TRIANGLES

A
A
CONTENTS R Q

 Introduction I
B
G
P C
B Incentre C Centroid

 Angle sum property for triangle

AG : GP = 2 : 1
(iii) (iv)
Note :
 Congruent triangles (1) All four points are coincide for an equilateral
triangle.
 Criteria for congruent triangles (2) Orthocentre (H), Centroid (G), Circumcentre
(O) are always collinear points and G divides
OH in ratio 1 : 2.
 Isosceles triangle
 ANGLE SUM PROPERTY FOR TRIANGLE
 

Theorem :
 IN A TRIANGLE (INTRODUCTION) Prove that sum of all three angles is 180° or
2 right angles.
 

(i) Orthocenter is the point of intersection of the

altitudes. Given : ABC
(ii) Circumcentre is the point of intersection of To prove : A + B + C = 180°
the perpendicular bisectors of the sides. Construction : Draw PQ || BC, passes through
(iii) In centre is the point of intersection of the point A.
angular bisectors. P A Q
(iv) Centroid is the point of intersection of the 1 3
medians. 2
(v) The circumcentre of a triangle is equidistant
from its vertices.
(vi) The in centre of a triangle is equidistant from
its sides. B C
(vii)The centroid divides a median in the ratio 1  B  alternate angles PQBC
Proof : 
2 : 1. and 3  C ........(i)
(viii) The orthocentre of a right angled triangle
 PAQ is a line
lies at the vertex containing the right angle.
A 1 + 2 + 3 = 180° (linear pair application)
A
B + 2 + C = 180°
H O B + CAB + C = 180°
B CB
C = 2 right angles.
Ortho centre Circumcentre OA = OB = OC Proved.
(i) (ii)
 Theorem : If one side of a triangle is produced (1) Every triangle is congruent to itself, i.e.,
then the exterior angle so formed is equal to the   ABC ~  ABC.
sum of two interior opposite angles.
A (2) If ABC ~
 DEF then DEF ~
 ABC.
~ DEF, and DEF 
(3) If ABC  ~ PQR, then
1 ~
ABC  PQR.
(4) 'c.p.c.t.' for 'corresponding parts of congruent
4 triangles'.
2 3
B C D  CRITERIA FOR CONGRUENT TRIANGLES
Means 4 = 1 + 2 (1) SSS (Side Side Side)
Proof : 3 = 180° – (1 + 2) ….(1) A D
(by angle sum property) 4 cm
and BCD is a line 3 cm 5 cm 3 cm
3 + 4 = 180° (linear pair)
B 5 cm CF 4 cm E
or 3 = 180° – 4 …..(2)
by (1) & (2) By SSS criteria ABC ~
 EDF
180° – (1 + 2) = 180° – 4 A = E, B = D, C = F (c.p.c.t.)
1 + 2 = 4 Proved. (2) ASA (Angle Side Angle)
A A
 CONGRUENT FIGURES
y
Two geometrical figures having exactly the same 6 cm
shape & size are known as congruent figures.
Lines, polygons, circles etc. can congruent. x y x
Note : B 6 cm C E
D
(1) If radius of a circle is same as other circle then
only both circles are congruent. By ASA criteria ABC ~
 DEF
B A = D, AB = DE, AC = DF (c.p.c.t.)
3 (3) AAS (Angle Angle Side)
3 O D
A A y
(2) Two line segment are congruent only when x 3 cm
their length are equal.
y x
A 4.0 cm B C 4.0 cm D
B 3 cm C F E
 CONGRUENT TRIANGLES By AAS, ABC ~ FDE
Two triangles are congruent if and only if one of C = E, AB = FD, AC = FE (c.p.c.t.)
them can be made to superpose on the other, so as (4) SAS (Side Angle Side)
to cover it exactly.
A P
Thus, congruent triangles are exactly identical.
2 cm 2 cm 60° 3 cm
Example 1 : If ABC ~  DEF then we have :
A = D, B = E, C = F; and 60°
AB = DE, BC = EF and AC = DE. B 3 cm C Q R
Example 2 If ABC ~ EDF then we have: By SAS, ABC ~ QPR
A = E, B = D, C = F; and A = Q, C = R, AC = QR (c.p.c.t.)
AB = ED, BC = DF and AC = EF. (5) RHS (Right Hypotenuse Side)
Note :
 A Proof :
3 cm P
Q Case I
3 cm 5 cm Let AC = DF.
5 cm In this case, AC = DF, BC = EF and C = F.
ABC  ~ DEF (SAS-criteria)
B C R
Case II
By RHS, ABC ~ QPR
If possible, let AC DF.
A = Q, C = R, BC = PR (c.p.c.t.)
Then, construct D' F = AC. Join D' E.
R 4 cm
A P Now, in ABC and D'EF, we have AC = D'F,
35° BC = EF and C = F.
35° 4 cm 6 cm
ABC ~  D'EF (SAS-criteria)
Eg.:(1) ABC = D'EF (c.p.c.t)
B 6 cm C Q But, ABC = DEF (given)
Not congruent
D'EF = DEF.
( SSA is not a rule)
This is possible only when D and D' coincide.
P A ABC ~  DEF.
cm

4.3 cm
cm

70° Theorem 2 : Two right-angled triangles are

3.2

3.2

(2) congruent if one side and the hypotenuse of the

70°
one are respectively equal to the corresponding
Q 4.3 cm R B C side and the hypotenuse of the other. (i.e. RHS)
SAS
Given : Two right-angled triangles ABC & DEF
D T R in which B =E = 90°, BC = EF and AC = DF.
40°
To prove : ABC ~  DEF.
40° 7 cm
(3) 7 cm Construction : Produce DE to G such that
GE = AB. Join GF.
A D
E F X
AAS (not RHS)
A 2 cm D
C E F
2 cm B C
(4)
2 cm

30°
30°
B F 2 cm E
SAS (not RHS) G
Theorem 1 : If two angles and the included side Proof : In ABC and GEF, we have :
of one triangle are equal to two angles and the AB = GE (construction),
included side of other triangle, then both triangles BC = EF (given), B = FEG = 90°
are congruent.
  ABC ~  GEF (SAS-criteria)
Proof :
  A = G and AC = GF (c.p.c.t.)
Given : ABC and DEF in which
Now, AC = GF and AC = DF GF = DF
ABC = DEF, ACB = DFE and BC = EF.
G = D A = D [ G = A]
D'
A D Now, A = D, B = E 3rd C = 3rd F.
D' Thus, in ABC and DEF, we have:
BC = EF, AC = DF and C = F.
B C E F ABC ~  DEF (SAS-criteria).
~
To prove : ABC  DEF. EXAMPLES 
Ex.1 Prove that diagonal of a parallelogram divides
it into two congruent triangles. D
Sol. Let ABCD is a parallelogram and AC is a
diagonal.
D C
2
3
A F C
B
4
1
A B
(By SSS) : In ABC and ADC
AB = CD (opp. sides of ||gm) E
BC = AD (opp. sides of ||gm) Sol. We have, AB = CF
AC = AC (common)  AB + BF = CF + BF
By SSS, ABC  ~ CDA proved  AF = CB .... (i)
{other results : 1 = 2, 3 = 4, B = D In s AFE and CBD, we have
(c.p.c.t.)} AF = CB [From (i)]
(By ASA) : In ABC and ADC
 AFE = DBC [Given]
1 = 2 (alternate)
and EF = BD [Given]
AC = AC (common)
So, by SAS criterion of congruence, we have
3 = 4 (alternate)
AFE ~
 CBD
 By ASA, ABC ~  CDA
{other results : B = D, AB = CD, BC = AD Ex.3 In Fig. X and Y are two points on equal sides
AB and AC of a ABC such that AX = AY.
(c.p.c.t.)}
Prove that XC = YB.
(By AAS) : In ABC and ADC
A
1 = 2 (alternate)
3 = 4 (alternate)
X Y
BC = AD (opp. sides)
 ABC ~ CDA
{other results : AB = CD, B = D, AC = AC
(c.p.c.t.)} B C
(By SAS) : In ABC and ADC Sol. In s AXC and AYB, we have
AB = CD (opp. sides of ||gm) AX = AY [Given]
1 = 2 (alternate) A = A [Common angle]
AC = AC (common) AC = AB [Given]
 ABC ~ CDA
So, by SAS criterion of congruene
{other results: 3 = 4, BC = AD, B = D
AXC ~
 AYB
(c.p.c.t.)
We can not use ‘RHS’ for this proof.  XC = YB
Note : ASS or SSA criteria for congruency is (c.p.c.t.)
not valid. Ex.4 In Fig. PQRS is a quadrilateral and T and
Ex.2 In Fig. it is given that AB = CF, EF = BD and U are respectively points on PS and RS
such PQ = RQ, PQT = RQU and
AFE = DBC. Prove that AFE ~
 CBD. TQS = UQS. Prove that QT = QU.
 Therefore, by SAS criterion of congruence,
P we have
T SPQ ~
 RQP  SQ = RP and
QPR = PQS
Q S Ex.6 ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC.
Side BA is produced to D such that
U AB = AD. Prove that BCD is a right angle.
Sol. Given : A ABC such that AB = AC. Side
R BA is produced to D such that AB = AD.
Sol. We have, D
 PQT = RQU
and, TQS = UQS
 PQT + TQS = RQU + UQS A
 PQS = RQS .... (i)
Thus, in triangles PQS and RQS, we have
PQ = RQ [Given]
 PQS = RQS B C
[From (i)] Construction : Join CD.
and, QS = QS [Common side] To prove : BCD = 90º
Therefore, by SAS congruence criterion, we Proof : In ABC, we have AB = AC
have
ACB = ABC ...(i)
 PQS ~
 RQS
  Angles opp. to 
 QPS = QRS equal sides are equal
 
(c.p.c.t.)
Now, AB = AD [Given]
 QPT = QRU ....(ii)
 AD = AC [ AB = AC]
Now, consider triangles QPT and QRS. In
these two triangles, we have Thus, in ADC, we have
QP = QR [Given] AD = AC
 PQT = RQU [Given]   ACD = ADC …(ii)
 QPT = QRU [From (ii)] [ Angles opp. to equal sides are equal]
Therefore, by ASA congruence criterion, we get Adding (i) and (ii), we get
QPT ~
 QRU ACB + ACD = ABC + ADC
 QT = QU.  BCD = ABC + BDC
Ex.5 In Fig. PS = QR and SPQ = RQP. [ ADC = BDC, ABC = DBC]
S  BCD + BCD = DBC + BCD + BDC
Adding BCD
P  
 on both side 
 2 BCD = 180º
Q [ Sum of the angles of a  is 180º]
R Hence, BCD is a right angle.
Prove that PR = QS and QPR = PQS. Ex.7 In Fig. AC = BC, DCA = ECB
Sol. In SPQ and RQP, we have and DBC = EAC.
PS = QR [Given]
SPQ = RQP [Given]
PQ = PQ [Common]
 D E Ex.9 In ABC, AB = AC and the bisectors of
angles B and C intersect at point O. Prove
that BO = CO and the ray AO is the bisector
of angle BAC.
Sol. In ABC, we have
AB = AC
A C B
A
Prove that triangles DBC and EAC are
congruent, and hence DC = EC.
Sol. We have,
DCA = ECB O
 DCA + ECD = ECB + ECD B C
 ECA = DCB .... (i)  Angles opposite to
 B = C  
Now, in s DBC and EAC, we have  equal sides are equal 
DCB = ECA [From (i)] 1 1
 B = BC 
BC = AC [Given] 2 2
and DBC = EAC [Given]    OBC = OCB .... (i)
So, by ASA criterion of congruence   OB and OC are bi sec tors of s B and C 
 1 1 
DBC ~
 EAS respectively  OBC  B & OCB  C
 2 2 
 DC = EC
 OB = OC ....(ii)
         (c.p.c.t.)
[ Sides opp. to equal s are equal]
Ex.8 If the altitudes from two vertices of a triangle
Now, in ABO and ACO, we have
to the opposite sides are equal, prove that the
triangle is isosceles. AB = AC [Given]
OBC = OCB [From (i)]
Sol. Given : A ABC in which altitudes BE and
CF from B and C respectively on AC and AB OB = OC [From (ii)]
are equal. So, by SAS criterion of congruence
A ABO ~
 ACO
 BAO = CAO [ Corresponding parts
F E of congruent triangles are equal]
 AO is the bisector of BAC.
B C Ex.10 In Fig. BM and DN are both perpendiculars
to the segments AC and BM = DN.
To prove : ABC is isoceles i.e. AB = AC A
B
Proof : In s ABC and ACF, we have
AEB = AFC [Each equal to 90º] N
R
BAE = CAF [Common angle] M
and, BE = CF [Given] C D
So, by AAS criterion of congurence, we have Prove that AC bisects BD.
ABE ~
 ACF
Sol. In s BMR and DNR, we have
  Corresponding parts of 
 AB = AC    BMR = DNR
congruent triangles are equal
[Each equal to 90º BM AC and DN AC]
Hence, ABC is isosceles.
 BRM = DRN [Vert. opp. angles]
 and, BM = DN [Given] So, by SSS criterion of congruence
So, by AAS criterion of congruence  ABD ~
 ACD
BMR ~
 DNR  1 = 2 .... (i)
  Corresponding parts of    Corresponding parts of 
  BR = DR    
congruent triangles are equal congruent triangles are equal
R is the mid-point of BD. Now, in s ABE and ACE, we have
Hence, AC bisects BD. AB = AC [Given]
Ex.11 In Fig. BD and CE are two altitudes of a 1 = 2 [From (i)]
ABC such that BD = CE. and, AE = AE [Commoni side]
A So, by SAS criterion of congruence,
ABE ~
 ACE
E D
  Corresponding parts of 
BE = CE  
congruent triangles are equal
B C and, 3 = 4
Prove that ABC is isolceles. But, 3 + 4 = 180º
Sol. In ABD and ACE, we have [ Sum of the angles of a linear pair is 180º]
ADB = AEC = 90º [Given]  2 3 = 180º [ 3 = 4]
BAD = CAE [Common]  3 = 90º
and, BD = CE [Given]  3 = 4 = 90º
So, by AAS congruence criterion, we have Hence, AD bisects BC at right angles.
ABD ~
 ACE Ex.13 AD, BE and CF, the altitudes of ABC are
equal. Prove that ABC is an equilateral
  Corresponding parts of  triangle
AB = AC congruent triangles are equal
  Sol. In right triangles BCE and BFC, we have
Hence, ABC is isosceles. Hyp. BC = Hyp. BC
Ex.12 If two isosceles triangles have a common BE = CF [Given]
base, the line joining their vertices bisects So, by RHS criterion of congruence,
them at right angles. A
Sol. Given : Two isosceles triangles ABC and
DBC having the common base BC such that
AB = AC and DB = DC. F E
To prove : AD (or AD produced) bisects BC
at right angle.
A A B D C

1 2 1 2 BCE ~
 BFC.

D   Corresponding parts of 
 B = C  
congruent triangles are equal
3 4 3 4
B C B C  AC = AB .... (i)
E E
[ Sides opposite to equal angles are equal]
D Similarly, ABD ~
 ABE
Proof : In s ABD and ACD, we have
B =A
AB = AC [Given]
[Corresponding parts of congruent triangles
BD = CD [Given] are equal]
AD = AD [Common side]  AC = BC ....(ii)
 [Sides opposite to equal angles are equal] AC = AD and AB bisects A. Show that
From (i) and (ii), we get ABC ~  ABD. What can you say about
AB = BC = AC BC and BD ? [NCERT]
Hence, ABC is an equilateral triangle. C
Ex.14 In Fig. AD = BC and BD = CA.
A B
A 1 B
2

D C D
Prove that ADB = BCA and Sol. In ABC & ABD
DAB = CBA. AB = AB (common)
Sol. In triangles ABD and ABC, we have 1 = 2 { AB is bisector of A}
AD = BC [Given] AC = AD (Given)
BD = CA [Given] By SAS, ABC ~ ABD Proved
and AB = AB [Common] also BC = BD (c.p.c.t.)
So, by SSS congruence criterion, we have Ex.17 AD and BC are equal perpendiculars to a line
segment AB. Show that CD bisects AB.
ABD ~
 CBA  DAB = ABC
[NCERT]
  corresponding parts of  B C
 
congruent triangles are equal
 DAB = CBA
O
Ex.15 Line-segment AB is parallel to another line-
segment CD. O is the mid-point of AD (see
figure). Show that (i) AOB ~  DOC (ii) O D A
is also the mid point of BC.
Sol. To show CD bisect AB i.e. AO = OB
Sol. (i) Consider AOB and DOC
in OAD and OBC
ABO = DCO
O = O (vertically opposite angles)
(Alternate angles as AB || CD
A = B = 90° (Given)
and BC is the transversal)
AD = BC (Given)
AOB = DOC
By AAS, OAD ~  OBC
(Vertically opposite angles)
OA = OB (c.p.c.t.)
OA = OD (Given)
CD, bisects AB. Proved
Therefore, AOB ~
 DOC (AAS rule)
Ex.18 Line l is the bisector of an angle A and B is
C D any point on l. BP and BQ are perpendiculars
from B to the arms of A (see figure). Show
that : [NCERT]
O

Q l
A B
(ii) OB = OC (c.p.c.t.) B
So, O is the mid-point of BC. A P
Ex.16 In quadrilateral ABCD, (i) APB ~  AQB
(ii) BP = BQ or B is equidistant from the
arms of A.
Sol. (i) In APB and AQB CM = MD (given)
P = Q = 90° (Given) By SAS, AMC  ~ MBD Proved.
PAB = QAB (Given that ‘l’ bisect A) (ii) ACM = MDB (c.p.c.t. of (i))
AB = AB (Common) These are alternate angles
By AAS, APB ~ DB || AC
 AQB. Proved
(ii) BP = BQ (c.p.c.t.) Proved. So DBC + ACB = 180°
(Cointerior angles)
Ex.19 In given figure, AC = AE, AB = AD and
BAD = EAC. Show that BC = DE. DBC + 90° = 180°
[NCERT]  DBC = 90° Proved.
E D A
A
2
1 (iii)

B C B C
In DBC & ACB
B D C BC = BC (common)
Sol. In ABC and ADE DBC = ACB = 90°
AB = AD (Given) DB = AC (c.p.c.t. of part (i))
By SAS, DBC  ~ ACB. Proved
  1  2 Given 
BAC = DAE   (iv) DC = AB (c.p.c.t. of part (iii))
1  DAC  2  DAC
1
AC = AE (Given) But CM = DC (given)
2
By SAS, ABC ~  ADE 1
BC = DE (c.p.c.t.) Proved. CM = AB Proved.
2
Ex.20 In right triangle ABC, right angled at C, M is
the mid-point of hypotenuse AB. C is joined  ISOSCELES TRIANGLE
to M and produced to a point D such that
A triangle in which two sides are equal &
DM = CM. Point D is joined to point B opposite angles of these two lines are also equal.
(see figure). Show that: [NCERT]
A
D A

6 cm
6 cm

2 1
M 70° 70°
B C
AB = AC = 6 cm, B = C = 70°
Ex.21 Find BAC of an isosceles triangle in which
B C
1
(i) AMC ~ AB = AC and B = of right angle.
 BMD 3
(ii) DBC is a right angle 1
Sol. B = C = (90) = 30°
(iii) DBC ~
 ACB 3
1 A + B + C = 180° (.p.)
(iv) CM = AB
2 A + 30° + 30° = 180° A = 120°.
Sol. (i) In AMC and BMD Ex.22 In isosceles triangle DEF, DE = EF and
AM = MB (M is mid point of AB) E = 70° then find other two angles.
1 = 2 (vertically opposite angles)
 D A

Sol. D

E F
B P C
Let D = F = x
(i) ABD  ~ ACD
D + E + F = 180°
~
(ii) ABP  ACP
(angle sum property)
(iii) AP bisects A as well as D
 x + 70° + x = 180°
(iv) AP is the perpendicular bisector of BC.
 2x = 110°
Sol. (i) In ABD & ACD
 x = 55°
AB = AC (ABC is isosceles 
 D = F = 55°.
AD = AD (Common)
Theorem (2) : Angles opposite to equal sides
BD = DC (DBC is isosceles )
of an isosceles triangle are equal.
By SSS, ABD ~  ACD Proved.
A
(ii) In ABP & ACP
12
AB = AC (ABC is isosceles 
ABP = ACP {ABC is isosceles }
AP = AP (common)
B D C ~ ACP Proved.
By SAS, ABP 
Given : In ABC, AB = AC (iii)  BAP = CAP (c.p.c.t. of part (ii))
To prove : B = C A is bisected by AP
Construction : Draw AD, bisector of A and ADB = ADC (c.p.c.t. of part (ii))
1 = 2 CD is bisected by AP.
Proof : In ADB & ADC (iv) APB = APC (c.p.c.t. of part (ii))
AD = AD (Common) but APB + APC = 180° (linear pair)
1 = 2 (by construction) APB + APB = 180°
AB = AC 2APB = 180°
By SAS, ADB ~ ADC APB = 90° = APC
B = C (c.p.c.t.) Proved. also PB = PC (c.p.c.t. of part (ii))
Note : Other result : ADB = ADC (c.p.c.t.) AP is perpendicular bisector of BC.
But ADB + ADC = 180° (linear pair) Proved.
ADB = ADC = 90° AD BC Ex.24 Two sides AB and BC and median AM of
and BD = DC (c.p.c.t.) AD is median one triangle ABC are respectively equal to
sides PQ and QR and median PN of PQR
we can say AD is perpendicular bisector of (see figure ). Show that:
BC or we can say in isosceles , median is
angle bisector and perpendicular to base also. A P
Ex.23 ABC and DBC are two isosceles triangles
on the same base BC and vertices A and D
are on the same side of BC (see fig.). If AD is
extended to intersect BC at P. Show that
[NCERT] B M C Q N R
(i) ABM ~
 PQN (ii) ABC ~
 PQR
Sol. (i) In ABM & PQN { side opposite to greater angle is longer}
AB = PQ (given) Ex.27 Find ACD then what is the relation between
AM = PN (given) (i) ACD, ABC (ii) ACD & A
BM = QN ( BC = QR
BC QR A
 )
2 2
By SSS, ABM ~
 PQN Proved.
70° 40°
(ii) In ABC & PQR
B C D
AB = PQ (given) Sol. ACD + 40° = 180° (linear pair)
B = Q (c.p.c.t. of part (i)) ACD = 140° Ans.
BC = QR (given) also A + B = ACD
By SAS, ABC ~  PQR Proved. (exterior angle = sum of opp. interior angles)
A + 70° = 140° A = 140° – 70°
 SOME MORE RESULTS BASED ON
CONGRUENT TRIANGLES A = 70°
Now ACD > B Ans.
(1) If two sides of a triangle are unequal, then the
longer side has the greater angle opposite to ACD > A Ans.
it. Ex.28 In Fig. E > A and C > D.
(2) In a triangle, the greater angle has the longer D
side opposite to it. E
(3) Of all the line segments that can be drawn to B
a given line, from a point not lying on it, the
perpendicular line segment is the shortest. C
(4) The sum of any two sides of a triangle is
greater than its third side. A
(5) The difference between any two sides of a Prove that AD > EC.
triangle is less than its third side. Sol. In ABE, it is given that
(6) Exterior angle is greater than one opposite E > A
interior angle.  AB > BE .... (i)
Ex.25 Find the relation between angles in figure. In BCD, it is given that
x C > D
7 cm  BD > BC ....(ii)
5 cm
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
AB + BD > BE + BC AD > EC
y 8 cm z
Ex.29 AB and CD are respectively the smallest and
Sol.  yz > xz > xy longest sides of a quadrilateral ABCD (see
x > y > z. figure). Show that A > C. [NCERT]
( Angle opposite to longer side is greater) D
Ex.26 Find the relation between the sides of triangle
in figure .
D A
80°

70° 30° F
E B C
Sol.  D > E > F Sol. Draw diagonal AC.
EF > DF > DE
 D P
1

A 2
1 Q S
& for PSR, PSQ = R + 2 …..(4)
4
3 By equation (1), (2), (3), (4), PSR > PSQ
B C Proved.
In ABC, AB < BC { AB is smallest} Ex.31 AD, BE and CF, the altitudes of ABC are
equal. Prove that ABC is an equilateral
3 < 1 ……(1) triangle
{angle opp. to longer side is larger} Sol. In right triangles BCE and BFC, we have
Also in ADC Hyp. BC = Hyp. BC
AD < CD  CD is longest BE = CF [Given]
4 < 2 …..(2) So, by RHS criterion of congruence,
A
adding equation (1) & (2)
3 + 4 < 1 + 2
F E
C < A
or A > C Proved.
Ex.30 In given figure, PR > PQ and PS bisects B D C
QPR. Prove that PSR > PSQ. [NCERT] BCE ~
 BFC.
P   Corresponding parts of 
 B = C  
congruent triangles are equal
 AC = AB .... (i)
[ Sides opposite to equal angles are equal]
Similarly, ABD ~
 ABE
Q S R B =A
Sol. In PQR, PR > PQ [Corresponding parts of congruent triangles
are equal]
Q > R ……(1)
 AC = BC ....(ii)
{angle opposite to longer side is greater} [Sides opposite to equal angles are equal]
and 1 = 2 ( PS is bisector) …..(2) From (i) and (ii), we get
P AB = BC = AC
Hence, ABC is an equilateral triangle.
12
Ex.32 In Fig. AD = BC and BD = CA.
A B

Q S R
Now for PQS, PSR = Q + 1 …..(3)
D C
{exterior angle = sum of opposite interior angle} Prove that ADB = BCA and
DAB = CBA.
Sol. In triangles ABD and ABC, we have LMN < LNM
AD = BC [Given]  LNM > LMN
BD = CA [Given]  LM > LN
and AB = AB [Common] [ Side opp. to greater angle is larger]
So, by SSS congruence criterion, we have Ex.35 In Fig. AB > AC. Show that AB > AD.
ABD ~
 CBA  DAB = ABC
A
  corresponding parts of 
 
congruent triangles are equal
 DAB = CBA
Ex.33 In Fig. PQ > PR. QS and RS are the bisectors
of Q and R respectively. B D C
P Sol. In ABC, we have
AB > AC [Given]

S
 ACB > ABC .... (i)
[ Angle opp. to larger side is greater]
Q R Now, in ACD, CD is produced to B,
Prove that SQ > SR. forming an ext ADB.
Sol. In PQR, we have  ADB > ACD
PQ > PR [Given]  Exterior angle of Δ is greater 
Angle opp. to larger side   
PRQ > PQR    than each of interior opp. angle 
 of a triangle is greater    ADB > ACB ... (ii)
1 1
 PRQ > PQR [ ACD = ACB]
2 2
From (i) and (ii), we get
 SRQ > SQR
 RS and QS are bi sec tors of 
ADB > ABC
   ADB > ABD [ ABC = ABD]
 PRQ are PQR respectively 
 SQ > SR  AB > AD
[ Side opp. to greater angle is larger] [ Side opp. to greater angle is larger]
Ex.34 In Fig. [NCERT] Ex.36 Prove that any two sides of a triangle are
L together greater than twice the median drawn
to the third side.
Sol. Given : A ABC in which AD is a median.

M A
N
x° y°
if x > y, show that M > N.
D
Sol. We have, B C
LMN + xº = 180º .... (i)
[Angles of a linear pair]
E
 LNM + yº = 180º ....(ii)
To prove : AB + AC > 2 AD
[Angles of a linear pair]
 LMN + xº = LNM + yº Construction : Produce AD to E such that
AD = DE. Join EC.
But x > y. Therefore,
Proof : In s ADB and EDC, we have
 AD = DE [By construction] PQ + QS > PS ... (i)
BD = DC [ D is the mid point of BC] [ Sum of the two sides of a  is greater
and, ADB = EDC [Vertically opp. angles] than the third side]
So, by SAS criterion of congruence Similarly, in PRS, we have
RP + RS > PS ....(ii)
ADB ~
 EDC
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
Corresponding parts of 
 AB = EC congruent triangles are equal (PQ + QS) + (RP + RS) > PS + PS
   PQ + (QS + RS) + RP > 2 PS
Now in AEC, we have  PQ + QR + RP > 2 PS
AC + EC > AE [ Sum of any two sides of a  [ QS + RS = QR]
    is greater than the third]
Ex.39 In Fig. T is a point on side QR of PQR and
 AC + AB > 2 AD S is a point such that RT = ST.
 AD  DE  AE  AD  DE  2AD and EC  AB Q
Ex.37 In Fig. PQR is a triangle and S is any point in
its interior, show that SQ + SR < PQ + PR.
T
P S

T R P
S
Prove that PQ + PR > QS.
Q Sol. In PQR, we have
R
PQ + PR > QR
Sol. Given : S is any point in the interior of PQR.
 PQ + PR > QT + RT [ QR = QT + RT]
To Prove : SQ + SR < PQ + PR
 PQ + PR > QT + ST .... (i)
Construction : Produce QS to meet PR in T.
Proof : In PQT, we have [ RT = ST (Given)]
In QST, we have
 Sum of the two sides of a Δ
PQ + PT > QT   QT + ST > QS ....(ii)
is greater than the third side 
From (i) and (ii), we get
 PQ + PT > QS + ST .... (i)
PQ + PR > QS.
[ QT = QS + ST]
Ex.40 Find OBA in given figure
In RST, we have
ST + TR > SR ....(ii)
198°
Adding (i) and (ii), we get Sol. O
PQ + PT + ST + TR > SQ + ST + SR A B
 PQ + (PT + TR) > SQ + SR
 PQ + PR > SQ + SR SQ + SR < PQ + PR.  AOB + 198° = 360°
Ex.38 In PQR S is any point on the side QR. AOB = 360° – 198° = 162°
Show that PQ + QR + RP > 2 PS. and OA = OB = radius of circle
P A = B = x (let)
x + x + 162° = 180° (a.s.p.)
2x + 18°
x = 9°
 OBA = 9°.
Q S R
Sol. In PQS, we have
 IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED
1. A palne figure bounded by three lines in a plane is 17. If the bisector of the vertical angle of a triangle
called a triangle. bisects the opposite side, then the triangle is
2. A triangle, no two of whose sides are equal is isosceles.
called a scalene triangle. 18. If the altitudes of a triangles are equal, then it is
3. Atriangle whose two sides are equal is called an equilateral.
isosceles triangle. 19. In a triangle, side opposite to the larger angle is
4. A triangle whose sides are equal is also called an longer.
equilateral triangle. 20. Sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than
5. A triangle with one angle a right angle is called a the third side.
right angled triangle.
6. The sum of the three angles of a triangle is 180º.
7. If a side of a triangles is produced, the exterior
angle so formed is equal to the sum of the two
interior opposite angles.
8. If two triangles ABC and DEF are congruent
under the correspondence A D, B  E and
C  F, then we write  ABC ~
 DEF or
ABC DEF.
9. Two triangles are congruent if two sides and the
included angle of one are equal to the
corresponding sides and the included angle of the
other triangle (SAS congruence criterion).
10. Two triangles are congruent if two angles and the
included side of one tringle are equal to the
corresponding two angles and the included side of
the other triangle (ASA congruence criterion).
11. If any two angles and non-included side of one
triangle are equal to the corresponding angles and
side of another triangle, then the triangles are
congruent (AAS congruence criterion).
12. If three sides of one triangle are equal to three of
the other triangle, then the two triangles are
congruent (SSS congruence criterion).
13. If in two right triangles, hypotenuse and one side
of a triangle are equal to the hypotenuse and one
side of other triangle, then the two triangles are
congruent (RHS congruence criterion).
14. Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are
equal.
15. If the altitude from one vertex of a triangle bisects
the opposite sides, then the triangle is isosceles.
16. In an isosceles triangle altitude from the vertex
bisects the base.
 EXERCISE # 1

A.Very Short Answer Type Questions Q.9 In figure, DP = BQ, DPB = BQD and
ADP = CBQ
Q.1 If the ratio of three angles of a triangle is
D Q C
1 : 2 : 3, find the angles.

Q.2 In the fig.  || m and n is transversal. PO and

QO are angle bisectors. Prove that POQ = 90º.
n

 P

O
m
A P B
Q
Show that ADP CBQ.
Q.3 If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio
Q.10 Prove that hypotenuse is the longest side in a
2 : 3 : 4, determine the three angles.
right-angled-triangle.
Q.4 The sum of two angles of a triangle is 95º and
their difference is 25º. Find all the three Q.11 Prove that the sum of the three sides of a
angles of the triangle. triangle is greater than the sum of its three
medians.
Q.5 The side BC of a triangle ABC is produced to
D. The bisector of the A meets BC in L. Q.12 In Fig. the sides BA and CA have been
Prove that ABC + ACD = 2 ALC. produced such that BA = AD and CA = AE.
Prove that segment DE || side BC.
Q.6 The sides BC, CA and AB of ABC, are
E D
produced In order, forming exterior angles
ACD, BAE and CBF. Show that 
  ACD + BAE + CBF = 360º. A
Q.7 Sides BC, CA and BA of the ABC are
produced to D, E, F, respectively. If ACD =
B C
110° and EAF = 130º. Find all the three
angles of the triangle. Q.13 In Fig. PA  AB, QB  AB and PA = QB. If
Q.8 In the adjoining figure, find the value of, PQ intersects AB at O , show that O is the
A + B + C + D + E + F. mid-point of AB as well as that of PQ.
A Q

D E A O
B
B C
P
F
 B. Short Answer Type Questions Q.19 Prove that the sum of the three altitudes of a
triangle is less than the sum of the three sides
Q.14 A triangle ABC is right angled at A. AL is of the triangle.
perpendicular to BC.
Prove that BAL = BCA. Q.20 Prove that the medians of an equilateral
triangle are equal.
Q.15 In the Fig. PS is the bisector of the P and
Q.21 Angles A, B, C of a triangle ABC are equal to
PT  QR, then show that
each other. Prove that ABC is equilateral.
P
Q.22 ABCD is a square, X and Y are points on
sides AD and BC respectively such that
AY = BX. Prove that BY = AX and 
  BAY = ABX.

Q T S R C. Long Answer Type Questions

1
TPS = (Q – R)
2 Q.23 Prove that any two sides of a triangle are
together greater than twice the median drawn
Q.16 In the Fig. AM  BC and AN is th angle
to the third side.
bisector of A if B = 60º and C = 50º,
find MAN. Q.24 In the Fig. AP is the shortest line segment that
A can be drawn from A to line m. If PR > PQ,
prove that AR > AQ.
A

60° 50°
B C Q P R m
M N
Q.25 In quad. PQRS, (Fig.)
Q.17 In the given figure, AM  BC and AN is the
P Q
bisector of BAC. If B = 70º and C = 35º,
find MAN.
O
A

S R
Prove that
70° 35°
B (i) PQ + QR + RS + SP > PR + QS
M N C
(ii) PQ + QR + RS + SP < 2 (PR + QS)
Q.18 In the figure find the value of xº.
Q.26 In the Fig. PQ = PR and S is a point on PR,
A
prove that RS < QS.
x°
25°
E Q

35° 60°
B C D R
P S
Q.27 In  ABC, AC > AB and D is the point on Q.31 In figure, AB = AC = AD.
AC such that AB = AD. Prove that BCD = 90º.
Prove that CD < BC. D

Q.28 In the given Fig. T is a point on side QR of

A
PQR and S is a point such that TR = TS.
Prove that PQ + PR > QS.
Q Q
B C

Q.32 In figure, AD = CF, AB = DE and

BAC = EDF. Prove that ABC DEF.
S T
A

P D
R E

Q.29 In Fig. If AOC + BOD = 70º, find

COD. B C
C D

Q.33 An exterior angle of a triangle is 120º. One of

A O B
the interior opposite angle is 35º. Find
Q.30 In Fig. DFP, EDQ and FER are exterior theother two angles.

angles of  DEF. Prove that 

   DFP +  EDQ +  FER = 360º
Q

E
F P
R

ANSWER KEY
A. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS :
1. 30º, 60º, 90º 7. 50º, 60º, 70º 8. 360º 9. 130º
B. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS :
16. 5º 17. 17.5º 18. 120º
C. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS :
29. 110º 33. 85º, 60º
 EXERCISE # 2

Q.1 If the sides of a triangle are in the ratio Q.6 In quadrilateral ABCD (figure), AB = AD
5 : 4 : 3, then find the respective altitudes on and BC = CD then find the angle which is
them ? equal to ABC.
Q.2 In the adjoining figure, find the measure of D
BAC, ACD ?
A C

A B
65° 65° 30° Q.7 In this figure, PQ || TU || SR. Which of the
B C D
following is true -
Q.3 In the figure above, which of the following is S R
1
true - 6 4
T U
(A) BC < CA < CD (B) BC < CA > CD 3 O
(C) BC = CA > CD (D) BC > CA = CD 5
2 Q
P
Q.4 In figure, if AB || CD and PQD = 135º, then (A) 1 + 2 = 3 + 4
find APE.
(B) 1 + 2 = 5 + 6
E
(C) 1 + 3 = 2 + 4
A P B
(D) All are ture

Q.8 In figure, if AB || CD, CD || EF and y : z = 4 : 5,

then find x.
135º t
C Q D
A B
F
x
Q.5 In the adjoining figure, if B = ACB = 65º C y D
and D = 30º, then -
A z
E F

Q.9 In Fig. it is given that BC = CE and 1 = 2.

B C D Prove that  GCB  DCE.
(A) BC > CA > CD D
G
(B) AB = CA < CD
(C) BC < CA, CA > CD
(D) BC > CA, CA < CD C
1 2
B E
A F
Q.10 In Fig. the line segment joining the mid- Q.13 In a right angled triangle, one acute angle is
points M and N of opposite sides AB and DC double the other. Prove that the hypotenuse is
of quadrilateral ABCD is perpendicular to double the smallest side.
both these sides. Prove that the other sides of
Q.14 Show that the difference of any two sides of a
the quadrilateral are equal.
triangle is less than the third side.
A M B
90° Q.15 In Fig. TQ and TR are the bisectors of Q
and R respectively. If QPR = 80º and
PRT = 30º, determine TQR.
90° P
D N C

Q.11 In Fig. AC = AE, AB = AD and  T

  BAD = EAC. Prove that BC = DE.
E Q R
Q.16 In Fig. it is given that AB = CF, EF = BD and
A AEF = DBC. Prove that AFE ~
 CBD.
D

B D C

Q.12 In Fig. explain how one can find the breadth

of the river without crossing it. C
A B F
A

B O M

N E

ANSWER KEY

1. 12 : 15 : 20 2. 50º, 115° 3. BC
< CA < CD 4. 45º 5. AB = CA < CD
6.ADC 7. 1 + 2 = 3 + 4 8. 100º 12. MN

15. 20°