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1. A 200 kVA, 6600V/400V, 50 Hz single-phase transformer has 80 turns on the secondary. Calculate:
(a) the approximate values of the primary and secondary currents;
(b) the approximate number of primary turns;
(c) the maximum value of the flux.
1500
(b) Secondary induced voltage 230 690 Volts
500
Flux 0.00207
(c) Cross sectional Area 4452mm2
flux density 0.465
Ans. (a) Turn ratio = 8, to transfer impedance from LV side to HV side, the impedance is
(b) Turn ratio = 8, to transfer impedance from HV side to LV side, the impedance is
4. The primary winding of a transformer has 500 turns and is supplied at a voltage of 2000 V r.m.s. at a
frequency of 50 Hz. Estimate the maximum value of the flux through the core.
01 Transformer Page 1
2000
Ans. E 4.44fN max max 0.018 Wb
4.44 50 500
5. A single-phase transformer has 1000 turns on the primary and 200 turns on the secondary. The no-
load current is 3A at a power factor 0.2 lagging. Calculate the primary current and power factor
when the secondary current is 280 A at a power factor of 0.8 lagging. Assume the voltage drop in the
windings to be negligible.
200
Ans. Secondary current referred to the primary side = 280 56 A
1000
Power factor = 0.8 lagging = 36.9o, i.e. I 2 ' 5636.9
I1 I o I 2 ' 378 .556 36.9
0.5981 j2.9398 44.7823 j33.6235
45. 3804 j36.5633 58.28 38 .9 The power factor of I1 = Cos 38.9o = 0.78 lagging
6. A single-phase transformer has a primary voltage of 2000V, a secondary voltage of 440 V and a full
load-output of 20 kVA. The secondary winding has 130 turns. Calculate the number of primary turns
and the primary and secondary full-load currents, neglecting losses.
2000
Ans. Primary turns 130 591 turns
440
20 10 3 20 103
Primary current 10A Secondary current 45.5A
2000 440
7. The voltage on the secondary of a single-phase transformer is 200 V when supplying a load of 8 kW
at a power factor of 0.8 lagging. The secondary resistance is 0.04and the secondary leakage
reactance is 0.8, calculate the induced e.m.f. in the secondary winding.
8000
Ans. V2 = 200, I 2 50A , Cos = 0.8, Sin = 0.6
200 0.8
For secondary circuit only, voltage regulation = I2R2Cos + I2X2 Sin
= 50 x ( 0.04 x 0.8 + 0.8 x 0.6 ) = 25.6 Volts
Therefore, the induced e.m.f. E2 = 200 + 25.6 = 225.6 Volts.
8. If the transformer of Question 7 has 500 primary turns and 50 secondary turns,
(a) find the induced e.m.f. in the primary winding.
(b) if the primary resistance is 4and the primary leakage reactance is 70, estimate the primary
terminal voltage. The magnetizing current can be ignored.
9. A farm, whose electrical load can be represented by a resistance of 1in series with an inductive
reactance of 1, is supplied from an 11000V single-phase line through a transformer of turns ratio
50:1. The resistance and leakage reactance of the transformer are 125and 250respectively when
referred to its primary and its magnetizing current may be neglected. Determine :
01 Transformer Page 2
(a) the magnitude of the current taken from the secondary terminals of the transformer ;
(b) the potential difference between the secondary terminals,
(c) the magnitude and power-factor of the primary current. ans. (a) 145 A ; (b) 205 V, (c) 2.9 A, 0.7
2
Ans. (a) Primary resistance referred to the secondary side = 125 1
0.05
50
2
Primary leakage reactance referred to the Secondary side = j2 50 1
j0 .1
50
Total impedance (including load) referred to the secondary side
= (1+0.05) + j (1 +0.1) = 1.05 + j 1.1 1.520746.3
With all the impedance referred to the secondary, the transformer becomes an ideal transformer,
therefore the e.m.f. at secondary = 11000 1
220 Volts
50
220
Secondary currents = 144.7 A
1 .520746.3
Impedance of load = 1 + j 1 ,
power factor of the load = Cos 45o = Sin 45o = 0.7071 lagging
Volt drop across transformer impedance = I2Req2Cos + I2Xeq2 Sin ,
= 144.7 (0.05 x 0.7071 + 0.1 x 0.7071) = 15.35 Volts
V2 = E2 Volt drop = 220 15.35 = 204.65 Volts
1
Neglecting No-load component, I1 I 2 ' 144.7 2.9A
50
Power factor of the primary current is the same as the secondary current, i.e. 0.7 lagging
10. A 4000/400V , 10 kVA transformer has primary and secondary winding resistance of 13 and
0.15respectively. The leakage reactance referred to the primary is 45, the magnetizing reactance
referred to the primary is 6000, and the resistance corresponding to the core loss is 12000.
Determine
(a) total resistance referred to the primary and the values of all impedances referred to the secondary.
(b) the input current when the secondary terminals are open-circuited.
(c) the input current when the secondary load current is 25 A at a power factor of 0.8 lagging.
2
Ans. (a) Secondary resistance referred to primary 0.15 4000
15
400
Total resistance referred to the primary = R1eq = 13 + 15 = 28
2
400 400
2
R 2eq 28 0.28 X 2eq 45 0. 45
4000 4000
2
400
2
400
RC ' 12000 120 X M ' 6000 j 60
4000 4000
(b) During open circuit, only the no load current flow, IO 2 = IC 2+ IM2
V 4000 V 4000
IC 1 0.3333A IM 1 j0.6666A
RC 12000 X M 6000
01 Transformer Page 3
I 2 2536.9A I 2 ' 2. 536.9 A2 j1.5A IO 0.3333j0.6666 A
, ,
I1 IO I 2 '
2 0.3333
j 1.5 0.66663.1843
A
11. The primary and secondary windings of a 40kVA 6600/250V single-phase transformer have
resistances of 10and 0.02respectively. The leakage reactance of the transformer referred to the
primary is 35. Neglect the no-load current, calculate: ans. (a) 257 V, (b) 2.2 %, 3.7 %
(a) the primary voltage required to circulate full load current when the secondary is short-circuited,
(b) the full load regulation at (i) unity (ii) 0.8 lagging power factor.
2
6600
Ans. (a) R2 ' 0.02 13.94,
250
Z1eq R 1eq X1eq
10 13.94
j35 23.94 j35 42.455.6
(b) At full load unity power factor, V.R. = 6.06 x (23.94 x 1 + 35 x 0) = 145Volts
Percentage voltage regulation = 145/6600 x 100% = 2.2%
At full load 0.8 p.f. lagging, V.R. = 6.06 x (23.94 x 0.8 + 35 x 0.6 ) = 243.3 Volts
Percentage voltage regulation = 243.3/6600 x 100% = 3.7%
01 Transformer Page 4
N 2 240
E 2 E1
N 6072 6000 242.9 Volts
1
13. A 50 kVA transformer, which steps down from 6600V to 220V, has a primary resistance of 10and
a secondary resistance of 0.01, with the leakage reactance neglected, calculate:
(a) the total resistance referred to the secondary;
(b) the total resistance referred to the primary;
(c) the full-load copper loss.
2
Ans. (a) Primary resistance referred to the secondary 1 0
220
0 .0111
6600
Total equivalent resistance referred to the secondary = 0.01 + 0.01111 = 0.02111
2
(b) Total equivalent resistance referred to the primary 0.021111
6600
19
220
(c) Full load primary current =
50000
7 .58A
6600
Full load copper loss = I2R1eq = 7.582 x 19 = 1091.7 W
Ans. (a) The transformer on open circuit test is at full voltage and on short circuit test is at full
current, therefore full load iron loss = 430W, full load copper loss = 525 W
Output power
Full load efficiency 100 %
Output power Iron Loss Copper Loss
50000 0.7
100% 97.34%
50000 0.7 430 525
At half load, the iron loss remains at 430W but the copper loss is only 1/4 of the copper loss at full
load, since copper loss is proportional to the square of the current.
0.5 50000 0.7
Half load efficiency
0.5 50000 0.7 430 525 100% 96.9%
2
0.5
(b) From short circuit test, I12R1eq = 525W R 1eq 525 2 2.2427
15.3
124
Z1eq 8.1046 X1eq Z1 eq R1eq 8.10462 2.2427 2 7.7881
2 2
=>
15.3
Voltage regulation at full load 0.7 p.f. lagging = I1Req1Cos + I1 Xeq1 Sin
Power factor = 0.7 Cos = 0.7, Sin = 0.7141,
50000
Full load primary current 15.1515A
3300
01 Transformer Page 5
108.05
V.R. = 15.1515 x (2.2427 x 0.7 + 7.7881 x 0.7141) = 108.05 V ; % V.R. 100% 3.3%
3300
V.R. at 0.7 p.f. leading = 15.1515 x (2.2427 x 0.7 7.7881 x 0.7141)= - 60.48 Volts
60.48
% V.R. 100% 1.83%
3300
(c) At full load 0.7 p.f. lagging, E1 = V1 Volt drop = 3300 108.05 = 3192 Volts
Now all the impedance has been transferred to the primary, therefore the transformer
N 2 400
becomes an ideal transformer, V2 E 2 E1 N 3192 3300 386.9Volts
1
Similarly, at full load 0.7 power factor leading,
E 1 = V1 Volt drop = 3300 (-60.48) = 3360.48 Volts
N 2 400
V2 E1
N 3360.48 3300 407.3 Volts
1
15. A 250kVA, 4160 / 480V, 60Hz single-phase transformer has the following parameters :
R1 = 0.09, R 2 = 0.0012, Rm = 31.6k, X1 = 1.7, X2 = 0.0226, Xm = 3.24k
The transformer is step-down.
(a) Calculate the values of the transformer parameters referred to the primary side.
(b) Hence sketch the equivalent circuit with all values referred to the primary.
(c) Calculate the primary voltage for rated load at 0.76 lagging power factor.
(d) Calculate the transformer efficiency for (c) if core loss obtained from the no-load test is 547W.
(e) Find the voltage regulation of this transformer operating at 0.76 leading power factor.
250000
(c) Full load secondary current 520.8A ,
480
p.f. = 0.76 Cos = 0.76, Sin = 0.65
2 2
N 2 N 2
2 2
480 480
R 2 eq R1eq
N 0.18 4160 0.0024 ; X 2 eq X 1eq
N 3.4 4160 j0.0453
1 1
At 0.76 p.f. leading, V.R. = 520.8 x (0.0024 x 0.76 - 0.0453 x 0.65) = -14.39 V
E 2 = V2 + Volt drop across Z2eq = 480 + (14.39) = 465.61 Volts
Since all the impedance is transferred to the secondary, the transformer becomes an ideal transformer:
N1 4160
V1 = E1 E 2
465.61 4035 Volts
N 2 480
(d) Given core loss = 547 W, full load copper loss = 520.82 x 0.0024 = 651 W
Total transformer loss at full load = iron loss + copper loss = 1198 W
output power 250000 0.76
Efficiency 100% 99.37%
output power losses 250000 0.76 1198
01 Transformer Page 6
14.35
(e) Voltage regulation at p.f. = 0.76 leading = - 14.35 Volts ; % V.R. 100% 3%
480
01 Transformer Page 7