (0.220 T ) ; - (0.0900 T ) k ) L

=> £■ = ((0.378 V /m ) ) - (0.924 V /m )*)• ((0.250 m)(cos 36.9°/ + sin 3 6 .9 °)
=> £■ = (0 .378)(0.25 0) sin 3 6.9 o = 0.05 67 V.

. . d$>B dB 2 dB „ £■ q r dB
29.67: A t point a \ s = -------= A — = xr — and F = q E = q = ---------- , to the
dt dt dt 2m* 2 dt
left. A t point b , the field is the same magnitude as at a since they are the same distance

from the center. So F = ^ UpWarc[

2 dt
A t point c , there is no forcé by symmetry arguments: one cannot have one
direction picked out over any other, so the forcé must be zero.

dO^
29.68: Í E di = -
dt

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 If B = constant th e n ^ ^ - = 0, .so Í E d l = 0.
dt s

L c a 'a E d * = E abL ~ E áaL = 0 > b u t E da = 0 S 0 E daL = 0 -

But since we assumed E ab =P 0, this contradicts Faraday’s law. Thus, we can't have a
uniform electric field abruptly drop to zero in a región in which the magnetic field is
constant.

(t :......-*-■ -¡C. £ -0

j__________ *_________
~ f j
..........-i) ¡¡> 0

29.69: A t the terminal speed, the upward forcé F B exerted on the loop due to the induced
current equals the downward forcé o f gravity: F B = mg
s = Bvs, I = BvsjR and F&= IsB = B 7s 7v¡ R
B 7s 7v mgR
- — -^ = m g andvT = - T Y
¿x S

™ = p j = Pm(4 s )x (d i 2)7 = pmxsd 7

p PL _ pñ* s _ 16pRs
A \ n d7 xd7
Using these expressions for mand R gives vT = 16 p p s g ¡ B 7

29.70: j B • di = 0 (no currents iu the región). Using the figure, let

B = BQi for y < 0 and B = 0 for y > 0.

| . B - d l = BaiL - B c, L = 0,

but Bcd = 0. B ^ L = 0, but B^ ^ 0. This is a contradiction and violates Ampere’s Law.

See the figure on the next page.

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2 9 .7 1 : a) X .- 2 — S Í-
rf rf* rfrfp dp Cdp K s0Adp
and

rf rf 0
=> j (t) = q = Q> c ~^c = Q> c~‘/k*qp
Ks^Ap Ks^Ap Ks0Ap

b) j D{t) = KSo^ = K £o^ l = K s oP & d<^

D 0 rf¿ 0 rfí K s^A p dt

= 6o c -'jz*‘,p _ _ j
KscjAp

29.72: a) ; g(max) = ^ - = ° '4 5 ° Vy/m = 1 .9 6 x 10~4 A /m 2 .

* p 2300 Q m
dF
b) j D(max) = í-0 — = £0«ii0 = 2tt£0JE 0 = 2ke::(120 H z)(0.450 V /m )
at
=> (max) = 3 .0 0 x 10"9 A /m 2 .

c) I f j c = j D => — = cos0E0 => íü = = 4.91 x 107 rad /s

P P¿o

=> / = — = 4 '9 1 x l ° 7rad/ S = 7 .8 2 x 10<HZ.

2x 2n
d) The two current densities are out of phase by 90° because one has a sine function
and the other has a cosine, so the displacement current leads the conduction current by
90°.

2 9 .7 3 : a ) r G = £ fcm x surtimed over each leg,

r r
m m
= (0 ) g sin(90 - 0 ) 4 - g sin(90 - $) g sin(90 -

/* >
m
+ (¿ ) g s i n ( 9 0 - 0)

eos $ (clockwise).

tb = p x B = IA B sin0 (counterclockwise).
_ s BA d BA d é BAco . ,
! =—= cosé = — sin ó = sin ó. m e current is going
R R d t R dt R
counterclockwise looking to the - k direction.

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 B 2A 2co . B 2L 4cq .
T0 = sin <¡>= sin
R R
meL . B~lía> . ?
SO T = cosá- “sin 0, opposite to the direction of the rotation.
2 R
b) z = l a ( / being the moment of inertia).

About this axis I = — m i?.

12
12 1 B 2L4 ú) .
So a = eos 0 - sin
5 m L¿ R

6g , 12B 2 L2co . , ,
= — eos ó ---------------- sin 6 .
5L 5m R
c) The magnetic torque slows down the fall (since it opposes the gravitational torque).
d) Some energy is lost through heat from the resistance of the loop.

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2 9 .7 4 : a ) F o r c larity, figu re is rotated so B c o m e s ou t o f the page.

b) To work out the amount of the electric field that is in the direction of the loop at a
general position, we will use the geometry shown in the diagram be low.

r r' /i i . n £ £ scos9
E. = E eos 9 b u t£ = ----- = = ----------
2x r 2 x (a /c o s 9 ) 2 xa
_ seo s7 9 . d<¡>fí dB 2 dB xa2 dB
=> E. = ------------ but £ = ------- = A— x r ¿— = --------
2 xa dt dt dt eos 9 dt
„ x a 2 dB a dB .... . . . . . . . .
=> E.
= -----------= ---------, v/hich is exactly the valué for a ring, obtained in
2 xa dt 2 dt

Ex ercise 29.29, and has no dependence on the part of the loop we pick.
c) / g A dB L" dB (0-2001)^(0.0350T / s ) ? 2 ? , . 10- 4 a
R R dt R dt 1 .9 0 n
1 1 r, dB (0 .2 0 m) (0.0350 T /s )
d) s . = -s = -L ‘— = ' ; v............ = 1.75 x 1 0 ‘4 V.
8 8 dt 8
But there is potential drop V = IR = -1 .7 5 xlO "4 V , so the potential difference is zero.

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2 9 .7 5 : a )

b) The induced emf on the side a c is zero, because the electric field is always
perpendicular to the line ac.
d$>
_ ^ = A dB_ = l } dB
c ) To calcúlate the total emf in the loop, s =
dt dt dt
=> £ = (0.20 m)1(0.035 T / s ) = 1.40 x 10~3 V.
£ = H 0 x i 0 l V = 7 3 7 x ] 0 .4A
R 1.90 Cl
e) Since the loop is uniform, the resistance in length a c is one quarter of the total
resistance. Therefore the potential difference between «and cis:
= IR ac = ( 7 .3 7 x 1 0 ^ A )(1.90 D /4 ) = 3.50 x 10'4 V , and the point a is atahigher
potential since the current is flowitig ffom a to c.

29.76: a) As the bar starts to slide, the flux is decreasing, so the current flows to increase
the flux, which means it flows ffom a to b.
b) The magnetic forcé on the bar must eventually equal that of gravity.
„ ... LB LB d < & 8 LB dA L B 7 vÜ B7
F a = iLB = — s = ------------ = — B — = (vL co s 0 ) = ---------- eos
R R dt R dt R R
v B
v.Lr? r>2 Rmg tan.
=> F = m g tan é = — eos v, =
R L 7 B 7 eos.
N. s 1 dO ñ 1 _ dA B , _ v L B eos ó m g tan ó
c) i = — = ?- = — B — = — (vL co só ) = rl = _® ------ z.
R R dt R dt R R LB
Rm 7 g 7 tan'
d) P = i 7R =
ÜB7
Rmg tan (¡> Rm 2 g 2 tan¿
e) Pg = Fv cos(90° - <f>) = sin$ => F_ = which is
L 2B 2 e o s. L2B 2
the same as found in part (d).

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29.77: The primary assumption through out the problem is that the square patch is small
enough so that the velocity is constan t over its whole areas, that is, v = cor « cod.
a) (o - » clockwise, B -> into page :
£ = vBL = cod BL
£ £Á codBA , . .
1 = — = — = ---------. Since v x B points outward, A is just the cross-
R pL p
sectional
area tL.

=> / = (üt^ ^ flowing radially outward since v x B points outward.

P
b) r = d x Fb\ F b = I L x B = ILB pointing counterclockwise.
cod2 B 2 I ? t . . e , , , , .
So r = ----------------pointing out of the page (a counterclockwise torque
P
opposing the clockwise rotation).
c) If íu —» counterclockwise and B -> into page,
=> / —> flow inward radially since v x B points inward
r —> clockwise (again opposing the motion);
If o) —>counterclockwise and B out of the page
=^> / —> radially outward
r —>clockwise (opposing the motion)
The magnitudes o í I and r are the same as in part (a).

3 0 .1 : a ) £ , = M {d ijd t ) = (3.25 x 10"4 H) (830 A /s) = 0.270 V , and is eonstant.

b) If the second coil has the same changing current, then the induced voltage is the
same and s i = 0.270 V.

3 0 .2 : For a toroidal solenoid, M = , and = ¿i0 NíilA/2m'.

So, M = ^ A N {N Jim -.

3 0 .3 : a) M = N ^ 9 J i { = (400) (0.0320 W b)/(6.52 A )= 1.96 H.

b ) W hea i7 = 2 .5 4 A ,4 > ei = i 7 M !N l = (2 .5 4 A) (1 .9 6 H )/(700) = 7.11 x lO '3Wb.

3 0 .4 : a ) M = s 2 l(di/dt) = 1 .6 5 xlO '3 V / ( - 0 .2 4 2 A /s) = 6 .8 2 x 10'3H.

b) ATj = 25, ¿j = 1 .2 0 A ,
=> = ;,A/7/V2 = (1.20 A ) (6.82 x 10 '3H )/25

= 3.27 x lO '4 Wb.

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 c) di2Idt = 0.360 A /s and s¡ = Mdi2/dt = (6 .8 2 x 10'3 H ) (0.360 A /s ) = 2.45 mV.

3 0.5: 1 H = 1 W b/A = 1 Tm 5 /A = 1 N m / A2 = 1 J/A 5 = 1 (J/A C )s = 1 (V /A )s = 1 Os.

30.6: For a toroidal solenoid, L = N<&Q}i = s f (di/dt). So solving for N we have:

N = * /• .( * ,* ) = q 2 - 6 x l 0 - 3V ) ( 1 .4 0 A ) = ^ ^
(0.00285 W b) (0 .0 260 A /s)

3 0.7: a ) |í|= L {d ijd t ) = (0.260 H) (0 .0 1 8 0 A /s) = 4.68 x 10~3V.

b) Terminal a is a t a higher potential since the coil pushes current through from b to
a and if replaced by a battery it would have the + terminal at a.

30.8: a) - <500* > (18° 0)Í ( 4 8 ° * 10~* m’ > - 0.130 H.

7 K“ m^° 2^ (0.120 m)

b) Without the material, L = — L K = — (0.130 H )= 2 .6 0 x 10’ 4 H.

K mm K“ 500

30.9: For a long, straight solenoid:

L = m „ / i and = fit NiÁ/l =>L = fitN*A/l.

3 0 .10: a) Note thatpoints <2and b arereversed from that o f figure 30.6. Tlnis, according
to Equation 30.8, ~- = - 4.0 0 A /s. Hius, the cuirent is decreasing.
b) From above we have that di = ( - 4.0 0 A/s)dt. After integrating both sides of this
expression with respect to i, we obtain
Ai = ( - 4.00 A /s) Ai => í = (12.0 A) - (4.00 A/s) (2.00 s) = 4.00 A.

3 0 .11: a) L = £¡{diidt) = (0.0160 V )/(0.0640 A/s) = 0.250 H.

b) <¡>s = i L /N = (0 .7 2 0 A ) (0 .2 5 0 H )/(400) = 4 .5 0 x 1 0-4 Wb.

3 0 .1 2 : a ) U = - L I 2 = (12.0 H) (0.300 A)5/ 2 = 0.540 J.

b) P = I 7R = (0 .3 0 0 A)5 (180 Q.) = 16.2 W.

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 c) No. Magnetic energy and thermal energy are independen L As long as the cuirent is
constant, U = constant

30 . 13 :
2 Ajzr
4 jrrU 4^(0.150 m) (0.390 J)
N = = 2850 íurns.
■\líío(5.0O xlO '4m ! )(12.O A )'

3 0 .14: a) U = P t= (200 W ) (24 h/day x 3600 s/h) = 1.73 x 10 7J.

b) t/= = 2 (1 7 3 X J° ; J^ 5 4 0 6 H.
2 / 2 (30.0 A )5

3 0 .15: Starting with Eq. (30.9), follow exactly the same steps as in the text except that
the magnetic permeability ¿j is used in place of /i0.

p 2 /q c / t q rr \ 2

3 0 .1 6 : a ) freespace: U = u V = V = - ^ -------- — (0.0290 m 3) = 3619 J.

2 2 //0
£2 (0.560 T )2 ,
b) m a te ria l w ith K m = 4 5 0 = > U = u V = V = --------- — (0.0290 m ) = 8.04 J.
2K j j o 2(450)/j0

3 0 .1 7 : a ) „ - * L - * 1 ^ V ohae - - 2^ 60 ' 1f J> - 25.1 m3 .

Vol 2/ti0 £2 (0.600 T )2
g 2 = M = 2^ 6^ = m 4 T S s = ]li9T
Vol (0.400 m )3

3 0 .18 : a) fl = * * = = 4 .3 5 m T .
2nr 2 ^ ( 0 .0 6 9 0 m )

b ) F ro m E q. ( 3 0 .1 0 ) , M= — = | 4 '35 * 10 T) ^ 7 . 5 3 J / m 3.
2 fJ0 2 //0
c ) V o lu m e V = 2nrA = 2 x ( 0 .0 6 9 0 m ) ( 3 .5 0 x 1 0 '* m 2 ) = 1 .5 2 x 1 0 '* m 3.
d) U = u V = ( 7 .5 3 J / m 3) ( 1 .5 2 x 1 0~*m 3) = 1 .1 4 x I 0 ' 5 J .
( 3 . 5 0 x 1 0 '* m 2 ) = 3 6 5 x l 0 _t R
2x r 2 * ( 0 .0 6 9 0 m )

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 U = ^ L I 7 = ^ ( 3 . 6 5 x 1 0 -6 H ) (2 .5 0 A ) 2 = 1 . 1 4 x 1 0 " 5 J s a m e a s (d).

3 0 .19: a) — = L j L mWhen i = 0 => — = 6 0 0 V = 2.40 A /s .

dt L dt 2.50 H

b) When z = 1 .0 0 A => — = 6 00 V " <ft50° A > g ' 00 Q > = 0.800 A7s.

dt 2.50 H

c) A tt = 0.200 s = > z = — ( 1 - (i _ ^-Cs.oo^isohjco.soj = Q413 A

R 8 .0 0 Q.
e 6.00 V
d) As t -> co -> i- > — = -----------= 0.750 A.
R 8.00 a

3 0 .20: (a) z ^ = = 0.030 A = 30 mA, long after closing the switch.

b)

¡ = U 0 - e"'/(£/fi)) = 0 .030 A^l - e " ^ j

= 0.0259 A
VR = Ri = (1000 Q.) (0.0259 A )= 2 6 V
= £6al,ciy - = 30 V - 26 V = 4 .0 V

(or, could use VL = L&¡ a t t = 2 0 /.'s)

c)

30 .2 1 : a ) i = s /R (1 - e ’" r ), r = ¿ /R
W = « /S so i. = n . when (1 - 1 , and « -"* = i
, , /IN L ln2 (ln 2 ) (1.25 x 10"3H)
- t /z = ln a ) and t = ---------= ^ = 17.3 us
2 R 50 .0 £2

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 b) U = ± L i7 ; U ^ = \ L i^

u = 1 ^ . when i = imtJ. / ‘j 2

1 - e " ' = l f i ~so e~"' = 1 - Vyf2 = 0.2929

t = - L ln (0.2929)/R = 30 .7 fis

3 0 .2 2 : a.) U = —L P => I = , = 2.13 A

2 VL \ 0.115 H
=> £•= ZR = (2.13 A ) (1 2 0 £2) = 2 5 6 V.

b) i = I e - ( S ,L ) 1 and 17 = - L i 7 = - L i 7e -7(S,L)I = ~ U 0 = i - L ¡ 7
2 2 2 2 2

0.115 H , r l '
=> í = - — ln = --------------- ln = 3 .3 2 x 1 0 4
2£ .2 , 2(120 £1 ) .2 ,

60 V
3 0 .23: a) 1 , = — = = 0.250 A.
£ 240 £2
b) i = Í 0e - (R,L)‘ = (0.250 A) ^o^o.ieoH^.oo-io^) _ 0 . 137 A.

c ) K t = Kb = = (0- * 37 A ) (240 Q.) = 32.9 V , and c is at the higher potential.

í_ (0.160 H) ^ T
1/2 = - — ln T = 4 .6 2 x 1 0 '“ s.
Ir 2 R .2 / (2 4 0 £2) ^2,

3 0 .24: a) A t t = 0 => = 0 andvbc = 60 V.

b) As t —» co => vab —» 60 V and —> 0.
c) When i = 0.150 A => vab = iR = 36.0 V and vbc = 60.0 V - 36.0 V = 24.0 V.

3 0 .2 5 : a ) P = si = d 0 0 - <TCS'£)' ) = — ( ! - e ™ 1* ) = (6- ° ° V )‘ (1 - e' (800ÍV250H)' )

R 8.00 Q.
=> P = (4 .5 0 W ) (1 - e - 0 ” 3" 1' ).

b) P = i 2R = £— {1 - f = (6 QQV)2 (1 - }2
* r s .o o n
-C 3 .2 0 s _ , V \ 2
p = (4 .5 0 W ) ( l - e " k ' )\

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 c) PL = i L - = - { \ - e - ÍRIL)‘ ) L [ - e -<RILA = - { e -<R'L' " - e VR'L)‘ )
’ : dt i r ’ U R
^ P L = (4 .5 0 W ) (e^ 205" 1'

d) Note that if we expand the exponential in part (b), then parts (b) and (c) add to
give part (a), and the total power delivered is dissipated in the resistor and inductor.

3 0 .26: When switch 1 is closed and switch 2 is open:

, di . _ di RK r pdi'
di aR c' .
L h ¿i? = 0 => — = - i — => — = ---------dt
dt dt L ‘oKi i L
L*>
R
=>ln ( i / / 0 ) - J ? í = > i = / 0^ c" £1
~L

3 0 .27: Units of L / R = H /£2 = ( ü s )/Q = s =units of time.

3 0 .28: a) co = = 2 Kf
,f i e

=> L = - = 2.37 x l O'3 H.

4 *r2/ 2C 4 ;r2 (1.6 x 106 ) 2 (4.18 x 10~I2F )

b)' C m a x = = 3.67 x 1 0 '“ F.

4x 'f m n L 4?r2 (5.40 x 10 5 )2 (2.3 7 x 10 ' 3H )

f) ___ _______
3 0 .2 9 : a ) T = — = I tcJ l C = 2 k J (1 .5 0 H )(6 .0 0 x 10"5F)
CO

= 0.0596 s, co = 105 rad/s.

b ) Q = C V = ( 6 .0 0 x 10"3F )(l2.0 V ) = 7.20 x 1 0 -4 C.

c ) t / 0 = i c K 2 = i ( 6 . 0 0 x l 0 ' 5F)(12.0 V )2 = 4 .3 2 x 10’ 3J.

d) A í t = 0^q = Q = Q c o s ( c ü í 4 0 ) => 0 = 0.

0.0230 s
t = 0.0230 s, q = Q eos(o t) = (7 .2 0 x 10 4C) eos
^(1.50 H )(6.00xl0~ 5F )
= -5 .4 3 x 10-4 C. Signs on platas are opposite to those at t = 0.

c) t = 0.0230 3, i = = —<oQ 3in(cot)

dt

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 7 .2 0 x 10 '4 C 0 .0 2 3 0 s
■ —sin . = = - 0 .0 4 9 9 A .
y (1.50H )(6.00 x 10"5H) y (1.50 H )(6 .0 0 x 10"5H)

Positive charge flowing away ffom píate which had positive charge at t = 0.
g y _ (5 .4 3 x 1 o -4C); _ 2 4 6 x l 0 ~3],
f) Capacitor: U c =
2C 2 (6 .0 0 x 1 0 F)

Inductor: U L = ~^Li7 = ^ -(1.50H )(0.0499A )5 = 1.87xlO~3J.

3 0 .30: (a) Fnergy conservad on says TíL (max) = 77c (max)

I¿ i* = - CV5
2 2
1 8 x 1 0 '6F
= v J c / L = (22.5 V) = 0.871A
y 1 2 x 1 0 '3 H
The charge on the capacitor is zero because all the energy is in the inductor,
(b)
q = 0 a t 3 / 4 p e r io d
\

-V -'
q= 0 al 1/4period T = — = 2x 4 l C
CO

at 1/4 period: = ^ (2 x J Z c j = ^ (ttx lO ^ H X lS x lO ^ F )

= 7 .3 0 x 1 0"4 s

at 3/4 period: - T = 3 (7 .3 0 x l0 -4s) = 2 .1 9 x l 0 ‘3s

(c ) q 0 = C V = (18/tF)(22.5 V ) = 405/jC

+ 405 uc + 0 .8 7 1 A - y ^ ---------

-4 0 5 fie 0.871 A ^ -----^ ----

3 0 .3 1 : C = 6 = 15° x l 0 ^ = 3 0 .0 ^P
V 4 .29 x 10"3V

For an L-C circuit, co = ^1¡L C and T = 2 tz¡ ú: = 2xy¡LC

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 LJ i m . 0.601 nffl
c

3 0 .32: oj= = = 1917 rad/s

V(0.0850H)(3.20xlC'"6F)

a) ^ = ^ e _ ^ 6 ^ = ^ = ^ f 1^ = 4.43xlO-7C
co 1917 rad/s

5 .0 0 x l0 ~ 4A x
b) From E q . 31 .2 6 q = y¡Q2 - L C i 7 = 1(4.43x lO '7C )2 -
1917 s~‘

= 3.58xlO ’ 7C.

3 0 .3 3 : a ) — f + ? = 0 => q = L C — = (0.640 H )(3 .6 0 x 1 0 ^ X 2 . 8 0 A /s)

dt LC dt
= 6 .4 5 x ]0 ~ s C.
, = M 0 x l0 ^ C = 236V_
C 3 .6 0 x 1 0 F

3 0 .3 4 : a /) im ax =coO
¡ O mqx =>Q
e Sm q » = s s l = ím ax ¿
" LC.
CÜ
f
Qu*, = (l-5 0 A )v (0 .4 0 0 H )(2 .5 0 x l0 ~ 10F ) = 1 .5 0 x l0 ~ 5C.
, f i ! = . . 0 j q x l 0 2 g L _ 0 .450 J
2C 2 (2 .5 0 x lO '10F)

b) 2 / = — = — iL = = — i - = 3 .1 8 xlO 4 s~‘
2>r W ¿ C ^ ( 0 . 4 0 0 H ) ( 2 .5 0 x l 0 '10 F)
(must double the frequency since it takes the required valué twice per period).

3 0 .35: [LC] = H •F = H •— = Q •s -- = s2 = — - A - s 2 = s2 [VZo]=

V V V s A L J

3 0 .36: Equation (30.20) is — f - + — 7<? = 0- W e will solve the equation using:

dt LC

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 T fí ^
q = Q c o s ( c o t 4- 0 ) = > — = -coQ s in (c o í 4 (j>) = > — ^ = - c o 2g c o s ( c o ¿ 4 0 ) .
dt dt

=> — -y- + — 7 ^ = —co2Q cos(coí4 !¡>) 4 - ^ - cos(coí 4- 0 ) = O=> <y2 = — => co = }-— .
¿i ¿C L C L C J f,C

3 0 .37: a) ^
2 C 2 C
t r ^ r -2 ^ r 2 ^ 2 * 2 / ^ g SÍll (co t 4 . 2 1
Ul = —L = —Leo Q sin (coi 4 0 ) = —— — , since co =
c ' 4l c '
b) ^Toiai = u c + u l = \ ^ - c o s 2(<oí 4 0 ) 4 ^Lcq'Q * sin2(cot 4 f )
f' t \

= — — C O S2 ( C O Í 4 Ó) 4 — L Q 2 s in 2 (c o i 4 0 )
2 C 2 LC
1 (7‘
= — — ( e o s 2 (COÍ 4 0 ) 4 s i n 2 ( c o i 4 0 ) )
2 C
1 Q2
= ------------- = > U T . , i s a co n sta n t.
2 C Tolfll

3 0 .38: a) ? = A e<R>7L),cos(co't-<i>)
•SI

£
---- e 'r‘L)¡ e o s (co'í 4 (j))- co’ A e<RnL)i sin(co'i 4 ^).
1í

II
1

dt 2¿

d2q '/ T
— f- = A ,2 £ V C O S ( ú / i 4 0 ) 4 2ú / ^ sin(co'í 4 0)
dt2 ,2 ¿ J 2¿
- tto'2
- o '2 ^ e " 0 * ' 2 ^ ' c o s ( c o 't 4 0 ) .

¿ 2# i? d q q i?2 1
- < y '2 - = 0
dt L dt LC 2¿ 2¿2 ¿C

R2
^ t o '2 = -
LC 4U

b) A t t = 0 ,q = Q ,i = ^ - = 0 :
dt

=> # = ^ co s^ = g a n d ~ ~ = - ^ - A c o s f i - co'Asmifi = 0

=> A = —2 — and - - co'Qíaaé = -----

eos (f) 2L 2Lco’
R
2¿>/l ¡ L C - R7 i 4 Ü ’

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3 0 .39: Subbing x -> q, m -> L ,b -> R ,k -> — , we find:
C
d x b dx kx d 2q R dq q
a) Eq. (13.41): + — = 0 -> E q .(3 0 .2 7 ): = 0.
dt m dt m dt¿ L dt LC

b) Eq. (13.43): Eq.( 30.2 8 ):< »' = J ^ - ^ - .

m 4 m
c) Eq. (13.42): x = Ae -AA-C*tK)l C O S (c ü 't
cos(co't + $ ) - > Eq. (3 0 .2 8 ): q = Ae 4- $ ) .

L H L is L1V
30.40: = — = ------ = ---------= Ll¿ => =a
C F C /V A Ve

1 1 1 1
3 0 .41: co'2 = — - — — ^ £ 2 = 4¿2 R = 2L
¿C 42/ 6¿C LC 6 LC LC 6 LC

R = 2(0.285 H) = 45.4 Ll,

y (0.285 H) (4.60 x 10"4 F) 6(0.285 H) (4.60 x lO -4 F)

1 1
3 0 .42: a) When R = 0, to0 = = 298 rad/s.
'¡L C (0.450 H) (2 .5 0 x 1 0 '5 F )
co (l/L C - R ^jA l}) r 2c
b) W e want — = 0.95 = (0.95)'
CQr \¡LC 4L

1? = j * V (0.95)2) = ,4(0-450H) (0 0975) =

VC v (2.50 x 10” F )

3 0 .43: a)

b) Sin.cc the voltage Í 3 determined by the derivative of the current, the V v c r 3 U 3 t graph
is indeed proportional to the derivative of the current graph.

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3 0 .4 4 : a ) s = - L ~ = - £ - ^ ( ( 0 .1 2 4 A )co s[(2 4 0 tc/s)t\

=> £ = + (0 .2 5 0 H ) (0.124 A ) (240 >r)sin((240«-/s)í) = +(23.4 V ) sia ((240jt/s)£).

b) = 23.4 V ; i = 0, since the emf and current are 90° oui of phase.
c) i = 0.124 A; e = 0, since the emf and current are 90° out o f phase.

br , r.\
fí0Nih í*dr ¡Á^Nih
3 0 .4 5 : a ) 4>s = j BQidr) = j (M r ) = i— = 1n(b/a).
2jzr 2lZ J r 2 1Z

m , _ i^ N 2h
b) L = In(_b¡ a).
i 271
b -a (b - a ) b -a
c) ln(¿>/ a) = ln( 1 - (b - a)/ a) - •••=> L
2 a 2 K

/i0A í,/4 fi0 N ^ r 2

30 .4 6 : a ) M = ^ - < b B = ^ A
} I ’ I A¡ IA¡ h h
d<b
i£j = a/-5 s’ - ,y ? dii - dh
dt 1, dt h dt

c ) \e\ = M dh - M di2 - ¡i oNi N7 Kri dh

1 11 12 dt dt l, dt

3 0 .4 7 : a ) « = - L — = > L = s/(d i/d t) = (30.0 V )/(4 .0 0 A / s ) = 7.5 H.

dt

b) £ = ^ - => <í>, = «Ai => <I>/ = (3 0 .0 V )(l2.0 s) = 360 Wb.

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 c) PL = L i ~ = (7.50 H )(48.0 A )(4 .0 0 A /s) = 1440 W.
dt

PR = i 7 R = (4 8 .0 A )5 (6 0 .0 £ í) = 138240 W => — = 0.0104.

Er

30.48: a ) = L ~ = (3.50 x 10 '3H) ~ ((0.680 A ) cos(/rí/ 0.0250 s))

= (3 .5 0 x 1 0 ’3 H )(0 .6 8 0 A )— - — = 0 .2 9 9 V .
0.0250 s

b) - (3-5 ° X 10~3HX °-680 A> - 5.95 x 10-^Wh.

* om“ N 400

c ) s (t ) = - £ — = - ( 3 . 5 0 x 1 0 ' 3H )(0 .6 8 0 A )(ít/0 .0 2 5 0 s)sin (* 7 /0 .0 2 5 0 s)

dt
s(t) = - ( 0 .2 9 9 V )sin((125.6 s_1)í)
-i )(0.0180 s))
£■(0.0180 s) = - (0.299 V )sin ((l25.6 s"1
=>£■(0 = 0.230 V

3 0 .49: a) Series: L { — + — ,
dt dt dt
i • .~ . di, din di . r r r
but i, = = i for series components so — = — = — , thus L¡ -(- L 2 =
dt dt dt

b) Parallel: Now Z, = Z2 = Z — , where i = i[ 4- i2 .

dt di dt
di di, di2 .d i L di din L di
So — = —L + —- . But —L = — 1 — and — - = ———
dt dt dt dt Lr, dt dt Z2 dt

di _ ¿eg di [ ¿eg di _ ¿ = _1_ + J_ '

dt Zj dt Z2 d t ~ * ** Ui L 1

3 0 .50: a) í B •di = p0/cicl

2 ;tr

b) = W_
2;tr

a
2?r ^
271

d) L -Z p -lf-K t/a ).
i 2 jz

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 e) U ¡ 4 L i2 ln(b/a)f‘ = ^ ln(b/a).
2 2 2tz 4k

¿ V
3 0 .51: a) i B - d l = ¿Wq/^ => B 2 tzy = p 0 i => S =
2 n r

B
b) u = dU = = u{l 2 x rd r) = (i\2 n rd r) = ^ — ~dr.
2Ac 2;rr 4xr
b

c) C/ = f ¿ l/ = w 2 f ^ = ^ l n ( W a ).
*■ /Ixr
4 ; t •> v /I
4irtí
1 ^)TT
d) U = —L i ¿ => Z = —y ~= I — \n(bI a\ which is the same as in Problem 30.50.
2 i 2 ti

3 0 .52: a) Z* = h
2 xr / 2 Jir
AZd> N7A _^ 2 A
2Tir 2 jzr

/¿qA W A P o^ i A ¡¿0N7 A
b) M 7 = = L ,L t
2 7ir 2 jzr 2 jzr

30 .5 3 : ug = u s => ^ = = y j s ^ E 7 = yjRos0E

= Z ¡Á 7 (6 5 0 V/m) = 2.17 x 10'*T.

V 12 0 V
3 0 .54: a) R = — = — = 1860 0 .
if 6 .4 5 x 1 0 ' 3 A

b) i = if ( 1 - e <R,L)‘ ) => = -l n ( l - Uis ) => L = Rt

L ln ( l - z /z / )
^ ¿ = ^ ( 1 8 6 0 a ) ( 7 .2 5 x l O - ,) = a 9 6 3 H
ln(l - (4.86/ 6.45))

3 0 .55: a) After one time constant has passed:

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 6 00 V ( l - e ) = 0 .4 7 4 A
z•= — (1 - e - h) = ---------
R 8 .0 0 Q.

= > U = ~^Li7 = ^ (2 .5 0 H )(0 .4 7 4 A )2 = 0 .2 8 1 1

Or, using Problem (30.25(c)):

U = ¡ PLdt = (4.50 W ) J (e-o-70*' - e-*6* » )dt

= (4.50 W ) = 0.281 J
3.20 ¡.40

L /R

b) 17,ol = (4 .5 0 W ) j ( l - e < sl:),)dt = (4.50 W )

0
2 5 0 TI
=> U tot = (4.50 w )— — — e"1 = 0.517 J
.00 Q
L/R
-2(ü/£)/
c) Us = (4 .5 0 W ) J(1 - 2 e <Rn''‘ + )<A

L 2L , L ,
= (4 .5 0 W)| — + — (e - 1) - — (« ^ - 1)

2 50 H
=> C/. = (4.50 W ) —--------(0.168) = 0.236 J.
* 8.o o a
The energy dissipated over the inductor (part (a)), plus the energy lost over the resistor
(part (c)), sums to the total energy output (part (b)).

r
\r r 1 r 2 1 r £ 2 1 / A -1 / ' A TT f 60 V '
3 0 .56: a )U = - L L 2 = - L = - ( 0 .1 6 0 H) = 5.00 xlO '3 J.
2 0 2 ,2 4 0 a J

b) i = ± e -(R,L)í = > - = - — i => = L — = - R i7 = f - e - * * ' *

R dt L dt dt

dU L (60 V ) - 2 ( 2 4 0 / 0 .1 6 0 X 4 .0 0 * 10" 4 )
= - 4 .52 W.
dt 240 Q.

c) In the resistor:

d U * _ ¿ 2 ^ _ ¿ 2 c -2 (S /L )l _ (60 V ) 2 ^ - 2 ( 2 4 0 / 0 . 1 6 0 ) ( 4 .C 0 * 1 Q~4 X = 4 5 2 W
dt R 2 4 0 O.

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 d) Ps (t) = i !R = ^ c - ' KRIÍV

=¿ re ™ =f ! A = ( 6 o v ) ’ ( a i 6 Q H ) = 5 0 0 x J 0 -3
R 2R 2 (2 4 0 Q ) 2

which is the same as part (a).

30.57: Multiplying Eq. (30.27) by z, yields:

.d i q . .2 . tfz í? da n <1 d
z -------------------------z = z . i— + — ■
— = i. -—Ti-iii 2 _i___
¿í C dt C dt ,2 , dí , 2 C ,

= P « + P í + P c = 0-

That is, the rate of energy dissipation throughout the circuit must balance over all of the
circuit elements.

3T Q_
3 0 .58: a) If t = — => q = Qcos(cot) = Qcos = g eos
T 8 v/2

=> 2 = Q■
2L C

^ =I ^ = I ¿ e y j e W = cv
2 2 2LC 2 2C 2C

0 5T
b) The two energies are next equal when q = —¡= => cot = — => t = —
V2 8 8

3 0 .59: Vc = 1 2 .0 V ;U c = ^ C V ¿ so C = 2U C/V ¿ = 2(0.0160 J ) /( l 2.0 V ) = 222 p F

f 1 , 1__
2 W Z c S° (2izf) 7 C

/ = 3500 Hz gives L = 9.31/tE

3 0 .6 0 : a ) K = — = 6,0 - 10 ,C = 0 .0 2 4 0 V .
C 2 .5 0 x ] 0 ’ 4 F
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3 0 .6 1 : T h e en ergy d en sity in the sun sp ot is u B = B 7/ 2 p 0 = 6 .3 6 6 x 104J /m 3.

The total energy stored in the sunspot is UB = uBV.

The mass of the material in the sunspot is m = pV .

K = UB so ~ m y2 - C B; ^ pVv7 = uBV

Tlie volume divides out, and v = y¡2uB / p = 2 x 104m/s

3 0 .62: (a) The voltage behaves the same as the current. Since Va ce z, the scope must be
across the 150 Q resistor.

(b) From the graph, as t —>co, VR —> 25V, so there is no voltage drop across the
inductor, so its internal resistance must be zero.

when t = r , Va = (1 ~ ) - 0 .6 3 1 ^ . From the graph, when

V = 0.63 = 16V, t ~ 0.5 ms = z

¿ / i ? = 0.5 ms Z, = (0.5 ms) (150D) = 0.075 H

(c) Scope across the inductor:

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 25 V

3 0 .63: a) In the R-L circuit the voltage across the resistor starts at zero and increases to
the battery voltage. The voltage across the sol eno id (inductor) starts at the battery voltage
and decreas es to zero. In the graph, the voltage drops, so the oscilloscope is across the
so leño id.

b) A t t —>co the current in the circuit approaches its final, constant valué. The voltage
doesn’t go to zero because the solenoid has some resistance Z?£ .The final voltage across
the solenoid is 1RL, where í is the tinal current in the circuit

c) The emf o f the battery is the initial voltage across the inductor, 50 V. Just after the
switch is cío sed, the current is zero and there is no voltage drop across any of the
resistance in the circuit.

d) As t —>co, e - IR - IR l = 0

s = 50 V and from the graph I RL = 15 V (the final voltage across the inductor), so

/ R = 35 V a n d / = (35 V )/R = 3.5 A

e) I R l = 15 V , so Rl = (15 V )/(3.5 A) = 4.3Q.

£ - V l —iR = 0, where VL includes the voltage across the resistance of the solenoid

VL = s - iR, ¿ = - ^ ( 1 - ) , so VL = £[1 - - A . ( 1 - e - " ' )]

K to\ A tot

£ = 50 V , R = 1 0 Q ) Rlot = 1 4 .3 O, so when t = r , Vt = 27.9 V

From the graph, VL has this valué when t = 3.0 ms (read approximately Irom the
graph), so z = L /R tot = 3 .0 ms. Then L = (3.0 ms)(14.3 £X) = 43 mH.

30 .6 4 : (a) Initially the inductor blocks current through it, so the simplified equivalent
circuit is

¿ = 0 .3 3 3 A

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 Vl = (100 a )(0 .3 3 3 A ) = 33.3 V
V4 = (50 O )(0 3 3 3 A ) = 16 7 V
V: = 0 since no current flows through iL
V2 = V 4 = 16.7 V (inductor in parallel with 50 0 resistor)
Ái = Á l = 0.333 A , Á2 = 0

(b) Long after S is closed, steady State is reached, so the inductor has no potential
drop across iL Simplified circuit becornes

•iiiNit ►

jo y —
■so o " -'JV —

50 V
i = s /R = = 0.385 A
130n
V{ = (1 00Q )(0.385 A) = 38.5 V ; V2 = 0
Vl = V4 = 5 0 V - 38.5 V = 11.5 V
11 5 V
í. = 0.385 A,z'? = — 1----- = 0.153 A
1 75 0 .

50 0

30 .6 5 : a) Just after the switch is closed the voltage V5 across the capacitor is zero and there
is also no current through the inductor, so V3 = 0 .V 2 + V3 = V 4 = V 5, and since
V5 = 0 and Vi = 0, V4 and V2 are also zero. V4 = 0 means reads zero.

V[ then must equal 40.0 V , and this means the current read by A[ is
(40.0 V )/(5 0 .0 O ) = 0.800 A

A2 + A^-v A4 = A[, bui A2 = A: = 0 so A4 = Aí = 0.800 A

A[ = A 4 = 0.800 A ; all other ammeters read zero.

Vl = 40 .0 V and all other voltmeters read zero.

b) After a long time the capacitor is fiilly charged so A4 = 0 . The current throug
the inductor isn’tchanging, so V2 = 0. Ih e currents can be calculated from the equivalent
circuit that replaces the inductor by a short-circuiL:

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 50.0 £
— A'VV vV W
4 0 .:; v
< <
100.0 >
“ >

/ = (40.0 V )/(83.33 Q.) = 0.480 A; Ál reads 0.480 A

Vv = 1 (5 0 .0 Q.) = 24.0 V

The voltage across each parallel branch is 4 0.0 V - 24.0 V = 16.0 V

V2 = 0 ,K 3 = V4 = V 5 = 1 6 .0 V

= 16.0 V means A2 reads 0.160 A. V4 = 16.0 V means A3 reads 0.320 A. A4 reads zero.
Note that Á2 + Á 3 = Ar
c) V5 = 16.0 V so Q = C V = (12.0 /¿ F )(l6.0 V ) = 192 ¿íC

d) A t t = 0 and t —>co, = 0. As the cuirent in this branch increases from zero to

0.160 A the voltage V2 reflects the rate o f change o f current

/ \
\
/

3 0 .66: (a) Initially the capacitor behaves like a short circuit and the inductor like an open
circuit. The simplified circuit becornes

7 5 V — 1—

v[ = Ri = (50 Q )(0.50 A ) = 25.0 V

K3 = 0, V4 = (100 n )(0 .5 0 A) = 50.0 V
V2 = V4 (in parallel) = 50.0 V
A1 = A 5 = 0 .5 0 0 A , A2 = 0

(b) Long after S is closed, capacitor stops all current Circuit becomes

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75 V - = r 7 5 11I

K3 = 7 5 .0 V an d a ll other m eters r e a d zero.

(c) q = C V = (75 nF)(75 V ) = 5630 nC, long after S is closed

3 0 .67: a) Just after the switch is closed there is no cuirent through either inductor and
they act like breaks in the circuit. The current is the same through the 40.0 £2 and 15.0 £2
resistors and is equal to (25.0 V )/(4 0 .0 f i + 15.0 £2) = 0.455 A. A¡ = Á4 = 0.455 A;
a 2 = A3 = 0.

b) After a long time the cuirents are constant, there is no voltage across either inductor,
and each inductor can be treated as a short-circuit. The circuit is equivalent to:

4 1 .0 £

AAA —

.2 5 .0 v
%
5 .0 . > 10.0
o > íi

/ = (25.0 V )/(4 2 .7 3 £2) = 0.585 A

A¡ reads 0.585 A. The voltage across each parallel branch is 25.0 V - (0.585 A )(40.0 £2)

1.60 V. A2 reads (1.60 V )/(5 .0 £2) = 0.320 A. reads (1.60 V )/10.0 £2) = 0.160 A. A4
reads (1.60 V ) /(15.0 £1) = 0.107 A.

3 0 .68: (a)z = L jR = = 0.40 ms since 0.50 s » r, steady State has been reached, for
all practical purposes.

i = s/R = 50 V /2 5 £1 = 2.00 A
The upper limit of the energy that the capacitor can get is the energy stored in the
inductor initially.

U c = U L -> ^ -» = i* J I c

Qmsx = (2-00 A ) ^/(10xl0~3H ) ( 2 0 x 1 0 '* F ) = 0 .9 0 x 1 0 '3 C

(b) Eventually all the energy in the inductor is dissipated as heat in the resistor.

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U R = UL = l- L i ¡ = 1 ( 1 0 x 1 0 - 3H ) ( 2 .0 0 A )2

= 2 .0 x 1 0 ’! J

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 (c)
1

'0
\
\ y\
\ / V /

3 0 .69: a) At t = 0,all the current passes through the resistor so the voltage is the
total voltage of 60.0 V.

b) Point a is at a higher potential than point b. c) vC(J = 60.0 V since there is no

curreni through R2.
d) Point c is at a higher potential than point b.
e) After a long time, the switch is opened, and the inductor initially maintains the

current of z' = — = = 2.40 A. Therefore the potential between a and b is

*7 R2 25.0Q .
vQb= - zR, = - (2.40 A ) (40.0 O ) = - 96.0 V.
f) Point b is at a higher potential than point a.
g) Vcá = - + R2) = - (2.40 A ) (40 O + 25O ) = - 1 5 6 V
h) Point ¿ is at a higher potential than point c.

3 0 .70: a) Switch is closed, then at some later time:

— = 50 .0 A/s =>Val= L — = (0.300 H ) (50.0 A /s) = 15.0 V.

dt di

Ih e top circuit loop: 60.0 V = z, R. => z, = = i .50 A.

1 1 1 4 0 .0 ¡Tí
45 0 V
The bottom loop: 60 V - L R , - 15.0 V = 0 => L = — = 1.80 A
2 2 2 25.0 O

b) After a long time: z2 = ^ ^ = 2.40 A , and immediately when the switch is

opened, the inductor maintains this current, so i[ = z2 = 2.40 A

3 0 .71: a) Immediately after Sl isclosed, z0 = 0, vac = 0, and vcb = 36.0 V , since the
inductor stops the current flow.

b) After a long time, L = — —— = --------------- = 0.180 A ,

Rq + R 5 0 0 + 1500
Vac = íor o = (0.18 A ) (50 O ) = 9.00 V , and vcb = 36.0 V - 9.00 V = 27.0 V.

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 C) Í(t) = — (1 - e - (s^ /L)í) => i(t) = (0.180 A ) (1 - <fC50j_,)/),
R total

y j t y = m R0 = (9.00 V ) (l —e and

v * ( t ) = a - i(t) Rq = 36 .0 V - (9.00 V )(l —e - ( 5 0 J )/ |_

Below are the graphs of current and voltage found above.

«0 I\v

: :
4 0 .0 ...................................... .................. ...................................... :
f
.'>0.0 ......... •...... «..........i..... ............*....... ............ i

2 0 .0 i:
:i
10.0

0.0 ____ [;_________ ;_

I9IXI 0 .0 4 O .u* U. 12 0 .1 0 020
ÍU J

3 0 .72: a) Immediately afler S 7 is closed, the inductor maintains the current i = 0.180 A
through R. The KirchofFs Rules around the outside of the circuit yield:
e + e L - i R - i0R 0 = 36.0 V 4- (0.18) (150) - (0.18) (150) - z0(50) = 0

i0 = = 0.720 A , = (0 .7 2 A ) (50 V ) = 36.0 V and vcí = 0.

5 0 fí
b) After a long time, = 3 6 .0 V , and vcb = 0. Thus
£ 36.0 V
= 0.720 A,
v Rt 50Q .
iR = 0, and isj = 0.720 A

c) L = 0.720 A , i J t ) = - ^ e ~(s/L)í = > U t ) = (0.180 A > " cl2 5s", ) í , and

Rtotal

í„ (í) = (0.720 A ) - (0.180 Á)e~®í , ‘~v = (0.180 A ) (4 - e_(l? 5í' "

Below are the graphs of currents found above.

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 fl.RO

0.60

<0 <A> 0.40

0.20

0.00
0.00 I).I>1 003 0 .1 ' (1.16 o
f(s j

>{*>

3 0 .73: a) Just afler the switch is closed there is no cuirent in the inductors. There is no
current in the resistors so there is no voltage drop across either resistor. A reads zero and
V reads 20.0 V.
b) Afler a long time the currents are no longer changing, there is no voltage across
the inductors, and the inductors can be replaced by short-circuits. The circuit becomes
equivalent to

5 0 .0 í i

.2 0 .0 V

25 .0 n
I a = (20.0 V ) /( 7 5 .0 n ) = 0.267 A

Tbe voltage between points a and b is zero, so the voltmeter reads zero.
c) Use the results of problem 30.49 to combine the inductor network into its
equivalent:
12.0 mi I

l s -°x => 21.O Í 10 3 fe.

m il £
IX.Omlljo m il
> h n.llg
15.0 mH

R = 75.0 Q is the equivalent resistance.

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 Eq.(30.14) says i = (s /R )( 1 - e~¡h\ with z = L / R = ( 10.8 m H )/(75.0 Q ) = 0.144 ms
£ = 20.0 V ,R = 75.0 O, t = 0.115 ms, so i = 0 .1 47A
VR = iR = (0.147 A )(75.0 í i ) = 11.0 V
20.0 V - VR - VL = 0 so VL = 20.0 V - Vfl = 9.0 V

3 0 .7 4 : (a) Steady State: i = — = — = 0.600 A

R 125 n
(b) Equivalent circuit:

1 _ 1 1
C , ~ 25 ¿JF 35/JF
C s = 14.6/iF

i - 0 160 A

Energy conservad on:

q = i0 J L C = (0.600 A ) ^/(20 x 10’ 3H ) (14.6 x Í O ^ F )

= 3.2 4 x 10 '4 C

t = - T = - (Ik J l C ) = - JL C
4 4 2

í = -|\/C2 0 x 1 0 '3H) (14.6 x 10 'SF ) = 8.49 x 1 0 '4s

3 0 .7 5 : a ) Using Kirchhoff’s Rules: e - = 0 => z, = — ,and

Rt

s - A - i 7 R ,= d ^ i 2 ^ { \ - e ^ ) .
at A2

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 b) After a long time, iL = — still, and z2 = —
Rl *2

c) After the switch is opened, i = z2 = — e {{R> , and the current drops off.
^2
r 2 (120 v ) 2
d) A 40-W light bulb implies R = — = ^ ^ = 360 ¿ l l f the switch is opened,

and the current is to fall from 0.600A to 0.150 A in 0.0800 s,

e-tír^ Sj)/L)t
then:z'2z = (0.600 A)e~((s^ rjid , ^=> 0.150 A = (0.600 A)e~cc
A ye -K*>*+W fiiw .o*o,)
22.0 H
ln(4.00) = 360 Q. + =>R 2 = 21.0 Q.
0.0800 *
=> ¿ - i2 R2 - (0.600 A )(21.2 Ll) - 12.7 V.

e) Before the switch is opened, L = — = = 0.0354 A

0 i?, 3600

__ _ - . dz¡ di’) di i , dz".? _ di

3 0 .76: Series:Z, — 4Z? — 4- M„, — 4- A il2 ——= ¿ — .
1 dt 7 dt A dt 12 ^ dt
„ dz" dz, di0 . ,, ,, ,,
But i = i, 4- i, => — = —- 4- — - and M , 0 = =M .
1 5 dt dt dt 15 51

So (L, + ¿ , + 2 M )— = L — ,
1 2 dt ^ dt
or Z^ = Z, 4Z2 + 2M .

Parallel: W e have Z, — 4- Ail2 = Z„ —

1 di 12 di ** dt
, r dio t r di, r di
and Lo —- 4- M 0>—- = Z¿„ — ,
2 dt 21 dt « dt

with — 4- — = — and Af12 = M n = Ai.

dt dt dt 12 -1

To simplify the algebra let A = — , 5 = — , and C = — .

dt dt dt
So L VÁ +MB = L ^ Q L 2B +MA =ZcqC , A 4- B = C.
Now solve for A and B in terms of C.
=> (Z, - A i)d 4- (Ai -Z 2)Z = 0 using ^ = C - 5.
=> (Z, - A f ) ( C - S ) + ( A i - Z 2)Z = 0
=> (Z ,- M ) C - ( Z j - A i) S + (Ai -Z 2) S = 0

=> (2M - I , - ¿ 5) 5 = (M -X ,)C =* 5 = C.

(Z A f - Z j - Z 2 )

But A = C - B = C - C jj-jú g -
(2A / - Z, - Z2) (2A / - Z , - Z 2)

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or A = — — — —— C . Substitute A in S b ack into original equation.
2M —L { —L 2
So L ¡ ( M - L 2) C ... M ( M - A ) c =¿ c
2M - - 4 (2A/ - - 4 ) 0(1

- c = ¿ c
2 M - - 4 05

_. „
Finally, L
, 4 4 - M2
= — — -----------
^ L{ +L 7 - 2 M

3 0 .77: a) Using KirchhofPs Rules on the top and bottom branches of the circuit:

í - ¿ , 4 - L ^ - = 0 = > il = — ( l - e <a',L)‘ ).
dt 4

a - Í.R , - 32. = 0 =* - ^ 4 - h . = o ^ is = J - e O / V X )
C dt c r 2

-ClfRjOt'
=><li = C h d t’ 4 - — R?Ce = eC Q .-e -<llR’c '").
Kr,

b) ¡ (0 ) = — (1 - e° ) = 0, L = — e ° = = 9.60 x 10“3 A.
1 i?, 5 4 5000 Q.

c ) As t —><x> :¿.(co)= — (1 - e~°) =■— = — — ^ = 1 .9 2 A , L = ——e ~” = 0.

4 4 2 5 .0 Í Í 4
A good definition of a “long time” is many time constants later.
£■ _ _
d) í, = 4 => — (1 - e WL)‘ ) = — => (1 - g-'1'./'-") = ^ L e - C V « 7C )/
«i i?
2 3
X X
Expanding the exponentials like £* = 1 + * + — + — + -- -,w e find :

A
1-
L 2 z 4 2¿?2C 2

4- 0 ( t 2 ) + ■■■ = — , if we have assumed that t « 1. Therefore:

L R ¿C R2

r Z S 2C
--\ f ~ 1 r i '
4 , ( i / ¿ ) + ( i / 4 2C ) ,
(8.0 H )(5000 a ) ( 2 .0 x 10~5F)
=> í = = 1.6x 10'3s.
8 .0 H + (5000 a f (2 .0 xlO ‘ 5F )

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 e ) A t í = 1 .5 7 x 10“3s :¿. = — (1 - e <R‘/L)' ) = í ^ - ( l - e < m )') = 9.4 x 10'3 A.
1 i?, 25 Q.
f) W e want to know when the current is half its final valué. W e note that the current
z2 is very small to begin with, and just gets smaller, so we ignore itand find:

iin = 0 .9 6 0 A = ¡1 = — (1 - e~W í)' ) = (1.92 A )(l - e <Rl/í)‘ ).

/?,

e- ( W = 0500 t = A i „ ( o . 5 ) = S^ - ln(0.5) = 0.22 s

S| 25 £ 2

3 0 .78: a) Using Kirchoffis Rules on the left and right branches:

Left: s - (¿i + i2) R - ¿ A = 0=> R (i + i2) + L — = s.

dt dt

Right: £ - (i, + i2) R - ^ ■= 0 => R(it + i2) + ^ = e.

b) Initially, with the switch just closed, i{ = 0,z2 = — and q 2 = 0.

R
c) The substitution of the Solutions into the circuit equations to show that they satisfy
the equations is a somewhat tedious exercise in bookkeeping that is left to the reader.
We will show that the initial conditions are satisfied:

A t t = 0,# 2 = — e~5' sin(ttí) = — sin(0) = 0

coR coR

(t) = — (1 - e~&i[(2coRC)~[ sin(ú;í) -l- cos(cüí)] => (0) = — (1 - [cos(0)]) = 0.

R R

d) When does z2 first equal zero? co = —---------?— T = 625 rad/s

L C (I R C )

¿2(í) = 0 = — e-J,[ - ( 2 caR C y1 sin(fflí) + co s(® í)] => - (2co R C y' tan(cot) + 1 = 0
R
=> tan(ú;í) = 4- 2 coRC = 4- 2(625 rad/s)(400 n )(2 .0 0 x KT6 F) = 4-1.00.

=> cot = arctan(+1.00) = -1- 0.785 => t = — ^ -— = 1.256 x 10”3s.

625 rad/s

3 0 .7 9 : a ) <J>8 = BA = B: A: + ^ ((D -d )W ) (dW) =

w w
lx0 N i [ { D - d ) + K d ]

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 = fi0 N \ (D - d ) +K d] = L0 -L 0 ^ ~ h ~ L«
D

L -L 0
=> d = D , where ¿ 0 = N ¿D , and L f = Kfi0 N 7 D.
Lf - L ,

b) Using K = x m +1 we can find the inductance for any height L = ¿ c

Height of Fluid Inductance of Liciuid Oxygen_____________ Inductance of Mercury

d = D j4 0.63024 H 0.63000 H
d = D /2 0.63048 H 0.62999 H
d = 3D /4 0.63072 H 0.62999 H
d =D 0.63096 H 0.62998 H

Where are used the valúes ( 0 2) = 1.52 x 10 ”3 and (Hg) = - 2.9 x 10 -'1
d) The volume gauge is much better for the liquid oxygen than the mercury because
there is an easily detectable spread of valúes for the liquid oxygen, but not for the
mercury.
V 45 0 V
31.1: a) V = —= = = 3 1 .8 V.

b) Since the voltage is sinusoidal, the average is zero.

3 1.2: a ) / = ^ 2 1 m = ^ ( 2 . 1 0 A ) = 2.9 7 A.

b) / „ = - / “ ■■-(2.97 A ) = 1.89 A.
X X
c) The root-mean-square voltage is always greater than the rectified average, because
squaring the current before averaging, then square-rooting to get the root-mean-square
valué will always give a larger valué than just averaging.

V 60.0 V
31.3: a) V = I X , = IcoL => I = — = = 0.120 A.
<oL (100 rad /s) (5.00 H)

b ) /= • — = ---------- 6 0,0 V---------- = 0.0120 A.

coL (1000 ra d /s) (5.00 H)

c ) / = — = ------------ 6t' ^ V------------ = 0.00120 A.

toL (10,000 rad /s) (5.00 H)

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 1ÜÜ 200 50 0 100 0 2 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 10000
Log M

3 1.4: a ) V = IX C = — => 1 = VcoC = (6 0 .0 V ) (100 rad /s) (2 .2 0 x 1 0 's F ) = 0.0132 A.

fnC
b ) / = VcoC = (6 0 .0 V ) (10000 rad/s) (2 .2 0 x 10"s F ) = 0.1 3 2 A .
c ) / = VcoC = (6 0 .0 V ) (10,000 ra d /s) (2 .2 0 x ÍO ^F) = 1.32 A.
d)
0.1
0 .5

0 .0 5

0 .0 2

i00 200 500 1000 2 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 10000

L og M

31.5: a) X l = cqL = 2jzfL = 2^(80 Hz) (3.00 H ) = 1508 O

X 120 O
b) X r =coL = IjrfL => Z = — ^ = ----------------- = 0.239 H.
2xf 2^(80 Hz)

c) X r = — = — — = -----------------í — = 497 O
coC 2 nfC 2^ (80 Hz) (4.0 x 10 F)

d) X r = — !— = > C = — -— = ---------- í----------- = 1.66x 10”5 F.

c 2xfC 2 rfX c 2^(80 Hz) (120 O)

31.6: a) X L = coL = 2xjL = 2x(60 H z)(0.450 H) = 1 7 0 0 . If / = 600 Hz, X L = 1 7 0 0 0 .

b) X r = — = —^— = ---------------------------- = 1061 O l f / = 600 H z ,X

coC 2 k/C 2 x (6 0 Hz) (2.50 x 10 F)
1 0 6 .1 0

c) X c = X L => —í— = coL => co = J— = . = 943 rad/s,

VZC y (0.450 H ) (2.50 x 10"6 Hz)

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 s o / = 150 H z.

3 1.7: Vc = - T - = > C = = ------- (0'S3°- )------- = 1.32 x 1CT5 F.

coC caVc 2 ^ (6 0 H z ) ( l 7 0 V )

31.8: Vl = I c o L = > / = - ü - = ------------------ (l^ O V )----------- -------= 1 . 6 3 x l 0 6 Hz.

2rd L 2 h ;(2 .6 0 x 1 0 A ) (4 .5 0 x 1 0 H)

3 1.9: a) ¡ W j * ^ rad/s)A ( 0 .0 2 5 3 A ) c o s ( ( 7 2 0 rad/s)í).

b) = < » ¿ = ( 7 2 0 rad/s) ( 0 .2 5 0 H ) = 1 8 0 £ 1

c ) vl = L - = - ( c o l ) ( 0 .0 2 5 3 A ) s in ((7 2 0 rad / s)í) = - ( 4 .5 5 V ) s in ((7 2 0 rad/s)í).

3 1 .10: a) X c = — = í----------- 7— = 1 7 3 6 í l
cüC (120 rad/s) (4.80 x 10"6 F)
b) To find the voltage across the resistor we need to know the current, which can be
found from the capacitor (remembering that it is out of phase by 90° from the capacitores
voltage).
.= = v c o s (£ B í) = (7 .6 0 V ) c o s ( ( l 20 ra d / s )í) = ( 4 J g ^ A )c o s ((, 20 (a á /s )()
Xq Xq 1736£2

=> vs = ¡R = ( 4 .3 8 X 1 0 ’ 3 A ) ( 2 5 0 Q .) c o s (( 1 2 0 ra d / s )í) = (1 .1 0 V ) c o s ((1 2 0 ra d / s)í).

3 1 .1 1 : a ) If (o = (o, = - J = => X = col - — => X = - 7 = 7 = = 0.

4l c coC ¿Ec c ¡4 l c
b) When co > coQ=> X > 0.
c) When co > co0 => X < 0.
d) The graph of X against co is on the following page.

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3 1 .12: a) Z = y¡R7 + (cuL) 7 = ^/(200 ^ ) 2 + ((250 rad/s) (0.400 H))2 = 224
K 30.0 V
b) / = — = -----------= 0.134 A
Z 224fí
c) VR = IR = (0.134 A ) (200 Cl) = 26.8 V;
VL = IcoL = (0.134 A ) (250 rad/s) (0.400 H)
=> VL = 13.4 V.
f
VL
, ^13.4 V
d) <p = arctan = arctan = 26.6% and the voltage leads the current
,25.8 v j
e)

3 1 .13: a) Z = ^ R 7 + (1/ c o C f = ^/(200 + l/((2 5 0 rad/s) (6.00 x 10"6 F))'

= 696 D.
V 30.0 V
b) / = — = ----------= 0.0431 A.
Z 696 D
V = I R = (0.0431 A ) (2 0 0 Q) = 8.62 V;
(0.0431 A)
c ) vpc = - L = 28.7 V.
ú?C (250 rad/s) (6.00 x 10-6 F)
r Vcc r 28.7 V "
d) (¡>= arctan = arctan = - 73.3°, and the voltage lags the current
,8 .6 2 V ,

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e)

//?

3 1 .14: a)

Z = (col - 1 / coC) = (250 rad/s) (0.400 H) - - = 567 Í1

(250 ad/s) (6.00 xlO -6 F)
V 30.0 V
b) I = — = ----------= 0.0529 A.
Z 5 6 1 Q.
c) Vc = IcoL = (0.0529) (250 rad/s) (0.400 H) = 5.29 V
I (0.0529 A)
Vc = = 35.3 V.
coC (250 rad/s) (6.00 x 10 F)

d) (p = arctan 'V l - V c = arctan (-co) = - 90.0°, and the voltage lags the current.
Va
e)

3 1 .15: a)

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 b) The different voltages are:
v = (30.0 V ) cos(250í 4 26.6°), vfl = (26.8 V ) cos(250¿), = (13.4 V )co s(250í 4 90°)
A t t = 20 ms : v = 20.5 V , vfl = 7.60 V , v£ = 12.85 V. Note vfl + = v.

c) A t t = 4 0 ms : v = - 1 5 .2 V , v = - 22.49 V , vL = 7.29 V. Note vR 4 vL = v. Be

careful witli radians vs. degrees in above expressions!

3 1 .16: a)

b) The different voltage are:

v = (30.0 V ) cos(250í - 73.3°), vfl = (8.62 V ) cos(250í), vc = (28.7 V ) cos(250¿ - 90°)
At t = 20 ms : v = - 25.1 V , vfl = 2.45 V , vc = - 27.5 V. Note vfl + vc = v.
c) A t t = 4 0 ms : v = - 22.9 V ,vfl = -7 .2 3 V , vc = - 1 5 .6 V. Note vR 4 vc = v. Careful
with radians vs. degrees!

3 1 .17: a) Z = ^ R 2 4 (o>L - 1 / coC)2

=> Z = 7 (2 0 0 D )2 + ((250 rad/s) (0.0400 H ) - 1/ ((250 rad/s) (6.00 x lO -6 F ))):

= 601 £1
V 30 V
b) / = — = ---------= 0.0499 A.
z 6 01 a
c o L - l/c o C 100 £2 - 667 Q.
c) <p = arctan = arctan = - 70.6% and the voltage lags
R 200 Q
the current
d) VR = IR = (0.0499 A ) (200 Q.) = 9.98 V;

VL = Icol = (0.0499 A ) (250 rad/s)(0.400 H) = 4.99 V;

I (0.0499 A )
Vc = = 3 3 .3 V.
caC (2 5 0 ra d /s) (6 .0 0 x 10 '6 F )

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 e) Because of the charge-storing nature of the capacitor, its voltage will tag the source
voltage. That is, the capacitores voltage will peak after the source voltage.

3 1 .18: a)

The difierent voltages plotted above are:

v = (30 V ) cos(250¿ - 70.6°), v, = (9.98 V ) cos(250í),
vL = (4.99 V ) cos(250¿ + 90°)vc = (33.3 V ) cos(250¿ - 90°).
b) A t í = 20 ms : v = - 24.3 V , vR = 2.83 V ,v ¿ = 4.79 V ,v c = - 3 1 . 9 V.
c) A t ¿ = 4 0 ms : v = - 23.8 V , vfl = - 8.37 V , vL = 2.71 V , vc = - 1 8 .1 V.
In both parís (b) and (c), note that the voltage equals the sum of the other voltages at
the given instanL B e careful with degrees vs. radians!

3 1 .19: a) Current largestat the resonance frequency

/0= í = = 113 Hz. At resonance, X L = X c and Z = R .I = V / R = 15.0 mA

2k \ L C
b) X c = 1 / coC = 5 0 0 Q .;X l = coL = Í60Q .

z = ^¡r 2 + ( x l - x c )2 = (200 a f + (i 6 0 a - 5oo o f = 3 9 4 . 5 n

I = V ¡ Z = 7.61 mA
X c > X L so source voltage lags the current

1 cqL - \ ! ( coC )
3 1 .20: Using Z = AR' :;L - and ó = are tan , along with the
coC R
valúes R = 200 Q L = 0.400 H,and C = 6.00 x 10-6 F :
a) to = 1000 rad/s :Z = 3 0 7 n ,< ¿ = 49.4°;

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 (O = 6 0 0 rad /s : Z = 2 0 4 0 = - 1 0 .7 ° ;
<o = 200 rad/s : Z = 779 Q., 0 = - 7 5.1°.
V
b) The current increases at first, then decreases again since I = — .
<
Z
c) The phase angle was calculated in part (a) for all frequencies.

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 d)

A IX•(/.)

b
tti
/
ix{C) r

e)

3 1 .2 1 : V 7 = V ¡ + (V L - V c ) 7

V = ^ (30.0 V )5 + (5 0 .0 V - 90.0 V )2 = 50 .0 V

3 1 .22: a) First, let us find the phase angle between the voltage and the current

C O Í - - l— 2 ^ (1 .2 5 XlO3 Hz) ( 2 0 .0 x 10 ' 3 H ) - — - - - - - - ‘-t - t - - - '

ta n W = ------------------------------------------ 2 g ( 1 .2 5 * 1 0 H a )(1 4 Q x lQ = > ^ = _ 6 5 > ]o

R 350 a
The impedance of the circuit is

Z=
R 2 + (coL - — f = J ( 3 5 0 £ i)7 = + ( - 1 5 2 0 . ? = 8 3 0 £ 1
V coC
The average power provided by the supply is then
V2 ( 1 20 VV
p = cos(íí) = - = - c o s ( ¿ ) = c o s (-6 5 .1 °) = 7.32 W
Z o iU L ¿

b) The average power dissipated by the resistor is /^ = f ^ R = (350 Q) = 7.32 W

3 1 .23: a) Using the phasor diagratn at right we can see:

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 IR
COS 0 =

R'

1V v
b) P = - — cos<¿ = - ^ eos
' flV 2 Z V Z
V2 R ,

31.24: P... = COS 0 =

z
V j^ K (80.0 V ) o n ) = 43 5 w
Z5 (105 a ) 5 ^ }

R
3 1 .25: a) eos f = — =

R CoL -
coC .

240 a

2^(400 Hz) (0.120 H ) -

2^(400 Hz) (7 .3 0 x 1 0 "* F)

= 0.698
344 n
= eo s'1(0.698) = 45.8°.

b) From ( a \ Z = 344 Q.
c ) F _ = / _ Z = ( 0 .4 5 0 A ) ( 3 4 4 n ) = 155V .
<*) = V n J m < x * * = 0 5 5 V ) (0.450 A ) (0. = 4 8 .7 W.
e) Pr = Pav = 4 8 .7 W.
f) Zero.
a) Zero.

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F o r p u ré c ap ac ito rs a n d in ductors diere is n o a v e ra g e en ergy flow .

3 1 .26: a) The power factor equals:

a R R (360 Q.) Alt?1
eos <p = — = = = v 7 = = 0.181.
Z ^ R2 + (ü iL f y¡ ( 360 + (((2nr)60 rad7s) (5 .2 0 H))2
b)
Pav= i - — c o s 0 = - =(2 4 0 V j= _ ( a ¡( 8 ] ) = 2 62 w
2 Z 2 ^ (3 6 0 í l f + (((2íc)60 rad/s) (5.20 H))2

3 1 .27: a) At the resonance frequeney, Z = R.

V = IZ = IR = (0.500 A ) (300 Q) = 150 V
b )V R = IR = 150 V

X l = coL = L ( 1/ - J I c = J L / C = 2 5 8 2 £2; VL = I X L = 1 2 9 0 V

= l/(coC ) = J Ü C = 2582 £2;

Vc = IX c = 1290 V
c) =i^ cos(í = ^ / 2 i?, since V = IR ándeos^ = l a t resonance
Pav = \ (0.500 A )2 (3 0 0 D ) = 37.5 W

3 1 .28: a) The amplitude of the current is given by

— i -

Thus, the current will have a máximum amplitude when

°} L = - k = ' C = ± = ( 5 0 . 0 , = 4 4 4 &
b) With the capacitance calculated above we find that Z = R , and the amplitude
of the current is / = j = = 0.300 A. Thus, the amplitude of the voltage across the
inductor is V = I(coL) = (0.300 A ) (50.0 rad/s) (9.00 H) = 135 V.

3 1 .29: a) At resonance, the power factor is equal to one, because the impedance of the
£
circuit is exactly equal to the resistance, so — = 1.

b) Average power: Pm = * 003 = — ^ = 75 W .

} 5 H R 2 150Í2
c ) If the capacitor is changed, and then resonance is again attained, the power
factor again equals one. The average power still has no dependence on the capacitor, so
Pav = 75 W agaÍlL

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3 1 .3 0 : a ) = = 1 5 .4 x 103 r a d / s .
^LC ^ (0 .3 5 0 1 1 )(l.2 0 xlO "8 F
/
b) Vc = — =>1 = Vc coC = (550 V )(1 5 .4 x 1 o 3 r a d /s )(l.2 0 x 10 ' 8 F ) = 0.102 A
coC
V_
maxysouyce. = IR = (0.102 A ) (400 £3)= 40.8 V.

3 1 .31: a) At resonance:

■/LC ^'(0.400 H )(6 .0 0 x 10-6 F

coo = 645.5 rad/s =>103 H z.
b)

V
V
30.0 V 2 V j =
V
L ¿
Knm _ 21.2 V
c ) Vl = V UD2\30UXCe\
t = £^ J 1 = 2 1 s l

>¡2 y¡2 “ Z 5 200 ^

= 0.106 A
Vi = I ^ coqL = (0.106 A ) (645.5 rad/s) (0.400 H )= 27.4 V.

V3 = ^ = ------------ ( ™ _ A ) — =27A V = V
co0C (645.5 rad/s) (6 .0 0 x 1 0"6 F )
V4 = 0 , since the capacitor and inductor5s voltages cancel each other.
V 30 V
V5 = VrmsX
/ source 2 1. 2 V .
a/2
d) If the resistance is changed, that has no affect upon the resonance ff equency:
co0 = 645.5 rad/s => 103 Hz
v V 21 2 V
e )
) /
nn, = ! j = s.
z i™ . = = 0.212 A .
i? 100 n

3 1 . 3 2 : a ) *>0 = = 9 4 5 rad/s.
^ (0 .2 8 0 H )(4 .0 0 x 1 0 '6 f )
K 120 V
b) 1 = 1.20 A at resonance, so: R = Z = — = ---------- = 70.6 Q.
I 1.70 A
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 c) Atresonance:
» U ( * ) = 1 20 V , Kpsak( ¿ ) = V ^ { C ) = I c o L = (1.70 A )(9 4 5 rad /s)(0.280 H)
= 450 V.

3 1 .33: a) ^-L = — = 10.

Nr 12
V 12 0 V
b) / = - ™ . = JZ U v = 2 .4 0 A
1103 R 5.00 Q.

c) (2.40 A ) ( l 2.0 V )= 28.8 W .

V (120 v ) 2
d) R = = 500 Q. , and note that this is the same as
28.8 W

N V ^120
(5.00 £2) — !- = (5 .0 0 £2) = 5 0 0 £2.
12.0

3 1 .3 4 : a ) ^ = ^ = 108.
AT, 120
b) P = /,K j = (0.00850 A ) (13000 v)= 110.5 W .

c ) / , = / 2 - ^ r = (0 .0 0 8 5 0 A )(l0 8 )= 0 .9 1 8 A .

AT, _ i?, 1 2 .8 x 1 0 £2
3 1 .3 5 : a ) i?, = = 40.
AT2 II S j \l 8.00 £2

b ) V2 = Vt = (60.0 V )— = 1.50 V
v 40

3 1 .3 6 : a ) = J r * +(1f a C f

b) Zm b = ^ R i + ( a L f
c ) If Z bjvcícs = Z v(oofr?, then the current splits evenly through each branch.
d) A t the cr os sover point, where currents are equal:
1

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 4 8 .0 £2
tan(5 2.3 c) = 0 .1 2 4 H.
2 *:(8 0 H z)

3 1 .3 8 : a ) I f co = 2 0 0 ra d / s : Z = -¡R 7 + ( « ¿ - 1 / ú jC ) 1

Z = \/(200 d f + ((2 0 0 rad /s) ( 0 .4 0 0 H ) - l / ( ( 2 0 0 r a d / s )(6 .0 0 x 1 0 '6 F = 179 0 ,

V 30 V 1
/ = — = -----------= 0 .0 3 8 5 A = > / - - = - 0 .0 2 7 2 A .
Z 7 7 9 £2 ^

So. ^ = ( 0 .0 2 7 2 A ) ( 2 0 0 £ 2 ) = 5 .4 4 V ,

^ = 4 n , * £ = /m coZ. = ( 0 .0 2 7 2 A ) ( 2 0 0 rad /s) ( 0 .4 0 0 H ) = 2 .1 8 V ,

y _ J _
( 0 .0 2 7 2 A )
~ n m ___ ___________________ ______________
-6
, p l
l= 2 2 .7 V ,
3 ™ c coC (200 rad/s) (6.00 x10
K4 = K3 - V7 = 22.1 y - 2.18 V = 20.5 V ,an d V5 = £jna = V = 21 .2 V.
b) If tt> = 1000 rad/s, using the same steps as above in part
(a): Z = 307£»,K 1 = 13.8 V , V7 = 27.6 V , V3 = 1 1 .5 V , F4 = 16.1 V , K5 = 2 ] .2 V.

O
3 1 .39: a) / rav = 0 when cot = (n + l/2 )x => ¿, = , t7 = t7 íj -
2 a: 2 co
2/ 2/
b) f 7idt = f 7/ eos(cot)dt = — sin(ú)í) = — [sin(3;r/2)- sin(?r/ 2)] =
h co a? a?
since it is rectified
2/ (o 21 21

¿Ü 71 (O X

XL 250 0
3 1 .40: a) X l = (o L ^ > L = = 0.332 O
(o 2;r(l20 Hz

b) Z = y ¡R ^ x J = (400 n ) 2 + (250 O f = 472 Q , eos <!>= — .

Z"
R
P. = V =z J— = (4 7 2 O ) V.
Z Z “ \R V ; V 400n

3 1 .4 1 : a) If the original voltage was lagging the circuit current, the addition of an
inductor will help it “catch up,” since a puré L R circuit would have the voltage
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 leading. This will increase the power factor, because it is largest when the current
and voltage are in phase.
b) Since the voltage is lagging, the impedance is dominated by acapacitive element so
we need an inductor such that X L = AT0, where X 0 is the original capadtively dominated
reactance (this could include inductors, but the capacitors “win”).
R = 0.720 Z = 0.720(60.0 Q )= 43 .2 Q.

=> Z = y¡R7 + X 7C => X 0 = >¡Z7 - R 7 = 7 (6 0 £ Í f - (43.2 a )7 =41.6 a

41 .6 Q.
X . = X r = 4 1 .6 0 . = co L = > L = - , , = 0.132 H
L c co 2^(50 Hz)

AJ. 7 _ ^ _ 24QV = 80.0 D = y¡R7 + X 7C = t J r 2 + (50.0 Q j2. Thus,

M . Z, - 3 .0 0 A

R = 7 (8 0 .0 Q )7 - (50.0 Q) 7 = 62.4 . The average power supplied to this circuit is

equal to the power dissipated by the resistor, which is
P = I^muR = (3.00 A )5 (62.4 Q)= 562 W

3 1 .4 3 : a ) co0 = l /V ¿ C = 3 1 6 2 rad /s; co = 2ú>0 = 6324 rad/s

= © L = 3 1 .6 2 Q ; Afc = l/(eoC )= 7.906 £2

Z= + (X L - X CJ = X L - X c = 23.71 D.
I = Vjz = (5.00X 1 0 '3v )'(2 3 .7 1 Q)= 2 .1 0 8 xlO "4 A
Vc = I X c = 1.667 x 10 ”3 V; this is the máximum voltage across the capacitor.
Q = c v c = (20.0 x 1 0 "‘f ) ( i .6 6 7 xlO "3 v ) = 3 3 .3 4 nC
b) In p art(a) we found 7 = 0 . 2 1 1 mA
c ) X L > X c and R = 0 gives that the source and inductor voltages are in phase;
the voltage across the capacitor lags the source and inductor voltages by 180°.

' 1 ^ r 2 ^ X
3 1 .44: a) X Lj = co2L = 2co{L = 2 9 A Y — s —1 = 4 , and so the
, « 2C ,
C’ * c ,

inductores reactance is greater than that of the capacitor.

co{L 1 ' 1 XL 1
b) X . = coX = r 1= —X r =>— - = —, and so the
1 > ,C , ,9a>3c J 9 1 9
capacitor5s reactance is greater than that o f the inductor.
c ) Since X L = X c at col , that is the resonance frequency.

31 .4 5 : VM = M + V l = I J R U & L ? = J r * + ( a> L f

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 v, ^R 7 + (coL -l/co C )‘
v , R coR
It co is small: ~ coRC.
K <jR7 + (i/co C f tJco7 R7 + (l¡ c f

If co is large: « V l^ ) _ j

31 .4 6 : Voüt= V c = — ^ ^
K u C t J r 2 + (c o L - l/c o C j
V_..t l l
If tü is large:
K coC ^ R 7 + (co l-1/co C ) 2 coC^]{coLf (¿ C V
V. coC
If cu is small: = 1.
^ ú?Cy(l/ct?C)2

K K
3 1 .47: a) / = - = - .
z t J r 7 + (coL-l¡coC ) 7
'V ' 7
V 7 R/2
b) p , = ! / * « = ! R=
' " 2 2 zR7 + (co L -l/co C )7 '
c) The average power and the current amplitude are both greatest when the

denominator is smallest, which occurs for co0L =

co0C ■Jl c '
{íO O V f Í 2 0 0 a ) /2
d) P„ =
(200 P Íf + (to(2.00 H ) - l /t o (5 .0 0 x 1 0 ^ F
25o>-
=> P... =
40,000co7 + {ico 7 - 2,000,000j

A n g u la r íie q u e u c y (r a d /s )

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 Note that as the angular frequency goes to zero, the power and current are zero,
justas they are when the angular frequency goes to infmity. This graph exhibits the same
strongly peaked nature as the light red curve in Fig. (31.15).

VcoL VcoL
3 1 .48: a) VL = Icoco =
Z y¡R2 + (coL - 1/coCj
I I 1
b) Vc =
coC coCZ coC^R 2 ^ (c o L - l/c o C f '

Iiufiitíor volui"?

OJIO 2.<Kk+ii:« 4.<iCv+<):*

AnJul.K ffCíp.-noy Alj.ul.ilt'uVJlKiüL')'

d) When the angular frequency is zero, the inductor has zero voltage while the
capacitor has voltage of 100 V (equal to the total source voltage). At very high
frequencies, the capacitor voltage goes to zero, while the inductores voltage goes to 100

V. A t resonance, co0 = J — = 1000 ra d /s, the two voltages are equal, and are a
\L C
máximum, 1000 V.

31 .4 9 : a)U B = l- L ? => {U B) = | X ( í 5) = | I I J = \ l = ± L I\
4i. 4

u E= \ c v^ ( p K) = \ c ( / ) = \ c v J = \ c = -C V \
2 % 2 42. 4
b) Using Problem (31.47a):

V IV
( u b) = - l i 7 =- l
\ 8/ 4 4
y /?5 + (co L -\ /iü C )‘
Using Problem (31.47b):
, . 1 , 1 V 2__________ ... V 2 __________
' E> 4 c 4 ' co2 C 7 ( r 2 + (c o L -l/c o C y ) 4co7 c ( r 2 + {coL -l/co C )7)'
c) Delow are the graphs of the magnetic and electric energies, the top two showing the
general features, while the bottom two show the details cióse to angular frequency equal
to zero.

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 d) When the angular frequeney is zero, the magnetic energy stored in the inductor is
zero, while the electric energy in the capacitor is UE = C V 7 ¡ 4 . As the frequeney goes to
infinity, the energy noted in both inductor and capacitor go to zero. The energies equal
LV_
each other at the resonant frequeney where co; = and Ug = U s =
4 ¡jc 4R‘

M iijii ie li t e n e r g y

A n g u la r [rci|iiKiicy A ngular frequeney

A n gular lrcciiiciny A n g u la r fw q n en cy

3 1 .50: a) Since the voltage drop between any two points mustalways be equal, the
parallel LRC circuit must have equal potential drops over the capacitor, inductor
and resistor, so vR = vL = vc = v. Also, the sum o f currents entering any junction
must equal the current leaving the junction. Therefore, the sum of the currents in
the branches must equal the current through the source: i = iR + iL 4 - ic .

«io v I
/ ¡(R)
-<-------

1 <ÍL)
r
b) iR = y is always in phase with the voltage. iL = lags the voltage by 9 0 ° , and
ic = vcoC leads the voltage by 90°.
c) From the diagram.

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 1 1 V
3 1 .51: a) At resonanee, co: = — => co0C = -------=> I c = Vco: C = ------- = I L so I = I R
V ¿C coüL co0L
and / is a minimum.
V2 V2
b) Kv = eos ó = — at resonance where R < Z so power is a máximum.
Z R
c) A t co = co0 , / and V are in phase, so the phase angle is zero, which is the same as a
series resonance.

r- V 311V
3 1 .52: a) V = V2K , = 311 V ; I R= — = ----------= 0.778 A.
} “ R R 4 00 a
b) I c = V eoC = (311 V ) (360 rad/s) (6.00 x 10 -6 f ) = 0.672 A .

c) <p = arctan V = arctan

0.672 A %
0.778 A /
= 4 0 .8 ° , leading the voltage.

d) / = , / / s2 + l c 2 = 7 (0 .7 7 8 A )2 + (0.672 A )2 = 1.03 A .
e) Leads since > 0.

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 c) co O : I c —> 0; I L —>co. co —>co; I c —» co; I L —» 0.
A t low frequencies, the current is not changing much so the inductores back-emf
doesn’t “resist.” This allows the current to pass fairly freely. However, the current in the
capacitor goes to zero because it tends to “fill up” over the slow period, making it less
effective at passing charge.
Athigh ffequency, the induced emf in the inductor resists the violentchanges and
passes little current The capacitor never gets a chance to fill up so passes charge freely.

d) a ? = —1 = 1 — = 1 0 0 0 ra d /s e c = > / = 159 Hz
4 Ic y j ( 2 . 0 H) ( 0 . 5 0x l 0 ~6 f )

e) ' = , - + (V c o C -^ -f
coL

100V
(100 V )(l 000 s '1)(0 .50 X 10 '6 F ) - = 0.50A
(1 0 0 0 s'‘ )(2.0H )

f) A t resonance I L= I c = VcoC = (100 v)(1000 s~‘ )(0 .5 0 x lo -4 F ) = 0.05 A and

k = io o v = 0 5 0 a
R 200 £2

3 1 .54: a) Note that as co —> co, co L —> co an d » 0. Thus, at high frequencies the
co C
current through Ri is nearly zero and the power dissipated by the circuit is

p = K L = (240V¿ = L44kW.
R2 40 .0 Q.

b) Now we let co —» 0 , and so o L —> 0 a n d ------- » co. Thus, at low frequencies the
co C
current through R7 is nearly zero and the power dissipated by the circuit is
p = K „ L= (24 o y ^ _ = Q 96Q kW
R, 60.0 Q.

3 1 .55: Connect the source, capacitor, resistor, and inductor in series.

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 =^ c o s , ^ Z = ^ V ^ ° - 56°> = 36.7 Q
3 1 .56: a) Z PQV (220 W )
=> R = Z c o s <j> = (3 6 .7 £ T )(0 .5 6 0 ) = 2 0 .6 Í 1

b) Z = t¡R 7 4- x L
‘ 2 = X L = 4 z l - R L = 7 (3 6 .7 Q )2 - (20.6 O f = 30.4 a But at
^ = 0 this is resonance, so the inductive and capacitive reactances equal each other. So:

= — = > C = ^ — = ----- ------= --------------- í--------------- = 1.05x10"* F .

coC coXc 2x f X c 2 k: ( 5 0 . 0 H z )( 3 0 .4 ¿ T )

V2 (1 2 0 V ) 2
c) A t resonance, P = — = — = 6 9 9 W.
R 20.6 O

3 1 .57: a) tan (¡>= ^ L ^ => X z = X c -f R tan ó.

= 350 Í2+ (180 Q )ta n (-5 4 °) = 102 Í1

(14° w ) _ o_882 a .
*>) P0 = l L R = > I ^ = ,R
R \ (180 £2)

c /) K
nna
= Ir m, a Z = ¡r mJs R
\
' l + \í XL , - X Cr/f

Km, = (°-882 A )i/(1 SO£2)2 + (102 £2 - 350 ü f = 2 7 0 V.

31 .5 8 : a ) For co = 8 0 0 r a d /s , Z = ^ Jr 2 + ( c o L - Í ¡ coC) 2

=> Z = / ( 5 0 0 £2)2 4 ((800 rad/s)(2.0 H) - 1/((800 rad/s)(5.0 x 10~! F )))5 = 1030 £2

K 100 V
= > / = — = ----------- = 0.0971 A => V . = IR = (0.0971 A )(500£2) = 4 8 .6 V.
Z 1030£2

v = ^ = _______ ° -0971A = 243 V

co C (S 0 0 r a d /s )(5 .0 x l0 '7 F)
V¿ = Icol = (0.0971 A)(8 00 rad / s)(2.00 H) = 15 5 V.

Alsonote c¡>= arctan — — = - 6 0 .9 ° .

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 300
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.0 12.0 14.0
Tim e

b) Repeating exactly the same calculations as above for

co = 1000 ra d /s :Z = R = 500 Q.; = 0.; I = 0.200 A ;V R = V = 100 V ;V C =V .= 400 V.

Tillli:

c) Repeating exactly the same calculations as part (a) for

co = 1 2 5 0 ra d /s : Z = R = 1030 Cl;ó = + 6 0 .9 ° ;/ = 0.0971 A\ VR = 48.6 V ;V C = 155 V; VL = 243 V

3 1 .59: a) Vc = I X c => / = = = 0.75 A

480 n
V 120 V
b) Z = - = ----------= 160 £1
/ 0.75 A

C) z = y ¡ R 2 + ( x L - x c y

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 =>XL = Xc ± 4z 2-R 2 = 480 £2± N
/(l60 O)2 -(80 O)2
=>XL=6\9Cl or 341 £2
d) If co < co0 then X c = —— > X L = coL. For us, X L = 341 Q .if co <co: .
coC

3 1 .60: W e want Pav(co[ ) = máximum, P^(co7 ) = 0.01 P^ico^. Máximum power implies
1
’ =>c- 1 = 2 .8 6 x lO 'IJ F.
VZc Leo2
, (l.O xlO -6 H )[2 ^ 9 4 .1 x 10° Hz)]'
V2 R /2 V-
R ‘ + (c o L -í/c o C )2 100 2 R

( c o L - í / c o C f _ (c o L -\ ¡c o C )
100 R2 = R2 + (o> L- 1/coC)2 ^ R =
\ 99 -J99
/■
1
R= 2 ^ (9 4 .0 x 1 0 ° H z)(1.00x 10”6 H ) -
y¡99 _ 2 ^ (9 4 .0 x 1 0 H z)(2.86x 10
£ = 0.126 0 .

This answer is very sensitive to the capacitance so you may have to carry the first part
of the problem out to more significant figures.

3 1 .61: The average current is zero because the current is symmetrical above and be low
the axis. W e must calcúlate the rms-current:
r/2
41 &
|o^

¿/ 0Vz 4 '
/
II

</2 > =
. 6 , / 3 V3

3 1 .62: a) co0 = — ^ ^= 7 8 6 r a d / s .
y (1 .8 0 H ) ( 9 . 0 0 x l 0 ~ 7 F )

b) Z = ■jR7 4- (coL-\jcoC ) 7

=> Z = ^ ( 3 0 0 O )2 + ( ( 7 8 6 r a d / s ) ( 1 .8 0 H ) - l / ( ( 7 8 6 r a d /s ) ( 9 .0 0 x l0 " 7 F )))2 = 300 O

V 60 V
- - s sl - ---------- 0 .2 0 0 A.
0 z 300 a
c) W e want

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 1 V V_ ? / ? 4K 2
I = —I
2 - o = _™
z l > R 2 4- ( c o L - í / c o C ) 7 = y t *-
y¡R2 + ( c o L - l/c o C /

co7 I ? + “ + * 2- < & - O

co2 C 2 C

2 ¿ 41t7
(c O 2 ) 2 ¿ 2 4 CO' R¿ - — ~ = o .

c r C‘

Substituting in the valúes for this problem, the equation becomes: (co2)2 (3.24) 4
co2 (-4 .2 7 x 106) 4 1 .2 3 x 10 12 = 0.
• • • # # 2 2 5 2 / 2
Solving this quadratic equation in co we find co = 8.90 x 10 rad / s or 4.28 x
103 rad2/ s 2 => co = 943 rad /s or 654 rad/s.
d) (i) R = 300 Q , / nmo = 0.200, |coA- co2|= 289 rad/sec. ii) R = 30 Q, = 2A,

|coi - co21= 28 rad /sec. (iii) i? = 3 Q, = 20A, |coA- co2|= 2.88.

Width gets small er as R gets small er; I gets larger as R gets small er.

V V
3 1 .63: a) A = — = — atresonance since X , = X r .
Z R ¿ c
b) co = co0 + Acó is small compared to co0.

í_
Z = JR ' coL-
coC

1
coL - (co2L C - 1)2.
coC co7r'1.
C
2 1 1 1 L 2¿co
,.4

co: = — so C = . . .Thus
0 LC Ü a¿ co2C 2 {col + 2co0Aco 4 Acó2)
but Acó is very small so
t7 „ 2
1 L 2 co¡ L (o0 -.2 1 - 2 Acó
L2co
co2C 2 (co/ 4- 2co0 Aco) 2Acó co.
co,

Acó Acó' 2Aco Acó

co2¿ C - 1 = (co/ + 2co0Aco 4 Acó2) -1=142 -1 =
CO r

2Aco
Again, Acó3 is very small compared to co; , so co2L C - 1
co.
Putting this together gives
/ \2
1_ 2Acó 2Aco 8¿2Aco3
coL - 1- = 4 Ü A co 2 -
coC CO r CO r CO ,

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B u t Acó is m u c h sm aller than to0.F in ally

coL - AL7 Acó7, so Z = y¡R7 + 4 L 7 Acó7.

co.
1 V IV , ,
c) / = - Z = > — = or Z 7 = (2 R )7.
} 2 0 Z 2 R y }
3R 3 R
R 7 + AL7 A c ó 7 = AR7 => A c ó = ±

V AÚ AL
.3 R , 13 R 1 n I4Z
co = co, ± J but J « ,— => R «
A L AL y¡LC 3C

d) \co[ co7 1= 2Acó = 4 2 ^ . As R increases so does the width.

L
. ... _ 120 K 0 ,
e) ( 0 70 = ~ r m = S A; co0 = = 1000 rad /sec;
15 Q. 7 (2 .5 0 H )(0 .4 0 0 x l O"6 F)
15 0 .
\co[ —co21= y¡3 = 10.4 rad/sec. (ii)/0 = 80A, co0 = 1000 rad/s, Ico{ -coA -= 1.04 rad/sec.
2.50 H

1 K
3 1 .64: a) I = — = at resonance coZ = ------. So =—
Z coC R
coZ - —
c o c

b) ^ BU C=
5coftC £ VC

R RXC

d) uc = -c v l = Ic^ T - =- z ^
2 c“" 2 i?2 C 2 i?2

e) = 2 ^ ™ = "2 ^ ^ '

3 1 .65: co = - ^
2
K
. . . 4 -
co0Z
£ 4 C
co0C

K 2K
b) K ^ = f f c =
* 0C |^2 + 9 Z
S2+ >¿
4 C 4 C

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3 1 .6 6 : co = 2co0.
w V V V
a) / = - =
z J r U ( 2 co0L -------- — y ./« * + - —
\ 0 2®0C ) V 4 C

1 V ¡L V /2
b> v< ^ = J x c =
2 * C \ 9L V C / 9 i
4 C V 4 C
K \L 2V
C) V ^ = I X l = 2 co0L
# + ' C jR > + l á
4 C V 4 C

2 - ¿?2 + - —
4 C

¿K '
2 2 .* ’ +ü
4 C

3 1 .6 7 : a ) p E = i^R = 1 2 eos2 (coi)* = V J eos 7 (cot)) = ^ F s /(1 + cos(2caí))

2
(*) = p A = f O + cos(2cot))dt = m ; = l v BI.

b) p L = Li — = - coLI2 cos(to ¿) sin(cüí) = - —VLI sin(2tüt).

dt 2

But £ sin(2cot)dt = O=> Pav(L ) = 0.

dTJ d 2 ^
= — i = vc i = Vcí sin(ú;í)cos(cüí) = — Vcí sin(2ú>í).
ci 2C C 2

But sm (2at)dt = O=:>PM(C ) = 0.

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 d) p = p R 4- p L 4- p c = VRI eos2 (cot) - —VLI sin(2cot) 4- —VCI sin(2cot)

=> P = I cos(cot)(VReos (coi) - VL sin(úíí) + Vc sin (¿oí)).

V V -V
But eos c¡> = and sin <j> = L y ° ^ p = VI cos(cot)(cos(¡>cos(cot) - sin cj> sin(ttí)),

at any instant of time.

3 1 .68: a) Vfí = máximum when Vc = VL => co = co: =

4l c '
dV
b) From Problem (31.48a), VL = máximum when — - = 0. Therefore:
düj
VcoL
dco dco + ú > L - l/(o C ) 2

VL Va; *L(L - 1 Ico7 C )(L +1 ico 2C )

0 =
slR 7 + (a > L -l/a > C f + (<oL - 1 ¡ c o C f )3/í

i?2 + ( ® ¿ - l / ® C ) 2 = ® 2 ( ¿ 5 - l / ® 4C 5 )

1 2 L 1
R 2^2
1 co =
co2 C 2 C co C CO 2 < JlC -R 2C 2 ¡ 1
dVr
c) From Problem (31.48b), Vc = máximum when — —= 0. There fore:
dco
V
^ =0 =^
dco dco coCyjK2 + (c o L - l/o ;C y

V V (L - \¡ca7 C )(L + \jcü 7 C )

=> 0 = -
CO ‘■ C ^ R '+ ic o L - l/c o C ? C (R 5 + (a L - l/c o C ) 2 f /2

4^2
R‘ + ( c o L - l /c o C y = - \ ¡(a 'C ‘ )

R
=> Rt>2 -veo2 Lt 2 <
H j
= -co2 Lt2 => co = 2 ’
C LC 2L

3 1 .69: a) From the current phasors we know that

Z = ^R 2 + (c o L -l/c o C f

= > z = J(4 0 o a ) (1000 rad /s)(0.50 H ) - = 500 Í1

(1000 r a d / s ) ( 1 .2 5 x 10“* F )

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 '< a L -l/(a > C )'
b ) (¡>= arctan
R
(1000 rad/s)(0.5Q 0 H ) - 1 / (1000 ra d /s)(1 .2 5 x 10~6 F)
= arelan = 4 3 6 .9 °
400 a
í_
coL -
coC

Zcpx= 4 0 0 Q - z (1 0 0 0 ra d /s )(0 .5 0 H )-
(1000rad /s)(1.25 xlO"6 F)
= 4 0 0 Q .- 300 Q¿

=> Z = ^ (4 0 0 Í2)2 4 (-3 0 0 ¿T)2 = 500 a .

V 200 V 4 6z
A
ZctK ( 4 0 0 - 3 OOf) & 25

8 4 6z - 6 i
=>/ = = 0.400 A.
25 25

e) tan (¡>= ^ = 0.75 => 0 = 436.9°.

W cepx) S /2 5
'8 4 6i
(4 0 0 -Q) = (128 4 96f) V.
25
4 6z
^ = ^ c Px ^ = ^ (1000 rad /s)(0.500 H) = ( - 1 2 0 4 1 6 0 0 V.
. ~25_
8 4 60 1
Lepy. = (4 l9 2 -2 5 6 0 V
coC 25 (1000 rad/ s )(l. 25 x 10"6 F)
K * = K *cpx + VLcpx + V Lcpx = ( 1 2 8 4 9 6 i)V 4 ( - 1 2 0 4 1 6 0 0 V
4 ( 1 9 2 - 25 6 0 V = 200 V.

¿ 3.84 x 108 m
32.1: a) t = — = ------------- r-------= 1.28s.
c 3 .0 0 x 1 0 8 m/s
b) Light travel time is:

S
8.61 years= /Q ^ (365
(8.61 y ears)- — -(24 h0UrS)
------------ - - (3600 - = 2o. 770
---------S) 2 x 1t0n8 s
(1 year) (1 day) (1 hour)
d = c t = ( 3 .0 x 10* m /s )(2 .72x10® s) = 8 .1 6 x 10ls m = 8 .1 6 x 1013 km.

3 2 .2 : d = c A t = (3.0x10® m /s ) (6.0 x 1 0 '1 s) = 180m .

32.3: B (z .t)= B c.os(fa - cotjj = 8 eos

S (z ,í) = (5 .8 0 x 10-4 T ) eos 2 ;r ( 6 .1 0 x l 0 14 Hz) - 1

(3 .0 0 x 10 m /s)
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 B (z,t) = (5 .8 0 x 10-4 T ) eo s((1.28 x 107 m’‘ )z - (3.83 x 1015 r a d / s » } .
E {z ,t) = (B y(z,t)j) x (cíe)

E (z ,t) = (1 .7 4 x lO 5 v /m ) c o s ( ( 1 .2 8 x l 0 7 m ’ ‘ )z - ( 3 . 8 3 x 1015 rad/s)í;/.

3 2 .4 : a ) / = - = — - 1° ° VS = 6 .90 x 10 14 Hz.
X 4 .3 5 x 1 0 ’ ' m
E_ 2 .7 0 x 1 0 ^ V/m
b)' Bmax = = 9 .0 0 x 1 0 -12 T.
3.00 xlO 8 m/s

c ) JhQ electric field is in the x -direction, and the wave is propagating in the -z -
direction. So the magnetic field is in the -y-direction, since S ce E x B. Ihus:

E ( z ,t ) = E ^ cos(fa + cot)i = £ eos 2 4

E ( z , t) = (2 .7 0 x 10 ’ 3 V/m) eos 2 t¡;(6.9 0 xlO 14 Hz) t +

3 .0 0 x 1 0 m/s

=> E (z ,t) = (2.70 x 10’3 V /m ) cos((1.45 x 107 m"‘ )z + (4 .3 4 x 1015 rad/s)í)/.

A n d S (z ,í)= j = - ( 9 .0 0 xlO "15 T )c o s ((1 .4 5 x lO 7 m"‘ )z + ( 4 .3 4 x 1 015r a d /s )í)/

c

32.5: a) + y direction.
2nc 2kc 2;r(3.00 x 108 m /s) 4
b) co = 2 j ií = ------ =>X = -------= — 1--------7T 7 .1 1 x 1 0 m.
X co (2 .6 5 x 1 012 rad/s)
c ) Since the electric field is in the - z -direction, and the wave is propagating in the
4- y -direction, then the magnetic field is in the - x -direction (S ce E x B ). So:
- E n . ,<o
0 sin(ky - cot)i = ------ sin(— y - ait)i

3 .1 0 x 1 0 5 V/m (2.65 xlO 15 rad/s)

sin y - (2.65 x 10 rad/s)í
3 .0 0 x l 0 s m/s v (3 .0 0 x 1 0 8 m /s)

=> B (y , t) = -(1 .0 3 x 10"3 T ) sin((8.83 x 10" m )y - (2.65 x 10‘vi 2‘ rad/s)í) i .

32.6: a) - x direction.

l e 2 x 2 71

c ) Since the magnetic field is in the + y -direction, and the wave is propagating in the
- x -direction, then the electric field is in the -+ z -direction ( Í x £ x 5 ) . So:

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Z¿ (x, t) = -\-cB(x, t)k = +cB 0 sin(fcx -f 2 x f ) k

=>E ( x ,t ) = + (c (3 .2 5 x !0 " 9 T ))sin ((1 .3 8 x 1 04 r a d ,/m )x + (4 .1 4 x l0 12 rad/s)t)k

=> E ( y ,t ) = +(2.48 V/m )sin((1.38 xlO 4 rad /m )++ ( 4 .1 4 x l 0 15 rad/s)í)¿.

. c 3 .0 0 x 1 0 * m /s ,,,
32.7: a) X = — = ----------------- = 361 m.
/ 8 .3 0 x 1 0 Hz

b) £ = — = - ^ = 0.0174 m'1
X 361 m
c ) to = 2 n f = 2k ;(8.30x105 Hz) = 5.21 x 106 rad/s.
E ma* = c S m» = (3 .0 0 x 10* m /s ) (4 .8 2 x 10 "" T ) = 0.0145 V/m.

3 2 .8 : B^ =^ = 3,8 5 - 10 . = 1.28 x lO '“ T.

c 3 .0 0 x 1 0 * m/s
B 1 78 x l 0 _il T
So ^ =— = 2.56 x 10 "7, and thus 2? is much weaker than S Tth.
5x10 T <“ th

3 2 .9 : E = vB= B B cB
'¡W 4 K s s »KbMd t]K ZK S
E = ( 3 - 0 0 x l 0 ; V s ) ( 3 . 8 0 x l 0 ^ ) _ Q ??9 v /m
^ -74) (1.23)

3 2 .1 0 : a ) v = . C - = ^3£ 0 * 10J S M = 6 .9 1 x l 0 7 m/s.

V(3-64) (5-18)
v 6.91 x lO 7m /s i
b) X=— = = 1 .0 6 x 1 0 m.
/ 65.0 Hz
E 7 .2 0 x 1 0 ' 3 V /m
c) 5 =-= ? ' = 1.04xlO ~ 10T.
v 6.91 xlO 7 m/s

d) (7 -2 0 x 1 0 -* V /m )(1.04xlO ~‘° T ) _ g_7 g x l 0 -8 w / m l

2 K bMo 2(5.18)^0

32 .1 1 : a ) X = — = 2' 1 ' - 1° ' ° ^ S = 3.81 x 10 ' 7 m

/ 5 .70 x 10 Hz
c 3.00 xlO 8 m/s 7
b) X0 = — = u = 5 .2 6 x 1 0 ni
/ 5 .7 0 x 1 0 Hz

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 c 3 .0 0 x 1 0 m/s
c ) « = “ = ------------ 5— ^ - = 1.38.
V 2 .1 7 x 1 0 o\/s
2
d ) v = 4 - ^ = => K s = ¡ \ = n 2 =?: (1.38)2 = 1.90.
4Ks v

3 2 .1 2 : a ) v = f X = ( 3 .8 0 x l 0 ! H z)(6.15 m) = 2.3 4 xlO 8 m/s.

v (2 .3 4 x 1 0 m /s)

32 .1 3 : a ) / = £ _ = 0.090 V / m ,s o / = 1.1 x l 0 " 5 W /m 2

b) ^ = ^ _ s o S _ = £ _ / c = 3 . 0 x l 0 - ,0 T
c ) Pav = /(4 ;w 2) = (1.075 x 10 ' 5 W /m 2) (4¡t ) (2.5 x 10 3 m )2 = 840 W
d) Calculad on in part (c) as sumes that the transmitter emits uniformly in all directions.

3 2 .14: The intensity of the electromagnetic wave is given by Eqn. 32.29:

I = ^ o c^Lx = ¿ ocE L •Thus the total energy passing through a window of area A during
a time t is
SocE^A t = (8.85 x 1 0 '12F /m ) (3.00 x 108 m /s) (0.0200 V /m )2(0 .5 0 0 m2)(30.0 s) = 15.9/íJ

3 2 .1 5 : Psv = 1 (4 w 7 ) = (5 .0 x 10 3 W /m 2) ( 4 * ) ( 2 . 0 x l 0 10m)2 = 2.5 x 1 0 25 J

3 2 .16: a) The average power from the beam is

P = IA = (0.800 W /m 2) ( 3 .0 x 10"4 m2) = 2.4 x 10"4 W
b ) W ehave, using Eq. 32.29, / = j = f 0c £ ^ . Thus,

/ 0 .8 0 0 W / lm2
.
= ,i--------------- — 7 X— 7- =17.4 V/m
£oc \ (8.85 xlO "12 F /m )(3 .0 0 x l0 m /s)

3 2 .1 7 : p tsd = I j c so I = c p ¡sd = 2 .7 0 x 1 0 3 W /m 2
Then Px = / ( 4 » - 2 ) = (2 .7 0 xlO 3 W /m 2) ( 4 x ) (5.0 m)2 = 8 .5 x 1 0 5 W

32 .1 8 : a ) / = £ = = 8.47 xlO 8 Hz.

X 0.354 m

b) °-°5 4 ° y m .= 1 .8 0 x l0 ~ ‘°T.
c 3 .0 0 x 1 0 m/s
_ £ » _ (0.0540 V / „ „ I . S 0 , 1 0 - T ) _ - , ¡ ,
2/¿0 2 /i0

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3 2 .1 9 : P = S A = $ ^ - ( 4 » - * ) => £ = IP c /J°
2 c jj 0 ““ V 2 x r ¿

(60.0 W ) (3 .0 0 x 1 0 " m /s)//0

= 12.0 V/m.
V 2¿r(5.00 m )2

=>£ = ^ = 12.0 V /m = 4 0 0 > d (r 8T

”x c 3 .0 0 x 1 0 8 m/s

3 2 .20: a) The electric field is in the - y -direction, and the magnetic filed is in the 4 z -
direction, so S = E * B = (—jr) x A = - i . ThaL is, the Poyuling veclur is in the —x -
direction.
b) ^ , 0 = * )* (* ,0 = _ cos (Jbc + ^
Ao Ao
r d
=- BMX MC (1 4 cos(2(coí + he))).
^Ao
But over one period, the cosine function averages to zero, so we have:
E1 n
ig i max m ix

3 2 .2 1 : a ) The momentum density ^ 1U. = 8.7 x 10 15 k g/m 1 •s.

dV c5 ( 3 .0 x 1 0 m /s)

b) T h e m om en tu m flo w r a te — — = — = w /m— J b . 6 x 1 0 ' s P a .

Adt c 3.0x10® m /s

1 dp S av 2500 W / m
32 .2 2 : a ) Absorbed light: p „ , = - — = — = 7 ~ ~ = 8.33 x 1 0 's P a
> ^ A dt c 3.0 xlO m /s

8.33 x 1 o -6 Pa
=í> p . = = 8 .2 3 x 1 0 atm.
1.013 x 105 Pa/atm

t> 1 » ^ »
A dt c 3 . 0 x 1 0 nys

=> p . = — X ^ — — — = 1.65 x 10~10atm. The factor of 2 arises because the

1 .0 1 3 x 1 0 5 Pa/atm
momentum vector totally reverses direction upon reflection. Thus the change in
momentum is twice the original momentum.

c) The momentum density — = - y - = 25QQW/m = 2.78 x 10"14 kg/m 2 •s.

dV c2 (3 .0 x 1 0 " m /s)2

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3 2 .24: Recall that S ce E x B , s o :
a) 5 = / x ( - j ) = - k.
b) S = j x i = -íc.
c ) S = ( - k ) x ( - i ) = j.
d) S - i x ( - k ) = l

3 2 .25: 5 m a x = £ m - i x ;/ c = 1 .3 3 x 1 0 '* T

E y B is in the direction of propagation. For i? in the + x -direction, E v B is in the + z

—►

direction when B is in the + y -direction.

X c 3 .0 0 xlO* m /s
3 2 .26: a) Ax = — = — = -r1— = 2.00 m
2 2/ 2 (7 5 .0 x 1 0 6 Hz)
b) The distance between the electric and magnetic nodal planes is one-quarter of a
. . X Ax 2.00 m __
wavelength = — = — = ---------- =1.00 m.
4 2 2

3 2 .27: a) The node-antinode distance = — = — = °V S = 4.38 x 10"3m.

4 4 / 4(1.20 x l O10 Hz)
b) The distance between the electric and magnetic antinodes is one-quarter of a
X v 2.10 x 108 m /s
wavelength = — = — = “ = 4.38 x 10 3 m.
4 4/ 4 (1 .2 0 x 1 0 10 Hz)
c) The distance between the electric and magnetic nodes is also one-quarter of a
wavelength =
l v 2.10 x l 0 s m/s 3
- = — = ----------------rr------ = 4 .3 8 x 1 0 m
4 4 / 4 (1 .2 0 x 1 010 Hz)

3 2 .28: Ax , = — = = m /s _ q^ qq m _ 20.0 c m There must be nodes

2 2/ 2 (7 .5 0 x 1 0 Hz)
at the planes, which are 80.0 cm apart, and there are two nodes between the planes, each
20.0 cm from a plañe. It is at 20 cm, 4 0 cm , and 60 cm that a point charge will remain at
rest, since the electric fields there are zero.

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3 2 .2 9 : a ) A x = | ^ X = 2 A * = 2 (3 .5 5 m m ) = 7 .1 0 m m .

b) Axe = Axb = 3.55 mni

c ) v = f X = (2 .2 0 x 1010 H z )(7 J 0 x 10”3 m) = 1 .5 6 x 10 8 m/s.

d2E ( x , t ) d2 d
3 2 .30: a) -=------= — t- (—2 £ xnax sin fccsin cot) = — ( - 2 k E ^ cosfcx sin cot)
dx dx ' dx
d^E (x ,t ) a5 d7 E .( x J )
2 ----- = 2 k E ¡D3Xsin.kxs\n.cot = ^ - 2 E m3Xs\nkxs\RCO t = £ Qp 0 t -----
dx c dt

Similarly: ^ = (—2 5 eos fcx eos <uí) = — (+ 2££ sin fcxeos a#)
dx dx ' dx

=> ^ _ 2 k 2B coskxcoscot = ^ - 2 B coskxcoscot = £*fi* ^

dx ' c dt
DE (x , t) d
b ) ------------- = — ( - 2 £ mflX sin he sin cot) = - 2 k E ^ coskx sincot
dx de
d E (x, t) co E
> ------------ = - — 2 E msx eos kxsm cot = - 0 ) 2 —
dx c c
dEy(x ,t ) & dB ( x j )
^— —-------= 4- —— (2Z?
\ m ax
cosfcxcosíüí)/= ------- ——
' n.
-.
ox dt dt

Similarly: - ^ ^ = — - ( 4 2 5 ^ cosfcccos<y£) = - 2 k B ^ sinfcxcosíüí

dx dx
dB A xA ) o) nrt . , co _ _
=>--------------- = ------ 2 8 ^ sin eoscot = — - ¿ c B ^ smkxcosait
d x c c
dB (x, t) d tx ,í)
* ------ 4 — - = -í'oAo<y2£mlx sinfcxcos&tf = í 0/ j0 — ( - 2 ^ sinfcxsinof) = í 0,ü0 —
dt

c 3.00x10* m/s A
3 2 .31: a) Gammarays:Z = — = \ ?| tt = 4 .6 2 x 10 m = 4 .6 2 x 10 : nm.
f 6 .5 0 x 1 021 Hz

b) G reenlight: X = — = ^ °V S = 5 .2 2 x 1 0 7 m = 5 2 2 nm
/ 5 .7 5 xlO Hz

3 2 .3 2 : a ) / = - = 3 0 x l ° J = 6 .0 x l 0 4 Hz.
X 5000m

c _ _ 3 .0 x 1 0 - m /s _ 6 0 x l0 ? H z
X 5.0 m
: £ j 3 .0 * 1 0 * m /s = 6 0 x l ( ) l 3H2
X 5 .0 x 1 0 m
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 / = £ = 3.0x10» m / s = w
X 5.0 x 1 0 m

3 2 .33: Using a Gaussian surface such that the front surface is ahead of the wave front (no
electric or magnetic fields) and the back face is behind the wave front (as shown at right),
we have:

E d A = E A = Qeucl = 0 => £ = 0.

B •d A = BxA = 0 => = 0.
So the wave must be transverse, since there are no compon ents of the electric or
magnetic field in the direction of propagation.

L. i)/ 1
I
\

3 2 .34: Assume E = E ^ j sin(£x - cot) and B = B ^ k s ^ k x - cot + 0), with - x < (¡>< x.
Then Eq. (32.12) implies:
oE v dB
— - = ------ - x => + ^ max cos(kx - cot) = -ícoB^ cos(kx - cot + 0 ) => 0 = 0.
dx dt

=> kE^ = coB^ ^ E ^ = y B ^ = B^ = f X B ^ = cB

k 2xi k
Similarly for Eq.(32.14)
dB dE
- - 1L = £-0/j0 — - => - k B ^ cos(kx -cot+(¡>) = - s ^ c o E ^ cos(kx -cot) =></> = 0.
dx dt

= > k B ^ = s :MocoE_ =* = « £ _ = ^ - r- £ _ = 4 e^ . = -E ^ .
k C 2x i A C C

d rdE yi x ^ d r d B ,(x ¿ )' d 2B , ( x , t )

'd t dx dt dt , d t2

d B ,(x 9 t ) \_ d dEy(x,t)
B ut also from Eq. (32.14): - — £oVo
cbc dx ) dx dt
d2B j^ t)
~ £oVo
d t2

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3 2 .3 6 : E y (x , t) = E ^ eos(kx - <yí) => « s = | s 0 E * = ^ s 0 E ^ cos(kx - cot)

í r' \2 i1 , Br»2
E m* cos(kx - cot) = - — B ^ eos (kx -cot) = - ^ - = uB
2/¿0 2Ao

3 2 .3 7 : a ) T h e e n erg y in c id e n t on th e m irro r is Pt = IAt = ^ s 0 c E 2 At

=> £ = - ^ ( 3 . 0 0 x 1 0 ® m / s)(0 .0 2 8 V / m )2 ( 5 . 0 0 x lO -4 m 2 ) ( 1 . 0 0 s ) = 5 . 2 0 x l O '10J .

2 1
b) The radiad on pressure p ¡aá = — = s^E 2 = s 0 (0.0280 V /m )2 = 6.94 x 10”15 Pa.
c

c) Power P = I •4 ^ 2 = cpI3d2nR2

= > P = 2;r(3.0 0 x 1 0 * o\/s)(6.94x 10"15 P a )(3 .2 0 m )2 = 1 .3 4 x 1 0"4 W.

3 2 .38: a) / = - = 3 0 0 x 1 0 m^s = 7.81 x 109Hz.

X 0.0384 m

b) B ^ , = ^ - = 1 3 5 Vjm = 4 .5 0 x 1 0 " T.
c 3 .0 0 x 1 0 * m/s

e) I = - s 0 c E ^ = —s 0(3.00xl0® m /s)(1.35 V /m )2 = 2 .4 2 x l 0 '3 W /m 2.

d) F _ p A . 1 A _ E B A _ (1.35V /m )(4.50xlQ -i)T )(0 .2 4 0 m 2) _ ] M

c 2 /v : 2 //0 (3.00x10® m /s)

3 2 .3 9 : a ) The láser inlensity ! = - = — = 4 (3 -20 x 10 W ) = ^

A nD y r(2 .5 0 x l0 m)

B u t / = - £ 0c £ 2 = > £ = — = 2(652 W/'m ] = 701 V /m .

2 V s 0c V s 0 (3.00x10® m /s)
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 A nd B = — = - ~ °] V - = 2.34 x l 0 ~ 6 T .
c 3 .0 0 x 10 nVs

b) uB = uE = 4 4
(701 V /m )2 = 1 .0 9 x 10"6 J /m 3 . Note the extra factor

f 1 .
of — since we are averaging.

c ) In one meter of the láser beam, the total energy is:

E to[ = u totVo\ = 2 ue (AL) = 2 uettD ’¿ LjA

= > £ tol = 2 (1 .0 9 x 1 0"6 j /m 3);r (2 .5 0 x 10“3m)2 (1.00 m )/4 = 1.07 x 10"n J.

3 2 .40: a) The change in the momentum vector determines p ^ . If W is the fraction

absorbed, A P = Pout—Pin = (1 - W )p - ( - p ) = ( 2 - JF)/?.Here, (1 - W) is the fraction

reflected. The positive direction was chosen in the direction of reflection. p is the
magnitude of the incoming momentum. With Eq. 32.31, and taking the average, we
get p rad = (2 - W )j¡. B e careful not to confiise p, the momentum of the incoming wave,
with /?rad, the radiation pressure.

b) (i) totally absorbing W = 1 so =—

C

2
(ii) totally reflecting W = 0 so p ^ = —
C

These are just equations 32.32 and 32.33.

c ) W = 0 . 9 , / = 1 .4 0 x 102W /m2=> p tsá = (2 - ° - 9) ( L 4 0 x 10 w / m ] = 5 J 3 x 10'6Pa

' ,sd 3.00x10* s

W= 0 . 1 , / = 1 . 4 0 x 1 0 3 W /m 2 => p tsá = (2 ° - 1^ 1-4 0 x l ° W / m ) = 8 , 8 7 x 1 0 ^ Pa

1 ,3d 3 . 0 0 x 1 0 —

3 2 .4 1 : a ) A t the siu T s su rface:

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 P P 3 .9 x 1 0 W , , ,
P = I A = > I = - = — - r = ------------------ x----- 5- = 6 .4 x 1 0 W /m 5
¿í 4^R 4^ (6.96x10® m )!
/ 6 .4 x 1 0 7 W /m 2
=> A .d = - = --------------- «“ /— = ° - 21 P a -
c 3.00x10® m/s
Halfway out from the sun5s center, the intensity is 4 times more intense, and so is the
radiation pressure: p ¡aá (Rmn / 2) = 0.85 Pa.
A t the top of the earth’s atmosphere, the measured sunlight intensity is
1400 W /m 2 =
5 x10^ ' Pa, which is about 100,000 times less than the valúes above.
b) The gas pressure at the sun’s sur face is 50,000 times greater than the radiation
pressure, and halfway out of the snn the gas pressure is believed to be ah out 6 x 1013
times greater than the radiation, pressure. Therefore it is reasonable to ignore radiation
pressure when modeling the sun5s interior structure.

3 2 .4 2 : a ) S (x, t) = (1 - eos 2 (fcc - a t ))i => S (x , t )< 0= > eos 2 (he - cot) > 1,
2/Jb
which never happens. So the Poynting vector is always positive, which makes sen se since
the direction of wave propagarion by definition is the direction of energy flow.

b)

. dB di d$>ñ dB di
3 2 .4 3 : a ) 5 = => — = /J0n — => - f - = — A = ft0nA — .
at at at at at

So, Í E dí = - ^ 9 => E2m- = - /j; nÁ — = - /J 0 n x r 7 —

J dt dt dt
^ E _ Acnr di
1 di

b) The direction of the Poynting vector is radially inward, since the magnetic field is
along the solenoid5s axis and the electric filed is circumferential. It5s magnitude
2 _ EB _ p 0n ri di
fJ0 2 d t'

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 B 2 (fJ0n i) 2 n 0n i 2 ,
c ) u = ------ = -------------= ---------- => U = uilA) = uhza = ------------------.
2 * 2/i0 2 2

^
But al. so U
r r
= ------=> ¿zr - = — = ----------------- = firjxn 2ila 2 , and so the
,
rate of
2 i i
I I • , _ - ■ O. , O ¿Z
energy mcrease due to the mcreasing current is given by P = Li — = jj 0tm ila — .
dt dt
d) The in-flow of electromagnetic energy through a cylindiical surface located at the

solenoid coils is í f S •dA = SItízI = ¿i¡n a* — •2m i = Ur.m^ila1 — .

J J 2 dt * dt
e) The valúes from parts (c) and (d) are identical for the flow of energy, and henee we
can consider the energy stored in a current carrying solenoid as having entered through its
cylindrical walls while the current was attaining its steady-State valué.

3 2 .44: a) The energy density, as a function of x, for the equations for the electrical and
magnetic fíelds of Eqs. (32.34) and (32.35) is given by:
u = s0 E 2 =4 sin2 kxsinojt
ib)% *A. t , í = x— , eos cot
, = eos—
x =— j - sin cot = .sinn— = —
1 = and 1 ?=.
4 co 4 ,¡2 4 V2

For 0 < * < — , sin kx > 0, eos k x > 0 = > S = É * B = - j x i = - i .

2k

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 Sca'rri.-nngyc).'n«ir.y 060 i*
11.10
020
0.00
0.00 040 0.60 1.10 !.Ó0 -'..00 °.40 7.S0
i

I.iiO
0.S0
Sti.ldUntryytfcnsilv a h l>
0-40
<1.20
<1.110
O.IKI 11.40 íl.SH 1.20 1.60 2.0H 2.40 2.80
x \/k i

1.00 1
<1.80
Sealcdciciítvdinslry a°l-)
<1.40
0.20
000
0.<xi 040 0 .6 0 l.-wi 1 .60 1.00 2 -40 7 .80

1.00 |-=;<rv4iv
<1.80
Sl’nl"ll i'lil'IVJ «l-.IMlV <lfi0
<1.40
0.20
<1.110
0.00 040 0.60 1.20 1.60 2.00 2.40 280
f (/k)
1.00
<1.80
Soalülciuipyvbnsiry 0 .60
<J.40
<1 .20
<1.110
0 .0 0 0 40 0 .6 0 1 .20
.1i»)
60 2.00 2.40 2 80

And for — < x < — , sin kx > 0, eos kx < 0 => S = É y B = - ¡ y- í = i.

2 k k
3iz 3iz 1 . 3iz 1
A tí = — , cos&>í = eos— = — = and sin &>í = sin— = —= .
Acó 4 V2 4 V2

For 0 < x < — , sin kx > 0, eos he > 0 => S = É x B = / x k = i.

2k

And for — < x < — , sin kx > 0, eos k x < 0 = > S = É x B = i x - i = - i .

2 k k
c) the plots from part (a) can be interpreted as two waves passing through each other
in opposite directions, adding constructively at certain times, and destruc tive ly at others.

3 2 .45: a) E = p J = — = — - , in the direction of the current

A iza

b) i B d í = //0/ =$ B = , counterclockwise when looking into the current

J 2 iza
c ) The direction of the Poynting vector S = E x B = kx¡j> = - p , where we have used
cylindrical coordinates, with the current in the z-direction.
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 EB 1 pl /¿0/ pl‘
Its magnitude is S = 2 _3 •
f ¿0 /i0 na2 2 na 2 n 2a

d) Over a length l, the rate of energy flowing in is S A = ^ . 2nal = ^ 2 ■

2 n 2¿a_ 3 na

The thermal power loss is I 2 R = í 1 — = ^ „ , which exactly equals the flow of

A na
electromagnetic energy.

3 2 .4 6 : S = . W d E-dA=EA=-^-=>E = , so the magnitude of the

2 m- rs
EB qi dq
Poynting vector is S =
/¿o 2 s,n2r: 2 s 0 n 2 r 2> dt
Now, the rate of energy flow into the región between the plates is:
2\
Iq dq 1 1 d (q * ) d rl 1 d £ dU
J j S - d A = S(2m-l) =

1^
1
s^írr2 dt 2 s0 n r 7 dt dt , 2 s 0 A q , ,2 C , dt
This is justrate of increase in electrostatic energy U stored in the capacitor.

B
3 2 .4 7 : T h e p o w er fro m th e an ten n a i s P = IA = C 4 m-7. S o

2/i0(5 .5 0 x 10 W )
= 2.42 xlO "9 T
V 4 w 2c 4 ;r ( 2 5 0 0 m ) 5 ( 3 .0 0 x 10® m/s)

dB_
= coBmay = 2nfB^ = 2n(9.50 x 107 Hz) (2.42 x ! 0 “9 T ) = 1.4 4 T /s
dt
dO dB_ _ n£p_ dB_ _ ;r(0.180 m )2 (1.44 T/ s ) _
s = -------- = -A = 0.0366 V.
dt dt 4 dt ~ 4

3 2 .4 8 : / = - = - s c E 2 => E
A 2 0

3 2 .4 9 : a) Find the forcé on you due to the momentum carried off by the light:
P,sd = I ! c an d F = p t¡d A g iv e s F = 1 A /c = PsJ c

ax = F /m = P3 J ( m c ) = (2 0 0 W )/;(1 5 0 kg)(3.00xl0® m /s)] = 4 .4 4 x 1 o -9 m /sJ

Then j: - x 0 = v0J + ‘ axt 7 gives t = p ( x - x 0 ) / ax = %

/2(16.0 m ) /(4.44 x 10"9 m /s! ) =
8 .4 9 x 104s = 23 .6 h
The radiation forcé is very small. in the calculad on we have ignored any other forces on
you.

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 b) Youcould throw the flashlight in the direction away from the ship. By conservation
of linear momentum you would move toward the ship with the same magnitude of
momentum as you gave the flashlight

2P 2 Vi
3 2 .5 0 : P = IA = > I = ~ = ~ s acE'‘ => E =
A 2 0 A s0c ]¡A s0c

= > E = — J 2 ( 5 - 0 0 » 1 0 S V ) ( 1 0 0 0 A) = 6 ,1 4 x 1 0 < v/m ,

■ (lOOm >£3(3 .0 0 x 10 m/s)

And

B= ^ 14 x 10^ V /m = 2.05 x í O4 T.
c 3 . 0 0 x 1 0 m/s

M « . .x * _ OMsm _ GM S AxR1 p _ 4 xG M sRlp

5 1 .S i . a ; t Q - - . -
r r 3 3r
b) Assuming that the sun’s radiation is intercepted by the particle’s cross-section, we
can write the forcé on the partide as:
F _M _ L xR? LR 2
4xr2 c 4c r 2

c) So if the forcé o f gravity and the forcé from the radiation pressure on a par tic le from
the sun are equal, we can solve for the particle’s radius:
p _ F _ 4 x G M ^ p _ LR 2 ____ 3L
0 Ir2 4 cr7 16 nGMs p e
^ R _____________________________ 3 (3 .9 x 1 0 ” W )___________________________
^ ~ \6 k (6 .7 x 10"“ N •m 2/k g 2) (2 .0 x 10 30 kg) (3000 kg/m 3 ) (3.0 x 10 S m /s)
=> R = 1.9 x 10”7 m
d) If the par tic le has a radius smaller than that found in part (c), then the radiation
pressure ov ere ornes the gravitational forcé and results in an acceleration away from the
sun, thus removing all such particles from the solar system.

3 2 .52: a) The momentum transfer is always greatest when reflecting sur faces are used
(consider a ball colliding with a wall— the wall exerts a greater forcé if the ball rebounds
rather than sticks). So in solar sailing one would want to use a reflecting sail.
b) The equation for repulsión comes from balancing the gravitational forcé and the
forcé from the radiation pressure. As seen in Problem 32.51, the latter is:

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 G M sm 2LA 4 nGM smc
Frad = ~7~5~- ThUS : F 0 = Fzad A —---------------
4 m-£c M ,au 4m-‘c 2L
4 r ( 6 .7 xlO "11 N - m 2/ k g 2) ( 2 .0 x 1030 kg) (lOOOOkg) (3.0 x 108 m /s)
=;>A =
(2)3.9 x l O26 W
6.48 km
A = 6.48 x 106 m2 = 6.48 km2 = = 2.53 mi
(1.6 km/mi le)2
c) This answer is independent of the distance from the sun since both the gravitadonal
forcé and the radiation pressure go down like one over the distance squared, and thus the
distance caneéis out of the problem.

q 2a 2 C 2 (m /s2) 2 = Nm = J = w = ~dE~
3 2 .53: a)
(C 2/N •m 2) (m /s)3 s s dt
b) For a pro ton moving in a circle, the acceleration can be rewritten:
= 2 (6 -0 0 * 1 0 eV) ( 1 . 6 x 1 0 J/e V ) = ^ x j q15 ,_
R (1.67 x 10 kg) (0.75 m)
The rate at which it emits energy because of its acceleration is:
dE gV (1.6 x 10"1’ C)5(1 .5 3 x 1015 m /s 5)2
= 1 .3 3 X 1 0 '55 J/s
dt 6 x s 0c 6s"£„(3.0x 10® m /s );
= 8 .3 2 x lO '5 eV/s.
So the fraction of its energy that itradiates every second is:
(dE /dt)(l s) 8 .3 2 x 1 0"5 eV -ii
= 1. 39x10
E 6 .0 0 x 1 0S eV
c) Carrying out the same calculadons as in part (b), but now for an electrón at the same
speed and radius. That means the electrones acceleration is the same as the pro ton, and
thus so i s the rate at which it emits energy, since they ais o have the same charge.
However, the electrones initial energy differs from the protones by the ratio of their
masses:

E=E. = (6 .0 0 x 1 0 6 eV ) (9~11 x 1 0 ^ kg) = 3273 eV.

■ mp (1 .6 7 x l0 ~ 57 kg)
So the fraction of its energy that itradiates every second is:
(d E /d t)(l s) 8 . 3 2 x 1 0 ”5 eV
= 2.54x10’
E 3273 eV

3 2 .54: For the electrón in the classical hydrogen atom, its acceleration is:
a_ _ W _ 2 (13.6 eV )(1.60* 10"19 J/e V ) = ^ ^ ^
R ±mR ( 9 . 1 1x1 0' k g )(5 .2 9 x l0 m)
Then using the formula for the rate of energy emission given in Pr. (33-49):
dE g 2a (1. 60x 10~19C)2(9 .0 3 x 1 022 m / s 2) 2
dt 6 x£qC1 6 je£ 0 ( 3. 00x10* m /s)3

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=> — = 4.6 4 x 10 8 J /s = 2.89 x 1011 eV/s, which means that the electrón would almost
dt
immediately lose all its energy!

3 2 .5 5 : a ) E y(x , t) = sin (kcx - cot).

8 E.
= E* ( - * . ) e ’ 5 m(kcx - c o t ) + E ^ (+kc)e ** cos(kcx - cot).
dx

r = ( +kc )e"V sin( M - ^ ) ■+ E^ . (~kc )e 'v c o s ( V - ® í)

oc
+ ( - * ’ ) e ‘V c o s ( ^ x - tai) + ( - k 2 )e " v s i n ^ x - ® í)

= - 2 £ maK^ e _V c o s ^ - c # ) .

^ r = E u^. e " * * ® c o s (^ x - <yf).

Set => 2 E^k^eT*0* cos(kcx -cot) = co cos(kcx - <uí)-This

¿k
2
will only be true if - ^ £- = — or
co p \2 p
b) The hint basically answers the questioa
x n E yo . , , 1 2p 2(1.72 x 10 ”8 fkn) 1rt_5
c ) E. = => krx = 1, x = — = J —£- = J — ------------7 — = 6.60 x 10 m.
e kc \cop ^ 2 ^ (1 .0 x 1 0 Hz)/¿0

__ ^ c 3 . 00 x 10 8 m / s 8 .
33.1: a )v = — = ---------------------- -— = 2 .0 4 x 10 m / s .
n 1 .4 7
^ = ( 6 . 5 0 x 1 0 - m ) = 4 4 2 x l o_7 qL
n 1.47

„ . . * c 3.00 x 108 m/s 7

33.2: a) X„armm = — = = 5 .1 7 x 1 0 m.
> va™» / 5 .80 x 10 Hz

c 3 .00 x 10* m /s 7
ki = — = ---------------Ti--------------- = 3 .4 0 x 1 0 m.
b) ^ fn (5.80 x 10 H z)(1.52)

_ c _ 3.0 0 x 1 0 m/s _
3 3 .3 : a ) " “ v “ ] . 9 4 x 10s m /s _
b) X0 = n k = (1 .5 4 )(3 .5 5 x l 0 “7 m ) = 5 .4 7 x l0 ~ ! m.

i „ , = i „ (4 - 3 8 x l Q - ; m ) ( l .3 3 3 )
'X'l 4 ‘ ^water^water ^Ecnacic'‘ Bcnzere* ^CS? ,
1.501
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3 3 . 5 : a) Incident and reflected angles are always equal => O' = 0'a = 47.5 °.

x
6 ', = — —9. = — —are sin sin 9 . = a rcsin l ^ s i n 4 2 . 5 2 = 6 6 .0 ° .
b) b 2 b 2 2 1 .6 6 y

2.50 m
V - - - « = 2.17 x 10 m/s
33.6: t 11.5 x 10 s
c 3 .0 0 x 10 m/s , „_
n = - = ------------- -------- = 1.38
V 2.17x10® m/s

3 3.7: n° sin^ = sil1^

sin 9 C sin 62.7 o -'
= 1.00 = 1.194
sin#. sin 4 8 .I o

= c / v s o v = c / n = (3 .0 0 x 10 8 m /s)/1 .1 9 4 = 2.51 x 108 m/s

33.8 (a)

gl a s s met hanol

41 3;
"<7—

Apply SnelFs law at both interfaces.

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 A t the air-g la ss interface:
(1.00) sin 4 1 .3 ° = sin a
At the glass-methanol interface:
n. sin a = (1.329)sin 9
(2 )

Combine (1) and (2):

sin41.3° = 1.329 sin
0 = 2 9 .8 °

(b) Same figure as for (a), except 9 = 20.2°.

(1.00)sin 41.3° = n sin 20.2°

n = 1.91

33.9: a) Let the light initially be in the material with refractive index na and let the third
and final slab have refractive index Let the middle slab have refractive index n¡

1 st interface: na sin 9 a = n{ sin 9 l

2nd interface : n{ sin 9 [ = n b sin 9b

Combining the two equations gives na sin 9a = nb sin 9b.

b) For N slabs, where the first slab has refractive index na and the final slab has
refractive index nb, nQsin 9 a = sin 0 ,, n{ sin 9{ = sin 02, . . . , n N _ 7 sin 9 N _ 7 = nb sin 9b.
This gives na sin^^ = nb sin 9b. The final direction of traveldepends on theangleof
incidence in the first slab and the indicies of the first and last slabs.

3 3 .1 0 : a ) 4 — H a n s i n sin0_ = are sin — sin 35.0° = 25.5°.

1.33
b) This calculation has no dependence on the glass because we can omit that step in the
a u ---------air ^wate* ^water*

3 3 .11: As shown below, the angle between the beams and the prism is A JI and the angle
between the beams and the vertical is A, so the total angle between the two beams is 2A.

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 A JI A/2
3 3 .12: Rotating a mirror by an angle# while keeping the incoming beam constant leads
to an increase in the incidentangle <p by #. Therefore the angle between incoming
and outgoing beams becomes 2# 4 2 $ where an additional deflection of 2 0 aróse from the
mirror rotation.

f: \
r 1.70 .
3 3 .13: e b =arcsin — sin#.Q
. = arcsin
,1.58
sin 62.0° = 71.8°.
\ n b /

\f
n„ . _ r1 33 . '
— sin#.
Q. = arcsin ------ sin 45.0° = 38.2. But this is the angle
3 3 .14: db = ,1 .5 2
K /
from the normal to the surface, so the angle from the vertical is an additional 15o because of
the tilt of the surface. Therefore the angle is 53.2°.

3 3 .15: a) Going from the liquid inlo air:

— = sin#OTt => n = — — = 1.48.

n. sin 42.5°
s ■»
n„ . ^1.48 . n e n a )
So : 0, = arcsin — sin#ü = arcsin ------ sin 35.0° = 58.1°.
i—i
O
o
tr

b) Going from air into the liquid:

6 b = arcsin sin# = arcsin — sin 35.0° = 22. 8°.

1.48

33.16:

r: A
W .ilr r V
V i* /

R in g ¿

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 If # > critical angle, no light escapes,
so for the largestcircle, 0 = Qc
sin #c = ntlir sin 90° = (1.00) (1.00) = 1.00

#c = sin”1(1 i nw) = sin"1— — = 48.6°

1.333
tan#. = R /1 0 .0 m - > R = (10.0 m) tan48.6° = 11.3 m
A = jrR2 = ti (13.3 m)2 = 4 0 1 m 2

33 17• ^ or Slass ^crii = 4 8 .7 °

1.333
rca sin#c m, = n.i? sin 90°,' so n2 = — = 1.77
sin#ciit sin48.7°

3 3 .18: (a)

'K'
/tí
Total internal reflection occurs at A C : w sin 9 = (1.00) sin 90° = 1.00
(1.52) sin Q= 1.00
# = 41.1°
a + e = 90° a = 90° - 4 1 .Io = 48.9°
If a is larger,# is smaller and thus less than the critical angle, so this answer is the
largest that a can be.

(b) Same approach as in (a), except AC is now a glass-water boundary.

n sin # = Rwsin 90° = 1.333
1.52 sin# = 1.333
# = 6 1 .3 °
a = 90° - 6 1 . 3 ° = 2 8 .7 °

3 3 .19: a) The slower the speed of the wave, the larger the index of refraction— so air
has a larger index of refraction than water.
f \
r 344 m /s ^
b) # , = arcsin nb Vair = 15.1°.
\.n* / ^waler v1320 m/s
c ) Air. For total internal reflection, the wave must go from higher to lower index of
refraction— in this case, from air to water.

1 .0 0
33.20 : #crit = arcsin = arcsin. = 24.4°.
2^ 42

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3 3 .2 1 : a ) tan 9 = = tan 5 4 .5 ° = 1.40 => nb = 1 .4 0 .

f \

i—»
n„ . _

b
o
b) 6 b = arcsin — sin £ . = arcsin ------ sin 54.5° = 35.6°.

a
,1 .4 0

N
33.22 : From the picture on the next page, Or = 37.0°, and so :
s in ^ , , , s in 5 3 ° , , ,
n. = n . = 1 .3 3 ----------- = 1.77.
sin 9. sin 37°

1.00
33.23 : a) tan O = — => na = Hb = 1.65.
tan 9 p tan31.2°

b) 9 b = arcsin — sin^, = arcsin — sin 31.2° = 58.7°.

1.00
f-
nb. '1 .6 6 '
3 3 .2 4 :a ) Inair 9 p = arctan = arctan = 58.9°
i—>
b
o

l n* /
f \
b ri .66"
i—*
bO

b) In water 9 p = arctan = arctan

II
U\

n„a ,1 .3 3 ,

33.25 : a) Through the first filter :I l

The second filter: / , = ~ I r_ eos2 (4 1 .0 °) = 0.285/ 0.

b) The light is linearly polarized.

3 3 .2 6 : a ) / = / _ c o s V => / = cos2(2 2 .5 °) = 0 . 8 5 4 / _ .
b) / = / ^ c o s V => / = / « e o s 2 (45.0°) = 0 . 5 0 0 / _
c ) / = / ^ c o s V =>/ = / ^ c o s 2 (6 7 .5 °) = 0 .1 4 6 / ^ .

33.27 : After the first filter the intensity is ^ /0 = 10.0 W /m 2 and the light is polarized
along the axis of the first filter. The intensity after the second filter is I = I 0 co s¿é , where
I 0 = 10.0 W /m 2 and co = 62.0o - 25.0 o = 3 7.0 o. Thus, 1 = 6 .38 W /m 2.

3 3 .2 8 : L et the intensity o f the light that exits the first poiarizer be /i, then, according to
repeated application o f Malus’ law, the intensity o f light that exits the third poiarizer is

7 5 .0 W /cm 2 = / , eos2 (23.0°) eos2 (62.0° - 23.0°).

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 7 5 .0 W /c
/ m
So we see that I [ = , which is ais o the intensity incident
eos2 (2 3 .0 °) eos2 (62.0° - 23.0°)
on the third polarizer after the second polarizer is removed Thus, the intensity that ex its
the third polarizer after the second polarizer is removed is
75.0 W / c m W (62.0°)
cm 2.
eos2 (2 3 .0o) eos2 (6 2 .0 ° - 2 3 .0 ° )

33.29 : a) / , = - / 0, / 2 = - / 0cos¿(45.0°) = 0 .2 5 0 /0, / 3 = / 2co s¿ (45.0°) = 0.12 5 /0.

b) /1 = | / 0,/ ! = i / 0co s2( 9 0 .0 ° ) = 0 .

3 3 .3U: a) All the electric field is in the plañe perpendicular to the propagation direction,
and máximum intensity through the fílters is at 90° to the filter orientation for the case of
minimum intensity. Therefore rotating the second filter by 90° when the situation
originally showed the máximum intensity means one ends with adark cell.
b) If filter P i is rotated by 90°, then the electric field oscillates in the dirección pointing
toward the P 2 filter, and henee no intensity passes through the second filter: see adark
cell.
c ) Even if P 2 is rotated back to its original position, the new plañe of oscillation of the
electric field, determined by the first filter, allows zero intensity to pass through the
second filter.

3 3 .31: Consider three mirrors, M i in the (x,yJ -plañe, M i in the (y,z)-plañe, and A/ 3 in the
(x,zPplane. A light ray bouncing from M\ changes the sign of the z-component of the
velocity, bouncing from M 2 changes the x -component, and from A/3 changes the y-
component. Thus the velocity, and henee also the patli, of the light beam flips by 180°
f \ e \ r'"-
oc
c

33.32 : a) 6 b = aresin — sm 0 a a = aresin — siné»a = aresin -------sin 9.73° = 46.6°.

, !> 344
c \
v„a '' 3 4 4 '
1—*
4^0
'jí

b) &cút = aresin = aresin

II
1—*
O
OO
er

3 3 .33: a) sinP, = rc2 sinP2 and ^ sinP2 = w3 sinP3, so sinP, = rc3 sinP3
sinP3 = sin 9{ ) / rc3 b) rc3 sin & 2 = ^2 n2 sinP2 = nYs in ^ , so sin#, =
nj sinP3 and the light makes the sameangle with respect to the noral in the material with
as it did in part (a).
c) For reflection, Oy = 9 Q. These angles are still equal if 9 r becomes the incident
angle; reflected rays are also reversible.

3 3 .34: It takes the light an addi ti onal 4 .2 ns to travel 0.840 m after the glass slab is
inserted into the beam. Thus,

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 0.840 m 0.840 m , 0.840 m . _
= (« —1) = 4 .2 ns.
c jn c c
W e can now solve for the index of re fraction:
(4 .2 x 1 0 ^ s) (3.00x10® m /s) , „
n= V1 = 2.50.
0.840 m
The wavelength inside o f the glass is

X ^ 490 nm = 196 nm » 200 nm.

2.50

> 1— *
O
O
n Q
o.
3 3 .35: = 9 0 °-a rc s in = 9 0 °-a rcsin = 43.6°.

CO
1—
*>/
fn b sin#* ' .38 sin(43.6°)'|
But na siné?a = n.b sin#.b => #a = arcsin = 72.1°.
y 1.00

3 3 .36: na sin#a = n.b sin#.b = n.b sin.

= 2 sin f 9 aa ' eos

a a
(1.00) sin#a = sin 2 = (1.80) sin
.2, 2^ v. 2 J
(9aN
bo
3

2 eos = (1.80) => 0 a = 2 árceos = 51.7°.

2/ , 2

3 3 .37: The velocity vector “maps out” the path of the light beam, so the geometry as
shown below leads to:

r
V. V.
v, = v. and # _ = # .= > árceos = árceos with the minus

rV_ r v.. \
signchosenby inspection Similarly,=> arcsin = arcsin v . = V. .

0 00250°
X X 5 .4 0 x 10" m 5 .4 0 x 1 0 ' 1 m

(1 .4 0 ) = 3 .5 2 x 1 0 .

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 r
(0.00534 m )/2 D = aresin ' 1 . 0 ' => n
nh
3 3 .3 9 : 9cúi = arctan aresin = ]
0.00310 m Kna / n / sin(40.7o)
Note: The radius is reduced by a factor of two since the beam must be incident at 9 cú[, then refh
on the glass-air interface to create the ring.

1.5 m
3 3 .40: 9„ = are tan = 51°
1.2 m
f \

1—*
O
O
n„ .
9 b = aresin — sin#^Q . = aresin ------ sin 51° = 36°.
K y ,1.33
So the distance along the bottom of the pool from directly below where the light
enters to where it hits the bottom is:
x = (4.0 m) tan 9, = (4.0 m) tan 36° = 2.9 m.
=> i ,'lo. ,la], = 1 .5 m + j: = 1 .5 m -f 2.9 m = 4.4 ni

LOcm 4 .0 cm
33.41 9 . =arctan = 27° and 9 . = are tan = 14°.
16 .0 cm 16.0 cm

nQsin 9a ' 'l.OOsin 2 7 °'l

So,> nn sin9n
o
= n.n sin#.n => n.n = = 1. 8 .
sin 3 , y , sin 14°

3 3 .42: The beam of light will emerge at the same angle as it entered the fluid as seen by
following what happens via SnelTs Law at each o f the interfaces. That is, the emergent
beam is at 4 2 .5 ° from the normal.

' sin90° ' 1.000

3 3 .43: a) 9¡ = aresin = aresin = 48.61°.
1.333
The
he ice does not come
comt into the calculad on since sin 90° = sin 9 c = n wsin 9¡.
b) Same as part (a).

f nb sin 9b 'l.3 3 s in 9 0 o%
3 3 .44: na sin 9 a = nb sin 9b = = 1.9.
, s in ^ , sin 45°

n . sin#
3 3 .45: ma sin #a = n.b sin #b.= > # «b = aresin

1.66 sin (25.0°)

= aresin = 44.6°.
1.00
So the angle below the horizontal is 9b - 25.0° = 44.6° - 25.0° = 19.6°,and thus
the angle between the two emerging beams is 39.2°.

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 nb sin 8 b ' 'l.6 2 s in 6 0 o>|
3 3 .4 6 : nQsin.9a = nb s \n 8 b => na = = 1.40.
s in *, y v. sin 90°

nb sin 9b '1 .5 2 sin 57.2° ^

3 3 .47: na s in ^ = nb ú n 8 b => na = = 1.28.
„ s in * , y v. sin 90°

3 3 .48: a) For light in air incidenton a paral le1-faced píate, SnelFs Law yields:
n sin 8 a = n sin 8 b = n sin Ob = n sin 8 a
' => sin 9 a = sin &'Q=> 8 a = 8 a' .
b) Adding more plates just adds extra steps in the middle of the above equation that
always cancel out. The requirement of parallel faces ensures that the angle &A= 8 n, and
the chain o f equations can continué.
c ) The lateral displacement of the beam can be calculated using geometry:
ísin(<9 - 8 1 )
d = L sin(# - 8 ! ) and L = --------- => ¿ =
QOSdb cos8 b
n sin 8 q 'sin 66.0° ^
d) 6 ' = arcsin = 30.5°
i—>
bo

n /
o

, (2.40 cm ) sin(66.0° - 30.5°) , ^

= > d = ----------- = 1.62 cm.
eos 30.5°

3 3 .49: a) For sunlight entering the earth’s atmosphere from the sun BELO W the
horizon, we can calcúlate the angle 5 as follows:
na sin.9a = nb sin#¿ => (1.00) sin 8 a = n sin 8 b, where nb = n is the atmosphere’s
index o f refraction But the geometry of the situation tells us:
R nR nR R
sin& = sin#, = 5 = 9 - 9 , . = arcsin - arcsin
R+ h R+k R+ h R+ k

(1.0003)(6.4 x 10s m) 6 .4 x lO s m
b) 5 = arcsin
v6 .4 x 1 0 6 m + 2 .0 x l 0 4 m ) , , 6 4 . x l 0 6 m + 2 .0 x 104 m
5 = 0.22°. This is about the same as the angular radius of the sun, 0.25°.

3 3 .50: A quarter-wave píate shifts the phase of the light by 9 = 9 0 °. Circularly polarized
light is out of phase by 9 0 ° , so the use of a quarter-wave píate will bring it back into
phase, resulting in linearly polarized light,

3 3 .5 1 : a ) / = - / 0 e o s 5 5 e o s 2 ( 9 0 ° - 0 ) = ¿ / o(c o s 0 s in é > )2 = - / „ s in 5 29.

2 2 8
b) For máximum transmis sion, we need 2 8 = 90°, so 8 = 45°.

3 3 .52: a) The distance traveled by the light ray is the sum of the two diagonal segments:

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d = (*2 + y? Y + fe - x f + y ¡ } \
Then the time taken to travel that distance is just:
d (x2 + y ? r + ( ( ! - x f + y ¡T
c
b) Taking the derivative with resp ectto x o fth e time and setting it to zero yields:
dt 1 ^ / 2 , 2 \l/2 . [n x2 , 2
(x + y , ) ' + 1 ( 7 - * ) + y 2
dx c dt
dt 1
=>— = - = 0
dx c
x (* -* ) sin 0 { = sin d 7 => 6 { = &2.
'¡ x ¿ + >\ +y\

3 3 .53: a) The time taken to travel from point A to point B is just:

dl d7 sjk 2 + x ' -l-Q —x ) 7
t=

Taking the derivative with respect to x of the time and setting it to zero yields:

dt d (t-x )
dx dt vi v, yjk? -\-X7 V2 yjk% -\-(l-x)7

C and c
A v, = — n ^ Q -x )
— Mj sin#, = «2 sin#2.
n < ¡ 4- x + (¿ - x )

3 3 .54: a) n decreases with increasing X , so n is smaller for red than for blue. So beam a
is the red one.
b) The separation of the emerging beams is given by some elementary geometry.
x
x = x . —x„ = d tan O. - d tan#, => d = ■, where x is the vertical beam
tan 6 . - tan 0 .

separation as they emerge ffom the glass x = 111111 = 2.92 m oiFrom the ray
sin 20°
geometry, we al so have
sin 70° sin 70°
9 y = are sin = 35.7° and 6 V = aresin = 34.5°, so :
1.61 I.-
2.92 mm
d = = 9 cm
tan#. - tan# tan 35.7o- t a n 34.5 o

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 A+ 5 A
A t each face o f the prism the deviation is a , so 2 a = 5 => sin = n sin— .
2 2
. A
b) From part (a), 5 = 2 arcsin rcsin — - A
2

■=> 5 = 2arcsin (1.52) sin 60'00 - 6 0 .0 ° = 38.9.

2
c) If two colors have different índices of refraction for the glass, then the deflection
angles for them will differ:

Ssfá = 2 arcsin (1.61) s i n - ^ ^ - 6 0 .0 ° = 47.2°

¿\ioic, = 2 arcsin (1-66) sin - 60.0° = 52.2° ^ > A S = 52.2o —47.2° = 5.0°

3 3 .5 6 :

Direction of ray A: O by law of reflection.

Direction of ray B:
At upper surface: n{ sin# = n 2 sin a
Ih e lower surface reflects at a. Ray B returns to upper surface at angle of
incidence a :n 2 sin a = n{ sin (j)
Thus
n[ sin# = n[ sin ó
<¡>= e
Therefore rays A and B are parallel.

3 3 .5 7 : Both Meucine and¿-glutamic acid exhibit linear relationships between

concentrad on and rotation angle. The dependence for Meucine is:
Rotation angle (°)= (-0 .1 l 3100m l/g)C (g/100 mi), and for d -glulamic acid is
Rotatioa aagle (°)= (0.124°100 m l/g)C (g/l 0 0 mi).

3 3 .5 8 : a) A b iré fringent material has different speeds (or equivalently, wavelengths) in

two different directions, so:

X ,= ^ a n d X 2 = ^ = > — = — n¡D _ niD , 1 n_ X0

nl n2 X[ X7 4 X0 X0 4 4(ra, - n . )

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 5 .8 9 x 1 0 7 m
b) D = = 6 .1 4 x 10” m
4 0 * !-^ ) 4 (1 .8 7 5 -1 .6 3 5 )

3 3 .59: a) The máximum intensity from the table is at 6 = 35°, so the polarized
component of the wave is in that direction (or else we would not have máximum intensity
at thatangle).

b) A t # = 4 0 ° : / = 24.8 W /m 2 = ~-/0 + / , eos5(4 0 ° - 3 5 ° )

=> 24.8 W /m 5 = 0.500 / 0 + 0.9961p (1).

At 6 = 1 2 0 ° : / = 5.2 W /m 5 = ^ / 0 + / , eos5 (120o - 35°)

=> 5.2 W /m 5 = 0 .5 0 0 /0 + 7 .6 0 x 1 0 '3/,, (2).

Solving equations (1) and (2) we find:
=? 19.6 W /m 5 = 0.9 891p = > /„ = 19.8 W /m 5 .
Then if one subs this back into equation (1), we find:
5 .0 4 9 = 0.50010 = > /0 = l 0.1 W /m 2 .

3 3 .60: a) To let the most light possible through N polarizers, with a total rotation of 90°,
we need as little shift from one poiarizer to the next. That is, the angle between
x
successive polarizers should be constant and equal to Then:

x X
I{ = I 0 eos' J , = / 0 cos‘
2 N, 2N 2N
\n
e
b) If n » 1 , eos*19 = 1 - = 1- ^
2
f r
X X
=> eos5" « 1 - < 2A0 = 1- - 1 , for large N.
\ IN , 2 ,1 N ) AN

3 3 .61: a) Multiplying Eq. (1) by sin/? andEq. (2) by sin a yields:

x
(1 ) :—sin (3 = sin caí eos a sin ¡3 - e o s caí sin a sin ¡3

(2 ) :—sina = sin cuícos ¡3 sin a - eos cot sin ¡3 sin a

a
« , . ... * s i n / ? - ysinar . . _ _ .
Subtracting yields: ----------------------- = sin cativos a sin ¡3 - eos (3 sin a).
a
b) Multiplying Eq. (1) b y c o s¡3 andEq. (2) b y c o s a yields:

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 ( 1 ) eos /? = sin eos a eos /? - eos útf sin a eo sp
a

(2 ) : —c o s a = sin e o s /? c o s a - e o scotsin /?co sa

a
jtcos fí veos a
Subtracting y ie ld s:----------------------- = -c o s < ¡rt(s in a c o s/? - sin/? co sa).
a
(c) Squaring and adding the results of parts (a) and (b) yields:
(x sin p - y sin a ) 2 + (x eos f i - y eos a ) 2 = a 2 (sin a eos /? - sin /? c o s a ) 2
(d) Expanding the left-hand side, we have:
x 2 (sin2 /? + eos2 /?) + y 2(sin2 a + cos2 a ) - 2xy (sin a sin /? + c o s a eosP )
= x 2 + y 2 - 2xy (sin a sin /? - c o s a eos /?) = x 2 4- y 2 - 2xy co s(a - /?).
The right-hand side can be rewritten:
a 2(sin a co s/? - sin /? c o s a )2 = a 2 sin2( a - /?).
Therefore: x 2 + y 2 - 2xy eos (a - /?) = a 2 sin11( a - /?).
Or: x 2 -\- y 2 - 2xy c o s ó = a 2 sin2 tí, where 5 = a - p.
(e) 5 = 0 : x 7 4- y 2 - 2.xy = (.* - y )2 = 0 => x = y, which is a straight diagonal line.

o
^ .. x 2 4■
=— - y
2
- 4 lx y = which is an ellipse.
4

tí = — : je2 + y2 = a 2,which is a circle.

2
This pattern repeats for the remaining phase differences.

3 3 .62: a) B y the symmetry of the trian gles, 9 b = 9 * , and 9 a = 9 B = 9 B = 6 b .

Therefore,’ sin 9 b? = n sin 0 a? = n sin 9 b? = sin 9 a* = b9 ? =
a 9 *.

b) The total angular deflection of the ray is:

A = e a* - 6b? + 7 ! - 1 0a‘ + b6 h
c a- 9 C = 1 6a * - 4 6b1 + n.
\
c ) From Snell’s Law, sin 9 * = n sin 9 b => 9¡¡ = aresin —sin 9 ‘c
n

A = 2 9 ? - 4 9 ? 4- X = 2 9 ? - 4arcsin —sin 9 : 71.

n
\\
eos 9{
d) =0=2-4 d aresin — sin 9. =>0 = 2 -

d9: d9; 1 - sin¿ 9 j n

sin2 9 l ló e o s 2 9 {
1- = > 4 co s L9 v = n - 1 + co s2 #,

1
=> 3cos2 9 { = n 2 - 1 => eos2 9 { = —( n 2 - 1).

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 e) Forviolet: #, = árceos = árceo s i (1.342a - 1 ) = 5 8 .8 9 °

=> A * 1 3 9 .2 ° = > ^ = 40.8°.

For red: #A= árceos = árceos —(1.3302 - 1 ) = 59.58°

= 137.5° =>#rcd = 4 2 .5 °.
Therefore the color thatappears higher is red

3 3 .63: a) For the secondary rainbow, we will follow similar steps to Pr. (34-51). The
total angular deflection of the ray is:
A = 6 a* —dbt + x —2 #b/ + x - 26b? + 6 ? a - 6 ?b = 2 6 ?a - 6 6 ?b + 2¿r,'where we have used
the fact from the previous problem that allthe internal angles are equal and the two
external equals are equal. Also using the SnelPs Law relationship, we have:

6 b = aresin — sin#:

A = 26 ? - 6 6 ? + 2 x = 2 # f - óaresin — sin#: 2j t .

eos 6 r
b) = 0 = 2 -6 d aresin — sin#: =>0 = 2-
de­ do: ^/l —sin2 6 r

=> n2(l - sin 2 #2/ra2) = ( n'! - 1 + C O S 2 #2 ) = 9 co s2 #2 => eos2 #2 = ^ ( n ¿ - 1).

c) For vio let: #2 = árceos „f—in~ - 1) = árceos -( 1 .3 4 2 a - 1 ) = 71.55°

* 233.2° = 5 3 .2 °.

For red: 6 , = árceos = árceos —(1.330a - 1 ) = 71.94°.

=> = 230.1 ° => 9 ^ = 50.1°.

Therefore the color thatappears higher is violeL

34.1: If up is the + y -direction and right is the + x -direction, then the object is at
( ~ x 0 , - y0 ) , P2 is at ( x 0 , - y 0 ),and mirror 1 flips the y -valúes, so the image is at

(*o> y0) which is K

34.2: Using similar triangles,

^trcc 2 8 .0 m + 0 .3 5 0 m

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34.3: A plañe mirror does not change the height of the object in the image, ñor does the
distance from the mirror change. So, the image is 39.2 cm to the right of the mirror, and
its height is 4.85 cm.

34.4: a) / = - = 34 0 cm = 17.0 cm.

2 2
b) If the spherical mirror is immersed in water, its focal length is linchanged— it
justdepends upon the physical geometry of the mirror.

34.5: a)

y i
<
1

1
¡\
\

/
\■ ¡1

1
1
1

1
1
1

------------------------------------------- ,

uX 1 1 1 1 2 1
b) - + — = — => — = --------------------------- s' = 33.0 cm , to the left of the mirror.
s s’ f s ' 22.0 cm 16.5 cm

y = —y — = -(0 .6 0 0 cm) ^ CD1 = - 1 .2 0 cm,and the image is inverted and real.

^ 16.5 cm

34.6: a)

mirror.

y ' = - y — = -(0 .6 0 0 c m )^ 6.60 cm ) _ q 240 cm ,and the image is upright and

s 16.5 cm
virtual.

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 1 1 1
34.7: —4- — = — => — = —— s ' = —1.75 m
s s' f s ' 1.75 m 5 .5 8 x 1 0 m
1.75 -ii
=> m = —■ = 3 .1 4 x 1 0 y = my
5 .5 8 x 1 0 '
= (3 .1 4 x 1 0 )(6 7 9 4 x 1 0 m) = 2 .1 3 x l0 ~ 4 m.

34.8: R = - 3 .0 0 cm, - + — = — => — = ------- í----- => ^' = - 1 .4 0 cm(in the

s s f s’ 3.00 cm 21.0 cm
^' _ j 40 cm
ball). The magnification is m = ~ — = --------- :------- = 0.0667.
s 21.0 cm

N 1 1 1 1 1 1 S - f , sf A1 /
34.9: a) - + — = — => — = -------- = ------— =>s = — - — . Also m = ------ =
s s f s f s fs s —f s f —s
b) For / > 0, ^ > / => s ' > 0,so the image is always on the outgoing side and is

real. The magnificad on is m = —- — < 0, since f < s.

f- s

c ) For s > 2 f => \m\< f = 1, which means the image is always smaller and
- /
inverted since the magnification is negative.

For / <s < 2 f => 0< s -f <f => |tw|> y = 1.

d) Concave mirror: 0 < s < f => s ' < 0,and we have a virtual image to the right

the mirror. |m|>y = l,s o th e image is upright and larger than the objecL

3 4 .10: For acon vex mirror, / < 0 => s ’ = < 0. Therefore the image is
s -f 5 + |/|
always virtual. Also m = ——— = ^ ^ — > 0, so the image is erect, and
/ - 5 -| / | -5 |/|+5

m < 1 since |/| -i- s > |/|, so the image is smaller.

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3 4 .11: a)

S r/f )

b) s ' > Ofor s > / , s < 0.

c) s* < 0 for 0 < ^ < / .
d) If the object is just outside the focal point, then the image position apptoaches
positive infinity.
e) If the object is just inside the focal point, the image is atnegative infinity, “behind”
the mirror.
f) If the object is at infinity, then the imageis at the focal point.
g) If the object is next to the mirror, thenthe image is also at the mirror.
h)

vffi)

i) The image is erect if s < f .

j) The image is inverted if s > f .
k) The image is larger if 0 < s < 2f .
1) The image is smaller if s > 2 / or s < 0.
m) As the object is moved closer andcloser to the focal point, the magnification
INCREASES to infinite valúes.

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3 4 .12: a)

-3 .0 0 -2 .0 0 -1 .0 0 0.00 1.00 2 .0 0 3 .0 0 4 .0 0 5.00

•v( m
a) s ’ > 0 for - 1/| < < 0.
b) s r < 0 for s < - 1/| and s < 0.
c) I f the object is at infinity, theimage is at theoutward goingfocal point.
d) If the object is next to the mirror, then the imageisalso at the mirror. For the
answers to (e), (f), (g), and (h), refer to the graph on the next page.
e) The image is erect (magnificadon greater than zero) for s > —1/|.
f) The image is inverted (magnífication less than zero) for s < - 1/|.
g) The image is larger than the object (magnificadon greater than one) fot
- 2|/| < s < 0 .
h) The image is smaller than the object (magnificadon less than one) for
s > 0 and s < - 2|/|.

Vl/l/l»

3 4 .13: a)

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m irror.
>j/ 5.45 coi
y ' ——y — ——(0 .9 cm ) :----------—0.409 cm,and the image is upright and virtual.
^ 12.0 cm

3 4 .14: a) m = —— = _ 4 00, where s'com es from part (b).

5 12.0
. . 1 11 1 2 1
b) —+ — = — => —-= -------------------------- s* = -4 8 .0 cm. Since s'is negative,
s s 'f s' 32.0 cm 12.0 cm
the image is virtual.
c)

/ y*-
J X ,

1.309 1.00
34.15: = 0 = 0 => s ’ = - 2 .6 1 cm.
3.50 cm

TX ¥X 133 1 00
3 4 .16: a) — + — = 0 => — :------- h—— = 0 => s ' = -5 .2 6 c m , so the fish appears
5 s' 7.00 cm s*
5.26 cm below the surface.
*1 "i nn
b) — + — = 0 => — :--------h—— = 0 => s ’ = -2 4 .8 c m ,so the image of the fish
s s' 33.0 cm s'
appears 24.8 cm below the surface.

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3 4 .17: a) For R > 0 and na > n b, with 9 a =a-Y($> a n d 9 b = 4- /?, we have:

nA = na9 b => 9 b =
+ ¡5 = ^ - ( a + 0 ) => nQa - nb(3 = (nb - nQ)<¡>.
nb
h, h, h,
But a = —, ¡5 = , and é = — , so subbing them in one fínds:
5 -s R
n a nb _ ( n b ~ n a )

5 5 ' R
Also, the magnification calculation yields:
tan and tan ^ ^ ^ ^ m= ¿ = - M i.
O
5I D
—5 f 5f 5t y nbs
b) For R < 0 and na < , with 9 a = a - é and 9 h = ¡5 - 0 , we have :n b/3 - n aa =

(nb - na)<t>. But a = —, fí = — ,and (p = = > — — , so subbing them

5 —5 —R 5 5' R
^2 ^ i ^2 — ^2 j
in one fínds: — 4- — = — — . Al so, the magnification calculation yields:
5 s' R

« .ta n * « i* . =
5 5 y K 5

34.I 8 : a ) ^ + =* => , ' = 8.00cm .

5 5 ¿? co 5 3.00 cm

b) zk+i = « . ^ ^ ^ +i ^ =^ ^ ' = 1 3 .7 c m .
5 5 i? 12.0cm 5 3.00 cm

O Zk + ^ . = ^ k => . L ■+ M 2 = ...°_ ^ => s ' = - 5 .3 3 cm.

5 5 ' R 2.00 cm 5' 3.00 cm

nQ nb nb - n a sR ( 5 ' R ) -
s (s - R)
1----- = ------------ => n„ = ---------------------- n.-= ---------------- n,
5 5 ' R a (s + R ) s'R 5 ' (s-\-R)
90.0 cm (160 c m - 3.00 cm ) , r_
=> rc = (1.60) = 1.52.
160 cm (90.0 c m + 3.00 cm)

nb nb ~*a
3 4 .2 0 : n‘ +1
r = - ^ - = > ------ 1------+ — = 0 60 ■= > .;' = 14.8 cm.
5 5 R 24.0 cm 5 ' 4 .0 0 cm
c - n Qs >\ - 1 4 .8 cm
y = y= 1.50 mm = —0.578 mm, so the image height
nbs / (1.60)(24.0 cm)
is 0.578 mm,and is inverted.

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 1.60 - 0 .6 0
34.21: *■ 1 s ' = - 8 .3 5 cm.
s S' R 24.0 cm s 4.0 0 cm
r
r - n Qs - (-8 .3 5 cm)
y = y= 1.50 mm = 0.326 mm, so the image height is
/ (1.60)(24.0 cm)
0.326 mm,and is erect.

riu - n. 1.33 1.00 - 0 .3 3

3 4 .22: a) s' = - 1 4 .0 cm, so the fish
- 1 4 .0 cm
appears to be at the center o f the bowl.
- n as r - (1.33)(—17.0 cmj^j
m= = +1.33.
/ v (1.00X17.0 cm )
Kb~nQ 1.00 1.33 0.33
b) ------- Y------ = --------- = 56.4 cm, which is outside
R co 14.0 cm
the bowl.

3 4 .23: For s = 18 c m :
N 11 1 1 1 1
a) —-f — = — => — = ---------------------- = 63.0 cm.
s s' f s' 14.0 cm 18.0 cm

b ) m = _ f : = _ ^ = _3.50.
5 18.0
c ) and d) From the magnificad on, we see that the image is real and inverted.

For ^ = 7.00 c m :
N 1 1 1 1 1 1
a) —+ — = — => — = ------------ ------------ s ' = - 1 4 .0 cm.
s s f s 14.0 cm 7.00 cm

b) m = - - = - Z } ^ . = 2 .0 0 .
s 7.00
c ) and d) From the magnificad on, we see that the image is virtual and erecL

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3 4 .2 4 : a ) l + J - +- 1 ■ / = - 4 8 .0 cm,and the lens is
s s f f 16 .0 cm - 1 2 .0 cm
diverging.
/
( - 12.0)
b) y = y —— = (0.850 cm) = 0.638 cm, and is erect.
& 16.0
C)

3 4 .25: m = ^ - = = 3.25 = - - . Also:

y 0.400 ^
1 1 1 1 1 1 s
- 1 = -3 .2 5 = > s ' = -1 5 .7 5 cm
s s f s 7.00 cm s s 7.00 cm
(to the left).

=> — = — --------------- => .s = 4.85 cm, and the image is virtual

5 7.0 cm - 1 5 .7 5 cm
(since s ' < 0).

3 4 .26: m = — = - ^ = - — => .>= 0 . 7 1 Al so :

y 3.20 ^
1 1 1 1 1 1
• s ' = 2 1 7 c m (to the right).
s s' f 0.711 s ' s' 90.0
—> s = 0.711(217 cm) = 154 cm , and the image is real (since s' > 0).

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 J 1_
3 4 .2 7 : I + i = ( n - l ) 1 ~7 = (0 .4 8 )
s s’ R{ R2 18.0 5.00 cm cm 5
3.50 cm
s' = -1 0 .3 c m (to the left of the lens).

3 4 .28: a) Criven s ' = 80. Os, and s + s ' = 6.00 m => 81.00s = 6.00 m => s = 0.0741 m
and s ' = 5.93 m.
b) The image is inverted since both the image and objectare real (s/ > 0, s > 0).
1 1
c) 1 = 1 +1 = / = 0.0732 m ,and the lens is converging.
/ s + s ' 0.0741 m 5.93 m

3 4 .29: — = ( n - 1)
/ ± 4 .0 0 c m ± 8 .0 0 c m

f = +13.3 cm; / 2 = +4.44 cm; / 3 = 4.4 4 cm; / 4 = -1 3 .3 cm; f 5 = -1 3 .3 cm; f 6 = +13.3 cm;
f 1 = -4 .4 4 cm ; f %= - 4 .4 4 cm.

3 4 .30: W e have a converging lens if the focal length is positive, which requires:

>0 > 0. This can occur in one of three ways:

Ri Ri
(i) {i?, < R? } u {Rl ,R 2 > 0} (ii) R[ > 0, <0
(iii) {\Rl |> |R7 |} u {/?, , £ 2 < 0}. Henee the three lenses in Fig. (35.29a).
W e have adiverging lens if the focal length is negative, which requires:
1 1_
<o < 0. This can occur in one of three ways:
R{ R7
A
(i) {R [ > R7] u { ^ , R2 > 0} (ii) R{ > R7 > 0 (iii) R[ < 0,R 2 > 0.
Henee the three lenses in Fig. (34.29b).

3 4 .31: a) The lens equation is the same for both thin lenses and spherical mirrors, so the
derivation of the equations in E x . (34.9) is identical and one gets:

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s s' f s f s fs s~ f s f~ s
b) Again, one gets exactly the same equations for a converging lens rather than a
concave mirror because the equations are identical. The difference lies in the
interpretation of the results. For a lens, the outgoing side is not that on which the object
lies, unlike for a mirror. So for an object on the left side of the lens, a positive image
distance means that the image is on the right of the lens, and a negative image distance
means that the image is on the leftside of the lens.
c ) Again, for E x. (34.10) and (34.12), the change from a convex mirror to a
diverging lens changes nothing in the exercises, except for the interpretation of the
location of the images, as explained in part (b) above.

3 4 .32: - + — = — => — = => ^ = 7.0 cm.

s s' f s 12.0 cm - 1 7 .0 c m
s' (-1 7 .0 ) y 0.800 cm .
m=— = = + 2.4 => y = — = -------------- = +0.34 cm , so the obiectis
►s 7.2 m + 2 .4
0.34 cm tall, erect, same side.

3 4 .3 3 : 1 + ... j - _ + - L _ ^ = +26.3cm .
s s' f s - 4 8 .0 c m 17.0 cm
y ’ 0.800 cm
m=~ = ^ = 0.646 y = — = -------------- = 1.24 cm tall, erect, same side.
^ + 2 6 .3 m 0.646

3 4 .34: a) —+ — = — => — -------------h => / = 11.1 cm, con ver ging.

s s f f 16.0 cm 36.0 cm

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 y 0.024 m
3 4 .35: a) \m\= = 600 m = 0.0600 m = 60 mm.
y 240 m /
1 1 1 1
=> / = 60 m m So one should use the
f s s' 6 .0 x 1 0 mm 60 mm
85-mm lens.

b) s = s y = 40 .0 m "0.036 m %= 0.15 m = 150 mm.

y 9.6 m
i i i 1
/ = 149 mm. So one should use the
f s s’ 4 0 x l 0 3 mm 150 mm
135-mm lens.

3 4 .3 6 : -í-+ — = — => 1 1 = 0.0869 m.

s s f 3.90 m s' 0.085 m

y' = - — y = - 1750 mm = 39.0 mm, so it will not fit on the 24-mmx

5 3.90
36-mm film.

^ = 1020 cm
s s* f s 20.4 cm 20.0 cm

34 .3 8 : y = - — y = - ~ y = — — (70.7 m) = 0.0372 m = 3 7 .2 mm.

^ ^ 9. 50x10 m

34 .3 9 : a ) U = — « / = > U = — — = 1 .4 x l 0 ‘ 4.
s s 200,000 mm
.. . , / i. 105m m __ .__4
b) \m\= — - — => \m\= ------------------- = 5. 3 x 1 0 .
1 1 ^ s 11 200,000 mm
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 v ii s' f ii 300 mm 3
c ) \m\= — » — =>\m\ = ------------------- = 1. 5x10 .
s s 200,000 mm

3 4 .40: a) s[ = co => s ' = f = 1 2 cm.

b) s 2 = 4.0 cm - 1 2 cm = - 8 cm.

c ) - -+— = — => — í— + — = í => s ' = 24 cm, to the right

s s f - 8 cm s 2' - 1 2 cm
d) sl = co => s't = f = 12 cm.
s 7 = 8.0 c m - 12 cm = - 4 cm.
1 1 1 1 1 1 , ^
—4- — = — =>------------1-— = ------------ => s 2 = 6 cm.
s s f - 4 cm s' - 1 2 cm

3 4 .41: a) f / 4 =>4 = => D = L = 3° ° ^ = 75 mm.

' D 4 4

b) / / 8 => D = — , so the diameter is 0.5 times smaller, and the area is 0.25 times
8
smaller. Therefore only a quarter of the light entered the aperture, and the film must be
exposed foui times as long for thecorrect exposure.

3 4 .42: The square of the aperture diameter (~ the area) is proportional to the length of the
mm
exposure time required
30 23.1 mm 250

3 4 .43: a) A real image is formed at the film, so the lens must be convex.

b) - + — = — so— = - — — and s = , with / = + 5 0 .0 .0 mm

S S J S SJ s —J
For = 45 cm = 450 mm, s' = 56 mm.
For s = m ,s ' = f = 50 mm
The range of distances between the lens and film is 50 mm to 56 mm.

3 4 .44: a) —+ — = — => - + — í— = ----- => s = 0.153 m = 15.3 cm.

s s* f s 9.00 m 0.150 m

b) \m\= — = = 58.8 => dimensions are (24 mm x 36 mm)m = (1.41 m x 2.12 m).
11 5 0.153

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3 4 .45: a) / = — -— = ------— — = 0.364 m = 36.4 c o i The near-point is normally at
power 2.75 m

25 c m : —+ = — => — f —- = --------- =>s ' = - 8 0 cm, in front of the eye.

s s f 25 cm 5 36.4 cm

b) / = — -— = ------í T- = -0 .7 6 9 m = - 7 6 .9 cm. The far point is ideally at

power - 1 .3 0 m

infmity, so: —+ — = — => — + — = ------ ?------- => s' = -7 6 .9 cm.

s s' f <x> s ' - 76.9 cm

34.4 6 : + í----- + = => /j = 0 .710cm .

5 5 R 40.0 cm 2.60 cm R

3 4 .47: a) — = —+ — = — f ------- => power = — = +2.33 diopters.

/ 5 5r 0.25 m - 0.600 m /

b) — = —+ — = — + ------ !--------=> power = — = - 1 .6 7 diopters.

f 5 5y (X) - 0.600 m /

25.0 cm 25.0 cm
3 4 .48: a) Angular magnification M = ------------= = 4.17.
/ 6.00 cm

b) - + — = — = > - + ------ 1-------= ------ í----- => 5 = 4.84 cm

s s' f 5 - 2 5 .0 c m 6.00 cm

3 4 .49: a) - + — = — = > - + í = í =^5 = 6.06 cm

5 s' f 5 - 2 5 .0 m 8.00 cm

b) \m\= — = ^ ' ^ Cm = 4.13 => y = ym = (1.00 m m )(4.13) = 4.13 mm

5 6.06 cm

v v 2.00 mm
3 4 .50: é> = ^ - = > / = 2i = -------------- = 8 0 .0 mm = 8 .0 0 cm
/ 9 0.025 rad

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34 5 2 - a) M - ^25° ^ '° mm^ 16Q ^ + 5'° -2 1 7
' ~ f f 2 ~ (5.00 m m )(26.0 mm)

b) m = — =>y = — = = 3 .J 5 x ]O '4 mm.

y m 317

3 4 .53: a) The image from the objective is at the focal point of the eyepiece, so
s[ = d oe- f 2 = 1 9 .7 cm - 1.80 cm = 17.9 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1
^ = 0.837 coi
/ ^ 17 .9 cm 0.800 cm
, x i i s 17.9 cm
b) \m,\ = — = -------------- = 21.4.
1 11 5 0.837 cm

c ) The overall magnification is \M\ = Im.l Cm = (21. 4)-^ = 297.

f2 1.80 cm

3 4 .54: Using the approximation s [ « / , and then |mA|= — , we have:

í
f = 16 m m : s ’ = 120 mm + 16 mm = 136 mm; s = 16 mm
i i s ' 136m m _ _
=> m, = — = ----------- = 8.5.
s 16m m

/ = 4 m m : s ' = 120 m m + 4 mm = 124 mm; s = 4 mm => |m, I= — = mm = 31.

s 4 mm
/ = 1.9 m m : s ' = 120 mm + 1.9 mm = 122 mm; = 1.9 mm
s' 122 mm
=> \m[ — = ----------- = 64.
^ 1.9 mm
The eyepiece magnifies by either 5 or 10, so:
a) Tbe máximum magnification occurs for the 1.9-mm objective and lOx
eyepiece:
= > M = \ml |\me = (64)(10) = 640.
b) Tbe minimum magnification occurs for the 16-mm objective and 5x eyepiece:
^ > M = \m\me = (8 .5 )(5 ) = 43.

3 4 .55: a) M = - A = _ 95 0 cm = -6 .3 3 .
f2 15.0 cm

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 b) - + — = — => — í + — = ----- ------ = > s ' = 0.950 m, so the height of an
s s' f 3000 m s ' 0.950 m

image of abuilding is |y'| = — y = ^qqq (60.0 m) = 0.019 m

c ) 9 ’ = M O = 6.33arctan(60.0/3000) ~ 6.33 (6 0 .0)/(3 000) = 0.127 rad

3 4 .56: f + f 2 = d f = d ss>- f 7 = 1.80 m - 0.0900 m = 1.71 m

171 = - 1 9 .0 .
9.00

34 .5 7 : A = 19.0 => / = (19.0)Z> = (19.0)(1.02 m) = 19.4 m.

3 4 .5 8 : |y| = y — = y ¿ - = Of = (0.014°) (18 m) = 4.40 x 10”3 m

s s 180°

3 4 .59: a) / i = y = °-650 m => d = í + A = °-661 m-

b) M _ A _ ^ ° í ü _ 59ll.
1 1 /2 0.01 l m

3 4 .6 0 : —+ — = — = > ---------- í + ------------------- = — = > / = - 1 .5 0 m = > R =

s s f 0.75 m - 1 .3 m 0.75 m + 0.12 m /
2 / = - 3 .0 m
So the smaller mirror must be convex (negadve focal length) and have a radius of
curvature equal to 3.0 m.

3 4 .6 1 : If you move away from the mirror at 2.40 m /s, then your image moves away
from the mirror at the same speed, but in the opposite direction. Therefore you see the
image receding at 4 .80 m /s, the sum of your speed and that of the image in the mirror.

3 4 .6 2 : a ) T h ere are three im a g e s formed.

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3 4 .63: The mínimum length mirror for a woman to see her full height h, is h /2 , as
shown in the figure below.

x/2

(h - .0

i i s s + 4 .0 0 m
3 4 .64: Imi = 2.25 = — = ---------------- => 1.25s = 4.0 0 m => s = 3.2 m So the mirror is
s s
7.20 m from the wall. Also:
1 1 2 2 1 1
R = 4.43 m.
R R 3.2 m 7.20 m

3 4 .65: a) \m\= — = 2ÉQ- = 60.0 = — => s = ^ m = 0.133 m is where the filament

11 y 6.00 s 60.0
should be placed.
1 1 2 2 1 1
b) - + — = -=-=> — = + — -— ^ R = 0.261 m
s s' R R 0.133 m 8.00 m

3 4 .6 6 : Í + I = ^ ^ s y= -0 .0 8 9 4 m
s s R 13.Om —0.180 m
- 0 .0 8 9 4 '
y =y = (l .50 m i - = 0.0103 m.
13.0
b) The height of the image is less then 1 % of the true height of the car, and is les
than the image would appear in a plañe mirror at the same location This gives the
illusion that the car is fiirther away then “expected.”

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3 4 .67: a) R < Oand s < O, so a real image (sf > 0) is produced for virtual object
positions between the focal point and vertex of the mirror. So for a 24.0 cm radius mirror,
the virtual object positions must be between the vertex and 12.0 cm to the right of the
/ *
mirror. b) The image orientation is erect, since m = ----- = — — > 0.
s —b
c)

3 4 .68: The derivarions of Eqs. (34.6) and (34.7) are identical for convex mirrors, as long
as one recalls that R and s / are negative. Consider the diagram below:

W e have: since s'

is not on the outgoing side of the mirror.

3 4 .69: a) —4- — = — => h— = ------------- => s ' = - 4 6 c n i so the image is virtual.

s s' R 8.0 cm s ' 19 .4 cm
(j ’ 46
b) m = -----= ----------- = 5.8, so the image is erect, and its height is:
s 8.0
y = (5.8)y = (5.8)(5.0 mm) = 29 mm
c ) When the filament is 8 cm from the mirror, there is no place where a real
image can be formed.

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3 4 .71: a) —+ —f = — and taking its derivadve with respect to s we have
s s' f
d r\ 1 1 1 ds' ais t s >2 ds *
0 =
~ 2 /2 j => — = - — = —-m
m ¿. But — = m ‘ => m' =
ds
f + s' ; s s as ds s ds
- m 2. Images are always inverted longitudinally.
1 1 2 1
b) (i) Front face: - + — = — =>- = 120.000 cm
s s R 200.000 cm 150.000 cm

R e a r fe c e : Í + l ¿ = ' — => ¿ ' = 119.964 cm

s s R 200.100 cm s' 150.000 cm

(ii) Front face: m = - — = - 1 2 a 0 0 ° = _ o . 6 0 0000,m = - m 7 = - ( - 0.600000)2 =

¿ 200.000
- 0 .3 6 0 .

Rear face: m = - — = - 119‘964 = -0 .5 9 9 5 2 0 ,m' = - m 7 = 0.599520)2 =

5 200.100
-0 .3 5 9 4 2 5 .
(iii) So the front legs are magnified by 0.600000, the back legs by 0.599520, and
the side legs by 0.359425, the average of the front and back longitudinal magnifications.

VL VL VL — 72
3 4 .72: ——4- —- = —----- and taking its derivative with respect to s we have:
s sf R

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 -R 2sR
V --------- ^r
2s + R (2 s + R f ;

- = + 8 .6 5 x 1 0 3 m/s.

Note: The signs are sornewhat confusing. If a real object is moving with v > 0,
this implies it is moving away from the mirror. However, if a virtual image is moving
with v > 0, this implies it is moving from “behind” the mirror toward the vercex.

3 4 .74: In this context, the microscope just takes an image and makes it visible. The real
optics are at the glass sur faces.
n. nh _ n 1 s 2.50 mm + 0.780 mm ,
— -f — = 0 = > - + — = 0=> n = ------= -----------------------------------= 1.31.
s s' ^ s' s' -2 .5 0 m m
Note that the object and image are measured from the front surface of the second
píate, making the image virtual.

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3 4 .75: a) Reflection from the front face of the glass means that the image is just k
below the glass surface, like a normal mirror.
b) The reflection from themirrored surface behind the glass will not be affected
because of the intervening glass. The light travels through a distance 2d of glass, so the
2d 2d
path through the glass appears to be — , and the image appears to be h-\- — behind the
ti ti
front surface of the glass.
2¿
c ) The distance between the two images is just — .
ti

3 4 .76: a) The image from the leílend acls as the object for the right end of liie rod.

b) ^ + * = * Z ^ ^ _ A “ = - ^ = > s ' * :2 8.3< m

s s’ R 23.0 cm s’ 6.0 cm
So the second object distance is s2 = 40.0 cm - 28.3 cm = 11.7 cm.

Also: ml = - ^ - = — — ^ — - = -0 .7 6 9 .
nbs (l.60)(23.0)
c ) The object is real and inverted

d) _ 2 ^ 2 _ + 2 . = _ z M 2 _ ^ = _ 11.5 cql
52 s 2’ R 11.7 cm s 2’ - 1 2 .0 cm

Also: = - - 2 s l = - M ° X - 1 14 = 1.57 => m = m[m2 = { - 0.7 6 9 )(l.5 7 ) = -1 .2 1 .

nbs 11.7
e) So the final image is virtual, and inverted.
0 y = (1-50 m m )(-1 .2 l)= - 1 .8 2 mm.

3 4 .7 7 : a ) +-------------------------- I------- + 1 ^ = _ 2 ^ L ^ = 2 8 .3 col

s s’ R 23.0 cm s' 6.0 cm
So the second object distance is 52 = 25.0 cm - 28.3 cm = -3 .3 cm.

Also: m* = —^s— = — 7— -ri—— r = -0 .7 6 9 .

nbs (l.60)(23.0)
b) The object is virtual.
. n nb nb - n 1.60 1 -0 .6 0 , . __
c) - + - ;- = — - = > -------------+ — = --------------- =>5Ó = 1 .87cm .
5o 5o R - 3.3 cm 5o - 1 2 .0 cm
Also:

nu = - M l = - (1'6 0 -( 1 'S ' = 0.901 = > m = m,m7 = ( - 0 .7 6 9 )(0 .9 0 l)= -0 .6 9 3 .

nbs^ - 3 .3
d) So the final image is real and inverted.
e) y = ym = (l . 50 m m )(- 0.693) = - 1 .04 mm.

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3 4 .7 8 : F o r the w ater-benzene interface to g e t the ap p aren t w ater depth:

-5l + -^- = 0^ > ] -33 - + = 0 = > .;' = - 7 .3 3 cm.

^ s' 6.50 cm s'
For the benzene-air interface, to get the total apparent distance to the bottom:
1.50 1
+ = +1—i = 0 ^ . / = - 6 . 6 2 c m
(7.33 cm + 2.60 cm ) s*

3 4 .7 9 : — + — = —— — , but s = co, s ' = 2 5 => — + — = - — - => — = 1 => n = 2.00.

s s' R co 2R R 2

3 4 .8 0 : a ) + — 1----- + — = - 0 = - 3 6 .9 c m So the
^ s' R 12.0 cm s' 15.0 cm
object distance for the far end of the rod is 50.0 cm - (-3 6 .9 cm ) = 86.9 cm

1.60 J_ = o => s ' = -5 4 .3 cm.

s s R 86.9 cm s'
b) The magnificad on is the product of the two magnificad ons:
n s’ - 36 9
m, = — -— = ------------ :-------= 1.92, m , = 1.00 => m = m,m 7 =1.92.
nbs (1.60)(12.0)

3 4 .81: — + — = —— — => — 4 => s' = 9.00 cm. So the obiect distance

s s' R co s' 4.0 0 cm
for the far side of the ball is 8.00 cm - 9.00 cm = - 1 .0 0 cm.
n. n ,- n „ 1.80 1 - 0 .8 0
s ’ = 0.50 c m which is
s .s' R - 1 .0 0 cm s' - 4 . 0 0 cm
4.50 cm from the center of the sphere.

3 4 .8 2 : Í2- + Í L = 0 ^ > — - — + = 0=. n =— = 1.58.

s s' 15.0 cm - 9 .5 0 c m 9.50
When viewed from the curved end of the rod:
n. n .- n n 1 1- n 1.58 1 - 0 .5 8
s' = -2 1 .1 cm,
s s' R s s' R 15.0 cm s* -lO .O cm
so the image is 21.1 cm within the rod from the curved end.

3 4 .8 3 : a ) F ro m th e d ia g ram :

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 siné? = ^ ^ = 1.50 s in O '. B u t s i n ^ = — « — = 0190
R R R £ (1.50)
0.190 cm _,
=> r = -------------- = 0.127 cm.
1.50
So the diameter of the light hitting the surface is 2 r = 0.254 cm.

1
/ V \ \\

''x\
'• s*

b) There is no dependence on the radius of the glass sphere in the calculation

above.
3 4 .84: a) Treating each o f the goblet surfaces as spherical sur feces, we have to pass,
from left to right, through four interfeces. For the empty goblet:
1 1.50 0.50
= 1 2 cm
R co h—s¡T 4.0 0 cm
1.50 - 0 .5 0
= 0.60 cm - 1 2 cm = -1 1 .4 cm si, = -6 4 .6 cm.
- 1 1 .4 c m 3.40 cm
1.50 0.50
s3 = 64.6 cm + 6.80 cm = 71.4 cm ¿3 = -9 .3 1 cm.
71.4 cm - 3.40 cm

1.50 - 0 .5 0
►s, = 9.31 cm -f 0.60 cm = 9.91 cm si = -3 7 .9 cm.
- 4 .0 0 c m
So the image is 37.9 cm - 2(4.0 cm ) = 29.9 cm to the left of the goblet
b) For the wine-fílled goblet:
1 1.50 0.50
h— T s¡ = 1 2 cm
R co s¡ 4.0 0 cm
1.50 1.37 - 0 .1 3
Sr, = 0.60 cm - 1 2 cm = - 1 1 .4 cm si, = 14.7 cm
- 1 1 .4 c m s '2 3.40 cm

1.37 1.50 0.13

= 6.80 cm - 14.7 cm = - 7 .9 cm ¿3 = 11.1 cm.
- 7.9 cm - 3.40 cm

1.50 - 0 .5 0
s A= 0.60 cm - 1 1 .1 cm = - 1 0 .5 cm s', = 3.73 cm,
- 1 0 .5 c m £4 - 4 .0 0 c m
to the right of the goblet

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3 4 .8 5 : Entering the sphere: ^ ^ => J _ + _ l l S! J _ =>
s s R 3 R 3 s ' 3R
^ + ^ = H t U ^ => h l l + ± = ± _ =>S' = 3 R .
s s' R CO s* 3R
So the final image is a distance 3R from the right-hand side of the sphere, or 4 R to
the right of the center of the globe.

„. _ , n„ n. n . —nn n n. n. —n„ . n n. n. —n„

3 4 .86: a) -£- + -* - = -* íl => + = _É s. and
s s' R f co R co /' R

f r r r f r r
b ) n* , nb _ ni>~ n° ^ | ^ - / / / ') f'Q - f/f)
s s R s f’ s R s s R

i.
i?
Note that the first two equations on the second line can be rewritten as
n f an d n — = —f ’ so we can w rite
=— = 1.
nh —n. R n^—n . R R

3 4 .87: Below, x is the distance from object to the screen’s original position.
1 1 1 1 1 1 , 1 1 1
— h— = — =>--------------- h--------- = — and---------------- h-----------= —
s[ s[ f x - 3 0 cm 30 cm / x - 26 cm 22 cm /
=> x 2 - 56x 4- 450 cm 2 = 0 => x = 46.3 cm, 9.72 c m But the object must be to the
left of the lens, so s = 46.3 cm - 30 cm = 16.3 c m . The corresponding focal length is
10.56 cm.

3 4 .88: W e have images formed from both ends. From the first:

— + — = HtZJls- = > í h — => / = 3 0 .0 Cm.

s s* R 25.0 cm s' 6.00 cm
This image becomes the object for the second end:
n. ru n.-n 1.55 1 -0. 55

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So m1 = - — = - 1 .5 0 .
2 0 .0
F o r the seco n d len s: s = 9.00 c m - 3 0 .0 c m = - 2 1 .0 c m

- 4 ^ = - = > 4 —j = -—-- = > / = - 2 8 .0 cm ,m 2 = - ^ ^ = -1 .3 3 .

s s f - 21. 0 cm s 12.0 cm -21. 0
So the image is 28.0 cm to the left of the second lens, and is therefore 19.0 cm to
the left of the fírst lens.
b) The final image is virtual.
c ) Since the magnification is m = mim7 = (—1.50)(—1.33) = 2.00, the final image
is erect and has a height y = (2.00)(2.50 mm) = 5.00 mm.

r l 1'
3 4 .90: a) —= 0-1) = (0 .6 0 ) / = 35.0 cm.
\.R¡ R* / 12.0 cm 28.0 cm/
1 1 1
•s' = 158 cm, and
s s* f 45 cm s' 35 cm

158
y = y = (0.50 cm) = - 1 .7 6 cm.
45

b) Adding a second identical lens 315 cm to the right of the first means that the
first lens’s image becomes an object for the second, a distance of 157 cm from that
second lens.

1 1 1
s s' f 157 cm s' 35 cm

45
=>.?' = 4 5.0 cm, y = (-1 .7 6 cm) = 0.5 cm,
157

and the image is erect.

c) Putting an identical lens just 45 cm ffom the first means that the first lens’s
image becomes an object for the second, a distance of 113 cm to the right of the second
lens.

1 1 1 ^ 26.7X
s = 26.7 cm, and y = (-1 .7 6 cm) x 0 .41
s s f -113cm s' 35 cm ,113/
and the image is inverted

3 4 .91: - 4 — = — = > ----- 4 — = ------ = > ^ ' = 8 0 .0 cm.

s s f 80.0 cm s 40 .0 cm
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 So the object distance for the second lens is 52.0 cm - (8.00 cm) = - 2 8 . 0 cm.

1 1 1 1 1 1 ,
= > - + — = — =>--------------- h— = ------------- => 5 = 16.47 cm.
s s f - 2 8 .0 c m 5' 4 0.0 cm

So the object distance for the third lens in 52.0 cm - (16.47 cm ) = 35.53 cm.

=>—+ — = — => ---------------h— = ----- ------- => 5 ' = —318 cm,so the final image is
s s f 35.53 cm 5 ' 4 0.0 cm
virtual and 318 cm to the left of the third mirror, or equival ently 214 cm to the left of the
first mirror.

3 4 .92: a) 5 + 5' = 18.0 cm and —4 = — => : + “ 7 = ------ ~-----

/ 18.0 c m - 5 5 3.00 cm

=> (5r)2 - (18.0 cm )5/ + 54.0 cm 2 = 0 => 5 ' = 14.2 cm, 3.80 cm = 5. So the screen
must either be 3.80 cm or 14.2 cm from the object.

' O
b) 5 = 3.80 cm : m = ----- = — :— = -0 .2 6 8 .
5 14.2

14 2
5 = 14.2 cm : m = — =— = -3 .7 4 .
5 3.80

3 4 .93: a) Bouncing first off the convex mirror, then the concave mirror:
1 1 2 1 1 2 1
— = - 5 .5 6 n T -
R 0.600 m - x 5' - 0.360 m 5 x - 0.600 m
, x - 0.600 m
=> 5 =
- 5.5 6 m "‘* + 4.33
But the object distance for the concave mirror is just
n rn n ' 4.33j: + 3.20m
5 = 0.600 m - 5 = —
5.56 m“^ - 4 . 3 3
„ c , . 1 1 2 5.5 6 m '1* - 4.33 1 2
So for the concave mirror: —+ — = — => -------------------------h— = ---------
s s' R 4.33j: + 3.20 m ^ 0.360
=> 1 8 . 5 a : 2 - 1 7 . 8 a: + 3.20 = 0 => a ; = 0.72 m, 0.24 m.
But the object position must be between the mirrors, so the distance must be the
smaller of the two above, 0.24 m, from the concave mirror.
b) Now having the light bounce first from the concave mirror, and then the convex
mirror, we have:

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 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 r _ 1 , *
—+ — = — => —4-— = --------- => — = 5.56 m — => s = ------------:-----------
s s' R x s' 0.360 s' x 5.56 m * - 1 .0 0
But the object distance for the convex mirror is just
2 .3 3 * - 0.600 m
s = 0.600 m - s =
5.56m-‘;c - l
1 1 2 5.56m f‘x - l 1
So for the convex mirror: —+ — = —
s s' R 2 .3 3 * - 0 .6 0 0 m * - 0 .3 6 0
=> 18.5jc2 - 2 .0 0 a - 0 .6 0 0 = 0 => a = - 0 . 1 3 m ,0.24m .
But the object position must be between the mirrors, so the distance must be 0.24 m
from the concave mirror.

3 4 .94: Lightpassing straight through the lens:

a)

(\i

1/
/

\j

b) —4- — = — = > ------------- h— = ------------ => s' = 51.3 cm, to the right of the lens.
s s' f 85.0 cm s' 32.0 cm
c) The image is real.
d) The image is inverted
For light reflecting off the mirror, and then passing through the lens:

a)

—4- — = — => h— = ------------- => s' = 20.0 cm, so the image from the
.s s ' / 20.0 cm s' 10.0 cm
mirror, which becomes the new object for the lens, is at the same location as the object
So the final image position is 51.3 cm to the right of the lens, as in the first case above.
c ) The image is real
d) The image is erect.

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3 4 .95: Parallel light coming in from the left is focused 12.0 cm from the leftlens, which
is 8.00 cm to right o f the second lens. Therefore:

—+ — = — = > í b— = í =>.?' = 4.8 0 cm, to the right of the second lens,

s s f - 8 .0 0 cm s ' 12.0 cm
and this is where the first focal point of the eyepiece is located. The second focal point is
obtained by sending in parallel light from the right, and the symmetry of the lens set-up
enables us to immediately State that the second focal point is 4.80 cm to the left of the
first lens.

3 4 .96: a) With two lenses o f different focal length in contact, the image distance from the
first lens becomes exactly minus the object distance for the second lens. So we have:
1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1
— h— = — => — = — - — an d h—
sl s l f f s>

- s.

But overall for the lens system, — + — => — = — + — .

S[ S7 f f í2 f
b) With carbón tetrachloride sitting in ameniscus lens, we have two lenses in contact.
All we need in order to calcúlate the system5s focal length is calcúlate the individual
focal lengths, and then use the formula from part (a).
1 r i 1 ^
For the meniscus: w
na1)
f* r2 /

(0.55) 0.061.
4.50 cm 9.00 cm
/
1 i i ^
For the CC1 4 - , # ( « * - » . )
= tO 461 = 0.051.
J Mí U r2, 9.00 cm co
1
- = — + — = 0 .1 1 2 = > /= 8 .9 3 c m .
f fi í

n n ^ 1 60
3 4 .97: A t the first surface, — -\--j = 0 = > s = - — s = — (- 1 4 .4 cm) = 23.04 cm.
■s s nQ 1.00
A t the second surface,

>s/ = 1 4 .7 c m - í = - ^ . s = + — ( 2 3 .0 c m - í ) = > 2 3 .5 2 - 1 .6 0 í= 2 3 .0 4 - t
na 1.60
=> 0.6Oí = 0.48 => i = 0.80 cm.
(Note, as many significant figures as possible should be keptduring the calculad on,
since numbers comparable in size are subtracted.)

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3 4 .9 8 : a ) Startin g w ith the tw o equations:
n„ n. n. —n„ n. n„ —n.
— + — = — ----- —and — + — = c
.
b , and using = n . = nc , nh = k, and
l? 2 ^2 &
«liq B W-Müq
^ = - 5 2,w e g e t :----- + — = i u ------------- 1-----

*i -^1 s!¿ R7

s
1—(

T—<
1 1 1 1
— + —i V\
s s
6üq

b) Comparing the equations for focal length in and out of air we have:
n — YLÜq
= > /'* /•
‘liq lik.

3 4 .99: The image formed by the converging lens is 30.0 cm from the converging lens,
and becomes a virtual object for the diver ging lens ataposition 15.0 cm to the right of
the diverging lens. The final image is projected 15 + 19.2 = 34.2 cm from the diverging
lens.
1_ J_ 1 1
= — => / = - 2 6 .7 cm
^ s / - 1 5 .0 cm 34.2 cm /

34.100: The first image formed by the spherical mirror is the one where the light
immediately strikes its surface, with out bouncing from the plañe mirror.

—+ — = — => í h— = ------ ?------- => ¿ ' = - 7 .0 6 cm ,and the image height:

s s f 10.0 cm s ' - 2 4 . 0 cm
' A i"

y = - — y = ------- :— (0.250 cm ) = 0.177 cm.

s 10.0
The second image is of the plañe mirror image, located (20.0 cm + 10.0 cm) from the
vertex of the spherical mirror. So:

—+ — = — => h— = -------- =>.?' = -1 3 .3 cm and the image height.

s s f 30.0 cm s ' - 24.0 cm
' 1 *2 *2
y ' = - — y = - Z — _ (0.250 cm ) = 0 . 11 lc m .
í 30.0

34.101: 2 k + í * - = 0 = > ----- ?----- + i + í - = 0 => íf = - 9 . 3 0 cm

^ s' 6.00 cm s¡

=> s 2 = 3.50 cm + 9.30 cm = 12.80 cm => — — f -í- = 0 => s! = -8 .2 6 cm.

12.8 cm s¡
S o the im age is 8 .2 6 c m b e lo w the top g la s s su rface, or 1.24 c m a b o v e the page.

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 1 '—s 1
34.102: a ) y = 0 í - l ) = 0.52
—
R = 4 1 .6 cm .
r7 / 4 0 cm R
n„a 1 n. _ n.d — na 1 1.52 0.52
S R 70.0 cm 4 1 .6 c m
>s¡ = -8 5 1 cm = s2.
1.52 1.33 - 0 .1 8 7
A t the lens-water interface: s 2 = 491 cm.
851 cm - 4 1 .6 c m
The mirror reflects the image back (since there is just 90 cm between the lens and
mirror.) So, the position of the image is 401 cm to the left of the mirror, or 311 cm to the
left of the lens. So:
1.33 1.52 0.187
A L the w ater—le n s iu te ría c e : £3 = + 1 7 3 cm .
- 311 cm 4 1.6 cm
1.52 í_ - 0 .5 2
A t the lens-air interface: => si = 4 47.0 cm, to the left of
- 1 7 3 cm si - 4 1 .6 c m
lens.
, ’ >
n a iS i n a2S 2 n „ yh « 0 4-S 4

\ n b7S 1 n » s ¡ l « M - S4

r-8 5 i' 491 í + 173^ ''-b 4 7 .0 '

= -1 .0 6 .
70
1 - 8 5 1 J1 - 3 1 1 , v -1 7 3 J
(Note all the Índices of reffaction cancel out.)
b) The image is real.
c) The image is inverted
d) The final height is y ' = my = (1.06)(4.00 mm) = 4.24 mm.

34.103: a ) , ~ ¿ = ¿ = ¿ <ft0 3 6 0 m > ►s' = (1.19x 10-3) s

s y A (22.7 m)
1 1 1
-3 5 = 29.4 m.
s* s (1 .1 9 x l0 “3)s 5 1 .1 9 x 1 0 / 0.035 m
b) To just fill the frame, the magnifícation must be 1 .5 9 x 1 0 3 so:

5 = 22.0 m.
1 .5 9 x 1 0 -3 0.035 m

34.104: - + — = — => b— = ---------=>,5' = 35.05 mm.

s s' f 25,000 mm s' 35.0 mm
The resolution of 120 lines per millimeter means that the image line width is
0.0083 mm between lines. That is y' = 0.0083 m m But:

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 i ,i 5 25,000 mm
y = y ■— = (0.0083 m m)----------------- = 5.92 mm, which is the minimum
1 1 5 35.05 mm
separarion between two lines 25.0 m away from the camera.

34.105: a) From the diagram below, we see that |m|= — = — => — = —

W s s' sd
1 1 I EL sd
i+ * . But when the object is
s s s sasd s d sd f d W
much larger than the image we have the approximation:
d f 0 W 1 d
s ™ f and d + W => m = — » — =>tan — = — • - = — => 6 =
W s 2 2 ^ 2 /

2arctan
2 /
b) The film is 24 mm x 36 mm, so the diagonal length is just:

d = (V242 + 3 6 2 )m m = 43.3 mm. So :

^ 43.3 mm '
/ = 28 mm : 0 = 2arctan = 75°.
2(28 mm)

^ 43.3 mm
/ = 105 m m : 0 = 2arctan = 23°.
. 2(105 mm)

^ 43.3 mm
/ = 300 m m : 0 = 2arctan = 8. 2 °.
2(300 mm)

3 4 .1 0 6 : -+ ^ =-= * +- 5’ = 96.7 mm.

5 5 / 1300 mm 5 90 mm

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 —= — = > ---------- f — = — í— => s ' = 91.3 mm.
s s' f 6500 mm s' 90 mm
=> As' = 96.7 m m - 91.3 mm = 5.4 mm toward the film

3 4 .1 0 7 : a )A ta g e 1 0 : f n = 7 cm :M = 2 .0 = =í> / = 3 .5 cm.

14 cm
b) A t age 30 : f H= 14 c m : M = 2.0 = — — => / = 7.0 cm.

200 cm
c ) A t age 60 : f n = 200 cm : M = 2.0 = — —— => / = 100 cm.

d) If the 2.8 cm focal length lens is used by the 60-year oíd, then
_ _ 200 cm 200 cm __ ,
M = -----------= -------------= 57.1.
/ 3.5 cm
e) This does not mean that the older viewer se es a more magnified image. The
object is over 28 times further away from the 60-year oíd, which is exactly the ratio
needed to result in the magnification of 2.0 as seen by the 10 -year oíd

,1 1 1 1 1 1 / (25 cm)
34.108: a) - + — = — = > - 4------------- = — => s = ^ ---------
s s f s - 25 cm / f -Y 25 cm

r y ( f + 25 cm )A__ y ( f + 25doi)
b) Height = y => & = arctan z = arctan
, / ( 2 5 cm) / (25 cm)

c )n M & =—
w =— y ( / + 25 cm )Lm 1
-------------= / + 2 5 cm .
¿---------------
0 f (25 cm ) y f 25 cm /

d) If / = 10 cm => M = ^ cm + 25 cm _ This js 1.4 times greater than the

10 cm
25 cm
magnification obtained if the image if formed at infinity (M : = — —— = 2.5).

e) Having the first image form just with in the focal length puts one in the
situation de seribed above, where it acts as a source that yields an enlarged virtual image.
If the first image fell just outside the second focal point, then the image would be real and
diminished.

34.109: The near point is at infinity, so that is where the image must be found for any
objeets that are cióse. So:

P = — = —+ ^- = — ----- h— = — -— = 4.17 diopters.

/ 24 cm - c o 0.24 m

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34.110: ^2- + % = n“ =>----- 1------ + M ° - = - 4 ° =>•?' = 2.77 cm. This distance
s sf R 36.0 cm sf 0.75 cm
is greater than the normal eye, which has a cornea vertex to retina distance of about
2.6 cm.

34.111: a) From Figure 34.56, we define

'o ( / l ~ d )

f f
1__ _
1 1 d - f - f - f+ d
b) s 2 = d - f
d - f s7' f 2 M d - f) \ fM f-d )
(f-d)
- f+ d

ro ro _ , r0 - f (f-d) f\M
/ =
f - d \f\-f+d

f\ f\ (1 2.0cm )(18.0cm )
= 36 cm.
f7 \ - / + d (18-0 c m - 1 2 .0 cm + 0.0 cm)

/i| /2| (12.0 cm )(18.0 cm)

-^rnin - = 21.6 cm
1—f d (18.0 cm - 1 2 .0 cm + 4 .0 cm)
If the effective focal length is 30 cm , then the separad on can be calculated:

M (12.0 cm )(18.0 cm)

/ = 30 cm =
\Á\~Á+d (18.0 c m - 12.0 cm + d)
18.0 c m - 1 2 .0 cm + d = 7.2 cm => d = 1.2 cm.

0 '
34.112: First recall that \M\ = — , and that = Á and 9 ’ = T2 =>|A/| = Á Á 6
1 1 e f 4 4 ’ y[
But since the image formed by the objective is used as the object for the eyepiece,

y[ = y 2. So \M\ = Á A. zL L S2 fI r
y2 4 2 2 s2
f 48.0 cm
Therefore, s 2 = ; = ------------- = 1.33 cm,and this is just outside the eyepiece
\M\ 36
focal point
Now the distance from the mirror vertex to the lens is yj + = 49.3 cm,and so

1 1
= 12.3 c m Thus we have a final image
fi 1.20 c m 1.33 cm

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which is real and 12.3 cm from the eyepiece. (Take care to carry plenty of figures in the
calculad on because two cióse numbers are subtractecL)

1 1 l \ i -L i 1
— —
s l = 0.837 cm.
sl s¡ f ►Sj 18.0 cm 0.800cm 1
1 1 l 1 1 1
►So = 7.79cm .
A s2 200 cm 7.50cm ^ 02
A1 s! 18.0cm c , 4 200 cm
Also m, = — L = -----------------= -2 1 .5 and m0 = — - = -------------- = -2 5 .7 .
0.837 cm 7.79 cm
=* = (—21.5)(—2 5 .7 ) = 553.

b) d = s¡ + s 2 = 18.0 cm + 7.79 cm = 25.8 cm

34.114: a) From the figure, u = — and u = p - = — — .

f \A | A
t r

So the angular magnification is:M = — = — —.

“ A

b) M = => f 2 = - A = _ 9 5 0 cm = - 1 5 . 0 cm
f2 M 6.33
c ) The length of the telescope is 95.0 cm - 15.0 cm = 80.0 cm, compared to the
length of 110 cm for the telescope in E x. 34.55.

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 3 6.0
y = y = (15.0 cm ) = - 1 2 .0 c m , so the im a g e o f p o in t C is 36.0 c m to
5 45.0
the right of the lens, and 12.0 cm below the axis.
For point A : s = 45 .0 cm + 8.00 cm (cos45°) = 50.7 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1
_ +_ =_=> t- — = ------ s' = 33.0 cm.
s s f 50.7 cm 5 20.0 cm
33.0
y = y= (15.0 c m - 8 .0 0 cm (sin45°)) = -6 .1 0 cm ,so the image of
5 45.0
point A is 33.0 cm to the right of the lens, and 6.10 cm below the axis. For point
B : s = 4 5 .0 c m - 8.00 cm (cos45°) = 3 9 .3 cm

I ! _ ! 1 1 1 ' = 40.7 cm.

s s f 39.3 cm s’ 20.0 cm
40.7
y = —y = (15.0 cm + 8.00 cm (sin45°)) = -2 1 .4 cm ,so the image of point
5 39.3
B is 40.7 cm to the right of the lens, and 21.4 cm below the axis.
b) The length of the pencil is the distance from point A to B:

L = \/<X< ~xs f + (ya - y a ) 7 = >/(33.0cm-40.7cm)2 + (6.10cm -21.4cm ):

=> L = 17.1 cm

16an £

4 3 cm

34.116: a) Using the diagram and law of sines

sin# sin ex, h,
but sin # = — = sin a (Reflection Rule).
(* -/)
So g = ( R - f ) .
R¡ 2
Bisecting the triangle: eos# = i?cos# - f eos# = —
(R-f) 2
R
2 - = /( 2 — = /o = - ( ^ n e a r 0 ) .
cos# eos#

b) - — R = -0 .0 2 X = 0.98 s o 2 - - ^ = 0.98 eos# = = 0.98

/o /o eo s# 2 - 0 .9 8
= > # = 11.4°.

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34.117: a) The distance between image and object can be calculated by taking the
derivative of the separation distance and minimizing iL

D = s 4- . í ' b u t = D = s+ sf
s - f s~ f
dD d_ 2 s s7 - 2 sf
=0
ds ds s - f s - f (s-fr (* -/)

=> - 2 s f = 0 => - 2 f ) = 0 => s = 0, 2 / = s\ so for a real image, the

mínimum separation between object and image is Af.

Note that the mínimum does occur for D =4f.

34.118: a) B y the symmetry of image production, any image must be the same distance
D a s the object from the mirror intersection poinL But if the images and the object are
equal distances from the mirror intersection, they lie on acircle with radius equal to D.
b) The center of the circle lies at the mirror intersection as discus sed above.
c)

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 Í11U'£C 2 *■ "

34.119: a) People with normal visión cannot focus on distant objects uiider water
because tlie image is uiiable to be focused in a short enough distance to form on the
retina. Equivalently, the radius of curvature of the normal eye is about five or six times
too great for focusing at the retina to occur.
b) When introducing glasses, let’s first consider what happens at the eye:
1.33 1.40 0.07
í
= -3 .0 0 cm.That is, the
2
Sr, R 2 2.6 cm 0.74 cm
object for the cornea must be 3.00 cm behind the cornea. Now, assume the glasses are
2.00 cm in fiont of the eye, then:

s¡ = 2.00 cm + 52 = 5.00 cm — + —7 = =* —-+ ----- =— /, ' = 5.00 cm

A' 5.00 cm //
This is the focal length in water, but to get it in air, we use the formula from
Uiq 1 .5 2 -1 .3 3 3
Problem 34.98: f í = = (5.00 cm) = 1.34 cm .
1 .3 3 3 (1 .5 2 -1 )

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www.FreeLibros.me
35.1: Measuring with a ruler from both S [ and S 2 to there different points in the
antinodal line labeled m = 3, we find that the difference in path length is three times the
wavelength of the wave, as measured from one crest to the next on the diagram.

35.2: a) At Sl , r2 - = 4X, and this path difference stays the same all along the
y - axis, so m = 44. A t S 2 ,r 2 - r { = -4X> and the path difference below this point, along
the negative y -axis, stays the same, so m = -4 .
b)

c) The máximum and mínimum m -valúes are determined by the largest integer less
d
than or equal to ~ •
A.

d) I f d = 7 — - 1 < m < -+7, so there will be a total of 15 antinodes between the

2
sources. (Another antinode cannotbe squeezed inuntil the separation becomes six times
the wavelength.)

35.3: a) For constructive interference the path diference is mX, b = 0, + 1 , ± 2 , . . . Hie

separation between sources is 5.00 m, so for points between the sources the largest
possible path difference is 5.00 m. Thus only the path difference of zero is possible. This
occurs midway between the two sources, 2.50 m from A.
b) For destructive interference che path difference is (m + ^)X,m = 0, ± 1, + 2 , . . .
A path difference o f ± V 2 = 3.00 m is possible but a path difference as large as
3Xf 2 = 9.00m is not possible. For a point a distance x from .<4 and 5 .0 0 - x from B the
path difference is
.x - ( 5 .0 0 m - .x ) .
.x - (5.00 m - x ) = +3.00 m gives x = 4 .00 m
x - ( 5 .0 0 m - x ) = - 3 .0 0 m gives x = 1.00 m

35.4: a) Ib e path difference is 120 m, so for destructive interference:

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 - = 120 m => ^ = 2 4 0 m
2
b) The longest wavelength for constructive interference is X = 120 m.

35.5: For constructive interference, we need r7 - r { = mX => (9.00 m - x ) - x = mX

a c ac mc a c m (3 .0 0 x l0 8 m/s)
=> x = 4.5 m ------- = 4 .5 m = 4 .5 m --------7— — = 4.5 m - m(1.25 m).
2 2/ 2(120 x 106 H z)
=> * = 0.75 m, 2.00 m, 3.25 m, 4.50 m, 5.75 m, 7.00 m, 8.25 m. For m = 3 ,2 ,1 , 0, - 1 ,
- 2 , - 3 . (Don’t confiise this m with the unit meters, also represented by an “m”).

35.6: a) I b e bri gh tes t wav el engths ar e when c onstruc tive inter ferenc e occurs :
^ ^ ^ d 2 0 4 0 nm 2040n m
d = mX => X = — => X. = --------------= 680 nm, X, = -------------- = 510 nm and
m 3 4 4
, 2 0 4 0 nm .
Xa = -------------= 408 nm.

b) The path-length difference is the same, so the wavelengths are the same as part
(a ).

35.7: Destructive interference occurs for:

„ d• _ ^ . 2040 nm . . . . 2040 nm ...
A. = ----------- ==>
>X --------------=
= --------------
/,,= = 583 nm and A., = ---------------= 453 nm.
m-i-1/2 3.5 4.5

35.8: a) For the number of antinodes we have:

. mX me m (3 .0 0 x l0 8 m /s) ^^ _ .
sin # = ----- = — = ------ = 0 .2 3 1 7 m, so, setting 9 = 90°,
d df ( 1 2 .0 m )(1.079x 10 Hz)
the máximum integer valué is four. The angles are ± 1 3 .4 °, ± 27.6°, ± 44.0°, and ± 67.9°
for m = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 4.

b) The nodes are given by sin # = + V2)^ = q.231 7 (m 4-1/2). So the angles are
d
± 6.65°, ± 20.3°, ± 35.4°, 54.2° for m = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3.

3 5 .9 : Ay - ^ ^ X - ^ - <4 -6 0 * : “ X 2-8 2 * 10" m> - 5.90 x l Q - m

d R 2.20 m

3 5 .10: For bright fringes:

, RmX (1.20 m )(20)(5.02 x 1 0 '7 m) . . . . . _ 3
d = = -i------------^ ^ - = 1 .1 4 x 1 0 3 m = 1 .1 4 mm
ym O.OIC'6 m

„ Rmk . & l(3 -2 ) (0.750 m) (5 .0 0 x l0 ~ 7 m)

35 .1 1 : Recal 1 y„ = — => A y * = y3 - y 2 = ------— ^ = i ^ ¿
d d 4 .5 0 x 1 0 m

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 => A y u = 8 .3 3 x l O ~4 m = 0.833 m m

35.12: Thewidtli ofabrightfringecan be defined tobe the distance between its two
adjacentdestructive mínima. Assuming the small angle formula for destructive
ínter ference
(«1+
d
the distance between any two successive mínima is

y « t - y a = R - = (4.00 m) (4° 0><10^ m) = 8.00 mm.

" d (0.200 x 10 m)
Thus,the answer to both part (a) and part (b) is that the widíh is 8.00 mm.

35.13: Use theinformation given about the bright fringe to find the distance d between
. (3.00 m )(600x 10”9 m) .
tlie two shts: y, = — -(E q .3 5 .6 ), so d - — - = ----------— - = 3 .7 2 x 1 0 m

-
d 4 .8 4 x 1 0 ' m
(R is much greater than d, so Eq.35.6 is valid.)
The dark fringes are located by d sin 9 = (m + -j)^, m = 0, ± 1, + 2 , . . . The first order dark
fringe is located by sin# = X2 / 2 d , where X2 is the waveleugth we are seeking.

y - R tan 0 & Rsin& =

2d
Kkl
W e want such that y = y r This gives — - = — - and = 2 \ = 1200 nni
d 2 d

35.14: Using Eq.35.6 for small angles,

mk

we see that the distance between corresponding bright fringes is

L y = — AX.= ^ 0 0 m K 1.) . ( 6 6 0 - 4 7 0 ) x (10^ m) = 3 .17m m

y d (0 .3 0 0 xlO"3 m)

35.15: W e need to find the positions of the firstand seconddark lines:

M . f 5 .5 0 x l 0 '7 m "l= g 790
#, = arcsin — = arcsin, ,
'.2 d ) 1^2(1.80x10 m
y, = R tan#; = (0.350 m) tan(8.79°) = 0.0541 m

f_ . r 3 (5 .5 0 xlO "7 m )3
3 1 ) qrr»Qin
1 _ —«llvOlll = 27.3°
U d) 1[ 2 ( 1 .8 0 x 1 0 '6 m );

=> y7R ta n ^ = (0.350 m) tan(27.30) = 0.1805 m.

The fringe separation is then Ay = y 2 - y í = 0.1805 m - 0.0541 m = 0.1264 m.

35.16: (a) Dark fringe implies destructive interference.

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 á sin 9 = —X
2
X 6 2 4 x l0 ^ m
d = = 1 .64 x 10"6m
2sin6> 2 sin 11.0°
(b) Btight fringes: d sin 0 =m X

The largest that 8 can be is 90°, so m ^ = d / X = ” = 2.6 Since»! is an integer, its

máximum valué is 2. There are 5 bright fringes, the central spot and 2 on each side of iL
Dark fringes: d sin Q = (m + -^JX This equation has Solutions for 6 = ±11.0°; ± 34.9°; and
± 7 2 .6 °. Therefore, there are 6 dark fringes.

3 5 .17: Bright fringes for wavelength Xare located by d sin# = mX First-order (m = 1)

is closest to the central bright line, so sin 9 = XI d.
X = 400 nm gives sintf = (400 x 10-9 m )/(0.100 x 10"3 m) and O = 0.229°

X = 700 nm givessin0 = (7 0 0 x 1 0 ^ m )/(0.100 x 10 '3 m ) and 0 = 0.401°

The angular widlh of the visible spectrum is thus 0.401° - 0.229° = 0.172°

RX RX (1.80 m) (4 .5 0 x 1 0 ' 7 m)
3 5 .18: y = — => d = - 1 . 9 3 x l 0 ' 4m = 0.193 m.
d y 4 .2 0 x lO '3 m

3 5 .19: The phase difference (¡> is given by (¡>= (2xd /X ) sin#(Eq.35.13)

<t>= [2 ^ (0 .3 4 0 x 1 0 " V ) / ( 5 0 0 x 10"9 m )] sin 23.0° = 1670 rad

35.20:

_ Path difference
~2x ~ X
5 2 4 c m -4 8 6 c m
=2x = 119 radians
2 cm

3 5 .21: a) Eq.(35.10): / = / 0 cos2(^ /2 ) = / 0(cos 30.0°)2 = 0.750/ 0

b) 60.0° = ( x / 3 ) rad
Eq. (3 5 .1 1 ): 0 = { 2 x i X)(r7 - ), so
(r2 - r l ) = ( 0 / 2 x ) X = [ ( x / 3 ) / 2 x ] x = X / 6 = SOnm
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3 5 .2 2 : a ) T h e so u rce separation is 9 .0 0 m , an d the w av elen gth o f the w av e is

X= — = ^ Q1^s = 20.0 m. So there is only one antinode between the sources

/ 1 .5 0 x 1 0 Hz
(m = 0), and it is a perpendicular bisector of the line connecting the sources.

mi /r(9.00 m) . n
b) I = I 0 eos = I 0 eos' sin# = I : eos — -sin #
(20.0 m )
= I q e o s¿ ((1 .4 1 )sin#)
So, for# = 3 0 ° , I = 0.580 I 0;d = 45°, / = 0.295 / 0;
Q = 60°, 1 = 0 .1 1 1 10;6 = 90°, / = 0.026 / 0.

3 5 .23: a) The distance from the central máximum to the first minimum is half the
distance to the first máximum, so:
^ = (0.700 m ) ( 6 . 6 0 x l 0 - m ) = 8 8 8 x l 0 -j m
2d 2 (2 .6 0 x 1 0 m)
b) The intensity is half that of the máximum intensity when you are halfway to the
first minimum, which is 4.4 4 x 10"4 m. Remember, all angles are small.

.... , . c 3 .0 0 x 1 0 m/s
3 5 .24: a) X = — = -------------=------= 2.50 m ,and we have:
/ 1 .2 0 x 1 0 Hz

0 = '^ - (rí - r 7) = 2* (1.8 m) = 4.52tad .

X 2.50 m
4.52 rad
b ) I = I 0c o s : = I 0 eos = 0.40410.

RX (0.900 m) (5 .5 0 x 1 0"7 m)
3 5 .25: a) To the first máximum: = = 3.31 x lO '3 m.
1 .30x 10"4 m
So the distance to the first minimum is one half this, 1.91 mm.

b) The first máximum and mínimum are where the waves have phase differences of
zero and pi, respectively. Halfway between these points, the phase difference between the

waves is —. So :
2

I = I Qe o s = / 0 eos = -2- = 2 .00x10"* W /m 2.

2

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 nd .
3 5 .2 6 : F r o m E q . (3 5 .1 4 ), 1 = I , eos — sin 0 . S o the intensity g o e s to zero w hen the
X

cosine’s argument becomes an odd integer of — . That is : — sin 0 = (m + 1 / T)n

2 X.
¿sin 9 = X(m + 1 /2 ), which is Eq. (35.5).

3 5 .2 7 : B y placing the paper between the pieces of glass, the space forms acavity whose
height varíes along the length. If twice the height at any given point is one wavelength
(recall ithas to make areturn trip), constructive interference occurs. The distance
between the maxima (i.e., the # ofmeters per fringe) will be
X r 5 .4 6 x 1 0 7 m '
Ax = — = 9 = are tan = are tan = 4 .0 9 5 x 1 0 '“ rad = 0.0235°.
2h 2 tañé' ,2 A x , , 2 ( 0 /1 5 0 0 ) m )J

3 5 .2 8 : The distance between maxima is

XI_ _ (6 .5 6 x 10”7 m) (9.00 cm)
Ax = = 0.0369 cm.
2 h 2 (8 .0 0 x 1 0 '5 m)

So the number of fringes per centimeter is — = 27.1 fringes/cm.

Ax

3 5 .2 9 : Both parts o f the light undergo half-cycle phase shifls when they reílect, so for
. X X(, 6.50 x l O”7 m , .- 7
destmctive interference t = — = — = ------------------- = 1 .1 4 x 1 0 m = 114 um.
4 4n 4(1.42)

There is a half-cycle phase shifl at both interfeces, so for destructive

3 5 .3 0 :
interference:
X X0 4 80 nm
t = - = - ^ = ------------ = 80.5 nm.
4 4 n 4(1.49)

3 5 .3 1 : Destructive interference for X[ = 8 0 0 nm incident light. Let «b e therefractive

index o f the oil. There is a X I 2 phase shifl for the reflection at the air-oil inter face but no
phase shift for the reflection at the oil-water inter face. Therefore, there is a net X I 2
phase difference due to the reflections, and the condition for destructive interference is
2 1 = m(X I n). Smalí es t nonzero thickness means m = 1, so 2tn = X^
Ih e condi tion for constructive interference with incident wave length X is
2 1 = (m-\- ^)(XI n) and 2 tn = (m + t)X
But Tin = Xl,s o X = Xl I(m + -^), where Xl = 8 0 0 nm.
for m = 0, X = 1600 nm
for m = 1, X = 533 nm
for m = 2, X = 3 2 0 nm , a n d so on

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The visible wavelength for which there is constructive interference is 533 nm.

3 5 .32: a) The number of wavelengths is given by the total extra distance traveled,
divided by the wavelength, so the number is
2 tn 2 (8 .7 6 x 1 0-* m) (1-35)
= 36.5.
Xr, 6.48 x 10~7m
b) The phase difference for the two parts of the light is zero because the path
difference is a half-integer múltiple of the wavelength and the top surface reflection has a
half-cycle phase shift, while the bottom surface does noL

3 5 .3 3 :
Botli rays, the one reflectad from the pit and the one reflected from che fíat
región between the pits, undergo the same phase change due to reflection. The condition
for destructive interference is 2 t = (m-\-\){Xf n), where n is the refractive index of the
plástic substrate. The mínimum thickness is for m = 0, and equals
t = X /(4n) = 790 nm/[(4)(1.8)] = 110 nm = 0.1 p m .

3 5 .34: A half-cycle phase change occurs, so for destructive interference

. X \ 480nm 1c>n
t = —= — = ----------- = 180 nm.
2 ln 2(1.33)

3 5 .3 5 :a) To have a strong reflection, constructive interference is desired. One part of

the light undergo es a half-cycle phase shift, so:

1 Idn 2(290 nm) (1.33) 771 nm

2 d = m -\— . Foran integer
2 n f P r P ^m -\—P
m-1— m -\—
2, 2/ V. 2
valué of zero, the wavelength is not visible (inffared) but for m = 1, the wavelength is
514 nm, which is green.
b) When the wall thickness is 340 nm, the first visible constructive interference
904 nm
occurs again for m = 1 and yields X = —-----------= 603 nm, which is orange.
m -\—
2

a) Since there is a half-cycle phase shift at just one of the interfaces, the
3 5 .3 6 :
mínimum thickness for constructive interference is:
X X, 550 nm
t = - = -5 - = ------------= 74.3 nm.
4 4 n 4(1.85)
b) The next smallest thickness for constructive interference is with an other half
, , . , 3X 3X, 3 (5 5 0 nm)
wavelength thickness added: í = — = — - = — = 223 nm.
4 4n 4(1.85)

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 mX 1800(6.33 xlO m) r ,
3 5 .37: * =— = L = 5 .7 0 x 1 0 m = 0.570 mm.
2 2

3 5 .38: a) For Jan, the total shiftwas Axj = = 318(6-06x10— m) = ^ 4 g x io 4m.

1 2 2
_ t* j i , , , mk? 818(5.02 x 10"7 m) .
For Linda, the total shift was Ax, = ------ = = 2.05 x 10 m.
2 2 2
b) The net displacement of the mirror is the difference of the above valúes:
Ax = Axj = Ax2 = 0.248 mm - 0.205 mm = 0.043 mm.

3 5 .39: Immersion in water just changes the wave length of the light from Exercise
/\ o /)

35.11, so: y = — = ^vacuum = 1X1111 = 0.626 mm,using the solution from Elxercise
dn n 1.33
35.11.

3 5 .40: Destructive interference occurs 1.7 m from the centerline.

4 .5 m + 1 .7 m 4 .5 n i - 1 - 7 m

= ^(12.0 m)2 + (6 .2 m ) 2 =13.51 m

r7 = ^ (12.0 m) 2 + (2.8 m) 2 =12.32 m

For destructive interference, - k = X ./2 = 1.19 mand X = 2.4 m. The wavelength we
have calculated is the distance between the wave crests.
Note: The distance of the person from the gaps is not large compared to the separation of
the gaps, so the path length is notaccurately given by d sin 6 .

3 5 .41: a) Hearing mínimum intensity sound means that the path lengths from the
individual speakers to you differ by a half-cycle, and are henee out o f phase by 180° at
that positiorL
b) B y moving the speakers toward you by 0.398 m, a máximum is heard, which means
that you moved the speakers one-half wavelength from the min and the signáis are back
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in phase. Therefore the wavelength of the signáis is 0.796 m, and the ffequency is
v = 3 4 0n »/s= 427H z
X 0.796 m
c) To reach the next máximum, one must move an additional distance of one
wavelength, a distance o f 0.796 m.

^ 1
3 5 .42: To find destructive interference, d = r2 - r{ = ^/(200 m) + x -x = m -\— X

1 1
(200 m)2 + x 2 = x 2 + m H— 2 x m H— X
2 2

20,000 m 2 1 1
x = m + — X.
2
X

The wavelength is calculated by X = — = x ^ m/ s = 5 1 7 ^

/ 5.80 x 10 Hz
m = 0 : x = 761 m, and m = 1 : x = 219 m, and m = 2 : x = 90.1 m, and m = 3; x = 20.0 m

3 5 .4 3 : A t points on the same side of the centerline as point A, the path ffom B is
longer than the path from A, and the path difference d sin 9 puts speaker A ahead of
speaker B in phase. Constructive interference occurs when

d sin 0 - X j 6 = X, m = 0 ,1 .2 ,...

2 2
sin# = (V¿)= m-i— (0.2381) m = 0,1,2,...
3
m = 0 ,9 .1 3 ° ; m = 1 ,2 3 .4 ° ; m - 2 ,3 9 .4 ° ; m - 3 ,6 0 .8 ° ; m = 4 , no solution
A t points on the other side of the centerline, the path from A is longer than the path ffom
B , and the path difference d sin# puts speaker A behind speaker B in phase.
Constructive interference occurs when
1
d sin 9 -Y X/ 6 = m-\- — X,m = 0,1, 2,...
. 2,
' 2' 1
sin# = F7l H--- (X /d) = m-i— (0.2381) m = 0,1,2,...
3 3
m = 0 ,4 .5 5 °; m = 1,18.5°; m = 2, 33.7°; m = 3, 52.5°; m = 4, no solution

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3 5 .4 4 : F ir st fin d out w h at frac ti on the 0 .1 5 9 m s tim e la g is o f the p e rio d
0 .1 5 9 x l0 ~ 3^ -3
At = = (0.159 x 10“3 s ) / = (0.159 x 10“J s ) (1570 Hz)
T
Ai = 0.250, so the speakers are 1/4 period out of phase. Let A be ahead of B in
phase.

V-1É U -

\tt
i C e n l e r lin e

P a ih < liff = r f s iD 0

X = v / f = 330 ^ = 0.210 m
1570 Hz
On A’s side o f centerline: Since A is ahead by 1/4 period, the path difference must
retard B ’s phase enough so the waves are in phase.
3 7
d sin# = —
4 4
0.210 m
sin# = — #, = 21.9°
1 4 0.422 m

0 .2 1 0 m
sin Or, = — a, = 60.6°
0.422 m
On B 's side o f centerline: The path difference must now retard A ’s sound by

- d sin # = - X, - X , . .. gives - 7.2°, - 38.5°

4 4

3 5 .45: a) If the two sources are out of phase by one half-cycle, we must addan extra half
a wavelength to the path difference equations Eq. (35.1) andEq. (35.2).
This exactly changes one for the other, for m —> m 4- \ and m 4- ^ —>m, since m
in any integer.
b) If one source leads the other by a phase angle ^ , the fraction of a cycle difference is

Thus the path length difference for the two sources must be adjusted for both

destructive and constructive interference, by this amount. So for constmctive

inference: r{ - r7 = (m + 0/2 ;r)X , and for destructive interference,
r{ — r2 = (m + l / 2 + 0 / 2 x ) l .

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3 5 .46: a) The electric field is the sum of the two wave functions, and can be written:
E p (t) = E 2 (i) 4 E [ (t) = E cos(úX) 4 E eos(cot 4 $ )= > E p ( t) = 2 £ co s(0 /2 ) cos(tüí 4 0/2).
b) E p( t) = Acos(cot 4 0 / 2 ) , so comparing with part (a), we see that the amplitude of
the wave (which is always positive) must be A = 2E\ cos(0 / 2) |.

c) To have an interference máximum, = 2rnn. So, for example, using m = 1, the

relative phases are E 2 :cp = 0 ; E [ : <p = 0 = E p : cp = ^ = 2 x , and all waves are in

phase.

d) To have an interference minimum, — = Á m 4 — . So, for example using

2 . 2
m = 0, relative phases are E 2 : <p= 0; E [ \<p = (j>= x\ E p \<p = $ j 2 = ;r/2, and the resulting
wave is out of phase by a quarter of a eyele from both of the original waves.
e) The instan taneous magnitude of the Poynting vector is:
|S |= £ 0 c E p7 (t) = £ : c(A E 7 eos2 (0 /2 )c o s 2 (cot 4 0/2)).

For a time average, eos2 (cot 4 0 /2 ) = i , so | \= 2¿ 0 c E 2 eos2 (0 /2 ).

3 5 .47: a) Ar = mX

n = 4 X* + { y ~ d f ■

r7 = yjx* + (y + d f .

S o Ar = i/x1 + (y + d 'f - -Jx2 +( y - d ) 7 =

b) The definí tion of hyperbola is the locus of points such that the difference between
P to S 2 and P to S { is a constanL So, for a given m and X we get a hyperbola. Or, in the
case of all m for a given X , a family of hyperbola
c ) i j x 7 + ( y + d f - y j x * + ( y - d ? = ( m + 4j)k.

3 5 .4 8 : a ) E ¡ = E ? + E\ - 2E¡ £ , cos(;r - <¡>)

= E 2 + 4 E 2 + 4 E 5 eos ó = 5 E 7 + 4 E 5 eos ó.

T ^ 2 -E ’
5 eos
2 p = £ °C 2 2

= 0 = > I n = — Sr.cE2.

5 4
So I = L — 4 — COS
9 9

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 b) ^min = ~ Íq which occiirs when (¡>= niz{n odd).

3 5 .49: For this film on this glass, there is a net X/2 phase change due to reflection and
the condition for destructive interference is 2t = m(X/n\ where n = 1.750.
Smallest nonzero thickness is given by t = X/2n.
At 20.0°C , í0 - (582.4 nm )/[(2) (1.750)] = 166.4 nm.
At 170°C, ¿o = (5 88.5 nm )/[(2) (1.75 0)] = 168.1 nm
t = í0 (14- aA T ) so

a = ( t - t 0 )/(t 0 A T ) = (1 .7 n m )/[(l56.4 nm) (150CT)] = 6.8 x 1 0'5 ( C ) " 1

3 5 .5 0 : For constructive interference: d sin # = mX[ => d sin# = 3(700 nm) = 2100 nm.

1 ¿ s in # 2100nm
For destmctive interference: d sin# = m H— X2 => X2 =
2
So the possible wavelengths are X¿ = 600 nm, for m = 3, and X2 = 467 nm, for m = 4.
Both d and # drop out of the calcularion since their combinarion is just the path
difference, which is the same for both types of light.

3 5 .5 1 : First we need to find the angles at which the intensity drops by one-half from the
valué ofthe m th bright fringe.
mi
/ = / 0 eos' sin# — => — sin# ----- — = (m + 1/2 )— .
~X 2 X X v ; 2
X 3X X
=>m = 0 : # = # ; = — ;m = l : # = # ; = — => A# =
m 4d m 4d 2d '
so there is n o d epen den ce o n the m - v a lu é o f the fringe.

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3 5 .52: There is just one half-cycle phase change upon reflection, so for constructive
interference: 2 t = (ml +-5-)^ = (mr -1- j)X 7. But the two different wavelengths differ by
just one m - valué, m7 = m[ - 1.
1 1 ^2
m, -1— m .----- X7 => ml(X7 - X [) =
1 2 1 2
4 7 7 .0 nm-f 540.6 nm
2(540.6 n m - 477.0 nm)
X, 17(477.0 nm)
21 = - h => í = — = 1334 nm.
n 4(1.52)

3 5 .53: a) I b ere is a half-cycle phase change at the glass, so for constructive

interference:
2
2 d - x = 2 jh -
X
— — X = m - 1
—
P r
U / V. V

=> \/.x2 -I-4fe2 - x = m + — X.

2
Similarly for destructive interference:
Vx '2 -l-4 k 2 - x = mX.

b) The longest wavelength for constructive interference is when m = 0 :

V-x1 + 4 k 2 - X V(14 cm )5 + 4 (2 4 cm )2 - 1 4 cm
1 = = 72 cm.
m + -k 1/2
3 5 .54: a) At the water (or cytoplasm) to guanine interface, is a half-cycle phase shift for
the reflected light, but there is not one at the guanine to cytoplasm interface. Therefore
there will always be one half-cycle phase difference between two neighboring reflected
beams. For the guanine layers:
2 t„n. 2(74 nm) (1.80) 266 nm
2 i = (m + i ) — X= X = 5 3 3 n m (í» = 0).
2 n. (» + i) (m + { ) (m 4 4)
For the cytoplasm layers:

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 2 )n c (** + ? ) (™ + ? ) (™ + ? )
b) B y having many layers the reflection is strengthened, because at each interface
some more of the transmitted light gets reflected back, increasing the total percentage
reflected.
c) Atdifferentangles, the patli length in the layers change (always to a larger valué
than the normal incidence case). If the path length changes, then so do the wavelengths
that will interfere constmctively upon reflection.

3 5 .55: a) Intensifíed reflected light means we have constructive interference. There is

one half-cycle phase shift, so:
1 2in 2(485 nm) (1.53) 1484 nm
2t = -—
4
2 (m + \) 0 * + ±) +
=> X = 593 nm(;n = 2), and X = 424 nm (m = 3).
b) Intensifíed transmi tted light means we have destructive interference at the upper
surface. There is still a one half-cycle phase shift, so:
2 — — - 2 (485 nm) U -53) _ 1 4 8 4 nm
n m m m
=>X = 495 nm (m = 3)
is the only wavelength o f visible light that is intensified W e couldalso think of this as
the result of internal reflections interfering with the outgoing ray without any extra phase
shifts.

3 5 .5 6 : a) There is one half-cycle phase shift, so for constmctive interference:

1 X0 Itn 2(380 nm) (1.45) 1102nm
2í = m H— = > A. —
2 n
Therefore, we have constructive interference at X = 441 nm (m = 2), which corresponds
to b lúe-violen
b) Beneath the water, looking for máximum intensity means that the reflected
part of the wave at the wavelength must be weak, or have interfered destructively. So:
_ mX0 2 tn 2(380 nm) (1.45) 1102nm
¿t ------- => A0 ------ .
n m m m
Therefore, the strongest transmitted wavelength (as measured in air) is
X = 551 nm (m = 2), which corresponds to green.

3 5 .5 7 : For máximum intensity, with a half-cycle phase shift.

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 1 2 2 ( 2 w ■+■1)^>
21 = m H— X a n d t = R - \ l R 7 - = r - 4 r
2

( 2 m + l )X (2m 4- 1)^S
■jRT^ 7 = R - ^ - + ^ ^ R t - r t = Rt
4

(2 m 4-1 )XR ~(2m + l)X~ (2 m + l ) M . „ ,

=> r = r « j ---------------- , for R » X.
2

i
The second bright ring is when m = 1:

( 2 0 ) 4 1 ) (5.S0X 1 0 -'m ) (0.952 m ) = 9. 1 0 x 10-<m = ft910 „

r “ ll
So the diameter of the third bright ring is 1.82 mm.

3 5 .58: As found in Problem ( 3 5 . 5 1 ) , the radius of the mth bright ring is in general:
(2m + l)XR

for R » X Introducing a liquid between the lens and the píate just changes the
X
wavelength from X —> —.
n
So:
( 2 m + l)Ai? r 0 . 8 5 0 mm
r{n) = 0 . 7 3 7 mm.
\ 2n a/L33

3 5 .59: a) Adding glass over the top slit increases the effective path length from that slit
to the screen The interference patiern will therefore change, with the central máximum
shifting downwards.

b) Normally the phase shift is <¡>= sin but now there is an added shift from the

glass, so the total phase shift is now

2 nd . 2 tzL yl 2 tzL 2 xd . 2 n L (n -l) 2;r
sin 9 sin 9 4- = — (d sin 9 + L (n - 1)).
X X X X X X
X
So the intensity becornes I = I 0 eos2 —
r
= I 0 eos 2 — (d sin 9 + L (n - 1))
X.
X
c) The maxima occui at — (d sin# 4- L (n —1)) = m x => d sin 9 = m X -L (n - 1 )

3 5 .60: The passage of fringés indicates an effective change in path length, since the
wavelength of the light is getting shorter as more gas enters the tube.
2L 2L 2¿/ n / n AmX
A m —---------------—------(n —1) => (n —1) — --------
X /n X X 2L
S o here:

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3 5 .61: There are two effects to be considered: first, the expansión of the rod. and second,
the change in the rod’s refractive index. The extra length of rod replaces a little of the air
so that the change in the number of wavelengths due to this is given by:

AA r - 2n^ AL 2n^ A L _

^ A N 2 ( 1 . 4 8 - 1 ) ( 0 . 0 3 0 m ) ( 5 . 0 0 x 1 0 ^ / C ° ) ( 5 . 0 0 C ° ) } „

1 5 .3 9 x l0 ~ 7 m
The change in the number of wavelengths due to the change in refrac tive index of
the rod is:
2Aw¿mZ0 2 (2 .5 0 x lQ -s/C °) (5.00 C°/m in) (1.00 min) (0.0300 m)
5 X0 5 .8 9 x l 0 ‘ 7m
So the total change in the number of wavelengths as the rod expands is
AN = 12.73 + 1.22 = 14.0 fringes/minute.

3 5 .62: a) Since we can approximate the angles of incidence on the prism as being small,
SnelTs Law tells us thatan incident angle of 6 on the fíat side of the prism enters the
prism atan angle of Q/n, where r, is the index of refraction of the prism. Similarly on
leaving the prism, the in-going angle is Q /n - A from the normal, and the outgoing,
relative to the prism, is n(Q¡n - A). So the beam leaving the prism is atan angle of
9 ' = n {9 jn - A) + A from the optical axis. So 9 - 9 ' = { n - Y)A.
A t the plañe of the source S 0, we can calcúlate the height of one image above the

source: y = tan(9 - 9 ')a - (9 - 9 ' ) a = (n - Y ) A a => d = 2aA (n -1 ) .

b) To find the spacing of fringes on a screen, we use:

RX_ RX _ (2.00 m + 0 .2 0 0 m) (5 .0 0 x 1 0 "' m) 1
Ay = — = ---------------= --------------------------------- = 1 .5 7 x 1 0 m.
d 2 a A (n -l) 2(0 .2 0 0 m) (3 .5 0 ' 3 rad) (l.i
5 00xx 110"3 ( 1 .5 0 - 1 .0 0 )
-3 . m -4
3 6.1: y, - ± => X - M , 0 ^ - 1 0 - ° ) (7 .5 0 x 1Q- m) = g Q 6 x ]0 _; m
a x 2.00 m

xX xX (0 .6 0 0 m) (5 .4 6 x 1 0 “ m) .
36.2: y, = — => a — = - ----------- — ^ = 3 .2 1 x 1 0 5m.
a 10.2x 10 m

36.3: The angle to the first dark fringe is simply:

6 3 3 x l 0 " 9 m
= arctan = arctan = 0.15°.
0 .2 4 x 1 0 ”3m

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3 6 .4 : £ = 2y. = — = ^ ^ 33 f ^ = 5 .91 x 1 C T V
7 . í 0 x l 0 ' 4m

9.00 cm
36.5: The angle to the first minimum is 9 = arcsin = arcsin = 4 8 .6 °.
12.00 cm
So the distance from the central máximum to the first minimum is just yi = x tan 9 =
(40.0 cm ) tan (48.6°) = ±45.4 cm.

36.6: a) According to Eq. 36.2

sin(<?) = — = sin (90.0o) = 1 = — = -

a a a
Thus,
a = X = 5 8 0 nm = 5 .8 0 x 10 4mm.

b) According to Eq. 36.7

I ísin [^ (sin 9)/A,\ ] 2 [sin I*’(sin f ) ]
= 0.128.
Ir ^(sin f )

36.7: The diffraction mínima are located by sin 9 = m Xja, m = ±1, ± 2 ,...
X = v / f = (344 m/s )/(1 2 5 0 Hz) = 0.2752 m; a = 1.00 m
m = ± 1, <9 = ± 1 6 .0 ° ; m = ± 2. # = ±33.4°; m = ±3, # = ±55.6°; no solution for
larger m

36.8: a) E = E sin(fct-co t)
2 7t
= 5 .2 4 x 10“ m
X k 1 .2 0 x 107m-1

f X = c - » / = — = 3-0 x -*°S™/s = 5 . 7 3 x 1 0 ‘4 H z
X 5 .2 4 x 10 m
b) a sin 9 = X
X 5 .2 4 x l0 ~ 7m
a= = 1 .0 9 x l 0 ’ s m
sin# sin 28.6°
c) a sin 9 = mX (m = 1 ,2 ,3 ,...)
sin#2 = ± 2 ¿ = ± 2 f »

#2 = ± 74c

36.9: sin 9 = X/a locates the first minimum

y = x tan #, tan 9 = y jx = (36.5 cm )/(40.0 cm ) and 9 = 42.38°
a = X¡ sin G = (620 x 10"9 m )/(sin 42.38°) = 0.920 pim

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 , xX xX (2.50 m) (5 .0 0 x 1 0 7m) , ^ ,
3 6 .1 0 : a) y, = — => a = — = - — r---------- ¿ = 4 . 1 7 x l 0 4m.
' a y¡ 3 .0 0 x 10 m
xX (2.50 m )(5.00 x 10-5 m) , .
b) a = — = -^----------^ ;--------- - = 4 .1 7 x 1 0 m = 4 . 2 co i
yi 3 .0 0 x l 0 '3m
xX (2.50 m )(5.0 0 x 1 0 10m ) „
c) a = — = - — - = 4 .1 7 x 1 0 m.
y¡ 3 .0 0 x 1 0 m

3 6 .1 1 : a ) y, = — = <3 - 0 0 m )(6 .3 3 x l0 ' m ) = 5.43 x lO '3m. S o the widlh o f the

a 3 .5 0 x 1 0 m
brightest fringe is twice this distance to the first mínimum, 0.0109 m.
2xX 2(3.00 m )(6.33 * 10 -7m)
b) The next dark fringe is at y2 = = 0.0109 m .
3 .5 0 x 10-4m
So the width of the first bright fringe on the side of the central máximum is the distance
from y 2 t o y A, which is 5 .4 3 x l 0 -3m .

2 Ka . 2 Ka y 2 ;r(4.50x lO^m) .
3 6 .1 2 : B = sin 8 « ------- --- ----------- ------------------- -— y = (1 5 2 0 m ‘ )y.
X X x (6 .2 0 x 10 m )(3.00 m)
i-3 .
a) y = 1.00 x 10~3m : — = tn-1) (l.OOx 10~Jm ) _ Q760
2 2
^sinQ9/2)^ sin(0.760)
=>/ = L =L = 0.822L
m 0.760

b) y = 3 .0 0 x 10~3m : — = m ) ( 3 - ° ° x 1 ° m ) = 2 .28.
2 2

sin (^ /2 ) sin(2.28)
=> I = L = I r = 0.1 l l / 0.
. fif * 2.28

c) y = 5 . 0 0 x l 0 - 3 m : ^ = ( 152Qm" ^ 5 Q 0 - 1Q~3m> = 3.80.

2 2

s in ( l/ 2 ) sin (3.80)
=> / = / a = /r = 0 .0 2 5 9 /0.
A /2 3.80

x ;cX
(3.00 m )(5 .4 0 x 10 m) 1rt_3
3 6 .1 3 : a) y, = — = ----------—-------- - = 6 .7 5 x 1 0 m.
a 2 .40 x 10 '4 m
. 2 kci . 2;ra y. ¡ 2 2Tía xX
b) B = sin 0 ^ ---------------- = K,
X X x X 2 ex

Zs m (^ /2 ) I* (6 0 0 x , 0 -6 sin (tt/2)
= > /= /, = 2.43 x 1 o -6 W /m 4.
p¡2 n

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3 6 .1 4 : a ) 6 = O: 6 = — sin 0 o = 0.
1
i\ * i i i n 2xa . ry 2 xa 2XX
b) A t the second mínimum from the center p = sin 9 — = 4n.
X X a
s „ hca . „ 2 *( 1 .5 0 x l< r *m ) . „ „ „ ,
c) p = sin £ = — 1 -sin 7.0° = 191 rad
X 6 .0 0 x 1 0 m

-ir t e o 2 xa ^ , 2xa . ^ 2 x (3 .2 0 x 1 0 m) . „ ,< 0 -

3 6 .15: p = sin 9 =>X = sin 9 = — ------------------ - sin 0.24° = 5 .36x 10 m.
X t>

3 6 .16: The total intensity is given by diawing an are of acircle that has length E 0 and
finding the length of the cord which connects the starting and ending points of the curve.
So graphically we can find the electric field at a point by examining the geometry as
shown below for three cases.
2xa 2xa X E 2
a) p = sin 9 ------------- x. From the diagram, x — = E ; => E = — E 0.
X X 2a 2 x
' 2 * / -M *.
So the intensity is just: I =
x
This agrees with Eq. (36.5).

2 xa . 2 xa X
b) p = sin 9 = ----------
X X a
is zero, as is the intensity. This al so agrees with Eq. (36.5).

2xa 2xa 3X E 2
c) p = sin 9 ----------------------------- 5 X . From the diagram, S x - * - = E ; = > E _ = — E ; . So
X X 2a 2 3x
the intensity is ju st:

1 = I, = L‘■0.
2■
3x 9 x

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 T h is a g re e s w ith E q . (36.5)

'i c i n \ a 2*a 2;r(1.05xl0~ 4m) .

3 6 .17: a) 6 = sin 6 => X = sin 9 = ------------------------- sin 3.25 =
X B 56.0 rad
6.68 x l O"7m
C
" __

r sm (P /2 ) ^sin (5 6 .0 /2 ) '
1 = 1 ,0 = (9 .3 6 x 1 0 ' 5) / 0.
II

V. ¿ / 2 ; v 56.0/2

3 6 .18: a) Ignoring diffraction, the first five maxima will occur as given by:
r mX'' ^mX^
d sin 9 = mX => 0 = arcsin = arcsin , for m = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
, d , K4 a y
, , _2 iza . 2iza mX miz . 2izd . 2izd mX _
b) 8 = sin 9 ------------- , and<¿>= -------sin O -----------------= 2 izm.
X X d 2 X X d
So including diffraction, the intensity:

sinQg/2 ) ' = Ar cos ^------

2^m sin (m ;r/4 ) sin (m ;r/4)
I = Acos — =L
0 2 P ¡2 miz i A miz ¡A
So for
sin(;r/4) sin(;r/2)
m = 1 : I L= L = 0.8 1 1/0; m = 2 : = h = 0.405/,,;
izjA * /2 .
sin(3 iz¡A) sin(;r)
m = 3 :/ 3 = / 0 = 0.0901/0 ;m = 4 : / 4 = /o = 0
3 ^ /4

sin(5;r/4)
m = 5 :/ 5 = / 0 = 0 .0324/0.
5iz/A

3 6 .19: a) If — = 3, then there are five fringes: m = 0, ± 1, ± 2.

a
b) The m = 6 interference ffinge coincides with the second diffraction minimum, so
there are two fringes (m = +A, m = + 5) within the first diffraction máximum on one side
of the central máximum.

3 6 .20: B y examining the diagram. we see that every fourth slitcaneéis each other.
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3 6 .2 1 : a ) I f the slits a re v ery narrow , then the first m áx im u m is at
d sin
— ■ *9, = i1.
X 1
^ 5 .8 0 xl0~ 7 m'j
arcsin — = arcsin = ±0.0627°.
^ 5 .3 0 x 1 0 ^ m
Also, the second máximum is at
d_ .
— sin &2 = 2

^ 2(5.80x 10"7 m )'1

1^
1^
9 , = arcsin = arcsin = + 0.125°
<d ^ 5 .3 0 x 10"4m ,

sin(/?/2)
b) / = / 0 cos2 -^- but eos — = 1, since we are at the 2 slit máximum. So
P !2 2

sin (xa sin 8jX\ sin ( 77a /d )

W o =L
77a sin 8l ¡X xa /d

sin(;r(3.20xl0~4 m )/(5.30x]Q ~4 m))

= 0.24910.
«■(3.20xlO '4 m )/( 5 .3 0 x l 0 ’ 4 m)
And

sin(77a sin 92 /X) sin(2;r ajd)

=L
77a sin 9r¿ jX 277ajd

sin (2 ;r (3 .2 0 x l0 -4 m )/(5 .3 0 x 10-4 m ))‘

= 0.025 6 /0.
2 ^ (3 .2 0 x 1 0 ^ m) /( 5 .3 0 x 1 o -4 m)

3 6 .22: W e will use / = eos4 ^ >in(/g/2)' , and must calcúlate the phases 0 and ¡3 .

Using ¡3 j 2 = — sin #, and 0 = sin #, we have:

X. X
a) 9 = 1 .2 5 x 1 o -4 rad : ¡3 ¡2 = 0.177(10.1°), and ^ = 1.01(57.9°) => / = 0 .7 5 7 /0.
b) 9 = 2.50x1o-4 rad \¡3 ¡2 = 0.355(20.3°), and <j>= 2.03(116.3°) => / = 0.268/o.
c ) 9 = 3 .0 0 x 10-4 rad : ¡3/2 = 0.426(24.1°), and <j>= 2.43(139.2°) => / = (0.114) / 0.

3 6 .23: With four slits there must be four vectors in each phasor diagram, with the
orientad on of each successive one determined by the relative phase shifts. So:

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 {i) ó= f- («) <?=~ (iii)

W e see that destructive interference occurs from adjacent slits in case (ii) and from
altérnate slits in cases (i) and (iii).

fyi
3 6 .24: Diffraction dark fr ingés occur for sin 9 = —— , and interference maxima occur
a
ffí
for sin 9 = —— . Setting them equal to each otlier yields a missing bright spot whenever
d
the destmctive interference matches the bright spots. That is:
f¥ l ^ YYl ^ d
—— = —— => mi = — má = 3má. That is, the missing parts of the pattern occur for
d a a
m¡ = 3, 6, 9 ... = 3m, for m = integers.

3 6 .25: a) Interference maxima: Diffraction minima:

d sin 9. = mú and a sin 9á = rík.
If the mth interference máximum corresponds to the nú\ diffraction mínimum then
et = e4.
d m
or
a n
so

a = — d = - ( 0 .8 4 0 mm) = 0.280 mm.

m 3
m
b) The diffraction minima will squelch the interference maxima for all — = 3 up to
n
the highest seen order. For X = 630 nm, the largest valué of m will be when 0 = 90°.
d 8.40 x 10”4 m
= 1333.
X 6.30 x 10"7 m
.4 0 x 1 0 ^ m
= 444.
X 3 ( 6 .3 0 x 1 0 " 'm)
So after m = 3, m = 6, 9 ,..., 1332 for n = 1 , 2 ,3 ,..., 444 will also be missing.
c) B y changing X we only change the highest order seen.
.4 0 x 1 0"4 m
= 2000.
X 4.2 0 x l O"7 m
a 2000

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So m = 3, 6 , 9,.. .,1 9 9 9 for n = 1 , 2 , 3 , . . 6 66.

36.26: The third bright band is missing because the first order single slit mínimum occurs
at the same angle as the third order double slit máximum.

M is s in f t
' 3 c m _____ .

T i/

" u tcin 9 = ■¿r—r

<9= 1.91°

Single-slitdark spot: a sin 8 - X

X 500 nm 4
a = ------- = - ------------= 1 .5 0 x 1 0 nm(width)
sin 8 sin 1.91°
Double-slit bright fringe:
d sin 8 = 3X
3X, 3(500 nm) 4
d = ------- = — 4 .5 0 x 1 0 nm(separaüon)
sin 8 sin 1.91°

36.27: a) Find d : d sin 8 = mX

9 = 78.4°for m = 3 and X.= 681 nm, so d = mX¡sin 9 = 2.086 xl0~* cm
The number of slits per cm is 1¡d = 4790 slits/cm
b) lst order: m = 1, so sin 9 = X¡d = (681 x 10-9 m )/(2 .0 8 6 x 10^ m) and 9 = 19.1°
2nd order: m = 2, so sin# = 2X/d and 8 = 40.8°
c) For m = 4, sin 9 = 4 / d is greater than 1.00, so there is no 4th-order bright band.
36.28: First-order: #sin#j = X
Fourth-order: d sin#) = AX

¿sin#4 _ AX
<¿sin#j X,
sin #4 = 4 sintfj = 4 sin 8.94°
#4 = 38.4°

36.29: a) d = (4 ) 0 0 1 = 1.111 xlO ' 5 m

For X= 700 nm, X¡d = 6 .3 x 10"4. The first-order lines are located at
sin 9 = X /d; sin 8 is small enough for sin 8 ^ 8 to be an excellent approximation.

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 b) y = x X fd , where x = 2.50 m.
The distance on the screen between lst order bright bands for two different
wavelengths is Ay = jc(Ay )jd , so AX = d (Ay)fx
= (1.11 lx 10“5 m) (3 .0 0 x lO '3 m )/(2.50 m) = 13.3 nm

6 .5645x 1 0 '7m
36.30: a) R = — = Nm => N = -------= ----------------------:------------------------- — = 1820 slits.
AX mAX 2 (6 .5 6 4 5 x 1 0 ' m - 6 .5 6 2 7 x 1 0 ' m)

b) d = (500 slits/m m )'1 = (500,000 slits/m )'1 -9 - sin'1\ ~ j ~

0, = sin "‘ ((2 )(6 .5 6 4 5 x l0 “7 m)- 500,000) = 41.0297°

9 7 = sin_I ((2 )(6 .5 6 2 7 x l0 -7 m)- 500,000) = 41.0160°
A9 = 0.0137°.

mX 7 m (6.328xlO '7 m )3'

36.31: 9 = aresin = aresin = aresin ((0.396)m )
~d 1 .6 0 x 1 0 '* m
= 1 :9¡ = 23.3°; m = 2 : 9 = 52.3°. All other m-values lead to angles greater than
90"

1
36.32: 5000 slits/cm d = = 2.00x 10 m.
5 .0 0 x l 0 5 m '1
¿ s in # (2 .0 0 x 10-6 m) sin 13.5°
a) d sin 9 = mX ^>X = = 4 .6 7 x 1 0 “' m.
1
^ 2 (4 .6 7 x 1 0 ' 7 m )''
b) m = 2 : 9 = aresin | ¡= aresin = 27.8°.
2 .0 0 x 1 0"6 ni

36.33: 350 slits/oini d = = 2 .8 6 x 1 0 ' 6 m. Then :

3 .5 0 x 1 0 5 m '1
mX w (5.20xlQ ~7 m )N
d sin# = rríX => 9 = aresin = aresin = aresin ((0.182)m )
d 2 .8 6 x l O m

m = \ .9 = 10.5°; m = 2 : 0 = 21.3°; m = 3 : # = 33.1°.

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3 6 .3 4 : 350 slits/m m d = - — = 2 .8 6 x 1 0 ni., and ¿sin<9 = m k

7 4 .0 0 x 10 “7
=> m = 1: 9 4X = aresin |— |= aresin = 8.05°.
2 .8 6 x 1 0 "* m

^7.00 x 10~7 m '■

(9,00 = aresin |— I= aresin = 14.18°.
v 2 .8 6 x l 0 “é niy
A9i = 1 4 .1 8 ° -8 .0 5 ° = 6.13°.

. . ■ ■ . ^3(4.00 x 10"7 m ) '

=> m = 3 : 04OO= aresin I — I= aresin = 24.8°.
2 .8 6 x 10 m

i |
9 n0 = aresin i— | ■ ^ 3 (7 .0 0 x 1 0"7 m )N= 47.3°.
i = aresin
v 2 .8 6 x 1 0 ^ m y
A0l = 4 7 .3 ° - 2 4 .8 ° = 22.5°.

1
36.35: 4000 slits/cm => d = - = 2 .5 0 x 1 0 m. So for the a -hydrogen
4 .0 0 x 1 0 5 m 1
line, we have:
t?i(6 .5 6 x 10 7 m)
9 = aresin | |= aresin = aresin ((0.262)«i).
i 2 .50x10"* ni

m = 1: &¡ = 15.2°; m = 2 : 8 = 31.6°.

And. for the ¡i -hydrogen line, the angle is given by:
™(4.86 xlO "7 m)
9 = aresin | |= aresin = aresin ((0.194)wi).
v 2 .5 0 x 1 0 ^ m y

m = l :6 'I = 11.2°;m = 2 : ^ = 22.9°;so, a) A £ ,= 4 .0 0 \ b) A02 =8.77°.

587.8002 nm 587.8002
36.36: — = N m = > N = k
M mAk (587.9782 n m - 587.8002 nm) 0.178
N - 3302 slits.
A" 3302 ^ slits
= 2 7 5 2 ------ .
1.20 cm 1.20 cm cm

36.37: For jc-raydiffraction,

= _d 2 (8 .3 0 x 1 0 - m) _ 2 J 2 x l ( r » m
2 d sin ó1= mk d =
2 sin# 2 sin 21.5°

36.38: For the first order máximum in Bragg reflection:

2d sin 9 2(4.40 x 10~1C m) sin 39.4°
I d s in # = m k = > 2 , = = 5 .5 9 x 10 m.
m 1
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3 6 .39: The best resolution is 0.3 arcseconds, which is about 8.33 x 10 5°.
1.221 1 .2 2 (5 .5 x lO '7 m)
a)/ i ) = — ^ = 1,fc£,VJ,J ^ ^-5“qn' = 0 .4 6 m « 0 .5 m .
sin#, ~~ sin(8.33 xl0~ 5°)
b) The Keck tel escopes are able to gather more light than the Hale tele scope, and
henee they can detect fainter objeets. However, their larger size does notallow them to
have greater resolution— atmospheric conditions limit the resolution.

1.221 1 .2 2 (5 .5 x 1 0"7 m ) in _3
3 6 .40: D = -------- = --------------------------- = 2 .3 1 x 1 0 m = 2.3 mm.
sin 6 { sin(l / 60)°

3 6 .41: sin Ov = 1.2 2 — => D = = 1.222 — = 1.22(0.036 m) i -2 x J 0 m

D sinOl W 2 .8 x 1 0 m
=> Z) = 1.88 m.

36.42= SÍn ^ l . 2 2 Z ^ x = ^ ^ : , ( S - 0 0 x 10^ ) 0 - 0 0 - 10-8)

D 1.22 1.22 1.22
=> 1 = 0.0656 m = 6.56 cm.

3 6 .43: sin 6. = 1.22 — = 1.2 2 ^‘^ * * * L m = 0.102. The screen is 4.5 m away, so the
D 7.4x1o "6 m
diameter of the Airy ring is given by trigonometry:
D = 2 y = 2x tan 8 ™2x sin Q = 2(4.5 m )(0.102) = 91.8 cm.

3 6 .44: The image is 25.0 cm from the lens, and from the diagramand Rayleigh’s criteria,
the diameter of the circles is twice the “height” as given by:
_ 2s ' 2fy 2 (0 .1 8 0 m )(8 .0 0 x lO '3 m ) , , ,
D = 2| y |= — y = ^ L¿- = —-------------- —----------------- = 1 .1 5 x 1 0 m = 0.115 mm.
s s 25.0 m

1 R
3 6 .45: sin = 1.22 — => D = ———« 1 .2 2 1 —
D sin^j W

= 1 .2 2 ( 5 .0 x l 0 - ?m )5 -9 3 x 1 0 . m = 1.45 m.
2.50 x l O5 m

36.46= ,in = 1.22 Z B Z ^ , = - g P . = (4-OOx 10-3m )(0.0720 m) _ ^ ^

D s 1.22X. 1 .2 2 (5 .5 0 x 1 0 m)

3 6 .47: L e ty be the separation between the two points being resolved and lets be their

distance from the tel escope. Then the limit of resolution corresponds to 1.22— = —

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 a) Let the two points being resolved be the opposite edges of the cráter, so y is the
diameter of the cráter. For the moon, s = 3.8 x 10 : m.
y = \ 22X s¡D
Hubble: D = 2.4 m and X = 400 nm gives the máximum resolution, so y = 77 m
Arecibo: D = 305 m and X = 0.75 m; y = 1.1 x 106 m

b) s = ^ ~
1.22X
Let y « 0.30 (the size of a license píate)
5 = (0 .3 0 m ) (2.4 m )/[( 1.22)(400 x 10 -9 m)] = 1500 km

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3 6 .48: Smallestresolving angle is for short-wavelength light(400 nm)

9 « 1.22 — = (1 .2 2 )4 0 0 x 1 0 m = 9.61 x 10 '8 rad

D 5.08 m

10,000 mi
O = --------------
R

R 10,000 mi _ 16,000 km = 1 7 x l Q n km
& 9 .6 x 10’ rad
This is less than a light year, so there are no stars this cióse.

3 6 .49: Let y be the separation between the two points being resolved and lets be their
distance from the telescope. The limit of resolution corresponds to 1.22 XjD = y /s
s = 4.28 ly = 4 .0 5 x 1 0 16 m
Assume visible light, with A = 400 m
y = 1.22 Xs/D = 1.22(400 x 10^ m) (4.05 x 10 16 m /(l 0.0 m) = 2.0 x 109m
The diameter o f Júpiter is 1.38 x 1 0 : m, so the resolution is insufficient, by about one
order of magnitude.

3 6 .50: a) For dark spots, a sin Q = mX so sin Q c e 1 ¡a. Heating the sheet causes the slit
width to increase due to thermal expansión, so sin 6 and henee O will decrease.
Iberefore the bright región gets narrower.
b) At the lower temperature:

a, = —- — where tan^, = ^ Cm > 6 { = 0.35809°

s in ^ 800 cm

500 nm = S 0 0 0 2 ü m
sin 0.35809
At the higher temperature:
5 c m - 0 .0 0 1 c m
tan 02 = : ->&2 = 0.35802'
8 00 cm
X 500 nm
= 8 0,0 1 8 nm
sin 9i sin 0.35802'
Thermal expansión: Aa = aa{AT

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 Aa 80, 018 n m - 8 0 , 0 0 2 nm
a =
a{A T (8 0 ,0 0 2 nm)(80°C)
= 2 .5 x lO -6oC '1

36.51: a ) / = I 0/ 2 - A = sm('T asm&/ A) = £HÜÍ _ 0.7071. Solving for x through

V2 ?zasm&/X x
trial and error, and remembering to use radian s through out, one finds x = 1.39 rad and
¡3 = 2x = 2.78 rad Also, A 6 = |#+ - = 2#+, and

liza . X/3 % "2.78 rad

P = sin0 => sin# = 0 .4 4 2 - .
X + !liza a 2 7z rad

i) - = 2 => sin# = 0.221 => 9 = 0.223 rad => A 9 = 0.446 rad = 25.3°.
X

ii) — = 5 => sin ¿7 = 0 .0 8 8 5 =># = 0.0886 rad => A# = 0.177 rad = 10.1°.
X

iii) — = 10 => sin # = 0.0442 => 9 = 0.0443 rad => A# = 0.885 rad = 5.07°.
X

X
b) For the first minimum, sin 90 = —.
a

0 = arcsin = 0.524 rad => 29n = 1.05 rad = 60.2°.

1^

X
n

'r
ii) — = 5 => 6: = arcsin = 0.201 rad => 1 9 , = 0.402 rad = 23.07
X

iü) £ - , o 0 = arcsin = 0.100 rad => 2& = 0 .2 0 0 rad = 1 1 .5o.

,ioJ
Both methods show the central width getting smaller as the slit width a is increased

3 6 .52: If the apparatus of Exercise 36.4 is placed in water, then all thatchanges is the
i
wavelength ^ ->vXi ' = —.
X ^ cSo : D
rv = o 2x X = —
2 y,' = ------ = ------- D = --------------------
5 .91xl0~ 3m =
n a an n 1.33
4.44 x 10"3m = 4.4 4 mm.

3 6 .53: sin 9 = X/a locates the first dark band

sin 9 - =
a a
sin# liquid
^liquid ^air = 0.4836
sin ¿7
X = X j n (Eq.33.5X so » = = 1/0.4836 = 2.07
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3 6 .54: For bright spots, -¿-sin# = X
Red: -¿sin #R = 700 nm
Vio let: -¿-sin #v = 400 nm
sin#ff _ 7
sin#K 4
#R - # V = 1 5 ° -> # R = 9 V -\-í 5°
sm(9v 4 - 15°) _ 7
sin#. ~ 4
„ , sin#v c o s í5 o 4- eos#v sin 15° .
Expand:------ = 7 /4
sin#v
eos 15o 4- cot #v sin 15o = 7/4
tan#v = 0.330 - » #v = 18.3°

15° = 18.3° -fl 5o = 33.3°

Line density: -¿-sin0R

R
= 700nm
sin sin 33.3 = 7 8 4 x l Q 5 lines/ m
N=
700 nm 7 0 0 x l0 * m
= 7840 lixies/cm
The spectrum begins at 18.3oand ends at 33.3

_ __ xk a .20 m )(5.40x 10' 7 m) -

3 6 .55: a) y{ = — = — 7 - = 1 .8 0 x 1 0 m
a 3 .6 0 x l0 ~ 4 m
^ sin (/ra sin # / X ) _ 1 _ m sin # _ ^ ^
m sin
in d /X y¡2 X
. „ (1 .3 9 )(5 .4 0 x l0 m) r _ 1A_4
sin# = — i = 6 .6 4 x 10
^ (3.60 x 10"4m)
y = x tan O « * sin O = (1.20 m )(6.64 x 10-4) = 7.97 x 10 -4 m = 0.797 mm.

r . \2
sin 7
3 6 .56: a) I = L .The máximum intensity occurs when the derivative of the
y
intensity function with respect to y is zero.

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 di sin y sin y c o sy sin y
=L =2 =0
dy dy y y y
eos y sin y
ycosy = sin y
y y
y = tan y.

b)

d i l e m a m i ñus
tanfieut gamma

The graph above is ap lo t of f( / ) = / - t a n / . So when it equals zero, one has an

intensity máximum. Getting estimates from the graph, and then using trial and error to
narrow in on the valué, we find that the three smallest / -valúes are / = 4.49 rad 7.73 rad,
and 10.9 rad.

3 6 .57: The phase shift for adjacent slits is (p = sin 9 « => 6 = ^

X X 2 xd
So, with the principal m axim aat phase shift valúes of tp = 2xm,and ( N - 1) minima
between the maxima, the phase shift between the minima adjacent to the máximum, and

the máximum itself, must be ± — .

N

Therefore total phase shifts of tliese minima are 2xm ± ^ ~ .

N
Henee the angle at which they are found, and the angular width, will be:

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36.58: a) E p = E ¿p 4- E p . So, ffom the diagram at right,
we have:

= (1 + eos é + eos 2 0 )2 -i- (sin 0 + sin 20)'

= (2 eos2 <¡>+ eos 0 )2 + (sin 0 + 2 sin 0co s 0 ) 2

= (eos2 0 + sin2 0)(1 + 2 c o s 0 )2

= ( l + 2 c o s 0 ) => £ = £ 0(1 + 2 c o s 0 ).

2;r¿ .
b) sin This is graphed below:

In c c n siiy

T h c la

c) (i) Até? = 0 , / , = / 0(1 + 2 cosíO0))2 = 9 /0.

(ii) The principal máximum is when / 0 °“1 = 2mn => ¿sin é? = mX,
X
2xd sin O 2;z¿ sin 5 2; t/?í
(iii) & (iv) The minima occur at 2 eos = - 1 =>
X X
mX
=> d sin 6 = , with m not divisible by 3. Thus there are two minima between every

principal máximum.

2;z¿ sin
(v) The secondary maxima occur when eos = - 1 = > / , = I0 = ^ ~
X

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 2 x d sin mX
A lso = m x => d sin 9 =
X 2
All o f these findings agree with the A7 - slit statements in Section 35.5.
d) Below are phasor diagrams for specific phase shifls.

< J-~
(m a x ) im ax l

3 6 .59: a) For eight slits, the phasor diagrams must have eight vectors:

b) F o r é = — , ó = — , and ó = totally destmctive interference occurs between

4 4 4

slits four aparL For <fi = totally destructive interference occurs with every second slit.

¿>=—

3 6 .60: For six slits, the phasor diagrams must have six vectors.
a) Zero phase difference between adjacent slits means that the total amplitude is
6 £ ,a n d the intensity is 361.

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b) If the phase difference is 2 x , then we have the same phasor diagram as above, and
equal amplitude, 6 £ , and intensity, 3 61.
c) There is an interference minimum whenever the phasor diagrams cióse on
themselves, such as in the five cases below.

3 6 .61: a) For the maxima to occur for N slits, the sum of all the phase differences
between the slits mustadd to zero (the phasor diagram closes on itself). Thisrequires
that, adding up all the relative phase shifts, N 0 = 2xm, for some integer m . Therefore

<p = ^~7Zm^ for m not an integer múltiple of N , which would give a máximum.
Ai

b) The sum of N phase shifts (¡>= ^'7Cm brings you fu.ll circle back to the máximum,
N
so only the N - 1 previous phases yield minima between each pair of principal maxima.

3 6 .62: As shown below, a pair of slits whose width and separation are equal is the same
as having a single slit, of twice the width.
2xd . 2xa .
0 = sin #, so p = sin 9 = j.
X X

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 — d = a

So then the intensity is

/ = /0 c o s ^ / 2 ) = /. ( ^ ^ / 2) c o s ( ^ / 2) r

r - r sifl; P r sia i(/?'/ 2)

^ / = /o f - /o { p '/l f ’

where /? ' = gú, which is Eq. (35 .5) with double the slit width.
X

3 6 ,6 3 : For 6500 slits/cm => d = 1— = 1 .5 4 x l0 " s m. When# = 90°, m = 3 so

6.50 xlO 5 m"1
one barely gets the 3rd order.
, . „ , . „ ¿ s k i? . , d 1.54x1o"6 m , ,„_7
d sin# = rríX => X = -----------=>%. = — = ------------------- = 5 .1 3 x 1 0 m
m 3 3

3 6 .64: a) As the rays first reach the slits there is already a phase difference between
.. - 2xti sin O'
adjacent slits o f .

This, added to the usual phase difference introduced after passing through the
slits, yields the condition for an intensity máximum:
2 r á s in # 2 xd tiñ & f _ . . , .
--------------- h--------------- = 2mn => ¿/(sin # + sin # ) = mX
X X,

b) 600 slits/mm => d = í— r = 1 .6 7 x 1 0 -6 m

6 .0 0 x 1 0 m

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 9 ' = O* : m = 0 : 9 = are sin(0) = 0.

6 .5 0 x 1 0 "7 m'j
m = 1 : 0 = arcsin —cULblll = 22.9°.
1 .6 7 x 1 o "6 m

' X'' —ctrp? in 6 .5 0 x 1 0 " 7 m'j

m = - 1 : 6 = arcsin dlLolll = -22.9°.
, d, y. 1 .6 7 xlO"6 m
9 ' = 20.0° : m = 0 \9 = arcsin(-sin 20.0°) = -20.0°.

6.50 xlO -7 ni
m = 1 : 9 = arcsin - s i n 20.0" = 2 .71.
1 .67xlO"6 m

6 .5 0 x l0 ~ 7 m
m = - 1 : 9 = arcsin - s i n 20.0' = -47.0°.
i .6 7 x10 6 m

3 6 .6 5 : For 650 slits/oim => d = = 1 .5 3 x l0 ’ 6 m

6.50x 10 5 m
mk
W e need d sin 9 = m\ => sin 9 = — < 1, if the whole spectrum is to be seen.
d
X 71 3X
X, = 4 .0 0 x l0 ~ 7m :m = l : — '= 0.26; m = 2 : — L = 0.52; m = 3 : — 1- = 0.78.
d d d
X 7X 3X
X , = 7 .0 0 x l 0 " 7m :« í = 1 : — = 0.46; m = 2 - 1 = 0.92; m = 3 :- —X = 1.37.
2 d d d
So the third order does notcontain the violet end of the spectrum, and therefore only the
firstand second diffraction patterns contain all colors of the spectrum.

r mk 0.125 nm
3 6 .6 6 : a) 2d sin 9 = mk => 9 = arcsin = arcsin m
U d; 2(0.282 nm)
= arcsin(0.2216 m).
So for m = 1 : 9 = 12.8°, m = 2 : 9 = 26.3°, m = 3 : 9 = 41.7°, and m = 4 : 9 =
62.4°. No larger m valúes yieldanswers.

'>¡2m\s
b) If the separad on d = —= , then 9 = arcsin = arcsin(0.3134 m).
v2 la

So for m = 1 : 9 = 18.3°, m = 2 : 9 = 3 8 .8 °, and m = 3 : 9 = 70. Io. No larger m valúes

yield answers.

3 6 .6 7 : a) d sin 9 = mk. Place lst máximum at c o or 9 = 90°.

d = k If d < X this puts the first máximum "beyond c o ." Thus, if d < \ there is
only a single principal máximum.

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 d sin0
b) « V = 2 * . This just scales 2 ^ radians by tlie fraction the wavelength is
~ X ~

of the path difference between adjacent sources.

If we add a relative phase 5 between sources, we still must maintain a total phase
difference of zero to keep our principal máximum.
' SX '
path + S = 0 => ln d Smg = ± 5 or 6 = sin-1
<6....
X 2xd
0.280 m
c) d = — —— = 0.0200 m (count the number of spaces between 15 points).

Let 9 = 45°. Also recall fk = c , so

2«’(0.0200 m )(8 .8 0 0 x l0 9 H z) sin 45°
£ = ± — -------------- ¿i-------- ------------ L----------- = ±2.61 radian s.
(3.00x10® m /s)

X
36.68: sin ^ = 1 .22— = > 0 = arcsin 1 2 2
D D
. ± . So for

(5 .0 0 xlO "7 m)
a) Mauna Kea: 9 = arcsin 1.22 = (4.21 x 10 )\
! . 3 m )

(0.21 Om)
b) Arecibo: 9 = arcsin 1.22 = 0.0481°.
(305 m)

3 6 .69: To resolve two objects, according to RayleiglTs criterion, one must be located at
the first minimum of the other. In this case, knowing the equation for the angle to the first
minimum, and also the objects5 separation and distance away, the sine of the angle
subtended by them is calculated to be:
X Ax aAx (3 .5 0 x 1 0~4 m )(2.50m )
sin 9 = — = — R= = 1458 m = 1.46 km
a R X 6.OOxlO-7 m

'k Ay
3 6 .70: sin 0 = 1.22 — « —
D R D Df
(1.22)(3.00x 105 km /s)(7.2x 108 ly)
A x = = 2.06 ly.
(7 7 .0 0 0 x 1 03 k m )(1 .6 6 5 x l0 9 Hz)
9 .4 1 x 1 0 12 km/ly •2.06 ly = 1.94x 1013 km.

36.71: Diffraction limited seeing and RayleiglTs criterion te 11 us:

X (1.22)(5.00x 10“7 m)
sin 0 = 1 .22— = = 1 .5 3 x 1 0’ 4.
D ( 4 .0 0 xlO '3 m)
But now the altitude of the astronaut can be calculated ffom the angle (above) and the
object separation (75 m). W e have:

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 Ax Ax Ax 75.0 m
— = tan 0 => h = -------- = ---------------- = 4 . 9 0 x 1 0 5 m = 4 9 0 km.
h tan 0 sin 0 1.53x 10

v ™ ¿ Ax „ DAx (6 .0 0 x lO s m ) ( 2 .5 0 x l0 5 m )
36.72: a ) sin 0 = 1.22 — « — => R = --------= - --------------- ------ ;----------
D R 1.22X (1 .2 2 )(1 .0 x l0 m )
1 .2 3 x 1 0 17 m . B u t 9 .4 1 x l0 15 m / ly => R N 13.1 ly.
1.22X R (1.22)(1.0 x 10 -5 m )(4 .2 2 1 y )(9 .4 1 x l0 ‘s m /ly )
b) Ax =
D 1.0 m
4 .8 4 x 1 0 m = 4 .8 4 x 10* km.
« 10,000 times the diameter of the earthl Not enough resolution to see an earth-like
planet!
« 3 times the distance from the earth to the sun.
( 1 .2 2 )(1 .0 x l0 's m )(591y)(9.41xlO ls m /ly )
c) Ax = = 1.13x10° m = 1130 km.
6 .0 0 x 1 06 m
Ax 1130 km
= 8 .1 9 x 1 0 3 ;A x is small compared to the size of the planet.
D planet 1.38 x 10 km

3 6 .73: a) From the segment dy\ Ihe ffaction of the amplitude of E 0 that gets through is

dy
Eo => d E = E 0 sin(£x - cot).
a a
b) The path difference between each little piece is

y' sin 0 => kx = k(D - y ’ sin 0 ) => á E = ^ ^ - s i n (k(D - y ' sin 0 ) - cot). This can be
a
E d-v^
rewritten as d E = — — (sin(£D - cot)cos(ky' sin # ) + sin(ky' sin £ )c o s (kD-cot)).
a
c) So the total amplitude is given by the integral over the slit of the above.

=> E = (* d E = — í 1 dy (sin(£D - cot) eos(ky' sin 0 ) 4- sin(ky' sin 0 ) x

cos(kD - cot)).
But the second term integrates to zero, so we have:
a/2
sin(£y' sin 0
E = — sin(k D - cot) f dy' (cos(£y'sin 0 )) =E0 sin (kD - cot)
ka sin 0¡2
- o í2

( sin(7;a(sin#)/2 sin(*a(sin 0)¡'k)

E = E0 sin(£D - cot) ■ = E 0 sia(kD -cot)
{ ka(sui0)/2 x a ( $ m .9 ) I X

At 0 = 0, S1p * = 1 => E = E ñ sin(&D - cot).

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 sin(fca(sin 9)12) s in (/? /2 )' , where we have used
d) Since I = E 7 = > / = / , = L
£a(sin 9)12 0/2
I 0 = E 0 sin (kx - cot).

3 6 .74: a) Recall that the expression for the amplitude of a traveling wave is
eos (hx - cot). Thus each source can be thought o f as a traveling wave evaluated at
x = R with a máximum amplitude of E 0. However, each successive source will pick up
d sin 9
an extra phase from its respective pathlength to point P . <j>= 2n which is just
X
2;r, the máximum phase, scaledby whatever fraction the path difference, d sin 9 , is of
the wavelength, X B y adding up the contributions from each source (including the
accumulating phase difference) this gives the expression provided.
b) = eos (kR -cot + n f ) + i sin(M - cot + n<¡>).
The real part is just eos (kR -cot-v n(¡)).
iV—1 N-1
SoRe = ^ £ 0 eos(kR -cot-\- n(j>).
n=0 »=o
(Note: Re means “the real part o f ..
but this is just E 0 eos(kR - otí + <£) + E 0 eos(kR - coi + 0) + E0 cos(kR - art + 2 <f>) +
. . . -f E : eos (kR -cot-\-(N - 1)0).
«v-l iV—1 |V-1
_ r? \ ' -■ i a i _ r? _ ¡( k R - á M )
c) £ £ 0 = E0 ^ e - ' “ £
n=0 n=0

N i
X - 1
but = £ ( e " ) \ B u t recall =
>1-0 »-0 n -0 X ~ 1

N -l
ef*4 - 1 e"'" - 1 e ’( e ' - e ’ )
Let x = e1* so £ (eJ(í)” = — (nice trick!). But —-— 1
n=0
e e —1 it , ¡i -i
e 7(e 7 - e
j'Aty liV¿
jCK-i)í (e 2 - e 5 )
^ ít _,í
(e 7 - e 7)
Putting everything together:
IM±

-=o (e7 - e"'T)

e o s -5T- + í s i n - s f - — e o s i s in
= E0[ c o s ( £ f i —&f + » 0 ) + i s\n(kR —&t +

sin (Ar D _
Taking only the real part gives => E 0 eos (kR - cot + w0)

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 ,2 _ sin 2 (ATI-)
d) / = |£r = / 00 - —• 2v~ 2 . (The eos2 term goes to ^2 in the time average and is
¡ave
sin ( f )
E2
included in the definid on of I 0.) I : ce

sin2 (2 y ) I A 2 sinocos y )2
e) N = 2 . I = I 0 7—7— = 7-7----------= 410 eos —. Looking at Eq. 37-10,
sin | sin \ 2
£2 V
I q cc 2 but for us / 0 ce — = — .
o, 2 4

36 .7 5 : a ) 1 = 1 , SU1 l\ V/ > lim i

sin 4 *-» 0
¿V/2 cos(ATy)
Use l’Hópital’s rule: lim ■■1 = lim
1/2 co s(f)
= ¿V
So Iim / = Ar%.
¿->0 0
b) The location of the first minimum is when the numerator first goes to zero at

“ L = n or ímm = The width of the central máximum goes like 2 0 ^ , so it is

proportional to

c) Whenever = n x where n is an integer, the numerator goes to zero, giving a

minimum in intensity. That is, / is a minimum wherever <p = This is fme

assuming that the denominator doesn’t go to zero as well, which occurs when

= m x , where m is an integer. When both go to zero, using the result frompart(a),

n
there is a máximum. That is, if — is an integer, there will be a máximum.
N
n
d) From part c), if — is an integer we get a máximum. Tkus, there will be
N
n
i V - l mínima. (Places where — is notan integer for fixed N and integer n .) For
N
example, n = 0 will be a máximum, but n = 1 ,2 ..., N - 1 will be mínima with another
máximum at n = N.

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 x 3x
e) Between maxima — is a half-integer múltiple of x i.e. — , — , etc.) andif /Vis
2 2
sin (AT|)
odd then
sin2 |

37.1: If (y sees simultaneous flashes then O will see the A(A') flash first since O
would believe that the A ' flash must have traveled longer to reach O ', and henee started
first.

37.2: a) y = = 2.29.
\ /l-(0 .9 )
t = y r = (2.2 9 ) (2.20 x 1 0 ^ s) = 5.05 x 10-6 s.
b) d = v t= (0.900) (3.00 x 10* m /s) (5.05 x lO ^s) = 1.36 x 103 m = 1.36 km.

37.3: , / l - u ' / c * = ( i - „ 7 c * ) V * „ i _ ^ _ + ...

=* (Ai - Ai0 ) = (1 - f ¡ y ) ( A 0 =4 Ai = (2 5 0 m /s)a (4 hrs) - (3600)

^ 2c 2(3.00 x 10* m /s)J
=> (A i-A í0) = 5.0 0 x lO ^ s.
The clock on the plañe shows the shorter elapsed time.

1
37.4: y= = 4.79.
fjl - (0.978)5
yAí = (4 .7 9 ) (82.4 x lO ^s) = 3.95 xlO ^ s = 0.395 ms.

AL ^Ai
3 7 .5 : a ) Ai =
u 'ic 7 A i
c—__
r
< \
-K?|

í°
i—l

=>u = c j 1 —
1
II

Ai , ,4 2 /

/ . u = 0.998c.
b) Ax = wAí = (0.998) (3.00 x 108 m /s) (4.2 x 1 0 '7s) = 126 m.

i . Ai 1.20 x 10 m
37.6: y = 1-667 a) Aí0 = — = ------------------ = 0.300 s.
0 Y Y(0-800c)
b) (0.300 s) (0.800c) = 7.20 x l 0 7m.

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 c ) A í 0 = 0 .3 0 0 s / y = 0 .1 8 0 s. (T h is is w h at the r a c e r m easu res y o u r c lo c k to re ad a t

, • . , . . , . . . 1.20 x 108m
that instanL) A t your origin you read the original = 0.5 s.
(0.800) (3 x lO 8 m/s)
Clearly the observes (you and the racer) will not agree on the order of events!

4.8 0 xlO 6 m / s '2

3 7.7: A¿o = y¡\ -u7¡ c 2 At = 1- (ly r)
3 .0 0 xlO 8 m /s
(Ai - Aí0) = (1.28x 10-4) yr = 1.12 hrs.
The least time elapses on the rocket’s clock because it had to be in two inertial
iraníes whereas the eaith was only in one.

37.8: a) The frame in which the source (the searchlight) is stationary is the spacecraft’s
frame, so 12.0 ms is the proper time, b) To three figures, u = c. Solving Eq. (37.7) for
u fe in terms of y,

Using 1/y = At0/A t = 12.0 ms/190 ms gives h /c = 0.998.

37.9: y= - 1 = 1 = 6.00
Vl - ( « /c )2 -^/l- (0.9860)2

a ) i = ^ - = ^ - ^ = 9.17 km.
Y 6.00
b) Inmuon’s frame:
d = uAt = (0.9860c)(2.20 x l 0 “* s) = 0.651 km.
_ d 0.651
= 0 .0 7 1 = 7 .1
k 9.17
c) In earth’s frame:
Ai = Aí0y = (2.2 x 10 -6 s)(6.00) = 1.32 x 10"5s
=> d ' = uAt = (0 .9 8 6 0 c )(l.32 x 10”5 s) = 3.90 km
d' 3.90 km
= 7.1%.
k' 55.0 km

4 .5 0 x 1 0 m 4
3 7 .10: a) t = ------------------- = 1 .5 1 x l0 _ 4 s.
0.99540c

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 k' t
c ) -------------- = 1.44 x 10 5 s, and —= 1.44 x 10 5 s; so the results aeree but the partióle5s
0.99540c Y
lifetime is dilated in the frame of the earth.

3 7 .11: a) L = 3 6 0 0 m

I (4 .0 0 x 1 0 7 m /s)
= > / » í 0y l - ^ - = « 3 6 0 0 m )
\l (3 .0 0 x 10 8 m /s )
= (3600 m )(0.991) = 3568 m.

b) At0 = — = 3600 m = 9 _0 0 x ] 0 - 5 s_
u 4 .0 0 x 1 0 7 m/s

c) At = — = 3568 01 = 8 .9 2 x 1 0 ’ 5 s.
u 4 .0 0 x l 0 7 m/s

37 .1 2 : y = 1 /0 .3 0 4 8 , so « = c^/l - (1/y)2 = 0 .9 5 2 c = 2 .8 6 x 1 0 8 m /s.

37 .1 3 : i =
2 /2
U C

74.0 m
=> I0 - = 92.5 m.
0.600c
1-

3 7 .14: Multiplying the last equation of (37.21) by u and adding to the first to eliminate t
gives

1-

and multiplying the first by — and adding to the last to eliminate x gives

1
*' + - 5- * ' = Y* 1 - = ~ t,
Y
so x = y(x 4- ut") and t = y(t' 4- ux\c2 ),
which is indeed the same as Eq. (37.21) with the primed coordínates replacing the
unprimed, and a change of sign of u.

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 v 4- u 0.4 0 0 c + 0 .6 0 0 c
3 7 .1 5 : a ) v = = 0.8 0 6 c
1+ k v '/ c 2 1 + (0 .4 0 0 ) (0.600)
v' + u 0.900c + 0.600c
b) v = = 0.974c
1 + uv’/c '2 1 + (0.900)(0.600)
v’ -Vu 0.990c + 0.600c
c) V = = 0.997c.
1 + uv'/c7 1 + (0.990)(0.600)

3 7 .1 6 : y = 1 .6 6 7 ( y = 5/3 if u = (4/5)c). a) In Mavis’s fíame the event “light on” has

space-time coordinates x ' = 0 and t' = 5.00 s, so from the result of E x ercise 37.14 or
f , ux t\
Example 37.7, x = y(x* + utf)andt = y t ' + - x = yut' = 2.00 x 109 m , t = yt' =
r
8.33 s.
b) Ib e 5.00-s inierval in Mavis’s fíame is the proper time At0 in Eq. (37.6), so
At = yAt0 = 8.33 s, as in part (a).
c ) (8.33 s) (0.800c) = 2.00 x 10 9 m, which is the distance x found in part (a).

x —ut
3 7 .1 7 : Eq. (37.18): x ' = Eq. (37.19): x ’ = - u t ' + x ^ j\ -u lj c
i 2 /2
1 —U IC

Equate: (x - ut) y = -u t' + —

Y
/■
xy x X
= > í' = - —L + i Y+ — = q + — -1- Y
u uy u ,Y
2 /,2
1 /| I / V 1 l - ( w /c ) 2 - 1 -U C 2 /2
- - Y = y i-(« /« O - . „ = yu ¡c

, xuv t —ux/c
t = t y + —j- = 1 =.
C ^ -(u /c f

3 7 .1 8 : Starting flom Eq. (37.22),

v — u
V =
1- u v e
v '( l - uvjc2 ) = v — u
v' 4- u = v 4- v W / c 2

= v ( l 4- uv’j c 2 )
flom which Eq. (37.23) follows. This is the same as switching the primed and unprimed
coordinates and changing the sign of u .

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3 7 .19: Let the unprimed frame beTatooine and let the primed frame be the pursuit ship.
W e want the velocity V of the cruiser knowing the velocity of the primed frame u and
the velocity of the cruiser v in the unprimed frame (Tatooine).
. v —u 0 .6 0 0 c - 0.800c «
v = -------- = = -0 .3 8 5 c
1 - ( 0 .6 0 0 ) (0.800)
1 2
C

=>the cruiser is moving toward the pursuit ship at 0.385c.

3 7 .20: In the frame of one of the particles, u and vare both 0.9520c but with opposite
sign.
V' =
-r-fr) = - 0-9520c - 0.9520c =
1 - (« ) ( - v ) / c 2 3 - (0 .9 5 2 0 )(-0 .9 5 2 0 )
Thus, one particle moves a ta speed 0.9988c toward the other in the other
particle’s frame.

v-\-u - 0.950c -f 0.650c _ _n .

3 7 .21: v = r= = -0 .7 8 4 c .
1 | uv 1 + (-0 .9 5 0 )(0 .6 5 0 )

37 .2 2 : a ) In E q .(39-24), u = 0.400c, v' = 0.700c v= V+“ 0. /00c + 0.400c

1 + w v/c2 1 + (0.700) (0.400)
= 0.859c.
Ax 8.00 x l O9 m
b) — = ------------------ = 31.Os.
v 0.859c

3 7 .2 3 : v
'= v ~u
--------------— = > v
/
-
u v v
— — = v - u

1 —uv c c
, v -v
= v —V => w =
( l - w ' / c 2)
0 .3 6 0 c - 0.920c n 0 „„
=>u = -----------------------------= -0 .8 3 7 c
( 1 - (0.360)(0.920))
=> moving opposite the rocket, i.e., away from Arrakis.

3 7 .24: Solving Eq. (37.25) for u / c , (see solution to Exercise 37.25)

C l+ (/ / / o)2 ’
and so (a) if / / / 0 = 0.98, (u /c) = 0.0202, the source and observer are moving away
from each other. b) if f / f = 4 , (u /c) = -0 .8 8 2 , they are moving toward each other.

37 .2 5 : a ) / = J — / 0 => (c - u ) f = ( c + u ) r f
Ve u
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 i f 2 - fo ) c ( ( / / / o ) 2 - 1) c( ( X 0¡ X f - 1 )
u=
fo + f2 (///o )2 + l ((^ o A )2 + l)

((6 7 5 /5 7 5 )2 - 1 )
.. u = c = 0 .1 5 9 c = 4 . 7 7 x l 0 7 m / s = 4 . 7 7 x l 0 4 k m /s = 1 .7 2 x 1 0 * km /h.
((6 7 5 /5 7 5 )2 + l)
b ) (1 .7 2 xlO® km/h - 9 0 km/h) ($ 1 .0 0 ) = $ 1 72 milliondollars!

3 7 .2 6 : Using u = -0 .6 0 0 c = - ( 3 /í ) c inEq. (3 7 .2 5 ) gives

i i —(3/ 5 ) _ \ m f = f/2
3 V i + (3/5 ) /o lí 8/5 /o /

mv mí? \ m v \ (2 v a ¡c ’¿ )
3 7 .2 7 : a ) F = — = A
2 /2 2 /2 2 / 2 \3/2
v /c V C ( 1 - V ¡C )

= m¿? (i - v 7 c V v 7 c ^ = m a¡ (1 —v2/ c 2 )^2

( l - v ’ / c 2)*2
2 \^2
F
í? =
m C

b) If the forcé is perpendicular to velocity then denominator is constant => F = — =

m dvjdt
v2/ c 2 .
v2/ c 2

3 7 .28: The foree is found from Eq. (37.32) or Eq. (37.33). (a) Indistinguishable from
F = ma = 0.145 N. b ) y3™« = 1-75N . c ) f m a = 51.7 N. d) ym a= 0.145 N,
0.333 N , 1.03 N.

37 .2 9 : a ) p = , = = 2mv

=>1 = 2 ^ j l - v 7/ c 7 => i = 1 - T _

=>v2 = —c 2 => v = - ^ - c = 0.866c.

4 2

b) F = = 2mí? => y3 = 2 => Y = (2 )1'3 so— ^ = 2 2/3 => -

, v c

= V l - 2 " 2' 3 = 0 .6 0 8 .

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3 7 .30: a) y = 1-01» so (v/ c ) = 0.140 and v = 4.21 x 108 m/s. b) The relativistic
expression is always larger in magnitude than the non-relativistic expression.

me 2
3 7 .31: a) K = . = - m e2 = m e2

1 1 v2 |3
= 2 => - = 1 — - => v = J - = 0.866c.
f 7 / c ¡ 4 c5 V4
1 1 ^ íoc
b) K = 5mc2 => .— = 6 => — = l - ^ - = > v = t í— c = 0.986c.
V l - v 2/ c 2 36 c2 V36

3 7 .32: E = 2 m c 2 = 2(1.67 x 10"27k g )(3 .0 0 x l0 8 m /s)2 = 3.01 x 10"10J = 1.88x 109eV.

3 7 .33: K = (y - l ) m c 2 « -^wv2 +
2 c

i f K - K 0 = 1 .0 2 - m v 2 = > ~ = — v2
0 2 8 c2 2
150 2 2 14
V2 = c 2 = > v = c = 0.163c = 4 .8 9 x l 0 7 m/s.
4 V150

3 7 .34: a) W = A K = (yf - l ) m c 2 = (4 .0 7 x 1 0"3) m e2. b ) ( y f - y ¿)m c2 = 4.79m c2.

c) The result of part (b) is far larger than that o f part (a).

3 7 .35: a) Your total energy E increases because your potential energy increases;
AE = mgAy
AE = (Am)c2so Am = A E je 2 = m g (A y )/c2
A mjm = (g A y )/c5 = (9 .8 0 m /s 5)(3 0 m )/(2 .9 9 8 x lO s m /s)5 = 3 .3 x l 0 '13 %
This increase is much, much too small to be noticecL
b) A E = A U = ^kx7 = ^ (2 .0 0 x l0 5 N /m )(0.060m )5 = 3 6 .0 J
Am = (A £ )/c 5 = 4 .0 x 1 0 '1S kg
Energy increases so mass increases. The mass increase is much, much too small
to be noticed.

3 7 .36: a) E 0 = m0c 2
2 E = m e2 = 2 m0c 2

m = 2m0 —> . Q = = 2mC)

Vl - v 2 / c 2

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 4 c‘ c‘ 4
v = 0.866 c = 2 .6 0 xlO 8m/s
m
b) 10 m0c 2 = m e2 =
v2/ c 2
V2 99
4 —- = -----
2 100 c 2 100
99
v=cj = 0.995 c = 2 .9 8 x 1 0 m/s
100

3 7 .37: a) E = m e’1 + K , so E = 4.00m e7 means K = 3.00m e7 = 4 .5 0 x 10"10 J

b) E 2 = (me2)2 4- { p e ) 2 ; E = 4.00m e2, so 15.0(mc2 )2 = {p e ) 2
p = yj\5mc = 1 .9 4 x 1 0"18kg- m/s

c ) E = m e2/ -yjí - v2/ c 2

E = 4.0 0m e2 gives 1 - v2/ c 2 = 1/16 and v = ^jl5/16c = 0.968c

3 7 .38: The work that must be done is the kinetic energy of the proton

a) K = ( y - l ) m 0c = -1

= (1 .6 7 x 1 0"27 k g )(3 .0 0 x l0 8 m /s)2 -1

0.1 o
1-
/ ^ %

= (1 .5 0 x 1 0 '10 J) -1
VI - 0.01
= 7 .5 6 x 1 0’13 J

b) üT = (1 .5 0 x l 0 ‘ ‘0J ) - r = r - l

= 2 .3 2 x 1 0 ’ “ J
-10 tJ l _J
c) K = (1 .5 0 x 1 0’ 10 J)
-JH0.9Y
= 1 .9 4 xlO -10 J

3 7 .39: (m = 6 .6 4 x 1 0"27 kg, p = 2 .1 0 xlO "18 k g-m /s)

a) E - ij(? n c 2 )2 + (p c )2
= 8 .6 8 xlO "10 J.
b) K = E - m c 2 = 8 .6 8 x 1 0"10- ( 6 . 6 4 x 1 0"27 kg)c2 = 2 .7 0 x 10"10 J.

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 K 2 .7 0 x 1 0 " 10 J
C ) = 0.452.
m e2 (6 .6 4 x 10”27 kg)c2

r 2 1/2

3 7 .40: £ = ( m V + p V ) 1/2 = m c 2 1 + P
Km c /
( 1 2 2
2 2 , 2 1 2
~ me = me 4- P = me 1 —mv
1 + 2 ,„ V . 2 m 2
the sum of the rest mass energy and the classical kinetic energy.

1
.17.41: a) v = 8 x 107 m/s y= = 1 .0 1 7 6
2 /2
V C

m=m K , = -m v = 5 .3 4 x lO '12 J

K_
K = ( y - l ) m c ‘ = 5 .6 5 x 1 0 '12 J = 1.06.
K,
b ) v = 2.85x10® d^ s y = 3.203

Ka = - m v ‘ = 6 .7 8 x 1 0 ' 11 J
0 2
K = (y - 1 )m c2 = 3.31 x ÍO'10 J K /K 0 = 4 .8 8 .

3 7 .4 2 : (5 .5 2 x 1 0 '27 kg)(3.00xl0® m /s)2 = 4 .9 7 x lO '10 J = 3105 Me'V.

3 7 .4 3 : a ) K = qA V = eA V

y = me •
K 1 -i = 4.025m cí = 3 .2 9 5 x 1 0 '13 J = 2.06 MeV
v2/ c 2

A V = K /e = 2 .0 6 x 106 V
b) From part (a), K = 3 .3 0 x 1 0 ' 13 J = 2.0 6 MeV

3 7 .44: a) According to Eq. 37.38 and conservarion of mass-energy

m 9.75
2 A fc! + m e 2 = y 2 A fc 2 = > y = 1 = 1 = 1.292.
2M 2(16.7)
Note that since y = r —■ ■, we have that
V l-v f e 1

^ h-X- íi- — — = 0.6331.

c \ y v (1 292)
b) According to Eq. 37.36, the kinetic energy of each proton is

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 l.OOMeV
K = ( y - l ) M c 2 = ( 1 .2 9 2 - 1)(1.6 7 x 1 0"27 k g )(3 .0 0 x l0 8 m /s):
1 .6 0 xlO"13 J
274 MeV.
kg)(3.00 x 10k8m /s)' iM1.00McV
c) The rest energy o f rj is m e = (9.75 x 10 ^ [0_„j
548 MeV.

d) The kinetic energy lost by the protons is the energy that produces the rj ,
548 MeV = 2(274 MeV).

3 7 .45: a) E = 0.420 M eV = 4 .2 0 x 105 eV.

b) É U K + *C * = 4 .2 0 x 10 5 Sv + ^ i l x l 0 ' 3‘ W . 0 0 X10 * «*)=

1 .6 x 1 0 J/eV
= 4 .2 0 xlO 5 eV + 5.1 l x l 0 5e V = 9 .3 2 xlO 5 eV.
f 2
me me
c) E = V = c Jl-
7 /7 E
V C
y¡i 7

5.1 l x 105 eV
= 0.836c = 2 .5 1 x 1 0 ® m/s.
9 .3 2 x 1 0 é V ,
-y-
1 2 K _ 12 (4 .2 0 x 1 0 5 eV )(1.6xlO ~19 J/eV )
d) Nonrel: K = —mv => v =
2 y m y 9 . 1 1 x 1 o '51 k g

= 3.84x10® m /s.

3 7 .46: a) The fraction of the initia.1 mass that becomes energy is

1- u) = 6.382 x 10~3, and so the energy released per kilogram is

2(2.0136 u)
(6 .3 8 2 x 1 0"3)(1.00k g)(3.0 0 xlO 8 m /s)2 = 5 .7 4 x 1014 J.

b) L 0 * 1(f ; j = 1 .7 x 104 kg.

5 .7 4 x 1 0 J/kg

3 7 .47: a) E = m e \ m = E j e 2 = (3 .8 xlO 26 J)/(2 .9 9 8 x 108 m /s)2 = 4 . 2 x l 0 9 kg

1 kg is equivalent to 2.2 lbs, so m = 4 .6 x 1 0 6 tons
b) The current mass of the sun is 1.99 x 1030 kg, so it would take it
(1.99 x 1 o 30 k g ) /( 4 .2 x l 0 9 k g/s) = 4 .7 x l 0 20s = 1.5 x 1013 y to use up all its mass.

3 7 .48: a) Using the classical work-energy theorem we obtain

AX _ m(y 7 (2 .0 0 XlO '12 bg)[(0.920)(3.00 x 10® m /s)]2 _ j g] m
2F 2 (4 .2 0 x 1 0 4 N ) ~

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b ) U sin g the relativistic w ork-energy theorem for a c o n stan t forcé (E q . 3 7 .3 5 ) w e obtain
( Y - l )mc
Ax =
F
For the given speed, y = = 2.55, thus

^ _ (2 .5 5 -l)(2 .0 Q x l0 ~ 12 k g )(3 .0 0 x l0 8 m /s)2 _

= 6.65 m.
(4.20 x 10 4 N)
c) According to Eq. 37.30,
3
/■ r,
2
F V ^ (4.20 xlO4 N)
a= 1- ~2 = ( 2 .1 0 x l 0 ls m /s2)
m C / (2 .0 0 x 1 0"12 kg)

which yields, i) a = 2 .0 7 x 1016 m /s2 ( £ = 0.100)

ii) a = 1 .4 6 x 1 0 16 m /s2 ( £ = 0.462)

iii) a = 0 .1 2 6 xlO 16 m /s2 (£ = 0 .9 2 0 ) .

3 7 .4 9 : a ) d = cAt =í> Ai = — = = 4 .0 0 x 10"s s (v is very cióse to c).

' c 3 x 1 0 m/s ' y '
_ Aí0 j u ^Aí.
But = J l - —— => = 1-
Ai Ai

= > (1 -A )2 = 1 -
At
- 2 1/2 — V2
2 .6 x 1 0
=> A = l - 1- = 1- 1 = 2 .1 1 x 1 0 .
t, 4 .0 0 x 1 0 ”6
x
At 2 4 .0 0 x 1 0
b) E = jm c = me = 139.6 MeV
AL 2 .6 x 1 0 “
E = 2 .1 5 x 10 MeV.

3 7 .50: One dimensión of the cube appears contracted by a factor of —, so the volume in
Y
S 'is a 1j y = a*yjl —(w/c)2 .

3 7 .51: Need a = b ^ l 0 = a j = b
I b b
« 2/ c 2
I0 a 1.40 b

'b '2
=> u = c J l - = c j 1- = 0.700c.
1.40

= 2 . 1 0 x 1 0 * m /s.
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3 7 .52: The change in the astronautas biological age is At0 in Eq. (37.6), and Ai is the
distance to the star as measured from earth, divided by the speed. Combining, the
astronautas biological age is

1 9 y r + 4 2 '2 y r c = 1 9 y r + 4 2 '2 yr = 24.7 yr.

Yu Y(0.9910)

Y -1 v_ |_99_
3 7 .53: a) E = ymc7 and y = 10 =
J l - fy fc f V Y2 Y100
= 0.995.

u\ / e ) = m v 2..2
D) (p y c 2 , E71*2 = m2c 4 Y2 +1

E 2-(p c )
= 0 .0 1 = 1% .
E2 M 2 1 + (10/(0.995))'
1 + y'

3 7 .54: a) Note that the initial velocity is parallel to the x -axis. Thus, according to Eqn.
37.30,

F
a = ' = (~3 -0° X10I N )( 1 - 0 - 9 0 0 ; / = - 1 .4 9 x 1014 0 ,/ s2 .
(1.67 x 10 kg)
Now note that the initial velocity is perpendicular to they-axis. Thus, according to Eqn.
37.33,

F V _ (5.00x 10-12 N)
1- _27i J l - 0 . 9 0 0 2 )2 = 1 .3 1 x 1 015 m /s2.
(1.67x 10 kg)
b) The angle between the forcé and acceleration is given by
F* a* + Fjfiy _ C -3 .0 0 -1 C ', 7 N )C -1.49x10m ii]/37)-K'5.CO-10"17 N )C 1.3W 0I 5 id/s7)
v U ü (7 — c- — t * i
J ( - 3 .00*10 _17 N ) 7+ (5 .W * l0 _17 N )7 > /(-1.49 *10w m js ) 7 < 1 .3 1 * 1 0 15 m js 7) :

= 24.5°.

3 7 .55: a) K = 2 0 x 1012eV = 3 .2 0 4 x 1 o -6 J

K = me -1 , SO = 2.131x10
2 /2
V C v 2/ c 2

, V 2 (c + v V c - v ) 2(c - v) .
1- — = 4 2 >■*“ —2 = --------- 2--------= ------------- since c + v « 2c
---------------------
c2 (2.131 x 104 ) c c c
v = (1 - A)c so 1 - v.2¿(/c_ 2¿ = ^2A
*
andi A
a
= i1.1i .x. t10/\-9

b ) m Kl = = ( 2 . 1 x 1 0 4 )m
JE v 5 / c 5 J2A
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3 7 .5 6 : a ) (8.00 k g)(1.00x 1 0 '4)(3 .0 0 x 10* m /s)2 = 7 .2 0 x 1 0 ° J.
b) (A E/A t) = (7 .2 0 x 1 0 13 J ) /( 4 .0 0 x l 0 ‘í s) = 1 .8 0 x !0 ls W.
. AE (7 .2 0 xlO 13 J )
c) M = ---- = ----------— -------------— ----- = 7 .3 5 x 1 0 kg.
gh (9.80 m /s2 XI .00 x 103 m)

3 7 .5 7 : Heatin Q = mLf = (4 .0 0 k g )(3 .3 4 x ]0 5 J /k g )= 1 .3 4 x 1 0 6 J

q -3 4 x f ^ = 1 . 4 9 x 1 0 - kg.
c2 (3 .0 0 x 1 0 8 m /s)2

3 7 .58: a) v = — = where the atom and the photon have the same
m m me

magnitude of momentum, E j e . b) v = — = « c , so E « m e2.

me

3 7 .59: Speed in glass v = — = —^—= 1 .9 7 x 108 m/s

n 1.52

y= , 1 = 1 .3 2 6

=> AT = (y - l)m c2 = (0.326)(0.511 M eV) = 0.167 M eV = 1.67 x 10 5 eV.

3 7 .60: a) 80.0 m /s is non-re lativistic, and K = —m v2 = 186 J.

b) ( y - l ) m c 2 = 1 .3 1 xlO 15 J.
c ) InEq. (37.23),
v' = 2 .2 0 x 1 0 8 m /s, u = - 1 . 8 0 x l 0 8 m /s,and so v = 7 .1 4 x 107m /s.
20.0 m
d) -----------= 13.6 m.
7
20.0 m
e) -------------¿— - = 9 .0 9 x 1 0 s.
2 .2 0 x 10 m/s

f) í ' = — = 6 .1 8 x l 0 " s s, or t' = = 6 .1 8 x ] 0 ’ 8 s.

y 2 .2 0 x 1 0 m /s

37 .6 1 : .x'2 = c Y 2
=> ( x - u t ' f y 7 = c 2y2( í - a x / c 2 J

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3 7 .6 2 : a ) F r o m E q . (3 7 .3 7 ),

* - I * v * = I m i = —(90.0 k g )(3- ° ° x 10W s); = 304 J.

2 8 c‘ 8 (3.00x10® m /s)2
(3/8 )m v4/ c 2 3
b) = 7.50 xlO "9.
(l/2)/nv 4

dv F
37 .6 3 : a = — = — ( l - v 2/ c 2) ¥2
¿/í m n
dv F^ ef-- ,. rF
,0 (1 - f y t f c 2))3* « d
m JC > = -
m
v/c
fv/ff dx _ x
c Jo
V1 - (v/ c)'
2f XV\2 'v ^Fí^ 2
fF ^ 2 ^ F í^
v2 = 1- — = -V
Km /
F i/ m
v= So as t —> co,v
^/l + (F í/m c)2

3 7 .64: Setting .x = 0 in Eq. (37.21), the first equation becomes x ' = -yut and the last,
upon multiplication by c, becomes ct' = yct. Squaring and subtracting gives
2,>2 /2 2 / 2,2 2,2 \ 2,2
c t - x = y (c t - u t ) = c t ,

or.x = c\/í'2 - í2 =4.53x10® m.

37 .6 5 : a ) Want Ai’ = í , = t[
■x2 —x[ Ax
x{ = (x, - kí,)y = f e - uti )Y => “ =
í2 - í 4 _ Ai

/ (jc2 —JCX)^ 4
=Y t2 - t — U

<
c2 y

c
3

uAx
At' = y — 2
<
■*

iA- i ¿i -
“--- I Aí2 - ^
c v. ¿ At)

There5s no physical solution for Ai < — => Ax > cAí.

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 UJ
b ) Sim u ltan eo u sly = > A í' = 0 : . t v
c

At = A u=
c
Also

^1 - (m/c)2 yjí - C7At7/ Ax

c ) Part (b): Ai = - ^(Ax)2 - (A i')5 = ~ V(5.00 m)2 - (2 .5 0 m)2 = 1 .4 4 x l(T 8s.

C c

3 7 .6 6 : a ) (100 s)(0.600)(3.00 x 108 m /s) = 1.80 x 10 10 m. b) In S ebulbas trame, the

relative speed of the tachyons and the ship is 3.40c, and so the time t2 = 100 s 4-
1 .8 0 x l 0 ‘° m
= 118 s. A t t2 Sebulba measures that Watto is a distance from him of
3.4c
(118 s)(0.600)(3.0 0 x 10® m /s) = 2.12 x 10 10 m. c ) From Eq. (37.23), with
V = —4.00c and u = 0.600c, v = -i-2.43c, with the plus sign indicating a direction in the
same direction as W atto5s motion (that is, away from Sebulba). d) As the result of part
(c) suggests, Sebulba would see the tachyons moving toward Watto and henee ¿3 is the
time they would have left Sebulba in order to reach Watto at the distance found in part

(b), or 118 s - — üE = g9 3 and so Sebulba rece iv es W atto5s message before

2.43c
even sending it! Tachyons seem to viólate causality.

3 7 .67: Longer wavelength (redshift) implies recessioa (The emitting atoms are moving
(X ¡X )7 —1
away.) Using the result of E x. 37.26: u = c ------
(* o A )+ i

=> u = c 0.3570c = - 1 .0 7 1 xlO 8 m/s

3 7 .68: The baseball had better be moving non-relativistically, so the Doppler shift
formula (Eq. (37.25)) becomes f = / 0( 1 - (u ¡c)). In the basebalPs frame, this is the
frequency with which the radar waves strike the baseball, and the baseball reradiates at f
But in the coach5s frame, the reflected waves are Doppler shiftedagain, so the detected
frequency is / ( I - (a /c ) ) = f 0 (1 - { u j c ) f « / 0 (1 - 2 (a /c )), so A / = 2 / 0 (a /c ) and the

fractional frequency shift is — = 2 (ufe). In this case,

/o

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3 7 .69: a) Since the two triangles are similar:
H = Ay = m e7y = E.

b) 0 = ^ ¡ H 7 - A 7 = ^ E 7 - ( m c 7)7 = pe.
c ) K = E - m e 7.
The kinetic energy can be obtained by the difference between the hypoteneuse and
adjacent edge lengths.

3 7 .70: a) As in the hint, both the sender and the receiver measure the same distance.
However, in our frame, the ship has moved between emission of successive wavefronts,
and we can use the time T = 1 / / as the proper time, with the result that / = yf0 > f 0.
1 /2
c+u 1 + 0.758
b) Toward: f = L = 345 MHz = 930 MHz
c —u 1 - 0 .7 5 8
/ - f , = 930 MHz - 345 MHz = 585 MHz.
Away:
1 /2
1 -0 .7 5 8
/ = /o J — = 345 MHz = 128 MHz
c-\-u 1 + 0.758
/-/o = - 2 1 7 MHz.
c) y/o = 1 - 5 3 / = 5 2 8 MHz, / - f = 1 8 3 MHz.The shift is still bigger than / 0 ,
but not as large as the approaching frequeney.

3 7 .71: The crux of this problem is the question of simultaneity. To be “in the barn at one
time” for the runner is different than for a stationary observer in the barn.
The diagram below, at left shows the rod fitting into the barn at time t = 0 ,
according to the stationary observer.
The diagram below, at right, is in the runner5s frame of reference.
The front of the rod enters the barn at time and leaves the back of the barn at
time t2.
However, the back of the rod does not enter the front o f the barn until the later
time í3.

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3 7 .72: In Eq. (37.23), u = V ,v ' = (c/n \ and so
(c/n ) + V (c/n ) 4- V
v=
cV 1 4- (V /n c)
1+
nc
For V non-relativistic, this is
v « i{ (cjn) 4- K)(l - (V /nc))
= { c j k) 4- K - (K¡ n 2) - (K2/wc)

1-

1- . For water, w= 1.333 and k = 0.437.

3 7 .73: a) a = ^ dt' = y (dt - udxj c 2 )

¿ í'
dv v —u
¿fv' = dv
(1 - u v j c ) (1-m v /c2) 2 c 2
dv' v —u u
2 \2 -
dv 1 -u v /c (1 - u v / c )
( v - u ) u c' 1 - u 7jc
= dv
1 - u v jc 2 (1 - u v j c 2 ) 2 (1 - u v / c 2 ) 2

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 dv q - « 7 c »2\2 )
.. a =
(1 -W O (1 - W )
Y¿ft - uydxjc <¿í (1 - uvjc2 'f Y(1- W c 2 )
.2 -.3/2 2 ,- 3
= a ( l - u / c y ,£ (1 - u v / c ) - .
b) Changing ffames from S ' —> S just involves changing
-3
2 ,3 / 2 U V
a —> a\ v —> - v' => a = a '( l - u j e )
_2

3 7 .74: a) The speed v is measured relative to the rocket, and so for the rocket and its
occupant, v = 0. The acceleration as seen in the rocket is given to be a = g, and so the
acceleration as measured on the earth is
3/2
du
1-

b) With v, = 0 when t = 0 ,
1 du
dt = 2 / 2 ,3 / 2
g (1 - u / c ) '
1 p du
2 ,3 / 2
g* (1 - u 2/ c

V1
ti = 2 /2
s\h - - v j c
c ) dt' = ydt = dt/yjl - u2f e 7 , so the relation in part (b) between dt and du,
expressed in terms of dt' and du, is
1 du 1 du
dt' = ydt = 2 ,3 / 2
g a - « 7 c 2) g d - « 7 c 2)2 '
Integrating as above (perhaps using the substitution z = u j c ) gives

t¡ = — arctanh
g
For those who wish to avoid inverse hyperbolic fiinctions, the above integral may be
done by the method of partial ffactions;
du du du
gdt' =
(l + u f c ) ( l - u / c ) 1 -Yule 1 - uc
which integrates to
c-l- v
t ! = — ln
2* e-v .
d) Solving the expression from part (c) for Vj in terms of íA, ( y J e ) = ¡anh{gt[¡c\ so that

= 1/cosh (g t 'Jc ) , using the appropriate indentities for hyperbolic functions.

Using this in the expression found in part (b),
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 c ta n h (g í,7 c ) c . , . ,, .
t í = ~g Tí
1 /—c o nr , . íjc
sh (g / T) = “g sm Jl( ^ i M

which may be rearranged slightly as

^ - = sinh Ü L

If hyperbolic functions are not used, v, in terms of í| is found to be

V( _ - e-‘ U‘ >
c e s''lc + e ~ g'^
which is the same as tanh( g t ’J c ). Inserting this expression into the result of part (b)
gives, after much algebra,

f, = — (e gí'lc - e ' ^ l
" 2g
which is equivalent to the expression found using hyperbolic functions.
e) After the first acceleration period (of 5 years by Stella's clock), the elapsed
time on earth is

t{ = - s i n h (g t’J c ) = 2 .6 5 x 1 0 9 s = 84.0 yr.

g
The elapsed time will be the same for each of the four parts of the voyage, so when Stella
has returned, Terra has aged 536 yr and the year is 2436. (Keeping more precisión than is
given in the problem gives February 7 of that year.)

37.75: a) f 0 = 4 .5 6 8 1 1 0 x l 0 14 H z / , = 4.56891 Ox 1014 H z / _ = 4 .5 6 7 7 1 0 x 1 0 14 Hz

_ | c+ (a + v)
' I c - ( U+ V)'/ 0 f l (c - (M+ v)) = fe (c + (k + v))
c-f(a -v ) / - (c - (« - v)) = f } (c + (w - v))
J- A 'Jo
1c —(w —v)
where u is the velocity of the center of mass and v is the orbital velocity.

^ (a + v ), ( ¿ ^ c a n d („ _ v ), í 4 Z 4 ) A c
( /.//.) ’ + ! ( /- //.) + !
=> u + v = 5 .2 5 x l 0 4 n^/s u - v = -2 .6 3 x 104 m/s
=> u = + 1 .3 1 x l 0 4 m /s =>moving towardat 13.1 km/s.
b) v = 3 . 9 4 x l 0 4 m /s T = 11.0d ays.
( 3 .9 4 x 1 04 m /s)(11.0 days)(24 hrs/day)(3600 sec/hr)
2/rf? = v t = > R = -
2x
5 .9 6 x 1 0 9 m « 0.040 earth - sun distance.
Also the gravitational forcé between them (a distance of 2R) must equal the
ceníripetal forcé from the center of mass:

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 d 2E 2 d 2E 2 v 2 d 2E . 2 v
i .5 —^ COC
COC
íw '2 ^ C4 Ót
a*'2 ^ C2 C
A,'a*'
ÜCOt
d?£ 2 íO>2£ 2^£ 2 d 2E
Y V Tryy + Y ^ 7 7 - 2 y V-
d t¿ ' Sx.’¿ ' dtu ' Sx’dt’

Substituting into the wave equation and combining terms (note that the mixed
partíais cancel),
d 2E 1 d 2E .2 , V <92 ¿ ? 2 d lE
Sjc2 c2 ^ aUC'2 + Y \.^
C*"j C c
4 I
c ^d f2

d 2E 1 d 2E
"2 2
coc c at
= o.

37.77: a) In the center of momentuni frame, the two protons approach each other with
equal velocities (since tlie protons have the same mass). After the collision, tlie two protons
are at rest—but now there are kaons as well. hi this situation the kinetic energy of the
protons must equal the total rest energy of the two kaons => 2 (7 ^ - 1 )m c 2 2mkc 2 =>
771
i cm = 1 -t— - = 1.526. The velocity of a proton in the center of momentum frame is then
%

1 = 0.7554c.
m
To get the velocity of this proton in the lab frame, we must use the Lorentz
velocity transformations. This is the same as “hopping” into the proton that will be our
target and asking what the velocity of the projectile proton is. Taking the lab frame to be
the unprimed frame moving to the left, u = and v’ = (the velocity of the projectile
proton in the center of momentum frame).

v„ = 2 ^ . = 0.9619c
t +f | *%
c c

Y i.k =-r ^ = = 3.658

■ £ » = ( Yuk- l K c í = 2494 MeV.

K .h 2494 MeV „
b) —^ = ----------------------= 2.526.
2mk 2(493.7 MeV)
c) The center of momentum case considered in part (a) is the same as this
situation. Thus, the kinetic energy required is just twice the rest mass energy of the kaons.
= 2(493.7 MeV) = 987.4 MeV. This offers a substantial advaníage over the fixed
target experiment in part (b). It takes less energy to create two kaons in the proton center
of momentum frame.
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