LEGAL WORKFORCE ACT

HEARING
BEFORE THE

SUBCOMMITTEE ON
IMMIGRATION AND BORDER SECURITY
OF THE

COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
ONE HUNDRED THIRTEENTH CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION
ON

H.R. 1772
MAY 16, 2013

Serial No. 11311

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COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY

BOB GOODLATTE,
F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, JR.,
Wisconsin
HOWARD COBLE, North Carolina
LAMAR SMITH, Texas
STEVE CHABOT, Ohio
SPENCER BACHUS, Alabama
DARRELL E. ISSA, California
J. RANDY FORBES, Virginia
STEVE KING, Iowa
TRENT FRANKS, Arizona
LOUIE GOHMERT, Texas
JIM JORDAN, Ohio
TED POE, Texas
JASON CHAFFETZ, Utah
TOM MARINO, Pennsylvania
TREY GOWDY, South Carolina
MARK AMODEI, Nevada
L LABRADOR, Idaho
RAU
BLAKE FARENTHOLD, Texas
GEORGE HOLDING, North Carolina
DOUG COLLINS, Georgia
RON DeSANTIS, Florida
[Vacant]

Virginia, Chairman
JOHN CONYERS, JR., Michigan
JERROLD NADLER, New York
ROBERT C. BOBBY SCOTT, Virginia
MELVIN L. WATT, North Carolina
ZOE LOFGREN, California
SHEILA JACKSON LEE, Texas
STEVE COHEN, Tennessee
HENRY C. HANK JOHNSON, JR.,
Georgia
PEDRO R. PIERLUISI, Puerto Rico
JUDY CHU, California
TED DEUTCH, Florida
LUIS V. GUTIERREZ, Illinois
KAREN BASS, California
CEDRIC RICHMOND, Louisiana
SUZAN DelBENE, Washington
JOE GARCIA, Florida
HAKEEM JEFFRIES, New York

SHELLEY HUSBAND, Chief of Staff & General Counsel

PERRY APELBAUM, Minority Staff Director & Chief Counsel

SUBCOMMITTEE

ON

IMMIGRATION

AND

BORDER SECURITY

TREY GOWDY, South Carolina, Chairman

TED POE, Texas, Vice-Chairman
LAMAR SMITH, Texas
ZOE LOFGREN, California
STEVE KING, Iowa
SHEILA JACKSON LEE, Texas
JIM JORDAN, Ohio
LUIS V. GUTIERREZ, Illinois
MARK AMODEI, Nevada
JOE GARCIA, Florida
L LABRADOR, Idaho
RAU
PEDRO R. PIERLUISI, Puerto Rico
GEORGE HOLDING, North Carolina
GEORGE FISHMAN, Chief Counsel
DAVID SHAHOULIAN, Minority Counsel

(II)

CONTENTS
MAY 16, 2013
Page

THE BILL
H.R. 1772, the Legal Workforce Act ....................................................................

205

OPENING STATEMENTS
The Honorable Trey Gowdy, a Representative in Congress from the State
of South Carolina, and Chairman, Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security ..........................................................................................................
The Honorable Lamar Smith, a Representative in Congress from the State
of Texas, and Member, Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security .
The Honorable Zoe Lofgren, a Representative in Congress from the State
of California, and Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Immigration and
Border Security ....................................................................................................
The Honorable John Conyers, Jr., a Representative in Congress from the
State of Michigan, and Ranking Member, Committee on the Judiciary .........
The Honorable Bob Goodlatte, a Representative in Congress from the State
of Virginia, and Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary .................................

1
1
3
4
10

WITNESSES
Angelo I. Amador, Sr., Vice President, Labor and Workforce Policy, National
Restaurant Association
Oral Testimony .....................................................................................................
Prepared Statement .............................................................................................
Jill G. Blitstein, International Employment Manager, Human Resources,
North Carolina State University
Oral Testimony .....................................................................................................
Prepared Statement .............................................................................................
Julie Myers Wood, President, Compliance, Federal Practice and Software
Solutions, Guidepost Solutions LLC
Oral Testimony .....................................................................................................
Prepared Statement .............................................................................................
Dominick Mondi, Executive Director, New Jersey Nursery and Landscape
Association
Oral Testimony .....................................................................................................
Prepared Statement .............................................................................................

12
14
39
42
46
48
59
61

LETTERS, STATEMENTS, ETC., SUBMITTED FOR THE HEARING

Prepared Statement of the Honorable Lamar Smith, a Representative in
Congress from the State of Texas, and Member, Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security .....................................................................................
Prepared Statement of the Honorable Zoe Lofgren, a Representative in Congress from the State of California, and Ranking Member, Subcommittee
on Immigration and Border Security .................................................................
Prepared Statement of the Honorable John Conyers, Jr., a Representative
in Congress from the State of Michigan, and Ranking Member, Committee
on the Judiciary ...................................................................................................

(III)

6
7
8

IV
Page

Material submitted by the Honorable Steve King, a Representative in Congress from the State of Iowa, and Member, Subcommittee on Immigration
and Border Security .............................................................................................
Material submitted by the Honorable Trey Gowdy, a Representative in Congress from the State of South Carolina, and Chairman, Subcommittee on
Immigration and Border Security .......................................................................

80
183

APPENDIX
MATERIAL SUBMITTED

FOR THE

HEARING RECORD

Prepared Statement of the Honorable Bob Goodlatte, a Representative in

Congress from the State of Virginia, and Chairman, Committee on the
Judiciary ...............................................................................................................
Letter from R. Bruce Josten, Executive Vice President, Government Affairs,
Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America ..................................
Prepared Statement of the Food Manufacturers Immigration Coalition ...........
Prepared Statement of the American Meat Institute (AMI) ................................
Letter from James W. Tobin, III, Senior Vice President & Chief Lobbyist,
National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) ...............................................

195
197
198
199
204

LEGAL WORKFORCE ACT

THURSDAY, MAY 16, 2013

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
SUBCOMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION AND BORDER SECURITY
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY
Washington, DC.
The Subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10:16 a.m., in room
2141, Rayburn House Office Building, the Honorable Trey Gowdy
(Chairman of the Subcommittee) presiding.
Present: Representatives Gowdy, Poe, Smith, King, Jordan,
Amodei, Holding, Goodlatte, Lofgren, Jackson Lee, Gutierrez and
Garcia.
Staff Present: (Majority) Andrea Loving, Counsel; Graham
Owens, Clerk; and (Minority) Tom Jawetz, Counsel.
Mr. GOWDY. We will now move to our legislative hearing on H.R.
1772, the Legal Workforce Act.
The Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security will
come to order. Without objection, the Chair is still authorized to declare recesses of the Committee at any time.
We welcome all of our witnesses. I will introduce our witnesses
properly here in just a moment, but for now I will recognize myself
for a brief opening statement.
Today this Subcommittee holds legislative hearings on bills that
can, if implemented, substantially affect U.S. Immigration policy in
a positive way. The first hearing is on H.R. 1772, the Legal Workforce Act, which requires all U.S. employers to use E-Verify to
verify the work eligibility of their employees.
Because the desire for employment is one of theif not the
largest incentives for illegal immigration to the United States, we
must help ensure employers have appropriate and workable tools
to verify a legal workforce.
I know Chairman Goodlatte and past-Chairman Smith and others have worked tirelessly on this issue, and I am pleased to yield
the remainder of my time to the gentleman from Texas, the past
Chairman, Mr. Smith.
Mr. SMITH. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And I very much appreciate your yielding me your time.
The Legal Workforce Act is bipartisan legislation that shuts off
the jobs magnet attracting illegal immigrants to the United States.
The bill expands the E-Verify system and makes it mandatory for
all U.S. employers. Twenty-three million Americans are unemployed or underemployed. Meanwhile 7 million people are working
(1)

2
in the United States illegally. These jobs should go to American
citizens and legal workers.
H.R. 1772 could open up millions of jobs for unemployed Americans by requiring all employers to use E-Verify. The E-Verify system is quick and effective, confirming 99.7 percent of work-eligible
employees. Recent data shows that approximately 451,000 American employers voluntarily use E-Verify, and an average of 1,600
new businesses sign up each week. The program is free, quick and
easy to use. In fact, this Subcommittee heard testimony in February from the Department of Homeland Security that E-Verify can
now be used by smartphones.
You have to show your Social Security number to visit the doctor,
go to the bank or buy a home. It makes sense that businesses
would use the same identification to ensure they have a legal workforce by checking the legal status of their employees.
The Legal Workforce Act requires that all U.S. employers use EVerify to check the work eligibility of new hires in the U.S. The
verification is phased in depending on the size of the employers
business; up to 2 years, for example, to provide additional time for
smaller businesses and agriculture.
H.R. 1772 balances immigration enforcement priorities and legitimate employer concerns. It gives employers a workable system
under which they cannot be held liable if they use the system in
good faith. The bill prevents the patchwork of State E-Verify laws,
but retains the ability of States and localities to condition business
licenses on the use of E-Verify. In addition, H.R. 1772 allows States
to enforce the Federal E-Verify requirement if the Federal Government fails do so.
The Legal Workforce Act increases penalties on employers who
knowingly violate the requirements of E-Verify, and imposes criminal penalties on employers and employees who engage in or facilitate identity theft.
The bill creates a fully electronic employment eligibility
verification system, and it allows employers to voluntarily check
their current workforce if done in a nondiscriminatory manner.
Furthermore, the Legal Workforce Act gives USCIS additional
tools to help prevent identity theft. For example the bill allows individuals to lock their own Social Security number so that it cannot
be used by imposters to verify work eligibility. The legislation also
allows parents to lock the Social Security number of their minor
child to prevent identity theft, and if a Social Security number
shows unusual multiple uses, the Social Security Administration
locks the number for employment verification purposes and notifies
the owner that their personal information may be compromised.
Studies by Westat on error rates in the cost of E-Verify have
been mentioned at prior hearings. That study utilized old data and
failed to address the provisions aimed at preventing identity theft
that I mentioned above and which are in the bill today.
In regard to cost this Subcommittee heard testimony earlier this
year that discredited the study because it amplifies higher numbers by 25 percent by counting internal promotions and transfers.
Many of these critics fail to point out that other studies reveal that
three-quarters of employers stated that the cost of using E-Verify
is zero.

3
Equally important, the American people support E-Verify. A
2011 Rasmussen poll found that 82 percent of likely voters think
businesses should be required to use the Federal Governments EVerify system to determine if a potential employee is in the country
legally.
Unfortunately many States do not enforce their own E-Verify
laws, and others only apply E-Verify in a very limited way. The
Legal Workforce Act will help ensure that employers from every
State are on an equal footing when it comes to hiring employees.
This bill is a commonsense approach to deterring illegal workers
that could open up millions of jobs for unemployed and underemployed Americans.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I yield back.
Mr. GOWDY. I thank the gentlemen from Texas.
The Chair would now recognize the gentlelady from California,
the Ranking Member of the Subcommittee, Ms. Lofgren.
Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Few issues have received as much attention before this Subcommittee in recent years as E-Verify. In the last Congress we held
three hearings on the electronic employment eligibility verification
system, and the Committee marked up the Legal Workforce Act. In
this Congress we have already held one hearing on E-Verify and
will today examine Congressman Smiths new version of the Legal
Workforce Act.
At the outset let me note that the new version of the bill we are
considering today contains several improvements over the version
offered in the last Congress, and I want to recognize the bills sponsor for responding to some of the concerns raised at that time. For
instance, when we marked up the Legal Workforce Act in the 112th
Congress, the bill exempted returning seasonal farm workers from
having to be verified upon hire. This gigantic loophole came under
attack from all sides. From the right it was attacked as amnesty;
from the left it was attacked as an admission that E-Verify alone
would destroy our agricultural industry and the millions of jobs
held by U.S. workers that are supported by that industry. The
Committee struck this provision from the bill during markup, and
I am glad to see it is omitted from this version.
The bill in the last Congress also created new criminal penalties
for unlawful conduct that were excessive and wasteful. In addition
to imposing multiple mandatory minimum prison terms, the bill
made it a felony punishable by up to 15 years in prison for a person to use a Social Security number that did not belong to him or
her during the employment verification process. Although this
version of the bill still creates one mandatory minimum prison
term, it contains a number of improvements in the criminal provisions pertaining to fraud and misuse of documents.
And finally this version contains some changes designed to make
E-Verify a little less unworkable for the Social Security Administration, which obviously serves a number of other critically important functions.
Having said that, todays bill still contains several of the greatest
flaws of the bill we considered in the last Congress. It continues
to provide no meaningful due process protections for authorized

4
workers, including U.S. citizens, who may lose their jobs because
of erroneous final nonconfirmations.
The idea that Americans and authorized immigrants will lose
their jobs as a result of this bill is not simply theoretical. Although
we know that the government continues to work hard to reduce
error rates in E-Verify, errors absolutely still exist. Under this bill
people would lose their jobs and become effectively unemployable
for an indeterminate length of time because of such government errors, and they would have no meaningful recourse.
The bill also provides no penalties at all for employers who violate the requirement that they inform an employee about a tentative nonconfirmation and give that employee an opportunity to
contest the ETNC. The absence of any consequence renders the notice requirement completely toothless.
But let me take a step back, because although I welcome the opportunity to discuss how to discuss how to design an effective and
fair E-Verify system, I believe it is clear that we can only do that
together with other necessary forums to our broken immigration
system.
We could design the best E-Verify system imaginable, a system
that is easy to use, 100 percent accurate, and available at virtually
no cost to big and small businesses alike. But if we impose that
system nationwide and did nothing to fix our immigration system,
the consequences would be disastrous.
I wont belabor the point because the issues are so familiar to
Members of this Subcommittee, and we have witnesses who are
prepared to testify. I will simply say that without top-to-bottom reform of our immigration laws, expanding E-Verify would devastate
the agricultural economy, resulting in closed farms, a less secure
America, and the mass offshoring of millions of U.S. jobs, including
the upstream and downstream jobs that are created and supported
by our agricultural industry.
Expanding E-Verify without more would also cost the government significant tax revenues. In 2008, the Congressional Budget
Office and the Joint Committee on Taxation concluded that mandatory E-Verify in Representative Health Shulers SAVE Act would
decrease Federal revenues by $17.3 billion over a 10-year period.
Those offices determined that expanding E-Verify in an economy
with this significant undocumented workforce and no way to provide for a legal workforce would drive employers and workers off
the books and into the underground economy. The end result would
be lost tax revenues and depressed wages and working conditions
for all workers, including U.S. workers.
I believe firmly that E-Verify must play an important role in
helping to fix our immigration system, so I appreciate the proposal
by Representative Smith. I thank Chairman Goodlatte and Chairman Gowdy for the opportunity to discuss this today. I think we
have further work to do, but I look forward to the testimony of the
witnesses, and I yield back.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. GOWDY. I thank the gentlelady from California.
The Chair would now recognize the gentlemen from Michigan,
the Ranking Member of the full Committee, Mr. Conyers.
Mr. CONYERS. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

5
This is an important hearing, and we know that everybodys currently focused on the Senate Judiciarys markup of S. 744, and that
is why we are encouraged by the ongoing efforts by Members on
both sides of the aisle to forge an agreement on an immigration reform bill in the House. That is why the U.S. Chamber of Commerce
and AFL-CIO were able to come together to forge an historic agreement regarding a future temporary guestworker proposal. It is why
all of the major agricultural producers amazingly, including the
American Farm Bureau and United Farm Workers, joined together
to back changes to our agricultural guestworker program.
So I agree that we must talk about E-Verify because it will be
an important component of comprehensive immigration reform, but
when we do so, we need to recognize the dangers that American
workers would face if we were to make E-Verify mandatory for all
employers without fixing our immigration system. I think it is important whenever we talk about E-Verify to talk about the realworld actualities.
Sometimes we hear people say that E-Verify will help American
workers because every time an undocumented immigrant is denied
a job, an unemployed American will get hired. That is a simple, an
appealing proposition, but is probably not correct. Immigrants often
fill critical gaps in our own workforce. Even in this difficult economy, there are entire industries that rely upon undocumented immigrants because there just arent enough Americans around willing to do the work.
Just look at how mandatory E-Verify would affect agriculture.
Fifty to seventy-five percent of farm workers are undocumented.
Losing these workers would obviously be devastating. Fruits and
vegetables would rot in fields, and American farms would go under,
and we would see a mass offshoring of jobs, including millions of
upstream and downstream American jobs supported by agriculture.
An earlier witness at a hearing testified that some farms could
survive by shifting to different crops. Now, that is really one for the
books, crops that are not labor intensive. The majority of all lettuce
in this country apparently comes from one county in California.
Lettuce farmers may well be able to find a different crop to grow,
but let us be clear about what it means. Virtually all our lettuce
from now will be imported from another country. The same is true
for tomatoes, flowers, strawberries. The list goes on and on.
I look forward to hearing from our distinguished witnesses, and
I hope they will comment on some of my observations. We need to
understand the strengths and weaknesses of the Smith legislative
proposal, and in doing so I hope that they each take some time to
talk about whether they think it would be a good or bad thing for
America and our workers if Congress made E-Verify mandatory nationwide without simultaneously fixing our broken immigration
system.
So we talk about, I conclude, comprehensive reform: One, 11 million people on the path to an earned legal status; two, and most
importantly, modernizing the flow of future immigrants so it works
for both businesses and families; and three, improved enforcement,
including E-Verify, but not on its own.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman for allowing my statement.
Mr. GOWDY. I thank the gentleman from Michigan.

6
Without objection, all the Members opening statements will be
made part of the record.
[The prepared statement of Mr. Smith follows:]
Prepared Statement of the Honorable Lamar Smith, a Representative in
Congress from the State of Texas, and Member, Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security
The Legal Workforceq Act is bipartisan legislation that shuts off the jobs magnet
attracting illegal immigrants to the United States. The bill expands the E-Verify
system and makes it mandatory for all U.S. employers.
Twenty-three million Americans are unemployed or under employed. Meanwhile,
seven million people are working in the United States illegally. These jobs should
go to American citizens and legal workers.
H.R. 1772 could open up millions of jobs for unemployed Americans by requiring
all employers to use E-Verify. The E-Verify system is quick and effective, confirming
99.7% of work-eligible employees. Recent data shows that approximately 451,000
American employers voluntarily use E-Verify and an average of 1,600 new businesses sign up each week.
The program is free, quick and easy to use. In fact, this subcommittee heard testimony in February from the Department of Homeland Security that E-Verify can
now be used via smart phones.
You have to show your Social Security Number to visit the doctor, go to the bank,
or buy a home. It makes sense that businesses would use the same identification
to ensure they have a legal workforce by checking the legal status of their employees.
The Legal Workforce Act requires that all U.S. employers use E-Verify to check
the work eligibility of new hires in the U.S. The verification is phased-in depending
on the size of the employers businessup to two years to provide additional time
for smaller businesses and agriculture.
H.R. 1772 balances immigration enforcement priorities and legitimate employer
concerns. It gives employers a workable system under which they cannot be held
liable if they use the system in good faith.
The bill prevents a patchwork of State E-Verify laws but retains the ability of
states and localities to condition business licenses on the use of E-Verify. In addition, H.R. 1772 allows states to enforce the federal E-Verify requirement if the federal government fails to do so.
The Legal Workforce Act increases penalties on employers who knowingly violate
the requirements of E-Verify and imposes criminal penalties on employers and employees who engage in or facilitate identity theft. The bill creates a fully electronic
employment eligibility verification system. And it allows employers to voluntarily
check their current workforce if done in a non-discriminatory manner.
Furthermore, the Legal Workforce Act gives USCIS additional tools to help prevent identity theft. For example, the bill allows individuals to lock their own Social
Security Number so that it cannot be used by imposters to verify work eligibility.
The legislation also allows parents to lock the Social Security Number of their minor
child to prevent identity theft. And if a Social Security Number shows unusual multiple uses, the Social Security Administration locks the number for employment
verification purposes and notifies the owner that their personal information may be
compromised.
Studies by Westat on error rates and the cost of E-Verify have been mentioned
at prior hearings. That study utilized old data and failed to address the provisions
aimed at preventing identity theft that I mentioned above and which are in the bill
today. In regard to cost, this subcommittee heard testimony earlier this year that
discredited the study because it amplifies hire numbers by 25% by counting internal
promotions and transfers. Many of these critics fail to point out that other studies
reveal that three-quarters of employers stated the cost of using E-Verify is zero ($0).
Equally important, the American people support E-Verify. A 2011 Rasmussen poll
found that 82% of likely voters think businesses should be required to use the fed-

7
eral governments E-Verify system to determine if a potential employee is in the
country legally.
Unfortunately, many states do not enforce their own E-Verify laws and others
only apply E-Verify in a very limited way. The Legal Workforce Act will help ensure
that employers from every state are on equal footing when it comes to hiring employees.
This bill is a common sense approach to deterring illegal workers that could open
up millions of jobs for unemployed Americans.

[The prepared statement of Ms. Lofgren follows]:

Prepared Statement of the Honorable Zoe Lofgren, a Representative in
Congress from the State of California, and Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security
Few issues have received as much attention before this Subcommittee in recent
years as E-Verify. Last Congress we held three hearings on the electronic employment eligibility verification system and the Committee marked up the Legal Workforce Act. In this Congress we have already held one hearing on E-Verify and will
today examine Rep. Smiths new version of the Legal Workforce Act.
At the outset, let me note that the version of the bill we are considering today
contains several improvements over the version offered in the last Congress and I
want to recognize the bills sponsor for responding to some of the concerns raised
at that time.
For instance, when we marked up the Legal Workforce Act in the 112th Congress,
the bill exempted returning seasonal farmworkers from having to be verified upon
hire. This giant loophole came under attack from all sides. From the right, it was
attacked as amnesty and from the left it was attacked as an admission that E-Verify
alone would destroy our agricultural industry and the millions of jobs held by U.S.
workers that are supported by that industry. The Committee struck this provision
from the bill during markup and I am glad to see it is omitted from this version.
The bill in the last Congress also created new criminal penalties for unlawful conduct that were both excessive and wasteful. In addition to imposing multiple mandatory minimum prison terms, the bill made it a felony punishable by up to 15
years in prison for a person to use a social security number that did not belong to
him or her during the employment verification process. Although this version of the
bill still creates one mandatory minimum prison term, it contains a number of improvements to the criminal provisions pertaining to fraud and misuse of documents.
Finally, this version contains some changes designed to make E-Verify a bit less
workable for the Social Security Administration, which obviously serves a number
of other critically important function.
Having said that, todays bill still contains several of the greatest flaws of the bill
we considered in the last Congress.
It continues to provide no meaningful due process protections for authorized workersincluding U.S. citizenswho lose their jobs because of erroneous final non-confirmations. The idea that Americans and authorized immigrants will lose their jobs
as a result of this bill is not simply theoretical. Although we know that the government continues to work hard to reduce error rates in E-Verify, errors absolutely still
exist. Under this bill, people would lose their jobs and become effectively unemployable for an indeterminate length of time because of such government errors and
they would have no meaningful recourse.
The bill also provides no penalties at all for employers who violate the requirement that they inform an employee about a tentative nonconfirmation and give that
employee an opportunity to contest the TNC. The absence of any consequences renders the notice requirement completely toothless.
But let me take a step back, because although I welcome the opportunity to discuss how to design an effective and fair E-Verify system, I believe it is clear that
we can only do that together with other necessary reforms to our broken immigration system. We could design the best E-Verify system imaginablea system that

8
is easy to use, 100% accurate, and available at virtually no cost to big and small
businesses alike. But if we imposed that system nationwide and did nothing to fix
our broken immigration system the consequences would be disastrous.
I will not belabor the point, because the issues are already so familiar to Members
of this Subcommittee and we have witnesses who are prepared to testify. I will say
simply that without top-to-bottom reform of our immigration laws, expanding EVerify would devastate the agricultural economy, resulting in closed farms, a lesssecure America, and the mass off-shoring of millions and millions of U.S. jobs, including all of the upstream and downstream jobs that are created and supported
by our agriculture industry.
Expanding E-Verify without more would also cost the government significant tax
revenues. In 2008, the Congressional Budget Office and the Joint Committee on
Taxation concluded that mandatory E-Verify in Rep. Heath Shulers SAVE Act
would decrease federal revenues by $17.3 billion over a 10-year period. Those offices
determined that expanding E-Verify to an economy with a significant undocumented
workforce would drive employers and workers off-the-books and into the underground economy.
The end result would be lost tax revenues and depressed wages and working conditions for all workers, including U.S. workers.
I believe firmly that E-Verify must play an important role in helping to fix our
immigration system, so I appreciate the proposal by Rep. Smith and I thank Chairman Goodlatte and Chairman Gowdy for the opportunity to discuss this today.
I look forward to the testimony of the witnesses.

[The prepared statement of Mr. Conyers follows:]

Prepared Statement of the Honorable John Conyers, Jr., a Representative
in Congress from the State of Michigan, and Ranking Member, Committee on the Judiciary
At the Judiciary Committees first hearing in this Congress, we discussed opportunities for legal immigration as well as enforcement of the law against undocumented
immigrants. It became clear early on that pretty much everyone on the Committee
agreed that our immigration system is broken.
So what can we do to fix it? For years, some people have argued that we only
need to enforce the laws that are on the books. Last Congress, we spent more time
talking only about expanding E-Verifythree hearings and a Committee markup
than we spent on any other topic. Already in this Congress we have held one hearing on E-Verify, so todays hearing makes it two.
Based on everything I have heard, I am hopeful that we have begun to turn the
corner. I believe there is genuine interest in Congress from Members on both sides
of the aisle to help us achieve a real solution to our broken immigration system and
I look forward to working with Chairman Goodlatte and Chairman Gowdy to get
the job done.
So what does a real solution look like? For starters, it means we cannot return
to proposals that rely solely upon enforcement of our broken system. Let me be
clear. No one argues that we should stop enforcing our immigration laws. But enforcement without reform will promote a race to the bottom that only hurts the
American worker. If we fix our broken immigration system, however, we can help
American workers and grow our economy.
That is why everyone right now is focused on the Senate Judiciary Committees
markup of S. 744, the Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration
Modernization Act. And that is why everyone is encouraged by the ongoing efforts
by Members on both sides of the aisle to forge an agreement on an immigration reform bill in the House.
That is why the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and the AFLCIO were able to come
together to forge an historic agreement regarding a future temporary guestworker
proposal.

9
That is why all of the major agricultural producersincluding the American Farm
Bureauand the United Farmworkers joined together to back changes to our agricultural guestworker programs.
So I agree that we must talk about E-Verify, because it will be an important component of Comprehensive Immigration Reform. But when we do so we need to recognize the dangers that American workers would face if we were to make E-Verify
mandatory for all employers without also fixing our immigration system.
I think it is important whenever we talk about E-Verify to talk about the real
world. Sometimes we hear people say that E-Verify will help American workers because every time an undocumented immigrant is denied a job, an unemployed
American can get hired. That is a pretty simple proposition and I see how appealing
it is.
The problem, of course, is that it is completely false. Immigrants often fill critical
gaps in our own workforce. Even in this difficult economy, there are entire industries that rely upon undocumented immigrants because there just are not enough
Americans willing to do the work.
Just look at how mandatory E-Verify would affect agriculture. 50 to 75% of farm
workers are undocumented. Losing those workers would be devastating. Fruits and
vegetables would rot in the fields and American farms would go under. And we
would see a mass off-shoring of jobs, including the millions of upstream and downstream American jobs supported by agriculture.
One witness testified at a hearing earlier this year that some farms could survive
by shifting to different crops. Crops that are not as labor-intensive. But my friend
Mr. Darryl Issa explained the problems with that answer.
The majority of all lettuce in this country apparently comes from one county in
California. Lettuce farmers may well be able to find a different crop to grow, but
lets be clear about what that means. Virtually all of our lettuce from now will be
imported from another country. The same is true for tomatoes, flowers, strawberries. The list goes on and on.
I look forward to hearing from our witnesses, because we need to understand the
strengths and weaknesses of Rep. Smiths legislative proposal. But in doing so, I
hope they each take some time to talk about whether they think it would be a good
or a bad thing for America and American workers if Congress made E-Verify mandatory nationwide without simultaneously fixing our broken immigration system.

Mr. GOWDY. We have a distinguished panel of witnesses for

which we are all grateful. I will begin by swearing you in, and then
I will introduce you en bloc, and then we will recognize each of you
for your 5-minute opening statement.
If you would please stand.
[Witnesses sworn.]
Mr. GOWDY. Let the record reflect all witnesses answered in the
affirmative. You may be seated.
It is my pleasure to begin by introducing Mr. Angelo Amador.
Mr. Amador is vice president of labor and workforce policy with the
National Restaurant Association. He advocates on behalf of the National Restaurant Association and its members before the U.S.
Congress and the executive branch. Prior to joining the NRA, Mr.
Amador served as the executive director in labor, immigration, employment benefits division of U.S. Chamber of Commerce, and was
an adjunct professor of law at George Mason University School of
Law. He is a graduate Robert H. Smith School of Business at the
University of Maryland and obtained a master of arts in international transactions from George Mason University. He earned
his J.D. From George Mason University School of Law, graduating
cum laude.

10
Welcome, Mr. Amador.
Ms. Jill Blitstein is testifying today on behalf of the College and
University Professional Association for Human Resources. She is
currently the international employment manager at North Carolina
State University. Her current position involves assisting departments, faculty, and staff with immigration and visa issues, and
overseeing the employment eligibility verification process and compliance procedures at NC State University.
Prior to joining NC State, she was a senior associate at the Chicago office of Fragomen, Del Rey, Bernsen & Loewyand I apologize to your former partners if I messed that up, I am sure I did
from 1997 to 2007. Ms. Blitstein received her law degree from
DePaul University College of Law in 1995. I would also like to note
that she is a constituent of one of our Subcommittees Members,
the former distinguished U.S. attorney from whichever district that
is in North Carolina, Mr. George Holding. Welcome, Ms. Blitstein.
Julie Myers Wood is president of compliance, Federal practice
and software solutions at Guidepost Solutions, LLC, an immigration investigation and compliance firm. She served as the Assistant
Secretary of DHS Immigration and Customs Enforcement for nearly 3 years. Under her leadership the agency set new enforcement
records with respect to immigration enforcement, export enforcement, and intellectual property rights. She earned a bachelors degree and, along with Brittney Griner, is probably the most famous
graduate of Baylor University that I can think of; and earned a
J.D. Cum laude from Cornell Law School. Welcome, Ms. Wood.
Mr. Dominick Mondi is executive director of the New Jersey
Nursery and Landscaping Association, a trade group representing
horticulture industry in the State. Prior to joining the staff, he
served on the board of directors of the organization, first of all
working for a landscape design/build contractor, Doerler Landscapes, and later while running his own landscape design firm,
Mondi Designs. Mr. Mondi serves on the advisory council for landscape industry program at Rutgers University, where he also graduated with a degree in landscape architecture.
I will, now that I have hopefully sufficiently introduced all of
you, ask you to indulge me while I recognize our Chairman for his
opening statement, and then I promise we will go to you for your
opening statement.
The gentleman from Virginia, the Chairman of the Judiciary
Committee, Mr. Goodlatte.
Mr. GOODLATTE. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I apologize for being
late, and I do have a great interest in this issue and the hearing
and our witnesses, so I apologize to them, but I did want to give
my opening statement.
I want to thank you and Congressman Smith for your hard work
on this legislation.
The future of immigration reform hinges on assuring the American people that our immigration laws will be enforced. In the past
Americans were promised tougher enforcement in exchange for the
legalization of those unlawfully in the U.S. Succeeding Administrations never kept these promises, and today we are left with a broken immigration system.

11
One way to make sure we discourage illegal immigration in the
future is to prevent unlawful immigrants from getting jobs in the
U.S. Requiring the use of E-Verify by all employers across the
country will help do just that. The Web-based program is a reliable
and fast way for employers to electronically check the work eligibility of newly hired employees. H.R. 1772, the Legal Workforce
Act, builds on E-verifys success and helps ensure the strong enforcement that was promised to the American people many years
ago.
The Legal Workforce Act doesnt simply leave enforcement up to
the Federal Government; in fact, it actually empowers States to
help enforce the law, ensuring that we dont continue the enforcement mistakes of the past where a President can turn off Federal
enforcement efforts unilaterally.
Over 450,000 employers are currently signed up to use E-Verify.
It is easy for employers to use and is effective. In fact, as USCIS
testified in front of this Committee this past February, E-Verifys
accuracy rate for confirmation of work eligibility is 99.7 percent.
But the system is not perfect. For instance, in cases of identity
theft, when an individual submits stolen identity documents and
information, E-Verify may confirm the work eligibility of that individual. This happens because E-Verify uses a Social Security number or alien identification number and certain other corresponding
identifying information, such as the name and date of birth of an
individual, to determine if the Social Security number or alien
identification number associated with that corresponding information is work eligible. Thus, if an individual uses a stolen Social Security number, and the real name corresponding with that Social
Security number, a false positive could occur.
The Legal Workforce Act addresses identity theft in several
ways. First, it requires notification to employees who submit for EVerify a Social Security number that shows a pattern of unusual
multiple use so the rightful owner of the Social Security number
will know that their Social Security number may have been compromised, and once they confirm this, the Department of Homeland
Security and the Social Security Administration must lock that Social Security number so no one else can use it for employment-eligibility purposes.
The bill also creates a program through which parents or legal
guardians can lock the Social Security numbers of their minor children for work-eligibility purposes. This is to combat the rise in the
number of thefts of childrens identities.
But there are other changes that should also be made. For instance, in order to help prevent identity theft, the USCIS created
and utilizes the photo match tool in which photos from green cards,
work authorization documents and passports can be seen during
the use of E-Verify in order to help ensure that the person submitting the identity document is, in fact, the person who owns that
document. But I recently learned that USCIS materials regarding
the use of E-Verify specifically state that a photo displayed in EVerify should be compared with the photo in the document that the
employee has presented and not with the face of the employee.
What good is the photo match tool to prevent identity theft if the
employer is prohibited from matching the photos to the person sub-

12
mitting the identity document? This policy is ludicrous, and we will
look to address it as this legislation moves forward.
The bill also phases in E-Verify use in 6-month increments beginning with the largest U.S. businesses, raises penalties for employers who dont use E-Verify according to the requirements, allows employers to use E-Verify prior to the date they hired an employee, and provides meaningful safe harbors for employers who
use the system in good faith.
H.R. 1772 balances the needs of the American people regarding
immigration enforcement with the needs of the business community regarding a fair and workable electronic employment
verification system.
I want to continue to work with the business community and
other stakeholders to address any additional concerns with the bill.
And I am pleased to be an original cosponsor and look forward to
the testimony of the witnesses today.
Again, thank you, Mr. Chairman, thank you former Chairman
Smith and all who have worked on this legislation, and I yield back
the balance of my time.
Mr. GOWDY. I thank the gentlemen from Virginia.
Each of our witnesses written statements will be entered into
the record in its entirety, so I would therefore ask that you summarize your statement within 5 minutes so we can have the benefit
of the answers to your questions as well in a timely fashion. To
help you stay within that 5-minute time parameter, there is a
lighting system in front of you, and the lights mean what they traditionally mean in life: Green is go, yellow means you have a
minute left, and red means if you could conclude your thought with
all deliberate speed, that would be wonderful.
So with that we would welcome all of you again, and, Mr.
Amador, we will start with you for your opening statement.
TESTIMONY OF ANGELO I. AMADOR, SR., VICE PRESIDENT,
LABOR AND WORKFORCE POLICY, NATIONAL RESTAURANT
ASSOCIATION

Mr. AMADOR. Thank you. My opening statement, I have prepared

oral remarks, but after listening to all of you, I am going to try to
take less than my 5 minutes and just address a couple of things.
For over a decade, you know, I have been working with your
staff, and with then-Chairman Jackson Lee, and Chairman Smith,
Chairman Sensenbrenner, Nolan Rappaport, who was the staffer.
George Fishman would remember all these people. A lot of staffers
have changed. But we have all worked on an unemployment
verification title. So the question, there is really only one issue.
I also want to, before I begin, say that I am honored to be here
before Mr. Pierluisi, who may not remember me, but I started my
career in D.C. working indirectly under him in his days as attorney
general, so it is an honor to be here.
I will use my time instead to say that the only question that
seems to be before the Committee and before Congress is whether
we should consider an employment verification system being made
mandatory by itself, or should it be considered as part of a comprehensive immigration reform package?

13
When I look at it, you know, and we support pieces of immigration because what we want is our immigration system to be fixed.
So just like we supported DACA, which is the Deferred Action for
Childhood Arrivals, we support the Legal Workforce Act. And the
reason is that in the over decade that I have been working on programs and unemployment verification, with staffers on both sides
and with chairmanships from both parties, this is by far the best
employment verification mandate that I have seen from the days
of the Daschle-Hagel bill in the Senate to the Gang of 8 now.
So what I would say to the Committee, and that is if you dont
take anything from the my written testimony and by the testimony
of others, is that it is upon you to look at employment verification
title and see if you can improve it. And I think that by viewing it
by itself, we have had the benefit to be able to negotiate and to
look at different pieces without the disruption of talking about a
guestworker program, which is also very complicated legalization
and all the pieces. But it is imperative that we look at the employment verification title by itself.
And again, the only point I want to make is that from all the
bills that I have been able to submit comments and analyze, the
Legal Workforce Act is not perfect, but I have not seen any perfect
law yet, but is by far the best employment verification mandate. It
is simple; it makes accommodations for small businesses, which is
something that we have been asking for for years; and it creates
one set of rules that would be across the Nation for all employers.
And even though, you know, we talk about 11 million on legalization as one important piece, I would say that this is just as important. This would affect 6 million employers, and this would affect
how 160 million people get verified to get work authorizations. So
it is very, very important that these pieces get right, and, in our
opinion, this is the best starting point moving forward.
Thank you very much.
Mr. GOWDY. Thank you, Mr. Amador.
[The prepared statement of Mr. Amador follows:]

14

NATIONAL

RESTAURANT
ASSOCIATION
Statement
On behalf of the
National Restaurant Association

ON :

H.R. [772, THE LEGAL WORKFORCE ACT

To:

U .S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JUDICIARY SUBCOMM ITTEE ON

IMMIG RATION AN D BORDER SECURllY

By:

ANGELO L AMADOR, ESQ.

V ICE PRESIDENT. LABOR & WORKFORCE POLlCY

DATE: MAY 16,20 13

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15
Statement on: "H.R. 1772, The Legal Workforce Act"
By: Angelo T. Amador
On Behalf of the National Restaurant Association
House Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security
2141 Rayburn House Office Building
May 16, 2013

Good Morning Chairman Gowdy, Ranking Member Lofgren, and distinguished members
of the Subcommittee. My name is Angelo Amador and 1 am the Vice President for Labor
and Workforce Policy at the National Restaurant Association.
Thank you for allowing me the opportunity to testify today on behalf of the National
Restaurant Association on the Legal Workforce Act, which would create a national EVerify mandate.
Our Association is the leading business representative for the restaurant and food service
industry. The industry is comprised of998,000 restaurant and foodservice outlets
employing 13.1 million people-about ten percent of the u.S. workforce. Restaurants
are job creators and the nation's second-largest private-sector employer. Despite its size,
small businesses dominate the industry; even larger chains are often collections of
smaller franchised businesses.
For years, the National Restaurant Association has provided input on the best ways to
improve the E-Verify program. After reviewing H.R. 1772, the "Legal Workforce Act,"
we were pleased to see that our concerns are being taken seriously, while so many other
attempts to move forward without careful consideration of the impact of such a mandate
on employers could have devastating effects.
As you may know, many of our members and their suppliers have been early adopters of
the voluntary E-Verify program-some owners have been requiring the use of E-Verify
by their operations as early as 2006. The National Restaurant Association is also a user
of E-Veri fy. Our members that use the program, and the head of Human Resources at the
National Restaurant Association, have found E-Verify to be both cost effective and fast in
helping guarantee a legally authorized workforce.
For businesses across the country, particularly small businesses, it is imperative that any
mandated E-Verify program be successful, eHicient, and cost-efTective within their own
administrative structure. A federal E-Verify mandate would have an impact on the dayto-day activities, obligations, responsibilities, and exposure to liability of all restaurants,
regardless of size.
To be clear, the Association believes that designing an employment authorization
verification system is indeed, unequivocally, a federal role. Actions by 50 different states
and numerous local governments in passing employment verification laws create an
untenable system for employers and their prospective employees.

Page 2

16
1 would like to outline some improvements that the federal E-Verify program should have
to gain broad support within our industry and compare those potential improvements to
the version of the Legal Workforce Act we were able to review. Before addressing the
specifics, I would like to highlight a recently released National Restaurant
Association/lmmigrationWorks USA survey on E-Verify with first-hand accounts on
why employers use or do not use the program. Respondents included restaurant owners
and operators, non-restaurant foodservice operators and supply chain professionals.
E-VERIFY SURVEY RESULTS

The survey yielded over 789 responses from a wide range of members in our industry. It
is attached to my testimony, so it can become part of the record. Among all restaurant
owners and operators, 23 percent told surveyors they currently use E-Verify to check the
immigration status of new hires. Among corporate-owned restaurants, a full 49 percent
are enrolled in the system.
Of those using the program, it is significant that eighty percent of restaurant operators
who use E-Verify would recommend it to a colleague. Two-thirds of the responding
restaurant operators who use E-Verify enrolled voluntarily. Twenty-seven percent
enrolled because it is mandated in states where they do business and 2 percent use EVerify because they do business with the federal government.
Of those not using the program, sixty-two percent of the restaurant operators who are not
using E-Verify said they did not enroll because they are small companies with no Human
Resources professionals. This is why we are calling on changes as part of a broad
national mandate that simplifies the current two-step E-Verify process and the need for
internet access and a computer.
Finally, the vast maj ority of restaurant operators that use E-Verify said the system is
accurate. Seventy-nine percent of restaurant operators said the E-Verify system has been
100 percent accurate, as far as they know. Across each of the demographic categories, a
solid maj ority of restaurant operators said the E-Verify system has been 100 percent
accurate, to the best of their knowledge, but we understand there will be errors and we
need ways to deal with them.
A WORD OF CAUTION

Back in 1986, businesses supported the first employer-run employment authorization

verifIcation system, which is what we have now. Some argue that the current "1-9"
mandatory employment verification program was supported by business because
employers wanted to have a tool to find out who was an unauthorized worker and use that
information to force those workers to work longer hours and in poorer conditions. This is
nonsensical given that most undocumented workers were legalized in the same legislation
that created the current mandatory employment verification system.

Page 3

17
1 have seen similar arguments raised against our continued support for an improved
federally-mandated E-Verify system. The truth is that employers are willing to do their
part to address this controversial issue, as long as the system is fair and workable.
THERE SHOULD BE ONE LAW OF THE LAND

The current federal employment verification system is clearly in need of an overhaul.

Out of frustration, states and localities have responded to the lack of action at the federal
level with a patchwork of employment verification laws.
This new patchwork of immigration enforcement laws expose employers, who must deal
with a broken legal structure, to unfair liability and the burden of numerous state and
local laws. A new federal E-Verify mandate must address this issue specificall y, so
employers will know with certainty what their responsibilities are under employment
verification laws regardless of where they are located.
Under the Legal Workforce Act, as we understand it, states and localities are preempted
from legislating different requirements or imposing additional penalties, but they may
enforce the federal law and revoke a business license for failure to participate in the
program, as required under federal law. While we might prefer blanket preemption, we
understand the need to reach a balance.
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR SMALL BlJSINESSES MlJST BE MADE

Smaller employers do not have universal access to high speed internet connections, are
less likely to have Human Resources or Legal staff, and, in our industry, management
does not work at a desk or behind a computer all day. In fact, even some well-known
restaurant brands are composed of a collection of small franchisees that mayor may not
even have a copier at the restaurant location.
Thus, we are glad to see that the Legal Workforce Act calls for the creation ofa toll-free
telephonic option for doing E-Verify inquiries and allows, but does not mandate, the
copying of additional documents. Unlike the current E- Verify, the mandate found in the
Legal Workforce Act would permit a small restaurant to start using the program without
the need to buy any new equipment or signing up for high-speed internet access.
ENFORCEMENT PROVISIONS MUST BE FAIR

Full and fair enforcement of an improved E-Verify system should protect employers
acting in good faith Businesses are overregulated and piling on fines and other penalties
for even small paperwork errors is not the answer. The Legal Workforce Act states that
an employer cannot be held liable for good-faith reliance on information provided
through the E-Verify system.
Under the Legal Worldorce Act, as we understand it, employers would also be given at
least 30 days to rectify errors. While the language in the legislation in this area may need

Page 4

18
some further clarification, it is certainly a step in the right direction. Any opportunity to
rectify errors would protect employers that are doing their very best to comply in good
faith with the myriad offederal regulations from unnecessary litigation.
NO EXEMPTIONS, BUT A REASONABLE ROLL-OUT OF E-VERIFY IS
ENCOURAGED
To maintain an equal playing field, the Association believes an E-Verify mandate should
be applicable to all employers in our industry. However, we understand that small
businesses may need more time to adapt. Thus, we are encouraged by the Legal
Workforce Act tiered approach for rolling out E-Verify, starting with employers having
more than 10,000 employees.
We continue to welcome the provision that allows the Secretary of Homeland Security
the ability to extend each deadline by six months. However, even more important, the
program needs adequate resources, both with regard to funding and staffing, if it is to
increase from less than 300,000 enrolled employers to over six million in two years. The
Association's current users have integrated E-Verify into their hiring practices and
disruption because the system is overwhelmed would interrupt their operations in a
critical manner.
VERIFICATION OF POTENTIAL HIRES
There is a good tool that employers should be allowed to use that is unavailable under the
current E- Verify framework. Currently, employers are not allowed to pre-verify, prior to
hire. In other words, while an employer can check references, conduct drug tests, and
background checks, before an individual is officially hired, the work authorization does
not take place until the employee is officially on the books.
Employers should be given authority to check work authorization status as early as
possible and allow the employee to start working with the government to fix any
discrepancies before they show up for their first day of work. Thus, we support the
provision that allows verification when an offer of employment is extended and making
that offer conditioned on final verification of the identity and employment eligibility of
the employee.
A few years ago, a restaurant owner from Arizona testified that in over fourteen percent
(14%) of their queries, the initial response was something other than "employment
authorized." When the initial response from E-Verify is something other than
"employment authorized," and the employee has already been hired as mandated in
current law, there are additional costs to the employer. Federal law requires that the
employer continue to treat the employee as fully authorized to work during the time that
the tentative nonconiinnation is being contested.

Page 5

19
This means the employer cannot suspend the employee or even limit the hours or the
training for the employee. Someone must monitor any unresolved E-Verify queries on a
daily basis to make sure that employee responses are being made in a timely manner.
Under current regulations, if an employee contests the tentative nonconfirmation, but
does not return with a referral letter, the employer must re-check that employee's work
authorization after the tenth federal work day from the date that the referral letter was
issued.
Some restaurants are fortunate to have the staff to deal with these issues and allow for
redundancy and backup. For smaller operations that do not have that luxury, the burdens
are greater.
VOLUNTARY REVERIFICATION SHOULD BE ALLOWED
The Association supports the inclusion of a strictly voluntary reverifIcation provision, but
objects to mandatory reverification provisions of the entire workforce. While some small
size restaurants may not mind reverifying their workforce, all large-size operationseven those currently using E- Verify-that have contacted the Association list a
mandatory reverification requirement as their number one concern.
For the industry's workforce, a restaurant is an employer of choice because they can take
advantage of the flexible scheduling we offer, work only during school breaks or move
between employers often. The nature of the restaurant business is such that it produces a
great amount of movement of the workforce below management level, meaning that a
mandatory requirement, in addition to being expensive, would also be redundant.
One of the Association's foremost concerns is to ensure that any new E-Verify mandate
does not become too costly or burdensome for our members. Existing employees have
already been verified under the applicable legal procedures in place when they were
hired.
For those same reasons, the Association continues to oppose not allowing verification of
only some workers for good cause. Triggering a reverification requirement for the entire
workforce because one employee is reverified, as it currently appears in H.R. 1772,
would discourage any reverification because of the cost and time required to conduct
such an undertaking. Furthermore, it creates potential liability for a well-meaning
employer trying to make sure that his workforce is legally authorized to work, ifhe
reverifies workers with good reason, but still fails to reverify "all individuals so
employed."
ROLE OF BIOMETRIC DOCUMENTS IN E-VERIFY
One of the main flaws in the current E- Verify system is the uncomplicated manner
through which an undocumented alien can fool the system through the use of someone
else's documents. The issues of document fraud and identity theft are exacerbated

Page 6

20
because of the lack of reliable and secure documents acceptable under the current EVerify system.
Documents should be re-tooled and limited so as to provide employers with a clear and
functional way to verify that they are accurate and relate to the prospective employee.
There are two ways by which this can be done, either by issuing a new tamper and
counterfeit resistant work authorization card or by limiting the number of acceptable
work authorization documents to, for example, social security cards, driver's licenses,
passports, and alien registration cards (green cards).
H.R. 1772 follows the latter approach with a voluntary biometric program available to
employers. Also. with fewer acceptable work authorization documents, as is the case
with H.R. 1772, the issue of identity theft is also readily addressed.
AN E-VERIFY CHECK NEEDS TO HAVE AN END DATE

The employer needs to be able to affirmatively rely on the responses to inquiries into the
E- Verify system. Either a response informs the employer that the employee is authorized
and can be hired or retained, or that the employee cannot be hired or must be discharged.
Employers would like to have the tools to determine in real time, or near real time. the
legal status of a prospective employee or applicant to work.
The Association appreciates that, as we understand it, ten days, or twenty under special
circumstances, after the initial inquiry there will be a final response for those that do not
come back as work authorized during the initial inquiry. This will help avoid the costs
and disruption that stems from employers having to employ, train, and pay an applicant
prior to receiving final confinnation regarding the applicant's legal status. Employers
cannot wait months for a final determination of whether they need to terminate an
employee.
LIABILITY STANDARDS AND PENALTIES SHOULD BE PROPORTIONATE

The Association agrees that employers who knowingly employ unauthorized aliens ought
to be prosecuted under the law. The current "knowing" legal standard, also found in the
Legal Workforce Act, for liability is fair and objective and gives employers some degree
of certainty regarding their responsibilities under the law and should. therefore. be
maintained. Lowering this test to a subjective standard would open the process to
different judicial interpretations as to what an employer is expected to do. Presumptions
of guilt without proof of intent are unwarranted.
Penalties should not be inflexible. and we would urge you to incorporate statutory
language that allows enforcement agencies to mitigate penalties based on size of
employer and good faith efforts to comply. rather than tying them to a specific, nonnegotiable. dollar amount.

Page 7

21
THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD ALSO BE HELD ACCOUNTABLE FOR EVERIFY

The Association objects to the expansion of antidiscrimination provisions beyond what is

found in current law. Employers should not be put in a "catch 22" position in which
attempting to abide by one law would lead to liability under another one. However, we
understand that those wrongfully hanned by the system should have some mechanism to
seek relief
Thus, we support the Legal Workforce Act provision to allow those wrongfull y harmed
to seek reliefunder the Federal Torts Claims Act (FTC A). The government must be held
accountable for the proper administration of E-Verify. FTC A provides a fair judicial
review process that would allow workers to seek relief
AN E-VERIFY MANDATJi: SHOlJLD NOT MEAN ADDITIONAL COSTS FOR
EMPLOYERS

The federal government will need adequate funding to maintain and implement an
expansion of E-Verify. The cost should not be passed on to the employer with fees for
inquiries or through other mechanisms. Additionally, there should not be a mandatory
document retention requirement, other than the form where employers record the
authorization code for the employees they hire. Keeping copies of ot1icial documents in
someone's desk drawer increases the likelihood of identity theft
The Association supports the Legal Workforce Act provision that keeps the requirements
as in current law, where an employer does not need to keep copies of driver licenses,
social security cards, birth certificates, or any other document shown to prove work
authorization. The fact that the infonnation in these documents will now be run through
the E-Verify program makes the need for making copies of these documents unnecessary.
AN EXPANSION OF E-VJi:RIFY SHOlJLD NOT SERVE AS A BACK DOOR TO
EXPAND EMPLOYMENT LAWS

The new system needs to be implemented with full acknowledgment that employers
already have to comply with a variety of employment laws. Thus, verifying employment
authorization, not expansion of employment protections, should be the sole emphasis of
an E-Verify mandate.
In this regard, it should be emphasized that there are already existing laws that govern
wage requirements, pensions, health benefits, the interactions between employers and
unions, safety and health requirements, hiring and firing practices, and discrimination
statutes.

The Code of Federal Regulations relating to employment laws alone covers over 5,000
pages of fine print And, of course, formal regulations, often unintelligible to the small
business employer, are just the tip of the iceberg. Thousands of court cases provide an

Page 8

22
interpretive overlay to the statutory and regulatory law, and complex treatises provide
their own nuances.
The Association is encouraged by the Legal Workforce Act's emphasis on keeping it
simple-a workable, national E-Verify system, nothing more, nothing less.
PARTICIPATION LOOPHOLES IN THE SYSTEM SHOlJLD BE CLOSED

Part of a government effort to roll out E- Verify to all employers should be closing
loopholes for unauthorized workers to get into the employment system. The Association
is glad that the Legal Workforce Act, as we understand it, requires state workforce
agencies and labor union hiring halls to clear through E-Verify all workers whom they
refer to employers.
For employers who receive workers through any of these venues, finding out that the
worker is unauthorized after they are on the jobsite creates additional problems in
addition to having to go find another worker. For example, with regard to hiring halls, it
may also create problems with the labor union, depending on contract requirements. If
any of these venues are going to refer workers to employers, they should ensure that
those workers are work authorized before they do so.

LEGALIZATION AND LEGAL IMMIGRATION WILL STILL BE NEEDED

Finally, while this hearing is on employment verification, we must not forget that other
pieces of our immigration system are also broken. We are committed to working with
you on the difficult task of fixing our nation's broken immigration laws over the long
haul, which needs to include legalization of a significant portion of the undocumented
workforce.
We must also not forget that foreign born workers are an essential part of the restaurant
industry's strength-complementing, not substituting, our American workforce. In
general, historical immigration policies have brought vigor to the u.s economy, as
immigration creates growth and prosperity for the country as a whole.
Historically, teenagers and young adults made up the bulk of the restaurant industry
workforce, as nearly half of all restaurant industry employees were under the age of
25. Over the last several decades, this key labor pool steadily declined as a proportion of
the total labor force. According to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the 16- to
24-year-old age group represented 24 percent of the total U.S. labor force in 1978, its
highest level on record. However, by 2008, 16-to-24-year-olds represented only 14
percent of the labor force, and is projected to shrink to only 13 percent by 2018.
The predictions in demographic shifts tell us that we will also need to create a legal
channel for employers in the service sectors, such as restaurants, to bring other than
seasonal workers in a legal and orderly fashion. History tells us that when our economy
picks up again, we will need those workers.

Page 9

23

TN SUMMARY, THE LEGAL WORKFORCE ACT SHOWS THAT THERE IS

LEADERSHIP IN WASHINGTON
It would have been easy to ignore the real concerns of the business community with a
national E-Verify mandate and simply pass a law requiring its use. It is harder to pass a
responsible E-Verify mandate that accommodates the different needs of the close to eight
million employers in the U.S, which are extremely different in both size and levels of
sophistication.
In the National Restaurant Association's opinion, notwithstanding the few changes and
clarifications needed, the Legal Workforce Act reaches the right balance-a broad federal
E-Verify mandate that is both fast and workable for businesses of every size under
practical real world working conditions. Without the assurances and improvements to the
E-Verify system found in the Legal Workforce Act, it should not be imposed on
businesses.
1 want to thank you for seeking our input and urge you to continue to engage the business
community to create a workable E- Verify program for all employers, regardless of
location, that accommodates their different needs. The National Restaurant Association
stands ready to continue assisting in the process of tweaking and, then, moving the Legal
Workforce Act forward.
Thank you again for this opportunity to share the views of the Association, and I look
forward to your questions.

Page 10

24
ATTACHMENT

---1

NATIONAL

RESTAURANT

..

ImmlgratlonWorks

ASSOCIATION.

2012 E-Verify Survey

Surmnary of Results

Apri l 20 [3

~SA

25
Table of Contents

ExeeUlive Summary ..

.2
, , , , , ,.3

Introduction ..

E Verify Usage ......................................... ,"""""""""

"""""""""""""'""""""""""""" .4

Number nfYears Usiny Yerify ...

.. .. "".5

Reasons for Enrolling in E-Yerify _

Changes 10 Hiril1~ Procedllfes

.6

""

, """""""""""""""""""""""'" """""",,, 7

AccuracyofE-YerifySyS!ml ................... """"""",""""""""""""""""""""'" ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ", 9
Changes in 1'001 of Appliean1~ ................. ..
DitTIcull FealUrcs or

Burd~nso",c

RequirementsufE-Ycrify

.10

"

WQIlld you recommend E-Vcrify 10 8 colleague? .".

Reasons for Not Enrolling in E- Verify .,

"

21112 ENcrif) SU/\C)

26
E.o.ecutivc Sum mary
In (kLooer 20 12. Ihe Nalional R~LauranL Association and Itttmi.o;raLionWorks USA conducted a
6urvey 011 E- Veri fy RespOIldems included reSlauram owners and Oper.llon. nonreslauronl
food5crvice operators and supply chRin professionals The online su",'e~ fielded 739 re5JlO116e!;
Here arc SOIllC kc~ flodings.
[-Verify US"g~. AmOllg all rest3Ul1ml owners 3ud operators, 2J percetn told surveyors thl')'
cllrrentl y use E-Verify to checr.: the immigration status of new hires Among CQrpoI1Ite-owned
restnUl1mts. a fu1i 49 per,ent are enroll ed in thesystettt
Most "'(lulll recommen d it. Eighty percent of re~taurnnt opera ton who u,e EVerify woo ld
recommend it 10 II colleague.
Ruso ns for enrlllliug. Two-thirds of tht'cresponding re$taUI1lIl1 opcrato(j; who u~e E_Verify
enroll ed volu nl aril y Twemyseven percent enrolled bee,luSe;t i~ mandatc-cl in Sl ~tes "here Ihey
do bll.Si neM. And 2 percent use E-Veri f~ be.:lIIuse thl!}' do bu,iness with the federal gD'Vem mel1\
Reaso lJ~ for lIot ruro ll ing. Si:.;ty. rwo percent of the restaurant operator.; who are nOi using
E.Vcrify said Ihey didn 't enroll because they arc smoll compa nies lI'ith no HR profcS!;;onals.

Accuracy. Se\"Cfltynine percent of re6taUrant o~rntors sai d the E-Vtri fy >y!;cem hHd been 100
percent 8CClIllIle
Chll ngtS to hiri ng protcd " rc~. Most of the resmurant o~rator;. who lise E-Verify ~id the
proglllm didn't CIIuse major changes 10 cheir hirin.g or mher procedures . SCIentythree percent
sai d th~y made on ly minor cnan~ to thei r hiri nS pra<:etIures.
Pool ()f llppl icallt~ . Fiftyfl ve perct:nt of the restaurant ()perators ..... ho use EVerify said tile pool
ofapplicants seeking employmelll in their businesses hasn 't changed since they staned usill!l the
system . Thinyfour per~ent said the pool offtpplicants ha~ changed somewhat And 11 ~rc~tl1
said it ha5 chnnged signiti cllntl y

N:lrNln.,1 RCSL1UrJ nr A..sociaricn

21112 E-Vcrif)

SU,,~

27
hll.rOductioll

This report pres.ents the Findings ofth~ E-Verify Survey, which was lieltle<l in Octoo..r 201'2 _moil)!.
restaumnt owner~ ~nd I!p\'ml0r5, l1on-resl8umnl food,erviceopcr:uofii, Bnd 5upply chain
profcSlIi0!181s. The SUl'\'cy was iicldcd online. and alolal or7S9 responses were received

21112 E-Vcrif)

s o,, ~

28
E_ Verify Uuge
Overnll , 23 percent ofrespcmding r""taUffint operators pid they curremly u~e E_Verify to check
Ihe iOlm.igratioo .status ofthclr n",w hires Sil<ty-one percenl said they dou', usc E Verify
FOrty_nin~ percent of oorpQfale-owned chain reSllOndenl$ SlIid they currenlly use E-Verify, wel\
above Ihe uSIIgcamon& Iheir fJanthisec (14%) and iodepeodenl (ZOO"",) coul1lcrpans

Respondents with large statTs lUI' mllch more likely 10 u~e E.Verify_ Fifty-Ihree percent of
fI.'spOl:ldrnlS wilh 1,000 o r more employees said Ih",) use E_Verify, compared "ilh just IS
perrenl ofreSPQndenls wilh fl'wer Ihan 50 employees.
Respondenls from businesses wilh higher an nual sales volume were also much more likely Ihan
lower volume businesst'S 10 say Ih ey use E Verify.
Opc:r~lors QfrrlJI1-rCSlaurs,,, foodscfVice opeflt\ions (18% ) and individuals from supply
companies (9%) are 1<"$5 likel y than restaUfltnl operalors 10 say Ihcy use E-Vrrify

00 you t urnnl'"

II~ E-V ~rif)'

10 check Ihe

immi gr~tjon
\'~.

n.

An R" ' . Dunlo

I~)'~''''' B'
f'ul~.!l'
ukl;fcnoc"

~ S"A

5ln h.s of yo II. new hires?

. . ".
.
N.

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l~[jn

FrlnchlSCC

1I0>0\0;ne.l CImn

.!:3'u.

;lIllml>crof Em Jl
~ ... ct~
____

So 1119'1
191 1111 .!l!:I
SV(I IC 'J'J-)
LOvoClrIt'lOl'e

,,"
,,.

AOrlu.oJ Sal(> \lOlb .....

I.w IfIIIrr J1 minjoo

Sl million 10 S4 9 m,llion
~ullilllll<) $ q ,rull,,,,,
millio" to S19,~ miUlDII

i,-ii

NII" _R.. ' ~ur""l r ,.,d.....! OJlf",.loou

Sb , ,I ' C hain Com

,
~

""..
~5% ,

s:!(!,lJ,J]'OO'lJtfllO'"

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J 5%

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n%

U%
~.

211 12 ENcrif)

SUl'\'~

29

Oflhe re5pondin~ r"~t8urant operators wh o said they \."U n "ntl)' use E.v~rif)l, they have used it
for 8 media" of2 years
For each demogra phic ~a!<'gory of rt:Stauran!.S listed in (he chari below,

respondent ~

have used

E-Verif), f01 a tnro;S!! of2 or J years

Operatnrs ornon -restaurant foodservic~ operations ha,"e uS('{) E-Veriry for a medial1 of3 yeal'S
while supply charn ~onrp8njes that u,e E-Vcrify have u~d it for a m~-d;~n of J: years

How "'a"y yu n hllVf you bef" " sing the t;-Vf rify prngrllm ?

' '''
o C"

,
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~

2tl t2 ENcrif)

su,,"~

30
Kc,,~on!

ro r [ nrollin!: in t:Ver if y

Oflhe responding r"~t8unun operauxs who said lhey <;"\lrreml)' use E.v~rify, 66 percent said
Ihey enrolled volun larily, Twemy-scven percem said lbt:)' wrolk<l bl~ause lJ is mandalcd in
Sillies ",here they do business, while 2 pereent ffirolled because Ihcy do business with the
federal gllvemmenl ,
Full$elVi~eQpo::ralors /72'11.) W~t\l more likely th:1I1 quicksl"f"ice operators (58%) \0 say they
enrolled in E-Verify voluntarily Quickservice operalOfs(35%) were more li~ely Ihan
fullscrvkc opernt~ (21%) to say It is mandated in the siaies where Ih ey ha"e operations

franchisees (41 ~.) were milch more likely than independent operatOrS (27%) ~nd oorpllfaleowned chAin operalors t8.) 10 say Ihty enrolled in E-V erify because il is mandated in states
where theydo business Eig hty-three percent of chain operstor sHid Ihey enrolled vol untarily
Wh )' did n Hl t llfllll in th e E- Verify IIrGgum"

All R" '.ll nonl,

Indllllf')' Sot ..... ,
f.!!~1

OIl1d.. r"Kc

o.. ntOb it' Co,o=or')'

Il>.!.wo>.!S'tt

Francbl5ee

....o...lICd eM ..

C
Nu_

Sl.i109\l

1~(W.I\"~9')
500109'.19

~-

AnQ" . 1 Sal.. Vo"' nl~

L<$iJlMSllmll'9"
~t mIll;"" III~ 9 mill;""

SS mIllioQ II>.Sq~.~
StO n,ilh(l<l 10 $ 19.9 Iud);""
~lOm'lh"" '" roon:
NonRo!u. .. ranl F......,.nje. 0

I~

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orO, ...... ioo

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211 12 ENcrif)

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31
C hn ges to U.irillg "rocetiurn

In general, moSl reStaurant operators that use E_Verify said it did,, ' t cause major changes [0
their hirin~ or (Mhcr rJocedure~ whel' they r'rst st~ned usi"g the progTillH Seventy-three percent
s.,id they only made minor changC$ to their hiring procedl.U"tli, and that;t was not a major
problem
In t(mtrast, only 9 percent of operators s~id il WM mOle disrupt;ve than th")' anticipated. and
thai they had to make txttnsi,'e changes 10 their procedures. Seventet11 percenl said rhey made
r.igoificant changes to their hiring or procedures, bill that was to be e,~pecled
ACrI':>5s-tath ufthe demographic categories. n majority of reStRumnt operatorS thaI use EVerify
!>aid they only made minor changes to their hiring procedures when they first sraned using the
program
T o whal U ltlll di d you D1a kt

ch an gt~

in hirin g or olh t r procedures when yo u fird SI/lr lt>d

using the E \'uifv program!

E,' .. ~'.dI"l'"

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10"""11 ......... ' F.....t ........

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,\ ..... 01

.... di,,,, ,h. n,," ""1Iri

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N:tiNl'\11 RCSl.1UrJnt A>soct.ticn

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7!!o

,.%

7 1%

211 12 ENcrif)

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32

Survey rt'Spondents were given theOjlponuni ty to indude addi tion~1 comments on chat\~s to hiri ng
proccd"roM wben they first st.'l.ned using thc e..Verify progrom. verbatim re~ponsc~ are bcl"w
.>:1<,,,),;1'1.' 1'1""'1:<')'.

/1 " VI$

mOlY rI;I~',pl",'e l/r"" ""';o:iplll<,d.

Fnlstration al the lime it look [0 verify new staff

Slanet! u,in human tCi.01.Jrces sQllware
$;g"iftcmll d""'ge.'I. /JllIllml i."

I"

he exp eI-'le,L

Wcnlto eleclronic 1-9

h was more dit1kult to hire kitchen help.
0 ",), mi",,~ d"'''I:n. It ,,u., ,,'" a m{/jur p~"hI<'''L

Wc grandfalhered the i..~istlng siaN', chose a dale. and implcmenk'Ci E- Verify for aJi new hires
goi ng forward
Had 10 dt'Vciop and ulilite a syslem for faster notification of ncw hires
Not a big deal
We have an HR depanmem who streamlined the
Simply Bdd~tI a fcw cxtn\ slep~ in

lh~

proce~s.

hiring prtXt'ss

21112 E-Vcrif)

so,, ~

33
Acc uracy of .:_Ve rify Sys te11l

The vast majority ofreS1aurnm OpeflltOrs t~at use E_Vl'rify said t~e system is 8C(;Urate. Seventyninc percent of n:513Ullml opcrntOfS said the E-Verify system has bet'" 100 percelll accurate, as
far as they kllOW,
Seventeen pcrCCtJt of restallfllnt OpellllOf'S said there bal'e been some errors io the E-Vcrify
whil e 4 percelll said il hn h>en frequently inaccufll!o!.

sysl~m,

Across each oft~c dl'lT1ographic eatcgorie~. a solid majority of restaurant operators said tlte
E- Verify s)' ~tetn has been 100 Il'CfU'nl accurate. to the best of their ~now!ed~
Do )'o u find the [-Vnify i)'stem is gentrally ftCCurale ?
..... f 1 ~"''''.

tl h......... ,110

_....

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c.

~"

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' n~""'l'S<ttttI<~1

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d ,.... YOC<

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21112 E-Vcrif)

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34
C hngCli in r oot or i\ I'I,lkant~
Fi fly-live percent ofr;,s!aumnt <>peratO~ that u~ E-Verify said tht- pool of applicants seekin!!
employment i" their business has,, 't changed at all since they starJ oo using lhe Sy51~m Thirty_
four percent said ti,e pool of appliC8.nl~ haJ c,hanged somewhat. "hile II percent said it has
changed ~ignificantly.
Restaurant opera.IOIl with larger staffs were much more li~ely to say their pt.>U1 of applicants has
changed since Ihey Started using E- Verify. Roughl y 1 OUI of4 operators with 500 or more
employees !laid Iheir applicant pool has changed signilicantly. comp<tred 1';lh about I oolono
operators w1lh fewer than 100 employeo:s
OpernlOrS of larger restaurallf businesses were much more li~el y Ihan smaller <>peralOrS to say
their labor pool ha~ changed as a result of using E-Verify. Twenty-two percent of openttors Wilh
.sales of$20 million or OlO'C said tbci, applicant pool has chanK~.,j significantl y, while no
operators wi th sales lInder S I million reported similarly.

li as the pool af IIpplieants n d iin g enlplaymenl in yall r businl'5s rha nged sinet }'Oll sla rtl'd
IIsin g Ihe .:-Verir" 5yslen,?
..... ,uf .pptl<"<" "

.....1<lrvptlO" "
h h' ng<'d ,I .'Ikon,t,

... ,b'lII!.I ",,,,,,,.11.,

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SIO .. il...... Iil 119.9 .. UiM

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2tl l2 E-Vcrif)

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35
C h ngCli in I'oot or i\1' 1,lka nu (ton' .)
Survey rt'Spondents wen.' given the opponuni ty 10 include additional
their pool ofllpplica"tli Verbatim responses are hel(lw

comm~nlS

on thechangt'S to

Pool of IIl/l/fin",,,,' II(I~- dum/(ed $IRnijiclmtJ)'.

FeWer applicRnts
Pool ofll"l/licUIII~' hIlI dfll"K~d .'o"I<''''/lfll.

Smallcr pool Of ClIndi<ia tes

FC1.IIcrmi"ority ~pplicams
We Idl applica0l5 that
t.~Sll.:i lchen

[)iffi cult

numb~rs

will be ched~.

help.

Fcat u r~!1

or 8 'll'd ensomr

Rrq "i r~m t'" S

of ..Veri r)

SUIVt:y respondents were a!k.:<.l if there some features of the F...-Verify pro!!:ram thai they find
panicul arly difficult!o U!;e. or i f there 8Te some requiremenlS that they find panicularly
burdensome. Verbatim re!poroscs are below.
Requirement is done in Ihlff days. Can be difficult " 'ilh central oflice aTld weekends aTld
I;CBsonal hirin! .
If sn applicaTlt comcs up non-qualified for work, you must continue to employ Ihem for several
weeks 10 give them lime 10 clear up the problem That's a burdensome COSt of training for which
there is no return ,

You carmOI "Verify cutrent employees (hired prior to inSlilUl ing use of\ he
I don't tike to have to relrain periodical ly and

T~

prugr~m) .

my password every Ihree months

We use a third p~n)' vendor r~lher Ihan direo::dy using lhegovernmen( s .Verify program. It is
much more ,,~r friendly and this way our 1-9 fonlls are entered electronically so we don't ha ve
to worry about etr~

NOlle "hst,oever. It's reliable and no OIle who is rejC<:1ed .'ver claims il to be a misllIke
Someti mes Ihe ystem is down and you do not getsn
Public

respon~e i~

immed;~tc

response

more challenging than l'XpeGted

Gelling se1 up tah-s time - if person docs 1101 fuJly r~d documen ls and instructions - "ill 11 01 be

approved to use.

h can be a challenge wilh illle-malional studenl sla lTbut not insumlOllntable

"

21lt2 E-Vcrif)

Sun'~

36
Woo ld YOIl recommtnd "-:_"C'ri l)' 10 a co ll ragll\,?

EIghty pe,cent of,e$tBurilnt

operstor~

thai ( llfreml y use E- Verify $aid they "ould ,eeommend II

10 a colleague,
A solId majority of,estaurnnt OpCI1lI OfS across eacb oflhe dcO)ognt phic categoril"3 said Ibey
would recommend E-Verify to ~ colle'lgue
Would YOll r ecomme nd [-Ve rify In a co lleagu e?

'""

All R I.un,"!>

""%

'"%

83""

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37

Survey respondents were given the OllPonuni ty to include additional comn1~nts 011whl1heror not
they would recommend E-Verify tn a colleague Vertmim r~nse!; Hre below

Y",,', "'()lIM I1'com",end l::-Veri/ J"" " ""lIeIW"e.

Easy, and eliminate!; !,'Ilessing.
As long as lhey used the vendor we pannered with.
Ok to use.
No other choice; it's a necessity.
1 like Ihe sySl cm with a few exceptions as il ~\'es me piece ormind.
where we have an Employer Sanction Law

~pecially

here in Arizona

It's lh .. right thing to do beclIuse i<.lentity theft is a problem and weshOuld take a stand againSl il
I helieve it should ~ mandaIOf)' in nil 50 ,IlUes.
(>Nlt~I~

U!i in foll owing the law.

Win bean indumy-wi de requirement roon ,

Saf~ty

The ~ySlem will eliminate liability of the business in regards to undoc umemed workers

It"s Rmust to mO\'e toward thing imrnigmtiOll issu!!!;

No.

U'lnlltl I.M rf'Commem/

Hassel

E_ V"ri,li' /(J (j coileogJU!,

f~clor

If you don't have 10 add 10 Bdmin work, then don'l Wouldn'l give government any more rea SoIlS
10 audil yon~ bil

"

2tl t2 E.vcrif)

so,,'~

38

Of the resmuram opera tors who ale not currenll y u~ in!! E_Verify, 62- percen t said they choose
nOi to enroll because Ihey a'ell small company wilh tlO HR professional Fifty perCent of
operator~ said they ~ no need 10 enroll in E-Vcrify
Rcstaufllf11 operators rfOlll larger businesses were more lik ely to say tb ey are concerned about 8
di sruptive transition , Fifty pcrc~~l1 of operalOf~ with I,M Of morc employees and 38 !)eleent or
operators with annu al sales of$20 million or moresaid they are h~i lateto enroll because Ihey
are concerned about a disNp,j\'C transition
If you are nOI usin g E-Vu iry, w hy do you hrsilTll r 10 enro ll ? (dux 4- 1I1/ Ilrm IIppM

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.:,~

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~

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,

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>.

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211 12 ENcrif)

su,,'~ '

39

Mr. GOWDY. Ms. Blitstein.

TESTIMONY OF JILL G. BLITSTEIN, INTERNATIONAL EMPLOYMENT MANAGER, HUMAN RESOURCES, NORTH CAROLINA
STATE UNIVERSITY

Ms. BLITSTEIN. Chairman Gowdy, Ranking Member Lofgren, and

honorable Members of the Subcommittee, thank you for this oppor-

40
tunity to appear before you today to express support for the Legal
Workforce Act. I am the international employment manager at
North Carolina State University. NC State is an active member of
the College and University Professional Association for Human Resources. CUPA-HR represents more than 1,900 institutions of higher education, 44 percent of which are public. I am speaking today
on behalf of CUPA-HR.
My institution has been using E-Verify since January 1 of 2007,
when it was mandated by the State of North Carolina for all public
employers and the university system. I have responsibility for the
institutions I-9 and E-Verify process.
With more than 8,000 regular employees and almost 8,000 more
student workers and temporary employees during the academic
year, including many foreign nationals, NC States use of the EVerify process is substantial. I speak to you today as someone who
has experienced the positive effects of this program and found most
aspects of it to be administratively manageable, as well as someone
who might offer some informed suggestions as to its implementation by other employers.
CUPA-HR supports the majority of provisions within the act as
being positive for both employers and employees. For example, we
support the reduction in the number of documents acceptable to
prove identity and work authorization, we support recognition of
good-faith compliance, and we especially support the acts clear preemption of any State or local law on employment verification.
NC State has not experienced the worst-case E-Verify scenarios
that were circulating several years ago, and in the 6 years that we
have been managing this process, we experienced only a handful of
cases in which a new hire could not present valid documentation
or be cleared through the E-Verify process. So we believe that process works as intended.
That said, based on our direct experience, we do have some concerns about the proposed time frames for compliance. The act
would require that within 6 months, all Federal, State and local
government employers must reverify the employment eligibility of
all current employees not already in the E-Verify system. Having
verified the entire workforce at NC State University, I can tell you
with confidence that this is an unrealistic time frame to achieve
full compliance for large public employers.
Executive Order 12989, as amended in 2008, required Federal
contractors with contracts containing Federal acquisition regulation, or FAR, language to use E-Verify to confirm the eligibility of
employees working under that contract. NC State is a Federal contractor, and we received our first of many of FAR contracts in September of 2009. We quickly realized that verifying individuals coming and going on FAR contracts could be impractical, so we selected
the only other alternative, to verify our entire workforce, for us
meaning every active employee hired before January 1st of 2007.
We had a 6-month time frame to enter 12,000 I-9s into E-Verify.
It actually took us 7 months to fully accomplish this goal even after
hiring temporary staff. The time and effort by my office, my boss
and others was significant to achieve compliance for 12,000 employees. It was an incredibly intense effort, and we have now invested
in an electronic system to help us manage that process.

41
CUPA-HR would strongly encourage a longer phased roll-out
compliance timeline, particularly for large public employers, of 24
months. Additionally, CUPA-HR suggests a longer reverification
period for employees with limited work authorization. The act
would require reverification of such employees, including many foreign nationals, during 3 business days preceding the expiration of
their current work authorization. As an employer with over 3,000
foreign nationals a year on payroll, it is not practical for us to
reverify all of them within the 3 business days before their authorization expires. CUPA-HR supports a reverification time frame of
30 days.
Our spring semester just ended at NC State, and the number of
foreign nationals with May expiration dates is in the hundreds. A
3-business-day reverification period not practical for employers like
us with large numbers of individuals whose expiration dates may
converge around the same time.
In closing, I would say that the Legal Workforce Act is a balanced approach to creating a more secure and flexible employmenteligibility verification system. We respectfully encourage the Subcommittee to consider the suggestions we have offered today, and
I personally thank the Members of the Subcommittee for the opportunity to testify.
Mr. GOWDY. Thank you, Ms. Blitstein.
[The prepared statement of Ms. Blitstein follows:]

42

TESTIMONY
OF
JILL G. BUTSTEIN
ON BEHALF OF
THE COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY PROFESSIONAL
ASSOCIATION FOR HUMAN RESOURCES
MAY

2013

ON
THE LEGAL WORKFORCE ACT

BEFORE
THE
UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
SUBCOMMITTEE ON
IMMIGRA nON AND BORDER SECURITY
OF
THE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY

43

Chairman Gowdy, Ranking Member Lofgren and Honorable Members of the Subcommittee,
thank you for the opportunity 10 appear before you today to e.xpress support for H. R 1772, Ihe
"Legal Workforce Act" i am the International Employment Manager wilhin Human Resources at
North Carolina State University. fIlC Stale is an active member of the College and University
Professional Association for Human Resources, known as CUPA-HR I am speaking today on
behalf of CUPA-HR
CUPA-HR serves as the lIoice of human resources in higher education, representing more than
16, 000 human resources professionals al over 1,900 colleges and universities across the
country, including 92 percent of all United States doctoral institutions, 77 percent of all master's
institutions, 57 percent of all bachelor's institutions, and nearly 600 two-year and specialized
institutions. Forly fOllr percent of CUPA~HR's member institutions are public employers, the
remaining private. Higher education employs oller 3.7 million workers nationwide, with colleges
and universities in all 50 States.
By way of context, my inslilution has been using E-Verify since January 1, 2007, when il was
and the University system. As
mandated by the State of North Carolina for all public
responsibility for the daily oversight
the International Employment Manager at Ne Stale, I
of the institution's 1-9 and ENerify processes. With more than 8,000 regular employees, and
almost 8,000 more student workers and temporary employees each academic 'lear, including
many foreign nationals, our use of the E-Verify process is substantive.
So I will speak to you today as someone who has experienced the
effects of this
program and who has found most aspects of the program to be
manageable, as
well as someone who might be in a posilion to offer some informed suggestions as to its
implementation by other employers.
CUPA-HR supports the majority of provisions within lhe Act as being positive for both employers
and employees. For example, we support the reduction in the number of documents acceptable
to prove identily and employment authorization; we support the recognition of good failh
compliance; and we especially suppor! the Act's clear preemption of any state or local law,
ordinance or
on employment verification.
By e)(ample, as a research-extensive
unillersity, NC
employees in more than 40 states. The current patchwork of policies
and laws around the country make il incredibly difficult for employers with worksites in multiple
locations to know each jurisdiction's rules regarding employment eligibility verification, much
less to interpret and comply.
As NC State wrote in an article for CUPA-HR in 2008 to help allay concerns of olher universities
around the counlry about E-Verify, we did not experience the worst-case scenarios that were
35% non-confirmation rates.
circulating al the time. We have never, for example,
We have found the confirmation turnaround times for
of inquiries to be lIirtually
foreign national scholars
instantaneous. We have developed a successful process for
and graduate students who are coming to Ihe U.S. for the first time and who do not yet have a
Social Security number. in the si)( years we've been managing this process, we have
experienced only a handful of cases in which a new hire could no! present valid documentation
or be cleared through the E-Verify process. So we believe the process works as intended.
we do hailS concerns
~"~on!l,,,

Mw,ijlo,"

In Section 2, the

state and local government

the phased

that within
n:Hferify

44
employment eligibility of any employees that had not previously been run through the
system. Having verified the entire workforce at NC Stale under the current E-Verify system,
can lei I you with confidence Ihat Ihis is an unrealistic limeframe to achieve full compliance for
large employers.
Executive Order 12989, as amended by President George W, Bush in 2008, required all federal
contractors with a contract containing the federal acquisition regulation (or FAR) language to
use E-Verify to verify the employment eligibility of employees performing work under that
contract" NC State is a federal contractor, and we received our !irsl FAR contract in September
2009. We quickly realized that tracking and verifying individual university employees working on
FAR contracts would be impractical, since such contracts are constantly starting and ending,
and workers on such contracts, especially graduate student workers, would be quite a
changeable workforce. So we selected the only other available alterna!ive, to verify our entire
workforce, which meant that every active employee would have to be verified if hired before
January 1, 2007 _. when we had started E-Verifying all new hires.
We were required to
all of our pre-existing employees within six months in the ENerify
system. We had to enter
from approximately 12,000 1-9 forms into E-Verify to achieve full
compliance, and it took us approximately seven months to fully accomplish the goal, even after
hiring full-time temp slaff to do nothing but non-slop data entry into the E-Verify system. The
boss, and volunteers from other areas of
time and concentrated effort by me and my staff,
HR, easily cost NC State more than $250,000 to
compliance for 12,000 employees. I
will say thai it was an incredibly intense and exhausting effort - and my institution may be
fortunale to have more dedicated HR resources in this arena than most. To ease the burden
going forward, we have now implemented an electronic system to manage 1-9 and E-Verify
dala, which has an annual cost of more than $20,000.
I can only imagine the costs, time, and technical resources that would be needed by employers
with 50,000 or 100,000
employees - or, for my colleagues in olher resource-strapped
colleges and universities -burden of trying to accomplish this within such a timeframe,
CUPA-HR would strongly encourage 11 longer phased roll-oul compliance timeline, particularly
for the largest employers, of 24 months. Not only can these employers then spread the costs
across a longer timeframe, they might also be able to alloid some the extra costs altogether
such as hiring temporary staff or re-allocating current staff. In the end, il is more important to
have done this process well than 10 have done il fast.
Additionally, CUPA-HR would suggest allowing a longer re-verification period for those
employees with limited work authorization. In Section 2, the Act would require re-verification of
suoh employees (including many foreign nationals) during the three business days preceding
the expiration of their current work authorization, after a phased-in implementation period. As an
employer with over 3,000 foreign nationals on Ollr payroll during the academic year, it will be
challenging at best and impossible at worst for us to re-verify all of these individuals within the
three business days before their current work authorization expires, Three business days is not
practicable in many situations, including during fillal exam periods, or in situations of absences
due to illness or work-related travel, for example. We support are-verification timeframe of 30
days, This would give employers a more realistic one-month period to achieve the required reverification. OUf spring semester just ended on Saturday at NC State, and the number of foreign
national student employment expiration dates that have popped up in our electronic 1-9 and EVerify system for the end of May is in the hundreds, which is true at the end of every academic
year. A three-business day re-veriflcation will be impractical for us and
believe for many
inslitutions, especially those of us with hundreds or thousands of foreign national students or

45
exchange visitors whose expiration dates tend to converge around Ihe end of the fall or spring
semester.
Related to this issue, we would recommend Ihat the Ad. clearly allow employers to notify
employees with limited work authorization up 10 50 or 90 days in advance that their employment
authorization will need to be re-verified in order for the employment to continue after Ihal
expiration dale arrives. The new system should also have a mechanism 10 nole when a timely
filed extension of status and work authorization has been filed but is still pending with United
States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). If the employer CQuid enter the USCIS
receipt number into the new system, it could comply with the Act requirements even while not
yet having the new employment expiration dales due processing times out of its control.
Likewise, with the "receipt rule" for 1-9 completion, if there is a way for employers to enter some
proof that a required document was timely applied for by the new employee, it could meel the
Act requirements with alternative, valid documentation
In closing, I would like to express my gratitude to the members of the Subcommitlee for your
lime and attention today. The legal Workforce Ad. is a balanced approach to creating a more
secure and fiexible employment eligibility verification system that will benefit and protect both
l'lmployers and employees alike. We respectfully encourage the Subcommittee to consider
some of the suggestions we have offered today, and! personally thank you for this opportunity
to testify_

46
Mr. GOWDY. Ms. Wood.
TESTIMONY OF JULIE MYERS WOOD, PRESIDENT, COMPLIANCE, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS,
GUIDEPOST SOLUTIONS LLC

Ms. WOOD. Thank you, Subcommittee Chairman Gowdy, Ranking

Member Lofgren, Members of the Subcommittee. It is great to be
before you again, and I appreciate the opportunity to testify about
H.R. 1772, the Legal Workforce Act.
As all of you have already stated, these challenges are not new.
The government has not succeeded in effectively reducing the magnet of unlawful employment. Whether we are working to do this
through civil audits or criminal investigations, the government has
not found the right mechanisms to compel widespread compliance
with immigration laws.
In my view, in attempting to effectively address the magnet of
unauthorized employment, employers have been unfairly saddled
with the significant burden related to interior enforcement of our
immigration laws. I think that the Legal Workforce Act takes some
very positive steps to equitably address these burdens and provide
additional tools to employers, while ensuring that we will make
some progress in reducing this magnet.
I want to highlight just a couple areas where I think the bill does
an excellent job, and those whereareas where this bill may differ
a little bit from the bill pending now in the Senate.
First, the bill levels the playing field by requiring mandatory employment verification, and does so smartly by building on the existing E-Verify framework. It is not requiring the creation of a new
framework; it is building on and using an existing tool. Although
a sizable number of industry leaders are on E-Verify, and more
joining every day, in many industries E-Verify participation is still
the exception rather than the rule. What I often hear from employers, particularly in high-risk industries, is that they go on E-Verify,
but their competitors do not, and that their competitors continue
to engage in high-risk hiring practices, undermining the market.
This must change.
Second, and I think a very critical point, is this bill reduces the
burden on employers by combining the duplicative form I-9 and EVerify process into one single process. For employers this current
duplication is particularly problematic because they can be fined
based on errors in their I-9s even though their employees were
found to be employment authorized through the E-Verify system.
An example of such error includes a failure of an employee to check
a box indicating the employees status even when the employer recorded the appropriate documents and the employee went through
the E-Verify system successfully. And even when employers are allowed to correct these paperwork errors, they are still spending a
lot of time and often money to make a piece of paper neat and technically accurate for the regulators. Such a focus on the technical
side of the I-9 really defeats the purpose, and the purpose is to ensure that employees are authorized to work.
Finally, one of the biggest challenges that employers face is that
the E-Verify system does not have a fool-proof way to address identity theft. The systems Achilles heel remains its reliance on and

47
limitations on the information that is input into the system. If an
employer is unable to confirm that the identity documents presented actually belong to the individual who presented them, then
what value is there to the employment-authorized determination?
It is merely confirming the authorization of the data entered.
Even though USCIS has made considerable progress, and despite
their efforts in this area, absent a stronger identity tool tied to EVerify, employers have been left to serve as document detectives.
The good news, and I think the good news that this bill recognizes,
is that there are ways to improve the current system, and there are
many models for the pilot proposed by section 12.
One system that I think really addresses this is the software system I actually helped develop called SecureID. This system
leverages public-sector data and other information to provide realtime algorithms and consistent screening for our employees in conjunction with the I-9 and E-Verify. It also has a lot of protections
or exception processes to make sure that we represent adequately
and take care of the rights of asylees and new immigrants.
The SecureID system avoids the problem of making rank-and-file
HR managers be identity investigators, who, in their well-intentioned efforts to promote a legal workforce, only ask certain new
hires lots of questions because their English isnt great, or they are
presenting certain documents. That is simply unacceptable. Tools
like the SecureID system have proven to be extremely effective for
employees who have faced significant identity-fraud problems, and
something like this could be used in a pilot as proposed in section
12.
One of the ways that our tool is being used right now, for example, is for managers who are trying to figure out how do they address employees who come in through the DACA process. These are
people who have now changed their name, and they said they have
adjusted under DACA. The employees employers are trying to decide how do we do that in a fair and consistent way, because last
time we were fooled, right? Last time we thought they were authorized, but they werent. And so by using a tool like this, using
knowledge-based authentications, you can really do this in an effective way.
Employers have also used a system like this to address thirdparty notification, such as when an insurance company calls you up
and says, hey, this person you think is John Doe is actually not
John Doe. Employers are facing how do we do this and how do we
address this in an appropriate and nondiscriminatory manner.
There are many tools like this in the private sector, and I encourage and applaud the work done in the Legal Workforce Act to look
and see how can we push E-Verify further and really address the
problems of identity theft.
Effective employment verification is critical to reducing the magnet of unlawful employment and restoring integrity to our immigration laws. I think the Legal Workforce Act takes some positive
steps, and I agree with my counterparts that it is the best bill we
have seen on this to address this continuing problem.
I appreciate the opportunity to testify before you and would be
glad to answer any questions you may have. Thank you.
Mr. GOWDY. Thank you, Ms. Wood.

48
[The prepared statement of Ms. Wood follows:]
Hearing on "H.R. 1772, the 'Legal Workforce Act,'"
Statement of Julie Myers Wood
Former Assistant Secretary, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
Before the House Judiciary Committee,
Subcommittee on Borders and Immigration
May 16,2013

Subcommittee Chairman Gowdy, Ranking Member Lofgren, Members of the

Subcommittee, I appreciate the opportunity to testify before you about H.R. 1772, the
"Legal Workforce Act."
My name is Julie Myers Wood, and I am President of Guidepost Solutions, an
investigative and compliance firm. In that position, I work with companies on their
internal compliance programs, create web-based solutions to assist businesses with export
and immigration compliance challenges, and consult with companies that work with the
government. I also serve as an Advisory Committee member of the American Bar
Association's Commission on Immigration and as a Member of the Constitution Project's
Committee on Immigration. I am testifying today solely in my personal capacity and not
as a representative of any group or organization.
Before joining the private sector, I most recently served as the Assistant Secretary
of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) for nearly three years. I also served in a
variety of government positions, including Assistant Secretary for Export Enforcement at
the Department of Commerce, Chief of Staff for the Criminal Division at the Department

49
of Justice and Deputy Assistant Secretary (Enforcement - Money Laundering and
Financial Crimes) at the Department of Treasury.
I.

H.R. 1772 Must Be Considered In Context of Challenges to Stopping Illegal

Employment.

When considering H.R. 1772, it is important to remember the significant

challenges we have in stopping unlawful employment. The government has not
succeeded in effectively reducing the magnet. When I started at ICE in 2006, there was
virtually no workplace enforcement. Although it was common knowledge that jobs
drove individuals to enter the United States illegally, the agency had not focused on how
to prevent this behavior. Fines, if any, were assessed under an outdated structure, were
subject to substantial legal wrangling and ended up being nothing more than a slap on the
wrist to companies that considered them the cost of doing business. The focus of the old
INS was simply not on criminal violations. For example, in 2002, the INS's last full year
of existence, it brought only 25 criminal cases in worksite investigations and only
collected $484,585 through the administrative fine process.
At that time, few employers were on the Basic Pilot (BP) (predecessor to the EVerify program). For employers who were on the program, document fraud remained
rampant, and limited BP reporting procedures caused some inefficiencies in compliance
efforts.
In an attempt to focus anew on stopping illegal employment, in 2006, ICE
developed a focus on egregious employers. The agency focused on criminal
investigations, revising the civil fine structure, and also requesting funding for auditors to
3

50
begin civil Fonn 1-9 audits. For several years, we conducted criminal investigations
where we obtained civil forfeitures in excess of $30 million each year and prison tenns
for some egregious employers. While these investigations were complex and time
intensive, this approach resulted in renewed awareness and cooperation from some highrisk industries. We recognized this approach was also considered controversial by some
as it included large-scale apprehensions and removals of the unauthorized workers, who
in many cases were using the names and social security numbers of authorized workers
and U.S. citizens. The arrest and deportation of unauthorized workers consumed
considerable ICE resources in worksite enforcement cases. Despite this ramped up
enforcement, many companies in lower-risk industries did not think it necessary to focus
on 1-9 and immigration compliance with this targeted approach.
During this period, United States Citizenship and Immigration (USCIS) took
many steps to improve the E-Verify process, including requiring participation for federal
contractors, and introducing photo match tools for a growing number of Department of
Homeland Security and u.S. government issued documents. Those improvements
encouraged signiiicant numbers of employers to join the program.
The current Administration has focused primarily on civil immigration audits,
adopting an IRS-type approach. Under this approach, more companies have been subject
to desktop audits, and the general awareness of immigration compliance has increased
significantly. This approach is also imperfect, however. In most cases, ICE HSI agents
are not involved in a review of compliance and there is no on-site review. Often tell-tale
signs of abuse are overlooked as they could not possibly be evident in a paperwork-only
review.
4

51
Furthermore, less than .01 % of employers have been subject to fines in any given
year. The average cost of the penalty was still miniscule - under $25,000 per company in
fiscal year 2012. Total civil fines for last fiscal year were only $12 million. Employers
are well aware of the statistics.
On occasion, the focus on civil audits have even resulted in perverse
consequences - some employers with legal, fully authorized workers, were fined, while
others that had a high percentage of unauthorized workers didn't receive a monetary fine,
let alone a warning notice. The government essentially ignored the unauthorized
workers, allowing them to stay and work in the United States. Tn the context of these
Form 1-9 civil audits, ICE issues a Notice of Suspect documents notifying the employer
of a worker without appropriate paperwork. The employee is terminated and then simply
walks down the street to a new unsuspecting employer. Generally speaking, no action is
taken where the 1-9 Forms are technically complete, even where it is clear that the
employer knew or should have known of the employees lack of status in the United
States. For this reason, deterrent effects of the civil audits, if any, seem to be wearing off.
While some employers take the civil fine system seriously, others have begun to write the
cost of immigration compliance off as another rounding error.
I have seen the effects of the civil fine model first-hand since leaving ICE and
consulting with a variety oflarge and small companies in many industries. Many of these
companies have struggled with employment verification. And, although these
companies want to do the right thing, sometimes they find the current processes are ot1:en
counter-intuitive and overwhelming.

52
On the positive side, more and more employers are participating in E-Verify, and
the Administration continues to encourage participation as part of a compliance program.
Employers that participate in E- Verify often find that it is a helpful addition to their
overall process, especially the photo tool, but they are still frustrated by ever-increasing
requirements and focus on "technical" aspects of the 1-9. In testimony today, I will bring
their lessons to bear in terms of reviewing the practicality of this Bill and how it would
work.
II.

H.R. 1772 Addresses Several Core Problems With Current Processes.

H.R. 1772 addresses several core problems with current processes. First, the Bill

levels the playing field by requiring mandatory employment verification. Second, it

reduces the burden on employers by combining the duplicative Form 1-9 and E-Verify
requirements into a single process. With a strong pre-emption provision, the Bill also
addresses the complexity of multiple state requirements. The Bill provides a good-faith
defense for employers who appropriately follow the process. Finally, the Bill provides
employers with the authorization to complete a verification review of current employees
in a consistent manner.
A.

H.R. 1772 Addresses The Need for a Mandatory Verification System

Using Existing Tools.

A key component of H.R. 1772 is the requirement of a mandatory verification
system built around the government's current system, E-Verify. This makes sense.
E-Verify has made significant progress over the past several years in terms of new
participants as well as technological improvements. It has proven to be a critically
6

53
important tool for employers to use, free of charge, in an effort to determine an
individual's employment eligibility. The metrics on E-Verify use, accuracy, and speed
are strong and improving all the time.
Rather than suggesting a whole new system as some suggest or inserting
burdensome new processes into existing E-Verify protocols, it makes sense to build on
the system already in place. A good starting point is making the system mandatory.
Another suggestion would be to build tools to assist employers with the compliance
requirements within the current system.
Although now a sizeable number of industry leaders are on E-Verify, in many
industries E-Verify participation is still the exception rather than the rule. It is critical
that the system be made mandatory to level the playing field and increase compliance.
Requiring E-Verify on a mandatory basis will also help address the disconnect some
employers currently feel What I often hear from employers, particularly in high-risk
industries, is that they go on E-Verify but their competitors do not, and that their
competitors continue to engage in high-risk hiring practices, undermining the market.
B.

H.R. 1772 Appropriately Streamlines and Simplifies the Verification

Process.

Currently, employers who are utilizing E-Verify must also separately complete
the Form 1-9. This form requires an employer and employee to complete two pages of
biographic information - including much of the information later provided to E-Verify.
The Form 1-9 is not intuitive. It has an employer reference handbook that is 65 pages
long.
7

54
After completing the Form 1-9, participating employers then go through the
E-Verify process where they have to provide much of the same information again for
purposes of the electronic employment eligibility process. For employers that are not
using an electronic 1-9 or a hybrid system, they are required to manually type in all the
infonnation that is then sent to E-Verify. This type of duplication makes no sense.
For employers, the duplication also is problematic because employers can be
fined or assessed penalties based on errors on their 1-9s even though the employees were
found to be "Employment Authorized" through the E-Verify system. Examples of such
errors include a failure to check a box indicating the employee's status even where
appropriate documents are recorded or record the issuing authority of a Social Security
card. Even when employers are allowed to correct those paperwork errors, they are still
spending time and often significant money to make a piece of paper "neat" and
"technically accurate" for the regulators. Such a focus on the technical side of the 1-9
defeats the underlying purpose - ensuring that the employees are authorized to work.
H.R. 1772 addresses this issue by combining the 1-9 data elements with the E- Verify data
elements into one single process for employers.
C.

H.R. t 772's Pre-Emption Provision Provides Employers With a

Federal, Consistent Requirement.

One of the additional challenges faced by employers is navigating the federal and
state requirements relating to employment eligibility. In an attempt to step-up a
perceived lack of federal enforcement of employment laws, many states and even local
governments have developed their own laws mandating E-Verify. Although the purpose

55
behind these laws makes sense, it has been difficult for some larger employers with
national footprints to manage all the requirements - which are at times inconsistent in the
documentation required or other issues. Tracking of such requirements is unmanageable.
Section 6 ofH.R. 1772 addresses this issue by expressly preempting state laws mandating
E-Verify participation.

D.

B.R 1772 Permits Employers to Use E-Verify on Existing Employees

One additional challenge employers often have is ensuring that their current
workforce is fully authorized. Under current law, employers in most situations are
prohibited from utilizing E-Verify on current employees. Although there are methods for
employers to make detenninations on current employees, these methods are often more
burdensome and costly than E-Verify. And, ifnot managed appropriately, these methods
can lead to unintentional discriminatory actions. To address this, Section 2 ofH.R. 1772
allows employers to utilize E-Verify on existing employees. It is important to ensure that
this is done in a non-discriminatory way, and the Bill requires that voluntary verifications
of existing employees be done consistently to avoid problems.

E.

B.R. 1772 Gives Employers A Good Faith Defense.

One of the most pressing issues for employers is a concern that they will be a
subject of government investigation or, worse, penalized, even when acting in good faith.
Section 5 ofH.R. 1772 appropriately provides a good faith defense for employers using
E-Verify in good faith. Although this would not protect employers who willfully turn a
blind eye to identity theft or other patterns relating to unauthorized workers, it ensures

56
that an inadvertent error with the mandated electronic system will not result in harm to
the company.
III.

H.R. 1772 Recognizes a Significant Weakness in E-Verify and Requires

E-Verify to Improve Identity Theft Capabilities

One of the challenges employers face is that the E-Verify system does not have a
foolproof way to recognize identity theft. The system's Achilles heel remains its reliance
on the accuracy of, and limitations on, information that is input into the system. If an
employer is unable to confirm that the identity documents presented belong to the
individual who presents them, what value is there to the "Employment Authorized"
message from E-Verify? It is merely confinning the authorization of the data entered.
Even though USClS has made considerable progress (and despite USClS's
ongoing efforts in this area), photo matching is still not available on the primary
documents presented by employees: driver's licenses and state identification cards. And,
absent an identity tool tied to E-Verify, employers have been left to serve as document
detectives. The need to connect identity is not limited to work authorization concerns.
Indeed, the 9/11 Commission came to the same conclusion that employers have known
for a long time: Identity documents are only as good as the information they contain.
Without an ability to match an individual to the identity on their document, drivers'
licenses and state-issued identity cards remain vulnerable to fraudulent use.
RealID was poised to correct this loophole and provide conclusive matches to
drivers' licenses and their holders. In fact, despite the retrenchment from RealID in this
Administration, many states have pressed ahead and are now meeting established

10

57
benchmarks for implementation. However, drivers' licenses in many states are still
unsecure.
The good news is that there are ways to improve the current system. H.R. 1772
recognizes the potential for identity verification through the E-Verify system by
proposing an authentication pilot in Section 12. Many models currently exist for such a
process. The private sector has developed mechanisms to address identity theft, while
protecting the rights of employees and ensuring appropriate treatment of asylees and
refugees. One such system is a software program I developed with several colleagues is
called SecureTD (www.icssecureid.com).This system leverages public sector data and
other information to provide real-time algorithms and consistent screening for employees,
in conjunction with the Form 1-9 and E-Verify process. The SecureID system avoids the
problem of making rank and file HR managers identity investigators, who in their wellintentioned efforts to promote a legal workforce only ask certain new hires questions
based on where their documents were issued or because their English is limited or not
spoken.

The SecureID tool has proven to be extremely effective for employers who have
faced significant identity fraud challenges with non "photo matched" documents, and has
offered managers a consistent process to address individuals that change their status
while employed based on adjustments (such as the recent DACA announcement).
Employers have also used the system to address Third-Party notifications relating to
allegations that information submitted by a certain employee in fact belongs to another
person. Rather than starting from scratch, E-Verify can be augmented with SecureID or
other identity verification products.

11

58
In my view, in attempting to effectively address the magnet of unauthorized
employment, employers have been unfairly saddled with a significant burden related to
interior enforcement of our immigration laws. H. R. 1772 takes some positive steps to
address some of these burdens and provide additional tools to employers. We are
appalled to learn when our law enforcement has inadequate resources to properly perfonn
their duties. Similarly, we should be equally appalled that the government has given a
tremendous responsibility to America's businesses, large and small, and yet to date, have
only armed them with bureaucratic procedures and limited tools to perfonn their task.

I appreciate the opportunity to testify before you, and would welcome the

opportunity to answer any questions you may have.

12

59
Mr. GOWDY. Mr. Mondi.
TESTIMONY OF DOMINICK MONDI, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR,
NEW JERSEY NURSERY AND LANDSCAPE ASSOCIATION

Mr. MONDI. Thank you. Good morning, Chairman Gowdy, Ranking Member Lofgren, and honorable Members of the Subcommittee.
Thank you for the opportunity to come to Washington today to discuss this very important topic of immigration reform, E-Verify and
the Legal Workforce Act.
With this renewed debate, Congress now has a chance to repair
our broken immigration system with legislation that addresses border security and employment verification, earned legalization, programs for future legal immigration, and guestworker programs.
As for the E-Verify piece, no one has more to gain from the implementation and enforcement of an improved employment-eligibility verification system than the honest small businessmen and
-women who are trying to compete on a level playing field. Good
business owners dont look to the government to create competitive
advantages, of course, but rather to provide that level playing field,
and a comprehensively reformed immigration system can help
achieve that end.
Unfortunately, the implementation of E-Verify in a vacuum outside the context of a comprehensive immigration package will have
the unintended consequence of pushing more labor to the black
market, increasing staffing burdens, and ultimately hurting the
thousands of small businesses in the nursery, landscape and likeminded service industries. This is not what we need out of immigration reform.
While we certainly dont defend the use of unauthorized workers
knowingly or unknowingly, there is a reality that a large part of
this workforce has been trained and has advanced, contributing
their skills and talents to the good employers and businesses who
make good-faith efforts to follow the law.
Should mandatory E-Verify force much of this workforce off the
books with no avenue to legal work status, the loser is the honest
business, and the winner is the dishonest company who drives
down prices and wages by taking up the skilled labor under the
table. There are over 90,000 landscape companies in the country,
and most average under 20 employees throughout the year. These
are truly small businesses that rely heavily on labor. These thousands of small businesses need and desperately want a safe, legal
and available labor pool to meet their year-round and seasonal
needs, but if a piecemeal enforcement-only policy is pursued instead of a comprehensive fix, and the existing workforce is displaced, where will the labor come from?
It would be wrong, of course, to state there are no native-born
Americans who are willing or able to do this work. I myself have
worked in the landscape industry my entire life starting at age 16.
Our Nations demographics, educational and employment opportunities, however, have changed over the last 50 years. There are certainly some willing to do the work, I meet them all the time, but
the pool to draw from is smaller than it has ever been and does
not meet the overall needs of our economy.

60
An older, slower-growing, better-educated society, while a good
thing in many regards, is the contributing factor to the difficulties
of many businesses in our industry and others like it have in finding qualified, hard-working labor. The ag sector, of course, would
be hardest hit, of course, with 50 to 75 percent of workers undocumented. We need proactive, forward-thinking, and comprehensive
immigration reform to address these challenges for the next generation of business owners and workers in our industry.
In previous testimony before this Committee, it has been encouraging to hear about the improvements in the E-Verify system. And
despite the recent and forthcoming improvements, many of our employers will face special challenges using a system like E-Verify
due to factors like limited high-speed Internet access, high seasonal
hiring and turnover, remote or nonoffice hiring, and lack of dedicated human resource personnel staff. We believe it is essential
that the program is simplified for users, that error rates are minimized, and that identity theft concerns are addressed if E-Verify is
to be phased in for all employers. As I understand it, this still does
make strides in that direction, but the phase-in must coincide with
a broad reform package.
In conclusion, our organization supports the use of E-Verify, but
only as part of a comprehensive approach modernizing our immigration laws to help the needs of our small businesses who rely on
an immigrant workforce. If enacted as an isolated measure, however, we believe mandatory E-Verify will be a clear net negative to
our industry and will harm small businesses across the range of
sectors, do serious damage to the economy.
Thank you, and I look forward to any questions.
Mr. GOWDY. Thank you, Mr. Mondi.
[The prepared statement of Mr. Mondi follows:]

61
The Written Testimony of Dominick Mondi, Executive Director
New Jersey Nursery and Landscape Association
Before the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security
Hearing on H.R. 1772 the Legal Workforce Act
May 16, 2013

Introduction and Background on NJNLA

Chairman Gowdy, Ranking Member Lofgren, and members of the Subcommittee, thank you for
the opportunity to come to Washington today to join the discussion on the very important topics of
immigration reform, E-Verify, and the "Legal Workforce Act" (H.R. 1772).

The New Jersey Nursery and Landscape Association is comprised of Nursery Producers,
Landscape Professionals, Garden Centers, and Greenhouse Growers. First established in 1915, our
diverse organization represents an industry that contributes over $4 billion to New Jersey's economy
annually and employs 39,000 people statewide. Nationally, nursery and greenhouse growers produce
crops that represent 15% of all farm crop cash receipts. The entire industry contributes in excess of $70
billion in economic output annually.

Our organization has immigration reform interests in line with those of other state and national
organizations, both in the green industry and in other small business and service related industries. We
feel the issue of our broken immigration system hurts business and weakens the economy. Well
thought-out reform therefore is paramount to the success of small business, especially in the
agricultural and service sectors, now and in the future.

62
With the renewed debate in Congress on the subject of modernizing our immigration system,
Congress now has a chance to get it right, with legislation that addresses border security, employment
verification, earned legalization, and programs for future legal immigration and worker programs. The
bi-partisan S. 744 under consideration now in the Senate Judiciary Committee is an encouraging
development. This package takes the broad, comprehensive approach to modernizing our immigration
laws that is needed. Within such a comprehensive package, we believe E-Verify or a similar system is an
important part of the overall solution on immigration. But, in the stand-alone form proposed in H.R.
1772, mandatory E-Verify threatens to be seriously damaging to small businesses and the economy.

E-Verify's Proper Role: A Component of Comprehensive Immigration Reform

We recognize that E-Verify is sure to playa role as a component in any comprehensive approach
to immigration reform. With estimates ranging up to as many as 40% of unauthorized immigrants here
having overstayed visas, enhanced border enforcement alone will not achieve the security goals so
many want. No one has more to gain from the implementation and enforcement of an improved
employment eligibility verification system including E-Verify than the honest small businessmen and
women who are trying to compete on a level playing field. Unscrupulous employers who are willing to
circumvent good and legal labor practices poison the competitive marketplace, suppress prices and hold
down wages. This is a rampant problem in professions like landscaping where the cost of entry is low.
Good business owners don't ask for the government to create competitive advantages, but rather to
provide a level playing field, and a reformed immigration system complete with workforce legalization,
future flow measures, adequate guest worker programs, and workplace security can help achieve that
end.

63
Impact of Stand-Alone E-Verify Legislation on Small Businesses That Rely on Low Skill Labor

I would like to start by offering a brief comment on the question of "skill." Labor needs in our
industry are often described as "low-skilled" or "lesser skilled". We feel that this distorts the reality. In
fact, most workers in our industry develop highly specialized skills, even though most jobs may not
require extensive formal education. For example, one New Jersey nursery relies on their seasonal
workers to fill a position entitled 'Order Puller'. This person is not only responsible for understanding
plant sizing and quality standards, but must be able to read and understand the botanical names for
over 100 different types of plants. In the landscape trade, the proper pruning of plants to minimize
insect and disease intrusion opportunities while creating the desired appearance and new growth is a
skill that can only be learned with hands on training and experience.

Unfortunately, the implementation of E-Verify as a stand-alone approach to reforming

employment eligibility verification would lead to serious negative consequences for our employers and
the economy. Mandated in a vacuum, outside the context of a comprehensive immigration package, EVerify will have the unintended consequence of pushing more labor to the black market, increasing
staffing burdens, and ultimately hurting the thousands of small businesses in the nursery, landscape,
and like-minded service industries. This is not what we need out of immigration reform.

While we certainly don't defend the use of unauthorized workers, knowingly or unknowingly,
there is a reality that a large part of this workforce has been trained and has advanced, contributing
their skills and talents to good employers and businesses who make good faith efforts to follow the law.
In agriculture in particular, experts estimate that upwards of 70% of farm workers lack proper
immigration status. Industries with significant entry level, manual labor, and seasonal jobs face
challenges too.

64
Should mandatory E-Verify force much of this workforce 'off the books' with no avenue to legal
work status, the loser is the honest business, and the winner is the dishonest company driving down
prices and wages by taking up this skilled labor 'under the table'. There are over 90,000 landscape
companies in the country, and most average under 20 employees throughout the year. Over 75% of our
members report employing 25 employees or less. These are truly small businesses that rely heavily on
labor. These thousands of small businesses need, and desperately want, a safe, legal, and available
labor pool to meet their year round and seasonal needs. Many of these businesses would refuse to
work with black market labor, and the competitive disadvantage would hurt them, if not force them out
of business. If a piecemeal enforcement-only policy is pursued instead of a real comprehensive fix, and
the existing workforce is displaced, where will the labor come from?

Why Sufficient Labor is Not Available Without Immigration Reform

It would be wrong to state that there are 'no' native born Americans who are willing or able to
do this work. I myself have worked in the landscape industry my entire life, starting at age 16, hand
grading lots for new homes. Our nation's demographics, educational and employment opportunities,
however, have changed over the last 50 years. There are certainly some willing to do the work - I meet
them all the time - but the pool to pull from is smaller than it has ever been and does not meet the
overall needs of our economy.

According to the US Census bureau, in 1960 roughly 10% of Americans had a college degree and
only about 40% had graduated high school. By 2010 those numbers will have swelled to 30% with
college degrees and over 85% with high school diplomas. The increased education of our population
should be a net benefit to our economy, but does not help fill more entry-level positions on which many
ambitious and educated Americans build their businesses, and subsequently their lives. Consider as well
the increasing age of our population. The median age of our population has grown from 29.5 in 1960 to

65
37.2 in 2010. The population is also not growing at the same rate as it did a half century ago. An older,
slower growing, better educated society is a key contributing factor to the difficulties that many
businesses in our industry and others like it have in finding qualified, hard-working labor. We need proactive, forward-thinking, and comprehensive immigration reform to address these challenges for the
next generation of business owners and workers in our industry.

Despite New Jersey's unemployment rate being higher than the national average, many
employers I speak with talk about their difficulty finding qualified and hard-working employees. One
member firm I spoke with recently told me that despite advertising online and in local print publications,
she is still struggling to meet her peak seasonal labor needs. Based on my conversations with others in
the landscape industry, her experiences are not uncommon. It has been reported recently that there is
only one major landscape company in the country that is utilizing E-Verify. This one industry accounts
for over 90,000 small businesses across the country who are already struggling to meet their annual and
peak seasonal labor needs, even with an available, albeit unauthorized, labor pool in place. Mandatory
E-Verify alone, without some corresponding legal options for businesses to replace the lost labor, could
severely undermine this industry and create a large 'black market' for lesser skilled labor.

Our growers face daunting challenges as well. New Jersey agriculture is among the nation's
th

most labor-intensive; the state ranks 5 in terms of percentage of farm income spent on hired labor.
Farm Credit East has analyzed the potential impacts of an enforcement-only (as in, stand-alone E-Verify)
policy on the farm sector in the states of New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New
Hampshire. The analysis found that 1,664 farms with annual production of $1.6 billion, nearly 20,000
on-farm jobs and nearly 55,000 off-farm but farm-dependent jobs in just these five states would be
jeopardized by an enforcement-only approach, such as mandating E-Verify without comprehensive
immigration reform.

66

Mr. GOWDY. Thank all our witnesses for staying within the time
parameters.
The Chair will now recognize the gentleman from Virginia, the
Chairman of the full Committee, Mr. Goodlatte.
Mr. GOODLATTE. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
I appreciate the testimony of all of our witnesses. And I will start
with you, Mr. Amador. I very much appreciate your testimony and

67
wondered if would you explain why the National Restaurant Association believes an E-Verify check should have an end date.
Mr. AMADOR. Well, as is currently drafted, one of the problems
that we are having is with extent of nonconfirmations that go on
forever and forever, you know, it could be several months. Under
the law you still have to send them to training, you still need to
do all these things. And you have toit is an expenditure for an
employer to do all of these things without knowing whether he is
going to be able keep this employee or not.
So one of the things that my members keep emphasizing to me
is but it has to be clear, and it has to have an end date, because
we want to know whether this employee is going to continue on our
payrolls or we are going to have to let him go. And we understand,
you know, we have been talking to counsel and looking at the bill.
We like, you know, the 10 days, 3 days and then 10 days, and then
under certain circumstances 23 days should be enough for the government to tell us whether the name and the Social Security number of that individual that is working already inside a premises is
authorized to do so.
Mr. GOODLATTE. Very good.
Ms. Wood, you note in your written testimony that having to
comply with many different State and local employment-eligibility
verification laws has been difficult for some larger employers with
national footprints to manage all the requirements. Would you
comment on those difficulties, and might companies avoid doing
business in certain States or localities because of competing laws?
Mr. AMADOR. It creates
Mr. GOODLATTE. You can comment on it, too, but we will go to
Ms. Wood.
Ms. WOOD. We are probably on the same page on this one, I
think. You know, to say that a companyyou dont want companies to think, I shouldnt expand in Colorado because their additional verification sheet is going to make life difficult. And, you
know, HR managers have difficult jobs as it is. We want them to
spend all their energy making sure that their workforce is authorized as well as managing other tasks. Right now, when there are
a number of different competing requirements, it is tough for them
to do it effectively, be as compliant as they want. So I think this
bill takes good strides in making, you know, a Federal E-Verify
mandate and yet allowing States to have some ability to do certain
things without allowing them to impose new requirements.
Mr. GOODLATTE. Very good.
And, Ms. Blitstein, in the year that NC State has been using EVerify, have you had situations in which E-Verify helped identify
situations in which documents presented by an individual for the
I-9 process were not, in fact, valid even though they looked valid
on their face, as current law requires?
Ms. BLITSTEIN. Yes, to my knowledge we have had about two,
maybe three at most, but two that I can clearly remember, where
the individual presented documentation that on its face appeared
to be valid, and then, through the E-Verify checks, we realized that
it was, in fact, very goodin one case a very good fake and in another case not quite as good. But the system did catch those, and
then we ended that employment.

68
Ms. WOOD. And if I could add just one thing to that. I work with
a lot of high-risk industries. When they come onto E-Verify for the
first time, they find a lot of instances where there are final nonconfirmations. Of course, then the pattern shifts, and it is just identity
theft. But early on I think they find it very helpful, particularly the
photo-matching tool, because even if you do regular training for HR
managers on how to identify fraudulent documents, there is turnover in that position as well, and it is just tough for them to keep
up on the latest changes. So I think E-Verify and the photo-matching tool has been extremely effective for that purpose.
Mr. GOODLATTE. Thank you.
And, Mr. Mondi, what percentage of your industrys employees
are not authorized to work in the U.S.? If, as you state in your testimony, unscrupulous employers who employ illegal workers, employees in the competitive marketplaceI am quoting yousuppress prices and hold down wages, why would you not want all of
your competitors to be required to use E-Verify as soon as possible?
Mr. MONDI. Sure. I cant give you a specific percentage. There
hasnt been good reporting on that, so I dont have a specific number for you.
The challenge that a lot of businesses in our industry have now
is that there is already a bottom-feeding tier, if you will, of employers who are paying cash under the table, who are not necessarily
following existing laws, and there is no reason to believe that they
would discontinue that practice. Obviously it would depend somewhat on how enforcement was enforced.
The challenge would be that if they are already not following
those practices, and the middle-tier employers who are forced to do
E-Verify, and maybe they have some undocumented workers that
they dont even know about, and all of that now forcesthat part
of the workforce gets displaced downward, there is actually an expanded labor pool for that bottom market, and the good employees
have a problem.
Mr. GOODLATTE. Got it. But one would presume that if we made
this mandatory, that one of the keys to that is not just making it
mandatory that that bottom employer, as you described them, use
the system, but that we have an aggressive system to make sure
that they are indeed using the system.
So I am sure you would agree that that should be a part of this.
In fact, in this legislation, while there have been concerns expressed by some that we not have 50 different States having 50 different E-Verify systems, we have also recognized that the States
have a role in helping the Federal Government, which may have
more limited resources, in checking to see if businesses are indeed
using E-Verify to have a much greater compliance effort there to
check to make sure businesses are indeed using it.
So once we have the system up and operating, we want it to
work fairly for the employer and the prospective employee, but we
also want to make sure that everyone is using it. That is really the
whole point of the legislation, to have it mandatory so everyone is
using it, including the people who are getting away with things
today that they shouldnt be getting away with.
Mr. MONDI. I agree 100 percent. And one of the uniquemore
unique challenges of the landscape industry, like maybe some con-

69
struction trades, is the oftentimes lack of any centralized office or
location. So we see with environmental regulations as well where
certain companies, it is hard to track them down if they are dodging license fees or things like that because you can go to their office
if you wantit is generally a room in a house, or maybe it is a
small yard where the owner isbut he picks up his work to and
from the yardhis labor to and from the yard, they are off site in
different locations, sometimes not just day to day, but hour to hour,
and unfortunately it becomes a real challenge.
Mr. GOODLATTE. Thank you very much.
My time is expired. Thank you, Chairman.
Mr. GOWDY. I thank the gentleman from Virginia.
The Chair will now recognize the gentlelady from California Ms.
Lofgren.
Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
And I would like to follow up with Chairman Goodlattes line of
inquiry, Mr. Mondi, if I can, because if I am hearing you correctly,
there is an important goal that I think all of us would share, which
is that everybody comply with the same rules so that it is a level
playing field, nobody cheats and gets ahead.
But there is an additional element, I think, and this is really my
question, which is if there is not enough people to actually hire to
do the job, then what? So you are in New Jersey with the landscape association. In the last Congress, you know, some people actually said that it wouldnt be so bad if people and landscaping and
agriculture were denied access to needed workers; that then they
would just go to mechanized efforts, and they would fill in with
technology the loss of human capital.
Would that work in the landscaping industry? I mean, the estimate iswe dont know, of course, but the estimate is that over
half of the employees may not have their proper papers, they may
have given a false document or the like. I am not suggesting that
every employer knowingly hired someone not authorized. Would it
work if half or two-thirds of the employees in the landscaping business in New Jersey were no longer available to hire?
Mr. MONDI. Well, no. I mean, you would start to fundamentally
change the structure of the whole industry. Traditionally you are
talking about people who are younger and can handle working outside a lot and things like that. And as our demographic shifts, that
labor pool is getting smaller.
You know, on the agriculture side, we have a lot of nursery producers, high labor. If a lot of that production just shifted away from
high-labor practices, you would see a loss of access to local food, especially crop growers shifted to other practices, or you would see
a loss of open space in farmland, which is certainly not something
that I would think we would want either. New Jersey prides itself,
the Garden State, on its agriculture.
On the landscape industry it proposes a lot of challenges as well.
You start to actually see a separation. You might actually get to
the point where if there are just less people to do the work, and
there is less companies doing the work, a hyperinflation of the industry, which would start to make home landscaping, gardening,
lawn maintenance, things which many average Americans and certainly in New Jersey can enjoy these days start to become unrea-

70
sonable, start to create this higher tier of estate gardeneryou
know, you go back to the estate gardener sort of status for that
communitywhile possibly having some sort of an undercurrent
down below.
And it is tough to say without having an exact number ofor
exact percentage of the workforce that is undocumented, but I can
tell you in preparation for today, calling my members and asking
questions, New Jersey has high unemployment, and employers are
advertising online and in print and everywhere you would traditionally do that, and they are having a very hard time finding employees to do the type of work that they need. So it is already a
challenge, and if that workforce that is in place was displaced, it
would only get worse.
Ms. LOFGREN. So, whatif you are seeking some percentage of
immigrants in the workforce, is there any way for people to legally
come?
I remember years ago, I was so honored when Dr. Richard Land
from the Southern Baptist Convention was a witness before a Subcommittee, and I always mention that because I dont want to steal
his line. It was a great line. And he said for years, we had two
signs at the southern border. One sign said No Trespassing, and
the other sign said Help Wanted.
And there is only 5,000 visas a year for unskilled workers without a college diploma. Are you able to meet the needs in New Jersey with those 5,000 visas in our current system?
Mr. MONDI. Yeah. We have a lot of employees that are using the
H-2B program right now for some of this temporary seasonal labor,
and it is tough to find one that doesnt have complications with the
system, and anyno system is perfect.
Ms. LOFGREN. There is a cap on that as well that is usually met
right away.
Mr. MONDI. There is a cap on that, and in the lowest of our economic times a few years ago, it was okay. I tell you those few years
before that, that cap was met within the firstyou know, first
week of filings, and it was a real problem. And even now, you
know, and anecdotally, you know, speaking with someoneone of
my members on the way up here, they, you know, asked for 20 employees, and they got 16, and 44 are still stuck in their home
country.
And you know, when you are talking about seasonal work and
not seasonal like, well, Christmas is coming, so we need to hear
more salespeople, but when we are talking about seasonal where
when the spring hits, it is time to go, you need your workers when
you need them or you lose work, you lose revenue, and thatobviously, that is a problem. So
Ms. LOFGREN. I see that my time has expired. I thank the Chairman, and I yield back.
Mr. GOWDY. I thank the gentlelady from California.
The Chair will now recognize the gentleman from Texas Judge
Poe.
Mr. POE. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thank you all for being
here.
As we progress through this whole numerous issues on immigration, and I think there are numerous issues, that as I look at immi-

71
gration law, you take any subject, and it is broken all the way up
and down the ladder. And I thankI commend the Chairman for
being methodical of taking one issue at a time and trying to solve
each of those.
When it comes to workers, I used to be one that thought that
Americans, if they needed work, they would take any job. Well, we
have been proven wrong about that in the last hearing. We had the
Georgia peach orchard guy. I dont know if they grow peaches in
South Carolina or not, but
Mr. GOWDY. We grow them more than they do in Georgia, Judge
Poe.
Mr. POE. We dont grow too many.
But anyway, American farmer wanted to hire 2,000 workers, put
all the ads out, hired every American that applied, 490-some-odd.
Peach season is over, he had three Americans working for him.
Americans dont take those jobs. They have other options.
My own philosophy is when it comes to workers, temporary
guestworkers on both ends, high-skilled and low-skilled, we need as
many as we need. Sure, hire Americans first, make sure we fill
those low-skill, high-skill jobs with Americans first, but how many
do we need? Well, we need, like I said, as many as we need, and
the marketplace will drive us on that.
I dont think we should set arbitrary numbers. I dont think the
labor union should, the Chamber of Commerce. Congress has to figure out a way. Maybe that fluctuates from year to year, I dont
know. But my philosophy is marketplace driven, and this isthe
issue of verifying who is working and who is not working, and making sure that we keep up with workers and they go home when
they are supposed to go home, all those issues, I commend Chairman Smith trying to make that simpler.
But I say all that to say this: What do they do in other countries?
We are not the only country in the world that has faced this tremendous issue. Have any of you done research with the other 194
countries there are in the world, if we count Texas, 195 countries
left in the world, on this specific issue? And how do they solve this
E-Verify concept that we are talking about? Any of you want to
weigh in on that?
Mr. AMADOR. Well, it is a big question, yes. A lot of countries
have done many different things. I am not saying that they should
be appropriate for the United States, but even if you look at Europe, they solve their problem by just uniting and letting poor
countries send workers to rich countries, and that is how they solve
their problem.
They have similar ways of verifying identity. They have different
ways of verifying identity. I know in France, you as an employer
are required to send a list every month to the government, you
know, with everybody you hire. There are different ways of doing
it. From the perspective of the United States, I think building in
a system that employers are becoming more familiar with, I think,
is the right way to go.
On the issue of workers, as you mentioned, I think thewe do
not support the W visa part of the Gang of 8 proposal. We like the
big bill as a whole, but, you know, again, maybe negotiating all of
those things ends up creating a lot of flaws. So I would hope, you

72
know, that thiscommittee, after taking E-Verify, will look atI
know you are looking at agriculture next, but look at other portions
and maybe come up with better titles, you know, so when you go
to conference, you are able to come up with a better package.
Mr. POE. Any of the other three of you want to weigh in on that?
Ms. Wood.
Ms. WOOD. I would just say that I think E-Verify, it is a pretty
good system, and it is increasingly doing kind of a better and better
job. We dont have a demand side down, which is part of the reason
we need to have kind of effective comprehensive immigration reform, but I think the E-Verify system, in a country that does not
want a national ID card, is doing a pretty good job, and I think the
government is making it easier and easier.
When I was in the government, and now that was several years
ago, we would meet with many other countries to talk about migration challenges, and they would ask advice for usfrom us, and we
would ask advice from them. So it is not my experience that somebody else really has it solved. You know, Australia has an advantage because it is harder to get there, you know. Kind of there are
those kinds of things.
Mr. POE. That is right.
Ms. WOOD. And other countries that have national ID cards can
kind of focus on that. But, you know, we worked with several countries on effective worksite enforcement and challenges, because I
think global migration patterns and issues, it is a real challenge for
everyone, but I do think, you know, we are actually making some
progress, so I would hope we stick with this horse.
Mr. POE. I have one other comment or question.
Mr. Amador, if I own a franchise in Humble, Texas. Let us use
Chik-fil-A. I am a franchise owner. Who is responsible for checking
my employees? Is it me, is it a third party, or is it Chik-fil-A corporate?
Mr. AMADOR. No. It is the franchisee. I mean, one of the biggest
misconceptions in our industry is when you see a brand name, you
are thinking it is a huge company behind it, and a lot of them is
just really a mom and pop, you know, that may own two or three
franchisees or maybe just one, and he is responsible for his employees. That is the way it is involved, because, you know, liability and
other matters. So he has to be able to operate it as well as somebody that may own 100 or so franchises that may have
Mr. POE. It is the franchise owner that is responsible for the employees.
Mr. AMADOR. That is correct.
Mr. POE. All right. I yield back. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. GOWDY. Thank you, gentleman from Texas.
The Chair will now recognize the gentleman from Michigan, the
Ranking Member of the full Committee, Mr. Conyers.
Mr. CONYERS. Mr. Chairman, may I be skipped temporarily? I
have asomeone waiting.
Mr. GOWDY. Certainly
Mr. CONYERS. Thank you very much.
Mr. GOWDY. I believe we would then go to Mr. Gutierrez, the
gentleman from Illinois
Mr. GUTIERREZ. Thank you so much.

73
Mr. GOWDY. Yes, sir
Mr. GUTIERREZ. I want to, first of all, thank all of the witnesses,
and I want to say to my colleagues on both sides of the aisle I am
ready to support a vigorous, rigorous program to verify employees.
I do not want to see a continuation of a permanent underclass of
workers in this country. I want to fix our broken immigration system.
I think that essential and critical to any comprehensive immigration reform package is to have E-Verify, and I want to make sure
it works. I want to make sure that, as we havewe are suggesting
today, that if there is an employer in America who wishes to hire
an undocumented worker, that the full weight of the law is applied
to that individual. And I would hope that as part of any process
we make tests, especially in the first few months, that when we
catch any scoundrels out there attempting to hire undocumented
workers, that we enforce the full force of the law against them, because, you know, it takes two. It takes alsonot every employer is
hoodwinked by someone with false papers. There are employers
who knowingly and willingly undermine American citizen workers
by giving workers, undocumented workers, and I want to end that.
I want to end it not only for the American workers, but I want to
end the inherent exploitation that exists of the undocumented
worker.
I think we need to understand that I am for E-Verify because I
want everybody verified for the system. We have a great Nation.
Things are getting better. And how are they getting better? Everybody tells us, OSHA tells us, American workers are safer than ever
before. Tragically, 13 die every day and never come home, but they
are safer. But when you extract Latinos from the group, more
Latinos are getting hurt on the job, and more Latinos are dying at
the job as the rate is declining for the overall pool of American
workers.
I want that to end, so I am ready for E-Verify. I am ready to
verify everyone. But let me just suggest the following. In the absence of a comprehensive immigration reform package, where are
the votes to get the public policy? They are certainly not going to
come from this side of the aisle, and we are going to have difficulty
in reaching a grand bargain. And this, I want to state categorically,
is part of the bargain, an essential fundamental part of any agreement in comprehensive immigration reform: enforcement, internal
enforcement. It will stop and not allow a future event where, years
to come, we have millions of other undocumented workers exploited
again.
So if you look at this from my point of view, and the humanity,
and the safety, and the justice of immigrants and working men and
women, or from a public safety point of view, or from an economic
point of view, take the view you wish, we should be able to reach
an agreement on comprehensive immigration reform.
Now, if you allow the 11 million out there, then what you are
asking me is to take our broken immigration system and unleash
upon them an E-Verify system that is only going to make them go
deeper into a more exploitive state where there will be more people
that can prey upon them, I cant do that. I can do this, and I will

74
encourage all of my colleagues to do this in good faith, to keep
America safe.
So, I want to thank you, Chairman Gowdy, for putting this hearing together. I hope we continue to have hearings like this. I think
E-Verify is important. I believe we can make America safer, and
make our workers safer, and live by this adage: Any job created in
America should go to an American first, but there is plenty of work
for others to come to this country, as they have in the past, to do.
Thank you so much, Chairman Gowdy.
Mr. GOWDY. Thank the gentleman from Illinois.
The Chair would now recognize the gentleman from Texas Mr.
Smith.
Mr. SMITH. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I am tempted to ask for
10 minutes, my 5 minutes plus the 5 minutes Mr. Gutierrez did not
use for questions. I can only say that about a friend. I appreciate
and admire Mr. Gutierrez very much for all that he has contributed to the immigration reform debate.
And I do want to say it is nice to hear everyone who is here as
a witness, and, in fact, all my colleagues support E-Verify either
alone or often in conjunction with other immigration reforms, and
I certainly appreciate that.
Mr. Amador, I would like to start off with you, if I could. I dont
know if I heard you mention in your oral statement the recent survey that was taken by the National Restaurant Association. Did
you mention that in your opening statement?
Mr. AMADOR. Go ahead.
Mr. SMITH. The recent survey that was taken.
Mr. AMADOR. Yes.
Mr. SMITH. Could you go into some detail about that survey, because I think it is very instructive.
Mr. AMADOR. Sure. Wewe just issued a survey that was completed late last year. We got more responses than we thought we
were going to get. We got about 800 of our members, large, small
suppliers. So we got a very good picture of a membership comment
on E-Verify, you know, both members that use it, members that did
not use it.
One thing that, you know, until now and last time we testified,
the National Restaurant Association testified before the Committee, it was all anecdotal. Now we have the evidence, you know,
and the evidence shows that ourthe larger companies, you know,
the larger members, already 49 percent of them are using E-Verify,
and out of those, two-thirds of those that are using E-Verify sign
up to it voluntarily.
One thing I will mention is, I mean, this whole idea that we cannot do enforcement alone, it is already happening. I mean, my
members are seeing it. It is true that I get a lot of push-back from
my guys in California as to why are you supporting the Legal
Workforce Act; it is not going to be mandated here. Well, more and
more it is mandated across borders, and it is having different mandates, and that is one of the complaints. They are signing up, and
they are viewing that it is not just signing to E-Verify, it is signing
to E-Verify of Colorado, E-Verify of Arizona, and they want a neutral playing ground, you know, where they have one law to follow.

75
From those that are not using E-Verify, I would say that the
number one comment that they said was, well, we dont have an
HR department, and we would like some options.
Mr. SMITH. Okay. Mr. Amador, I just wanted to make the point
that I thought the survey also showed specifically that 79 percent
of restaurant owners view E-Verify as 100 percent accurate. Is
thatis that the final
Mr. AMADOR. They found that to the best of their knowledge,that
it was 100 percent accurate.
Mr. SMITH. When you can find 79 percent of any group of individuals thinking that anything is 100 percent accurate, that has got
to be a new record either in the private sector or in the public sector.
Mr. AMADOR. It was that answer I did not expect, and we were
happy to see it. Another one that was very interesting is 80 percent
of those that use E-Verify recommended E-Verify to their colleagues.
Mr. SMITH. And to your knowledge,the use of E-Verify, the cost
is minimal by the various owners?
Mr. AMADOR. That is what they were saying in the survey. One
comment is for those that did not use it. For those that use it, already have Internet access, already have the framework in place.
Mr. SMITH. Right. And then what is the average time that it
takes to check in a potential or future employee?
Mr. AMADOR. It takesit takes minutes.
Mr. SMITH. You could say 2 to 3 minutes.
Mr. AMADOR. And if you want toexcuse me?
Mr. SMITH. Two to 3 minutes is what I have heard. Is that accurate?
Mr. AMADOR. Two to 3 minutes. And the number one complaint
with it, which was the original question at the beginning of the
hearing, was the tentative nonconfirmation throws a wrench into
the system. So the 2 or 3 minutes we love, but then the tentative
nonconfirmation adds additional cost to
Mr. SMITH. Right. And the nonconfirmation shouldnt be a surprise, maybe particularly in the restaurant business, but in any
business, because across the country about 5 percent of the workforce is illegal. So when we find out that 5 percent across the board
doesntdont get confirmed, that is not a flaw in the system; that
is actually showing that the system works.
Mr. AMADOR. And the concern that they have with exemptions
thatexceptions that have been created in other States is they
may needit is a very neighborly business, right, so you turn
somebody down, and they say, then I go to another restaurant that
is exempted, because it happens perhaps throughout
Mr. SMITH. That is why everybody needs to use E-Verify.
Mr. AMADOR. Right.
Mr. SMITH. Thank you.
Ms. Blitstein, I wanted to go back to your statement, and I wanted to really clarify for the record, when you talked about applying
E-Verify to the current employees, that I wanted to make sure that
you and others understood that the bill, yes, does apply to current
employees when it comes to Federal contractors, for example, but
as far as all other businesses, when we are talking about future

76
employees. So the burden is not going to be there, the burden that
you might feel, and we can talk more about what to do about it,
but that burden is not going to apply in, I would say, 99 percent
of the cases.
The bill allows an employer to check current employees if they
check all employees, and that is in an effort to avoid discrimination. But again, that is voluntary. We dont force everybody to
check their current workforce. I just want to make sure that that
was clear.
I appreciate your saying that E-Verify works as intended, and
that it is a balanced approach as wouldas well.
Is my time already up? Maybe I will go into Mr. Gutierrezs 5
minutes. No. No.
My time is up. Ms. Wood, let me just thank you for your testimony very quickly, and may I ask you what benefit you think EVerify has for American workers? Sometimes that gets lost. We all
talk about foreign workers. I dont think we talk enough about the
benefits to American workers. And, Mr. Chairman, if I could ask
your indulgence for her to answer that one question.
Mr. GOWDY. Certainly.
Ms. WOOD. Well, E-Verify provides kind of an even playing field
for authorized workers when they apply to the system, and so it
encourages employers to have, you know, wages and other things
that are not undercut because they are depending on an illegal and
unauthorized workforce.
Mr. SMITH. Okay. Thank the gentleman from Texas.
The Chair would now recognize the gentlelady from Texas Ms.
Jackson Lee.
Ms. JACKSON LEE. I think that has a certain ring to it. Thank
you very much, Mr. Chairman.
And as my good friend Mr. Smith was leaving, let me thank you
and the Ranking Member. And I wanted to make mention of the
fact for the record that yesterday we completed in Homeland Security one of the components to comprehensive immigration reform,
which is a very strong border security bill, and I wanted to make
mention for this Committee that Mr. Smith and I joined on an
amendment that covered operational control foroh, I am sorry. I
thought you had stepped awayoperational control for the entire
border. And I just wanted to show a sign of bipartisanship and
comfort for this Committee as we look at these issues that are
enormously important, and if I might do an advertisement, I hope
that we will consider that bill as a component to the process of
comprehensive immigration reform.
Let me thank the witnesses. Mr. Amador, it is good to see you
again. We have had a long journey of working together. But I really want to take a moment and thank the National Restaurant Association. We have worked with them over the years, but I do want
to thank them for being such an enormous economic engine, and
coming from Texas and Houston with such a large membership,
certainly my friends, I have been in their restaurants, I have met
with them, I understand the challenges that they have, and I
would also say that they seek to hire anyone who will come and
be a good worker, and do the job, and stay on the job.

77
You have given opportunity to young people. I am hearing that
you are hiring seniors because seniors are coming back to work,
and in between. And there are people at yourin your business
businesses that use the restaurant job as their income for their
family, so I think your work is very important.
And I wanted to just ask a straight-out question because I wanted to make sure we were correct. The National Restaurant Association is supporting a comprehensive immigration reform; is that not
the case?
Mr. AMADOR. We support immigration reform whether it is one
piece at a time, whether it is only DACA. We supported DACA by
itself. We support the Legal Workforce Act, and we support legalization of worklegal work status for I wouldnt say all, but certainly a great number of the 11 million.
Ms. JACKSON LEE. My understanding is that you are going on
record for access to legalization for the 11-, 12 million undocumented individuals?
Mr. AMADOR. Of course, with caveats as, you know, if you have
a criminal record and things like that.
Ms. JACKSON LEE. Well, our bill will cover all that.
Mr. AMADOR. But other than that, yes
Ms. JACKSON LEE. You are.
And you wouldyou would certainly be happy if components of
what you are interested in came out in the form of a comprehensive immigration package.
Mr. AMADOR. Correct.
Ms. JACKSON LEE. So we can work together.
I wanted to just go over someand thank you for that. And I
want to look very closely at this legislation. Certainly our Chairman has made a great effort. One of the things that I want to implore the Chairman of the full Committee for and the Ranking
Member is that we do have regular order, and that this Committee
has the ability to participate in the process, and hopefully we will
find that there are people here who will work for the greater good.
I want to ask Ms.is it Blitstein?
Ms. BLITSTEIN. Blitstein.
Ms. JACKSON LEE. Blitstein, let me get that correct. One of the
things that I wanted to raise very quickly is the question of due
process and the ability to challenge the idea that I am documented.
Do you have an answer to that? There is no provision in this bill
for due process. If someone has claimed falsely that they are not
they dont verify them, but they are a citizen, or they have status?
Ms. BLITSTEIN. CUPA-HR would be in support of measures that
could afford someone due process. No system is completely perfect,
and while we certainly support the Legal Workforce Act, that
doesnt meanbecause there is no provision, that doesnt mean
that we wouldnt be supportive ofof some mechanism like that.
Ms. JACKSON LEE. That would be very helpful. Thank you.
I want to go back to Mr. Amador. One of the major concerns
about E-Verify has been raised. Historically the system returns an
unacceptably high percentage of both erroneous confirmations and
erroneous nonconfirmations. And we have heard testimony from
USCIS early this year that improvements have been made. Will

78
that pose a problem? And I have heard from the restaurant association that that has been a problem.
Mr. AMADOR. It used to be a bigger problem. And again, you
know, we had originally opposedand this is years ago when it
was first mandated, we had opposed E-Verify, but the improvements are significant, and our members are telling us that, you
know, when people go back, they are able to fix those problems.
Ms. JACKSON LEE. But you would want to make sure that those
problems would be fixed.
Mr. AMADOR. Well, of course, you know, we would like the system to always improve, but that doesnt mean it shouldnt be mandated, because it is working for the purpose intended.
Ms. JA0CKSON LEE. I appreciate it.
Mr. Mondi, I am sorry. Let me justappreciate your industry as
well, and I dont want you to have to go out of business. What
about the idea of how much this would cost maybe for the employer, for the employee, and fraudulent documents? And in your
industry it is seasonal, what kind of major impact that would have
on you.
Mr. MONDI. So
Ms. JACKSON LEE. How muchhow much the system would cost,
maybe cost the user, et cetera.
Mr. MONDI. If
Ms. JACKSON LEE. Added cost.
Mr. MONDI. It would add a lot of cost in lost time. So actual dollars spent, if the technology advancements do come to fruition the
way they have been suggested they may, with smartphone application and telephonic things, that might be very helpful. If your office
is the cab of your pickup truck, however, any sort of additional paperwork burden is just that. It takes more time, it takes more time
in the office, less time in the field. You are talking about owner/
operators who will spend as much time with their hands on the
shovel as they do on a keyboard, right?
So the biggest loss of money is going to be through additional
time and administrative burdens. They dont have HR staff; you
know, they cover every aspect of the business. And so when you are
off site, when you do dont have an office, and you dont have dedicated office staff, any types of challengeany type of paperwork
burdens become a challenge.
Ms. JACKSON LEE. Let me thank the witnesses, and again, if I
might add my appreciation for the restaurant association and the
work Mr. Amador has done with us. Can we continue to work together?
Mr. AMADOR. Yes.
Ms. JACKSON LEE. I would love to do that.
I want to thank the Chairman, and I yield back.
Mr. GOWDY. Thank the gentlelady from Texas.
The Chair would now recognize the gentleman from Iowa Mr.
King.
Mr. KING. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
I want to thank the witnesses for your testimony here today. And
as I listen to the theme through here, that there is work that
Americans wont do, and having spent my life for a time with a
shovel in my hands or down in the ditch, and actually I havent

79
found anything that I wont do, or anything I cant get my sons to
do, or anything that I cant get our crew to do. Whether it is 126
degrees heat index or 60 below windchill, we will do what needs
to be done.
And there are an awful lot of Americans that are naturalized, native-born Americans that are out there in the cold and the wind
and the heat in the ditch doing this work every single day, and I
pay attention. Around this city I can send my staff out with a video
camera, and we could find you all kinds of work done in this city
done by Americans that are doing work that Americans wont do.
So I justI wanted to put that particular thing, perhaps, to rest,
although it keeps recurring year by year, and make the point that,
for example, 75 percent of illegal aliens in this country have less
than a high school degree, high school degree or less, and a household headed by a high schoolsomeone with a high schoolwithout a high school degree will draw downwill pay in taxes about
$11,469 in taxes, and they will receive about $46,582 in benefits.
That is a net fiscal deficit of $35,113.
What we are talking about here is a Nation that has a cradleto-grave welfare system. This is not 1900. This isnt 1907 when the
previous wave of immigration peaked. This is the cradle-to-grave
welfare system in the United States, and Milton Friedman said
clearly that thean open borders program and a cradle-to-grave
welfare system cannot coexist, and that is what we are doing here.
What we are doing is, speaking of the comprehensive immigration reform policy that has recurred here, is that we are really talking about taxpayers subsidizing the difference between the cost of
sustaining a household and the wages that can be drawn into that
household from someone who iswho is, I will say, of lower education, not necessarily lower skills. And I would ask unanimous
consent to introduce into the record the Robert Rector report of the
Heritage Foundation dated May 6, 2013, and ask a unanimous consent, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. GOWDY. Without objection.
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'!VCr
!IO {If lhe"" [1ru,w.nl ~ whith, al " ellSl (0( ne~ny
'900 hilli"" I"" )"Car, p",vitlc <'"sh, r<lod, hau.in~,
mj>;licn l, and
'~rvk,'!' to ,nlllthly '1011 m lllio"
I"w .i nc()mc Americ"ns. Moj<Or p,ugram..' In\'lull''
MCtli.:.,i,\, r(KJlI M"nll)~. Ih .. ' "funll"llI" I""ned
I nconle T"~ C,~dl1. l1ublk' hoU'SlT,,:. SU"lllcnlcnl.,
!iecu,',l.y I"",'me, "nd 'fe ,np"r.,y A~sisl''''"t ro,
NHod), I'. m ilie,.

.'1"",

""bUe ,,11""'"tion. AI " C"~I "f$I~.:\{)O pc, pupil

p~r )... ~,.lhcSt. ill'rvicc$ ~'c I"'lldy f r!'<' or h,'~v' l)'
""h>lid izrd r'lr I"w',n"""',,, I)"""nl~.

....",.. Ikl. ... " -ba sed ""rvlce~. !\,Iiw. nrt'. hi~h

.. ~).,;.l'",b. und .'mll .. r s<rvic~ .. a~ Ih. N.ti"mll

M.llemy nf Sl;lenl:..'lj drt~rmlnt'd In ',5 ~Iu!ly of
I he ro",,~1 ~"""l in, ",i~""li"n. ~~'ncr"'lIy h"'" I,.
<'XII'"'' a~ "..... tn' noig""'I~ ~"Ict" cu",mun;l)':
""n'... nch~s III b"", I h"~""1 ufth,,','xpall.iun.

...r

' I'M ",-.;I. nfth<.;;c )(i'V1!",ruenl,,1 ..,vic,,", is

la,.~
cr IIl"n ",''''y """pic i""O)jh,,. I',lr .'~onl[ll<-. In :''010.

lile IWC"Wo: U,S.

~''''\I"nl

h"u!ICh"l~

'cw""11 ':U.:'>IJ4 in I;')\"

hc"dil.!t "",I ""rvicl.lO in Ihese Ih ur ~"t~)Ct>riCll,

The IIOwrnn>enlal .y~I<.'m t~ hij?hl)'
ributiv~.
WcU-cdlJl::olcd 1\,,.,sch,,III" le nd ,,, t>ef...l/u.~ ,",,,,/ritm
J{)fll: l''''' I ~n".,t"')'p;'ycxc",,,d thcdlrctl ~"d m~"M1e>leollltn.:f,u, c!luc"Uon. ~nd lH't'ul"I\on bJl."N I ,;cr
V""!! tht:y r,"Cd"". 1'()t eX""'l'k ,n ~<l!O, ,n \h~ whol<.
U.s. ""I'ul"'~",. h(\u""hOhl~ " ' ilh CllII~!!<, t.,J uc"I\.'<l
h",otI$. ') n :"'~'at;e. " "'"',,,d $~+.I!:l') in b~w\"n ",,,nl
hc""nu whil~ poying $,.ol.DIeJ in lu"" Theuw,*
~ol lc-getdUC""'~d hou,;.h,'ld \hu~ I.,,-,ncr-.ttod u fi:<cul
sUfnl\l~or$W.~:;U 111:0\ so", .... ",,,nl u"",! 10 ronan""
hc nejil$ for olhe' h,)u!'(:hQlds.
Other h"u!i<'h"ld~ MI' IY-' 'Wo' "' ..~~"wr'" Tbc I,.., n
ctlt~ th,'y ,ccci,.., eKc,,,,d lh" IU,,,. th~)' P~.Y. rhl;;C
htlusch o l\l~ j/t'""n,lc _ -(,0;(:,,1 ddocil" Ih"1 ",\I~I h;:
ronu"cl'tl by 1,,0;,... r""n> " , ller h.",.,h<,[d.
by ..... lV~ rn"'cnl borrowlng. I'uf nan,!,I". in :tOIO, In Ihe U.S.
1'IIIIulation :u;a Whole , h'''' I!<'".,Id~ h~~,"'d hy I... n"'n~
w;IN,ul \I h,gh ~ch,~ol dc~"," , .on "w"'~". rt'c";vcl.!
U6.5112 In AII ...... nm"nl b.!ncflts " 'hil" Il"yinj,\ unly
'11.469 in lutll. "hls~('ntr"lctl '''' :"..",,~c ti ...~1 defIdl (M""n .... l1,c~I'"t.~1 nljnu~I"Xl'!'I)~id)l\f $ ~, II:!.
Till' hi..:h ddkll~ "r 1><,,,,1)' "duouted ho,ulS(.oh"ld~
U'" Wlr,lrlallt ill the "" ",e~l y .Ic-baitl hccuu"," the
Iyt'ie~l untuwfullmmig,unl hilS onl)' a I Ol h ~ro(1c
"duc"'",,,. It,Mofunl:owful i",'ni~r"'" hou",'h,olds
.'e hcad,'tl by un lndividuuJ with 1",,-, Ih"" ~ high
od,1)<)! <1,,;.... and .,.nl h", 2::; I""ccnl urhous.thodd
he,Kl~ have (Only" high ~"h(>ol '[lll'c~.

red'' '

,.r

85
T ill: ~I SC"' LC(l.''''' OV UNI.AW I IJLI~ t\t m. A"'"rs
ANIl A,\tNE.'.... y To T il E U.s, TAXI'A nM

Sume "'~U~ Ih"1 IIIe dc/kil r'KU'Clf f'lf l'''vrly

(-.lUcaled houschulll~ in Ih e lI~n"tHl I'opulali,m
.". nul !\'Icnnt fQr l",miI(Nl nl~. Many b.~H!'V~, rur
ex,,,,,,,le.lh"'I"wful i",,"I~r""I " u"" lilllew"'f",e.
In reality. lawful '",mi~ ,a"l hou'cllol, tec";""
~ig"ifk"hl ly "lOr.' "",I fare. un av","go:. Ih'm 11.s..
IJ,,,n h(,,,~h(lld~. (hwnll. Ihe fiS(:~1 d"f,, : jl~ 'or .".
pIO~~ ft'r lawfOI Imnl~,."nl hQu...;ellol.~ ,or", Ihe
~'''"~ ~g no' hi~hfr III"" Lh""" ru, U.s.-b;or" hu"..,
hOld. wit h Lh" ~"mc ~d "c"tI"" level. Poorly "du"" 'cd hm'sch"ld~. whdhe' immigr""t "r II.S,_horn.
,etc,"" r~r mO,e ,n !(I,,"<:, nm~nl b"n~r"S Ihnn Ihey
payin la~cs.
Int'tmlr." lul"",(ul in'm'~r"nls. unh,..,.ful lmn, ig"'nl"~' 1'",,,,,"1 do n!J\ h~ a<:<.:c"; 10 m(!,.ns-Ic~It'tl
wdfarc. Sodal s...'Curily. "r Ml-dicun" Th~ ... >C~ "'''
me'n. h"w~'W"th'llhcy, '" ",,! ,ecciwlI"""rn mcnl
~nd,l$ and ,;ervie,'lI. ('hiJdr~n 111 un"Mful 'mmi ~ranl hou""h,lI,l. rl'Ceivt: hea vily *u l"idi:<ed puhl ic
~o;lul... lion , Muuy unh.wf ul lnlml~tHnt~ h"'''' [I,S ,ch ,ld "",,: II""", chil~'c!l arC ,urr~nltJ) c!l~ible
r"rlhe lull "'nl:cM~""t!r" men l ...dl'~ ",",,' 1 ",edi,,~1
""nellIS. II nd. of rou, ,..,. whel! unl.wful lroh\lg"'"L~
live in """,,,,unily, Ihey u"" ......lIs. park", 1'<We,,, lII~kc, "R(l llrc prokd~ln: Ih.se "", ,,leos must
eXI);n" 10 ~lM'r the addcd,,,,pulnlic'll <)r Iher" wUl
be l."n~l",". 'n cfk'CL< Ihal lead 10 ~ ,1~linc ,n ,:crvirc qunlll)'.
I" 2010. Ihe avcr'Ulc "nll>wful ;",",I~ran l hnu",,hold r"( ";w,1 ~,(Jun<1 S~ 4 .7'2 1 in gMf.rnmcnl hen cf"" and ~,,'ic:j,'S While I' .yiu!: s')me 1~IO.3:I" in
.uxes. Thislt<'oe,""I",1 an nvcno)(c ""Ilual f,,,,,al dcficillhcn~lil 5 received mi"u~ Inxc~ p.id) of o,lloUnd
11 ~ .!.1117 I"" hQu..,h,""_ This c.~t h"d ' 1.' I,' " bor""
by n.s. laX",,}'cr~. Am n,,"l y "'!luld pnw;lIc unl~w
ful h""""''''tI~ wllh 'occ""~ I" "ver ~(] n'C'M-I",,' l'tl ",elf,,,e
Uho ",,,,,.,,,, S""1:01 Sl", ,,ril y,
nnd Ml~Hearc_ The filot'1lt dcr,dl fo' ~""h h"u);Ch"ld
w""III"",r
tf e n;oCtc,I, amnesty would t", imnh'n,cnll~1 ,n
ph~, llurillJllhc first lit Inlerim ph,.,,,, ("'hleh ;,.
likdy IQ 1".1 13 yc,""'). u" l~wfullmmilP'''nl" wou ld
be ~iwn 13wful stal u! hul wo uld Il<' dcnt~,J "'!C<.'U 10
",cans-Ie.ted "'df"tc a nd OOO",,,,,,,rc. M'ISI """ _
lYSiS ~"<u n.~ Ih al ",ul(h ly hol( "r unlo .... rul ;mmi .
~m nl$w~rk -"trlhebooks" and Ihercf"r~ do ""I t>:ry
;"..~,",c 01 I'ICIIIl""_,,,. lluri"I:l 'h e in"',.,m ph"",,.
Ihe ... "Otrlhc b<)i)~S "'urkers would hu,e. slrung
i",-",nli"" 10 1tIDVt: UJ 'on Ihe book>;" ""'I'Io)' m"n"
!n addil i<'m. Iheir "'''go.'ll would Illrely 11" up as I .....')'

'l"US:'II jollJ$ in ~ "",,.,, "IJen cnvi"",,,wnL J\~" rcoOIl.

durin,<: Ihe inlcri", perio,I, I~ll)")' n":nl~ "'"uld ri""
"nil l~ nwtag.!! fillC,tl ddkit "mung r,,'mH unluwfl,1
;,"mig".,,1 r,u"!<Ch,,lds ,..uuld [,lit.
Afle' 1:1 yenr . unl",..ful 1"''''11:'.''1' wou ld
tX'<:"'" C dig,hI~ lilt n'ca"~-Ic.,.tcd "'elfare and
Ob" m ""~tc, Al l h .. poli n! ,,,shOrtly Ih.,caflcr. r,JI'mcr unl~wful ill1l"illra ol h"U,;o,h\~1is WOuld likel)'
b.!gi" !O r..'Cd"" govern m",,1 bolndiu; "I Ih~ "",m~
rdle ~s lawful immiSI',nl Mu~holds "r Ihe ""me
edUl.'ali. ,n k..\.~_ As a l'C"ull. gow ... "~ ~nl >'l'~ndin~
:on,1 """"I ddit1h ,",oulJ j n c I ~,,-cd,pmalR:"lIy.
TIl~ nl!~1 phase of amo ~ ~I ~ is rd)t,'menl.
Unl"w(,,1 in,ml,oj",nls arc n,,' t u r",nlly di~iblc f",
Socia l S~'C u,1t) a nd Medicare. bul under an1lle>;ly
lhe)' .....'uld bt.'<:on.e$(l_ nw .... >I<. Oflh i~ changtl "'.,uld
I", ",-"y lUll:.: ;I1<le,,,1.
As n,,'~d, ". I~ cu " ... nl lim" (bd;"c "m "csly).
110" .""rall<-' " nh.wful immigmnl ""u""hold h ns~
n"1 def,dl (".,nlof,,,, rccc1",..o;l minus "' ~c~ I"ld)

.,r

bt""

P"'I(""""

"

tI 4 .:1~7 I'erMu!-C h"I'1.

nu r '~

Ihe inle,;m ph"sc im",cdi"lcly "ftc,

increusc mMe I h ~n
gn"l:rnn1cn' ~l!cl1's. a nd th", nvcr"!!,,, fisc. 1 dell cli fi .. roWmc' u"l .wfut imn"s ", n' h""""h"ld~
"'"uhl rull lu$ 11.4SJ;,
nmnc.ly_la~ pnyn,enls wuuld

AI the "nol "r l~ i",erim

~ra"IS

1""k~I ,

unl"w!,,,1 immi -

"'0010 tJewnm cll~ihlc fUI nlL"'''~-I ''';I.d

,..dfatc
med ical sub.idies undctOh"n,~a",.

",,<I

M~r-d~

~ncm, "..-.uld ri"" tn S4:1.9(l() Ilet

tmuschQld, l:ox I'ayn.cnts "'I)uld r.nw ,n a"'und
Slrd,()(l; Ihe 'l'C"'~C f,,,,,,"l ,Ii!f,dl (""ncr,,~ III IOU.
I"~"") ",,,,,Id hefllJt>ul $~H,OI)()l'cr h"uII\'hOld.

IInmi:Sly would .ISI, rol"" r~tiI'Cm tnl ISU by

ma~ iO!! u"l.wf,,1 jm m~r"hlf d'~iblc fnr Soc'al
S~c"rll y "nd ~ll11i<:~,", '~'1,Ui"~ in a ""I 1i S<'~ 1
<klicil of "round S~2,700 ]ler rcllred "ml1C~ly
rudpie,,' PC'

ftl",.

In Ic,n," Vfl'ubl i< 1~'li.:y~"d g"""'''me''l de(",i .

:0" i"'I~lTlanl r,~u,c i~ Ihe a)()("')\.ll~ alm",,1 ,knell

for ~II unt",..ful j"'ml~".nl h"us~h"ld . Thjse4u~l~

Ihe ,,,, .1bend, ",," ""rYj(,~" rl-eei",d by hI! u"l.wfu t ,,,,mlg,,,n' huuschuhb< nlinu ~ IIw lolallnc~ JlOkl
bylh""" tlJ) u""h uldli.

86
S ~ ':"' I ,I.I . n~rOMT

)i0;13:I

~A n.:I!I"

lind", c.. trcnll."" "II ""In",r,,1 ""mi)(I'~1Il 1",.. ",,_

hokJ~ l"lldhe, haw ~n "~rc~ule nlln",,1 (kf,ci l"f
Mound .t:!>4,5biUlOn.
I" lhe inlerlm piluS!< (rlllll:(hly Ih~ 11I,'l 13 y~ar~
"flc. o"'nCSly), Ih" "I<l!tc-plc """\lal ddkil
..."uhl fKIII"'43_~ hill;':'n .
Al l hIlC"~ "rib" Inleri", ph,,,,,,. f",n"" ,,"llIWful
immigr.,nl hl>lL,",b"ld~ w""ld 1I.:co",<:. fully eligible r"''''"an~_lc""l,,d ...."rar~and h""'lh curebcn
cf'l.underthcA IrrmM>lc ta,cA~I . 1'1",. a~'l"j(:olc
annu~I d.,'11cII "..,uk.! 6"a, 10 ~"'urnl SI06 hillion .
In Ih,' t"li~mc"l I,haso,. III,' " "nua! asgtL'j.,"*'
delkit ",,,uld be "nlund ,Ir.o hilli"n . II ",,,,,hi
slllwly (",dine ., r",n"" unl"wful "nmig",nl~
~,....>tIu"H~ ~~pl,,:.
"'hc~ co~t$ IV(>Uld h""" 10 h, oorne by .'rcady
\WI:,l,\ul'<,lcrwd II"~. t"~I'")'I:'S. (All r'~""'L'lI "". In ~O!H

,~,lIu"'J

The t}'PK'Dt unla"ful '''''''',I",nl I. 34- yea,~ uld.

Ark, "mllL",ly. Ihis Indlvidu.1 ",ill n.-.:ei"" .\,,,,,,n",,,"I b<n~fil$. un ".er.,~e. fo, ,,0 y~ar . 1\<'SI'il:t\"~
"Ct~"'" I.., bm~nl . r"r Ih" f1 ...1 W ~C"''5 oft,, un, n""ly
thc'eror~ h"~ onl)' a ",,,rg,,,ol imp""l "n long-tel''''
Co.;,l'_
If "mn('~ly ,. cn""'l ~d. Ihe oV('r'W! adult unlawful
,mn,'g,anl Wfluhl n:e;:ivc $5'.1~.Ot!O m",e ;n ~"""'n
mcnl b<'""OU (,wr Uw cou, ... 0( hi~ ' c"''''nlTl)llireIllIIe\h"" hew<luld n"yin \".c .
Ove, ~ lifdime.lhe former unl.wfUl i'n",igrnnl.
l"IIL1hcr \\'(\1.11(1 '1'ceivt: 5....4 I ,HI,n" In .\l''''t'r''m~''l
ht;l1dil~ "n~ sc'vj,:c~ a,,~ I'a~ 5:U Irilli,," in t~l"~.
Th ..') w,,,,ld ","craie u IIr,1ime li~~t tlc Ocil (J.Otal
benefll. mmus 1,,1,,1 ta.c,.) "f.$6 .!1 lrink," (f>llliXun."" ~ rc in eoltfh,nt 1(110 d,~I"n1 J 1'hi1 'houl1l boo:
L~'n~Idc,c" ~ n,I"imu", L",I"""le. lll>rub"hl), unde!'~I'U,,.- 'enl rulur" c""151.>c~,.u"" II unll~".""nl > Ihe
num"'" or unlawrul Inm'iJ/r:ml$ and dq".'IIdcnls
",h" will ."lu"lIy reed ...... ,,,,,ncsly 'Illd umle",.l imille 1~nifi C a"Uy lh~ fut un.' ~'i1W lh In ,,'~Hon. ond
",~"'",.I hener-lo.
'rhe d(:h"t ~ 011<>1.11 Ih .. n"".1 con""~'ICI1C~'\i "r
unl~wful ~rnl II>W-~ kill imml~ nl\iun", hamp",ed II)'
" numb<r "r n""""n"~"li'''' . 1'"", ''''''n". k~", "'~I I)'
u"d"",lolld the cuncnt ~iiIC ,)/" Jll.ivcrnm~nl IIMlh"
>lCQ I'" of ~dh;.l rlhulion. Th" f""'l Ihal Ih" '''''''''I:e
hw,;ch"ld gd~ $:)1.600 in l/flve,nm~ nl ile.n"fll~ cadi

}'t'at i~ ~ ~h,,~k_ 't'h~ r"",t Ihat a 11,.,,",,1\01,1 1",:KIcd by

"n In,)ividu(.1 wllh Ics~ IhM ~ high ;;;:h'~"I"'ltr""
Itets U6.(oI'I()l~ ~biAA"r\lnt,
M""y t~'n"ctv'~ i ....... b<'I,,,,,,, lh~l If" n i nd,vldu,,1
11"-<3 J'~' ,,,,(I w\lrks hnrd. hewill in""i\lll~yhc" nel
l aX ""nlrihulll' (P"Y'1ljl n""tl in I"""'" Ih~n he I" ""~
in ht;ndil,;). In ""r ",,,"kll'. thi~ has ",)I"'...,1l I,ue lor
"cry IQol! tl!\lc. ~in'il",Iy. "'''")' twlil:"" tk"l unlawfulln'""R"' "lir "'or k lIIure I han "lhcr ~n'ul"" Thi~ i~
01.0 nIll ttlle. "11/: cmnillYmcnl r~lc ror I>On...,l(krl)'
adu!! ",,'"wfu' in, m ig,onU; IS "t,,,,,1 Ih, .;.an,e "" ,I i<
(<"It thcj(",... cral t>(jpubli"n.
Man), 11,.dk)m"~e,, " I"" 1)(:1.,,,,, Ihal 1:><',:","1<.'
""',,wfu' i"'mil\r:",l~"re cnlllp",,,livdY)'Jun)(, U,cy
"'111 hell' rei;"", the fIscal olr';"$ of an 3,1(ing ",:.ocldy. HL"lIrcll"bl~, thilr i~ n"l true. Al C''''') Slage ,,flh.,
life c:yck, "nl.",(,,1 immig".nl'" nn a~<a;:"c. !(ener.Ie r.~ul dcr.(I1~ \b<: nefils excL....od IUc'!\). Unl"wf\ll
imm~ranls. on a""r:'~c . ,e wl",~yllu "O"'Unt"'<'
tJ",y n"""ronc. jlCn<:nll\.'~ "li><:.1 ~urplu~" th.1 c~ n
til: u~c~ I" I,a)' n,.. g"'..... nntel1lucn<:/lt$ ~IijCwh~'" in
SI.ocldy. 'rhiHiluaIKm,O/Wi"u.<lywillg.'l much w",,,,,
~f\","mn""I)"

M,,,,y l',,'icymake,s believe th"l lin", ~mncs

unJ~wfu l il<>mign",ls will hdp nl;lke Sl>CLw l
S~cu 'il)' ~nl""nL II '" 1m" Ihnl unlawful In'mlRra"U cu",,"lly PO}' I' leA laxc:< "nd W(lulcl I"'Y
mMe "rlct "mnL'!rty. bUl wilh ~vct~g" c atnln~~ I,f
S~4 ,HOO I"" )'C"'. the Iypical unlawful In,mlgranl
will pay "nly ah"ul $:1.700 pc, }"BI ;n J'ICA la x~~.
Aflcr ,~H,cmcnl. th"l Indi"idu~1 If likel)' III droll'
more th.n $~.OO in Sod,,1 $c"<"u,lty and Medica,,'
(,.~djuoled for 'nllotlOn) fOr ."""y doll", in I'ltA
IUlutlc h"' paid
M"r""'~f. IUIC~ "ml ncn(:nt~ n,uSI he " .. :....od
hnllSllt~Ii)~ II i~ u ml~l.kc 10 l!l<\k nl Ih e 1" 11;1,,1
Secu"Iy I,usl fund ;n "'-oInli"n. If an in~ivldu,,'
Imy~ t!1.1Qtl L'N r yca, 'nl" Ih, S(.ocI~1 S,,,"ri<.y \I u.1
r"l,d bill SimuIt Dn,,'u~Iy d""",~. nel $~l'i.VtJO 11~'
)..... ~, (ht:nelils mlnu~ lu.-:\l (Jut "rgen<:.,,1 JII.i""rnmenl 'e .....l1ue. Ihe ""tvenL,), of !!,,"",nmcnl ha~ ,,,,1
i'"lltOVL'tl .
Fnllml'lll/( amnc.!y. Ihe fiSC,11 tu.ls ,,f f<J''''ct
unb",rul l",mill"",1 huu'Ch"ld~will be ",u~hl)'lh~
,;:, m~ "~ IhuliC or law(ul imml~'''nt "",I ""n-i",o,; granl hou:<clt ... ld. wllh Ihe .,'m e 1.,,,1 "f educ.tlon .
Il<.-e.ust: U.S. ~<JVt:rn",cnl p,,'ky;s h;)(I1I)' rC~I"lrlh
utili{!. Ihll!l~ t"'l~ "'e wry br~e, 1"h,,,,, who doin'
lh,,1 "mnllllly will n1ll "",~Ic" 1.tg:"rlllCnl burden ,m'
~i mply in "sMc.;f dcn!.1 c"OO:~rning Ihe urnle,!y'ng
Iy.

'"

87
T ill: ~I SC"' L cu.'--r OV USI.AWI'IlLJU\1I11" " ",- r;:
ANU AMNR.,--rV T" TII HU-", TAXI'A UM

",di.t rihOI i,,,,,,1 n~tur~ of ~"v"rnnl~IIL P'~ K')' in the

21., Cc n,ur)',
Finally. ""me . '!l1/(' t hai il d ~. nol n'~Hcr ",1>o.lh "
"' u nl:,wfullmm i~n'nt... ~".",,,,, n"".1 del ic~ lOr S(i.:J
nill ion bcc,m>;(!lh"irchlldrc" will m" k ~op rOl IhL'S<'.
~OI',"_ Thill is ""I Irue. h.m if ,III ,ru, children of
u "I.wrul in>Oligr.ml ~ !If,,,h,.I,,,! f rum ':.lUCj[C. Ih<')'
wouhJ bc hard"pr;.~ I.., I~'Y \)ao;)I $(i.!J IriUi(lO In
"o"'~
tlld. IIreli
or ~ o u'"" , not "II lhe c ll,l~rc n lIfunlawfullmml"
gronlS will Stood""lu r",n, l"l) lk"",. 1J",:o on ''''e''
!!"n~",,'i,m~1 >ucj~1 mf~'i!iIY ,h,,,,, Ihnl. "1Ih(",~h
Ihe ch "dren Of u"'~wfu' Immign>nlS will 1> .." ~uh
"l"nHally betler "ducal.mol outcome.. th,," lhdr
I," ' cnls. Ihc~ 3chic""mcnls w,lI h""" II nlil~. Only
I:, I""'t'~nl uu I'~cly I... !?r..,ju~I" r'onl t -" llc,<:oJ. f"r

. ,"cr

n,"",.

1!lI""'I" e IlI.,""o<o or Ihill. Ihe child,..,n. un nvcra~.

Un, nQI likciv III b"~,,m" 0"' I~X t<!olr'hulur~. lhc
thlldr"nufunl"wfnl im migm nl_ .r,likdyto r~n'ain
" ,,"1 n!!<,,,j hurden "" t iS . l"xIl"Y'''<. "II h"u~1I " f,n
>m""~r bu.Il"" Ih"" Iheir Imre"l~.
/\ fin.1 problem", Ih" unb",rul in,migrali""
a"re~.,; I" ,\<prcs.; Ihe w"l1('" "f 11 .... ,;.1<111 U.s.horo
_1>\1 l'nvful iro",~r~o\ wo,ker.; by W l'lII'(~"" or
S~,:lUO. lie' year. 1I"",wful i"'In,~r:'''''n ',h'" poob
ohly dtiv~", mHOly nf "ur mOllI v uln,~~bh, Il,S" h"'"
w".ken "ul vI" Ih ~ Inll'" r"r~u ~nlird}. 1!nlu",rul
immi!;<.-.oIjpn Ihu~ m"~~< ~ Inu,k'r fur Ule I"",
~d ...ant"l!<'d U.S, Cili" ~"s II, ""ti , e ill Ihc lI",erlc~n
d,..,um , T his is wn'n~: publ;,: I,,~ky .h""I" ~uPllOrt
111"- intc",.ls,llh"",,- who h~vc . rlp,hllu be "",..,. not
Ih""" wb<; haw h'''ken "u' la",\! .

88
S ~.:c.' I .I.I , kCP<' RT

sO; ,..

loMU,:I\II>

The Fiscal Cost ofUnlawjiti Immigrants

and Amnesty Lo the U.S. Taxpayer
Iloln!rt Hector and .I{t,wn !lie!! wine. Ph/)

I ntroduction
a<:k Y'-'ur, fH,"illc'$ "n~ In(llvl(jo.16 1"1)' I"~c~ t"
lhe *,,,<,,n",cnl "nO fCCci~(' b;&(:k p wld~ ""ri
L1y <If sen'ices und bend,!,;, A li !'Olllk'f;,d! ote",.,.
wl",n I he ~ncfol~.MII "",-vic..,. recctVt.'<i b)' unc ~"'''n
exceed Iht tnx~~ il.id, When such ~ der",11 I)l~U,",
(lther ~fOUfl" muSI I'~Y for I h~ ""'rvin.,, ~"O h
"fth~ g"'up In dendt. R"ch yl"", thc,cfQ,.", )$w",n_
m~"1 I,; in,,,IVt.'Il in " 1'''J(c~ul" cCuI>o'Ol ic Imnsfc.
,,'>'Oun,., 1)c1 ween cl ,lterent fWIC1II1 S"'~ I"
1'",",_1 dislrihul~," un"ly~;~ mea, u,,'" Ihe d;~
Iribuli'lIl uftulnl JII"-emm~nl l)c-,,d\ls Prld I'~XU in
sc,c",ly, It nroyi<k:~ ~n a"", .. nlcnl of Ihe ,n:l,l(nil ude
fIl I/Me ,n,""nl , .... n,fcl'!ih"twc'en g"lul's,
Thj~ 1'''1'''' 1".)vkl<'S " fi!<:al (l1~tr;l>vt ;,;,n "n" ly$i~
I'Ifh'~I!"'''oM~ he"ticd hy unl"wrul 'mn';~ranl.$: ;nd; vlduals who ,,,,,ide In the u .s. In yit~~ll(Hl offcd"ral
' rile paper nIC~'U"'" I h.. lnl.III ~<)w:rnm "nll"l-<,,
~fIt$ Bnd "~'- Vkd rt"";II"I."Il II)' unlawful imn1~n"'t
hw.:h"lds and Ih~ t<)I"II"xc~ ]l"id. ThI: cliffe",n,...'
ht: 1Wl.-e n ht:.."roB ,"c~i""d ,,"', '.xt5 r... iot "'1''':ownls I he tot~1 "'!lure,," ' ...~n~rcrrcd b)' lI1/Wrnmclll
on ,,,,h.lf uf u"l~wful in'mi)l'~nls fronl Ihe n'>'l of
l\(Ieidy.

.."cr"5

"r

"tw.

Ide nti fyin g th e Un lllwfu l

Immi grllnt Population
The II.S, Ucp,..-ln'cnt or 11,,",cll, MII Secu"l.\'
(Ill IS) ~"I;n"ol<-s lh.llhe'c w~,,, I I.:; n, ill KIll unilil<'um cnl<'tl_ 0' "nl.wfuJ. r'lrdgn -bo'n
;n th"
II,S, in Ja nua,y 2m l' Th~'lI<: "~ li"' ~ I <.S .""/)n",,d on

pc"""""

ll"l-< "llhlll the numl",.,. uff<l'dj{n--born pc;rsons

"I'l"",,'n~ in 1I.S. C<'n"u~ ~u.\It')'S is c" Midcr"~ly
.o:'."lcr Ihun Ih,' "" I" ul ",,"I!ler nn,n"i,o:n-"nr n pc,""n~ whouel)crmill~'<l 10 reslo,k' lnwfuJly In t hl;, I!,~
"",cordill!: In inl n,i,I: ln", "'<'II,d,;.
F<I' <'XJlmple, ioJ"ouu,y201I.smn,' 31.9:; milllo"
foreilln-born pl'.r""ns lwho ",riV\'d ln , '''' (nuntr y
.fic' I9HQ) ~I'I"'M~d in lhc "nno,,1 C~n""~
but II", CQrr"~III,"dln~ lIu",h,,, or I;,wful fU I ~';g,,
I>orn "-..;kltn.,, In I h,,~ yt" r (:IC<'<)tding 10 IWv~"'
",~ol adm;ni.<I<oI;", ,c,~l'~~ w~~ "nl)' :!I.ti mmk", '>
1)115 ~$l l",nlc$lh"1 Ihcd l!r~r~nce.-"'IIl'c 10.:15 million r"""sn-bo rn IIC'''''''5 "]lpe~ril~ lo lhe Census
AOlc'ie~n Comll1unity Sur,...,), (Al:~)- ..."s COIllI'r4~J of un .... I I""~"d or un,"",ful r<"'ioJ.'nl~. III IS
ru,l lIer c";liOla l c~ Ihal a n ",1<111;"",,1 us ",;11,,,,,
unl.wlul i n' ml~ro",U: ri;~iokd In Ihcll.S. lllIl did 'H~
"II!"'''' ito lllcCell'us .urv.:y,
~ 10,,-,,1
II." millilln unL .. wful ,,:s;o.l<.'nl~.'
011:; .m l~ Uj"$a "rcsidu ,l- mct./""J III d. ' ctnllneth.o
r.har"" , <:,r~ ..... Mill" "nl~ ... fut ,mmig",nl [1('il'Ii;d "'".
I'ir.' , in,n,;g,-"Uon "'CONS .'c Ui<i.'<110 ddn",in<' thl:
gend er. :tj(C, ""un( ,'y "f "';~i" , ."" li"", (Of cnll)' of
oil ro,c!gll4lutn blwlul 'c~i.kn l ~ , ~'''''''' rg' l!<lm I",r'I"'" with th<_ d"'nICI~risti<" 1I,e .uhlndcd rl\'",
tho! Intol r,,,~;~nIx-,,n lK~lUI"I ~ ," i n c..,o;;,, ~ ri.""ri!!;;
III lefl"""r, Or -'""itJ""l: ford~ .. -born poop"MioOl I~
" ..~un'1'I11"rn, unln",fu!. Th;~ I'''''''''''U''' cn.hlc",IlI IS
t'l ~..;tim"tc
'I)lC, )Willie., ('()Un,,-), "eoris'''' dul<' uf
em.y. ~"J
<Intt "r NtJ<ioJc",-" .,clh,unl"",rul im migm nl ""p<,!al~)n in the U_S.

."''''Y,

r",

"r

...

I""

,'",,,,,,tu.s.

89
T ill: ~ 1 ~A L <xI...T lW US UW I'IlLJU\1 Il:MA"'- rs
ASU AMN&>1'Y Tu T il E U.>I, TAJo:MUM

,,(the unl"wfullmn.ilt ..~nll")I"'I"li"n p"'dU~\...t b)'

Ih" 1"'11' Ili~I"'nk Ccnlcf. th"';cnIC. r<l' 1mm;":,,,II,,n
Sludk."',,,ndthc ~t ;gr"ti!)n 1\'Ii.:y In~tllul ~. ScI,,,II,,n
I'n><:e<iu".. ,nduded lhe folh,wiOlg'

,.... IIU:l

Characteristics of the Unlawful

Immigra nt Population, 2010
T"':II

115,_

"'fII!""'i"G"n,..Io~

10 34 _

No1"~

VN,oi"""ol

.~

_.

~--

U.
,,.

'$10]4

,51034
15,,,

4 , l',llIdpk.,.

~...,..o/~"

,~ .

....1.
,",,_0
.~

~.

%,

c.."''''m''..c~

l'C''''''~ wi", We,c <"UH"nl or r",

mcr mcmb;..,.. of t hc D,n'ed (orcc~ (If 1""- II. S
or ""rrenl cm[Jl"yc~," uf fe,\c ... I, "1~lc. lind
I....:al )(! ...,r"mcnIS w~re U',,"'ed tn be Inwful
".,.identi_

,-

2. I'"",ignburn

a. Sinte

,~

S.".jgj.,)c,

"-

,..
,

-,,,,

<t:QO1011

N",,~ .....

US,,,...,.,

I. Thc u"h.wful imn.il(ranl III)""IoU<>n idcnli!i,"Il

in Ihe C1'S m"lched RlIcI",,",y as ",~~jl1l~ Ihe ~gc.
I/I=,,,k cQU lltr), Qf origin. )'en of ~'rlval. ~nOJ
>tule vt' " .. odene" of! he unlawful 1'" 'n;~r:'"l IKlI'
"Minn idcntiflCdl1y 111 IS

WOo

U.
~

'"'"

il i~ "n)~wful f!), ll"l~wful In.milt ..~nl~

III roeciVl! ~" ...."nmenl "" lien",
lI~ S"d,,1
s.."urily, M"!lkare, Mc-di..:uid, und puhlk h'lu~lng,
in<.l;~idu~l~ ""IK)rting IJoel'S<Jn.1 ,eedl" (If ~u,h
h,"dil~
me,) I" he lawfully ,!$idcnl.

"""h

,,,,,,,- as""

<or "!I nsistency were _pplit-d within

f. m ill.:o: f"r cxn",plc,~hildrcn <lflawf,,1 ,c.,.ident.
w~", a,;,; u",~ d t"tJ.o" IRw ful.

Add;l1nn~llnfOtm~lkln "" the I)ml:cdu.e~ u~t-d

IJl idenl'f)' unlnwful in,n,ig""'" in Ih e CPS i~ p,n
.i(k'tl ;n APJIC",I i~ II, 1\ .hiouM als.. tK' n,~eollh"t Ihc
Ilc';I~go.' FI>""datlon anal)'Sls m~lthe<iI"" IlIIS n);
11 rts ,1/1 dusdY:ls jHossibJ,,"
"he ch . ...lClcrr~l~ I)f thc unlawful iOlmi!:"',,1
t"'I'ul"lion ~Iim"h'd In. l h~ I",,,,,,nl 3nal~~is.",
>h,lwn in leKI Tobie 1. In ~OIO. Ihe,,,
11.5 n,H
lion unla"'ful im",bl"'nl~ in Ih,' ll.S. ~)",e 10:14
",illion ,,( Ih""" apI""""d III lhe .""".1 CUrlenl
i\)j1ulution SurVl!Y and were idl'nlilk-d \1y the ,~~id
u.1 n.eth"d dCll!',ibo..d "l~""" ~'I>II~"'ing Ihe n l! S
e,limulc. an addi,","ol 1.15 mllli"n unlo",I",,1 inln';
gra"l~ wcrea.<sumcd to l..,sid~ in the. U.S, 00111\)\ to
alii""" in Celis". ~urvcy".
A. Table I show~, ~H "".eent of unluwf,,1 1m mi
1t,,,nL< C~hlc ['no"l Mc>k". lhe C"r~>bc"n. und
Cenl,~1 or ~oulh A" .... ka; 11 p"f(~nl Canle fro",
Asl~, and 5 pc.cenl C"",,, (,nm the 'Co<1 Qf l h, "~,, jd
Unl"wfullnlnli~m"t" we,e ,,In,,,.1 l~IU"lIy ' Illil by
JII")(]Cf!r,4p"""'nl"'crc m"Il-s.m)(] ~ 6pc= nt wc,,'

W,,'"

The ,~"rclIl i!crit"llc !" )lIndati"n .Iudy 11';""

Ihe nils relO\)rls (In Ihe <h,,,,ocler',I'i." "f unl"wful
immi~r"nlS I" itknlil'y in Ihe C""~nt Pup"I"lion
Sur\,,')' (CI'S) of th~ lJ.S. CCn.~Uli i>Ol>uhtlion uf
rl>('~i8n-.lJ<>rn IJoe"'''''" whl> h'lI'e " ,..,ry h i~h "n,b.
hililyllf l"'lng "nl"wful in>mi":'~l1I~.' (TIle CU"~1I1
!'1!I,ubli,ln Survo:y i. u.'led III pl<lt~ of I hi' 'inlil,,'
An.er"'... n Cun""unily $u"..,y "''''.II"e il hos n",,,'
d..'tniled i' lC<, me 'Illd beneftt infornlutitlnJ
The """""Ilu"",, u.<c<l 10 identif), "nJ"wf,,1 in. mi
~ ... nls in lhe C I '~ ~,,-" ~i", lia r 10, hQ!;C u~,'" in . ludi ..'S

fcm"l0:~

90
S ~':" I .I.I , n~rO MT

)in l..

),I AU,:W ..

Demographic Characteristics of U.s. Households. 2010

Noom<t dhouolll"'"
Num ...,"~ .. _."..,.,

_'d""'-' .........-

.......... ""'-"'.~

C/l.II>r""po.,..,...."..",

Ea.............. _
( . . . . po:t'~

11.f>Ot......

102,702.W

19,08'1,280

753,16 1, 261,

5,. 11,751

18,081.1:1i

121,591,880

""
""

""

"

""
"

S'i9,~ 71

f,38,988
f,24,7'!Il

...
1WooaF_''''''''''''''''''
~""' -

MId. . . . . _
1'tIro.'nI" _ _ t.:.odeII 0\' potI<lM

3,444 .~
12 ,7oe,87~

,.,~

,,,.
~

~~_oIcb"

P""""""~"'''''''_wt>o_6~

... oO:''''

$68,~l l

"

n",

19 0"
HI'IIo

""""""_"'_",.,.._16,,,601

~9~

,,~

P_d_",_..I1010"",,_ ""0'''''11",'8

,,~

,,~

Pu,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;"_hoIdwt>o ... ,,,,,,,

, ... ,"""" ... _ . . . . . . ,. . _

"

]S l '!lo

"

$53,911
S43,.13
UB,C9S

541.167

,,~
,,~

13....,"
1]J,'!Io

...... Dd,.!." ....., ..... u.$ciliI ............. ' - ' ' ' ' _.... " .. , ........ ,., .......... '''''''''

SO ..... w.".. . _~., ................... U.'.""' .. U.s """"'B..-, 1OlOc...- ...,........ 5u<..,.,

Characte ri stics of Unlawful Jm m.i",a nl..~

and Unlawfu l lmo,igraot lIou seh<!Jlds
Any an~l~sUlo(lhe r.~~1 C\"'\~ ufunla,,,'ful Imml
musl dc~1 w;lh Ihc r,ocl 'h'" ~ l<re,,\ m;on)'
unl"wrullmm~ranls arC p",enl~ of I1,S,..f>(Irn chil.
d,\",. Fo, c~""'I'I", Ihc Pew lti';'l'~ni<: f,:'cn ICt csO
n"'\c~ Ihul ;n 201ft, ,here w"rc $.fi 01;11;'10 children
""'~Idln~ In Ih~ U.S. who h""" unlnwf,,1 in'"Jig ...",1
p",ent . An",")(theiiC ch ildrcn,M'me I m,lIi"n Were
born broad Mild ...,."" IllUUj(hl I n\o I tJ<, U,S. unl.w
fully; I he rc"'D ' njn~ 44i", ililoo Were burn in I he U.s.
"nd "rc t"'"' ~..J "mlcr law ~~ U,s. ~il;te"s. O.cr"lI,
""01C Il loerttnt of Ihe ~ hllllrl>n born in Ih" U.S. cadi
Y"~r h."" unl"wful In, ,n lJolt " III parent ...
Th"plUWnr~ oflhe~r ~ InilliQo OKU ..... OOtn childre" wil11 unlawful i",",ig"'''' p"l'cnL< is" dlr~cl
rcsull ,,( unl"wl'ul in'mi~r"'i"n, TheS!' ohil,\","
would nul
In lhe U.s. Iflll",r parcnlS hull nol
ell"""n lucnlcr " nil ren,,,ln In Ihe nal,on ,onlawfully.
Obviously, any ~MI)'sls "nhe f~"t t\}S\ of unl"wrul
in,migr3l.ion h\us" h~r('/"'rc indu"" ,n., ""'Ill! " .... ,.
d.tc..J wllh Ih~ children , tl<.'tjlu$t: thf)S<, c"".,~ ~re
~r:'l lon

"",do.'

."d

"dir.,;;1
i"",'IIIIbl~ rl'liult "(th, unl.wful inl,n;.
):r"' Mm "r Ih/: p",,nls. 'rho: .inll, WI.... ld ""I ex;sl In
Ihe ut)lkn~eof unlawful 'mm'g,olion .
To "dd .....'III' Ih,.' ' $Suc. In., p ........."1 ~Iudy """IY""~
''''~ foscol CQsl~ "r all hour.<:holdS h~<>dcd by unl"w.
(u l imn'l.o!mni.>' (Th"'u~h"H' I hls .Iudy, Ihe ler",s
"h"",;eh"ld~ hca.hl by on unlawrul in,n,i)!"" ,I"
and "unlnwf,,1 ,n,n"gr ~ "1 h,o"""hnll,l." ~,~ u.s.<l
~yn"ny",,,usly)

I" 2()]O, 3,44 mill'Gn su;;h hl"''''']H)I,I. ~pp<.'"rttl

in Ihcel'S. Ti>I.'SC hou>'Ch(}ldsL'qnlai"",] 12.7 ""lll"n
I'Crs,ms indudln!l7.~ milliOn "d"l1~ a nd :'.:1 rnill~m
children. "nmol/ the ~hildren. ~m~ 9~(),OOO w~'c
unJ;.wful I",",;gr.nls, ,,,,d 4.4 million we,"" nllliv.,born or lawful!", mlg".nl~,'
'r"hlc 2 ;;h"w~ t he d"""derl<lic~ "r ul1I,,,.-(ul
in'n'i~ranl h(Ou,;ch.ll<ls in c"""I'.rill<1n In """im,,,i
):r~nl and law(ul '"'01',\(101,,1 h"u~chuld~. Unh ...ful
;,nm'~ranl h"u""h(~d" "re ".r~r Ihan other h"u",,"
hold!'. wllh &n .vt.'rn~( of :1.7 jlI:n".m' I",r 00""'"
huld mmp~rt'd 10 2.5 l><:rson~ in "on.I"'""gr"n l
h()u!l<'hol<l~.

91
T ill: ~ I ~"' L CO"'T (W U"I.AW I'II L I ~ t\t m.A"' rs
A"n A.\t S&1oTYm TII H U.... TAXl'A nM

Household Differences in Education l evel, 2010

p.....",. .. ,\_\ .""I~"'W<>"

$0.1'16
i6''11
12""

P,"",,",~!hty~~_~

". ._ ,.;11\............

~~""""'------------,;;
_ ~

...... f....-""'_ .....

c........ ""","",100 s..-...

,..._.~"'"

.. "1"".... 1_101O

I f nbwfuthnmi~r"nl

h"usch"ldij how ' ''v'uwti~e

"ulljleh,Ad, 1.(' eilnop.,,,,! I" I.~ "milng
I>lln-'mml~" ' ''1 hVUM:hnld.<. II "",...,,,,,. lh~ ~wr
",I(C ",.rn">g!! I"" wotk~, n", d,uno.t "'" lIy It,,",'Ct in
u nlawful Im m~r~nl b( )u$~ lIQld~ $:H,7!l1 pc. wo . k<:r
con'I''''cd II> 1-1:1,41:1 in tl<)n,jn'n' ig.'" nl hWs<:h\lM ~
C<lnIl'3'Y I" ,""cnl i,,,,,,1 ",i"d,)"" nM-ddcdy .<lull
unlawful imm'I!I'3,,1$ an' not
I(kcly 10 ....."k
Ih,,,, "'" ~i otil", n",,-i '" '" i~r;"'I~.
The hc~ds 0( unlawful ,mm'g,anl I>Ilu~~hoWs
lore )'Ou n~c" wllh II mcd'" n '!W of :H IV mJr~.ed 10
r.o nmong nhn-,mn"IC" " " h"".ellQlde.,.,., p", Uy
l)l.:c"uS<' 111<')1 arC youn!?,,', unh.... f~1 immi)(nrnl
h"uscllOl ...... hIWc m'l'" chlld,,'n, with an avc,l'! V(
1.6 <.hillh"n !I'" h"u>~hol,' i:t'"'I'~"~II" (l,r, ~mOng
I>IInimmillr~"l huw.<:hl,I(hI, The h~hi'r num!>t:, uf
t:hil~(..,,, lend s 10 rai.., Jl"""n",enl"1 co sts "mo'lll
unlawful immigronl l>Ou~h"ld H, (!loll h I""'flll :on()
unlawful "hilUren In unlaw(ul Imn'iJ;mnt h<.>U!iC'
h.lhl~ ~ ,t: d~ihl" I'~r puhl k "Iucali"". ond i he larg~
numher IOf <.hildr<::n wh" "'''~ h!l,n In the I I.S. re
" I.., d~l h!e f,,~ n,c,n.-1,,,,lcd
bc"d'l ~ ~""h
"" r""", ~1"n'I~" Mod ;CaiJ . (111 Chlldn- ,,'!! 1I "~ llh
In~ll .. n("" l',"sr.>m bcncnts)
1.1)' t"nl .",;!. Ihere ~.e
few cltk.ly jlt:""'''. in
u"r.wfullmnugt;lnl OOu><:h;)lds. On ly 1.1 I"'rttril uI'
jlt:,...""s in Ih("", hl>I.L<c""lds "II! """ 6,"; )'C"'~ of 111$
\"(,rnp",,-<l lo 1:1.7 r ~ r~nt nfpersunsln non.mn'~"'nl
c"m"'~ I" "

"W,<'-

,...::Ir,,,"

"'tY

h"u""h,~d~. Tilt! :./)$cn,"" ,,(eldcrly 111...... '''" '" unlaw_

ful im",~."nl h<>u..-ch"kI5 si~ninClO nlly " :d",:..,,, ,'ur
,,'nl !!<I"'''nn'cnt C<!"ls: how,...~... if unlawful l"'nll ~rnnt " rem",n In Ihe u .s 1)I.:.mo""nlly. Ihe number
wllQa,~ ddt:rlywiU <Jb"iQusly ; ncrM'<: !lig";r",,,ntly.
Unlawful .mmigrant hl>u ""holds " ..... f:or "'"....
likel~' to be
Over nne_lhird "f unluwful

po,,,.

im m'g"'"' hoUl'<'h!)lds hw inl','''''''' helo'" Ih~ fl,<l.

" , a l "o~rl Y Ic,",,1 "um,,"n~ II " \lUI 1''''''''nl "l'low
ru! I",mig",nl h~ u""huld~ ~"d 13.(1 I"'rt~fll of no,,'
"""'o;:ran! hou""lmld~.
&tuention Level orUntawrul
Imini g rnllillo ll seholds
Th~ 11>'" w"lIe le,ct I>f unlawful 'mml~"fll wo.k
e.s is ~ d i,~c\ ..
,r I hei r Inw ~ducali/l" Ic~l s. As
'r,ob l~ :l .\-hl>w., half o( ~fl l "wf,, 1 j "''''igr~ nl hou",,"
holds ~'" h\<oocd b)' l'er""n~ ... ithullI D hl~h "" h".,1
<l~~r~c: ",orc lh"n 7~, j>Cr~cnl n", hcndtld hy ,n<li ",dunls "";Ih " hillh ""ho(.1 d~rc" ,,' leSS, O nly 10
pcrcenl 'If unluwful imn';~r"nl h!luso: h"ld. ar~
h ~ <>tle,1 by ~"lIc~ gra<lunlc. , tty ro,,'w SI. amonS
!lVnln,m ilt ..... nl h(>u!O:h(>!ds, \1.6 !,ercent a,e hcadc<l
by p~rw,," wllhout" hi~h ::h",,1 d''Jlrcc. mound 40
rc,Cent a'e headed by !,~r!<>ln~ willi a hillh ...: hOOI
dC!j"rtc o r leu. nn(1 nCMI)' (Oneth,rd "r~ he a,h' d t')'

"""It,

"i'llcg~ g.~(luntc~.
Thc ~ u ... cnl un \o'''''fullm ml~r""IIIUI'u,"l i<)n Ih""
",."'uin. " di~""'(l'" lion,,!c ~h,(( c ,,( p ,rly ..'<Iuc.l
cd ill(lividwJ~, This(, I"dlviduhl. will k nd 10 Iw",",
I"w wP!(i.~ Dnd pay "'''''I,",a\lvcly Iillie in IU" .
Th,"c is. ~"mn"'n mi"'!lnceplion Ih"llhe lu ..
!: docation I~'"t l. of fI.'Ce nl ;",miJ!,.nls arc 111 Or
a ""."",nenl historic,,1 p,til e.n and Ihal lhe U.S,
h .< ~l w..)'S .dmillcd Immlg,"nl' "'htl \WrI' l)f)I)rI)' et/uc"k,J rel,,(jve I" Ih" n' .. i""-I,r'1'n 1'''l'ul"li"".
lIi;;lI>ricall}" Ihis h" ~ nol III...:n the Oa""'. ~u , exa n)
pic, In Ijl6Q.1'Cenl imml~,"I1~ wc.~ n<1 mO.. Iik~l r
lI",n "'m'n(",I~""'lslu lock. h~h .d"H~ dlll('L~'.
Uy 1'.1911, 'l'Cenl ;m",ig",,,ls '\'ere a ln'061 [uur liml'S
ruortl llk~ly lu ""'k a high lICk,,!)1 dLog'I'" Ihn" W"'"
oon_im mij;:r.> nl ",

92
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C "i\~TI

Households by Education Level 0'[ Head of Household

.'

I..
III
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.
.
..
.
...
.
....
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, "'"

c.. ..... i _

lQIQ~""""''''~*~''. ,,,,,,,,Iot'_''''_oI",,,

II~ the ,li,tivc ~~ ",.. l,nn kvd ofinlmill"dn~ tetl

,n 'L",{,nl """:odc~."'l di~ ,""i, ",1:.1,w w''1I~ lewl . I II
1%0. II", """ru&<: imlliK'' "1 mAle ill I,,"' 11$ . act u"lly C"'"L-d n'u'e Ihan the average ",'n.lmmillrant
m"1e. I\~ Ih" ,dal;"" l~I"C"'i,)n k ...cts"f~uh"':!4 U"n'
w,""s of immlJl.,~ n~ fLil. SO di~ rcl~l i ..... w"$CS. Uy
'V~8. 'hc ''''' ..~~ 'mmig,.,.,,1 c",nc<I ~:\ ,""c"nl Il....~
Ihon Ihe Mvcmgc 1)(I1Ilm",ig"dlll "u 'ned."

Aggregate Cost uf
GO\'Crnllle nt lIenclits and Sc r"i ces
lin)' ,,,,,.ly.i ,rlhe <li~trihul'''n '" ""'nerot nd
la.w:!i wil hin Ih" U.S. I"IPu l"liun ",ust 1"'Ilin with
:In :>c~u rnlc counl ,.( Ihe C<l~1 of .1 1 I"'ndlts and "" ....
vii' ... p,,,";<Io.-<I I">yLt.e!/,1vnnmc nl , Thcsi"" lind cn.1
"( so''', nmcnl i~ 1'" , ]:"gc' Ih n" m.nyp ..... plc im;<j!ine. In fi",,~1 >", .. (1'Y) ~OIO. t hecxl>""dil ~", s"f lh ~
fL*rn l go~' nm~ nl . we'e $;!,~ (, l,iIl.ln. I" Ih~ ."n",
Y""', ""I",,,dil,,><,,.. "r sl"l " lind h:"'It,"",.""'~nl;<
'\""~ $1.~4 1"1Ii",,, 'rh" ",,",h'neol Y~li", "rr.'!W,,, I,
~I"'C, ~ n-d I OC~ 1 npc"d ilu,~~ in FY :21)111 was $SA
I"II~,,,."

Th;,; ~un' i~"" In >"&" Ih:o\ " '" dim,,,11 to ~"m llr<'
hend . 0".' way ' 0 ~ra.p t he "i.", of Jl.t""tn ,nenl n",..,
, e.dily 1~ In cnkub,' U " "crngc e~"""dilur~.,.; ,~ ,

hou><:I",I!!. In :!o)!U. the'e wen' \2V,~ mill k", hnuse

holds ,n th ~ U$." (" hi ~ r.~u'~ [n""udi'~ bI~h ",,,Iii
1",,,'On familili' ,,11,1 ji ngle 1",,;.oM living ~ l or>cJ
The "wr..." C<'~I ,,( It',vcr nm,, "t ~I",nding Il\u.
~",,,unl~t1I" $4~}I~~ lie, I\t'"zlch,~d """I$..~ l he U,S.
I>o,lu lal"'n."
The t:;.~
in )(ov",,,n,""1 upclldilurc is
not rM~ il mUl'l be 1,"1(1 ftlr hylnxing ut bo rrhWill)!
c~,,"\'mk; 'CjI<)UC"CS ('11m Jl.m"' i('" '''' , I< W bOle,,"w_
ing fmn) IIh",,,d, In I'Y ::0 1 (J.I"'k~ ,,, llaJro.'" ~ m"''''' '
c;j In $2. 1:2 I ,illion, Stal,' ~n-d . r>c~ 1 l a X"," ~nd ,daled
'C""nUL" "",,,unled 10. 51 ,~~ I ri1l~,"." T''I!lhc r, rc't!
~",I, r-tllk. and 1~,,113).:cS nn",,,nled lu $4,11 trillion.
T.XL'" "nd ,~Ia(l'll ' C''\: IIUCS Ca me 1<.1 7~ p",cc ni of
lhe $S.~ Iril1ion ;n ex pCllltitU .....,. Th,> gop 1\o.1WL'c n
Ian'S and .,Iending w,,~ linanct:d b;< CO""::,nmcn l

',illi""

I>urr""~ng,

Types o r G.wernme n t .:xpe nditure

lifter the f~1I ,,, ,,'I ()f ltQv<:rnn'en l bendil s "ml
",,-,vicco hn 1l<",n dele' mlned. U,.. ",x l ~tcp In an.
Iyzi ll)llllt: di>lrihuti"" orbc""nl~ "",flax"," '" I"
determln" II,.. b,mtnd"tk.. uf sll'-1:lrll' j!<J"c ,nn,"nl
1""II'~ nU<. Su",u pr<!I(".n,$. . och '''' Soda l S<'< u'ily.
nellUy parrcl (lui be ndil ~ h' ~nc"' I;" imli"kIU31~.


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Relnl ing U) PaSI

Olll~"

Flna nda l ObligatlortJI

Activities. Oflen.

{l ,w~ 'nme nt

..,,,,,"".

,"~ insulliC>enllll pay (,It III~ fult ~"'l "f

bcncLilh a nd ""ryic~s. In Ih ~1 t""". )/I"'.
c'nln~nl will hor ......... monf')' .. nd ,..:t umul.l c dclJl , I n
,u1!!<c4ucnt )""" , i "'c,csl l"'y'nenL< "lUol 00 Il.id I"
I bilS~ who lenl Ihe g"",'n mcnt money. I"1,,,"c.1 Jla)~
mc nl ~ fu, I he gove'nmenl dchl "'~ in focI I"""~I
paymenl. rO r L'~slg,),,"rom~n l IlCncf,l'3nd "",v~.
Ihal
" lIl fully pai\t r..,r "Ilht lin!~ of ~~~ 1VI,',y.
Sin'll"rJ)' W'wrn "'cnlcn'pl"rL..,s dcli....,r ... 'vin~
10 Ihe public. l'.rL of lhe ro.;l 0111>" "",vlre is I>lud
((I' jmn'L'dialdy Ih'vu~h Ih c cn'J!I(lyc'e'5 ~""'ry,l1ul
)M:' ''llIcnl "mpl('Y"~> a, "
<",m l'.: n.-..td hy
fulut~ "-1 i ten,enl bcnclil. To ~ C(ln~ld~r.hle d")(tee.
expenllilu'L"; {If I,ub/ ie_clut ",li,.emc,,1 u'" Ihe,e
fure pr'-""Cnl l'"YnlC " I" in <:()m l"'ns.~lilm Il>r sc. vic
Cti dcli ....... <'ll,n Ih~ "n~I , "T1ttl ~1'C "di()ltl! calcJ:"')'
"i "":rc.,;1 "nill ~ her f;"on(:!~1 ,,1~ig;llhlns relating I"
11"-.<1 !IO,\'n'mc nl ;oclivilio,s" thu,; includes In l"!1S1
"noJ principul I~oym"nt,,- un ~"'r<:rnn'~ nl ~I:hl "lid
O"IIOl)'~ for ~,,,,,m menl cn'I~"Y"1: 'd'r~m~nl , T~tnl
1I'''"m,,'''nl ,;jlCrI<Jfn.>: lin t hc'SC llcmS C4 " alc'll S5:1J .:1
billi"n inFY :l(IW."
Whil~ di . ecl 1Ic".Ilt,,-, mean. Ie:<lcd """"fol,;,
puhl i<: e<lul:"!i,,,,. ~nd 1~'I"'I~! ion b" ...'ll ""rvi"c~
",'111 11'''..0 a.;; mOte In"nign",U I~kl: up n .. ide"c"
In Ih, Unil <-<1 StutCll, IIIb; i~ nol Ihe u""
1"lrr
cSL1,")'mcnl. un Ihe .M,l
,clO1ed """'ts. l'h"""
~"Sl~ wc, ~ f'lWd Ill' 1"'''1 K"VC' nmcn( ~I",ndifl)l ",..J
IlOr!l1"'il'\S""d.f<' "" ~I)' unotfc"'lc'<l."II<al!1 in Ihe
inle,mcdiale let m. II}' imnli~,anl~ ent,y inl O Ihe
! ' nitell SMes. While ~n inc,ca';"'\! lnllow of Imml
~r""I~ will lc:1d 10 n" ine,e,."" i" m"sl ("'m5 ofJ:llv
C'"mCnl ~p""dl"):. it will not ca""" nn inc'ea"" in
inh>'l!j;1 I',,)'mcnl $ "" 3"""n m""1 <k.o\)l 'n the .,11<)'1
le,m.
T" """""" 11K! nsc~1 Iml,aCI of unl:."d,,1 Imm[
J:nlnL.. Ih,,e(",e.lhc pre",enl . "t~"1 ("11"",,,1 hI: 1""
~w ""'. uMd by 11K! Naliunal 1\""';'I1r<;ll L<lUncil in
'(hr N~'" IMwrirun" Thai is. il ignore'" the cuSIS ,,f
intereSI tIn Ihtl <lehl and si n, il., fi nand.1 "lll lpt ions
whe n ~alc ul ~1i11J: I he ""I (<IX bu,den iml!OS(:d by I~w
1',,1 ,,,,d unlawrull",n'~r"nt hOUilchold ....
01\ Ih~ Olhe' h"nd. "'hile unlawful In,migrdn l
h"",-""I\.,Ms ,I. , ""I inc'ease gu",,' nh1cnl~t)1 il11m,,
lli.h'ly. such housc h,oI<I. will. nn '.."'n~e. irn:tea..:
",~)V\'rnmcnl ~dll sitl,,;nca nll y ow, Ihe long t ~t l11 ,
1'", ~x,,,~plc. i( "n unl,.",rul i"'m;g"~"1 h"u.""hold 3<',,,,,,,lod . tid li;.tl1l d~f,cil (b<.'ndl!f rL-.:dvloJ
ru inus t~Xl'S l~"id) "r J~O."(lO "". Y'... and 'ough ly
:!l1 pcn:cnl Ofth~1 amflunl ,",'''; r. nun"~'<l ~atl\ year by

lax

~()VC,nmcnl

"'c.e

"I""

",,<I

f",

95
T ill:

~ ' SC"' Lco.'"T

,W UNI.AW I' IJL'~ '-\l m . .. ", rs

Mm A.\IN&!o"TY Tt. T II G U.s, TAXI'A nM

l'A~U;'

Aggregate Government Expendin.res and Revenues: FY 2010

Govem .... "t EtpOn(li\u ...
SIO,o ....,lo<aI
Foci ..... E"poM;t....

( ... __ 01_)

-~"

M_''''''''''_f~

l'1I... tkwo-..rU
~tmb.>om

1" , - , _ _

... ~

...ro'1l

UIiS.113

147.1115

1.1;:1,188

11I.08!I

I\o!t990

112._

11),(.898

.,~

,,~

6l.I.7!.S

758,039

249.11!1

'''''''

811 . ~

",'"

~,

SH,ll7

>4,4)1;

..

V4.4tn

iLoto

Expond;, ......

("""""01_,

-,~""""'"

J7 ,2.~

Pl.", oubIi< It'Q<!o,,,oondiI,,,,,,,

1,001~.)9.4

22.1\13

1,()11,SM

~.912

101.1.....-....
ToI oI.....,..,;"' _ _ ""bIk .....

1.4I!J,Sll

1,939.1>41

5,402.6U

504'.932

2,1lI9, n4

1.60'1._

1,l'91.6n

"'-

......,d1tu.... 0<1 ....... 6W~!w

p..... t>1< ..

'""'""'m.... R o _
SlOtoOO<llO<al

l _oI R _

T._ nlllo$

R.....-{~

T",oIR....,,,,,,
(,.....""" 01 oIOlIonl

1;;]6.0)7

1,653,461

"',ill

""ru

1,98.1.572

4.101.011

of _

(millions 0/ 1IoIl... )

1.11'2,445

'...,.......~_1'I\_b

~~"'!""""'"'
.... le<Ii''''''''''')

.. )

_.i,-,. _
- ,.-..;
130.477

' ''"'", _
T"' .. _

...... ' . - . -

_ _ .. _"" ___

2,1l2,445
,,,

4ot.~

.......

u ~

eer....._....OlOc-

""" ......... ~s...~_I .."l"""""'t"~ ....

il',vc,,"ncnl hj"'''win~. lhen the Inlnli)('~nl h,,",..

h(tIJ wi)Uld hc. i:S IJ1')llSlhICfw _<lding rwgllly U.OOO
Iv llV,.",n",cnl <I"bl e~ch )'<'" ... AI"!c., 50 years. lh,'
(, mill ' ('''ntrih''l~m t" ~ ,,,wt h ing"""mn," nt ,1..1>1
WlJul~ be "found $200,000, Wh ile IhCS\' II'Jtcnl~1 1
l'OSl ~ "'~ sil(niiitanL th~y " re ootside lh~ """pc of'
th. ru'r('nl ""[let und n,." not In.ctud c..:l It', Ihccuic u1"Ii-Ins I"CS<onlc<l hl'u.
Pure Pu blic Goods. ~:'''''~,"HC th.,,,,,y di~lin '
1I0 '~hl'" b.,'twc~" " I'riv~ l e cons""'llIion R""d~ nlld
I,ure pub!", Jt01)(ts. !;l~"'''",",1 I ~,,, I !(",nuli."n 'S
Crl1li1C<l wilh for"1 n'uki"~ thl~ dlsllndion. In his
""nlin,,1 19:;4 paper Th~ Pure Th"",y of I,,,hlk
l':~pi:rutjlu,e"~ Samuel,.,.. " tlcf,n,11 a pure publ ic

,II'.". (0" whal he r~lIc<l " "",lIb,1"" """''',"1'11.."

gnu.:!") "~a gI'IVd ",Iokh

~t I

"11)11)' in ro mn!!>n In lhe

""<IS<' t hut .....lC h i"d;""~u"l :' cun~u"'pl j"" "rSu,'h "

II'Mld Icads t o> n" s"t~,a ltions f,i,,,, . ny .>lh,,, indi.
<lf th~l govd." Uy l~nl,ast. U
g<I<,d" i~ "~tlOd lh~1 c:", bt.:
pan:c k..:l ,lUI hm<tng duren,n! ind,vitluhls." tll; U"",,
lIy UtW pc,,,,,n p.w ludl'!' "r d"nihi,l'w~ il~ U!'c b)'
:,ool her.
'" classIC eu mlM ()l ~ pu .... IIUblil.:Jl",,,1i. ~ li~hl '
h'.''''.. Th~ roct Ih:o( on~ ship pc'cd""", lh " w: ...,
in~ Iw"'-~Ph do,-, n~! din,lni.h the u",.ful n,'SS Or lh"
Iighlh1lllS<' I" " the' ~hjl"'. AII\tll'wr d~a.-.,.,"'h'l'l~o f
"g<,Ycrnmcn\nt pu<c puhlic g(l1loJ W(ou l<l he 8 rulu,,,

vidual>: co nSun1pli<m

"pdv~\c co n~ump t ;un

96
S ~.:c. I ,\I,k C P< ln

SO,I3:I

),tAU,:I\I ..

~UI'''

r"t

"~n~~'r 1""dU"~d 10)' It'W1:rnn., ,u.funde'll

,~sea ,c h: Thc lioel Ih~1 n"n4"x1'3}'c,~wu'\llll

ffi,m I h;,; (I I$('uve,)' """uld ncllh~r dlnlln I~h

1", ,,d,1
It,; I",n d,1 n<>' Itdd ex lr" "",10 I .'l~xp"ye,s. Ily e1 '''I ...~.1. an
(oiwiou; "~" ",Vk: of h I";"ole cOn$un>pl ;<Jn go.od r~
"hMn>wr!1'''' Wh.", nne I.",."n <'al.>! II . II <"",11<)\ be
~.!"nby'MItn;-.

IHrl'c1 b.:ndlu.,

me"nHc<l~d 1.'''.J'>~rol''.

and l"<lU '

c~t1'm "",vi<"" ore r"ival~ "".. ulnpl;"" ~HId " in

lhe ,;en$(' Ih"llhc 11.<.' I)f ~ hcncro\ 0 1' sctvicc bY'1MC

I"''''''''' pre'c! ude'S '''' lImil~ I h~ usc "r Ihal ""n,,, ben.

~lil ~ ""',th~ . (T"" r-.'tlplc .... nn"l ,,.:J', Ih" So",,,

S"eiul S\:t u,il y check,! l'OI,ulaliunba""d ..."vic"",
"ucll:o" na,ks~"'" hlllhw")" ~,e "ftcn n,e"II"",~I .s
"Jlulllic ..;<H'Ids: bulll>u~ "","001 pU,e puhl '" J(\,,~l~ ,n
Ihe ~ I,id llel1Sl' dcsr,lhc~1 "I~ I"". In n"",1 < .<cl'. ali
I"" nl,mlle . Ill' pcr!'!I"" using ~ l~ ,pul.lion '''''SI~I ser
vic~ (;;u~ h as hi~hwu)s ~ ntll"" kI<) lntTt'~H'S. lhu ~t
vic~ nlusl dll'C. ""pand e,l :.dli<~1 COSlln In pa}'1',i)
or b<"'-~' n> c -con Il"SI~d: In whkh CU$ 11$ q ""Illy will
be r~'ll .....'i:<i. C" nsc~u~nlly. uS ,-,f pU11IJIaI,Io",basc-t!
"".vic~"" sut h ~~ pul icc "nli Ii", ,I"p~rl me hIS h~ n'!fl laxl>ay1:'~ (locs Inll''''''' $j~",fK:a"l ~XI." "''''IS On
I ~ ~p"yc.~.

Gnve"'hl cnl IIUlt publ ic )ll)()ds "'" n"~: they

'ndud, ,;clcnlICK' r;.'S('a.ch, defe ,,~. slICn<iln>l (In vel
c,,"'~, Inktn"lion"l
"I\d
u""v irunnlcn
h.1 p'''t\.-ctlu n act ivllw. such ru: t he l"c",,"'li"I\ IIf
endan!1C'ed ~11Cd.. s. Ji.och (>f t he'!'" rUI1cunns
oily n ",c t~ Ihe eri"r;"n Ihal I he I'Cncfil" ",(t:i,'ell
by n"n'I"'Xl"'y~rs d" not .e,uUln . I~\d ulilily ru'
taxpaye's. GI,,,,,, n,,,enl IlU'" public lI"o d ""' I",,,dilllt"" On Ih'''''' r"rltl\o.lnS (-<tu"I ,~1 $'.I7k biJlion ,n ~' Y
~O lll , Inte rest l'aynlcnL< lin 11""",nm.. nl <,Icbl m,d
, e!;.ted C<lSI~ . e.u llin!! rron' puhl lc ~1l~1 ~pcndin~ In
1\f~"'I)U" y..... rs aWl an cslln,.lcd ~' ldltiQl:l" l r""I,'1
~v~." hi\l~,". h. ;''>.'\i'''~ th~ 10)1"1 publ ic gl"><I~ ",.1 in
!lY ~'QIQ I" $1 .071.5 blUi!!".
An 'mmiglllnl's enl ry onl o Ihe (" unlry n",_
III", i nere"'S,,,, Ihe ~ize and Co'._1 "r public ~lk)oIs n"r
Ih e ulilily of 100." " l!Ooos lu tU I1"}'c, S.
I n c""I ...~"1 10 dl.ect I",ncfil s_ ",c~ n~ lc"l cd rn,nc
rots, pllbtk ",Iural",", "nd JK'pul"lion-iJaSl>d ~~ rvk
<->S. Ihe f""llhal unl:",'ful "nd I"wskill In,n")(I1lnl
hou!h"ld~ n,ay,,",ncf,! from public ~'K}jI.s'h"11h~y
d<l MI I'.y lur d,~ not odd lu Ih, ntll" ~ burlli:n '"'
"I her ' ''XI'''YC'>!'
This 'cl,,,. llhc.d()f" r"lI"w~ Illc """,,,, mclhi)(ls
"""'l'l"j'1.~1 by lhe Natl,,,,"1 B~~rch Cuu!>";l In 'rhe.
M 'w AmNit'41n, .rId ".dude'S public II'IQd s f ,um Ih"

.rr",,>!.

"',,'e

g>l""'"

,ke."..,.."

cuunl vfl>cnclllJ< ' ccd,,-'ll by unl:owful i",",il:(r~ "1

huu;;~h"Id~." (Fu, " fur Ihcr ,lis<:ussMln "f pUle pull
I i~ J;OI,ds,..", Arl>"ntll~ G.)
Summllr y: TotA l Expenllitu,""s. A, T"blc -I
sho ..... 1lW,..~ 1I ~u"".n", c nt ~I",nding In I'Y 2010
c"n,c lu 5.';."'> trolli"n. Dil'ecl l""",r,US h:.J an "vetollC (:t>SI "r 'II,OH~ I"" h"u,;ch,,((1 "",'lS.~ the wh'~"
l>Vl>U.l"tiom, wllilc n>e'us-li:.K'll beJ'>crol.>! h"1j ~n
'"''''"~''' <'<)Sl "r $6.<JH 11<'1' hOUl'L-h"I,L Educ:ll in"
I", ne/Us and Il4lpulnlion.b.""d "",~ice" COlli Sfi.:I0~
:mel S7.~ 4 9 J'Cd",u>'Ch"ld. ' '''''V<,<:I;,,,ly. Inlcre":l pa}'
m"nl ~('n ~"".nm~nt deh' anti !tIher ,,"SI~ "'I"t ing
tU l,a~1 !!",,,,,'menl 3(.11,,11 I~ C<>sl 14.-1:;(; IICr hou.<e
h"lll . I'ure IlUbli<: 11011" exp~n,1I1 u.~..,. t'{'"1I'ri"~'1l ~u
I>. ,et,.,l pfalll/U~'nmc"'l ~1 ,.,n"ingQ",1 h.d "nave'"~ellS! ufSK'J 12 IIC ' hnUl<ChHld .
~;"cllI,ting spC",1i"~ "n publ ic j(fI<~ls . Inl eri: ,ol
on Ih ~ ~clIl. ontl .elu l~ d ron:onc;,,1 uhlilf'l iI) n~, lutul
"1",,,,lllIg C. ,"e In t:ll.r.IH per h nu",, h'~,1 acr"". Ihe
cllll rt.popul:ll\o.m .
T axes and Ile ...enut~s
Tu\al I~ .e~ on.ll ,,-""nue,;
fcdc",l, SIMC. "00
h",.1 R'l"",nn.ellis "",ounle,<1 (0, ~.Iu' Irilli,," In
1'1' 2{)tO, The fcoo",J .II<"",, ",""nl f<~civcd .'-2.12 tI'iIlion In .~""nu~. while .talC lind IUt'al l/OWt"nlC""
"" ,,,,,,,,'ll SI.<Jl'ltrillkHl .
II Iklni!c't!I\fca kdIIW n <If f<~lcml. ~1~lc.
lo.cal
... xes isl',nvidcd in Appendix T.bl esfi anti 1. The bU;/1<.":1 '~"'c nue ICCnc",I". "':os Ihe r~1leral in<un,c I U ,
whkh c,>:It la X I"'Y<'r~ $1!')9 bill io n [n W IO. fulluwt<!
hy Federal I n"u ...~nt" Cont ribu!i"" Acl (FIC/\) ,,,~~...
whkh mi!;l:d SI'I11 hill1M. l'roperl y t)lX " . the big
IIC"t " ,Ye nU!: lI.w uec . al Ihe "'lc"rnJ 1,.,...1 le",t",
gcncral;"II $~ hilli"". while I,(c ner:o l AAlc~ I.. ~~
IP'thcrcd S:!SS billl"".
Over !II) pe.cenl IIr lilt: ,e,,"nu.". 8lM'W" In
1I1Irx:I>IllxTobl.,,; fi and 7,,,c ~O n vtnti" n"1 IU<" " 'Id
",wnUl->S: the .cm"inin~ 9 pcrc~nt ($4 4" hill I,,") ~rt'
c" r n in!,(.' .,""' gu,,"rnnl cnl "ss,:u. priMlnrily ,"ssels
hd~ in "'.Ic "n~ I ...:~ I guv~rnm"nl c mpj")'(!, ""n'
.ion fund~ . Ahllul """'llu.,I"r urth<...... ""'t.'nu~s
W"rc ,.,,,,-'Il lu fund ~ u"~"'1 rd.lre'n1cnl bIln<'flto: Ih"
'SI " 't.'''' ne't.'umul :l\cd rllt rul uru uow
I I nlik~ )(C"",at I~~~. ' he,;" c~ 'ni 1\1:" ,.r" nol ",an '
d:ol"'y '",n.<rel's fn'"' II.,.. Ik'11ulalinn lu th e go"" ',."
me n!. bur ,all",. '~ r>I''''''''''1 ~n ", :"n,,m k return "n
:os""l. II>" guvt ,nnIL'nl. "WIll; u, conl'ul,:. I k'<:~ u""
Ihuy dunor '~pr....., nt Imyln cnlJ! n,.el, by hllu..,huld~
h' Ih/: K(I~~rnmc"1. IhcO\: ""t n,~"rc ",11 Inclu,bt

f",

",id

97
T ill: ~' ~"' L CO"'T ,W UNI.AW I IJLI ~ t\t m.A"' rs
ANIl A,\t S&1o'TV T1', Tn G U"', TAXl'A nM

Government Benefits Received and Taxes Paid: All U.S. Hooseholds, 2010

--

""- OWRtSNtI DOIINtS IUHOUS<HOLD

~,

( <lo<;iouona!

b<noffil>

MioOrJI;.~",,_;~
~Jo:n._""",

..

T... I ~and-'"

"-

"*"",,,Wil"

.""'~
"",.

HOIIh S<hool

..'"

~""""i!.

--,

.........
-,

"......,.w~""'"

,n,817

Ul,30J
,S,847

'1 8,336
11.(10

" 070

.,~

~,lS9

,......",.Wiltl .
CoIIogo Dear" ..
Mo.

510,20\
17.M9

......

.,,,

m._
:16,~99

.......

S8, 71 1

1:1l.C86

""'
...

!7.748

t2,m

.,""

m~

T. ... Pold 1'" HousMoId

_oI '.....

.......
fkc:oI

_~

p*<I

....

"'w ...

~ ,914

U Q;837

~1'. 66 1

S31 ,5Jl

U7,6S2

m,w

nu ts

'$5,686

$29,250

'Sl, lSt

S'O'-I<_ f_ _ ........ _ .nood ... iS.oO~k""" ... U$ . ~ ......,.,

I'~ ... s..-.50. _T. _,.,,_""'~

lOIOC .....

....."'"

,II lhe fiSl;.f "o!uncelln" I)-,;;..- pTc'l'cnlc<l i" 111"1),,,\),

,,(I hls 1"'1I"r.lflhc), W~r~ l"duood,lh,'ywuuld aJl~r
lht- fi~c~1 b;,I~",-.., or euorenl ~o"""",,,c'" ,et;"",,
thc",f<ltc, Uoe), o'l, i, ",Ic~anll!>t he on .. in \'"picMlhi!<
I'"l'~" Ih., IlJ<c,ollJ"b", :e "f Vlllawful
;~"~"ls.

'n'lII

SummaryofEslimotion Mcthodolugy
1'h" ""wulllin)( f"""cw'''~ u:ICd in Ill<: p"-,,cnl
. n"Jysis Is It", ""m~ f,uII,eWllli< ~ m"I.'l'''~ by Ih~
N"I i<)n"l lkS"'D r~k Coullcil " flh, Nat~1naJ AL'.<lchl)'
,/~icnceF in Til<! ,....~w Amcrirun .... f'olluwill,l( Ih~1
fr"III< ....'()r ~ . Ih" prl'SCnt study:
I . E~cludc~ puhlit:!CllI~b ('fISts s ut h as Ik,rc.w, alld

;nk"..1 I'~yn'~nls "n lI"",rnn'cnl tlclll:

2. T",,,ts I'Ol'uh.,iontmsc:d ,Ir ~o nJa'SIi~ I ,L' ""rvkc"
,,~f"'ly I'riv"k I:'~,J" ,,,,d w""'S"" lke <:ost oft h"""
"",vi"", 1.. ,111 i~mnl h'JUschulds b"l<'d ~ilh~, on
""li nwt<-<J ~ u, un Ih e 'n,migr.. nl ~h,,,,, "I' Ih"
poll'ulr,\itln;"

,e.

YlOl .

_.,..,

3. l"duM.. the wdr..., and "dL,,:~n"n,, 1 ''''''is .. f

im",Ig'~nl and ntJni",ml~r~nl "'''~'r ~hildr"n
"",I ~,;.'i~"g I ho"" cosls hI Ihe child's huu ... h" ld:
4. A""igns 'he ""Ira 'e lIlId "\h)c~Il" ,,"1 t'L"I S "I'
111i",,, 11.$.,,,,,," chilli, " " "fillllll;~r"ni p~rimt s
I" the lllllllillr"nl l"'no;d>oId; " " d

5. Asolgns tk ~I ,Jf m,:" n~'k$t "d

Cfl l~

3ccn.diflj( I \I LIw
bL;oclit. in Ih~ f.: I'S.

~(1iI

,,,, If. r ~I'',,' cd

,,,\I

dl'ed bo! n
uSc "r Ih"".,

elc"ny. :ony ,,'udy Ih:.1 dQc5

foU" ... this
m"J' le.th ",,'y d,lT~r" nl c "nctU Sio 'L~,
I'vr
"Ily sl UlJy lhol ~xd udc~ Ih e wdf",,'
h" n "f'l ~ anti ~,'uC~l,,,"al !lC r~ ic~5 'ct~hc" by I h"
",Inor l l.S,oor n chlld,,' n .. f unl ".... ful In'nl1~ranl
p",,,n"" frtlnl Ihe 1'''., . " ... i~n"" I" unh.wful ,""'';.
grant hou..,hoJd, will ' cneh vcr~ dlrr~ rt"l o;\I"" lu ~""'" "bUUI lh~ "..,,,1 ~'tJ''''''<I"enf,," of u"I" .... f,,)
'hl m igrnl '''".
fr~meWl)rlt

""""",lL'.

98
S ~.:t' I .I.I,k c p<> n

so. ,..

loMH, :!III>

t.fI AH'f.

Government Benefits Received and Taxes Paid: All U.s, Households, 2010
tv EDU(ATIOOI Of" HEAD Of" IlOUSlHDLD

........._

..... _
....
..
c....... .......
s....,. .... II~_"'.....,.\I "''''''2OICC.--

...... _

;>O~C_ ..........

r,_-s~_

II" '"'llOr tnnl

..

b>,~_t

u~

... ...,.....' ... """""""'... ~

r~"ndl~l~

t<l~0'f>1 ,,f n\~3n"te"'ted

in Ih .. ~"~b'sis ;:" Ihut

hener, ... and dir~~1 b.'""r.",

W~~ nlll imputed M w"ig"'~1 t.u h'lU.ch",,,,~ ,,,billd

Iy. U"t he'. Ihc c\>st
''''n ~fot~ " .....,1,...'11 Wa~ basc'>l
nn lilt: hn" ..,.,hilld'l! sclfrcpor' "f
'n 1m: II.S.
Census Ilur~"u'~ Currtnl l'OrlOlal ~In Survt')', For
ex,,", rl", tJ," cost 01' I h~ foo.l 5' ami' he ncf,~~ ' C'r\: i",d
Is ba ...'11 Otl Ihe fill}!1 st~OlP """"f>t~ dota prMid"O
1..' tJ,c h(lu''''''d. If Ihe huu""II(lld st:.te'<-I ~ d><.l n,ot
r~cciVl' f(~1Il "amlls. I hen 1m: valu"
sian,!",
wil hl n Ihe hvu~ool'" "",uld be krI',
Uala nn ,tltcnd,,"<'t in publ ic ",iOla,y and t"'
lInd".), M'klOi" wt:n' ~1"'II"kcn fruOl til" CPS: Sludenl. "llending pubtl<' Sl'h<>l!l ""'te thell assi~"e.l
~'IIuc~l;'tnal r."'t~ cituHi It) th" UVCt"~C Iletpupll
cxl",ndilllrc"" in lht.ir ~tale _ I'ul~ ir P\I~I-lK'C'I)Ildnty
<'IIu",,!ion co'l~we,ec"kul"kd in ~siml"',
WM'CV(!t lII)S1j a~ e. the CO.t or " ol'uhol(i(ln-hu$I.,d
"C,vir,.. "'"" h,t.<cod vn the cst in",tl..! ulili",ti"" lOr
Iho ""rvic" I>y .. "I"",rul immi~r"n\ h,,,,,,,,l>old~, I,) "
C,,"",P!~, ~,och hou",.. t",ld's
of publ k l",n"rlOtt,.1 iun "'\It'n"ilu,,,. WaS ,"ssun'cod tu "" pn"purl,,,n,'
t Q its .,,~." of "I"''''' inll " n publ Ie traMIl' Irt:.tion "s
,,"pork'll;n ,h" 11m""" orL,ho. SI~t",lk_ Cun.unIer
1'.p<m,'iturc Su'-'~'Y(C ~:X)_ Wh"n dnlaM Uliliy.,1 i,ln

or

""""r".

"rr!>",.

""'''''0'.

sIl,,,,

of a ""rv'~ .. were nOI n"",h. blc. 'he household'~sh" ",

or 1101'"I"liun-b:,,,,,d ""rvie,,~ w.s "",,umed III "4"'"
it~~h".c"fLhl' lotal U.S, l'op ul~ti"" ,
~-c<k:,," ~nd ~1"le incn,nc I"xe~ w.rc calc" lal,'II
I",,,,,,, un 1M. f",", Ihe CPS, PitA I;Ix<", werc .ISI'
calcu laled frlNl> CI'S d~l a, Il1l1.h II>.: cm"lvye, . nIl
"mplo)".", sha.e of FICA I"xes we", ",sumed 1<> fall
,I" wlltkcr$.. C!> 'I~'l1Ite ,nconl" l;oltlis Well' iUSIHnc'>l
I" \It' IX""" "arUy l' ,".rke.~ and le"'Uy by "wn
ers: Ih" ,lislrihulj"n "I' the.e laxc'S waS ~~li",al<oJ
;t('("utdllll! tn 11M:-' d;"'rillutinn of c ninjo(!! and [lr"I)'
c,l)' ,nC"",,, i" Ih,' CI'S
S~!"", eJC'SO::, and ptop.,r\.) lox r:lYn,~nt s wc",
hOS<.'II ,m cnnw mptwn dal a rrum Ihe l:"n~umct
E~[)Cn'lit"fe Su""y." Fur ~x.mplc. if 1m: Cf.X
>iwwoJ 1",,1 households he~d~d by I'Crs.onl' withoul
" h ~h ..,h.,.,1 d<-grce !"uunled tilt 10 I"'",,nl of "II
",,10& of to/lll('fo prod ucls in th ~ II,S.. tho.: h",.",,
h (~d~wc'c ..... umed I" P"Y 10 I"-C"t "ratilub,",c"

""ds.clu"S.
~I"--dlk

adjustmenls wc"" m,,,,,, ror

Si""e 4,5 pe. eenl
uf "nl.wful immigranl!!; a.e bdlcv,'IIIO wo.k "(>iT
III" bouk.: t he f"dcr.1 und stal" ,,,('on,,, I"x ",Id
Hell t"x p;oymenl~ Ih"' Cen"u~ impute'S fn. ea~h
C,'rln tn

un",wrullmmi~n"'l t.'m.!I"~d .

"

99
TlII: ~' SC"' L<:().''T ()I/ UN'''W''tJL'~ '-\t Il!.'''''' rs

... ,," A.\tN&!oTY n , T il E ll.>l, TAXI'AVH ~

_.

Govemment Benefits Received and Taxes Paid per Household, 2010 (Page 1 of 2)

Ho.>dedb!'

ALL MOHfTAAV 'IGURU

ME O(lUAll5 PEfI

-"'. ,--.- -.

IMMIGRANT HOUSEHOLDS

-.....

p....",. Wi"""',

oiilot>_

~WiU.

"".
.,,,

. ~st>S<IIO()I

10.QB.6\8

"OO~

..

--~

~w.ItI .

~".W~~

,,",,-

s..-(.......

CdIogoD_or
~.

M.......,..

n.on.lOi!\

lIl,lI86,"

!V'>'6<O

\CI40~.960

.~

\00,0'1"

jlL~17

. ..
~

Goo _ _ BeooofiI$R..- ... H_ d

,.
" ...

'16.""1

()n,q_~1

[&:i(ion.! bon.!!..

il9.l!.O

M-'""Ie<J_..

~--

T(II.II boo>o!iI> >1-';_

$46,949

'13,884

110......

59.0CI4

S5,J.ll

""'

! 5,oI6J

J8.14 /

!oIi.1.0
S).I,IV

","'

U.091

51891

16,68S

16490
$:19,9)1

~g:; n

l71~1

S~4,6'l1

Ul.126

"',.

- $310

r.... p. Id .., H _
,0301 !

--

fj ",., ""!io:~

......

p~. ,.,.

ALL MOMT"~flUlIIO.[S

NltOOlJ.,l,ll$ POI
"OO~

"--<11_",

1lto""'LlI!o"'_

_.-...
~

..=

,,~

7,SSJ,106

~W""
. .... S<tIOOI
3,015,088

~.,

n9,767

"-:J..Id.,.WitI\

s..-c"lop
2.b/ilm
~"

8!4!i

"",""

SlD./.3'J

S/I,148
$IO,~l
~~

$n,nJ
T..... P...

--

,-

,-~
~~.
~W>lfl .

M_

(ojlogo D0i'" or
Mo.

''''''''lion, 110....

4,61 um

\2,166,liOi!

Millo,

11J(l ,~

Sl,~

19.JJ8
S8,42'
J9.O'O

W.tt.L ...1uI

Gowm",.", Bo.ofil. _ _ _ d

n2,211
19,186

...,""_'"

-.....
n",

Ot""'1 "'-_,~.
Ewo(<oooJ bof,t!;u

---..-~
T(II.II ......rib >I_co.o

L IMMIGRANT HOUSEHOLDS

-".
-".
""'-.

p....",. Will>oUt

"

SS,7Z2

$14,&42

"*' Hou.._

l~Q'M

"m
Sl,02l

"~
$n,.-r6

p,:m

S3,~~

!9 0P

'"m

!!! ;61
$3S~U

rox.'_~",,,,,p~.,,",

"

!.IIln . '."...."'.

100
S ~.:t' I .I.I , n~rO MT )10; ' ""

),MU, :III..

-, -,
H._.,..
"- . -,
........... -.
--.".

Government Benefits Received and Taxes Paid per Household, 2010 (Page 2 of 2)
UNLAW

L IMMIGRANT HOUSfHOLDS

~.

ML~rA""f1GV111S
AIIlOQtlAASl't~

"""'"~,

N"",,,,,,,,, __

"""""'."''''''~

P....... Withoo'

0",,5<_

Pot>on> W~h
o H;gl15<1>o<>

p....."..wrtt.~

'ndI"tIdWI.

w~n

~,

CoItltO

o.a... ",

0.,-

"-

L746,S'iI

9t6.231

440,179

"1,6&8

.~

~"'.'I!_lit. lto<_pot~

P;....,bonoIlt>.

,1M,'i.,onI'

~,

rlOC.' deficit "" ""Ipju. PO'

.m ..'"

l,"''',~

..

"'

'"

M,I60

')10,339
$990!
'20,24(J

Ilo,n.

l5,115

-114,387

~d<

r.._,.......poo<1
SI"
."""''''''''''''''2!:!!
Tot.I'bM .-d

~WIIIIU","""'"
-

T. _hiclpotHou_

S~,~84

~"IR

~ Ug

n,86J

'11.111

'11,019

-SlO,0485

-sun.

.,,~

~~~

1 ~ :133
~~ 101

... "" ""'..-.... <.4 _ _ ., ............ , ... 'a... ..... _ _ ..... _ _ " ......... ,...... "' _ _

- ."' _
.........
..._""' _ _ ,..,""",""'...

vsc.....,_ltm~~

.."""" ... ~*_.,.w.,

..

~ul 'l _ ...

h" " ... hold were r ..'"ced by ~5 percen' "mm~

"n".wCul immiS!mnl hou$cl\old>, The val,,~'l' \Of Ih"
Ha t n"u Inc"nlcT"~C",dil ilnd Ad~iI",,,,nJ Ch,'~T"x
C,"~! it th~, C,'us"s imputl"; has,"" n" (,"" ily inn'm c
W~,"- , edur.'IIIO ~cr(1 fOt lInl awfullnlmi~nll'l f~ ",
ilies .inc.. I",,'y "re not cli~ihle (or lh,""e hcndils.
1m m ~ran l children ~n",lIcd in ~w"' n)enl n,<"(Ii~. 1
1''''IIrun,~ "'N~ U>!/'UllWd In haw hair, II~ "ctl.t~t C<J,;[
u( n"n - 'nlm;~r.nt chil,h"n,n Anti "nl ~w(", im n,!_
~r~nl fum ilio:$ "'er~ a!!I<uml'd IV
Il:lrk.i,hlJ,:hwaY$.
"nd 1iI",,,i~" Ie"" th." lawful ""u"rhuld. wilh the

u.""

.. n'~

j~omc _

Fin.lly. alM.ul 'I per~~"l "lilu I"''''',n'! in unl"w_

(III imm'".nl huuschnl<ls ~ rC adult law(,,1 1m mi.
lIf11 ~ls 0' U.<;. rlti*ns, Th~ b.' ""Hls ' f;I.."i~d ~ntI
l,_xc._ l'aW hy lhe"" individ u.l. h.w J~n cxcl udt."<l
frum Ih~ . nnlysr,. The uVe'an mdh"tk>lugy of Ihe
~t udy is d,.,;cribed in dd~iI in Lh ~ 1\l'l"'nl1 'c.....

Distribution ufGolle rnm e nt Benefits

and Tuxe s in the U,s. Popalation

T"hl~ !j sh''''''' gn'.... rnnl .. nl t)l"""r'l~ ,<...:~i ..... d "rill
laxl":j PQid hy th~ A,'{!, ngc h"U "" '~,ld in the wh,,'"
U, ~ . l"'l'ulolll)n. In FY 20tn. lm.- ~",,"gc hou....hQld
"'Cd,,-,l ,, 101:11 of.:U.~,IH in ~""'rnmcnl d in.'C 11~,,
"nl~, nlC,,"s'le>[ed t",,,dils, ~durnl jo n, and IIllPU'
I"'J"n.h~d SC rv' c...... l 'ho hou~ch"'d pa,d s:m,~~1\
in n."<lcrA I, .t"l ~, anti )"",,1 laxcs. Si.,.c Ihe I1cndjt~
,-ei."d ~1n..,d<:<l t~xc~ p~i~ .lh'.. u','rag,c hou-o;,.:h,~J
hod ~ r,"c~1 ddidt "Ul,)~ lh," h,d 10 I", lin"n<.....-d hy
gllw.nmcnl b<Jt1win)j.
Ir c .. rnil1~' in 1I",,,rn lllenl en" ,'"Y''''' wi i""IIl"nl
rtl",l ~ were ind ,,~cd in 'h~ an..'lysi~ thi~ ~I\' ull
"vcrngc Iwukhold d.nerl would be lor,ldy crn"<'d .
Nondhcl""", Ih ..'!Ie rill"''''''' .how lh"l th" laxe..
by u.s, hou><'lIo ld. " ""mi l tl.r",y ~""cr lhe ~1I:'1
,,( ,n'n, "dbl ~ s,!rvi~,,,, n.'(;l'iwd (dir""t bcn "rll ~.
",~'''1.~-lcst~l ~Id, ~du"alilln. and pop" lnt ion ho~e,1

,,,.id

,:I

101
T ill: ~' SC"' L<-U.''T 0 1' U"I.AW I IlLI~ t\t mM"'i'o" rs
Mom ... ,\tNE.''T~ m TII H u.s, T,I.)(l'A HM

CJ'IIl'Tl

Government Expenditures for

Benefits and Services for Unla ...lful
Immigrant Households
...YER,f,(i(

ocf'tlorrlJll[ POI ~

!!Crv",,,,, U"'Y 'c""'\'e. t h"", lI"usch(lhl~ gcnc,al~ "

"fll'Cal ~" .. plu~ I h'" ,l(iM:rnn'cnl u..,,~ J(J rlnnlW!C II!!,,
cftt~ "ml ~"rvil'cs for IIth.r h\!u~hold~. lJy ''<I nt l'll';l.
other h.msch"llIs :0'10 ""I Iox "",,",umo,": The I:\',vc, n
menl t>.:",:flls'Ind .",vice. ,eceived 1 ~' llIc<e h" u,;e1I " ldscxtcc'tllu<'s paid . Th",, ~ h "u,:hold~g,' n."",,
a-r~.1 ddici l" ,h;o1 m"~IIlt ,fi na"': Cd by l"."" r,um
other hoo:<tlwld~ l" b>' !IO'\.-rnn'~nl llol,~wing.
Tohle " ohuws Ih"l " ,,il i",,1 fatlu. in IIde,m,n
in~lhc Ih;eul hobncCCfn hOU!ll:l\(Ild ill th~~1IuC " ' km
,., Ih e hl",d (Of 1"'u""h~JIl. IndiviJunls wil h hi~hc"
~d",:,,'i<," 1CV\:ls ~.rn
in '"J"~ rnJ
, en;", ("wer ~"''''n m" nl hen,dh s. 1.,,,;,Ietl ucaWd
i",livillu~15Iend In rc'Ct!ivc mo,e i" )(o"" .. " m"nl hen
eOls and " oy leso; i n laxc.,.,
('"hr! 2 show" Ih" ..ve"'~c Ii~cnl hol.n."" rtlr DII
II,S, h""SChnhJ~ ho~e.1 u" t heMu"nlion level "t'lhe
head of IlOu~chold. 1\1 ~nc l'XI,cmc m" lWus.ohold~
Will, "'lUegc~,'u~nlcd headS: "" :....... alSt'. 1IIl''''!
hPll.,holds rc..,~,,,,, S:!4,H:W In II<Nt:rnm"nl h"""ftt~
while I",)'[nll ~ ~ .~'J in l aXl,.. T he 3VCMI,!/C wl leg"h",,""huld Ih"s,l(""""'... f';"al ~"rpl"s
S2'.1,~'.Q Illal governmenl u~!'!I 10 finance bt:n<'fots for
" t her n."",ch.~ds
AI the nlhe' "x l' cnw
h<lll..,h,1Id. hcad~d lJy
1II"ll""" wilht)ul ~ hlgll SChool dCl,l 'CC'. ! In
111l'M'. hi"'sch,~II" '~te"", S~(' ..~ M~ in J(",'C,n ",,,nl
bt:ncnl~ (dih'd. ""a .... lc'Stcd. t ducal , .... , 81ul VOP,,1,,1"-'"')"'1'(<1 """'k,,,,) while I'.yjn~ "nly S I' .~(fJ in
la",'S. Thi S ~'t:nc",kjl an "V\:rn~" 1i>'<!~1 j1l'lieil ( I~,n.
"ftls r<..:dv<:d minus I~X"" I'.iiJ)ufS~5,IJ3.
The I"rg~ av'''<t:
<knell ,of 1"",~~du<:~I
<'tl hilu",",h(llds II,,~ " ~,,'ing <)n Lh~ imml;:, nti!ln
~C""'h' baUlle immlg'-dnl f3",il it:~ (\J<}l h lawfUl
.,,,1 unlawful)
Un ",,,,;.~,'.
I"we, tli...:.!i,,"
I~"",s lhan non-I In In i~'An\l<. I'll' cxu n,plc,"~ Thblc~
slu.ws.lwlf,.runl.wful i1nmis:l';lnl,h""",,hnld hc;.!ls
II!) llQl ha..c:" high ochOOI
Mnd wnolM, 17 p~,'
cenl h3"",,,,ly" high ""h",,] dlpluma.

m"'"". ".Y mu,,,

"'D

"Uuc:,,'"d

"'e

IIr

"""',,*,.

ro"",,1

__ _

.. ' _

.. coIC ..... _ _ ... d.oOA'-o ...

V\ eo.- ""- ~IC e,......lIl .......... ~"" U.

_oIlM>'\I .. ' ..... ;/t)IC~[)O ........ ~

-"'''"'.,... .,.~''''''"-

SII m . ~_ , "lC

.. ,.vic ...)," Public~. ~uch a. IItfc'L'C :",11 ;nle,c!ll un gu ..... 'nnwnl fk,bl a'~ fund~1I by g"~'nm~nl
b",,,,,,,;n,l(.
IIr>wcvt:'. Ihe,;.: "",."~C I"'u,;.:h,~,! Ii)\ur."" m"ok
g,,,~t dlffcrt:ntt.", bctw~~n lHff~rcn! !yp.." Qf holl!'<'h"lds. IndiviJu,,1 h"u,;.:I~'ld. ' ''' ..... d ill'" rcn! li,;.:,,1
hn IRIl<'CS. ~h'ny hQu~/I()l d s BrC ",./ IIlX f (Jl!/ri/.mw,;;
The IHx,,,, Ihey I'''Y cx,...",d I h~ lIi,c(" bnl! n'~3""
I~~'"d b<!n"r'L~. edU(:~li<ln , " 011 p''P''18~i"n.h''''''<I

f.,

II."".

""g'(:'C,

lIous ehold FiseuJ Ba lnn ces

a nd Immigrntion
Ta!)le (,

~h,w.,

Ihe

Ii~",,'

IInl"lW!e lor II"n-; II1 InI-

,I('' "t. l"wr,,1 i,"mig,,,,,I. "nd "nla",ful i",",i~.. "1

h,)Uscholds. 1I" lnwf,,1 in \ mi)(,~nt h, ... ehllhls h.w.:

Ihe '" r#~' annu31 n"",,1 delicils "I $1'l.:W IIt:' hou,<e.
h(lld 1'""' f,,1 i""n,s"",' hou:;< h"llI. h~,..,,,"avc,a ~
alln",,1
ddkil or S~,344, m>d nonin,n, lgm nl
housdlOlw.haw" lI<!flCito~f 13I1J, meaning Ih . ! I" %!.ct
poi<! "'ugh ly ~'<Iual hc ncr'l~ r~... ci",d.'"

n..,.J

102
S ~':"' l o\! , n~rOMT )i();13:1
~An,:III"

in'n,i~""'tl< .~c..,,,~ Ihe h'~ hc~I k",d (Of welf"",'

IWn cf,\s.
AI $lI.O~O. I"",rul immi!lran! ,' "nnuHI .....el l.. r"
hellelil~~"" :t Ihirtl hiAhc. Ih"" non-I"'"'i~r:'\\I.
lio<n~ru . Thi. ,;(!~n'. p~r~~("'",al ~i;"U"" luwlUl
;rnnli.l:.~nl~ n'~ b~rrc'<l from n..:dving ne".ly .11
mc"",,lo:skt] wdfa,c lIu,in>: lhcir li '~l livl!)'CaMl in
tho.: ll.S. As T3bJ~ (. sho"",. u.,~ I","l!<ln"y ban h"$
virtu.lly nu ,niP'''''' un Ihe (J\tCr:,1I ~
dfM~
h,,,,au~~ (a) the l><In d,~ not .1'1~YI" , hiltlr"n hi"n
inside II,,, 11.$ and (l r~",dI'I "fw(.~r",,, ... tcurs~''''
linu~U)' Ihf1JU!;h"ul Q Ufdimc Qnd ! h.",r",,,, i~ I iul"
~lrc~l.d by" n,,,- (lr 111.)'1."" nlO,nl",iunl un ,eel"p\

CH'J" ,

Ta xes Paid by Households

Headed by Persons Without a
High School Diploma

"r ...

"raid.

The Io~k ,,( dR>cUw"<.'fo!' uf llle r,VC-)'~"' bn" on

wdr",c ,cce'l't in cunl'''lIin~! OI''1 w~lf"Te<'O!'I' hai
~ ,I i,ed bt::"rin~ 'OIl the ,Mll<ll! nh'>lJ1 ~m""~IY !c'llisl~
!' ()n, II is 1lO1~wur\I1} lh"llhc bitih"~1 I,,..,) or ","I!lrme
II."
in THhl ... (j i. il'J.7(>:.I per ho ... ""ho!d l,e,'

,h"... "

)'<'or nmO"llI""" ful , mmi!!,,,,,1 hou""holds h..'<ld~~t

h)' [ndil'ldu"ls wflh(,ul" high ou;:hO,,1d'l'l"n,' , "hl~
li~"rc i~ in'PI"I"nl hI,{:au"," .imib, t,,''CI~ "r ... clf"r~
u~ Can he dt>Ccled ~ mo,* unl:o",(,,1 In,,,,,g"'nl
I",u""hol"" n ",civ;nj{ a"'''''''I)'.
A,N)lhe' i"'lxlrtlln! IMl;"! il< lhnl !,l'e k~1 of wdfa'c ~""r'L~r~cciwtl byunbwful imm'lImn! h"u~
IH~ds '" ~i,(nir."a,u, des l"l " the f""lth bt un\"wrul
jm nlQ!' ~nt:; I hcm'-Clvc. 0," ineligible rl..- \\\.'Mly "II
wclr..r~ "id . "h~ ..... el("" h"",-'f,1S rC",,,ivctl Il)' unl" .....
fu l i",mig",n\ h"uschl,llls S" I" 11$ ..1" ,,,, chil,(,cn
within 11w~ hQn,e~. I un(lucumcnl<'(! 3\!ull ~ ..... Ith in
lhi.~ h(>u,dlOld~ ~,e ~i""n ,""ces. 10 n,c""st,."tc'<l
welf" t~ Sl")~""",f. pe'hou"ch(~~ Ilenef,ls wil l tC fK;h
very high 1e.",1 ...

,. ,. . . ,.,. ,. .".-. .
_ 1Uric""'_

...............
_"" ........
,_
"""""""'w..

t... UiGoo.....b-.)OIOc..-.
U~'-

..

~_

....

20J()C..,_~..,."'."'"

-<~

SInl)

~~~ ........

Lawful i",",III<OII! hou"d\Oldsll~"" hi~hc. 1i",,~1

deficit..; than n"n-imm!g.",,!~ ror I.....,., ' '' ,SOM. The.
flrot I. h,w~ .. cdueal i'in 1c'~'I"; 20 pc""",,! "f bw
ful inl",ill.~n\ households on, hc"ded h.Y i",livioJu o
"I~ withoul R h,)!h ~h""j mplom . COnlll"'"!! 10 10
p~.cel\l an",np; ''''nJmm'~r:,''1 h"u""~,,lds. "h"
~c..;:'",d r~~<\Qn j~ high Icwb uf Wclf~,~ U~C . Tlte."
;~ " popul". n""""\\~cl'tlol\ th,,! ihln' i!:r" n!~ U'C
litll ~ wdfa,c_ The "ppu:o;ile is Iruc . In r"~I. I."dul

Cos t ofGovcrnment lIene fi ts nnd

Services Ile ceived by Un)awfu l
I mmi grunt lI ouseh ulds
As noted, '" 2(lIO.lio<.m, 3.44 milll" " unlaw(ul
im mij{,anl hu"s"holols ~p[l1:a'~<1 ,n (;"n"u> ~"'"""Y"
APl"'ndlx Tnl)!c ~ ~I>o ...s the c,otln,~ \ cd W$I~ or Il'lV'
"rnmc,,' 1>c""r.I~ and ... ,vi"". ,,,,,cj,,,,d hy thl""
h!""",h"ld~ ,n 7:1 ""pam\" C~ll(:ndlh'''' Clll" g,,''''''.
The ,<""ulto ~rc 8un,n""i.c"" in eh",! :1
(}"c,nU, I ~,uschol<ls hc"d,tI hy an unl:.wful im nJi
lin'n1 ,ccdv! nn nvc,,1)tC or $~4 .721 pc , holL",.. hold
in direct Ilenef'I>!. mc"ns'I<':j\cd bcncfll.<. cdoc"I~)I\.
~ntJ I'n(lulnti o n - bltSI:d"'-."i~,.,; ,n FY ~OlO, Educill ion
."ending on h.,halr of th,.,... huu""holll< "VCf".tgo..,j
$1:\.f,Z7. o"d "' CaMle~\ed aid (goin~ mainly!o the

"

103
'.W

T ill: ~1 ~A L C(l.'"T
U" I.AWI'IlLI ~ t\t m. A"' rs
A"''' A.\tS&!o"TY n l T n R U.... TAXPA na

~1W11

Unlawful Immigrant Households:

Average Fiscal Deficit per
Household Equals $14,387

Unlawful Immigrant Households:

Earnings. Government Benefits,
and Taxes

i24,721

$10.344

---

_r_,. . ...r_._. . ._. . . . ,. . . . . .

_

......... ~

Annuli

~!~10;'1!

~/.JJ,__ "':I()\O''''I-..~_'''

..... -t

........!. C-.. ' .. _101O c...... "-"'"' s....,. oM

_oI ......
__
~.s

lJ~''''

s.n.,

$I.bW "" .~O~!

~oIdoLo O<l . . . _

.. " " ' ' ' ' ' -

","",,,, ~...-.lOIOC_-. , .. ~ ..... ,,......

lJS~,.I.Ab<o""_Xl"'C_ ('

I J. S.I~"n

....."'....

.. or""" ..... .. ~ ..""'""'" .... ""'_

o;.,. ... \ _

"'Il' . ~""""""l'

clllld,,:n in
,~~ ict!.

,II. fomi!y)

~'er~:c<l S~.*'J7.

ro ..... and puhlk ""fe'y ~m~ In

S~.(of,(, pcr h"">~~"d!l . Tt"n~r""1 "I;'>n
h
~, $('(;2. "nd oomlni.tr:M"" SUl'",l,1 "",vil' ~~ cusL
$~r>s. n;,~CI b~",--fiu c~n>c ,n 144. Mis<:d '~rn.'O us
",'pula' i"nlllt!lo,d "",virt.'5 OOd,-'" Hr, nnl " .:!77.
Taxn a nd Re,,,nues r . id by UnJ"wfui
hn"'i gr~ nl IIou .... lonlds . Appendi x Table 9 dctails
l"~ r>;l ln'Qtl'il In'.-Ii and , ~'\.'"u<-.. [Mid by unlawful
in\ml~'~nt "') u""h,~"" in:.l4 (nl,'g".k.,.,
r,,"ulL:<
'<Ie ~"mmarix',;j in Ch"" 4.
T()tn ' f~dcrnl. s' ate. "00 1lK',, 1 lu~~s p~id II)'
u"'~wfu' ,,,,n,,,,,,,",,' h""",,hold. ~"",a~'d .ttO.:134
1I.:r "~lL<(<I\Old in :tOtO. Fed.n.1 wnd ~tul~ i"divldu
" I inc<lnl~ , ,,~"" c<l"'t>ri~d ',0;.; th"n" fifth ,~( hJ!~1
In"'-'" Jl~id . In;;lead. iaK'''; 1m <:(",&umptinn and
Spendiru: On

""de,) ,."",

1'''"

, _

_~

"""''l'"'II_..... '''<lo<Io\, _ _
..... ...;
.... Iow""_IWII."'... '_IoI ... ~
_" ~ __ """uI<oIoI'"_."", "",,,
lholiS

~-.

[)io.<I_....-.t ...... _

T._Paid

s.o.frl>

,-.
......

employ,,,cnl (1I It11) I>rodllC~'<I nculy half,,( the t ox

"'~nul! flit unlawful Immip-.nl Mu!h(olds. (T he
"nall,>,i~ a""um~~ Ihat "'nrk~r~ pay hnth ,'''' ~n" "I!y.
cran,! cmplul"-..: sha.e o(FICII luxJ 1""I""lyl".~ .
(~hllh'<l to r~nlcr.l) and tOf[l<l""I ~ 1''''1l1 tal<'!< (:Ihlfl
cd \<,,,,,,kc,.) a'." r,'tn", >i~nUk"nt pori "(Ih,, I n
t>u'<l~ " .
It '~"'o. '1\ ".~;n.l: ,hOI I' ICA and

""""I.'<l in Ch3'! 4

,n",m e 1-:<..,

h~"" Ik.~: n "'du~",d

1>I.c,."",,

the """lys;' aSSum<-'S Ih"1 ~S 1)I." ....n\ of un1,,,,ful

nlis'Hnl cOt""" wmk nlr thl: h'J<>k>!. If all unl"\\,fullmmig'an\ Wt),kers wCN!cmplny,..1"" Itw.hou kl.
If\<-'>'C ".~ "~)' n\cn'" ",.\\lld ine.c""" signifICantly.
RalM I>Ce or T II XCS lind llenefll ~. Ll n "V<!'~~I.
unla",'ul ,,,,mig,,,,,' hou,,hold. ,,~d"''<l $~4.7'21

i,,,

I'c ' hou""h,~din)lOY'."n",cnlbcndil""nd"",viCl."'in

1'\' :'010. This ligu ", ;''''udO.'l' lll'l'i:t h,,,,,dils. ",,,,,ns

",>""d bo:nd'<l1!. eojuc.tilJn. and 1,,,!,ul.,i<>nbaOl.'<J

"" ..... ;.:c~ <L'<>e,vcd hr 'h~ hou;;el",hl hu'

exdud"~

th"

104
... MT sO; '""

S ~':"' I .I.I , n~,

),IAH, :W1>

_WI'iIS_

f.lO$I'>od

Benefits Received and Taxes Paid by Unlawful Immigrant

Households. by Age of Head of Household

. _

...

!S.!<ld~.

S21123

".
251034

. """_O>l...... _ ...

B..o>oIi .. _ _

...,-",.-"",
_

U~

551.64

I_odu<....... ... ..

.. """"'11 ........ :<'O>tl~ _ _ l _

... w.,...

,,",,-,,'.ot.,... ...

L'n>lnf Ilubtlcj!l'"d~, Intere~t On the ~~'''''t''n'~nt''d)',

"nd 'KhN Jluyn>ents fol' prlllt ,OI"rII ",en' func,",n.,
H~

~"'"_,_(

... ,.. _

_ ... ,......... " ' _.... _"" ... ~""" ... u;c..- B_1OIa(_f\""" ...."'s..-,"""

cnnl""t. unlawfUl

in, m l~mnt

hOll<ch"ld. nn

""""11"1,,,1\1 nnly SlO,~:'4 in laes. Thus, "nbwful

;n,migrunl hl)useh,dd~ ",(",iv,~1 $2,-K\ In he"",; ,.

~nd scrvi(:,'S for each tlQll~r p,,,\1 in IU"S.
M"ny polil ici~"" lid;'"" 'h'" hoo""""ld~ Ihal
"'olnl"rn st"ady employmcnl .r.l"vari,oI!ll~ net Iu
~nn'ribu'""'. Jl3~ing "U"" in l ar,'II Lh,'" 'hey tel""""
in )("vc,nmenl bellenls, Ch,,,, Ii ~h"l1'~ \"hy Ihis i~
1101 the caS". A~ T"I14, 2~h"w~, unhlll'ful'n'""!!",,,,
h"" ...,h"ld.ha," hi~h Ic""lsllfcmr1"rmcn l. .,."Ih Ili
cQ r""rs r><:t Iwu""hoJd mId awmg<> Mllnu.J eRrnlog,;
"f atl)Un\l S:W.(I()O fIJI' RII ..... "k~n\ 'II Ihe hOUti<:hold_
!lul wllh a"'r"J:~ ,;,,,,,rnmcnl rn,,,d;l ~ ", $U.7~1 ,
unl"",ful ,mmUlr-onl llou."hQlds aclu~lI)' r<'CelY\:
W cents in ,;"",,"nlc,,' b"ncnts for t""')' d"llI" of
""rning>,
T" IIChlcw
b"I"n~c. w,th 111%<""'<11",,1 1<" b",,enls. Ihe ".erR!!" unl~wr,,1 '""nl~,a", rn>usdmlll
wuuld h".., I" I"'~ n."tlnw~'hlrd~ o(ll ~ Income In
1. xCII. GiVl'n Ihi. slm~1c r;,,:,.llis "b,'''us II",Lun",w
fu l immigl1lnl hnw:ehOlids ~"n n,'vc, 1/"1' ~"'Jugh
la", 10 covc, II>\, cos1 nr Ihelr currclltll' "",rnmenL

""".1

bt'ncfl l ~~nd >'C"' ~_

..

~ Ar.-dl>

NN Annua l Fisc,,1 Ileficit . The nel flSl'O ' delltil ,,fa hnu.""oItl c,!]u:o ls t hccbSI urhencljl~""d "",...
.;,~ .,. " "'<!I\,,,t mjnu~ tlUC~ I"'iol. A, Ch",1 (, sl"'w~.
when the C""~ of direci and mClIlISI"",,,d ",-,,,,,r'le<.
bll>i:aLion. and pilfJululi(mt>; col ""rvi~c" .re "',,,,,,.
c~, Ihe R~r~g" unh.wful i m m I~r"nt llouschQld haoJ 3
n!l<:~1 def,cil oft l4.:RI7 (gl>wtn "",nl cxp""d ilures of
$~ 4, 721 m;nusSllJ.3$4 in I.~<",)in ~Oli) ,
Fur tlw .""age "nlawful In,mign,," hllU$ChukJ
I" IlCChme r'Sl:.lly5<~Wnl . with I~~c~ I,aill c4u"lillll
im m<",Hale "'-nenl. ,,cc1wd. II wwld ~ ncr~6.""rr
I" ill'"~u",, t h" h"u::h"ld'. !:Ix tJ~ym"nt~ t" ~ 4() p"...
(~nl ,"'curr~IIII"wls, AllcrnaU",ly. unlawful Imml
~r3"" hous<:h,~cls ,",uld I~c"mc lWl""n, unly ,r ~II
me"n~.lc~t ~d ""Ir.,, " ...1 n"arl~ ~II puM;" ",h'ca'
tl ..... llo.:l>I'r,15 w"re dim !" "'''\!.
A~... Dii lribul,o" of 8 .. ndil s Mild T"" ..~
Among Unl.w ful Imm lgr. nl 1I""'I<'h" ld,. Ah.ny
l'olitic~1 dc'Cb,,'" I""ker~ ~lie"" Ihat ~c"u""
"~),,.,.,rul in'mi~,..~ nl "w kcr~ "re e.'n' I"""';'"'y
>""UI1I1, the')' ~an hd 10 relic"" t hdi",,~1 sl mi n.~vran
"gi 'IA ,.. cit:\Y, Ch,,, ' s 7" lid ~ .how wh}' Ih i. ,. nol,h~
~ ~, Th,.,.., (h,,,1s *1"""1.: Ih~ 3.H "'illion unl",w-ful i"'mjl\"'~111 huu""hvlds Intu r,"'("',ogori,"; ba.c'<.l
,m lhe ,""C ,,/'the h/:ad I)fhn"liChOld.

"

105
TlII: ~' SC"' Lcu..--r OV IlNI.AW I'IlL J,' t\t U;U ,"'- rs
M"n AMNR..--rY TI' Til E V-". T,ul'A UM

CII"'IT.

Annual Fiscal Deficit per Unlawfu I Immigrant House hold,

by Age of Head of House hold

2!j

""'''"' ''''''' ......,. _ _ , .... _

to34

.. ' _ ....................... '. _ _ 40 ... _ _ _ _

\...... t>eo6U.l"fOII< ........................ _ _ <\_loo>.......... _.. ~~ .. \ _ ,......

~ _''''' ............ ~ _ _ ... ''''.''' ... u..Ul C-.... ~1mOu...... ............
~_~l_oIUbo .!.I...-.. ZO.,(._ .~,

... _"" __ ,, ..... _"'"

,......000 .. , ... " . . - . . .

The

b<:"",;,~

11.",,1. ,n Cha" 7

~~, ,,n

,nel ude

di'I.'CI I",ndli . n.... 'm$-\e"'cll ""ncnls. puhlic C~III:~'

I ",.m. """ p,~'u!:.U(ln I~,.l.,j "".vic ...... Tkcl!<llll.' n,fouo

~I"rl "' $24.12(, for h"u"chDl (l~ headed by imnti
101"ll1ll.S unlkr 25 ><ea o)f"lOcaml .i>'l: 10 f;~II.()Q(lI(>
$2\1.000 PC ' )",,,r as the hc"d, nf h"tl>iChold rcoch
their :w,. ar>d 4{) Thi: i",, ' cal;<! i.< dri" ~n hy 3 ri~ in
Iht: nun,l.>c. Qfr hlld"'n In earh h>ln'''.Ao! Ihe "10""(
Ih" hc~1 "f hu" sch,~d rd"h"~ Ihe IUlc f>O:/;. lhc num _
""r l>fthilllrcn in Ihe hUn,e f"U~. ,,"" bc"'l'nl~d'p In
" .... u nd l~ l ,flOO lI"r Y""" A nn",.ll a. pay , ne"l.
lillie by lht: .oftlw hv" .. hlAdc'. ~""", n~ "fOll"d
$12.')00 lie' Y"' a' i" e~ch "ge br<><;'ket.
Till, e, itiCl'1 fatl .h"wn in Ch,,,, 7 and t h.,' 1I i.
Ih.l. r"r C:lCh
ealc'jWl')'. Ih<> benef,ls ,.....,;, ,,,, by
,,"I :.wf,, 1ihltn i.<!,,,nl h""IoCholdo""c...,. <i IlI<'I."""I>.id.
Al no PI),,,t in Ihe Ilfcc)'l:le dO<... Iht.'. 8 ...., f1II!~ "nl "wf'"
'nll11ig"'~ "1 huo ...!""d 1"'.1' m" ... in I""""thon it '" k""
(luI in """"r,Is. In cfI<:h ,,~'" c~I<:)!<"}. unlawful ,"'n,i
~mn t h" ,,*h<lld ~ n-rei,,,, nlllghly $:!.{)(J in 8''''",nhlCn\ """"rots fur e~ch dollar ,"' hlin laxC!<. 11t.1"'~"'n
"~"-"$4~ "nd ~ (#."",, 11), I.'Qnsi,krl-<i ptln.lI! ~a<ning
jI~"ni). unhfl>lfulin,mig'."" """ u"lIy tc", i"" rk'Mly
S:WO In """"fil~fo .,.~"h lk~l "rplI~1 in t":c;~

'''' y

'*'

,.

Th .."! ,'~ur"" t>t:hc the "",,,,n Ih"l 1(O"",."n",nl

t M rdicvc nn;l""i.1 5\ thi". In ~( oci" 1 Securil y
~nd nther 11<Iogr"", ~ ~in,!>ly hy in' l.... rlill,\: )'""n~c.
unluwful im m~,anl W"'kl' ... . Thd;~.l ;"'Pllel (,j" ~ n
Intm il!,a nl ""lJ'k.:. is (lclerm ;n"" fo, murt: hy .."'Ii...:~.
lim, .r>d s kill k'Vd Ihnn by "1\1'. 1."",.,;), ill i",m'granl
wl .. kcrs (whd he . l.",ful o. unlawf ul) ImIMII'e " nel
~,"(" ' ''' 1I',,,,,,"n,enl nnanc~ ",< <'(Ion "" Iht"> c nl,,
Ih" C"l",l,y "nd ad,1 ~iunifi"a nlly III th'''''' C(~! ~
~wr y)\'~ ' Ihey , emain .
Ch"tt ij >h<'",~ Ihe net n"'al llcl1ril~ (bcm,r,l s
min"s Iaxel!) fur ~h 'og/< eIol"lN ' Y. Tile lisr:.1 den
d'" rr1>C1! ~ peak

"r"vcr $ I!/,()(JO I""

)/l'ar (<I,

h"""".

hnhls wllh ...... lsbclWC" n 45 ami s~ Y"a '5 ,,1<1 , T he

<lendl Ihe n
I" a,ound $I0.l)()j) p~r )'C" '
"" h"u""hulds ",ilh h~,Ill" htlwc"" 5~. "'''' 64 yo","
,'he ,,"ml)<o, ofunlnwfu l imm igr~ nl houoclJoid.
~l""i n"" .h~rply willi '\1:1'. ,'''t:'"'' ''"''''''ry '"",u nl "",
ru! imnti~mnl huuseh ~lll with h"~,ls'l\\"'#(':;'
A~g....g.t.. " n"n nl N<'t 1'1.-.1 COOI 5. In ~OIO.
:J.H ",mion unl "w(u l i",null,,,nl IIO"""h"lds
"1'1",.,ed in t ile CUtt""t !'''I, uM io n Su ......')'. ,.""
nw,,,1:<' net f"",. 1 d~fi dl I'er h "u"~huld wit" $14.3117.
M n~t "XflCrUi
that al leAsl :J..'>O,OOO m(,."

.,"",,!!c

r.lls

"'d.

"",ie",

106
S ~.:t I .I.I , kcp< > n

s o. '""

loMH, :!III>

Total Federal and State M eansTE~ted Welfare Spending. 1965-2011

'~8lU1O >tS Of CO<ISl.o,tIl ll>!I POl\.AltS
20n. '9V~""

"

I ,. ' II

I~~I''' '_'_'''''''_''''''''''''''''''''_<Moo.'''''''''''_'''
I,.."N__
.................
... I""""_ .......
.... ___ _

'''
_No"' ~"""'''''''''''_''''~
Tlw ....... ' . _ ...

O/lQ,~~

....,.~I

;~UJ "

unl,,,,fullmmigmnl hl)vschnlds 'csid"d in the l'$

hu' ""',e [10/ reporled in 'heCI'):.
A""',mill)j th., (hI.' fiscal Ikl"ic,( fur ,....,.., un,,'
I~" IL'tl h"u""I>I,I<l~ W'IS I he ""mc ~s lhe fi ..cal ,lcl",a
ft), til\.' unl.wful immig.-~nl houscl)kls In Ih" CI'S.
III\.' ',,'~I annuallblcal deficit (iotal ~ncl\1.5 rL~i''l~1
minus ',,'~I',,",$ ""i<l) rur DII :I.l'') mlll;"n unl"",ful
imm(g:ranlllQUschol .... tllll"ther~quak'tl ~"'.s mllion
(the Ik:fodt o/"$14,3lI7 pCr hou.""I>I.]d linIL",.1 ,),<J million
ht)ll""lll~d.). 'rhO!< .um ]ncllkk's dirt1 MOO ,no::nns-tc.,;l
c'tl hencr,,>,. cdu":."",,- "1111IKII>ul,,' innh"~,j "",vic"".

Adjus ting Puture Ilefid t Estimatt~ for

t he I'ole ntiallm pac t ofthe 2010
Recession
In 2010. Ih" e~onnm}' "'~~ In ,eccs.iun. In"
\We,,,' 1 iocumc nnd tn", ''''\:'''''' will be

'"r~",.i,.n.

.... , __ OJ

I"w~t: OIm~

l><:ncflU <uch "" uncml'luyn,ent i"sur.

will I>< "rt,,,,,,'ica lly hi~her. Th" ,cccs~jun
mRy I h~r..r"re have ;"cr~a~"lllhc !1seal d~ti~11 of
""Ia",ful Immi)(r,,,,1 hou"d",ld~ ,dati"" In " .. ".
I'I."(CSlilon y~a" . IlowcvN, the 1",,,,,,, of g I\:C~$8'"n will nQt be un ,r"rm IICr<.'S "II Ol>JCi<)e~"nnmic
"ne~

)(,,,up~.

Evi<k'nt't '1II!J!CStos 111M Ihe rcet'"sloo had at be.1

" "'!I,k'S! ,n,p,,"t on Ihe I;;,cal , ' atus of unl,,,.-(ul
'mmi~t3nt houwholds. I'or ~xRmt'k. while ,ncoml",
d'oP1IL'tl signifICantly du,in!: Ihu ",c'lI&ion. mil.' ,,(
Ihe '("'I' <H:lucd in I,,,,perly i"""n",: Ih~ N,,'iona l
I nc",,'~ a"d I',oduci Att"unt~ ("'hith mc a~u", Ihe
wlude c~"no>"y) .1>I,w Ih,, 1 \01,,1 ""min,,1 W"S"'" fell
hy>1lOly ~ , 3 pertent fmnl:.!OO~ 10:"'010. SOn"''''~ p",.
cenl ,,r Ihe i"m",e of unlowfui im""s""nl housc_
hol,ts tomc~ f '''''' w.~,>s_

"

107
T ill: ~' SC"' L cu..--r OV UN I.AW I IJL I ~ t\t m. A"' rs
ANII A,\t NE..--rV T" TII R U.s. TAXl'AnM

A. n1Casur~.J in t he CI'S. t he ~"n"I>n\ d "lt.r

i...:umc Mlhe ""'r..gc unlaWful inmligr~nl h,\"I'<: hl>lll W~~ t l1C ~~ m. in ~(JlO us in 2()()f,. Th, m ~a"" ,NI
; 'I<"m~ uf onl :",,(ul in""igmnts mo)' 1>1, ~,nIPI1'
t iv~l)' $lobi.: ~UI IngH "'C($~il)n b\.'Ca uSI< ~"" mpl~)\'<l
unlawful immig'''''ts ,elu,n '" 'h~l, ",un'ty I)f
<'I rigin "nd IhcIl!hy di~'I'\1""r ,',,) m CensuS ",,,}cds.
If Ih e ",Wnll\: UDJ.wful imrniJl,'.1\I hvW':hold 1Q!;1.
i...:o""" during Ih e
I ..... drop ... ,m mnll.",\.
Wh,,1 nMul wetf",c >pend'ng'! ,. ...... 'e i~. popu""'""I,I;..,n
",,,'farc spen,li1\/( iJ; t1 Itt, " rolle,
CU,.;k., risitl,)! "h~rply du,in.o: a .e
un.! (allil\/(
wl>l-," Ihe , ("C.""i"n 111. Thi, I'a\ leTn nl'Pli.... S()nw .. h:oI'vfon<J.l .mJ",hul nollo rncan.-kslcdwclr".c
in ~c""r" l . I I i~lu'ic"lty. ,lVe",1I m".n~ I ~;lcd spendi ll,!; .... , .... rillC during ~ r(Co.'Sllion bul dl\l,,,, n"t fall
/lon ",~"'IIl)' wlwn Ih" '"'~"l'~;"n en"~,
Thl~ II.l lle. n IS ~h own in Ch~'1 9.
kh ~lll'WS
101. 1 nlc."So! .,.lcd " lcmUng "'''' lin ... "djust,!! fur
innalion. 1'h~ t hnrl ~tM!WS ft d""m"t ic ';,K';n W:!I~
,we. Ii n,~_ I \)ri"d~ vf '.i,id inc"c:u<c "re (,Jlluwud b)'
~I'"nd;ng I~al cau~. bOll Ihcr~ .". nn "')!ni fl/,. nl lIil)$
in 1 ","I-r", ~ e...<i(Jn pcr~Iol~. I'ollnwi llj/ this pullern.
1m, Oh",,,, h,,""d
Ihal ",n"lanl-,k,lI.r 1""
""piln Illl'llM-k,;l,d sp,m(ling "'II! n'~ d"cllne uwr
Ihe ,,"-XI dCI~<k.'"
ncspilc Ih ..., r"w"ts. lhe .-s' ,n",. d ,~. 'ulum f",_
~. I d(:f>ells in II ", -s\ of Ihis palll" will be M
,ljustl'ti
~,. Ihe I""enl ;',I I.ffcCU of the 11'C,.,.~itln " " Ihe 211\0
,["Ia. S,lCcilicaliy. U"., .nol)'8;s "-,<I",, .... (ul.u' e un"", I'loy"'~nl I,ICmfit,; . 1>11 fllOtl ~lalllP bc",,/il,' I' (if, [lCr",,,,,, 000 ~5 perccnl IM1"w :U)IO iL....cl. "-''' recli",ly.
Thcsol <ldjuSI menl. an: fi, mly bockcd by l... idcni!~ ~nd
indodcd in ull "f.h" n~ur,*"n fUlu,~-yc"""cfwjt,;_
In ~<I; lili"n. I he an~I)'~i~ ;ne,cM",". r"'<If" I.x p~y
"",.nl~ Ily un lawful In'mij!,unl. ul)w.,1I lIy ~ 1""c"nl ~nd ,edUCl'" fulu", """t~1I ", ea n"-l~"'kd ""If,,,e Iknt'lilSd"w nwmd \))'51)(:rtl."'lo(.,n'p.:nsa1c
f"r the in,p:>et vf lhc 'e"~"",~,n..,n ;!OlO \lata. Th."",
udju>lm"n!5 '''e m<1rc SI'ccol aliw; Ihdr i",pa.1 i~
I\(".n :l<.' I/;I'~I"ly In Tub"'-7 ~ nd In$ub"'-~I'Wn l tabkJ.
The 1.l\et ~dju'" ",enL~ 'L.... UC" 1""j~lcd fulure fl. CB I deficits nmllflg unl"wfu l In,migrnnl b N,~ hol~$
by :~",ul ~ Pt'fL'I.lIl1.

.11 ," ,n o.1 t Orre nl otlbwrul in'mi ~r:, nlS w,)uld ~

:o1[u",c"I<l.'1I)' In Ihe I),S. ~n,1 i>cc<lmc 11$ . cil i~CM.
I n m llSl lt'lli~lnl i"" I)<"~I". am"""I)' "r "~~ rnl>d
cillx~n'hill w<lUld h~", Inre" I,h" ...... 11;'01. unl"",fo l lm",~ranls w"ul~ l>c p"'\;~d in ~ ll'oyi~;Ofl"J $ta.u~ Iha. w""ld .1J"wlh~ ", 10 ,e,,,"in in ...... II S.I.wf"lIy.Afl". fo re ' " W~(:ar~ in Ih i.' I)",vil;~lnal "I "'u~.
mo,;1 fo,,"eru n.bwful ;n""41"" II$"xlui(li)c lI,aot~d
Il~"1 I""nt. ncnl resilk"l ( U 'It) ~""u~_ Aflcr IiVI'
}",at1; I n LI'H~la l u ~ , I he in1IivldUaISwm.ldh" ulloWL,,1
I" !.wc,,",e U.S. cll '",,"'. The' n1 . ,v"1 bo!l ""'e" ,,,il illl
"rnn",ly"oo dl b:\:n~hil'~ w"uhllhu~~In:I <h for 10
It} 1" )"aT" or l u n~er.
T"" f,.cal impxt "ramnct<ly w"uld ""ry)\re~lty
dcr>< nd,ns "n Ihe tihl" llerklll e""mincd . The 1"de nl 1'"I,er will ~naly"c the f,se,,1 "' n~c'<lu c ncC!S nf
;ohl n.'S\ y in r"u. l'hu :;.<"

Fiscal Impact of Amn es ty

or " Eitt'ned Citilc ns hip"

Ph u,,- 4 , Ueti N1.lU r ,,1 Yell rs. Un"~r eu ....

'''nl I..... unl" ... ful in,mill"" '''' 'uc '''-'l cli~ibl"
for S<)Cinl Security " nd Mt'lllcu", ""n ..rots. All
:omllllSLy Ic~i>slal io " wuuld "" ow recipients lIf
lIm n""t)' L" obtn in eligil,ilil)' f," Ih,.."" pf"Krnm~ .

,,,,,,,,,.i,,,,.

h.,

.h.,

..,,,,,ivn

w"

silo.,.,.

In tl'<'cnl

)'~nl1l_ Co n~r.'SS

hos ~-o""l(l..,"d .... ,,in,nugraU"n ",orn, I"')I "",,~I".

ilf Ih~ l)mptl!>Ols has b".n .h~1

nu~ ~(>",p","erL.i""

One k,'Y

ft!~u'"

Ph.se I, Cu . rc nll.Bwor Sl a lus Quo. Th i. i,lh,'

fo""al ~ 1,~ uS"llh ~ tln"<,,,,! Ilm' pri"rto . n'nc~ly.

I>""s~ 2: The hlle d", Phase. T1&i. ph""" \l1". ~1

indude 1""- 1""",,1 ;n wh ich am "'-'Sly 'c'Cipk:nl~
"",c in ",,,vis;,,,,,,' Siul "" r"lh ....." d ill' the fo ...1Ii""
)'CIor!< ,If k.'lI"1 l>ern'''ne nl ""'ide"'-" tJ utin~ Ih~
;nll-rim I'h",;c, UX n.!VCnllC> wouW go up"" m"T<!
!,,,,",,,,' u,,1:>wfol ;""nij!.-"n'" ""gan "'!Ilk -,'I'
Ihe IlI\Ok>I" but wuuld n:m.ln II<, ncd fwn' n:l-e!V.
i ng "Ie"ns-! es 'Il """ r" 1',." ..... 1)f,,""I~)'Oh'" III ll>Ca Il!
1o""llh Cloll! sut>!,jd",~. Th e "vc,uil net r,se>ol c< ..! " f
lho: fo,m", unl",dol lmn,ig,.nl [K'INI"'",n loki
be upcd,...J I" "" di,,,-, "li~h lly dmi".1( Ihl. reriod.
Th" lenglh nnd I )"~ .... mm . lic houndnri.'S or lhe
inl e"- 'n, l)"""C ''''uld ,ob~iJ\u$l)' Vb.Y in wne.",,1
hilt ... hul fivc I" 15 ycn.~ ",u"ld be l y ric'" ..

'<I

Ph M"" 3, Pull I mple",e nh tion or Amnesl y. AI

lho. end ,.. III" jnl~rjm ph"...,_ " II II llIncol), bills
would I"ov'dll I he .mllC.'y ,eo:'l)icnIS (("rn.et
unlawful In"''',1I,;&nl>\) wil h full clij(ihiJily flO'
nlQle Ih~n 80 ",ca nS-lesled w"'f~re l)rug'~ms .....
","II :'. hCIIllh Cl(re .ubsidle.,. u ,llIe' Iho.: A Irol"lh,lJlc
Ca re Act (At:A. U' Onnmacarc,). The. l't,.,;uJ t ill~
incrca.. in uull"ys ... "uld I", "ui>l<l:lnlluJ

108
S ~.:t I ,I.I , n~""' MT

)l0;,,~

,\MV ~,:!O,.

Fiscal Deficits DUring the Phases of Amnesty (Page 1 of 2)

".......
"-.M_
-,- ,,.

....... ".......
.....

UNLAWfUL IMMI RANT HOUSEHOLOS BEfOR[ AMNESTY

AU MC>NO..... VJlCMt(S
AAlC>OU.I.IISPUI
~OHUJil

OTHOIWISlll0lO.TW

N"",,,,,,uI/IOI<t<.'!:'cl<Il

"
I"""""",,
W,1!>ouI
"~a HIgI,
S<1>OOI00tr..
\74!i,8&l

P",0 ....\.01 ryus.~

""

~nUWit~

~-.,

1mm~. W~~

. .m

Dos-

"-

..... H~d>

WiIII_PII

,A\.6/l6

~4Q.\1'il

,~

.,..

1",",,~'.WotIo

. toIIfII!'I

].~41!.~

""

'''''

Go ...... ,nont Btnefil u.t<I "' _ _

o;-.,a ..""" ...

t~(~""""U

"

T.... Poidper Hou .......,

I~<f.. ' .."'._

~l>1""'~~"!Il!2
l"'01~~

r...., ...lI<it .. _
",,"_

''''.

"""

~'H
!9,lU

-mw

-$13,1'1-1

~rn
. ,~

.tl MONtnRV JlGUilIS

~~m
OT~flWKl:tIOIC,lTtO

$:10.240

"'"'

,~-

Win,,,,n.a HiII'>

' '''lI;~Schcd

...

""""","",Wit.

-~

Gowrn' ....1 knoflU ~0<0iv0d PO' 1 1 _

o;fUC\~

E<IO<Alionoi """"~.

Meors-1O>\Od

_~.

_ .. _

~~"'iI!l' ~I~~
T""'I

_~.

$1,)8)

$1,075

jjS~Sl'

~!3~I; 7

..=

'~'~i
I n,SM

$3,755
P~ZIi

:R5,01;13

T.... Poid .....

F~l ..... p.>o<!
~'i'~ 'laII!zd!:
To101
__ oooIdli!Il!iI!l

FIouldolkM Of ... " " ". . .'

hou_ld

-n ~.l'7

OUSEHOLDS AmR AMNESTY-tNflR'M

.........."" Wi'h

p,3811
l~m

)8,1:10
J:~m

'1,a71

"'-'"

~,~

~Z71
119,lJ49

nlllZ

PHAS~

/fMIistln1' WillI
.C<lII.o.g,..

~-

Wrt~ 1InfnIg>""

$1.191

-"-~

,U"",

:";lYl

gli!2

~1~

511,~ 41

_ oohoI.
110,6;17

~IOI
UO.3Jl

J9\oOi

........
...."-.,
....... ., ..........
"-., ........
-.,
.M_
-"",. ....

UNLAWFUL IMMIGRANT

HOUUHOW, UNlUS

,,(\Hl

...

~.t3!

~,I'iO
l!::!8~9

$U,029

~11..66

m~z

~.497

'""'"
)!.9901
:l2ZZ

Sl:1.741

Sl3,451

n.~

$29,338

$15,071

-S19,1123

_$11,972

-"".

511._

-$12,433

P...;t.IIec_ ... ~ ........

M....... ' ..'OOI Mil...

~"

" 8~

"00

H'

1............

""

J6H

~,

11,461

""

-Sltnl

-u","

m~'

- ,"""

R .. ~._d;''''''

~-.

$18.1174

""

SII,n 'l ___ ..n

"

109
Till: ~' SC"' Lcu..--r OVUNI.AW I ' IJLI~ t\t m.A"' rs
ANIl A,\tNE..--rY T" TII H U.s, TAXl'A nM

TAUI,V.,

Fisca1 Deficit s During the Phases of Amnesty (Page 2 of 2)

.....
. ..........
"
.
-- - -- .M_

UNLAWFUL IMMIGRANT HO SHOtOS AFTER AMNE.STY-fUllIMPlEMfNTATION

..... IMONffAAVIK"o\JIIl$

"""'" ~

I)UJEHQlD. UNUSS
OfHf:~W1\t ItIOICAU,D

"-"
"-

1"",",,",,\$
WI,houI.. H;Jh

lfrwniFoou Wi,t.
~ HC" SchoaI

Hudod t>y

~-.

''''''''III'~ Wrt"

I ~ W""

. c~o.z,

..

AIIH.,.,....,.,. ...

W" "ImrrO'I..m

"~.

"-'"'_ a..ofI<. ~ Po' HooaMhokI

D"''<I.t.o"oll'i

E"',........ I><ndi\s

~t..-.1od""""-..

AI\oo'~c.,.,~,-n
aowl>OrO.ofiI~

~!!~-""'S!
TO\ .. _II>ond ..... "'..

$2.081

J 1.. 99~

~ 1 i..SI 4

U1,OI'i l

.2Q,091

nl.'Jl~

,, ~

'/>5,B3S

' 9 41'

pS~6

$106,058

"""

SI,4.!S
110.50)

S9.1!l8
R fII3

,..'"

m ,0I0I1

n80~

y"

H,n:I

~~

S19.m

R l"6

$H,611
' 1-',263

~'"
SIll!:

52Q.614

Solol.666

$9.00(0

-5l9,.SO

11'5

'"'

T.... P.~ ... ' I1owH/oolO

floc.,dolltl\o, ...,........

~).195

~~

"'-...... ~ocJ ....".'"

-"'

R5,1I61

_.Re<_
ISS,

It"'"

."

1.. 1nr;JU>b
Rocoui .. -odju ..... d"'~

..r~""_

$Cl,s47

Sn.MO
Adju>ImonI..

""

.....
U.

"'"

""

$lo.61Z

'$lI,165

S7~1

-$27.1171>

"''''
__
...... _.",,_.''''''''J'' _ _''''''''''''''_''''''
_
M""""'f< _ _ ..... _ " " ..... ' ... " ... US"""..
__
~''''''Odf",~_,

""""_....

_~Il~

Imm'~h'.t d)'~ n ~' ~n""'m~111 "rn m''''~'ly. r",n'~ '

~._,_

....

lI,.' e,n] ,I"y",,,nl . Il pon r"~t!'in!! II", ,diren...nL

of 67. fo,me, unh.... ful

unl ~ wful

~~

"e,,,,,,'"

hogin I" dr..,.... Sod"! ~c o rit y a nd Me~ l;ra ,~ bt:n

dib. 'rl>t:y ... "uld ~I",' h~ cli~ibl" (,l, Mher ~'."n
", en\ bc ndil~ s.uch a;; publ ic huuSII\jl, rflOlJ SI" "'I"',
" "d ~k,Hr~id p:.y ",,, ,,I. "" nu,s ing honl. c~ "'"

inlilligm n!>: with jubs wwld Ix:!; in lu

"'''I''''~ c,"'<.l il' I" ...... 'd IU10rt:S"t'lal Se~u'l! y an,1
Mf ditarc d igibil ~ y. O",;e Il>t:y h"d c< '",pI C I ~~1 40
\IU~ rl cr s (or 10 y.:~ r$) of on'I*)),m"" I, I l\('y wuul~
di~il~o for Sod.11Se..... u'il y old ~c I",,,c'
lil ~ und Med ;':'" , ~ nd ....""Id bl,:i n 10 n;.rdvt h" ,,-

(",ven Ihe

" fils Ol .... n " "",Il;'l)( , eli'e"''' ''' oge.

~'''n ts.

In IOdditlu " , undu

~n'n""l y.

("rmt. un l_ ru l

n' e~ nl

Im", igt~ l)l~

l""ulJ

II#, of nhj,;l unlawful in,ml

th e'S\: , ,,Li,c",. nt ''''i18 ,,,,uld "<II "nle rge'

r"";,,,,,,,,1 dc"adc~,"ulllll,y w"uld "" qu il" inl):"

.... 11 "" Illl')' did

,1(.'<:."

The ",,,dl,,"

"!,'I!

inlm'I(, anl' "'(luld 1>",1>"111), bt: ,lblc 10 ,~'I " in

c,c~iIS Ill .... '"'' S..cial Secur ity IV, "'Ilrk I~'~
f",m..-d dUrII'S thei r I,mt! " r unlawl'ul " .. !dent"
ifthey co" ld ~h ( , ... Ih~1 fi CA ta ~e'" 11',.", poid r~ r

fo, cu,,,,,,t _dult

unl ~wful

lmm i$ ,anlJi i. 3 ~ . (J lv<'n "mht.",)', I hc!;c ;n" ividu~ !, 1I,,,,,ht. ,on nv" ..... gc. '~lnlln"" t" poy I"~-.,,; "",1

110
s r .:Cl A I .R~P<' RT

)i0; ,. .

~AU.""

CIIAII1'''

Fiscal Deficit per Unlawful

Immigrant Household

Annual Aggregate Fiscal DerlCits for

All Unlawful Immigrant Households
~06

527,976

billion

$14,387

,..",,,,1_ _ ... """'..

f ..... mn ..'Y

Uo>d...

......,.., ~

C",_ t_

"',.,;,., PhHo

Und..

.......

~~"""'

Icc.,l~~ b,,"clll~

rut five dccllodc . l'lu", Ihi~ llcl~)lo:t

Icml~'r"ry

mllT"',,,,U'" on ",<:c,plor

..,,If"rcan,'Oh;tn'''''~.~ ~"b,.jd;"" ""uld h."""nly"

ma'lI.;nal im(>;.c\ on .. ""rail CIll'I,S.
f~',;tp,"'ln!ll"c dole whcn amrn.'Sly "",i l'","L~
W\\uh( n,.,~r,. e wt:U'~", a",1 Oh"m :" .~ j~ imJl'lrlnnl
1,,,Ii'i<;ally. h,,,",'ew,. iJ<:c,u*, it hid"~ III<: . eal <".'IS
,I an,,"'~ly ,luring II." olj-iml""lanl IO}\.'M
ICeI "'in~u"''' "",plllY"!! hy Ihct:nn~r~io['ltil t!u~)(\'l
DUlL'\'! (t:HO). Cuncc;, liul! Ihe
~'01II" urkl(i.I" .
lion Il)' dd~y(nJ!. prugram ~xJ>hn.iun unlll Qncr Ihe
end "rthu CliO IO ~" ' hudgel " il>l.l"",, i~ a ("01"WllIn kgi:ll.ti"" I.i,'k in Washingl"n. Thi. "ud J!Clary I'loy tan IJC- VCT)' dTcctlw In ddndillj( b<oth
)wllilidll'" "",( III<.' lI"hlk "huullh~ ode:.1 ",.SI. 01'
Icgl"Zal ,on .
When "",nu",y lc'!li.Mi"" i.... ~Icd "ul in
C:.' n8re~ Ihe 1I,,1,l(e ~h"uld cxrICCI h' """this ,\ntl
'-'l!Y of Ik~t'\lli()n in rull ftJr"" Ntarry Rtl ';0(,,,1 di~
"u"",on '" C"n~re.... "nd the 1m.."" wHI !<,"usun Ih"
ddibomdoly luw I"mpo ... r)' '-'OO'lS during I he ("Iurim
ph""". The fm nUll" signillc"n' Junger_Ietm """~
will Iw< la'l/Cly ignurc'll , Nn IUlli . icl3n \I'he, i~ ~crinu,

"il,,".

"",,,.1

........... _"'~ .... \or1

!hJ"""~_.~

,Iv". p(loCing"

F.... _ I V

__

_ _ .,_"",,,,k,,,__ .,,.d..,,,,,,

- ~,--.......-..
_".
.-1...
__ .". ...A>o\'

~!y:

t..... _ _ ..

"boull!'lvernm~nl ~,]cnding ,mil dcr,cil~ shoul<llH<l'

"",\<, IhJ~

Iktl"Ptiw hu<lgclary ,I1.1h\mll:k, "1>1.1

puhlii: ~h"ul,1 IlI'( "" (,~ol.~1 t>r il .

Ih~

Fisca l Changes During lhe Inte rim I'hose

Ounog Ih~ inilinl in\cdm 1)1."".. ~mrn:... tyw<lukJ
jlnlJ"cc Ih,~.., H5<'~1 "h"'W~, "n i'K',e,"' in lax rc..."nUe, an inc'~a.e in s"ocial Sccurity "",I Mcdi"arc
I''l)'n'cnt.. fnrdi""hled I"'''''''''" and "urvil\m;, ~nd an
i,,"rca.e in Mh\C (h'P U"'( i"n,h"",," C.>sls ,.s (nrcne.
" " lawful im",i~rnnb'
m,)le oo"'fnrlllblc
,,~i11l; g.' ..... rnn.cnl i<:TVir:c'S. Tlti. s..<'I ion uMI)"J.'s
Ih"St.' cho")(c';'
1\. hOled ~arUer. ""~r!y all exl'"rl5 hclicvc Ibal
",,,ell {.'"'rloy"'~nt of "nl"wf,,1 iln ,nij(r",,1,S ""C UnI
"ulr lh ~ book.; Since (ax ... n '~ 1>I>lIl.id on Ihi,' hid
~c" chl(!luyhl""I, I he 'l'Su ll ;,; I",," )(I"',,'''"'e''( " .... _
enu,," Afte, an. nc~~y, r,,'mer "n"",r,,1 immisr"nt~
"'"old h'''''' ~ slronJ( i~"ti,'C I" shift 10 ' on Ihe
book." C"'I~oyn'""1 b"e,,,,1'(, a l',"sl.l"n( """ml " r
omci~1 c"'I,I,I)'""'''( ",,]uld prubablyb" ''''''l_ryfur
the.,;" ind,,,du~l. lu l'I'n in In tho! IIS,"nd w!,".g
r,'S~ I< ....~rd !.I'll Sl"'''~_

""""me

111
T lII: ~ 'SC"' Lco.'"T tW UNI.AW ' IJL . ~ t\t m ... ", rs
.. ,," A,\tS&1o"TY n l T II G U.>I, TAX"" n M

Total Fiscal Deficit for All UnlawflLlllmmigrant Households

t);"ttwelll.

~16 7

!0UC0(.,.,.1_i:.

",SIS

S3,.S12

S51,&46

SSl,~

~,~

"""""\~,>" d ~ntfa>
A n _ cao. A<t h<onh<M< lIentIits

m.9-'S

SI1.1I'5

~~S

f24,tlJ<;

"""'~"'"n-t!a~$""'Y'H1

SII)o1,24O

$93,fN3

T.... P.ld b)I ... ~ U. 'owiU

_10"",1*"

lTo,>I.,... ond
'M to"" "'''
WeI p.od

PIN5

Immllron. Hou.. hoId

~ 1 ~,6J~

J ~.!lSI!I

S3'l.166

mOll
SS7.119

m:nl

ToIo1 'n ..... , !i.ul defldl lor 011"",.wful

-5011.122

-S111.616

"""'....n l h _

1Ie<eo""""""""""
..,.....,I\o<.ot dofl<il
to. ... u ......,.",mml&r"'" h_oI>o!d<

-"'''' ~O

__

~"""""",,,,,,'''''''''''''_.'_J.~

___....._,

""'. . . _ _ _ _ "" ...... " .... " ... IJS"""' .. ""-~!O''"'''''...,.....

~_~_''''

~w

Til. I>r~""nl ~n"lY"is ~"SUnt .~ Ill ,1i ~l the tu t" ~"l

I I",~, ~(l"'e r~~ ""retoOl of unl" ..'f,,1 immit.'Qnl ...u.k~." .oMk un !II~ b<M'~ "n{,l 4 ~ "c.~cnl ",,"k "rr Ult!
bt~,ks. 'n", anul)',is M~um"S (h,,( if ~ m"cSIY "'~Il'
cn>tied. \15 l>errcnl uf ful u.e cm l~(Oy",cn I of Ill, furme, unlawful imm;granl,wIluldt""'u, t'" Ihci>t>llk .
This Wll\lJd i!ICrt!l1.C payn,enlS uff.de,nl "n~ slale
ilt<'umc I"X'~. 1'1 ('.\ la xc,.:. "ntl olher I " '~" laxCtl
<>,,,( h 1I",,",pluyn'~n' "n,1 work r..m",~o""' i"n fc~,i\)
by ncarJySH billion pe.)...... r.
"fler ~n'nt!."y. ro",,~, un!otwful i","';)(r""tg
",,"\lId 'I<' Qhf" 10 ~c",k cmplnynwnt 010'" ('p"nl), and
~"h1 1',1e ('" a wide' ran~c
,,,,,,i li<\l\6. )(e~"'clt
(",m Ih~ amn"Slv in 1\18(> "I>(,W~ Ih"1 Ihi,t letltt> ~i$.
nificonl """ u";n~ an,()nlol "m""~\,y recfJ,!Jent~. hul
,,,,,,,,-,,,ly 11)"" m~tk Individuals eligible (u, un~m
.>loynlcnl It~uta""'''- ~nt l other prugrnm" (I,~, sUll1'0tl indjvjdu"'~ ,,'hen th~)' "re n(lt wod'JII,g. " nd
IIIi$ led 10 a dc1'l;ne io ~mI WO)'mc"l ~m""~ wc.,kcr$

"r

-S4l,.,.

-SS1,116

'l

_ _ ...

,ecdYing am "'-"Sly. Th.",,, two dr"e," olT,i.e1 e:och

tllh~r. y"'l(tin~ ~ net n""no li gIIln uf
,)"":~ Il' in
WItj(l'8." Tlti. ~ ""tcenl w~gcb'""'ll~ incilllk'(!ln .hc
"n~ll'!'is "",llca(l~ 101 on in~"'"sc In I",,'{'mo:. FIC",
"nd 'OIl~Uml'li<Jn lU~ 1'")'mCnISO(at(1u nd S~ bllll"n
pcry"a ,.
The .n"lysls ~ I!j.\j ... ~um ,,,, (11"1 nftcr Hnl""~ly,
(mmer "01.,,,1',,1 ihlm')(O'lI n, It""""h"ld~ ",,,,,'d k
mf',e Hkd)' I" uSC ht~h",ays. au lOli. ~nd " i,pt .r'.: I his
wouW Il'sun ,n un jne.e~"" in ,,,Iuled I ~""s"n~ fc",~
of 'UIl~h lyJllOO "'illio" ,><;(' Y""r. O'''''1'all, "" '",-", ly
"'fluid i""r~~"" I.>;, """nu. ~"" f(",~ by O\ilrn~ Sill ,,;, Iit." p~' y~a r. ,,. ,,,ul/hl)' $4, 7IKI,><:r f"rm ~r u"l"w[\l1
into. ium"' h,,"sclOl,l .
As 11,.nt~r un lawi'ul Imm igr"nts bt!!!'" In "",'k
,lIt lh~ I,.;","" u"nll their own no """, ond ~"d,,'
St:~mit~ numb" ... Ihdr ~lIgibllJly ro. u"ell1plvynlent mourance h"hCfi ts a"d work c~' ""n'p~ItJO"_
lion .o""ld inCT",,",,_ 'r h c~ hc ,,"f,t~ .0 ..... 1,\ '; ~d~

112
S ~ .:t I .I.I . kCP<ln

s O; ,..

l-MU, :IO,.

l awful Immigrants Over Age 65: Per-Person Benefits and Ta xes, 2010
towl"
P.........'''''''''''''
w~_

AU IIGOIIU AlIt: DOU AltS

.....

t-fullmmi.....
PIIfSOMW ... ""
CoIIqoGtOdo>,,,,

~~~

~-

-,-.

$\9,501

5<'1.120

S20,8'JS

119.417

t2WhII ...... "'><>1

p.,-.w"~
0rIIy. H~

o-qr,s_

".~
o;...a-'lb
"""bh""'-"d ~
T
.,.. boMIi.. _

IOfVKOS

:SlII,620

}';, ~ n

)l 109

. 30N
f.28,lol6

Sll,S74

T_

_ ~"" . . fo _

_ _ _ ~ " """""" "

"'V~,

cha""'tc,isli,~:"
~)\~ bi:nctit~, ;';,o<:i ~

I Se~lldlY
and ,d~lcd MC(lica,,,
"'~ ~,,"'IJIbI~ ....,lIllcfoN reii ,,,mcnl w~. ~,,,y anHI<."Iy law WOu ld mnkc ro'm~t llol:,w(1l1 immil~""nl.n(!
(hdr kin Ugihlc rot Ih<'!e h.,n~fit>;_ Fur ,,x,,ml'lc
... "k~r wh" h"<ll;,'\!ye:,,~ "(,:re,lih:1;l e,,'ploymcnl
would ,,,,~;v\'lti~bil ityb'"ncfit~ if"~ I~" n'e un;,blt
lu ''''''k , Ten yea'. or c. cd il,d cml~(Oymc,,' ... ,uld
moke . W\)rko.','~ fnmll~ cJig!bl~rOt ~u'vl,,:..r Ikntflls
"I"'" thcv.... rkct'lo dl"'lh.
!'(I.nrc, \lnluw!",,1 '''' m ;~r"nl" WHII1,! iw,l(in ((,
"c~M,, Ihew bcndlt>; nul lung afle, ~ntnCSI), ,,1>11
II'~ ,,,,n,iJ,,, n",dvin~ ocnci;l. would
linlc.
g'"l'!nluhIlY. l he 1k!,hI!US(:hoIJ di ~ ,hi1lly nnd .urvi"or bo."",rolg and ~L'(."ml~II1)' '''~ ~k..Jic"'" ,-.xdl't..,j
by f,,'m'~' unl"wful ,m"H)ln",l h""""h ... I,\s Wfluld
Ilkdy 1'<l,,~1 lhe I",neiils 'e",ivcd by cUrlenl I~w
ful im"".II.,"nlIo; ",u)tllly $l.{o(\I) pc, 111,,",,,,110111 pc,
}'-~'t,'" Ilo""vc,. d uri ng I "" flrsl tkcade ,,110, "n",,,"Iy, Ihehene,,!
",,uld
mu~h }"." .
The pre""nl wnaly~; s assume! Ilm( unlawful
di s ~hiJily, $u,"i,'o r '~ l>I:n"Jit~,

g'''''. ''''''

' ' ' ' .o;ol

' J ~l

S2UAl

... "

"m"

13,239
$19,488

...

t<],,,,,,

t" ,)Id

111

S28, . 2~

-~

-113.52 1
",._iQ"~"'_~:>n_'_"

"""Is "(ornr~"'tllu Ii, lh,"'" ,cccw"d hy I:.w_

fill ;mm'I('anl (amili.:..; with ~I",il,\r !k.II';U(lConllmk;
In ronlrMst

"

"

~ , 19 S

t 3,98'.1

''''''l.~

l'old poOf_

rlOUl ddW:it or ......... '

..... """'-,.

~~

...,...._ &0 ..,., R_-,por "'->

~ 17 ,II-'S

[ ~"""'l><>"I<flu

Me.....-""'od I>oncflr>

LI""uI~

be

""""I(ranl h,,".>ch,"ds "ril IC>IS likely HI uSOl eerI;,;n g.w",nmen( !lerviCc~ $u~1! "~I""ks. hi)(h"'~Y"
lill""l'>', and ,,1'llOrIS Iha " arc In ... ful h<>llsi.'hull;l.
will! Ihe SOme le",,1 "f in~"",e . I h'w,'v~r. ir unl.w(ul immi~r"nl huus<: h"lds ",e )lr~nlcd "mnc~ly.
(hd. "1;1iz~liotl "r Ihe .., j(,,\'Crnnlcnl krvit:~.. will
inc. e.sc ,
0..." lin,". Ih" U>Ie "r Iho:$C lICrvk~, by r"rtlM
unl"wl',,1 ho,u~h"ld~ ,"fluid likely ",.h'h Ihd. u,",
I ,urr ent ("wfu l Immigranl and n()n-In,n,ig ... ,,\
h ()u""h"hl~ wilh .inlila, dcm''Il''',11! if ch"'~"I(" ,.tk~ . rh~ n.-wlliolg i""n,,;\S(' in p'l()ulnl iolO4la!otJ g<1Vctnmcn(llerv,cl.'11 ,"nold ,'"'''' go""rn"'enl WI'IS hy
$~.r~1IJ 11''' h"n!lCI!.~d , Incr~~scll -....,illl "f
uncmpl(lmcnl in>u,a""c, wtJr k","' ('t)n"JeIl,;ation.
di."hilily
"nd IM,!,ul.lionb" ""d
w(lutd ;"~'C"!ot ttl<' (>v" .. ,ll gov.-:rnlff~n l h.'IIt"I,
"",d""d t,y (".me,
1ir"n'~':.nl hn"",,hulds
hyfl<:.tlySI I hillilln ncrye",

0,,,,,,,11

be,,,,,,,,,,

""'Vk.".

""",w(..

~'isc" ll ml'no."t orth e Fu ll

Implementation uF Amnesty

rctlcral and SHill> governmen ls """"nlly SI"'ruj

uV,,, $11:10 bill;"n j>Cr-yeM tin m,) rc Ihan !Ill "ilTe,en l

113
T1II: ~, ,;c"' LC(l"'T IW IINI.AW I ' IJLI~t\tm. A"'rs
ANI! A,\tSg,,'TY T" T n E 11.11. TAXI'A y~"

Unlawful Immigrants Over Age 65: Projected Fiscal Balances per Person

..-

u~ .."" ..
1"""'11''''1

A.U MaHrTAI!\' IlGUIIlS AA!

Da.lAIIS POI PlR'.IOI'I
I,. 70101>OI.lAI!S

W;' hou' . H Ich

N,,_"'~(tNIkIno)

.~

0;....,_.,

Unl.wlol

I"",,..,

-~
o..~. Hish

U,". wlul
Unlowlul
I"""TII'''''I

Im"q,.".
P....... Wllo

To,oIUoI_uI
I"""i,, ' n'
P./lOMo-...

,.M

P..",n. Wrth
Sam.C .... p

1\ ,, (0110$*

U2

O.~3

10.13

g l, l 20

~20,1IOe.

JI8.~27

"

,..'"

i6,.4' B
tM76

1H!,31'5

f,4 W

""~

17,511

-$6.&21

- S2l,J;/'9

'531

ms

""

m'

S<h"""Oti:...

~O ..

,.e

'"

G.. dUO, ..

Govo. ......, B.... IlI. 1to<oiwcI po< " " ' U 7,&t~

E-...~""""",

~ ...ICIII><:t<t:I ..
~~.

~
~.95S

S 77~

~.

TucshI4po,_

- "-I'"'"
SI. I< mdloo:.ol ..

>h

po"

Tohl ..... <>001

f'1O<S! de/lQt .. 5UfO .... po<_

M'-",1.Iod """'MoM",""

T"" .........

' 1,401

$2,)91

g~18

S4,IIJ1

13,921

$6, ~ OO

"1"-1IOS

-'28,16~

-lll,.n

- $13.88&

-122,004

-J28,111
_

. . . . . . . .._..,_""v. . .,..

......... f ' ....... "" _ _ ."' .....

2OICC_._."~

~_'

-$5,928

rn'

-$2l.61l

.... IIS.C<no ....... _

m"aft;'I~l'Ic\L aid I"<'gro ln' U.$.-'~ OTn chi ld'l'n " f

,((,l~wf'u1

-'13.241

$~, I 9S

'''''''

r.."

in,millrllnlS Uri' cu""nlly d il\i"'e

3id
1I,rou~1> n)('~l !If ll>c,.., p'Oj!ram~. hut rOI.,lg,nl>Qm
child,,,n "'hoi ~"', in Ihe c<lunlry unlawf"lIy "nd
...J"I! "nh,wfu' !",mignlnts nO\: AA""rlIUy IIOt ~ I igi l~c
f"t.id.
Al p'~'SCnl u .n,m",l y nWI~,s~i~ ",,,"hl m"k"
,\(jull uni,,",fullmmi.\:rnnl. ~mllh~ir f'lI'eliln.JlOm
",'ildren fuUy d il\iblc for th l.." j>""J!r""", "t lh~ ~nd
oft"" ",,,itingpcril)(t. 1I,<a "'-'I;Ull, ~If"rt' bc,,,,fIlS In
r"'hI~r UII,",,'f,,1 h,woch"ld. w.",ld likcl)' ri"" I" the
I"wl "fl h'''''' ,ceei",," bytllr'~nll.wful im,u\l(rn nl
fan,illcs " 'il h ~im II", iO<n:jol('t'{tllomic ~hor"Clerl~lk'"
'fhis would me.n a . horr inetc."" '" oc"d~. ffOn,
1"(>guIII's ~UCh"' Tcm l)O ...~ry IISjii.\;tnt" fUI ,,""I'lly
" .miliC!', the ~:"r""d Income Tu C,cdiL . Mudbld,
,)uhlle h<lu~in~ ~ "d fo<)(l "l~ml~"

<;lOW .

_""",.

0", ...11, """".1 "'t/r,,,c I:' >~I$ "'''uld ti",! lu

""K'ml $1:1.711() pcr rnlll,..,h,~iI "m""~ r",mer Iml~w'
fu l hOUlO.'hlllds.llmn(','ly "'''"Id in(rca"",,,,,,,, . 11 wei
fnrc c.-",IS III $:> 1 bililun "". Y"OT r<lr ll>i~ 1\. "U l',"
St"'ling In W H, Ihe IIffu,d,,'~c C.", Nt will
bl-gin 10 I1ftlvide ,.,illl'" rlJr",~ of ",d, ,,,dudif1~
!:lCp.n.dI',1 M"dic~;~, pr" n,i"", ; III)!1i,lic.... ami ~'''' l
sl",ri ng ."Ilsldie>;. to I~w"rinoomc ;noJ ividu"'"
"ICk ncnllh i n"~ n"'c~. Un lawful in""ig'""Ul """
tllrrcnll)' i ndl~iblQ Ill. Ih l~ nod, llnder am!l\'~ly Qr
""",ned rili.~"'hil}: IIlIb",I',,1 in""i~'~ "l.< ","uld
nhl~'" r,,11 di)\ihi1ily rur Ihe"" hI:ndil5. ~lll>"ugh
"1~C. luald woli id Jlt'~"'hlyhl!dd.yed IInl ;llh~ ~n.d
lOr ! he Inle"nI I""iod ,
1'1", (",lin,al"d COlli uf bcn<'fll' rfllnl OI~maca,,,
til fU'hI",unl "wfui in'm~"'n! hll....,huMswolild Ill'

"'I>,,

$~ 4 hill~,"JI;" )'~~r."

114
s ~ .:n.l.l , n~rOMT )i(l; ' 3:1
~~ U, :w ..

-,
..

l ong-term Costs of Unlawful Immigrants After Amnesty

T.... r.....

TOUI """' .f

..-

M ........w

....,

n_

......... ""20~

nn

""

Sl_14

-11.99

"" . , IS"..,."

-Sl'S
-$0_16

~,

~".

...,,',"" plio",,,, 0Jn<.nty

o.f;clt, T. ....

Bonof.. Roc.. WI<I

(lr'oI ..... oI201O

tl.J:l

Tolol T........ d
(1n'lfj_of2010
~ ~,

".,. 6~

,,~

~_""' .......w ~
101"<0>\0 011 ....-y

"~

"~

l orv-..,.,..,IIl<aI .......t~ ....

su s

S9. 0

(,"""","'2010~_ .. )

T.... ~producocibyonxt....,,01_~
o!
i!OI .... )

(,,1_ 2010"""".,..,

.0

_Bonora.

(_oIlOlO
-$O.5~

$'l.I.

-$6.26

"'"

-10.98
_55 .28

LlhI .... <otI pti" ocIIoft ~fIIaWIUI inv?Ii&fo.t(2010 ..... .. d.U...)

. . . __

"''''''--''"'''---

T.~ ._.~

...

s..-o: ~"

tII' (>,.... _

.. _ _ f \ J I _... ,,,,,u.s .. 2Q1'J,

_ _ """'

O\'erall Fiscal Imp;lc l of

Amnesty or "~:arnL>d Citi ~enshiJl "
TI~)I " 7

"'''''''1:''

and C h:trL 10 .how tilu

'l,... ~1 ",.1 _
n nc~~ "f ... nlawrul immlgra nl ho ... icl\,)ld~ "''''' in~ Ihe
II""" ~talP"" "'-.fmc a nlrws t y. I he i hIe" nI p e' 'lid a/le'
o hI n ~'$.I Y. and r,,1I1 mpjcmcnlall,'n "fa m ",,,,Iy. M Ihc
cun~nl time. b"fvlc am .... Sly. th e "VI.,,-.oJ;o! unl".... f ... 1
in""I~""'l h"u~~hold h~s a 1i",,~1 d,f,cll of SI4.387
1k<.yt<M. nu'l~ Ih"fnl~, fm perIOd imo"."dilltdy r(Olhl .... [n~ ,,",n""ly, tal< r"V1:n"", w(OuJd increase ""1f~
Ih!ln J;"" ':rn",~nl h~l1cril~ . nd Ih~ "'l!rat' t'5 ..,I,lcfieil
Ih~ r.""'~r ,,"I ~"-ful h(1U>'(:h"I(1s wl1uld
("II I" SII." "" 1"-" h,"''''h,'ld .... (Thl~ r,~",c. h"",ev_
cr. ~.s umc", the.\: ,""vuld Dc "u ~~ r"n$io n ofgt)vNn",cnl mc-dlCal Ca ' " I" I!{JOt ~m",."Sl) " ,d ,l;e"", rM
a ruJl ,kcade "ft~r amr""~ly i!l enlll1cd: I h ;~ SCc",~
""I it '!>I lly i""~ 1'lI5i\)ltJ
When Ihe inler im ph~"" e "ds. ~ nl IIl-Sl y ",d"lents
....,uld IIo'ro nlc eligible for nl"a nS-h... lcd "--clfMe and
hca lth c" r~ hc"" n(~ undc t Ihe Alf,"d"hl,' Car~ ,\"i.
Allhal i1<"nl_ a"n".I~"vernmcnllwnc('lsw(lul<l """
10 .""'n,1 $43.~ fUo- lhe ~wr:rill' forn"" unh.",ful Inlnll!!,.,,1 housch.,ld."' l '"x p"yn'cllts Wtluld
rem"in "t .round $16_000 pc. huu ;,h(~ d. yicldltIJI
an " nll"al r~,,1 Ikfld l (l",,,.flt. nlln~ I.Xl"" 1,.1i<1 )
or.",,,n(1 S2/lJ)l f() pet hn",;chuld."

"m"")!"

T"Ne 6 a nd Chat! 11 . h" .... 11>0 ")\)lrc~alc 1;"..,,,1

b<l1",1C<! rQ' ,111 ... nl"wf...1 Immij(."nl holl..;(!Ml d ~ in
the Ihrc,- !l~",.'" All
th,' Ii~ure,; n Tahle""nd
Ch,,, Is I!J" mill .f" ~<lJIl.tl.,j r", fill ".~ ,nn"t ion " nd
II'c>lCnlcd In 2010 c, "' ~t; . n t ~()II"rs.'"

nr

lIt'lb,c ,.mne'!'ty lIlInl"",(,,1 Immigra nt h()ukhnlds l\lJICt hu. rcrcJ",d $~~.7 biU~m I"" yea. in
l!(OVl:rn m~nl i>cnen", and sc,,~<....- "nll ,,:lid t:I~.2
hillit'ln. ylehhng 8n ~'Cg.1tc ,,,, n,,,,1 dcftdl. <'If
1545\1il ll..,n
In Ihe interim rhn.c aft,. u",ne.<ly. aAAf~"lc
I#""" "",,cnl hcncfll.s ""d ocrvK'c'!' ...." "'d I";';C I"
$IO:J.~ billion I"" year. hilt lu fewn"" w<l"I~
ti~'-I" a.ound $(>0 "fill,,,,: a, ~ ~on.tquern:c. Ihe
~' c~ lc unnual doli",! "",uld fall . Iij:htly I"
$4~ .4 blllkm. (Th<''''' ligur, .. ,,,dud,' all p""Irec",,"'K)n adju ~ tn'~ nl$. )
At UI" end ,.rUm inle"", pha,c, r,>rn'c,,,,,J,,wr,,1
im",I~.~nl h"u,.,h(I W~ ",n,,1Ii I",conlc CUllv ell ~ihlc f<lr mt~M- I<::'t ~d weir.", ~nd hl.. llh COO ' e
bendil, undel Ihe An<".dahlc Ca .e Ad . ' I''' I~I
" "n ... ,,1 gtMlrnm cllt b.."",flts ~ nd ",n icco Wl!uld
.. ,," til 516(.'5 IJlllion, ta~ few""e w,,,,ld ren,ain
al an ., nd S(oO.5 hillinn. yi ddin~ ~n aggrc~nk

"

115
T ill: ~' SC"' Lcu..--r OV UNI.AW I ' IJLI~ t\t m. A"'rs
ANIl A,\tNR..--rV T" TII H U.s, TAXM YEM

,,"nu,,1 fi5(!al dendl "fSUl(; I)illi,)". (Th "'" '\/Illt""

;n~ ludc aU 1,,"sl'c,,<c!'Si,)n ",lju.1 "'~n\~,J

l.ongTerm lIe ti reme nl Cosl$ for l.'orml'r

Un lllwfu l lmmigrllnis UndcrAnmesty
11..,,,1 ""IU<!'1ucn"~ "f "",n"~l y II<
unlaw(", i"'",igr>, n.~ ~,uld
bo....:" "'~ cl i,.; ibl~ ('" So\:;0,1 S~'t II tit Ya nil Melli,' ~ 'C and
"",uld 'c'te,,,,, boo"C'/'lls f,o'" lhu"" I'''og,,,n,. when
lh(,), 'c;;;:h reti",,,,c"' loge, In "''''', CO".:!" .he fc"W
wh"did "(,I "hluin dlg'"Hilyf"r~ncl"' ~cur,' Y "nd
M""k.,,," .muld rc",,;ve ;;"l'r~)Tl fJU"' ~uprlcm;"'I~1
Sccurlly Intome nod Me,1jeaid. lIs Ih.,y "I!c~, fQrm,"
unl"wful i"'"'illronls",luld .liI<' beel'giblu f", """.
ih ~ h~me t~'" runde~ by Medlcuid. Th ~ I'll , ~ uft h,'S<!
t>c",c/il$ w</uld he \juile b'~j:.
0"" "'''Y I" c~1 i",alc Ih "
re .'" ire,n",,' fOSt~
of unl;'wfulln'n'i~runl' u"~et ,,"ml.,,'y jI> 1'1 eXUm ;"" Ihe
"""dils ~urr" "ljy ",cell'e,j hy 1:,,,,.
ful lmn,i,l(I"!"'J.,; over ''!({' {oS wl>i)o;c' cdul"' l it)n I."" IS
m,MII I~"~",,ru,,"'wlul '",,,,il/,:onl';' TII~ rogu,,'~for
';,wful i"'m;~ranl' over ,,~~
or;: slwwn in T"l~c
\I. (Once ind "'jdu"ls
Inl" ,eiir""",,,1 )\'~.~, 1\
i. m"rt: ,,~cur ul " \" "":Il l'"'" I'<'r"""5 ,,~her Ihan
h"\I~"hold~. Tllus. In (On1 " .. Un
"Y)o{IU~ wblo$
~'MJ I OJ("" j1~r
in Ih is I~!oer. TobIe ... p"'''''nl~
""",i~"'nt ",Llier thf,n 1)0;, I"",,,,,hold.)
Table 'I rcf'<l"~ Ihe ac .u,,1 hcrn:fots 'l~:cjwd ' ''d
tU''''llOid I""r I',,.,..,n In !tOlO b).' l:owful irnmil?",nlli
"""ra~c (~s.
~x"n,ple, t he ,,,,,r"gc ""krly I~wful
; ",",igr~nl ",hl' ,,,,,ked a hiJ;h ""hool dCllr< .... rtt."l\'t.<l
$31,514 in u"nua! ~vcrn m c nl ben,,,n,,, and :It', vin.,.
and piOid $:1.9:!1 'n I"~~"'. yiddil\)! 8n "nnual fi...:al
deflcll (If &:!7,('!"o:j
T"I~, 10 .I>nw. I h~ ~~'im.'~d Iisenl "",lances
"r ,.,jult nn"'~~I)' r<'C1I,icnl~ OV~, age (~" it ~ m"""
Iy we ..... en.tled . (A~"in. Ihe ~""lim;'Ic-d I>cnd'ls
,~~iVNl "lid laxes poid "'" mudded 'In Ille ~Iu
al currenl ligu'~'l! for elderly 'n"'f", ,n' ""j(ta,,' .)
Givt.'n ~mn~'!'l}; Ihe .""'"~'C rormcr " nlawful im m;
gr.. nl 'Ig" 65 or older woultl rcceiv~ ~'l;Hrn d $30,500
pcr yenr In hcncfli . S""i~1 Sccu,i\y "em' liI~ ",ould
COln", I" "n.. ,ntl SIO,(}()(j jlilr )car; Ml'tlicar. ",nuld
odd ~,,,"h,'r '<J.O()O. t1cti.ec. "~,uld '''''en.... I'<,me
$7,r,()() in mc""~lc,'c" well'n,,,. prin,nrily 1M
M,<l ltoid "ur~inll h"me J>..:"dit~, ~encml M"dlc~id,
"n~ SSI." P"I,ula\u.>n-b"""d ""nenls ",ould ~d"
aMlhcr$;I,tO(t in to>I~ . TII,,~ve"'KcMmn."-'I}' ~i,,
;cn Lw~uldl'DY :.,ound $7,1100 in IU"". ",.ul lin~ in
"n avc .....gc annual n~".1 d~ntil of rou"M)' $22.700

0"" "'OW'

II,,, .. nc~rly all

;Uul't","nl~.)

IMltllli/.t ag(: 61, d",Ilt."1J' 'c'<;lIionIS ~()u ld I",

"Xp.,"'""<.l In re",ui"" hcncf,,~ (<Or III I" 19 ) 'c a .. ,,"
"""rn~c.' Th" w"u!d pr'~!U(:c " lon~-\c'm nscul ddkit 1. . .1 urS4~O.OOO ~cr 1""I1', n durins fl1 ' ''''''' cnt .

CUfl~ nl

1''''''

'''''''.#'

"W""

t,,,

.h" t'''.
bo"""f".

f".

pc~ rd"l.., ." (till r.gUll.'~ (ndu~" p"sl .,"",""""

Pal'l' nts \,I f An,ne"ty Recipie nts

II n ",!dilk"'"ll'''''''-~!Ucncc nr h;t1"li."Iic)n I. U.'"
when o"",/:.<I y r~lpicnl~ "cr<lme c;tiz""",, ih.')'
"",uld have U", uncn"d it ;.,,,.1 r;~hl to I)r' ''~ the"
p""'n'~ 10''''' \1.S, (1 n ~triv"I, Ihe po,cnl, ",.. uIJ
I>e<:;)m~ le~" ! !",rn,anl1lt r""i(lcnl~ "'ilh U..e- r1>ll> ll ~
"hl";n cil ;zcn~hil' ,n nY<' }"" N. l'hl')' ,,'mid pn,h.
bJ~ "" dlJ:ibJcf"t Qb.1 maca ", im m~dia\d~: "ftcr
yt.'1"~, Ihcy"",,u ld h,,"'m'c dl~iblcf"r SUI'I'I"~'cnlul
s,,<unly 100"01" (al StI':,(){) p.:r )'t.'o,) ""<l "Ih".
mc"",;.tcS(t'll l)c ""nlS. Thc.r;~hl to brft\: "~'''tIlts h'
I he u.s. 10 l><.'C1m,c d l ile,,~ Is ~,,'nn'.I".. amI u"I'",
ilod , A~ "'""y"~ I" ",Hllo" 10 ~'l mlll'!m p"rc'1I\S
"'nul,1 Oee""'e dil!.il!lc f,or leg" I"" m" ne'" "~ 'de"c~

n""

u"dc,~ " " ",ncslyl~w,

Nol all of Ihc..;., i ntlividual~ would ~n",~ 10 Ih~

O,S , Ilist"tk,.lJy,"nc p,,,"nl ".,IlI,,, nh,,,ughUn Ihe

U.s, ru, every ",",vcn nunelderly "dull l"'miS .... "I .

I-'ollow'n~ t h'. ""iQ, 10 million adull am llt.'I'tyr"";,"
enl. w",,1<1be likely In h"n~ I.f. ""lIlUn p~ .. ~'''. In
\ he ",'un'ty ~s ",,,,rul ll.'sidcnlli,
1'0' l hol "'OSll" r l .lhl'SC parcOI' "',uIU bc I">or
~ntl heavily dcp\!",lcnl un I~xr'~}"""" 'I'>'pic:~l ~'oSI S
woul~ 1'.nll3bly bc alOU"" $:!(\,OoO I.... t pa"."t "."
year for "",1(,,,"
medk,,) care. The I'.rcnb
w011ld Il<> cl!k.'rly on .,ri,'.1 and m~hl re~d~e hen.
er.l~ ror row 10 10 }.... '''~ In th:ol ~"~~. Ih. I"lal 1".1 l"
lall"'}\:rS wuuhl he ~h"ut $~r.(l hilll.,n ,"

a""

Ufctim e .' isml Costs of Un lAwful

Immi grants Following Amn esty
MOlII dh'eUl'Sio,,~ or Ihe 0,;0<1 ""n~\j""hC~~ 1'(
unlawful ;",,,,;" ,"Ii,,,, "",1 amn.,;ly I\,"US " n Ihe
ne~1 f,ve 1<) 10 )"'~"',lJul .n",ol'ly, hy <Jcti nH lon, cntr
II ,." """h unl"wful imn,ij{,",,\ with lifdilne eligi
bility r~, Ihe full 8"'1)' of ~ov~'nmenl h<~nd;lI;. The
''''c''~'i; odull ",,,Ia,,,(ul ;n"ni~'~nl ili currently :14
yea .... ,~d a n,1 h" ~ a Iir~ oX I,ec lanCy of~ n'ore yca r~.
IJn~'.,. A",nc'Sly.lhul ",c~ns 50 ~a,.,. I.lIII<,ve'nn,en l
"."",liL" run<lL'<I by n ,s . I"xp"}"",,
Ir " """ .,;ty iHnaclc<l, 0!l"',,-3,74 ",lIllon u"l~wrul
imm!grunl ho .....
w ill b;- gr."" e."nLu .. 1,'''c .,..
I" weir" Te 8 nd I,[hen:h! iLl""", nl~, or <!Ilu ff,o,' . " n," e~ly

""I<I.

116
s ~ .:n ,l.l , n~'O MT

)10;''''

),tAU, """

",dl'icnt~ ""II ""I II"" IhrL""" , m""n .1",,,I;,,d m"'_

lal ily ~Inl j~lic,. ij i'l',,"'it~o.:hl L"llmah,1h, ,!cd inc in
Ihe Muml"" M lI(luit "nlowful i"'mi,l:ranl"l'am""~I)'
n" i"i~nl_ ""d ~u' '''''I'"nt! in~ h. ",,,,,I,,, Id. YL~" by Y",.r
in Ih~ fUlli",," Tabte 7 11""" n'H"lim.IL>;! n,,:al deficit
pcr ~h<)ld during Ihe inlerlm I""">OJ ""d dUring
f,,11 impkn'~nl"'.m Ilfnm""8Iy, Ilycomhinil1$lthL'Se
1'.,:r-ho)u>'Cl.>ol(j <kf>l.:lI
with l/J.I:o;Xl',;.'cl~~1 nurn he!, ,,( .u,",yi~ hnu""h"ld~ he,Kkd 1' """'....1.1' "'''''1''
;"nl~, il ,s 1'<"'!l.~ihI~ In ~"Iimulc lhe totnllifo Urn" f'*C.11
""'IS cur'enl u"",,,,r,,1 h"lIl>I:h,~<ls an~, ,,,nnel'l)'
b"ll"i", ,,,,,"1i,"m"nl "lie,
T"ble 10 ~a"e Ihe l .. Hmlll~d 1"" -I"":<on Ii~
rRI " .. lor "rn"'"... ly .ed"i.: nl.
eli'c,nenl.
C(,mhin i"lllhi$ pe'"l'e '~iJn dend! flJlu,,! wll h Ihe
c~I"'dL'tl numl",. 'If survlv;ng in(l"'td",,I. in each
ye~ . "l1c~ rei i ,enwnl y;,'hl> "" ""I,mal c tI h'I~1 fi~_
C~ I 0;(1'1 ftIT ~n,"c'l)' ,e~il'i~nt..~ .(Ier H1I,c",~nl.
If th~ lol~llioc,,1 "'010 in !he in' ~rim, rull ~'"',.." .
Iy, 1<nd ,.ti",,,,~nl perinll. ,.. ~ .~un'nwd, 11l~ '.ull
,. Ihe c~lin,ah'cllifctin, u l;sc~1 e'I$U f", "nl.",ful
;",rn(J;"4nl~ after ~n' ""~ty.
Tal~c IJ shu"" Ih" Hfdim<' to.l~. J;'urin~ Ihe
i"l.edn, ph,lSl>, [he former unl,.wf .. 1 In,n"l:r. ,lI
Il"us<hold!; w(luld ~nUf"t~ ~ nel rl:iC~1 ~(k! I Ol<'""fol~
n 'Cci"l.-d minus !,,~ paid) "I" SSSU bill illn !lu.i n~ Ihe
full phMtl Mo "'","""ly (hIl! pr;", l<l ...~! irem"nf). the
1>1:1 r'>'Cl>1 d.foeil W\Juld II<' $1.YoJ l,ill kin , AftCt reti re mcnl. o",OCf\Y ....'dp;unl~ ""uld r"n" 0''<;81 def,eil
"r $:1.-405 I'illion , ParenlS "",ullht Int" the U,S. hy
"mn~S IY ,edllicnl~ "'uuld !!Che,'ltI "nnther $:160
billion in ,,,,1 f....~l en.lo,
h "mno.-.,;Iy
~nal:lcd Inmnrrow, ~ urrc"l
,,"lawful rm", ig.. nl ~ ("I"n~ wilh Ihei. rn i"''' ~hH_
<ircn "ml 1101'<'",1"01 pa,ent.;) ""uld SUh!lO' 4U1lntly
.ccd""~roun(j $\1.-4 I.illion in ltU""rnmi>1nt bt,,,,,foL~
,>Ye' Lhe sp"o nr ~ lifel imc." The lifel ime I'......
by Ihe . ",,,,"'Sly r~dl'icnts W!JuJd eo"'e \(; $3,] I.ilI ~,n. Thl' Ir,,~l fi~c~1 dcf"'i! {lo!,,1 ht:nctlh ~,...~V\."I
m i",,~ t"~C$ ,,~id) """IJ ,,<tu~1 1I-f,.:II.iIIi,'n. 011 ti~_
u ,es",~ In cOnsl,,"( ZOIO dollur>.)
!'ul an"lhe, way. if "mn.... ly "ue ~n""IL'tl, U",
"""rIIj,,,,adutl unhlwf,,1 ,n,misnonl w"lUlll~ul<.'1u<!\t1.1' 'c....",,., SII'JII,(lQO in R",,,rnm "nl I)1,hllfols
lhe!
of n liret inw allll pay $~t06,OOI) on tnx.,,; Im:r
(he ."me J1I!I"HIIl. The! "vcnt$<! li]L1in", li:lCI\! ddk it
(benefol n.."d" ...d m,nu. t"u..-ptlid) """,Id he arn" ,"1
$:"",9Z.ooo foreoch adult """ ",.Iy ' l..:ipi<:m.
1"h,..... CWll'! ....mld I", "1'n.'a<J "\let I h ~ lif~1i",,,
hflht " mm,Sly '~<il )i~nt" MOre t han \10 p~rccnl lOr

Lifetime Costs of Unlawful

Immigrants After Amnesty
$9,4Iri!lion

f\\l"''''''

"r

,ne

w.:'.

,,,it!

""'ro<'

'>''''

.....

T.,.......

,,-,

~"'ooaI

M...... T-.-l
N4IO< ......... _ _ .o:t...........
_ ,.,.. . ""~_'

_ _ ... 0101 ......

<It><riW<I""""~_

$'1111 ., _ _ ""I

IIIL' Ii"<!nl CO!it ....."u ld (.....:ur tiurlng" '.o-y~"r 1",.1.><.1

~n"r."'nL.,;ty.

The I'(Ilky or b~'rln~ ~mne~l )' ,ecjll'cnt..~ f'Q'"

'l'cciving wdrarc ,,,d Oh"n'~c",c during" ~ho'l
periOd "nc' amn.,,;ly is u~ually Irun,pcled ~~"
"'cltn, '.If eJ im;nol i ng 1he IH't~nti,,1 "" .' ''' "f" m nl'$'
Iy. I" ,,,~Iily. I",s!poning aCe .."'. 1<1 It"",,,,mcn t
])<'ndil$ h" ,: only ~ marglnnl imp..c:t on n""ul C<lSU .
If ~m"c. l y n."lpicnt~ me harr ..'tl ["'m ,,,cL'ivinl:
"'l'lf"r~ pid :>11\1 hCBllh h",wfoh from (Ibnnll",ar~
fo. 1:1 ye:"~ ~l1c' Ini\lul bn,nc~l)', the lo'ai ii".;~1
tlelk ,1 fall~ by J~ "",I:o.:nl r",", $7.1 trlllio" t" ~(".1
I,ililon.

lIow Much DoesAmncsty

Add to t!x is ting Costs?
The $I'i.:llrillinn Ii~u,c '~l'rL,,*n\s the I(feli",c
r,sa,1 cn5U of unl"II"lul imn,i)(",nl hu"sel"tlds"flcI"
"",,,..:sly. II ,~~ ,,,,1 1"1:1>,,,,,,,,,1 Ihe i""re~ ...'tl n~
tnl Ill"\'> C"lU<.'tl by b",,,,,Sly ~lonc. "h(, i'''''CIIs..-d
lif"lim~ <'O!<1!t clIusL'tlIlj.' "m",.. ly ..... uJd ~qu"1 Sr..:1
ldUinn minus the e&imlll.c<l lifc1im" 11..,,,1 ''&.Ill! nf

117
T ill: ~' SCA L cu..--r OV UN I.AI\I I'IlLJ ,' t\t mM A"'- rs
ANII AMNE..--rY T" T IJ E U.s, TAX"" nM

TA ~Li; !2

Projected Educational Attainment and Fiscal Status of Children

from Unlawful Immigrant Households Upon Reac hing Adulthood

-~<

Cample!.Hlg"

I'I>rtOftId d'Ioldrm,,,",,",-"odo

..a.cOli""lowIon.""", .. mKI.

.....

GrOll"".

'

....

&adulo"

l2.8l't1o

1181!1

VI~ 'tC>

~>S.gH

~ ~I6.5~1

n,m

P H 9.0

S35,863

-n ~ ,6\10

-f.5,e66

D U '"

A~n.c:.o.JotII""""""",,,,1I

~"''''''''~''''
~""OIO)

...

5omoC.~

A_ _ J\5cololof><l1 _ _ to:>I<I

,"~n_"""_I4'''''''''''''
Ho..

r.,..,.,_
..._ .. """""..-II>o
...,..,_C..... "OoIitlIIi!..........
_
c.n.r ...
...... ,._ooI(.....""'I _ _
..
~SO>l

~ St ocl\'

-1i7,tr.>O

;l~!I1....u....

I9tio, .. '''~'''" ......... ~

(""""""'''IIril19.lOtJI

unlawful imlnlgr~nl h..,useh(ll,ls unde' "'Jr,,,nl I.w.

C"",,, lol;ng II>< lalb,r r,~u,c i~ nul ~a,y.
A~ roted, u.."e ,'u""nlly a,e few unl.""fullmm)
g.... nt" ",u "!!C 51), Th;s o'~y bc ht.oe~ u .. unlo",ful
1m migr:",I..'I. ~"iY;n~ ,.. )'UUn~ 'Klull..< ,,,'c' Ih" l>ru;t 15
to:;o )"'~rs, h."" simply n<>l)lel ""lth~lI "~I'.u. 11 O'"Y
"I"" 00 thaI un):'wful In,mig,,,n,,,- Ile",t( un'~.>I" 10
nc~,;s the II,S. "..,If",. "",I rl11,enwnl S)"I en", u ... kr
currcn,'"w.lm,) JIll '",1Ok I.., Ihdt CHUnII'Y',( Qr'!;ln
.. sllley ~I '~,k', If n"" ~"'~um,'" Ihal ",,,h' F ~" rr~'"
I"",. "",.1 unl awf"llmmr~'Qn\S "'iJi 'Nu '''' \0 their
l"",,,I,y "r "'ilI,n ~n).",d "llC 55. the lifd;m~ f,"",,1
<)osU.,f unl .. ",ful immigr.IlI~ utllle. Cu ",,,,II.w a",
~"mparall\'dy J"", "nl)' "",unoJ ., 1"IIl"n The n,'"
inl~",a!!,1 fl",,~ 1 >StSglm",,"c<lhy amm'~IY w<lU1<I ""
"ruunu $~.:II ""~," ($<;.3lr;l l;"n mi"." $1 trim"".)
II"we,..", there;s" h~,nh()]e;n c~isli~l~ I~w Ihal
moy .. Jlvw mnny or ",,,.t ~ ... renl unlnwfull",n,)
gl"nl~ In a<;hICW I""'f,,, ~I"'us and ()I)\"~n Ilcn~fih'
f,un' Ihc welf",e ~y~lcm. S,oti,,1 s..""ur~y. Medita Te.
OlJ~ma~'I1'c, ~",l Mculc~,d, G)"'n I>Cte";' to Iht U.S
""'ilie,,,"nl syskm . il ""em. unlikely Ih l~ m",1
unlawful immigrnnl>l "",uld ~h, ~lI'i' I,) r<:lurn 10
Iheir n"liw cllunl,;',,, "nlply-handed. Thu I'K,,,h,,'c
in cx;~li!1.'\ law t~ Ih eonun,cn(lcd ""w;si..." "r~,,'''n
c~,ds 10 \h ~ fo'~i)lnborn 1~"c"lII of l '.s. cilii<Cru>.
II m"J",il y,.( "uull u"l;/wful immigrnn," h"vechil
d'llwh.<) "'crcwrn In I.... U.S. \Vh"n Ihco",d,lIdn.-n
r.""II "PO ~l. ""''Yc~n ;mmcd"ddy ,k.-"","<I Ihlll thd'
unl ;""ful im mi),,,,, nl p'''cnts be gi'..,n II )1I,..,n (;a ,d

(k'll"l lletn,,,,,,,nl resio.lcnrc) ,>\I I",,~nl "'in'n," ..lial.~

,d.1 i",~, TI" , ""nlllcro(I(' '''''.'' """I. ~"v.",.;; Ill, leWl1
pc,maI>Cnl ,~,~ncc) "VDii""lelvl,.",nlS ill unllmH.
cd, anti I"" VI""" will bcll."nl~~1 ~lnH",\ aul"nlUlically,
OI\C4l th" p.'<1:'" $I~"ds n", y~;I'" in 1,*,1 1I<I.m",,,,,,1
,es"lomcc. he imn",d ialciy bceo",,,,, dign)k f.." ""'I
fM ~ "nIl CIlI ...... Mh,p. II~" Iog.;! ,,,,,oJenl, ,'''' I",,,,nl
"' ~)' ~I'" be givcn ~ r~",i! in Ihe Social s.,~utlly $~I~111
~"""'k pcrfn'm..'Il,,,,,,,,,'IlsIY 'Ill lin "n1:owf,,1 'mn,i
11"' ''\' 'I'h;8 ,..""1,1 ... ,,,1';11,,1" In r",v", d;~illil;ly I;"
Social S~'" u, II Y~ nd M Cl l lcar~ b<'1lli its.
Ir m;II~"'" or unl~wful inlmi.<\ranls ulilil" Ih"
p cnl yi1</< opl ion in the fUIU,, (",<I Ihe,dlY <)bl"in
It!:"dl )II', m.,,,,n\ ",;;i<lc ,,"~ "nll/'" d li",' n>ll,ip. the
.,;1 III Ihe I OXI)r'y("~ "o"ld TUIl in'" Ihll Iriiliu" .
Thu ... Iro"i(. lly. Iho' j"cr~"!lCd Ii..:al rost$ ~'lCl"
"led hy "m",.. l y m", he n'd",'~'<l I>y ll~, r",., Illal
"""\)' unlQwful inlmi~rants ah~"'~y h""e plllen
hal long'lerm RI;(c;;5 '" Soci"1 s..oeu';I)', Medic. ,c.
Omm.!tCa n. and m~""5-t"SI" " .....,11',,,,, th,,,u~h "
IOUI' ..... lc in CIIHenll ..\\,.
l'oUcyn'''ken< wh" " ". illkn..,;tlll in (ulu", ~"~
"rnmfnl S(!IVCllcy ~ho uld clnse thL~ lonphol" hy
I'n,hibilitllt an)' ,ndivioJu. ' \I'll" lias r",h",ed ,It
nmlh ~ Tc~ ~ <hil<l in \he I),S while he 01 she Wi\~ all
unlaWlul '",n,i.<\mnl fNm 10..... ' rc"'''VII1\! "n i",,,,e'
diole rd"Uvc/ p,,,,"1 vlS~. This ,,,,,,Id "n..... ~nl
unlawful i n 'mj~nlnls f'(lIll [,lIIinl"ll k'W'l I", rmanen!
n... ;d,nc~ and cihze""hip simply bo...,nu~" they ba",
c hildrco born in Ih~ U.S .

118
S ~ .:C I A l . R~P< ' MT

)i0;

13:1

~A n,:W"

Will theChildnm orUnlawrul

I",,,,igronl' ltepDY Their I'un.'nts" Cosas"!

II i~ oft.' n arguN l h.11 he r."",d hurden" nro<iurcd
by uola",ful in,",lg"' "is "'~ it,d ..""",l b ....,,,,,,,,,
I hdt chi ldren will Illlm~ vlgon'Il' nCI.IOI <:tIntrihul ors.llnxt udng:fi;;cal>'\Jrl'lus<:s IhM will mO)'~lhan
I'll)' r,l, ~ny 1':<",1, Ihe; t I~'n.:nl ~ bu~" "",ne,ale,L Th;"
i$ ' ..;1( ltlW, AA Ihls paf>C' h ... MtoW1I, Ih ~ do.lI'lX I...
which Ih~ ehild,,'n ,,( uol~wrul ino mi~,.,,,,,tJ;
nct f, ..... 1 CI\nI'ih"IOIr"l' ("'Ihet thun la~ co n~umcrN
will ~cIOC '1d I"'gd},m Ihd, ~~u ""l km. 1 a H"ill ,nunL
M"n.,w,;r. ,"" n if ull of Ihe , hild, un of u,,._f\ll
immij;rllnls I>o:c am ~ C\ln~p' ~ du"I"". Ih,,. w<.)UI~
be vcry ha,dl'ress ..-d tu I,ay hock II"d hilliun in n<.1
<:tI~U Cven ",,,,, Ihe eo,,~ Mlh.!, cuti.e Jiwl'
Of CI' U""" nOI all of Ih....., (hild,en will ~'''du
"Ie r,('m r"I1,")(~: muny will h,we . "hSlanlially
lo ...w ~"'uc~lion~1 ac hicvc n'Cl1l s. Th, N~lional
!'. ducalio".1 1.I"l)(iludin"1 SI"dy (NElS) 'q""ls
Ihe inkl"JlC""ml~",al " ducallnn,,1 all" inm ~ nl oJl
U.S, child.tn 1)"lIC~ ,,,, I h ~ ~duc~1 i""ul 311"in ","Ill
"fl h.!ir por c "llI .If T~hh, 12 u,c~dDl(,f,,, m Ih. NIU"~
~u""'Y 101 pr~"<li~llhe edUC'~! ionahtlainnlenl oJfth.,
children oJrullbwful immi;(,"IIlsh~""d nn elhnic
ily hnd Ihel. purenl,' cducal ", n lew!. "lth"ugh
Ihc~ children will dcarlyd\> i>ellcr Iha" Ih~ir jln,
enl .. II< IX:,cclll ,,""I,lIlikdy 1"1,,,,,.., se,h",,1 with "
I.ul a hi~h ~ch{)(ll IIc'1:"'''' "nd only l:l pc<ccnl nrc
likdy\ugt ..... u"tc f."no c"lk~
I~,s"d On Ihis k'vd "r c'<lura!ii>nnl " Il~in",cnl,
Inc child,,,,, uf unlawful immiilranls. ,'In nw,,#.
will 1><.",,,n," ""lin <,1nSu,,,,' .. r.lhel 110,," ""I lax
I'oy!!'~: l'he ~O\"' nmc ..1 lle n.fils lhW ".t\':ive ",m
cJ<<:o..'O,:d the laJ<"$lhc'Y pay" 1(lhcchildr;,t "funl"w.
ful in'n';':r~nls w~r~ t11lults IM~y an,] had the I~'V
cI~ of educ .. Oon llrLdicl~d In TuNc I ~. I he)' """uld
h""" an
folIC") <ldicil "r "",,,,,d '11.\Mnl I""
hnusdl()ld.
Th~ odd. thul Ih~ mild"'n "r unb",(ul ,mmi
grdnl5. nn a""ra~. wHl ....~" m~ .troll)( , .e( I.Xp"y
e", ",c minimal , 111<I~l~l. fOI IIM:.c childr en c""n 10
I",,,,,"'e li""uUy neul ral O"X<."S paid 1.~lual I" hI:~cnL~
"'(0 11'1.'<1.). u.... JII.'CI.~'1 Ih,,1 IInUlun\o f .... ,111 ( nll<'g"
.... "uld need t" ,is<; In W [l<',e<'nt. "nd Ih~ loc ,eenl
wilh"ul" hIgh ""h, ,,,1,1i1'1,,",,, ""ul,1 n~... d 10 r.. lIl "
1<.1 f>Crc~m. In ,.'a1i!y. unk,wrullmml~ra",t.o .... ill ht.
""I I,...'On"un",,". ph1Cing a n",,"1 hur<kn .,n "Ihe'
laxl'!'YC" no)( on ly In Ih~ filst g~a<'r Al lQ n. bul in Iht
~e""ml"m 3s ....,,11.

1>0:"""",

"'' 'I"IOJ\"

"",,,,,,d

Will Unil,wrullmm igra nts Con tribute

to Ihe Su hent:y "rSud .. 1Secu ri ty IlIIt!
Medkllre?
It i."nen u,gued th"l u"tawfulln'n"~r:'''\s I" ,,~
"positi",,'mpIlCI on U.S. tuspalcu1><.'<.:au.., Ih~yp,,)
lan" inl" Ih<' ~"d,, 1 SI.-<-'lJrily IrU81 fund . Ilnl"wf,,1
immi~r.. nl w"rker.<; IIi' pay S{J(:iol Setu,;Il'
fiC"
la ~es; th<' m~(,llan unl ..... ful imm(g"'nl"'",~cr eu ...
,cnlly p.....""bnul !2.0711 1",r),,", in 1' le A lax .."' ...
If ~m ....~tl' tnclluttljlo;,d Mil f"tm ~r unlawfUl
ionon'1jranl w",kc'~ In w",k "" Ihe h,,.,ks. Ih"l nUm
l",rw,,.,I,1 ,i".;: I" ~'lIun,1 S:I.nQ. A w'''~,~ .. h" l)a~J
Ihb< 3n",lLInl inl" Sod.! St.~\Jfityfor~;; Y'C"'" would
',,,,Iribule $ 1:(2.(100. Upun r,,1 ilin)\. Ihis ind,vidu,,1
w"uld "'" c ,~c S I~,6~.o lJet )'Cn ' in SIltI~1 Securily
""'ncr.l~ ~"Il SIO.07~ 1>eI' )'1.'"c in Medi~a'c hcncfU.lI."
OVl), on "",ra,o:c ~pan "fill }'~8 rs,.r .. ~i, e m"" l , Ihe
101,,1 S<)clo l :$(.'\:uril)' .!>II Mc~ic~re i>clll.'fits ".."ht~d
try Ihi. in<lividu,,1 WQUI,t "om" 10 SH 5/ltIU, 'Thus.
re! I""'~'I beocl\!.
'd wOUld 111.' nlOre Ihnn
Ih, ...., ti"'~~ th~ la .....,; paid ;nl.,! he ~~'stc n .. a
M"'Col'''' . I.roXl", and hcncl;l~ must 1M: v;,,"'....1h,~i~
litaU). II "' ~ ml<lake U! I\luk al 1111. Social Sccu.il)'
ll'U"1 rund in l.. ~"I"'n. Unlawful im",igr~nl" d,aw
hcncl1(Jo from ",""y olher 1I0000rnm~nt I"ogm ms
t>e::!d,.,; Soc,al Senor;ly. If ~n iooll,idual P")"~ ~.71Kl
1'''' y~'" ,nlo Ih"S, ,,, ,,,1 $,"'1),oty I 'U"t fund bul ~i"",I
Inn ..\w;ly dn' '''''' a nel $25,0lI0 Iocr )'Ch' (h"neli\$
m;n"~ lalll'f;)""1 "rgcn~MIII"\'t'rnnoc)l1 """""UC.li>o
110,1,,"00)" "r I!<''''"''n'''~nl loa, "01 ;mpno",-, I. 10 ,""I
ily. Qtl!",. laxl'")"'''. i~l udi/llj m~"y Sod.:ll St.'l:U,1ty
rcdpicu15. \\"ill r"",, h,ghG' IH..'" in "rdcr 1.0 .u!J:;idi ..
IInl.",' ful immig",n! h()u,;.~hrlldjl.

u,

U'"

"",d"..

Coveot, Unt! erstating Future

Welrare lind Medical Ue ncllts
The /"0",,"1 ana l) s in Ihis I'al"" . p'<.'l!Cnl ..-d in
Tobie It and ChH'1 12. I"kc~ 11>0 c"rr~nl foscnl sla
IUS ofhousch.~ds and I'r"jcd~ Ih:ll ~lalUS f<,}r .... n,d
inl " rulu,e ye"tS. "IIII.o:u,e.< '"'' p,c!OCnl~d ,n 2[)1O
dullars. One problem .... ilh Ihi. al>l"""d, ;~ lhal il
a",un,c", Ihal ",e~'L.I""I ..-d welf",,, an<! " ..-dk,,1
IlI:t1cfiL' per hou!lChold w(ll
no f"'I~r Ih .. n ~ ".
en.1 inn"I".>n r,)r lh~ n~d r~) ~~.,.,.. !loru...,h.,ld~"",
."SUme,llo n.'Cci.~ n" grc"!~r wdr,,,e hc ne/"oll! in
:10:1;' Ih.n I h ~y d,d in :lUIO. The hi. I "rit~1 ",e<lTd
,uAA""ls ' h"llhi~is hiShl)' uorlikdy.
F". nc,,,ly,,v,,ry}carfor Ih"p ...~1 !>utf..:enlu,)"
",clr"'e ~I",nd ing I"" capillI h~" l"c,eru;nl nlu<h
f~Sh:r I h~n inl1~linn. I n f~ c1 . eo n..;I. nldrlllar

!I"''''

"

119
T III:

~' ;C'" L cu.'"T

",,,n AM NE,'"TV T"

OV U"loAII' I'll L J ,11.111(:.

T II H U.s, TAXI'A nM

M,-rs
in this p"'p",r, Ih" l\ln):.lcrn, fooc:.1,,,,I "r "",,,,-"I)'
wuuld incrt3I'C ""'IMOfII,ln:a\cly, ~'Idin.o: l"rh~Jl~
51 .2trlllinn to I.h ~ hfdin", fllICtIl deficit ."

"I~ncl inl: I'~r pcr$O)n I"d,,), ' b lime~ hj~h cr Ih~n

il wl'~ follY"" r' II~", U)'CQ"LrB~L , Lh~ Qn~I)"'i~ in Lhj~

I"PC' a~u"w" Lhnl forLh<' nl'xl ;,()"''''', perCIIJlILu

wclr"reb<:""fil~will"''''' nof.. l"r Ih.n innulion .
While Ihi~ 3SliUm$ll ion .Imllillie. Ihe HMI ),,,;!'. Ills
likely"n Und",,"'!'l;"'alc.
The ... me " ....hlem appjies I" mc'ilie"j l>i: n""I~.
Tl)c Inib\lQn rate i~ higM r ror mc\li<;,,1 ro: Ih~n for
otlw, goHlIls. !n :oddilio". wh" " "''''' "'l~hl"I1rc,,'
m, nl ~ nd lCi:hh(\I,'!\Y "",-.Jme n""i!"ble. Ihe)' _'"
("""ided lh tl)ul:h !l'wt:,nme'iI ll,c,I;.;.1 1"''IP"d'''~,
hro."\c'llinJ; Ihe """PC lOr ;;crv;'" "nd in",,"'~iAA
l'()!<IS for l u.l'")~"'" The n"m "n"ly,;l~ In tllis raP<"
.os"",." Ihallhc cool ,,( med ka l o~rv;';l:S PC' ben
eflCisry will ~ruw no f"Slc. IIl"n InnatMIf1 fm Ih"
rH:~1 50 )""J. Thll is likel)'.n undor~",,1 Im"'e .nd
p'i~,alli )' "",,uils In un un'Il"",,,I,,mcnl "f ful",,
S[!<,n(\ing.

,d

2. Chea t ing In Am neSI),. In \ he 19110 MmncSl l', An

,.",lm,tI,"<l 25 I"',"enl ,n llle ""'nct'lic.s gr.",.
,~I wt.e f,"uilulcnl.' In lho:: p.oil 20 ),C!ll'"!'. Ihe
undcrgrlJUnd inoJU$I,y p"""'''d ...... rr~UtI,,'<nl ~,IO,:.
umcnls h". ~"'wn V'd'tiy brll"'" nd "'",.., ""ph;"'lOlled , In Ihe ProlMlcd l.ew K"'",":I)'. the f'"\l~
",Ie c<>uld l.Ic"~ II !;! h "S 'I' higher Ihan in t~~(,.
,,:>ullin~ In
mure Ihon 1I ",ill;"n amm,.1k<1
",dh' i(lual . If d,ealln,l( incre;o:<e\l th~ numb~, 10"
"",ncsty ,ecipienls hy 2~ po,:,cenl. IIw :Ilklcd Iii,,
Ume fisc,,! C(,,;\ wlOuld he $L51! Olion .

1'",

Ilf 20 I'e reenl of Unlawfu l

Immigrants Ou ring U' e In teri ... Mnd Pu ll
Implemcnt.l;nn ""ase.. otthe AnM ly~ii. ThIS
,,,,n lr";~ cotim ote. C():<IS rn, persons IIvin~ In
h"uschuld~ hc:1<l1OII by unl"..... fu. jmmi~'ant~ ,'u .....
inli Lhe 'nle,im anl l full "m ..... ~ly ph)I'C~. 1j" ... cVl!'.
"hnul ~') 11<"tenl o(unlQwful ''''m'~fllnls do n<>I
r<'Shlc In I hn"" houschnld~. Any r,,,,,,,1 e,,,;l1<
CM l"<l wllh thaI. 20 I"'etnl '''~ Inerefor.' omilted (",m Ihe "nul)"lI's: I h, ..; 's U~dy I" ICBd to nn
undilrL'SI,m:"tl "r 1l,!:,1 CllSt~. (I n the ,"tlre"",nl
l)hR~, hOWL""". lO ll unl uwful imm i g mnl ~ wi",
were :IIlul\ll in ~OIIl a,~ Ind u<lcd In til" un"I)'~l~.
ju~1 lhi">!k, r L",;,1in~ In "nl_f,,1 immigr"nl
hQuschQld.')

3 . F.xclu ! ;on

Adll itiunn l Fuc lorsT h ul

Could Raise Puture }' iscal Costs
The. e 3n, ~ numh.:, or ,)',m"lolraphk. ct u",,"nc.
nod Ikllicy fmelun; lhat cOU I(1 tuj~ e Ihe "IIo,H er m
"Old I"n~-Ictn'
ddiclll.,.lim:<lCl! I""""",tl'<l I"
Tobie", " ~nd 11 . Thc~~ ;ndude d.:mugr.. pllic , ... ri"hlc~ Ih ,1\ atTCi:1 I~ c nund"" of anH>'..
~)' rrc"lic nt5
ft "d lheir d"l"'ncl ~ ,,~ "nd ccu "",n,,, f" CI,,'" 111",
w<luld allCet Ihe row,, eco nomic ,I(,,,wlh f~lc .

a""",

n""a)

".e

,,,,I

"'

1. Plllenlb l
Und"'n!flu n t
. """lllr a nls, Th e . m'ly.;i~ in this 1"1""
",,"un,es Ih.1 Iherc
c u,,,,nlly 11.:> million
imm;grnnl$ ill Ih~ 11.S. b.""d tin DI!S "sti
"'ales. Tbc DII~ ~S1im"lc. III", lht ... "r" "" n",
I(J,4 ",ill;" n "nlawful im",igr"nl~ ,,'<u ,d;," in
CC"" u~ ~ur vo:,ys ,'nd 1. 1n' I1I10n m",, ""h" "ro nOli
,epmk"<l hy Ihe Ce ns"o. While the llt.SI "umhe,
is bascd 0" firm ~id"n(:t, I h ~ .~(""d is merdy M
llulJ:!S. 1"he numher ()l' u",.w(ulln'''' i!!,r~n," wll"
rc~idc in Ihe U.s. 1,,,1 d n nol ,<"",und I" C~n~us
su,V\:)'$ ",~y be
Ih~1l 1.1 mill 10,10. Tht:>c
ex l '" un\awful In, ,, ,i~","I. wuuld lend lu lle ~I,,
HI" "d"ll~. ~IIII:~ ddld",n w,JUld ~ hnw up in bi rth
"'$<h",,1 ",o",(ls_

r", """"

1"h\' (,.et Iha\ I he ,ICI"al ""mh,:, "I unh.wf.,1

immigrHIlI. ran Iw f:u grculcr Ih:", 11.5 ""Ilion
is ,,"<>Ih... 'co .... " Iha! Mm""~ly Is a h..J />II1~, U'
Iht' nu",h~, of "nl3wful imn'igr"nl" "' ~l1""lIy
20 pcr<:cntgr~"lcr lhan Ih" 11.5 milliOirl 3."'!'umi.'<I

4.

SPOU!!l'~ . nd Children Drought Iro... Ahro~d .

Any amn .... , )' 'If 1 ~,I(:>Iituli"n ... il l "ul"nwHc:.l.
Iy l!rI' nl am ne,l), r"cil'icnl~ I"" rij(hl h' Ilrinll
und ml"", t hlldren fron, abro:lll 10
reuni fy 1,,",1, ...,,. Th,> rL"'Uninc:.lk", """uld P"~I '
ablY Vf~urd url ng II... ;"'Nlm JlhBse,Onc,,~d"'il
led tu Ihe U.j; .. Ih, child'en "~'uld ro<;ciw hc" .....
ily "ubsnli.cd ""bl ie e,lut"li"n; '''''' , lime, b<,lh
chlldrea ~ nd ~JWU;;c, wl)Uld I....('v me eligible for
", ""n.- Iested welf"", und Ob.n"'''~r'''' Th<: num
of >1><!<lSC'l<"nd d~V""d" "1 ~ hllJn:n Whilwuuld
1)<. h"'u~ hl inlu In" U.s "0 II reoult "("",,,,,.1), i~
'''I<crl~in, IMII Ih, :ljllk"<l n!l<:~1 cnst~ <"uld he Cun
~idcr"bl c , If un ~d,li1km"1 nne m;IIi,) n SIHlU ...'"
~",I d"'Pendenl children Were hrn",I(hl tn the U.s
us" ,,~ull "ra mne.ly.the add .....! Hf,time fI""~1
ell>l wnuld Iw "round $tIOU billion .

",)(I"" ""

t""

120
S ~.:.. l o\I. n~ro MT

)i0; ,. .

~An. :III,.

5.

T~I"",rln g

ur AdtlltluII .. 1 Ch . ln nllg .... tlull

1101,1 kiC\~h'lI "'" wo.k~ ~re
i"'ll<Irll.n\ faCh)r~ i., 1"(~r~",,ln~ im,migratlon
fI,'w",On~"unl"w(ol immig'a,,1 h"u.cli,dd~wc",
I,ogalized. Ib~t~ would be ~n
tcnd,""cy
r<l. 1""1 Iwm:. si'lcl':!. .. nd c"u<,"~ 10 n,~;rol" f",m
"lm",,1 Mlh l",vr"lIy on(! "nl~""f,,Uy tIl jflin Ibdr
I\:lalJl/l'S. T~u,;. ulher Iblnl!$ bcif'l!( CIlt,al. a",n,,~
Iy ,."uid likdy incr~""" (ulur~ unlawful i""ni
g"~1 ion, In lu.n in.:'ca.<in~ f"t".~ IIsCa l CUliU.

by

Rdall~e,. ~"d~1

,,,,.,,..,...(1

6. AmneSI)' . . . M..gnel fOt . ' 011,,", Unla .. ful

Iln .n igratioll . Th, U.s. enacted ~ mu ~~ smillie,
"mn..,sly for unl,,,"f,,1 immi)(nm\~ in 1411(,. The
I)ublie W""$l't"mi~d \hall~ 19l!6 "m n,,,,ly was
~ one li"'e alT"" Ih., would n.." ." t>c 'CI"'al.
1<)1\('"m 1l.",ly w"
"d . fK!l;!\ik Ibis 1I",,,,i,,,,,
prl)/)ahly" r""l\IT ill ~nNu ..~~I"g tm.: sui)o;<.'IIucnl
.UIXC in unl"wful ;'"",i~r"I~'''. since il "ign"k~1
Ih"t tM. U.s, m'ght luke" lenient ~1 "~o(C \oward
u ","wrul in,mil/ru"t..; in lhe fot or e. lfthc I '.s nuw
en;><:I~" 1lI'~"nd ~mnc'l'IY, il will h:lve u~t"hliShcd
~ ''l'ry ~I Mtll! pr~edenl (u, ~rI" 1 omn<:stio.'S. The
p.ospccl "f n.""ur. ing "",nc.t"'" w"uhl "c.l"inly
"'lit.. ful ure unt.,wru] 1",,,,III,,,\"'n n"ue !lllrac'
I,\,\,. d"...... lIjIll1o,C "nlawfullm m il!rdnU ontn Ihe
("Unlry ""d ~,gn;r,t~""Y inc,c"s'tIJ( I"n)(.ler",
(iM'ul cnsl~.

It",

1. I)yn .m it .; m,c tsQfln"rus~ i'l:u, .. l 1) ~ llcil ll.

Th,' ('(I'l' unaly~i5
Ihl~ p"l>cr intlica"'s Ihal
"",n,.,;ly would inc","", net lIn"",nn",,,t,,1 CI>sls
h)' fM!.h"l>~ $6.:1 l,i!l~Jn . Th<~ a ddc~1 {:I\oIIs
""uld h",... I<> be r,n"r.r:~J ~il he. b}' hIgher t.><l:t\
0, hy ~n,,"er UUv",nm",,1 Il<'rn>wi"g I""<li ull In
a hil/her nuli"nol ,1,'\11. II~he, tU)(\'i ,or ~ ~iJIh~r
":oli"n,,1 ddll in lurn wPuld .,'<.I~~ I'ulu,,' ~c,,
non.i(, gr(ll<'\h. the,d, 1O\O~ .ins futuru I.. X ""V
enUe'!'. TII,~ d)'n"", Wfe,'\lh>l('k dl'.ocl II~~ 1\0\ Ucen
in<:lu,lcd in the ""k"I"liu". In I he P:lP"'.

'n

Additionnl FnctorsThnl
Could Reduce Future ~'iscnl Cosb'
I. neduced Nllm ber o f Amnesty Recipie nt s.
NOIIlIl Curt,,,1 unl"""fu l immiJI nt.s will n,~
,~""i"" "",n~"'y. So,mc ',>dividu"ls
IIOt "l'l'ly, Ol he's mny "ul b. "l~,' lu den"
(llllll r"l~ .e.iden"~. O lhe will ("il
"r'ruinal
h.<:\r.gn,und ~ hc ck. If III pcre>!nt Oflh" unl .....ful

,,,,,,,,iI),
""'Y

t"""

lmml~ ... "I~ curr~"tl y ,~<sidin~ in I he 1'S. did n".

rl'<:6"" am "csly .ntl ill~lc~\ relu,,,,~d I" I!wi.
cuu ntry nl" "';~I".lIr~l lm" r.:<t.'al C~I~ woul(llie
rc'<.lun'<.l P'''I",rI;''""I"ly. ,egultin~ in ,,,ughly

$6()Oh,IUQn in ~aVil\ll~ .
8",i~ratlon.

2. l ...:rea Sl
nnal)"~i5

Tn. c< ... ~ k',,,g'\c,m

"'"*",,.,; in THill. II ""'-",,",1'$ an ,-m['

~ra\lOn n,l"

of l'i jw''''' ''l ."n'Q"~ "n"",sty "ocipi

"nl~. c.;"'I~l n!y.

um ...."'ly ""::'I',.;nl>l w(\tIld h'lV<" "

vcry
r,n ,,,,dallncenliw It> remain in Ih...
",unl ry \"
n.,.... ,ly f n."i: e-duQol~", (," thei r
e~Ud, en ~nd ~ .... nlu~lly nl)lnin O('c ...... I" wei
r",e. Oh"m"".,e. Social St:cu.ily. ,mil Me,lk... ,e.

"'' ' ' '11

,..,,,,,j,,,,

Noncthdc'$$, $Om" amr",sty "ocipicnlo ...'U"I~

"'Iu'n tu I ~drC:l'" nl ,yo( ".igin.
If Ibis ~m;gr.tllln p,'\:urrcd bd'''rc Lhe IndlvitJ
uIII oht.inl'<.l di.otihilily for Sndal Secu";lr "",I
~ledIcMC. Ih ...re ""uld t>c "o,,~i';en'blc cr.~ ~w
'ngs. If Ih... ,ndovitJnal c n,jg' aled anCT estal>li~h.
ingcligillHity I'or thi""'I"'n~r~Ill" Ihc ~"SI !Owillll
would he ICSI. Th" tor~ an'ly!!i!< ~O&U",I'" that :;

"r

1",,,..,,,1 ""h,,,,ful in'm;~,"nl s Wl>ulcl ".n i~".lc

I)cr"re ~~tubllsJ'lng eligibill\y fur SOcI,,/ S~~urily
und .M cdk",e If. in.~IU~. 10 I""ccnl ~m~'Il\
<'<.I. Ihe lifetime foot,,1 c, .. I. n1 i~1H 1:>0: .~dl!C''II hy
'",hly$.:IOO IJilliun.

3. l ncre" SI n_!sion~ry ".uuSI!1lCnlS . 'rhc

rc("t!<:Ii\!" in 2011) ","y h~"" ,edoc~-d t~x I"'Y'
n' " nL~ rmm un !,wful immil?tDnls :lnd tcn,pfO '
rnrlly illCt ea ..... d "dr,,," ~s"i~! ancc. In ""'ll<In....
til Ihis l"'SU c. lhc "n~IY"I. ha. reclur~'<.I o::;limal ed
f"lur~ hend;I.< in Ihe IIncml'l('ymcnl ;1l~U"'Il",'
,.nd food ~I~ml) l"OIll'<ln'~. I nctl~d ..... d fulu re 1:!!1i.
""'led ta" rc"'''''~'' hy ~ pe",,"nl. :ond d....""""ed
longterm ,(:'CCipl "f\\'Clf,,,~ bcner.tsby~ ..... Kcnl.
All ofth,""" aotljustmen", "r~ incloded in Ih . lifc
lim, 0.......1ClI!'! till" ,e. np[,"." f'I!( in 13blc II.
"'~I Iwo
"rC not . 1>.I~lulo:I) n cc<.,.s"r)~ "'lIle'
Ihd",,". ""n", m'lf "'guc u,"t even II"C"t~. 1',,,,1
r<:" ....si"n"y Il!li"~lmcnt~ s",,,,1Il Ill:' ""nsi,le,(;tI .
In ,*, ... ",1. on ilK"'""" of one Pt',ccnl"~c 1",lnl
in Ihe lax 10"" ,'>tin",t". "",,nb,ne" "';I~ ~ one
Pl'.~nlagc j\!linl d<""'ea"" i" It." [ulu,, ......... If~'c
I"'.....fil.< w,lIlowe, Ihc ..'>Iimal<'<llif,tim<! dellcil
ofMmm'Sly n:lpienl:o by I Pl'ro:<,nL Setling lhe

'rh.:", i$ c"".iM.,,hlc .....idcn<.'t! Lh"1 Ihe

'Hlju 'lm<:nl ~

121
T Ill: ~l se,l, Lcu..--r OV UNI .AW I 'IJL I ~ '-\lI (! ."'''' rs
,l,NU ... .\INR..--rV T" T II H ll.!l, T...xI'AVH ~

1..... t .~c.".,iuMry tax I""" ""t im"'ea' 10 l"'rC~1\'

,h.n!; Ilc,cen,) "lid '~"l<I:illll" (ulun: "",, I, ,,,, I'<n~.flls by 10 I'crc~nl (n" h.".,han 5 ,.. retn!)
wlluld Ihus ill"r~~.., IhcLo;lin,,,'cd li(dime ~",,~I
dc/kil by.II otkJc'll r; ,)<:rc~nl. or $-1l!; h,ili(Jn .

(r~lh~1

A llll)ldh~T. lhe ,,,dohlc'!'(ii;.rll"';,,(i ,")il.""s~..'SI

lh:>1 Ih" numtJ<.,r of nrnne$ly r~t ll'icnl.5 "nd tiel''''' '
tknl~ "','y "",III", nluch h~hN 11I;,n Ih" numl"'rs
ll,;sum ..'11 In 'h is 1>"I)<:r. Thi~ c()uld h~~~" t<lMlder"~I" lnll';"'" VII rulul.., c."I$, If 'h~ lIum l~~r"'..,'" :IU
pcrtl'-'JII gre"'el. r", <.""' mpl~. Ih" lifd im .. n,;tnl l~ .. t~
"""Id d>": III n..... ")' $\/ t rill iun .

l'Ussib le Indirect PiscuJ f,;WllCts

The 3n"'ys[~ pr.,..,nl<.'11 in IJ>ls Im", ~ r ",n ..",ts
''''' dl"d 1;."".1 Imjl>ll' l "r unlawrul Inln, i~"'nls. Jt
il'""rl ~ I "" Ill:""nt.< ' l'<.,\!v.d ~W t..
P" KI by Ihl>6C
l",n,lg"",t . IfllWeVl-r. Ihe,e c~n he ulhi:, im l ir~L1
li'l;lIl rtl~<iU<'nr,,; uf'lII l~wful In'mi~I1I I~)n. For
",,""'pic. ullb",(ul immigr... nl S "ug",cnt the U.s.
'"hi .. fmce ofld Il>I:r;,by ,,~paml Ih,' ~ru!,$ ,'nmc~
Ilc IlrOOUCI (t~m') by roushly:; percenl. 11"I_f,,1
,,,,",Ig"''''''' Ihcm"dVl.'S C,.plu, ,,
lhe ga ,n
flu'" Ihi, c~p',"dcd prod .... , ion th,ough ~b..'r wages.
"ml cUn~Uml)
,,,,d lax..s 011 tbt: Im",i~ra nl!;'
,,,,n "'" .1 .e..:ly inc,,, p/>1'a,eiI "",, 'hc ~n'lll'"'".
Bul Iht "",ne,s of bu,i .........,s Ihal " "'I)loy Ihe
oll"...\'ful inl",lg"""8 ~I"" n'C(.~VI! In""",, r... ,n,
Iheir In",,'Slmcol In Ihe c" ' ''rpri>c~ in which Ihe
;m",lgr-dnU work . The llimcuUy lie. ill ""Ie,.mi,,
Ins whether Ihc In"""'III"1II in ent~rprisL'; cmploy'
ing u nlnwful im ""g'''nl~ 'epr<.'SCnl~ 8 nd ~"'pnnsii\n
nflhe ~I"rk " f Invel!\"'cn, "r ",~lcl)' ... ",,,II'OC"l lon
,,( in""~I",cnl l hlll WI", I'i h~'" cxi..ted wltl."ul lh~
presence uf too in'n,i~mnl 10 00', N~"" in'...... ,"'c'~
","old oo uII\lk~I)' I." ,OCc ur unlc,.. Ih e i""rca ...><1
h,b, ,, 'UI'I")' hud ,~d\lt('<1 WIO!,:CS. New 1Ic1 in',,""
melll wllulll rc~u lt in ne'" inc"mc, lind I.h'" Ildd~,1
inc"nle """ '~II>,, I"",,, hY)(I'>..... rn mcnl in" "",\ely IIr
wa)'5. E..... " thou~h Ihc unl awful immig"'''ts wuuld
n,,1 pay lhi..,.., I~~"" Ihc",>!Clvc~ . Ihd. c""~IIYnlenl
wuuld hIM:! I 'W'~d I,", ext'" II.x r'L'Vt!nu c.
III lhe ""lrell,e e:o..<t. "n~ m'lIhl ,,",u rne th"l "II
oIlh~ in"""'III"nl a!'o:,,,,i,,I"" wilh 'Ini~\Vrul 'm ml.
lim nl l11bor rel>r~..,nIS" nel inc.ca...in c" l'it;ll.h ICk.
Si ....'" uniH,dul illlnll<:tI"' I~ c~r" "I>.JUI ~ 'I<:re~nl "r
. U WlIj(I:~ in Ih~ U.S. c.:o""m). Ihis migbl "'>I " cide
"'ith " ~ "~tt"'"t inc"",l'Il in Ilmin""" t,rufl Is "nd "nt>
i\1I1 I ncomc. lft hi.~ wc'e the c:I~.the,c" ull "",,,Id he

x,,

nI'''' or

"'' II'-' '

".

" ,~ughly til.:; hlllilln inCtea..., In (cdcrul. slale. lind

,,,,,.1 ~\'Cnu ~ frll'" 11 ""riel~ "I' dilTch'nl taxc~: Ihis
IndlrNlla~ Stlln wou ld "m"U,,'lu "'~hly S~.',()()
ptr uIlJ:owf ul ,,,,,,, ,)(r,,"1 1~'u",huld ." The fulu .....
lifol,nl<' I n ~" jn dUl> I" unlawrul 'nlmig .... nls f' "m
this """'l.., ~"uld 1", ~"'und ~2HfJ bill;',n_ '\I;"ill. Ihe
IlilliclIlly wilh Ihis",' ~ ul"I;, 'n 11...,0 in t hea~SUmlll i,,"
thaI all ijflhecall ita l ;n',-'Ole'll in Ihc cIIII>Ioymcnl Of
uII"",,.(ulln1migrnnL. '''pn'''''n!.'' ...... in"",,,sc roUIcr Ihll" a l calt ocotinn of cupil,,} ~ l lI<k .
Clln""tI'ely. ,1>1:", ""'}' be .lI her 1,,,'lre'" ~r"ct~
I h~1 subsl~nll " lI y inc,"""" tht: 1i"",,1 dmin C"'~I.:J
11)' unkl"'(ul inlmj~rant !l. An Il(ldil~",al indi'eci rc~
col clTe ..1 wnuld '><xu, if Ihe prcscrn." in,n, llI"""
Or "m1'I,,),"'urKl'u in IIw l!.~. redl.lC'Xl 111\
", cnl Ilr "<lm,M'I'"" nn,,_inln\i):'Dn\ w".k~ ... H,.
t umnl". Ilar"or<I nrnfe~""r(,""'!(l' IInri"~ II ~'!'Ii
","led th'~ Ih~ ""r~ lal gc 'nllu ~ Ilf [mmWr~ nl wor k
"'" hel ""~n I\)~() " "d ~'1I"! "lwcn'{\ It... w:ij!~" n/'Ih"
.vc~r nu"-inlnll~"'nl w(lIker by :t, ~ l~rcc,,1. I"
1'"rticu l>l. Ih~ ~i~I""I"'rtjnll"'U in llu ~ "rtijw_.kill
i"'n,i,1oiranl~ wa~ c~limn",d In rc" u~~ th~ ....og~s IIr
l o"'~kill n>! Iv<: worker.. by H,') I,.,. cenl."
The Nall"""' I!c'"ca'~h Cuunril has c'S\i",al(.><I
Ih~1 a 10 l)t'tC~nt lnere".., in Ih~ I,\hur ~u llllly Ipw
en< the "':Ij:~ fp. ~I"'i!arl}' ski lh~! "'"rkcrs.tty ~ ~ ...
tllnL" In :l0l0. ulll;o",( ul ,m"" ~,a,,ts ~"""' i! u' (.><1
"b<'IuI2f, l)Ctl~ '" or C"'llloycd "dull~ Vlith Ie"", Ih"n ~
high sello'" tle~'"c. Th is mL"""" Ih"' unlnwful jm In l'
.o:ranl~ h;,vI: incrca:'!." 'lh" ''''~>r~upply flfi ndividu"'~
wit hout" high schoul dc1lrcc by o.... tllird.
or k-g:.! ,"5i
Ap"lyinS 1"'-' NBC n,1 ill. Uu;
dc"!~ wllhoul " hQlh oc houl ,li,ll"",. h"'", been
, .><Iuc....,1 by "lJ<lU ' It) I">rccnl du~ tl) unl.wful im",i
)(r",;',n. Tlli~a","u llt sl" S:l:U l)i1l;"n in '''''' intllme.
o r I~"'ul $2.31)() IIC,workc . A w~gd,lliSof '2:1 blllJ()n
wHUld "",,,It in
lId SlI bill ;n" i It .. tt"~
unconlt, FICA. a nd co ",uml'l ion laxCll) un<! llC,h;,ps
ii, hil hl'n in addl'll wclfar" cu;rlJ;. The ovcrall Inllln,(:t fi""all"",~ Ii> g,l""r" mc nl ",,,,,III he 3r"u nd ." 4
hill~'npc,y"" .
i'ln" lher pulenl i.1 inlp",,1 nf unluwrui illln,')('. "
liol1 is 3 'cd"~II<>n in ~nlp" l)'m ent ml,,,!! for ""U,'"
w",kcrs. rhi. m"y Ill: flf p",1 \eul"t i"' I">tI""~e ('"
}1\ul h oml Ill r""k no"le wnr kcrs .... l1c"vy cllmpcl il i"n
for jobs tan diocuu~, 1'-"'\IIskll,.,d wurk~r!l. Ic~d
i,,~ Ihem '" leave the I"bur
i'I~ in'''''~M'nl~
N'ImC Ihe IIlaio' ity of wo,kcr~ in cerlai ll ""c u",,
lio"~. lI"tWllI'killg "nd ",,,rd-uf.mouth ":):ardjngj<>b
"peni n):5:'" may It\Ct~n~ingly e~cl udc n"i,,,,,,,.l'in" ' ly.

or
"'"'*"

"'"1tC'"

"",u

r""t"'.

"''''n''''

122
S ~ ':"' l o\I , n~PI'RT )il); ,. .

),IAU,:WIJ

""undall<'" "f unlawful rn'n11~'.nL I ~!"" hell'"

cmpi.lyt:u In ~",.iJ cX I1~"d,,,g cO'url lin ,cc,ull,n,,:
IlOlcnliul U.S . !~)fn WOlke'l':' fr(lnl un.Jr1cmpIQ)"Cd
"'"'"s, ~uch ". AflIl.h",1I1a '" Midwc'Slcm indus! ".1
HW

I ~"'ns.

E",n ,f jUla "ne , .... , "f r,,,,, unl.wful . mm1j:rKnl

"'")II!

w",~c""I'~pI,,,,'1-..t al")(lll 'c~,dc ni f,um ", J<;I~

I<IIIS<'S l" uk! u",WIIII\) $14 1)11I1"n "nMUldly. Tile I" ~
I,JSjI and ,odlk..r wdfa,c l''''t.. f,om til", "" ulll ,e,,,,h

$10 bill;1)n 1l\" Y""" The I1M,me f, S<.'lI IIQi;" In I/Iwc' n",e nt du" I" wage . nll j "l) 1o'!\S :o,""nl( 11$ ci li'" "~
" nd I'''''ful immig'rTInl' m,~hi oo~rou l'ld S'700hi llian ,
In ~<kIil ")M. Ihe dedin,' in job!; ~nd wa)O.~, ro. ""''''.skill I'll."-"; n",)'conlrihulc I" \he kln~'lc"'fI okdinc in
nl ~ rri'\ll" in 1(JWinc"mc com munll "';;: Ille ~1I,ja1 ", ~ I
r.~. 1 c,' nJ'l.'I/l"'nco:s ,,flh;~ lIedi "e D',' Cn'"-m,,,,~.
11<,(;0 ,,01(> f,~u,<.'II "'" inlp"~:iiC. oone ,-,{ tI,... Incli .
I'\'CI f\s(>~1 elf,t\:; d i5.-u "'''''d I" this 1lCi:1k> n ~ int:lud l..r in Ihe f.~u l " n~l}lIi~i n Ih'" nape,.

l"xc'S t,",d) "f an,Ul1d S:;~ .~ hiUi" n l'Ct )'''''_The I'll!'

c~1 eMI "I' unlowfu! ~"'! In ... ~kill i"'''' iJtt. nl~ wl lil le
'nt; ,cltSCd in th" fulun' l))' lI'-'vt'rnm cnl pOlioil'" IhlOl
'n(;rc"", Ihe nv",t>., ,>I' I"w's klll i",mi~ ...
Iho
1m mi~ r"nt>= ' len)':1 h "I' ;:t.hy in Ihe 1/$.. or Ihe :o;:~e....
of unl""'ful i mm;l.Ird nt ~ In g()VC'nment hol""f,ls.
C"n,-.:,sdy. fc~ 1 '''~~ will he ,e/luted lIy fJI,liciel
thai dc..;,~,,!!e th~"", ,"A,illbl",,"
Ck",ly, ,nun b:,. li"n polky h~~ e "". mOllo f"",~1
ImrJicKlklns. Cll n ~lslc n l wilh rrindpl~ f(Jf ommi
gr.,!;',n ,~f",", 1,,1.1 "UI cI..,wh~r~.~ 1I1ln'~'''t1''''
IK, IIQ ,h,I\I11I tIC l h"n~"11 in the foll''''' i n~ WII)'S II.
, cd"",' II,." COI'[I. ()( untawful uncllu"'~klll Imn'iIt'.
lIon III Ih e laxp;ll"'''

'Il".

I.

I'o t c nti al I:!co n o mi c G nin" lin d 1.(I'IISe"

from Unl llwfulimm igra ti on

("'"""<1""110

Whil\' the I\sctI I

(>t'u nlawrul imml gr.'1 .,11 " '~ sl nmgl} 1It'g>01 i"". !;OnlC' al'lt" " I.h,,1 ,,,,I,,,,,
ful imm ig""'!!! ~TCaI~ etown,k: bcl",OI' Uui\. f"'rt~'I
ly c,'ml'ClIS:Ol,,(orl h" n<l la ~ iJlmk"" Iht')' t.~al c. I'll'
c'X"",pic, n "' IhO(I""",ly "'1lucd 11"" un)a ... ful ,n,n,,'
gmlion ,~ beneflcl"1 bee'''u~ ""I,,"'f,,1 l o",' !!:'"o)
wo.kc~ ... ",\lI1I lhe ~'''~ IIvn'''''I''' pnl<l'U ,'l.. While
il i.~ I."" Ih al unlawful ;n,,"i~'~nl~ ~nl".~ (;01' hy
l\Iu~hly:! I"'rccnl . Ihcproillem wilh \his "'gum""1 '"
Ih"l lhe immigr."'I~ Ih ..",..,I",,, c~plurc ,"(lSI of lll<:
gorin from ''''pMd('..r prOOuCl ion in 111<:1. (Jw n W"Ll\-1'. ~'
~1c'l~I,h"'it:ally. while unl;""ful ,n"u ill:,a "lIl n,ake
Ihi, An>c.,icR n """,,,)m;': llle I"'II-e'. Ih<'Y 1hem""",,"1'"
C01lS<l_ ""lSt ,,rl he ~lic'lh"llhQi. 1 "I~Jr .... 1.101..
The cent, "I i,."" in I he d"hal.e "y~t Ih, "IS!> .lId
b.",c/ilSo{lInJ"wfut in>mismt iull if, not whlh"l ~""h
imm'K.aliun nl"~l'S 11$_f,IW la rger (d C'''rl y, il d'>eI\i.
bill wh"lhe. unl"wful inlmig"'''"n , ..
IhI' pIISI
l~X inco,,,,, o(lhc """"'#. "i''' 'imm jj(nllll A",,,. i:a n.
G;""" Ihe very la rge net I,," hu,d,'" Ihul~ unl"wful
im m ,gr~ nl . ImJl'lS" on l l,S. 011"';"\)'. ~uch I"'mig .. nt~
w"uld h"'''' I'' ",ise U", inl1),ncs"r nll".im'''b:r:,n", I"
" """",hbl,, ,1<11'(": In h"", " nel l1<""lo:,.,1clrcel ,

,""!

Policy Issues
The'e M'" UPIIl'tlJt1m"ldy 3.7 n,ill iun unl,,,yfv l
in'migw nl ho""""old~ ,n Ih~ US. Tht"'" ""lUsehuld~
imJlO!=c" nel f,l":" hu.d"n (hcllCf'15 '~l"';""'~! minu,

E nfol'C~ lhe Cur ..... "1 I ~w "galnSI employ ing

unlawfu l hn ml lf .~ " I S. Ilnlnwful Im"';l(mnI5
"rt' p'~dQm inanUy I""'~ki llccl. Ow. 11m,'. Ih~y
im[l ose 1.,,,-,, c<.>St~ " "I III' lax n~)'a. III lllll(,. the
lJ$ . 3"VI' ~ m""~ly In 3 million unlawful "Ii<'n~
1n ~~c h"n!l<' fU'D pwhlb'lion " n h ;,i n~ unlawful
im",i~,~nl~ In the fulun . Whil~ a mnc"ly wos
gmnled. U.e I"w >Wlinst hirll\ll unlawful immi
~r""u< W"" """". enfof'<.'t.-d in m", c Ih,n " L"ken
nounne . As a ""suit. Ih~l' c ,,'~ now ~ I t~~"1 II ...
milUon unl'''' '(ul im",i~ "' n\$ in Ihe 1l.S.

HO!CJlu;.c Ihe ""\II"ily ,.... unl,wful in,mig,"nlS

,,,me 1<) th... l l.S. file i',bo;,.
cnf"'~emcn! ,of
IIle Ilun " n hi,;n~ "nl"wf,,1 lal",,' ",,,,,hI ",,""Ian
Irally ",due" tile ~nll~Ol'"'C"t of unh,wful ~licM
""II ellCOllt,,~e '''"''yl" Ie""" lhe II,S. lk..r ucin,<: lhe
numlli:r of unh,wfuJ immli:rdnt,; on the nalkm and
limll ing lhe fulU"" n"", ,j/" u(\I"",ful im m1 gm nl~
woukl "I ... , 'Ilucc f.. lu.e c,~~ I(J Ihe l. xP"Y" r.

""">u"

2. IJo nol gra nl amncsly 10 "nlswr.. 1 EmonE

g .... nu. Gn",Ung HIllne"ly I.. unj"wful Imml
~r. nl' ",,,,,Id C'Jnf~r c nli l)cn'~ n l III ,,,,,If.,I'.
S"d.1 Sec"rit}. " r>tt ~1 ~oI lc"", fn,. Ihe amlll'Sly
",c;llicnl~. This ,,'Ouldl)c rUlnuu.<Iy~I"'''S;v" 10
ITS.I;" n"y~ .. ,
3.

~ 11 ",ln .. le " back door . m"e5ly. ~ 1'hi"""uld he

,I,)n,' by dllsi n~ Ih, k~,t~",I. in CUfle nt 1,,10' Ihut
l''''mil~ unl Awful immiUI'"nl~ 10 IIl'f"nl~ II_~ _
<iii""".
Ihc'Y h:lve lJ.!l,h"rn ,hild,en .
Uvughly hulf of un l. wful immig ... nl ~ h"V~ U.S.'
tlO' " child,~". When Ihcs<l childrcn ..... ""'h ,,!,'c
~l. I h<')' t an .il:moncl th"\ thei, (lII","I~ be glVl!n

""'"WlC

123
T ill: ~' SC"' Lco.'"T ,W UNI.AW I IJLI~ t\t m. ""," rs
""" ",\tN&>"TY'm Til E U.s, TAXI'A nM

they \\'I<uld

';:f.i\knc~, I hi$~I W!Sl he ~ar~nl~ ,oc:t~~~

,,f "ri)!in n.the h. n ci. i~en" otlhc lIni",d S' a' e.,

10 Ih~ U$,

w .. rarr ~)'SI~n' and puli Ihen, un W flQl"nt i.'l'I>\h

' 0 U.S. dtl.en.hl[l, This pruvt.ion, which " 1""-

Ilk" IIut.Jmlltk"Uy . "d """not bc ~1"ppc..J \Jn~r

<'U"en\ 1:IW.l'Uold boo: l'~ U "d "bad' d"", "nH"!!'I)';

'0

be cI\.nll<'1J I',nhibit :wy

in<lividu.1wl~J "UncdVL~1 U.w ..... htrlh I"" child
In Ihe U.s. while Ih.1 lndiYklunl \\',, ~ ((nl~wF((lly
1"''lIen, in the U.S . r',(f" c""r 'ec('ivin,! an in((n"_
dia'" J\;ll1U""II)"'~nl
tha. pnwidcs lego l perm"nen' "."i,"'nte. <.: IVIIIJl,Il 'ho' 1"" l'h"'~ c""ld
Save .h e tUX[l"y,:r. lrilli"n . "I' dolho~. '''''' 'h"
IQ"", tern> .

C"'r~nllaw ~ho\Jld

<'i""

4.

En'u ~ Uuil "ny guesl worker pnl!!ra", I~

I ruly t~"'pOr. r y li nd nol a gale ",.y I 0 we lfa r e
e lll ;1Jcmen ls." A r.r~,"n' .h:ol in",:>1",-", lonl:'
le,n, .c~klen" " Qnd fK'rn,ll, oc .....""S lO wd t" , ~.
S\l<:ia l !",'Cu,ily. M e dlc".~. "nd I'ul~ k: ~dU<:"l ion
..""hi tw cllurm"u,ly "x l~n~iw
u .... U.S. lax
p")'Cr. Fu, cxalllrl~. iflhe -~ueSI wotlt~r' brings
..," ,oollIRe child" ~n will1 hilll. c,.ch child ",ill
!!, nC''''l'. "n
$12.:100 In Ilubl ic cd",," lion f<lSl~ Ih,,' ",,,,,I be funded Il~ U.S Inxl,'.yers.
S,n,ikorl y. even ,ftorm"lIyharrc..J From 'c"" ,viog
weir"", ,,~~i~' " ' >CC. Jo: lJI,.. w",ke,.' 1,,.,..inC\lnl<\
familk'!' w"uld h" m1l.:ly 10 reCl';"" Hid ~i",~Jy
t>e<:~use ..,:\ra,e agc nc;';,~ 10,),,1(1 he relucla nl
t~ dcny ~rvices ' 0 fallll!k'S that ".lp..;" 10 be in
ncc'<l ofaid. F;""lIy. hrinl:;"~ Rr"nlily i,,' (} .h c \l.s.
\\'(Juld m~ke il f".k'!'~ likd y l h~llhcgu,"'l ..wk~r
""uld ",1ually ""u.n II lI nw. "nd cnnl 1",,,,d " 's l,Ien~c in .he II.S ... ",,1 .1 inc"'"!k: lis<~1 C,,~1.s.

r",

""""'g\.'.

;',,,,,\In,( U.S. cill"" mh i,l 10 )(uc.' ,,, .. k,,,,, chil .

"rcn I>orn In'he U.S. woul<l ral""r""'MI cutl". If M
child ~".n'u d ~""'" wu.ke , iSll,n n' ed U.s. c'li l<, nship, 'h"1 t h il,1 im n, cd i;lIeiy b<.'COmd cntilit,d
(oj Med ie~id wven,# ~ nd a full r~n~ e of Olh~r
.. elf~r~ ""tI,,!it~. F~rlher. Kr:",lill~ lilt: child
c,tI "'n~hip malic'" il \("'" likcl)' .hal lhe gu c~1
'"'' k"r" I'''r~n''' will ""lu.II) I.. ,,,,,, tl ... II.S. ""d
Ih~"t.,. 'ne.ca""s '"X I",y~r C<>S1 ~. 10 .he eXlen'
I"'rn,ill c'1J IJY' he l'oY 'l~n'h "",ellll nltn' . " 'h.:
CUII.liluti"".!.hc IlIw L.. I"blish;n~ th" I:U~"I ...",k
<" p'O)!rllms shuu ld r lc~rl)' sl ; pul ~l~ III,,. cl> lld rcn
horn to ~ Ul";' wQrk~"" \\'<.I\lld Iw 1...all'<,l in th"
"""''' m ~nn<:' as chiIJ",n or ,lipl"","I.1;-llla' I".

".

Cil i"""" (!I' ,heir l'or~nlS' ""u ntr)'

" vi"". "'h it:h g"'tn'. the I''',ent ~ 1'4('" i>ermun"".

iJ<,

5. lIedu.,.. , .... num ber of lI>g"II"' .'n ~ nell' re8i

dence vlsu b ... cd Df1 kln . hlp ~ nd In~~"..,

the num be .. of\'lus " lIucated 10 high-s killed

worker!.'" (l nd;:r cumml low. th e vOu< 10U,'r)'
and vi500 ,,,,ofc,,,n(.,,~ f(lr <>(j ull b'olher~, ~l'. ~,s.
"nd r-1f~nI 8 knd
brillS ~ h i~h p"~"'rlion uf
lOW-Skill 1m ml~mllis Into th e II.!', Whil~ low-_k ill
in, I\,i)!.unl$ cr .. "I~ a nllCbl J)urdcn 1lJ. I. loS_ lup"y.
''f.'. hj.d. skill imlllj~mnt~ 'end '" pay m.. ", ill
I.a"'-"lihun Ihey ,,,,,<,iv,' III IJ.,... Ii.s,

'0)

Th" k1;;.ll"'Mli~r.tti"" ~)'S.cm ~hoold II<: allerl'1J

10 lI'eolly ~ducc Ih" number ,,/ h,..""kill ,mn,i
)lmntsen'~ r ln~ 'he "<I(tnl ry " nd (ooc'e~:!o, thi: num '
be. of IlI'W .. ntr"nl~ with hiil!> 1~"",1s gf l'\lutal~'"
. "d skill. 11"" "'U 1M den,"",] hy IT.S. nrms. Th,'
vi"" 101lery nntl ~I! Iwdhc.,I(',.,; fur Ivoll",,,,. sis
\~.".. p'fcn"", and rcl"ti",~ .~h~r Ih.nSj'<)<lSCll"1>([
n, I'M" chi ldren ~h"uhl Ill: clin,jn31~d and repl,oe:e..J
by n,,'" 'kil l-l>a>'ed "'_, I'a'~nliwould [... aIIle ln
""" ""lld ~n;n II>c U.S. ~s~,,,-.,;! " but nnt "" I'W,I
lJl.' m,ant.'nl ""idenl>; wl.h ,1C\.'l'$lO I<! wdr",~.

Conclusion
The United SI"leJ

"I r~",

enor mous croMnl ic

'jlll~'r1 unll k'!' and sucict,,1 hc n"fi . ~. Cll onUC!4! "'I>r~

1>I~,t'I"

w"uld I... mil(rdk 10 t he U.S. if.l>cy h:~llh~

Gi""n 'hl~ ~u n'~x L the U_S. mu~ be
",'Icc l;'" ;n i Inl1n ij: .." l i"n [lolicy. r"licy",,, kers
",osl ~n~u,c th", .h~ inktl\d;on <If wdll,t.' and
"I her r.nanci" 'trnn"j'~, p'vgrnn\), wi! h in,", ig."t")n
~.,\'" n,,' ct[>llml.ho: 1i,;<.lIy tI~j",ntlcnt I,,, ,,ul".~)n.
, he,eby 1111 IH"i ng
e\)oH \) n A ",~ro.: ... n I(>C""Iy.
Curr~ nl illlmigr.'I;"" [l"Ucil...... ith 'L""lCC I ' "
bIll h ".wful Hnd on l,.... Ful Imm lS,nlinn ~n.t\"'~~
Ihe ~nl'y .,f n d;"PtlJ I~"lion "t c nun" lCr "f lkll>rly
,m", j~r" nU int". h~ II.S. As .h".., I"w~k ill
I mmlg'~nli(bulh lawful and unlawful}\~k" \Jp Ii:!'\
d ~"c~. ' h<:y i"'IIO"" ~ " uhsl ,,,,Ua l t ~x h",dcOl UII U,S,
t a~p..y",~ . TM ~nt:f" . '<'<:e\w" hy unl .wfu) nn,l
Ivw.sk1lli"''''igr:, nt h" u,,, h,,IJ s " ..."cd I~Xtl" pai,l "'
(':och "~C level, "' nl> ,",;n' d" Ih'''''' hnuic h"lds r~y
",me in I"""" t hun I he')' "'fei,,, In benefits.
Cu.",nl imm;g"" t;'", 1"",-,lk"".OOth ',.wful "rn!
unlawful,,,!,,,,,,lc lik ~)~tcn' ofl, .. n~national ",eI f~." "ut,""~h. h.in~;nll n!lll;on~ of ("wally d"I"'ndcnl In,t lvidu,,l~inl<lth c II .S. Thi~ ", J lkyn"L~I SI(jbo.:
I>!'. ~ unil)'.

""*-'

'"""g'cd

124
s ~ .:n.l.l , n~'''' RT )10;'3:1

),tAU, """

oha,,!(Cd . Il $. ,n,mJ,:rnli"M Wiley ~h"uld cn",)urt' "

hiJIh-~klll imm;~raliu" u",i ~Iriclly limit lo",-"ldll
immijlnltjon. III lI<' n~m l. govNllm,~nt I'ul",y ~h"uld
I1n,ll in, migml IOn t., til ...... wllo will 00 "coli r.",,~1 ,.,.,, 1,lhuhl,.,.. "Yllidlng tho.;., "'h" will IMere"", 1111'''11)'
and in,l"ose Ole,, c,,,,[j< on n",r/)urdc""d t l.s. laxpay-

er", '1

125
s ~ ':"".I.I , n~rOMT )i(l;'3:1
~~U, :w ..

Append i.'\: A: General Methodology

'1'1Ii>; p.""r""-,,,b In I'Iitim"l C I hollot~1 CU,,1 ufl"'~lit~ "nd .s."rvir"" n:ct" .... d BOOlhe 1(1I.1 value tlftnn.,;
p",d lIy"" h"u""h,dll.~. h)' "oll-i,nn,i!:n",1 h"u-.:llOld.<, by h""""h"ld" h~,odl'1.l by lawful in""i~"'nt>;. "lid in
" A,lkul". by bou""h,lId~ h~3d"d hy un!:,,,.; rul ;",mig',,"\>' l'll!: ns<:"I.naly~l~ I',c,,",nl<'ll in Ihis ' '"'"'' '" hO,l'tl
"" Ihn.., cn,.., nwthc,d(lh~ic"llltincil'l ..... , t""'~l't!hcn"lvcnl~S. flSl'al "ccurac),. and 1r~nsp"r~nl'y,
CO"'I' ..... hcnsk~ness_ 1'11<' .n~I>.,;i$;;c.~k~ lU ~<)VI;r alJ SO""""".,,nt CXl"'''d ilurc~ and a U \:iXt!$ "uti Slmilu.
rcwn""""",ccs for f,'<le."I, ",ale_ ~lId 1"",,1 ~owrn" ... "1 ComprchclL.ivcn,.... hcll'~ 1<' cns"I'\! 11]0""" in
Ihe . ""I)"U>. If" ~I ,,<1y """"",;I only" limil Ml "umher ~ Iti",,:rnmcn! ~I ..:nd in~ ~"'I!1"'m~ (jr illst j)(j,1km
t>l"lucs.1 he "mlssi,
n"~ht hias 1he ~" "dll>""".

If"

~'Isca l Accuracy. 1\ "",d ,,,"1 ""ntiplo: t)flhec5Iimalio" I',,:ffiur~ ~ml~"yed for l'ach c~l~ndlhl'" pro
~ra", Or <"1<1I'''Y ill Ihe """I)'"j~ ,.lh,,1 Ir Ihe proa.'1.lUl'\! is rClllk"kd ror I he whulc LJ.s. po'llIIl.lion, Ihe
r~sulti~c~tim "tcJ ~~I'~"d; tllrc will "qual aclual ".,.p.::,,~ilurc~ un III<' 1'''~t1i0l ul:cu.diI1l!lu "llid.1 bud~,,1"r)' '~>C"mcnl~. The ,;..n'~ prindl'h' j~ "l'l'lled I" cHch llU and r~YCnW cnl ~,:olry. A 11"l!clhc".lhc <'1' 1, mIll
Ing 1'''IC"d".~.,. "lieolln Ih i. 11"jlCr, ,rall\llk'!l l" Ih~"nllrc 1I.S, 1'''1'111"11<1", .,.' ill yield Jill""" r"r IlIlal w",~ rn
menl sIK'nlJi n~ ""d r~v;:nUi'S Ih"l mnle ll 1l1i: ' c~ I1 ill: llIli,ls IIT~nlcd '" butlJlC\MY ",",UI'''''S.
TrAnSI'."''''')'. Srll....,;nc tnlcul"tion~ IVete ma,1t' for:14 ,;cparnlc I.x ,,,,d '~""n"" c.IClIt>r1e,; anIJ "",,, 7~
5<:1'"",1" eXJ",n!!it U'u ca,,'W"."' Sinc"(! c~>nclw<fl)"~ C~" lie inlllle",..,\! h)' 1I'~ "s~uOl"ti"n~ .. nd (ltl"-"dur,,,,
cmp~I)'\.~1 in "ny ~".I}"i-Is, we h ....... cn,Ic .,urr:,1 III mllke the m~", h.nic5 ,.r the a"~ly.ijl a~ trdn>I'",enl 0...
pUSIIibl,' III inlerc.<lcd rt ....k"" by do.'5Cr ibillj/ I he dctail~ ,,( <-,lOCh ~"k"I"lj')n '" AI'I)COOJos [1 ~nd H"nd
I1ppcndixT.bbAH"nd A'J.

AccQ unting F r amework

".0<1

Tilt ",-,,,,,ulIl'''1I f",m<-'w",\<

,n Ih ~ 1'1'i'S<",1 ullal>,!;'. is Ihu .ame f,a"'L""(jf\< '''''1'1,,),,'<.1 h)' Ihe Nat,,,,,,,1
(;,lUncU (l>:lIC) "r III .. Nllllonnl Acllllemy!lf ScI""",c,, in ils ~t OO}' Oflhe n"""J In,p<-.cl ,)/'iOl miglation.
Thr f>','w Amrri,uM,' F"l1l1,," n~ l h ~ N I\t; f ..,,,ocwo,,\<. Ihe pr,,,,,,,nl ~I ud)"
!\c~~,d,

TrealS [klpllMiQn.bit~cd Of r<lnJ.:e<t ihl e ""rv,t:<::< 3~ Full), ptl""lc gll<l<l~ and a~~n$lhc ~L M l h,)"" 10'vil;' :6 II> in"" ogranl huu~h!)ld< I)a~ eilher un "~I fnwl"d U,,"'" Ih~ imOl igm nl ~h~'" "r t'''l'lllali'm:'"
lndutle,; I he "",Iru,.., ~"d ~d"c.Ii"n Q I (II\!IS or In'OliJtr~"1 ""d ""n-Im migrant ",Inor dI,ld ,..,,, "nd "",,~n<
11",""cus!>;l" ItI<'d,ild'S h"usch"W:
A<!Sign._ Ih~ "'"Ifure " nd ,'duc"I~'null''';I~ of 01""" uS.b<"n ch IId'en "f ,mmig'"nl I""en'~ in th" ;m m, _
~ra"l. htl,,!'<:hllltl; and
A""i~II.

thu ",.1 or OlcansII'l<lcd "lid d ;,,-.., bc"dil~ ''''''(Irding I" Ihl' j;(:lr-~I~"kd IlSC oftl""" bcnclil3 in
the t l.S, Ccn~Il' U""'HU'S Curr~nl I'flpu.I"Uun S ur ~ (CPS>.

d"e~ MI f"lh,, th,s fr.mcwnrk may ",ach ""rydi n'" l'cllt <oncl"si"fls. j.'"reum
_tlld)' I hal e,clud<'l' Ih( "'dJior~ !'>,,"ei11.:1 Hnd ~dut"l \0",,1 s.,,"lc~. "'cd ""d b)'
minor LT,S..tlOrn
children "r "nl"wf,,1 i 01 n, .)(ra lIt p"n:n!>; r rom I \,e c.>sI _ """i.l:n<-,d'" u"f"wr" I in,m i~t""1 """""hul,l. ,.., 11
t ~"~h Ht)'dilre'"n\ l:Ilnclus~m."bu"l Ihe n:<l:al C""""4ucn~~'oFunJn"'Fullmn'i~"'lion.
"n 100por l",,1 I'ri"':;I~I" in Ih~ "naIY$i. " Ih", ..... "iIX "f h1c3ItlH'.,;l~'<l1>cn"1i1l! lind d"''':1 l",ncr,ls wou;
not imllUIM Or a""ign,~1 10 hc)u~hold~ 'lbill'3,il)" hOlher, tt,(, e<-.;t ,M bcr><:f,t,; rd,ci",:d WaS b",;cd Oft Ihe

CIt'a,ly, . ny st",ly Ihul

pl~, ~ny

tt,,

,.

126
T ill: ~' SC"' L cu..--r OV UNI.AI\I I'IlLJ ,l t\t mM M ,,- r;:
M "U AM NR..--rY T" TIJ E U.s, TAXI'A YEM

hl}U.'h"ld'. ""lr_ft'I''''1 ,,( t"'''ef.t$ in Ih~ CI'!;:," I'"r ",,"mptc. (n.. c,)<1 of Ihe r<.Hod "'-"n.l' bo.'ncf,lji. rec,',wll
;~ b~~<l On U.., (0",) ~1n'l) ~ncr.t~ dal. 1'r<J.idcd hy Ihe h"uschold, trlhe household ,.'~tcd Ih~1 ;t ,tid nill
rt'('l'Iw. [,.00 ~1!ln'III', then Ihe ,,,(u.' offfl<)d ~1~n'l)$ wilhin the hvul\('hui<,l would Ill' "",ro, The ",~in ct(),:""""
Iu t hi. rule II"" he""lits(""" lhe IIlrurd~hlc
11.1 (ACi\), "r O~. m''''''r.~ 5i,,"c Ih".., bc"ef,ls did
exl."
in 2010, they haJ to bi: In'puted in fUlure

c,,'"

""t

)11.'""',

IInu se hold -Huscd Ana l}'Sis

Thi~ p"l'~r u""'10 the :.I,~ 4 milllv" hvus'~hvlds hc"lk'<.l by unlu",ruJ in,",ig",,,,~, rath .... 111M I h~ !UlI~\\'fuJ
in,n,ilt",", J><'llUl~tk", II." whnk as Ihe !>,,,,i< f)/'~. ~n"I)",iJl. Ill' u"in~ the hUIJ!\(:huld as It..: unit "(((n,,I)I>"$,
Ih:ril"l/C f( ~ I""'s the ,),U(:(!<Jurc empl"y"d hy Ih~ Nallo,,"' Itc~,'arc h CO\locll , SI",,,, "'''11)' va,iahl~.. ~r~ n()1
'lVull"l~e..t ! h~ Indivldwl lc",-,l. an"I)'!!-is . I ( h~ hOllschVld 1<-'\11:1 i. mclhvdul"gkal'y ,in'I,ler.
I'",hl~mwilh I h ,~ eh",,,, i. Ihal :I,OR miiliun unla..,ful immigr4nl.1I"
,~,idc in h"u,.,h"IM h<."'d~'<ll')' unl""'ful l mm;);ranl~. Tlleoc Ind"'idu"I_, wh" ,c.lde m~inly In hvno~'" hc"(lcd I'J-' lawful
inomi)(ranls, "'~ IhcfCr"", "", ioctude<J ,n Ihe pr.~"1 fi.cal a,,"I),.isror I he Inlerim """ full nm "c.ly JlC' KId.,
\\,hil~ I hi~ ~~dtl .."n "I mOSI c~'l~'nly rc'<lU<:c'" Ih<.' n$Cnl eMI n~u,e. pr(:;.<nlcll ;n Ihis p"l'et, inch".lj n~ I hi:Sc
individual. i~ lJcynnd Ih~ II\'UI l<: (If the cur 'ent ,"'''I)'~i", (\.In Ihe "I her h"no.!, Ihc nO:DI analYS'i "r rd' N!mcnl
~ar. indudcsall C"trenl "d,,11 unl"wf"llm",l.o:.runl 'J
There "'~rc ",-,n ", 1.I "'illion ll,S.-hvrn <IIlul, ~itlte"s ,'''d '"wful immtg",nts ft';i(llllll in unl."(ul im",l~m"l househ"ld. in :l(JI(I, ~n<lll><y '"nl'l:Sl'nl H pc,eelll "flhe I""SO"'S in Ih"'" hllU""hold ... The ... indivitJun ls were ,."du!kd (I'lln, the lIncll).,;; ;.. 'Tn,,), Me MDI ,,,,luJed in lhe dcm!ll!r-..ph'e Infornll.\i"" on unlnwful
<n,migrant huu,;ehQlds, the be"ef,t.; 1"'-,' ,"'''''i'''-' and I " X~,,; th~" j.>a'd "'~re nflt Indu,k,d in Ihe 'I~cal ~""'nU;
!', .du;';"n ,1. ,no:lu~~) n ,,1'1 he"" intlivid""I,; n,"ke~ lillie 01 ilfe,ent, ,n Ihe tj"<:~1 b"l"n~.' II( "nl,wf,,' immigranl

11""""",_ ,,""

""I

hllU~h (> lds ,

Und l'rL'O unt orUnla wrul lmmigrant lIouseholds

Th~ n"pa,t n'l'nl

"f'

lun.d.nd Se.:u,itJ (m lS) a,""uml'" thul at>l"o~>n.at~lyu"" In 10 u"I~"'fu! immil:r"n!~

mill;,," .""." "n.) 0101 nill apI"'''' in Cc'n$u, rL't:"n:I., The IkrltllJlC ~'ound"I1"" "nul),si. ,.ssum .. th'" the
n""al ""Iahco ~"d dl'mugmllhy ofl hl~ u ndcrtuu"tctll~)$)ul.t ion i~ ~i",iI~, 10 Ih" unl~wf\ll immig"'nl lhll"'lat i"n "1'1",arl", In the CPS .
Tn "UjuS! r,l , I h" un,I,",,u nlcd r,~)ul,.' ifm, the nu ml\(:r<,f " "h.... rul ;",migrnnl ""us<,h<.ld~ in Ih~ "n"lysL~
wa~ incr"a,;ed f,om ~.-H m ill.o" htj\l>'ChQld. (which "PI""' rin the CrOS) II' 3,7') "';IIIQn" ,,"..,~utl'lII~rnm"nt
""""fils ,.ndlax,", .re a!!Sun.cd to inc,,,",,,, in Ihe ""me pmp" .. t ,M as the m.."he, oI'lmuschulds "" th,1\ the
<lWtIIgt fi.cal CMIIICrunluwful i",migranl h~u""hold w3~u,,"rrech:d ,
I I "k~ ,-"hc .wl~c nnle<,t, u!I!IrCj(i>lc r"'~~1 ll~urClS fur "nlawful Immigrant h"O\I<lI",Id~ ~PI",:.. ' n~ in (hl~
tlOl",rh"v;:bce" jn"r~KSC(t 1<, ;",'I"d. the un,lc ,c"unle,1 "ubwf,,1 (",mm"'''' h"u~chu!<ls, II i~'luile I",,;.~ibll'
(11,,1the numll<:r"r u n<;'(\Unl~-d "nl""'ful ;"'ml~rant~ f~sid ;n~ in the U,S, cxcds U~ ",;nlPn ,

OJ~

Llata Sources
[J~IH n" (c-dl'r.1 eJI",,,dilufl'll' W\',e tal~c" (",m OH;"c nf M.na",",cnt Hnd Budgel , IlW,J;;l'l lijlh<' U",ktl
.'>lu/"sC;"""rnm""'_n ..",r l'c"r 2{)/:f: 1Ii.</I,..i<'lJ1 T"hI~., Tolll,' 3.2,"
llata on federal ta)<CS and ,cV\:nucswCN t~ kcn f,om OfJir., "f~,an aj(cm~n t and iJu,lgC'l, flud!}C/ ({(he Unilt:tl
Slul~sCu'''rllml'nl, H",-'IJ/ Y""r 20/2, Anui:,/i" ull'crsp/'rliw><, .), ~20, n,blc 1:>,5,"
~("'c "nd I(l('al <IIII>'<'g"t e expend it ur~.. an~ roW.nu,' d~la ""'''' ,Rkcn f,om Ihe II,S, CenSUS lIur~'<lu's -Slale
""d IJ,c~1 (~""'rn'''enl P'n,.nt.'Ct'SUIn h""'Y' 21/10," API"''''';X. I' II. ' I'clhlc 11_."
Illkl ili"",,1 in(or","l~'n "n '" ale amll'lI'~ 1 ~1J<:"di 'll< cn!cJ"i~. wu~ Ink"n fr"'" II,S, Census I!",e.u, ~cdr,rtll.
81(11(', and 1_ /11 GOI'I'/'"",enlo:- 19'):1 G"' 'I'm mrnl Fimr" .../md mll/oy"",n/ ClilS"ifiCir/iNr A/unutJl."
Il,~." on .Ialc ."" 1"""II"',,sirn, (und. ~ rt: rn,m U,S, Cen,,,,, Bureau, 2IJ1II AnlllJ,,1 Sur",', ojl'uhUc f'cngi"".,
Sif/I.' &- I.Q.:,,/ Datu, Tallie I, " N'lio" al Summ"ry 'If Si nle ""d ].(",~I l'ublie-E",pl,!),<,<, IIdif<'mt'nl S)'.t"nl
l'in"r"".. , I'~1 Year 2UIQ ,"

'"

127
s,.:n .l.l, n~ro RT

)i0;

133

~An, :III13

n",,, <In ,II" di~l"bul!"" "fhe"cfots .nd db<lrli)uUon "r !'Onle t"x<,~ """" 'akell (.... hl ,h~ 11$. Ccn,u,
Il urcuu 's CU I ,"""l l'I~' ul "ljlln ~u rvcy "r ""ar~h ~llli fwh ~ h Col""r~ 20Irl,)."' A~tlilj(J"al dllln lin Iluhl il: .o<:hool
"Il cnduncc w"r~ thken lrom 100 Cklob<:r :1m!) t l'S.'" 1>31. on hou;ehold c~p"nd1tur~ ,,'tn, [nkt n from Ih~
BUTe"U lOr 1.:.I>"r ~t"l isticsCo.... umcr II-" I' " nd ",ure Su.V1JY (CEX) fur lOm."
L)~I" on ~1~lc Sl"'ndlng 011 Mc-dk:,, 1d ~". dr~wn Frun. Ccnle," rOt Medic,,," and M~,lic~iIl Scrv il:c', om ~e uf
I he Aduar},.:!fJ1f) Arluutiu' lIf/'"'' (1II11w Finunriul fJu(II)I)/</", Medicufd."
OCI,,;led jnrorm~I.!O u" m".os.[fSled "1lCndinlt w~s I.ken ffl,m C()IIlI, ,,,:si,) n~1 1l ~'!ieu,C h S",vk'C, -C~5 h
anoJ N(ln.:a~h Ik""fol$ fQ' .\>,w os wi,h I. imlled 1,I(\lm~' t::Iigil)jlii.\' Uuk.,l1cdl'ioml soo F-"I,."O(Iilur~ IM~,
I' Y 2Ql'~-II" 2n()~.1h;. "'!~ltl I'tUv;'k~; in'l'o, I",,1 i"f"r"'"'~''' Q " s,nk "n~ ,,,,,,,I n,earuH~"f;led c"l"'ndiI U".,. f,o)n, ,' s t ~'" ""d 1,,1:11 11111:,' oWn fo""llc;al r~"I'O)\l,ct~ uS db" in" from 1:X 1 )~"dil ur~~ funded II)' f(-d(:n. 1
~,"nIS in ~jd " l'\' ~O'O d,,!. wcr~ taken fl'\l'" ORkeHr Mu ",I:tC"'''", and tludgd. flu(llJ',!llflhi! IInlled S(UI"s
""'l'rnnrl!J!t f',srollhu zt"11l!:
l' hco-C d"'a arc ~um ma,i ~cd in 110/>,,,1 lIe"lur\<' tc:<tjmonr oof,,,~ Ih"
Uud):\'1 e"mmilL c"" "flh~ llniled Slaies I louse Qf 1l~llT,"'c"I~Hves On May 3, :>1)12. " Examin;nll the ~ I r,'ns
I.,Icd WeI(."c Stale, 7') 1' '8,,,ms,, 0(1 S9:2? lIilli"n in 1\ nnual Sl"'nding, ....
D"l~ u" Mc,Licaid c~j)enditur~~ fo, dilf ~ t~n ' 'tcil)i"nl cnlcgorics wer~ ("ken r(1)01 I he Mcditald SI "lIsllc,,1
I "f",n,,,, in" ~~~'on' (MSI S) as I'ubl i~h c-d i h T"t~u J:L:J4, " Medicare & Med Icaid ~1"1 1"""al SUl'l)1cnocnl; 2Q1il
~"lil;"n7' 1)~1 ;' i'" ~h:dicai<l "xpctlllil 10 ri."" n in~l.l(ul i" n"IIOn~Ii... m C~ rc r",,;1 il ii,s ""cm l "k"n r'''Ill" ~h'l ic" '"
'" M~'<Jk"id SI"ti<lIt~l S"I~)I~m~nl,- ~Ol l 1'.\Iil k> n.'"
1l.lu nil lke ",I"" ,,1 iolll~""lsof"I,I",I~' I'c""'n~ in lnsl ;IIl' l"n" ll"n~'I~ '"' ca ", fadlilk... w~,e I~kt " rtllm
th~ N:ltinn~1 I,..o ng TcrmC~n.' Sur","), (Nl.n; s)!' Oat" On Ihc Ilum~r "r Individu"ls fCJidi nll ill ""'~In~
h"mcs In Ihe ~""rugc ",nnlh 'h\l llle nUh'l l>cr ,.r Mcdka ,d n'C 'I,;"nl~ in nl,ltr,i"$ hun"", wcre laken r,om the
2004 N"I~"'.! Nur~inj( I Ion", SUfVl'Y (N t'o11 IS).
11~(" IJn h\lU~ehuld ft nundo l ",,-<ciS ba... :-d On Ih<' age ~ nd "<lu,""l ;,,n level !It 'he hoJuSl:h(~d ,,~,{' t~k"" f,"n,
,he .:!/l/U SU""'J' ,(C"n.uftl<'r Hnunc.,.~'

lip"""",...,

..

128
S ~ ':"' I .I.I , n~ro MT

)i0; 13:1

~AU, :III"

Appendi.'\: B: Identifying Unlawful Immigrants in the CPS

Th~ n"p"rtm~1Il ~ IlomdMnd St-eurlly esl lm,lcs 11,.11 h~r" well: ll .5 mill jon f.:.r~ignb\lrn [I<', ,,u,,,, .. id
in,; .. nl"",rull~ in Ih" ..,..5. in .Ianu".y 20ll." '"c""c.. lin",k. ",.., 11,.""" "" the nor! 'h'" Ihe nu n,ber urrurei~n
born l""l'''ns''rl><,~.i hg in U.s. C,' n.us ~u ,Vt:~'s i. c"n~idcr.'hly sreale' Ih~n Ih~ num!),., of rQn!i~h born I"'"
sims ,,'h\l ore I"" mitted lu " ..ide 1L'W'lIy in the II-'t. aCC'!fding IVimmig'alil)n ,~."rtl".
1',\, ''''~m"h'. in .Ianllory 21111, ,"" n,~ .~I .\lS milli .." forci)(n ti'llr" [l<'rM"~ (wh.:. c"t cr~d II". ell .. n!r} after
1'llIO) "1lI,,",~rcd in lilt ~n nu~1 C~"".,s :lUr~c'}.llulll>ellCt"al "u'"be,<Jf ' .... "i!lIl)UIJ(linj! lawful r(l>ig'H.l<)Jh . "".
idenl" in Ih'"
(,",cu rding I" guve, n"" J'" ndnll"i.1
.ec\lrds)
only 21 J, n, illiun .*' 11115 l">ll ;n''''l'~
IMII ""d;n"":",.. ~ .... ,,,c 10.:15 m i1Iion fll ,d~ 'I-1>\) ,n 1",rJn~ "pr",,"'ng ,n II>~ t"cn'u~ i\",c,l~an t",)mn1unil y
Sur\\")' (l\C$)-;" ,",de up "r u""ulhQ.;~"d \I' unl"wl\ll t('lIi<lcnts. III IS (u rlher e~1 Im"le~ ",''' "" "dd;1 ",,,,,,
1,l!; milli"" unlawful 1m mi~n>nt ~ Jl-sitkd in \ he II.S. bUI <lid noll "ppcar in Ib~ t:c"'u, ~"r~i'y. rou 1\>1'11 Qrt 1.5
mHllun unl",,'fu l ,""'iMnll."
UIIS c mrl"y" ~ "residual " m"lh,><I I" dl'!l" mi llc Ihe ch"'a<krist """ "f l h~ I1nl.wr,,1 im"'IJ:mnl pllpul"! i"n ,
!' ifllt. immig",liun ,,-;;o rd~
u,:cd l()d~lermi"c Ihe j{l!ndlt. "!:~. counl,yof,)ri;:in. "nd t im" Menlry (,r~11
f"'c'~nh<:>rn !nwful tl,,;idcnt'" ~\J rci~n bolr n I'e,jj/,,,,, "'il h I hase ~h"",ctcri~Ii<:~ Me ~ul ~ meled ft\lm It.c IVI.I
fo,d... n!>'\rn 11',,,ulalir.n in {'cn~u~ rc,"r.ns: \I", Icn r,wI '" "".,.;du"I " I'>r" i):n horn n'>t1UM Ou n ;~."""mcd III
boo unlawrul. Til ls 1""""durc-ell'~ll"5 flll:5\v .,,;timule Ihcall'-'.gcnder. cvunlry uro.'~i". dute (If ent ry. tin<.!
~ul" w"l U.S. t"l~ of ,c.idl'1lCc ,,( lh~ unl" ... f ul imm'g,anl II<'pul"1 illn in t hi- II.S.
The ~ urrtnll t e rll "~c I'llundniion ~ "'d)" u-.:~ lhe I)cparlnwnl ()f lI o", ~ land S."u";l )" rep<lr ts- ')II t h< ~ h",
""I ~ri'l k~ ,,( unl"",ful immi~MJnt$ I., ioJ""li!y In Ihc C","cnl t\'IJublion ~utVl.')' (Cl'S) ,,(t"" U$_C\'""O~ "
II... pol ~1 in" o(r,)",i):nt~"nll(:l$(\n~ whu h.,~" ~ VI"Y h 1,.::h I,,"b~hilily "rhein\( unl.wf,,1 i",",]g.onb. (T lw C PS
,s u~d in nl~ 0 (( he s;mil~r i\CS t~"l:""~' il ~~S mO,.., dc1"ik~ Incume.nd hcnent infurm.lion.)" The proce
durt'> """d tn "clcd unl"",fu\ im '" i~r"nls wi! hin the C I'S indudctllhc (oll"wing.

",Ii,,,

Y"'"

11'""

"'C

Th<' "nl~"'(ul im"'ig."nt Il<>puloti<m ~kht!r",d ,n Ihe CPS Was ""I t hed ..~ tl,,~ly ~s p,o;~!bk lu Ihe~.
~'t:n""'. "'lIJlIlry uf urillin, d.1e of entry.. ""d $I,IC "f rL'lI;.J~IlL'" oflh" onlowful ,m ml~'''nll''''flUlolJun itlcn !H;"dby I)IJ:;.
I'",ds n-tl< .."

,,"nk"'~

whu "'cre t:ur"'nl "r ru.",cr

m"m l>l: r~

"" II>" .'noNl r,lrtI." f nfllli! 11$, fIT c u,renl

to k I.wful . u;(dents.

~n'llloye.:~ vf f<-dc'~I , Slal e, "ntl IOC"~ I JI'.,vernmcnlS w~rcn_m~

Si .... c it is unl.wful fu' unlowful im,";~"'nl~ LO r~cd"" 1!1)\"rnm ~ nl hI"'cf,ls ~uch as ~lCin l SCi.'Ilrily.
~wlc",cnla i S<.><:uril} Inc" n' ~. ~1cdi<",~. " nd Mc"<.lic~ id. in<livldvals "1""ling I""",, 'nai "n",llm" nl in
I hesc P"~"'h1S W,:rC ">'6"",,,11 III he h",i\d.

Imh1i~t~nl hcltds or h"u .. h"lds tc.,;itJ;n~ in p,d,lk <or suhsid il...J I"'"sin~ ",n"
ulthl\Ugh <)\ ~, me.,I",rs in II", hOU:o.:huld m(ghl ho, unluwful im01jll,." nl ~.

I'rr<IC,,,t<~ III" t" n5L~h'~y

a.. um~'<1lo beJ~wful.

w~t1l .p"II~~ 1

"';Ihin

I'"milk~

a"""'L~!

I" be

l ~wr"l.

tilT t~a "'ldc. child,,'n "f lawrul r~"!!idl'nI5 ",.". "

Sl<lCl:n Ii.". cili~n t "h OIllnln h""rul "",;&nl S\"lu~ In.,, ~IIIJUI\I.", I he r<) rc~ nbo'n .pou,;....; ur lloS dU ,.~n~
wcr~ ",,"""',1.Il" hc l"w(ul.
j.'o,,";~,,Il' ... n I"'r"'\n~ I h occul~" i<lm! I hoi inwlVl:' hi)lh I~VI.~~ <i prnfesoo,onnl ( ~~ ulnlion " "~ 10)/:i1 ~red.':n
li.1I 11,11 "" h , docl",:<. ph",m'It .. I:<. I"wY""'" '\Md nur"" pmclili""crs, we", """u"'Clll o be bwful ,

Und<" ''''m l):rolion how. vi"m"ly all C u\.l:,n inllnigmnl1lwilll", Inwful; ~II Cull"" in'm~"'n", I" Ihe CI'~
"we Ih<:'cforc aSSU "Ii'" Ii> be I""'ful.

129
T ill: ~' SC"' L cu.'--r (IV UNI.AW I'IJLJ ~ t\tm .A", r;:
ANII AMNR.,--rV TI' T il E U-", TAXI'A nM

On!:''''!\l! ,mm;Kt:U\!. werc assu"' ~..! In! ... "!i~hUy k... hke!y IV ow n a hnn,,, and I.. have ~!'llh\J}' '""',,'
;noomc~ Ihan 1""'f,,1 ;m '" i~ ," nl S wit h mntCh in~ ch" r.>I':h"i~ lk~.
The end fL,,"1t ,~' lhese p"'l'tJd"",,, WI\." h' I'"~h",,, .n c.. li,n,,' c'1.l "nlawf,,1 in""ill""" P<'I",,,,li..,, 11001
",,,Idled Ih e IlCI'Mlm~"l(lf II"nod~nd S~"'llril}' Il~'''c,; as d09.:ly "~ JI<)S.~ibl~ 'OC ''''~ ~ run#: "rvn.IHhlell.lI
~'O",p" riO;<'n
Il em"p' F,,""dnlhm "nd lIllS Iigur('S 1$ pruvidt..! in Append, x Thhl,,,, l.

"r

130
S ~ ':"' I .I.I , n~p<'RT

)i0;

,3:1

),IAU, :W..

Append i.\: C: Calculating Aggregate Fede ral, State, and Local Spending
AAAI~ot~ f~M .. 1 "~ I"' nd;,ur\'ll ~I \h" ~uhru"ctio" le",,1 w... '~ t"k~n r",n, /ludl/l'l Q[ Ihf' Unl/,:d SI<lI~J
GV, ..nolllf'1l/, l'i,"',11 I .... r :till:/: JlM,,,.;':uJT ub/t':<. 1' h~""" ~"la '!Ie pt<.,..,nl~d in AJl1"mdi. 'T.i>lu:.!.Statc a nd 1,,,,,,1
.~r'1:al~ lt llendllu, es wcr<' ha...'tl un 1I,,1.u from 'h~ U.s. Census lJu re~u ~ urwy "f I/Overnln"n, .
Twn "" >d ill",,, ,nns " 't! re ne~C!\.<"r)' I II yield an ,";Iim",c .. fthe " ' 't! t"dll eu mhi tl\!d !;I'endin g r"r (e'ller,,1. ~' "tc.
" nd l<>tal glMlrnm,nl. FirSI. ""IllC 560" bill inn in " ,ole "noll'IC~1 spcndinl( I~ fin, rn'e,l by gn"'l sin~ i'l (. ,)m

,hi: fC(lo:r~1 glJ\'\:J nn,e'l\_:;in.;(l llll'l'lI fuod,; a , ucQU nlc'<J lI$ (cdc ..... ) C)(I'cnd~ ure~ '~C"'di n~ theQ' "p in u,;6I a\~
,,,,d 1"",,1 "" I","dilu rtl wIluld """slilut~ ~ <I" u"lc ""Unl e"""""",,",l y, fcd",.1 1I",,,l s"; n-,,,d ",cr" dedUdc'll
fl'llm Ih. "p,)' n1l'iHle culclV' r i<.... ,lf " O l ~ n.>d I (\~" I ~Ik: n'!ing.
A ~" n<l m"d ifOCIll ,,,n in ..." I","" Ihc '.e "''''~ n\ ~~. ", ,, ,kctlik~ " "". fees ~nd ch" .~'S 3,'h~ ""te ~nd In"'''1
1"""1,, Th~"" Imnsa<:Ii<m.< ,n ...,I'"I: d ir~": 1 p ay ment ()f" f,,,, in c"J(ch,,,,gC r(ll" a j"",.nm cnl >~rv..-~, Ii" cA-",nljll,.
poy",cn, (~ an en, ry (c", a, U park. LT. tT fc.... ~ ~ ." dC'lKribe d in I he f"d~rn l hud.III.'1 In Ib,' r" ",,wi n~ n, Unn,,.,
In . !kIi""n 1<> c.lIl'<;(ingla""' _"he F~'Ik' .. ! G""",n mcnl ""lIeclO 'nl"UIIW (n,m 100 v,,~Ii.: fn"" m-rkeHlf;"
t'nl.'<! .(!lvil"-,,< ond ,he fi". nCitlM ur 'c(\, I.wry "" 1>C~.o!~, "/w.-,e c,,]jections ~'" tllo",lHo/,t ,5 " "". c\ulrgco< .
"11 ,he,), i"duck, ' he ... 1e n( p<"'I~" .'" n'p' .nd dwl ,"'ily. ch"'1I"" (u, ..:Im;" . nec I,. noli '01 p.rh. pn:mi.
"mS !tor de!1OS" ins"r.""". ~nO pro.oed" f'r>m11 h. ~.I~ Ilf "iIS<'lS, ~IICII os "'~l' .nd h'Y.I\;':~ for too right \0
""Iracl"a (rom ' h~Q"ll... CQnll"~nl .ISh. lf,"
In ,h e fed~,.... J lI"dI(O.1. U~" ' fe.", m e ""t coo " le,l;os t "' ",nue. u n~ the gm",rom cnt SI;' v"-.... ~ Onanccd II)' USC!
fees
0 01 ind lull'<l i .. Ihe ""unl or ):~vcrnm~nl ~' l'''nditun'''' As Ih,>UUicc <'If Ma """",m" n! a nll Uud):Ct
Slo,es:

"'i:

[lJ.<cr .""rg..'S[ An. ... b,radl'<l r....", It""''''' o,,,boy, rA,"~r Ihon .o.l<kd to IUl'Son \he ",~il'",si"" o f,,,,, bud'
Sll'L Tho rurf"Jl'oft"'~ 'f""'menl isl" llm<Ju.~ huag.,1 l.;ItaIJ Idr f\'Ct'lp~outlJ\Yll, . nd Iludll<lh"lllQrlty i"

w.m\O "rUle O"'''UI1 ' pr rt'!II\urc .... 11o<.ll... ~".n ,ncn t.lfy, 'hf\>UgII eulk:"'i,.., ""l ih ~.1 ch,';e.."
Ih",u~h

ra,lIfr lhon

,!.em.,.kc,,"

I" ~""'ru~t. CCn~" jI ' ah"I"I ;' >nS " f ~ta, c ,, ",IIIIeal R(\~C'nmc nllj""'n<c~ ,nod ulle u!!t r r,-ct as """ nU" "m\
01,;1, ' neiu"" ,n., COSt .,f'h c ""rvicc ,lro" ,,~d for tOO (~'" ns ~n n ,l~"" il UI"(!''' The "I(,.t l>rum'nc nl ",;.~. f",'~
',o,.led in Ih lS tII"n"O' by t he C~nsus ~r" hn" seh" ld ""y",enL' 1<> publ Ie " I ililics
"""c ,, IlOwer. a"d ;;;",il,
lion ..;(! r vk:(oS,
Hu\ n,"rkcH lk,; O~r fc'tl p")' II,Icnl _ 'f ~ h ii ,),pc d" ""' ,n ..,I... " , ro n.fe r ,,( . ...\'''u,,es (n,n, onell"'''P III
" n'~h(:r '"
" nc h" uw h"ld
"I>< ,lh." . In ~'h1ili "n. ~"''t! rnn'cnl
fcc ,mn ;:;><:l lr"'$ ,\0 noll all cr Ih,
nel l,sca l oJeflCit !)t 5ur ph,,. of "Il)' lIOu,;.:h ul ~ (<I. O.. <'d . s I h.' (\SI or I~' " I W>Vl:mmclIl h.:ncnl ~ and M:''' K:('~
,ec";veoJ tIIi",," 1,.!~I I "t" urn! I'cven",'. pa id ) Ix;;~,,~c "ItCh oJ, ~l ar in "", v;"cs received will he n, "lehl'<l by
d(.ll u' "ffec' palO . !'inull)" lk:lermln l n~ .... hn hn..< 11~id " uscr tcc ~ nd , e(d""d Ihe "''''',"jl(Jrn!in8 ..... rvkc
i~ w r)' d imcul"
l'<lr ,I>(,se rc",Si",s. Ihis 1'""'" h,,~ nppli" d 'he Ij,{let-.I ~ccn" n, in~ p. lnciple "r cxd"din~ ", M! user t<'<."5 r
rcv~nUe tuW..'S.as wcl l uS exelutlin.r.; the ",,,vic.,. f,,""cd by lh"fc<'l' fr om ,b~ co unl ofcxl>endll"'~~. I".stute
" "d l!Jul jo(Ovt: r nn,e nlli""nccs. Thi ~ n'''H ",lh,,1 u"",c h", ,,.,,, ,,noJ fcc.,. we, e "'"""c,\ f ro m hoI h 'h o ,,,,,,,,,,,e
" ,,,I ~~I)(:ndilurc loll ic.. rn' .talc and 10<:1<1 8I"""n n't "l. /ls "Ol ~. Ihc !nclusl on." clldusi"n Qf l he"" II .. ' fn'S
h,," n., d Teet " n lhc flJ;C. 1 deficit r. ~lIrcA f'" ""I ""'ful i,n n';~ r"nll"'u.choMs "t "ny .>thc. gn ltlp I'l't!\i<!nlcoJ in
,his ,III I>C"
AI~IM: .. d,x T~b1~.,.A~. A4, n nd J\ ~ Sh,,,," IhcikduClio" 5 "ffcdc,~1 g'~ nll n .."id and u....... r<>eCXI~c~'d il" 1<"; 'hl<l
]lidded lhe sla ,c" lid l o~" 1 "" I'endil" ", 101.0 1,
n Ihi~ " " . 1)'0;".

r",

rIO""

,0

u,;.:.

""c

"'til

"""<.\ ;

131
S ~':"' I .I.I , n~ro MT

)i0; 1:1:1

~A U, :III"

Appe nd i.'\: 0; Estimating t he Allocation ofGovcrnmcnt

Benefits and Taxes

stimating Go~'ernme n t 8 ene fits

In m(,SI

"a;\t..'II.lh~doll"r~'.o<I

riti r~,\:1

~rnl me"ns-tc~h'd t)i:n<:til~

,ew.....,! by unlawl;,1 in,mi,o!r..nl hi,u..,

"1'''''''(1 in tho: C~I'S"""

h~I~~ 1I.Il<J otn.:, h(lu.."t.olJ.e; ",,,~ c"lim~tcd by (10, dollo, ~<>6t oI .... ndllJo: .~~"r:l:d ""

ilu...,,,usCurrcm P"llul:oli"nSurv~y.
Un<i<o.rr'C'JIOrllng of Benefits . Ooeproblem wilb this "II,1I11<o<:h il; IhAI Ihe (.:I'S undC'tc1,n'l~ ,~dj)1 (If
""""IW'''r''m~''L I.!c"c/lt~_ This nw""s Ihat IhC"!:I!n.'j!l>lc d.~Ia, -".1 "(ben,,nl~ I,,,,, pa'tlcular l'n'llr~I"",
,cpu,led II) Ihe (.: I~ 1;; l\CI)",~lIyk"'~th.n Ibe""L""l pnllrnm ~"lCII" ... lilu.~>".:c".dillj( lugoPlcrr>mCI)' b,,,lgtl
".ydal"
Tn be ccu"'k. any 1i;oc~1 ~n"ly"i, n",,,' :.Jjust rnrlhe undc"eporl.n~""h..'""lil ... This h.s I>cen dune in
I),itlrsludii:.: rur ~umplc.lh" r-;alku,~JII,~ d\Council'~sludy "rlhe fi;:.c~1 CO~ls"fim",I;:"'liun.l'''''N,!w
I\mpri(uf!~. m.u.: D ~imil" r ~ljU~1 "'"I'll
~uch uncl"rr<'I~"1 in,,;."
Th~ "",,"nl "nnlysis 1\,lj"'I~ r", unil"'t~p"rlin~ il'l Ih" (.: I'S "'ilh a ~iml'h' ",,,,hem,,' i,:~1 pm.'~lu." Ihul
irn:'!!a""" """,... 11 ~1)Cndjn~ ul'l Dr' II;'''n Im'l/..am l(J e4uul ""111111 ~1IlI'C)I"I" ~ 11I' (H n,,; lev...t~ ami iMr~"t!~ 1h~
hou ..... "',ld hc""lit. repOrted i" 1I~. CPS rOt cueb cHI<~ry "r """>l'I,,~,I~ in 1m c~,,"I,m'I)("'1 ion .
cxampl".
Ih~ cquulion fnr lawful im miS"",1 houscl>uld! ",nuhl be:
H~ _ 1,.1.1 "xl'endilu'~'11 fl.>. 1""g"Hn, x "'I""led ,n the <.:I'S:
/ .,. ~ "~p"",1 il u,eS for p'''g' an' ~
lawrul j",mig,"nl h,~,>chnld~ ."p",'(.~1 ill Ih~ CPS:
Eo. lul,,1 ""P<>lldfturo;,< for I"tlt/.r"nl" ,"ceQ. d, ng I" Indcl>endcnl hudg"t.rysour~"": ~ ",.1
nu.nbc. ('(I"",rul in,n,lJ!r.nl h''''S1!hI,ld. illi he CPS.
Th(.' .h,(rt:<)fexl'ernlilun:s r(."<:ciwd bY 1"",fullmmlj;'""1 h'I\IR'II\IIM,,~ rCIi;>rl,'il in tbe CI'S '"",Id "4u~J
I:: ,)E,; Ihcactual.:xjlCndft"n~ ~lIocal~d 10 1"",f,,1 immlg,anl hou""'hl~d.< "",(ld b" ""lio'""'d 101"'1".1 (6,/
F:,) lim"" f:... ,,,lIll hc''''''''>j(c bcn~nl jlC. "",,""h6l~
Ihe progr'nl '<,<cll"d by I:,w(,,! imn"#~"l hiltJ""hi~ds w<l\Ild ~4u"l U;,jf:,) lim"" U;.. / II).
Fo, ~xamplc. If Ihe CI'S rcr.."I,d Ih~t I.,wful imn'i~"'nl "',u~ch,~,I~ ,c"civ,'(Il(lI'c,cc"t "f h,d J\l"n11'
I",IId". ~nd Ihe hJ\al eX[lcrn1ilu.c~ un fl~1 ~1"mpS JO<CfI,,'in,>l hI hullloicla,) dul" W"'" $~O l>ill;,ln, I~".rul
,mm ij/r"nl "',,,s,,holdswvuld IloI f'!<lin,ul.,.j 10 " ",,,i,,,, ~~ bill..,n in fOl><l St'm lll",ncr.ls. Jfl"".e w~re 4 mill loIn
I~wfu\ jn'",i)(r~nl hou..,holds. Ihe "IT'''Il'' rooo SIamI' bene!'.1 PC' IHwful huu...,!!()ld w"uld l'<jua' S~ billkln
d"' ldcdhy ~ "'lilion l>ou~h{,ld~.OtS~,("I(l.
Th"""r "!\S"mptil..'n bo:hirllJ thi. "OId. ;nL1",,\ing "'Iju~lmcnl I"' >ccdur~ 1.0; 1h.t ""n_in'",i~",nl.lawf\ll
'mmi!;.ant. n",1 u"bwf,,1 i n'OIi~."nl h(,u~"h,4d~ m"Jcrrclx,,' ,""l:cil'l ({welr",e pml (l1t.cr)((lVc,nmcnll",n
cfils ~l .""~hlyl hc same r.. lc. Fu' c"~mpr". il .ordl'l urroo,l slumr)!: il: ... n""rre(l<~"tffi by 15 jlCrnl i n I he CPS
r'~ lhc(lVl:."III",pul:"""'. Ihe O<Jjuslm"nl\ pt<"'tld",,, """un".,.,h", "ath "fl.hc~"b~"'UI~"r""nrm",iK""'1.
lowful im m i)!r"nl . ~rnl unlnwful io(mig... ", h{,u;;.,hlllds 'nlh,,(;t'S would undcrrcl11ITI foodslRmp 'c~ ipl hy
l~ r~Tecn\.. The awtgc lewl OI[f(lod SIlO"'!, benefit" an"mg e3<.:h ~WUI' "fh"Il'4!h"IJs as ..1>0'1 ....1in th e (;J'S Ii
Ih~n :odjUSIL'il ~nw"'d by 1hi. ralio Ii. Clon'pcn",,," f<lr Ih" undc.n.'I'''rl;n~.''
T"l~ Is~ ~.... nsc.""li", n,un.pt [un wit h f''IIpecIIU unl"",r"I immig!""nl h""SCholds . ine;; Iho"' huuscholds
n(;~hl h:n"l " hild'c. t ~ndcn"Y \u u n~cr" I,,"1 1,,nd;I._. pmliculal Iy if Ihe bend;1 ""S (lhlo illl'tl unl"",fully,
) low,vtr ir.ec I he"" i, n" evid(:,ltc ! oS~i,lSl[h'" u nl"wf,,1 ;nlmi~nlnl h,)Ul;{:holds ull<lcrn'P''''I!<'~'n,"''nl
henefils 10 the <.:~..,.us ",,, ",[e dilT,"",nl (r".n lhal of l h"j.\l:'",r"ll",!,uJal~.n,lhls ["""ed"",,,p!,,,,,,,,. Lt .....
""liII ,os an <",l;mali IlJ( l~chn ktue.
Ed"". l lon .;xp~ndUu .... s. Th. ;l,""m~~ C(1,;1 .'ll'u hli~ educ,,'~'" ..,. vi.. ,..". e:>lrul nt{'d In a .."new" ,,,
difTcl"Cnl n,.nnc, .. ""c Inc CPS ,epII,t>; whd"". ,m (nJivKJual (s cn",IIL'(I in a l)Uhl .. ",-,h'JOI bul,~J\.'" not
""jl\l,1 Ihe ~ U SI of cdu~oli,," .er,;,;x" "rov ide...! ,'" Con"'4uenlly, dalll f,,,m Ihe Ccn,;u~ ~utycY vi" ~ .... nm ~nh
Wt:r~ """d
".IeU!:.I" I he :n..
e,,,,l or pubhr I";n'~ r)' ~n~ "",'Ondary "dUCHI ioo ,,,, , pupil in ""rio 'l,dc."

n,.

1'".

r"r

II,.

rro,,,,

...

'.II

,,"I>"

"

132
T ill: ~' SC"' L cu..--r OV UNI.AW I IJL I ~ t\t m.A"," r;:
ANU A,\tNE..--rY To T il E U.s, TAXI'A nM

I'UI ,il ~1l"nJ"nee dul" "'~re ol>t"in~"Il r""n Ille Oe lvbc, 21)10 CPS. 'rh~ I,>lal ~""".n"'~nl'" "'Ill' "rprim .
'Y "00 ...,~o)j,d ".y "'1I'"Kl lin~
~pch hllu,,,'hOI<l ..... ~R .1I~ n ~s. ;"""ed b~ multi,llyl n,>: Ih" numt"" "I' ~n ,,,lied
pupUs inl h, ht!us"h<,>ldby lh t "venl,:t-eOO-III~rl'ullil in ""'sl"lcwh~r el h ~ h"" .... hold residt.,;, "h;~ P "'N.'tI ur ~
y idd .."Il''lIlin,al''lI"rIH':o I,Julllk p.in",.}' .1Id sce,,,,,lu,},nl,,,,,,'ion c,,,,L_ r", ,wnin"" ig'."nl and in""i,>:""'"
Iwu~e h{d tl. in each ,kmO)( .... phic g'uup in 1he t:1'S ~"d 1\" Ih~ whol~ CI'S pOpulI";,,n,
ruJ;1~"rpuhlk I"""s,,",,unda.y ,'tlue,ti"n 1"-" I'upil w"": de",,I"l/('d in (he"",me nl"nn"._ Tn det",
mine Ihe "lQ("''l;n\c ~ublic C<J!;t ',(I',dllir 1""" ' Ik.~':(l n'I".y "du.:ul i"n, "HI"il i" n Ilay menl S were d<!duch,d rrOm
Ihe ~t"l ~ ~n~ IOX"A I \OX 1'e n~ilure Ivlals. 1'0;; U'~'lI 110 eol k~ "ttel>ll""~1> WC' t: t. k~" rrom ,11 " Mo"t> ~Oll (,; I-S
MedkA"" Expe"dltu...,8_ Th"r~ is rollcn ."nfus",n "'''''''"''''''''j( Ih~ cH icu l.""" "f Ihe '-'lSI ~1."Il,"",~
~n~til~ by th~C~n~ .. ~. "l'1I"C~n~u. nJake' no clli)rl hl "eI ~'nlin e Ih" ~fnfl .of m"Jil:. llr(,"tnlenl<givcn 10"
1,'01 kul.r ,,,,,''',,,, I "'Icud. " ca IL-ul"e!' I i'>u . ,'Cra~", "''0'1or Medicatu bc,,,,flu [Ie, " ,ci l"e'" and ":<sign' Ibl
CV);llul"1>Ch
in IhcCP:' ", hll ,cl''''' ~ M~,l i,",c"n",lImcnl.
The ( utren! "n"I)'l>l~ ~IIOl""I<'<l Medk. '" !II",,,d 'n~ amo",>: l>ou,:ch"'ds I>tc<J<'tI ,,~ I" Ih e ~1I" ,e "r MI-di".,c
~I>"nding "o;,;41ncd 10 Ihe """,. ,h"ld ,n Ill'" Cl'S , The HnaLy:o;i. ~djulnl i;>r undcrrcl'll ,t.inlf"r M.'\I;':,,,1'. w,lh
Iher.;omc l>. oc~ Ju,,'lI u ~(\ r",nlhe'd irerl be ncliu ,
Medicaid t:,,: ,>endi!"Te6. ,,~ w]lh l\1<'<l ",lI'e. (he Cen.<u" m"kcs n., en"" ,,, ' c,<:"rd Ihl! <'US.,. "r ~I"'l"ific
m,,<I ;':. llre;,lnH"nISJ(;""' n I "~ puMi!:ul"'I"",;"n un,I,,, Ih" Mcd~~ .',l pn'll",nl, 1"~I",,,I, ,1 CD I~uMl"' lh,> "V! . ...
".ow (0:\1 uf M cllw.-~id be,,,,,r,.,. I'''' I'""'''n
J'~ rlkul,,,' dCflIOgr"llIlli;IlJcncr.c(",y gwup_Fur ".;(~ ~Wlc. J~'
e~p,'" M ~,I","" I """,. fll' oh ,M.cn ~,e ve,y dare,"" ,,1 rn,m (I"",,, f", Ih" "Idefly, "hc C. nsu~ '''''is ns I h, ~PI1,n
l"l n"'~' ""pilB M<-,lic~ ,d CO"" I" ellcl. individu:ol whu tel/ntIS "o",mg<: In Ih <,;CI'$ ocrord,ng 10 Ihe Indlvidu"I'~ """"rod",)' d""*f,,, e.1tU II',~~. c:I~'~.I)_ ch ilJ'cII. ,wn-clder l)' 3hlcI'lJdil'lj "dults. " nd cl",,,blcd "dull~_"
tn lhe . n"ly~i~. .\Irdit~',1 ~",,",!in~ "''''' divi,IcJ i"t" 'hrc~ ~~ I~~ln"~: Mellie"'d tlO!lI" r'l~ ro. I",,!'!ms in Ih ~
~ n ."'1 p'X,u lal ion, M."licuid ",... ndln8on cldc 'ly ~ nd non-c lde:rl}' pi:r .. ,,,,, ,n nur~in~ h Q mt~~nd Olh ~, I"n!(I.r.'n> eMe r"eililks. ,,,.<1 (li"l>rol~"[["""'c .h .. " n...;pil.,1 (IlS II) ,".)'mcnL~,

f",

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Benefits " " ,ong J>en ons In t .... Gl'neul POI)u lat ion. 1),>1. frO<l1 Ih~ Me-.lie.11l Sluti~IK:a1
5y"le", (M SI S) ""'''' usell to dete,m; "" "AA"-~"lol Medic:"J eKf!1lnd ,IU "," amnn,>: Ihe ~ nc",1
Mn-,n'lilulkmlll i~t>(\ I' up ul"tion ror Ih~ 1\,IIowi n~ f<"'i~knl clO\c~o'le~, Ih, elJ,-.Ly: oon-l'lJetly d i."llk'<l
adul\1l; n,,,,-disoblnl. nonelderly adul, ,,, "nil )'<.1ulh und". U:I_ Th" ~tl'l!nl" l!X l >c"dit..,'"" 1\.. coch t~,""ir>i
enl eal('I!u , y w ~ , c then .Ilncalcd umMg h"ul'ChoIJs...::",,,;Jill.ll:c;..:h h (,,,s.'h,\I,r~ "1 Hlrh, \ sh "", uF l hc " ,I~,,""I \~ncfiI5 in lh~t:I'S .
M~dica i<1

Inr".ma(~,,,

Medlc" id 8en~Hu Amnng Elderly P~rson ' In Nu,.,ln!: 1I 0m~s . nd Ol her Long t t r m e ...,.
F.. cl l itl~s." MSIS <J~I~ " nd .>the. ~" .. ""U'CcS WOW """,Il~ <J<'I .. 'n'i nclh~ "J(g,C~"'C M ~<.Hc"id I'p ending
~if\\: 10 .. "icily 1'~t"''''S ill """,in.o( hll me~." Th""" ~1"1~,,,id [n~liluli"",1 C~p.-: I1<1iluri:S ,.ere lhen ~1I,'
C"kd ~mo ~~ ~'.o(hl
J cml))l"'l>h l,: ~"'Ul"" non-l nlnliJIronl hou""hoIJ. h""d('<\ by 'ndi,,;du"l~ Wllh "ul" h ~h srh,~,1 dipl,ma" " .. n-imm 'gr;'nl h"u""IMJld~ h"",IeJ !l)' hi~h ""h,",1 1lo-.ldu"I,.... !l<I"'immi)(ro,,1
1l0U~hblds hc/ldc'tll')' I""suns with "''''e lOU,SC. n ~nl !II n' ism,,( huu",",h"ld" hcwd,'tl by cOIl"j)(! g,"<luRld.
;n'''''gr~n' hO\l~ch"ld~ h,,"ded hy ind''''d""l s Wilh",,( ~ lIi~h5Ch<.><~ dil'l"",,,. ,n,nligranl h"w;.,h"lds he",l
..~I by high >'I' hi. ,1 gradun"'. im m i~,"nl h",,~ hllIJ" h~",lcd hy pc, ..'m s wil II .. ,n", C"lll'l!~ . .. "" in,nl ig".,,1
hou""hold~ hc ~d oo b)' roI l.. ~~ ,>:r,odu,l .. s.

"'''i'''

Th" ~h a ,,' of M~<lk"id ~1""nd;fIJ! un Ihe dd~' I}' In iI~liIUli()"" wos ,, ~umcd IQC'IU " llh ~ ~h "rc of M"<l kAId
'I'cnd inj( ,, " lhu eI,!o.ly in the ",'o-i n.l it uli" nal 1 ~ 'l'ul",jon f<lt eaeh "r [he ~i~h' Kn lU,lS 1'hu " ""Iy_<bl
USl'ullli,d Ihcrc ..... c'~ n"d,lc,lyunl"", rlll i"'"' '<tra n!.>! "",dVHl)IMcdkaid in n",.'''~h'''m1<,

Med ica id Oenelito Amonr Non -c tlkrty Oi ./lbted Adult s In Nu ,."lng 11 0006 Mnd Other I",nl/- ter m
Cart' PAd l itle~_ MSIS d"I" w".~ u..<;('J,n dd crm;n~ "J\)!"'lI"'" M,-d;e"ill sJ)CnJi"~ ,," RI,n-dJc'ly di"~!IIl'<l
I"""""" in nU l$ing 1I0n'L"; ,,"d "lhm' long.letm ~,,,e i"."[u' ;"",,. Th' I ,., ndi,,~ was I hen ,,1I'J<:"I~d "mon~
I he p.ighl m"jot (k"'Oj;ml>hi<: gmups u, ; in~ lhe: jl> nl~ JI,\>tNlu, c~ O"llio~ d in t he I>' (')('e,<!ing "'-'<'.1",n. (Th ...

133
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S"me l,n.n'S>< w". 'hen "I'I'I~dt" n,) "-~,",,hl cd n"n_"IIk.t} ,,.Jull. and pc"",,,,,,, under ,~c IH, ~llhVURh
(hc'~ n, ~ , elntivt:ly rew H.ch I"'''''' n~ in l(>n~-tL'Tn' c~ 'c ) Crilic~II)', Ihc' Qn"iy,:,is assumtotJ Ihe,,, "'~,c ""
unlnwrul immigrnnl!l ,>f" nyt yp.: '~Ivill~ Mcdi""iJ in nun,ingh,m,",.
Medicaid

Di,pI'OPill'tlollal~

;nAI'I'.",d; ~

Share

no~plt..1(nSlJ)

Spend ing_ Allpe"lion ofthl$ ~p"ndilll! ;,.. di",u<.>totJ

Ot""'r Mu ns -Tested Aid.. AUnll<'tilC'r, tbe fcUe ..... 1go\"'rom~Jlt <lJleial<$ u\'O;, KO dUfe'n'nt mean,: -t.,,;I""
,. id 1,., '!C ran' ~. 'rllt: C lOS "(>11\ "in. d,,\~ I>n IIOu""hold uI,1 i...llun pi' II "f lhtl l"~l-.;I pro '!l '" nl<, "'hK'h l."""r <):,
l)creenl or 0....,,,,11 m"""s-ll'l'tcd "I)cndin~' , bul IlrQvidcS no d"la On Ihe $molitr Im.gntm~ ,
All' >(Bli"" "fb<:ncflll' ("'nllhe rcn,aini ng nlea lt!l_I""\c'tl I'''>gr''n,~ w'c' <'IIIi'",,'ed I" 'h~ (',Il<)wins: n, . n "Cl ,
1';",1. lilt: sho,e uf '~'PtI'ted Itllnl ~r"'ndi,,-,( f(lf Ihe II ~."aM-t ..-,.t,,~ I"'''''''~'s a"',,",c,1 hy lilt: CI'S lh.l ~"" I"
"nl:",.r01 in>m ~,."1 h""!U1h<Jlds w"~ dele '", ;n~d, ~ nd, Ih,"" hDU,;o>holds ""'" uosumed 1\1 , <cive u ,;I!are
0( the n"". ns-l ... t~~1
fron. Ihe ,cn",;ning un '~l'o'lcd [In'~ .... '''s ,,,,,,,,1 II> Ihei ' sh",~ or ~II cxI",,,,Ji_
lures on (lw rcp,)rled mc,,,,~ - tc;:t,,'<1 p"'lj:tam~ in Ih" C; .~ ,
Affunl .. ble Ca re Aet/Obllm~"a",_ Thc "n,dy~" ,,,,t imotl!d Ih e h<:ncr,l~ 1h.t "'0>,,1,1 be I"""ided r",m lhe
Alr""lnhle Cn", ACI ,h"i"" h" f,,11 'mplemental i"n phu""""ra",,,,,.,,ty, Sim'e Ih,' ACA ~"I>llhlid ~ ..: nM ~ "r
""[lily ~\I'.. lh,bl,, 11>1:"" rrOSI)<.~'li"" bc""fil" had 10 be ~~ ltulat"1I ~ ntI intllUh:<J ]0 Ilou,;t holds Iholl""k mcd ic~1
;,~.ur:.n"", TI", AU w;11 provide p.en, "' '" ~,,""idit~ "1111t<>sl-.hal 'n~ ~"I>:<i~k" 'hrDu~h hc.lI II
c~< h",,)(
..." to hvu,;eh<Jld, wJt h I"",mes betw ..",n 1:\8 rcrrenl'ItId 4\1" I",rf\:nl of pnvcrly_ I!ou,;eholds witl! incu n,U
""I w" e n I ~H I",. cent vf !'nvcrly. "II IOQ 1~"Cenl ,. r I~"'erl)' may eilhe' l"rlidpalc i ll Iheex,'h"~ "r rc-':~;"<'

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T~ ~nalY"is u~d Ihe formul ...< In Iho< I~w 10) ,'okuM e. I" ~m'Um ~nd cto<t -~h~ ri<u: ~Ulli:1di,,,, for each unln "",,,d h""",,hold , Tilt: l(crit,W' a"al}'!lis w..-olt..,.i"nNllu n,;old, "osl c,;timaIGl',,,,,,,l,'tl hy l he C"n~'1"""lon,,1
Ill>ll~t om"" (COO) for ~OI 7," 'fhe CIJO p rcotJicb; Ihot :~1 mill ion I"''''''''' "'ill ''''\!t:NC ~ilhcr hcalll! ~Ich:",g.:
sub$i,lics \1, ~ I"n<lcd M,'d'~3il'
Ihe Air"'tMlIc" C. .... Act 'n :!OI7, All oflh",;c woukJ be lawful "-,,,odcn!<. Til llc'riwj(C Founda[ion "nal}",;s ,,101) <o<'-"""ll"5 II"'1 :1:1 m,lliun I.wrul rcs.odcnts wlluld rc~i""
ACA I",nellt;:. In Xi17. AI",ut 40 Jl<!rC('nl of I,)\~I U.s, )ccil'iclltS (l( ACA hcncf,t~ W(l"ld n".1idpHt~ ,<I cl p"ndI.>d
.\1LotJie~"', ,,,,d (j() I",,,..,nt ",.. ul<l ' c(dl't' U~h'''1!I<' ~ul",iUi,...."
In fl(ldil ~"'. if "",,,,,'Sty ,,',' .,' ~",oel<:<J " an .. MiUon"l !'i.:\ mill"1n ulIl~",rul I",mi~rdnts \>'Ouhl cnr~1I in
lllJamaca,~: urtl"'~, .. ,~ n,Hli"" ,,"ooJ<.I n'sld~ In unlawful I"'ml~ra,,( ~I!olds, AUo!!"th," 5,.. ",ill","
In~iyidual~ ,~.jdl",I(;" (Ulmer unl :.wr,,1 ""mi,l('""( hou""hold.Wfluld "--.:e",,, tK:""r,lJir,onl ACA dumll! Ih,
full "m nc:ll~ l)crifJo.l, 1.1 n,llI iOn (0/' , hl>jc w l\lild be 11.S.-oorn Chil,1 'en of unlawfullmn, ~m nll,a.cnb,"
Atc"'u 'n~ to) thc lt~rilagc . 'vuntlali<ln ",,'\1<:1 "fthcACA. I",' n,iun, "nil c'>!'l -~h"r;n~~<ilil'kli~ 1'''' ennoll_
'''' wlluld he $';,('<)5 ill :.'0)(" Th~ Ct:lO cst
i~ i SSiCI 1'1:' cn,iIIlc,, ;n ~fl 1 7, Th,' C,,;;l or new cn"~!""~ in
~le~ic~l(I Was ...'1 al Ih," "'"I!'u!!" ",,'(Iic~'K1 (11..1 IICr bcn~flc!"ry rDr ~ach dl~il1l l ilY 11'0"" in !linn. I'(lrn>~'
u nl"wrul in,n,i",,,nls wc,~ """u m<'tl I" h" "" Mcd ,eHid C. [leM""~ I'I:r bcndk;;o ,y .1 ~!; [>IIr<:enl ,'f ",,,,,,"I ""~t".
Cri"'i nAI Jullie," Expeudil u ....~, ~:l ""nditu rc" for [lOlic~. tt"I'\.'l:t lun~, "n~ 1he courl' cu n lit " IIOC"(cd
i" I W\l "'10)0'11. Fi.~1. they C" n boo all";;lI\ed '" '1.:<) ,1), '\$1 11 Ihe rlu",iJc,r l)f 1"""""8 prol e<:lc,j f",,,, ",in,;n31 ~<1 ,vity,
hUl ""lui,e l'''II'''' ''''rvic~FI'' [l'''''~'
the
The cllle, ly, f'lrt".nll'lc.cnmmil vc,yliltl~
cri mi nal ..... livlly uf()(l!e,s, In KC"Cr:.l, th<oro.t of I)<~ It<' pn,'lcCliOll will CX I",,"d in P'IlP.." Hon t\1 increuses in
II,c numbe, ,>f lle, ...",st> I'1I ' ""'I~~, Vicwe~ in t h"lli~hl. Ihem.1 (>fcr imin,,1 juslice r" uld I", "lIucalcd ...... "nly
011 " 1K\r ""pil" ,)r 1'1:' I"",,'~h old 1l,,,,iS
Aitcrn,d,,,,,ly, tI'e <,,,,Is "f Il<)t;.;c 1'r<.ll~: t~m ,..,uld I", "1I,,,,,,[od a"' ... n~ ~ ,,, ulll5 ~""",.dit~ III Illd. c"n'I""'t i,,,, llI re.t "r " rimln,,) actIVit)', Tllis ....-.: n's , e" ... n"bl~ bee"u"" IltOUpS lh"l h""" h;Il" Ic'c!s (If erin, i".1 ,ottl,..
it y <",.".e oll><.'r mC0I11'<:" ,,\, I~ c""'">lmit y to dcn'~n~1 hi,<lher k""ls ofc~l"'ndil u", to pwt ,-cllhcm..,J ...."
Vicwl'tl in this lishl. crin, in,,1 jll.tic''' cusl.ll could be ",I"ellled nm"lIJI ~"'lUp~ :1C<'''r~ i"!t t" th~ !'C1.li." nu",ber 01' trl min"1 "[fen",-,,, C<ln' n, itted, l'he Cur",,,1 ~n"ly,,15 hDS folIQw~~ I hc fQ. m~r ~11J"n"ch, ~.I", in31 Ju.t iw
l""ls WeW al'JlOrl Kmed on a J"'Ttupil' Ix,,;i,;.

covc"'\IlC "n"",

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134
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rs

~'nl<J m;":ht ,~,jcLi In ,hi~ 1"'0<:,-'<.10'" llI",ao>'C Ihey l>el ic,~ Uh,.",ful ;n,m'gr:,nll< h,,,.., II)'" ""I"" "r ~rin,j nal
IIoCl ivil)" The "uc~""n Ih." "r;",,~whClh~r uhl ~w rullmmi):,anl~ ha",,3hrnl,molly high In'" '.lc~ur Ct 'n"
M l ndi"II)'.
Inrn."",' '''n un Ihi. I'",nl .. ,,,,,I1;(,,lc f,,,n, Ihe SI,,'e C"m,nal Ali"n A""i'l"n,'c I', u~t""' (SCAAI'), ",I'kh
provides fedcn,j relmh .. r~cn","1 lu "Ime. nill'/Cli l gI)Vern",cnls fu, I he t"!\l~ of in ..,,, cc, ,,lit\8 unl~"'ful .I", ns
In .t"II' "nd l"c,,1 j"il~, Wh Ile un"''''ful i'nm igr"nl~ Of<! ICS$ Ih!>,, " I",'cenl nf l he liS. 1~,puJaII"h. SCAAI'
,lola shu", Ih"l 5 " ..'tCc nl 'nmal,"" In ~1"l.c prl!!o"n5 .",1 (, Il\'.tcnl "I' In "",II'!! In 1i\C~1 ioils a,,,- unl.wful im
~r:o nl&.. Stale ~,O" lveal gOV(:rnn,en" .. t~ I)'. if en.,., lroe ..... e .."'" im!h iJ;r<>nL~ n",,,,ly [VI ~i"h)\jo n of U.s. 1m mi
~,.Ii<Jn 10,,,,: '""I~"d, unlawful inlm lotn,,,"~ M'~ '''"'''<'t:",'~d f(}, sl" "dnrd crlmi",,1 utr~""", s,,"h as ,,,;;;:,u ll.
' /Ibl,.,,),. btl 'l/htty, hOrn kiUc. "nd d,ug C" In~","
The SCI\AI'd"'3 i"die"1e
unlawful alie"" ""Iy ~"mmil di'I""p,,'Ii<mnldy hlghe. le'-cls " rCt ,me in
IhI: U.S. The pn:".,nl Bn.ly!;i.,< I'Y,1m'"I"'".,Iiwly ,.,.1 in,"I'o.<: I h~ <Ti mln"II"~lic" ,,,.I ~o( II nlawful immill ... nl
hou.;;,holds 10 lie P' ''I'MI km"l~ 10 Ihei r ~h"", 1,( the 1IOIlUM ~'n in Ih ~ U.s. IJ['11b~bl)' un!k<esl inlBI ,-"" II><' OClu
nl c .. mln:ol jusl""': "",lio of unl~wful ' mmigr..! ;"n,
1'(}l'ulatlo rt-Bued Senoin'$. WM't'VCI IlO;<$lble, I he ~n"l~sis nl)"taleillhc COSI ()f IlOpul<lli()nb">i!d ""t
vic,,,, "n"'n~ ho"sch"W~ in 1""lw. tiun I.. th~" "". 'n'Ntl'<.l ut ili""I OQn of I hoi<: ""..... ,et'$. which W3~ c~kul"l.
c;1 f".", (lIdr share "f cxrcnllilu"", fu. t h~ "" rv'~e in Ihe (; I'S."'"
e.n n,"lc. u!'<: ',fhi~h ....Y1' "nd ,,)"d5
WaS "11,o("lo::d un,,,,,g hou"-'h"l(l~ In ,""11<,.,-1;"" h> Ih\'i' ~h"reof ~;".~ i nC".~i,.,nditu,,s ,c PO'I~d in IheCE)L
A,r!>", I, puhl i(, I
;I1Id elr<:1 ,ic """"iteo we,c ~ 1I 01'"1 "" ,n l"fIIM,,1I"to 1(1 CXIJclldilu, l"1\ On Ih''''''
ileOls in I h"CEX: In Ih.!M! tl~""" Iho ~uh!<idi,e<lI>"'1 io n oHM .~rvi<~ "". ~s.um~d I" "" p((ljl(Jrliu n:ol e I ~ Ih ~
fCC!' paid ror !he Ie' "k~.
The p"~d"",,, u",",,1I" ""OIhi"" CEX ,."d C I'S Ih'la or" 11" u!<;.:1I untlc. ,;nlcSI"X~S. hd"",. Whe" un ~"',.
mote <If 1'1"1IP(l' 1iMal e ul ilizatlon Wa" not MMlbl~. 1he CO!lI of l>QilUl"lk>nII~""d ~rvil:<'" W"s,l,"'Mn>II~ Bllo
e"lcd "n ~ unlf",m I"" ~"'lil" h ;".
Gen...",1 G,,,, ~,.nlU" nI /Ad llli .. L. lra tl \"t' SUllJHjrl ~' un e llon a l Ih ~ " 00..,.,,11.<',.,,1. Thi. c "IL'gO ,)'~~, n'
,;':1. ,of ~dmlnislrallw "",vin", In support "f (llher IIl'""",n)(',,1 fund ions. II Inc)u,k,s I"~ und r~"'""nu,' ('01
Iceti,,,, , hud~dill~. l...nl "'1 .dmin,"' ml")n. ,,,,d 1'' g i.taU"" fUIICIW",". Too all:ol)"" r"il6Wol d 'he N"II"""I
lIeI'C,"th CilUr>eil'$ f,,,mcwurk in I . c.'tin.~ Ihl~ ~"';I. M ll,iv"lc. l'<,pul;,l io nhn.o:.:d ""rvicc$ l h;,\ ;:Iwuld ",.
;'lC'llIn,'d 10 h<' us'""'''ld''' ...
n,'
AII'IC~I ,un "l'llmt",IS olf ""nc,~II((wcrn"'cnl "c ,vi,,:$. Such"~ I .. x c(IJ lcClion . I'rL-s.'nl~ dillk "II"-'"
vne "11'1)<:"'. 10 benef,1 dj'C~II}' fflO", 11lIJ<;(' services. 10.1" ,;1 laKI''')"'''~ WOuld ~"rtIIIlS cnUectlo " :o<.1 Ivilic~ ~s
:0 hurden. tout ~ bencfll , 110,",,"" . wh ilc )(O",,,,,,,"nl ...tllli,. 'SI ,ai,,,, f u
pc,~,' do "<11 bendil Ihe llUblk.
IIwy d,) pnn'id" a nec:t\<"" ')' roun,lalion tMa\ makl'" oil ,~~, g""" nnlCnl benefil ~nd ..,rvke pt(lgnom. 1M"'.
~;ble. A hnuJ;<:b"kllhal ,ccciVt:" r,,,,~ ~tam pl,.,,,,,fots. f'If c~aml'lc. C'Iuld nul fl",d ", Ihnse bt'r.t:f,1.>; unle>lS Ihe
IliS h,,<l c(.lk'CIC'! Ihe Inx .~V(' nue\(-, f",," Ihe pn 'l! ... n, In Ihe Ii'SI pln<:~.
Since lhe pur"""", I'f Ihe ""min ;~I"'1 i,... ""II,M'" rUMtil'''-~ ro 10 ~u~I~ln Olh", go,'or nmcnl Ilr<ll;ru m~.
'he "",I. :Im,,,;"' "d;ve sc,v;""t we,,, allllc'.I~'" ,",c<"din~ I" 1h,' 'hare "f """r:.11 redc,'al ilif~"-1 bc""t\I"
m c~ "~ I">it cd b,,,,cllI., educnlion. and I",pul:ol iGnb.",d ~rvil:<'~ n.:cd ""d by" l",~s<:h(lld .
lIy roniTIlst., ndminl'lr""li""~I>SIS In ~UII[l<'tI o(po'e I,uhli" goods "'ere "QI _i~ned I" hou5<'h"ld5. In FY
~OI O. ,;I1 m.::!.7 p"n'c"~,,fl<~"' r~'(\e,,,1 s[M::ndinJ( wa~ all"c~tcd I" pu", publ k 11'",<1 fundi"n., Thc,cf"",.lh"
n"ll"Ii~ ~urn"d Ih'" ~1 11~'c~nl of f<'llerul KC"",ul K()VIII nmenl and adrn inisl,oll"" ~ul")Url sl)I.'ndlng ~UII
1""led pure puhlk !I'>"d runclio'L~. Th""" <'O'IJiw",c~xd"dcd f,,,m Ihc (;"".1 ''''''ly.i~. A fu'lher~
of
!tiln,1 "isl"ll Iv. <!<"'I~ w.-..'" "ssun'~ 10 ' ''' rJ)O.d (""t>; 1hut ""mild nol C~ I)M rnl 0, ~unt,att I" 1~"IM\n~ 10 ( h,! h~"'~
in th e I"'pul.ti"" JIL"t"'''': I r..'l!(: ~ "sls w~,.., nul ~""iKn"d I" ",,,,,,,, h,,ld.
GencMlI (;o,'c rlun" n lj A<lrn; n;stnl h e SU!>llO rt ""nct,,,,,,; . II M Sta le a nd l.oca l l.e,ct.,. Tho",' func
110"" i""lud,,'uX ~ n" ,ev;!nue cl'llcclion . l>ud~tin~. cenl ",I :odnlln",lrul Hm, Im. 1 fu"d aoo lol lery :lOll"",
, mlio". ,,,,d lcltis",li"" r" IIdiu" . Like fL"tle,al "" m;"'sl ml,ve <'0,1.>;, IhL'SC ",L, we'e ~lI""aIL'<l ,,",,,,,rd,nll lu
Ihe 01> .. ,, of ll\'\lr\1 11 ~Iul~ lind 1i"K'" j Ui l<'l1 btnc,fllS. m~"n~ksleU bellefils, ~d""~liQn. "nd lIupu!~ti"n-./r..,;(.'II
""rvkl'lf "-,,,c,VI'd by" huusehold , Fiv;, (l,,,,,,"nl oC u""'all "dn,illiS!rai iw COO lS ,,'I'm ;' '''Unlc'll lu h" r.~L'<I; I h"""
eMI. "I,)nj(wi! h sup(lolrl r\J""l ion~ f,\t "ul~it I/I~~ts .::rv",..... we,e nal alhlCalc,II., h.",,,,,holds.

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~'l n anch.L Ob LIgation! n eLating to P,ut Cm'<'-rnme nl Activities . Y<'''rby}''''',tnr"u~lI"uLm'>!'1 "(In"

II<ISI -Wu,ld \\1M II p,:ri,ld. 11.S.la~I)IIyC's have n, ,1 paid r,), Ih~ run ro~1 "f1l\m(:r'l~ an,1 ""rv~c~I)'Ov~1c1i by
ltllY\lrnlnenl, ,\ porl~'" "hnnual c''''b i. p ......'d Ullio fulur~ye",s IlIrou,.:h b"rr(JWl~ and Ih 'OU~h Ihe rcliJ'le'
mcnl ,"'.!>! u((Ol'lntr.:oWl:rn "'cntcmpl"ycl"l'. Currenl i"I"..,.1 paynIC'nL."n ~nvc""nc"l debl am Ihe"'(o .....
fl~ed by ~go"'" nmc"III\Ir,,>wi"J;; CUI ',;01 \w",.nm;ml ~n1pl u)'l'" .eli.cmenl CMts ale I><,,,,d ,In p"st hirl n,.:.
An ,mm ig:ro"I'~cnlty inl" Ih .. 11$. d~~ "01 C:'O"" Ihe..., l'ayn1l'n\llIO ,n~rC~!I<!. ~\lrthul 'cMun.lhuyh,,,,,,
oon cxdu,kd f'um lilt' lillCol "nuly~is rn."",nlc,j in Ihi~ P"PI!', "hi. i~l'<Insi~lcnl "'ith mclhfKIScml~(l)'c,1 hy
tl>cN<>Ii"ru,J [(,~<,~n;h Coo.,.;jl on Thc.N("'A/tH'Tir~/llJ.""
Pu r e Public GoQ<U. "w.nmcnl pun' publi"g<~KI< ;ndudc""I"'''d;lu,~" nn d~fcl""'. Vlic.",,>!. ;nle.n.
U()n~1 "fT"irlt nnJ ..cicnllflc r<."SC",~h ~ntllh't\."f ~!l<:ndi"K on Ih\'. cny;mnnwnl. "" well o. deht '.tJIj!l"tlon~
,"MinK I<11'aI'! 11Ublic !,\I!<'~ ~I'cndln~. A" ;",,,,ill.,,nl); "nlry inl" Ihe U$. d,",,, nol incr~""" Ih,,,,~ <""'I.< '"
<llmin ish Ih~ Uillily fir IJUhl i< ,;It!>ti.' ~pcmlln)( r.... ,>the. 1"~jlllY""", ih.:n:f,,,,,. Ih"",: tt,,;l~ h ...", ht.~n ~""lud~J
fron' Ihr Il,cal "n~I)"SL~ in I hi>; l'"llcr. Tlli>' is ,'o""i$l~nl will> "'.Ihod~ cmpluy<'<.I hy Ihe N"l lona l ll,,,,,,,,,ch
Cf,undl In 'rh,' "'~W AI1I'-"'''''"......
~:slin"'ting

the Ilistribution DfTnxes

Til" disl,ihuf.'n ur h:&",,1 and StJlI~ i ncu",, t~x(.-j< w,,~ ~alc"I"I,,'1 fn)m CPS dala . rho: t""sus l",p"le~
i nto"'~ I~X p")' m~nlS

inlO I/mCI'S bosed on a h".."""old's im'om" ~~ tll!n1())lr"l)hkch"r"(ldi~licI! oOOlhc

("!letal KOO ~1"le lItx rule., 11 "w.""r.i nee inL"{Im" 1. ululc,n:p",led in Ihe CI'S. i"'llUl~d I~x<."
will ~IS<I II< I()<I low. ThuS. Ih~ I"'I'ul<'d I'll: I~'mcnts Inlhe tl'$ Wc"f(' ,ulj"~lcd t tl cqu"11 he ~jIgI'l.')I:tlc i"COM"
I"" ,~...,nu~. 'cpu'led ;11 g"""nmeTlI budl/Cl:"y ctoxu "''''11\0. FL-d~'al '''''''''Ue ,nt "l. Wert' laken f, um /Iud!/(!
Ilftl,p "";1.'" Slul.... C"W-r"mcYlI. Fiscal Yo"",:!tll" ILnulyliral f\""In'rl;l'{w. SI~le ~nd I"ulln und ,c",nu,,,"""
"",r~ laken fWM lilt' U.S. t.:fMU~ ~"r....,y ,>'f JWVt'rnn'""I~.
The P' bc~'<Iur~..
"djusl in~ (," Ihe u"de epo,1 ing o(inrnme laxc'S were Ihe ."me:lS Ih""" uscd.tn "dju,1
f<lr unJcr. ep<"tlngu(cxpcndllur"". I'u' \,..n,,,lc.
I.wful in, n.lgn,nt lu)u..,I>r,ld.' f"doln.1 incon", lax p"y.
"'"nl . let:
1", " IOI"llnc"mc '~x '"1",rlcd in IheD'S:
T,~ h~~l inc,)"", tl,~fQr I"wful i",migranl hnu""huld" feJ)of ' <~lln Ihd: I '~:
r 1"..,1;ru;nn," lb ......,"'dlllg lu indl"j(lCru!cnl t>udj(elory s"urce~: and
11,3 n"",II\:.,o(law(\11 ,,,,m i.llrunl.h",,sdlOlil.in Ihe (;I'S.
Th~ ,;ha,,, o( lal(t'l' paid by I:>w(ul in,n,[gr4nl h\)usd wlds as rcpor"' ~ in Ule CI-:; would C<IU~I T, /T~ Ihe
""I u,,1 co""nd itllreo a!ll><~lcd to I""fuli", nligra,,1 huo""hulJs ",,,,Id II<- ".1, ",,,lcd I" ""u;ol (7",!T,) I;mes T,)
Q nd Ih.".".,,"g" pai,I]",. I,,,,,ful 1m m Ig"'''1 hous.:h(dd WOuld c-!tuAI (r,/i,) I lm~.,. (1'/ 1/),
~I~I" inCI'""C b...,<1' """ c "djuslo:tI nor u:ndcrrcp",!inll ~~"n)ing h,I the ~."'~ f".n,ul ...
FI CA TaKes. Entplo}"~c~ we,, ~""omo cil" pay 11<'lh I hc "Cnlpl"JC"" "I'd "c",,,lo)'c," ~h~rc (Jf 1,'ICA laXt:~,
AII()I;IlliO" I,f"F ICA 1.)(\.,. w,,~ <'f;lim"I,-tl b,.,scd 0" II", dl~I'ih"t1"" '"!,urlcd in lheCI'S. ndjo"cd fu r undcrre
p",l;nl: In the n",n ncr de!\C, ib<.'ll
I'.." .. (". "",,,nplojln,cnl i "'''' ""ce ~"d w".~cr"' ellml",,,,,,.I",n wc.c
.s""mcd to Ill: burn" f uJlybylho:wo. Iw. nnd we.e "llo..... lcd :o,:(",ding h) Ihcdishibut1un (.fe.rnin!l" In Ih"
CI'S. 1'10\ 1o~"", "'ere I>!1juslcd I" c'lu~ 1 the actual I ~ X 1,,1 ,I. f"'m bO~l/CI"ry "'U'","$ wil h Ih~ I'On,,, mell>od.
cmpl"ycdfn, Ir>eu"," IUd.
Corpll~~le ProfiIJ Tax. The inck\cMC I)ffcdol ... l alul~I.le corporal,' f'",r.I~ I. ~ wus u.s"m~d 10 fall ro{,
perc... ,,1 "n ...mkcJ"lI and ,-;(l ll,,,"e,,1 u" " ... ncrs ofc:tpilul. The wo,ke.s ",,:o,c wa~ "u,,,,,,tNi ""~.,,di"ll i n Ihe
dislrihulion I>fcRrnings In Ihe CPS, Ihe OWIll"~'
Wit>; "lIocnt<.tJ Rn,on~ ""u""h'~'L. "tcord;n~ \0) CtII<:h
h"",:.cIlt,ld'. ClIt in',,\L~1 sh"'" ,,( f,n" n"",1 """<'1$
S. I~ . a ,ul E><eise Tall"', 'l"h" .. , lax~ re a~,,,,,,,,,! I" tIl' 1',,;11 ~nlircly hyenn.ume,s.1'I". ~ha!(\ paid I>y
",och h"" .. h(~d W,"" ~:<su",C<.1 til h<: ntOilUllit'"a\"loIIS .h,n' "fthe l'()n~" ml>lion "f Wl(jd~ ~nd ""rvir~.
III '"
t" ~.tin'"k ~.","um"l" 'n. I he ,,,,,,Iy"," combi""d CPS inl"m" d,,,,, wilh cun.un'!,i.",n dula r""n
Ihe CQ,,~",cr Exp.,ndiluw SUI""y I" Ih,' f\)lIuwlng
FirS!, forclII:h of Ih~ ll>u< ",.in Ocmngn'phlc
~,uul'~ In Ih e8n"I}''''~ 'b"s;.~1 un Iho cdl.H:.1inn I~",I ,,f"theh~,,d1)fhlluS<."'old). Ihe ol>,,,,,,,(i.,.;om" aU"".I~d In
ta",1 ~""'sumplion ,,".""ltulnl~~1 wllhin Ihetl':>: ""t" h$,;o:" "h~$h"rcnflnc=u"'t.II''''"led II) ""weir", it,,",S
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136
T ill: ~' SC"' L cu..--r OV UNI.AW I IJL' ~ t\t' (:.A"' rs
ANIl A,\t NR..--rY To T il E U.s, TAXI'A nQ

.",,11 "~ h >bat"" lind 1I"""lin" ""'8 1I"'" ,,, I,," la',,<.1. The"'" ~pe"'ifk c<.>n,u"'l'ti, ,nlo;nc,,"," ."tl"" weI'<) tile"
"tll,lie<l I" .he CPS i",~rmlc ,Ma (I>r "oct. ':"'1'1' ','Ih:""ml,..: !1":~r"upS . h;"" of e" ,.,;umJlI~)n "fa >."'cille
hm,
'I'hi~ """".: P"'l't.'!.lU'C was [h,-n "PI>Ik:II t tl ",""II "n he lu",.cl",III subea'L'l!",ic" ,,<....,nie'll '" .IIe .,,,.,,,r. 1,, 11
Wuul"~ ~h,"~ uf C()n,u",~l iIl n vi' " n ite", wO<; ".sun",11 In ''<1",,1 its ~hnre of tile .l-1Ic. oJ, ~Xdfic I"x un Ih~ iIC""
."~t~unll"~.18wfu' i",nli~t"n. h ..... seh".d" lIeaded hy I'Crs"n~ w,.hnul H high sch( .. ~ diplum" h".j I",rc~ nl
,ofl".,,1 "I (';t"',~ runs"mpt ion and In"-~ I herer",e a,;s umo::d 10 JlilY I P",,,,,n~ M ,h" c'xd"" titM:f; (,n "trohul ,
i\llhough ~I",dli~ (a l~ululil>o~ "WV p~,(..... ",ell fn, II ,lilr~'~"15lOks am! excise I~Xc"'. i" ",0.1 ,~, ~ !;r()UI''
l'Sl ;"'''Ied sha'e of l"x I,.,id d"scly rn~l~h,!d ilA ""ti",~I"d sll'''" "f """.,,11 "on<u
tXI",,,dilurc'S.
1'I'OI",rl)' T .~. TII~ 'r,, ~ I'(",,,,I,,'ion caku l"ll:t .hnl in 2010, f,(, ""rCenl or nrupetL )' laS _~ I),,;d f"r
""nll"crdall'rVl",,'I)' "",I 4-1 Jle,c~nt fur ,""iden' iai prul>e'ly'' The lleril"gol F!l"n" al '"'' ,,,,,,jy~is ,,~.un"~
Ihut Ihe .,.-"p'"ly In nn tn m me,...h.il"''PC'')' w;.~,1'1 it tljU"lly t>.1"~n "w nc,S and cuo,umer~. ,h""wnorl"
<h"' e oft ax w~" ~ II (><'"1 cd "n",,\!! ho""" hUIds occu,d in~ In Ilit: 1>0" .... h(~d_. ~Sl imal ell .<ha,~ (If r,"" neial !l.'set~.
The lu Il",d byl:'tJnsllmC'" wn. hllocalcd anl"")! h""",'h,,ld. in pWJlI"l ion 1<, Ihe,,' ~t",,,, of lot.ll"ns"nlc,
~~I'c ndiw,c~. (Se", AAlo::,; tax, abu",, )
The ,,",,1)'1<''; furl her ",:sume'!' ,hat :l~ I",rcenl "f[IOIl,II''''I",rl), I ,,~"'" fell 0" owncN ",-"ul"<.>tl r..,,;,IIcncl'S
"nd ~ l>erc!:nl Oil lenl,~t rc~i,lente8."' 1'he I.x "n """n':r,~"upKl!.1 ... ",kh'n':~'!( lv,,,, alhll:.h:d am(mJ: h""..,h"hJ~ ac..~"~iIlllIO th" ~hu,e~lf l'ro,~,1Y t~ Xp,,),n"' nl$ re,""'I~d in [he ('J'S. ThO:- I)n)Il\:rIY ", on renICtll\(lm~ .
nr all"'I"'"nl ~ .... ". ""."",cd I" I", ~I~il evenly ""I"",,'n owne,~ "nd rcnlc,~. '1'11'1 renler <I"" .. was ~l1"""ll'<l
~monJ: hou~h,~d~ 'Itt",dill~ 10 Ih~jt ~harc 01 'enl,,1 pO)' m~n"" "'I~)r(od In (he Ct:.':. The OWile' ,;I,,,n, w~
nll' K""td "n'<.>rI,IllI"u~h'~ds ","",dirl,lll" Il>t:orcSIInwlcd .h~ro "rnn:.nd,,1 a~I~_
Fed eu tllighwllY Trus t PuntJ Taxe,;. Thi~l"xw~~ "";Unl"~ '" 1'.11 half on .h(:p,iv," " '>wnt:rS of",ol",
""h
Dnd huWnn bu~inc."'$.''' l'he bm.lness.h.re w~s fu'lhe'a$Unlc'1.l w f"1 1h.lf Un "n n,um"r~ "",I half
"" ownc,..,.. Tlm<, """",II.lhe l u w". ;"",,,",'11 I" 1',,1I~.o pc,"cnl on priv"lc nllll", 'ltllide "pcn.I"..... .:t5 ret'tt:nl on con.u"'~Jjt. nM2:> pcrct:IlI U" ow ,,,,,,, of h"sincs""".
1'ho:-,,,,,I;"1I ,,( lhl' IUX 1,"111 hy 1),1"",,, Inn'o, v;:hlde 1I1><."",(or6 ".~~ " llocah'd amnrl,ll h"us<:hllhl~ 'n j>rojl(lt'U(, n 'U .he 1I,l\l.chold. sh",e of l" " !>"C~on 'Unlpl ,on ~ .,.. ,"'''IC<l (rom the CEX. 'I'll" ,'Onsu",,,, porlion "I'
Ihe IIIX Wllli ~lIut~lc<l "nlon~ "'Ju.~holds 'ot:wr~in~ I" .he hPlI.d"l l~$ ~.I i"'''lod ~h,,,c Onul.1t"nsu"'JlI I""
h"",-'<I ,'n Ih~ CI':)( , (Sec ""Ics I~~. a"",," ,) Thel",'li"n mlhe lu x paid by "wn('r~ wus ft ll,,,,,,,,'d amnng h,,,, ,,,,_
h"I* a'mlin~ ((.Iheir eSI in'"t~~1 ,I>M~ Mlin"oci"I.sSCl~,
State Lollery Rcct'lptl. 1\" inlpO'I~"1 ..... IIr<~ of J9l""' ''n'~nl ,t""nuc pa id by houw l\(lbJ.< l!ead ..1,1 t>y I,"C'
;.onswillluul a high school diplonla islhc I'u",h",e ,""lalcllllle,), lkkd . i\ majQ' sludy ot lm. ... Ir of st;,le
l(Jtk c)' l ickd' ", ~'Irctcnl """io<:~nno",k gtOUps ~h(tW$ IIID. I",t ~ ap il ~ $I'endl"ll on sta.e lotlety tiC~dli by
"dults w"h()OI ~ high I\I:h",'1 0.1'1,1<0",' wn< I wI<'" 'h,,1 "f "lhcr ",lui '" In Ihe p'csen' "n"I;~. I, 'Iter)' ~I'C"~'
'ng pcr ,.<J,,11 in huuschuld.< he~d ..~1 h)' I'"' '';''''~ wilh"ul " hi.o:h ~o:ho.~ dinl"mn W'~s a.iUIlIc,1 II! be (k>ublc Ih"
puteh" sc '.I<!of ,oiJu Its IlI lh e g.::nc''' i ,lOp IJlal ion,
EMrnlng. on t nv""lm~nl~ it eM I.. "mplo),,,,, Reli""one nl r.U"t .'on,t., Th''ll~.'''lc ;ond IllCal fe.C
nUc" "'llro.:Scnl Ihe IHoperl)' income 'ecehrtll Ily 1!<,"" rllm ~n llru.1 fund~ a.<,lW nc'" of ~~p iluL 'T h""'" cAr"i nJ\S
"te '1<>1 (~X"" ond ca n"" 1be "lIne'lell 3'1,,',"$ hoUliCh<>ld~.
St .l~ and I"",. t lut~rt!t E.. nin gs "nd .:a rn in g8 fro", the Sal~ nfl'roperly, Th~.. ~ '"~"n"'.. ":P'~
;.:nl Ih o P'()Jl(:, I)' inw",o ,""~i ",,d by )!Ow", ",cnl a. ~wnc, 0( CIll'ilal a nll othe' properly. Thcse-earni~ 3,,,
001 I"x~.. "nd ""''''01 be .11",,"lcd '''"o,,~ hou"cholll ...

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v.(i (. I III:-i)~ "JI"lUt 4\1~a ll ~,U JJl'tI 4:-l I'"e PI",l! PJ L~ "' ll " I P')II~J u .) "1UUJ ~'LU'U I 1r.'I1 JJU'IM' ~! JJ~'IJ.
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""," ~u!I"'.1d~ lIu lU ! "'U~' J" '" "4S' 'I.l '~,u~... ~ ud """ 'II ul lruIP";")' 1"1"1 J" I"''''''') ~I ,'14""" ' " '0107. "I ''''\1
'lIq 1:$ pu",u",,,,,,, ;""1"'>;) '(llnJ 4 o' lIUmU'UIlJ jlUu ~Iunw l~d SII(1 4l1nO''l1 ~lUIUS,WW ' I"J""'IUO 0 0 $aJ 1lI11l
U.><IX3 1"41 ,,",u"''''u 'ls" I'm" u~ PII",n",1 ;,li~I!'JII " 4 1'''P'' IH J!nJrv I/W"'/f ~ 'n " I S.1I"WI I'" alII JiI' !MOII"d

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U<I IUods u''''! ;')'' ''4 PI""'" s pun J ;'!I'Ind leU<~ I'I'1'V ' ~jI'I!I\U~d ~' U1u"! I1!'1 ~l "14~"ijJ ul II"~''U 1'1"'~" ~F"'~I
OIU;. ,n .'Un~U ifu! rU ;l<I~ utI!lllq r IS " 4 1~u l lm rpV '5:\111 '1' .( l! u n", w,I,) pu n IISU 'ISn"u'I' p~JJn,>,')(\ ""c4 I'll''''''
" .., sl'II')>) I~W "'''''11).11'' 1'''" PI U;!j l).11~ s~ 4:MlU W",j!o,u~ uJ li'iJ lJ,' IOUu "~ ~ 1"nlll "l pU! :)S;l41 'l:)<J IS ",'0007"I .IJ"' !" ' !I'-'"u Jl'lII""J " I"' I<lod "I "'~n!'l ["[$ 1"' ~luP."\P';1.l " M~ ," I I'-' I""'!I"""' ''''' 'PI"'u'~I"" (t'J" HI r~~~)
1IU "'~I'U'1l 1 IIlJ." ulun IItlll<! '~~Jllffv 1/1/""'11 UI " pnll' ,(.,~ "' 01 !luI P. Ol.)V \ln l !!!!!' ~ ,"u .. lk\J d ;)!:J41 4~n''' '!1
S lU~J)(I'UlU! 1"J.'Wlun UOJ SU!IIU .>/l. ;1u!U I 'UJ"P(l ~w\U~,ud J~ lU.);lo 'Ill ""' j ~ 1!UnW W '" l'u~ ~ Iu",u " utl C! ISO )
1""dsiI4 ~"'IS ~l~U"!lJl HI",d"JP PI")JP.' I~ 4Wn(U41 p.' punJ ~' ",' 4\1~"' 4 ;MI":lo" ""~ ~I" " .lil:'u,u, 1 ")'''~lu l)
So'l" 1~'''UQuJo lU nJ~d s l l) l ;).Ie) 411~O<j I"' ''U:))( PU " ~;'I ~' IC'UJou Ju lU :tlJ"d '.llUI ~,! ' ''-'qll l'U "
u,,! JI'~J,").'lJ "'~ "'d ""'1"-' 1"' U'ou .I"
O'J 0 1" ' .... 'fll! 4pu ~ s P'uu JlI ;"'" lU"' ~"U IU! I "J"'~lu" " 41 I'-'''''I};''
S!;;.(I~UP. ~4 \ .s! 41 ' uJ I~nrl'" O.L '''lJ IIw"J 1""-'1'I! I" Wj-u(JU ~uv IU"JJ!i LUW ! InJ."~1 :l14"J",huil.l u~41 ~~~I SolJ!A'''''
'111""41"-"", ,,)1 I)U ~ ...." '''Jlj!I '~~J"d''''''''''4W!4 'SI>n\1J "" " III",un '''', ''\j~M SjlJOJ4:>S""4 IU ""~l wwI lnJ '''~lull
'",ul W ~, lJn ~I., pun
,"~~ W "'" " , aM SIU~U ;)(j "="'4 1 '>'I!I;)<I'II OW" 41 '",'lill'J \OU u"J ~ IUIU ~! '" 'u! I"J"''' lu n J,"IulS " WO:lU) ~1\ W"J
J";I~~""';IJ :)<I ~ S" I! P"':> xUJ. ~(!4 :J 1"""!lIPPV P"" Ilru o x'u.nu;Jo~u l l"'''' '''.i "'l IJO s ,u~,,, Ii"d 'l4~pu"J;u
P lnllw i s,J::;l ' 4J. '~1I1<l4~~""'1 l" "Ji'!!wWj In)'''"I"n
P:)<J'I)UW "J IP .,J;IM
1\1;)<1"" IUOI W". "",,!)
'O ,~ I~ P'II .)J 4l-lJ~41 ~,~'" PI "d
~,,"lJ IJ(>dJJ""'lm<l,!" """ " I ~'U jl.'W""SK .'lJ''''''''IU~,' ;tJ,1U1U1 InJ"'~lun "'I """II"'U,I'''' J'' I"JJ .'d {)!)" IIM""pa,
.>J~", ,'n " In" I .U(~J~d ~oJ ';:01'(U",IjlfI 'l flU . ""11(\<<::i :~;mI ~A IUIUJ" UJ" 1".}JJ;>d !X ~1 InJ .' . Oj.1' otl l ;u .\..
sl'~ ' 4'''''''1>lf 1""1o'1WW! 1'1J",Mlun J! ~ ~""'J """J~!I ' 1"1'1'''' -lUl" l~ 'PA~I .)lu"""I )WU.< ~'1 1 41! '" >l'1"'I'II; n" 4 In)
',""1 u. 'I1 ,o,l,'1s,{~-"4l1t4 P' ''' "rIH)' "" '10'14'' ' , OI(OW... n "I I''''u''''''~ olJ" \\ ~1) 1" 4:'~n"'l luc,dl,'U'U I I")'''''IU !)
' IUn\lW" ~'u, .. ' '11 ~'ll),':rn P"J o'j;'W.
u,,! 1"",,;><Iw u, ."'J~J(I'" pur. '""'J """u, " ~u, 1",""A"ld,u.-,un ""I'''u "", M ~ I ' I" "JJn ~ J 41 J"pun "111 "'1"" "04
IU""~! W'''l l nJ'''"IU'' ' oJ IU;);)J:><l '.It ,('I SoI:)" 41 u! )).'1.1" <1.,, Ir. I v:J1, I ~U " ~,u O,\(JIJ<> ~ ""'I ""I p.,~"p.u ~I""I "U "
n4 1"(lJ'''.14.L -1~ "U1 A (>I<l"I~ . ~~ '}O' 4 ~ 4IJJ(\. U" I'!~d I'''' l !snVIMlo ~'" ""U l o1S"411"'l ' S WU!UJ U ~ 1"' )J<)d.>J U<)
P.>~ e(1 a~_el V:JI,I I'0~ ,.'~ ul ,'w ,,~ uI "1"1~ .",,~~ , ~ ,u".> u ' I~'~P.'J ~" Io,h,,! S.I ~) ~4 .L ;!I~'~~ I ~41 .11"_ I~ "d ;m."
.1l'JIU JU,' lu.u:f! '" ,ul lnj"" ' lunJo lU i),')J<l(/ '.It Ie'll p:>wnssu ~I~,{IUU U "41 ..."Hl P","P, -~nqul <II p,>d. "" 41!1I\
'UOI IUlnd,MlJ" " ""4" " 0 P:>S"'l " <II I~I n"I ~_' "0. ifu! "J!I)(11U """'J~ 41 'sI11"'1'''''''4 I""'~!W"'! I"J"'~lu"
U! ~ u,,~.~ 1 JOIU''''JJ'l1 ,"o'J r"".\lu~, ~J ",II'\ jj"np!~ll'u l I'-"onpn ~4.L '~p~'4 ""nlJ4 I"'P'1j)" U! nl'" u. (l I"'Jnp.l J
3."" ~"! 1'!54"-" <IW.I< P""J pU ll ~U !"""'I '''Nn ,J ~I;:..\l"U" ~ 41 W' UJ P';'I)Il pl('> :,,"'" "l"np!A!pU! """ ' 41 ~II"'"'!''''~'
~lU ~,,')(t:U ~,'",u"'lO pU ll ~ I\l"";>(! l" ' I"" I-S " "..>u, 'I,i~' !(j -""!l'hun~u U,' " I p.,~ ull So' I"wl1 "" l!I""'>II I"~U1",;I,,,>iI
!loUn~M ~RP~H l u<l\ ld,unsuQ~
~"I os 1U 1'o'~1 ~' II" 1" ,'"1'''' "'l~'~41I1u" 1' 1\1<1""''''4 .J<fl ul _,,,,, 1II)U,1(lX.' ' ~W"~
-u", I"'I"'U I I"~ ~4 1 I'-" ,np"' <IlI""4~'1 4J, '~'U" " "! 1" 1011'1"4;"'''''4 "" U} 1"'1""1"'1' ~"M "1""P!"lpU! P"I''' P'''' ~41
J(I.1IU (>,'U] J" 11I1."".I. 'j.)~'~ l P~I"I~",{W"I(ud
' W":IOlllo " I ''''11.>01'''' iJu lq' I"'" ,' l I"M'JI "" u n UI )luI 11M."
~W(\ ~U! j'I"4'ISnll4 WV1J pmnp_' !) ~"-" ~l unl'lA!I1" ! I,,'pnp )(.) ;\\i.141 J" " w,I:)Ul ,' I"'<l<ud puo ~:1u l u'~' ''4.L
'''I1i,,' P'(''~~ I"'Jl\r~' .1, .."" :<O}XII, pu " :iJU"u'"'l '~PI"4 ;OS'''~~ <W>l1jIJ" ~!"' I "UU "" I w, " J p.v .mu>J " , 'I,,,
"I1 )0 43So\llj \ulall,Wwl l<1J"'UtU n "14!!," Jl-' PI$3J " 4'" s lulIJ l!t ,uw I IruJ"'~ lllnl'" P"~ .u al llP 's 'n llnl,RII~ '1"-'1 :1
" P~"I """'''' I" ' UJ<I'" LU 11"J"'''lu" "'J 1'-' !l11"' w ." .-.." <>.\'''1'' 1'-"l!''''' ''I' """I~''''''d ~"!I"'U! "'" " 41 J" ~''''>S

,,,,,,,,01

"'J

'1"""1

""'J

1'''''

p".

Sp[ot[<lsnoH ,1Ue ~ !WWlln)Me IUn

.IO) s'l.lnpa;)()Jd ~U!1 eW!1S3 pay!pow :3 :,,'"! pu<ldd y
"Ill"<lAV1'(
'(I ,~ U'''' : t ~ ' ' V I '>:' 4 S

137

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138
T ill: ~' SC"' L cu..--r OV UNI.AW I IJL I ~ t\t m . A"'rs
ANI! A,\tNE..--rY TO T il E U.s, TAXI'A n M

:;1) pc'~~nll"wer Ik,,,' Ih u e,"'1 ("~I!"n_;"'mi~,..~nl chndren '" On Ih"l)lhe, hondo n,".,jkat ~,,.I. ("r Ihe (ur_

'.S."'''"

~ignOOrn

d,bly ,~, nu, UPI'e", l<) I,, "",.x ably (,lweI' h"n Ih. C"~l' for Ihe I
"'derl),.'"
Th., Medicaid costs impul~d '"tu th~ t 'I'S h~ Ihe Census do nO)I vuy by im migrlll ion .tulu . T he I"c,;cnt
" ,,,,Iy.'. h". I"",c("," rud uccd the l.:1'S i"",uled MI'1lic.id ","sl. (or in"ui~""" child,en in the ~"'di"~ld
" nd CI III' p"J~"'m$ by 50 vcrc"nt in .h ~ current );.w qn,'I)~;~. t.:1111' c,)Ot~ wer~ r~du""tl hy the ""01"
"moun. The d;lrc~n<'\'" 1>t!lwcen immlg .. "t~a nd ""n.ln.mig'," ls "'ilk '''"1''-,<,1 1" med le" l.c''''c~. Sl"''''
hI II<: " result i!fdjlrcrent:~~in ""''('1IoSan,1 ~"dal ~tliluil"s ((,won! ~ !j CAI u ~,. Theil<: difrcn:n.:o:s ~r~ likely
l(> IIlm'ni~h . fl c. "mno;lll),: therefurc. ;",",i~r"nl ct>ildt~" wc"" ~u"'~tJ 10 I!!!I<' 2S p'o;re"o' 1(:$ " ... dieal
~o f"''''cnl k".dul'in~ Iht ( ull ""'IK"'), 1"'';''.1 wh,'n
;;.,rvku I"" I""".r,d.,y du .. ngth" ,nle,i", Ilmiod
OO"'P<I'cd 10 nonj",m4l.rn nl ".
I l nl~",rut i,nml)(r",,' atlull~ ""ulll ""I .<'<:d,.., Medi .. ,,1d btn~fil. umlet ~u" c "t I",,' ,,,. do,iuS Ik e lute,1m
lie, 1ixl. 1" Ih~ full ~m ne';'y!'<',n>d . hc Dn"ly,,;~"''-;;umc, Ih~" h c jm m i(nn'/n"n-;n'm~l"~nl ,II!Tc,cJJ<:ew.."ld
how d'min;~hed !>ii)(hlly: dur;n,;.1>c ful l ."",~sl,)' 1I<:ti(~1. n"nllj,,"1bl~d ad ults "'h" wcr(' ("'mcrl~ unlawfu l
immi)!ranl!< Hre a ..~u",cd \" 'c"",ive IIOrnl"1 Mc~lic"i<J he"d;l. thaI "'" 15 [>Creenl I"wer Ih"" Ih/)!<c recci""d
by si",jl~r ""n_im mi~ranl< (!u'in~ ,ke rul I "m "csly pcrillo! .

,,".I

Cha nges in AlgQri th .ns fur Coicul ati " n "fBc nc tils
Itud Taxe s Durinfl the Inte r im l'e ri ud
The r"II"win~ ch"~. wc,,- nmM 10 ('akul"lo Ihe IlCtlC'/',ts n:ee,,,,,d "lid t~"t. p"id hy flit me, unlawt'IlI
immigmnl I1tJus..hnld. dur, n~ u,~ interIm 11m ni.-Sly pcrl' ~1. (1I~'K:nb and t .""s nil! Ii~t.(] n'main"d the ,;ame
'''' u"de'!' ('urten! IbW.)

GO\'ernment Be nefi ts a nd Se r" ices

S<x;'.1 securil~ di"~lllily "ml surv;vo, bo:ndns I I~r hQU'",hold w~rc r~ls<'o! fr\>m
I~""I oflaw!u' 'mm ;~r~'" hou~h{lllh< wil h cornp:.rnhlc ~dlJ(.';Il inn 1~~~ls.

~I'(l

11)33 ]Jerc.:nl ~Ih"

Mcdif~rc I>(:""r" . r(lr OIdAgI:, Su,v'''':'r, ond Oisuhi li, y In,.o,nncc (OASIJI) recipients Were .... ,,;,:d r",n,
,"' m ' (l3.1I'crcc ,,' vfl l1~ Icvcl Vfh. wful 1m ml~"""t h"u""hu'd~ wi, h <,<,rnpar""I" edue.II"" k",'~_

Irncmlllo~me"t
r~hlc cduc~t 'un

in.uronce l)eneflts Wote raisc.J tv the Ie,,"' n(lawfu l ;mm',o(r~"t huuo't'hQld> with foml).ll
le""l. H ntllh~n red u"",1 by M pc"",,,, ' 0 ",~"h IIon-rcco:-.;iM"rr le'cis.

W,,'kers' cvrn l>en,<., "In l)enpf,,,, We"-e rU'):<''<iln I he 1,,..,1 "f[:ow(01 1m", igr. nl
c<iu(,"I"'" 1"",I~.

h"uS\~,,,'ds wil/l

C("", ."."hlc

a The vl\ I" .. or~kd;"~iJ h<:ndib r"t chn~rc" w,,~ r"ised '" 1:; ner"c,,' ofl he nnr",,, 1v"Iut:" ,n' nuted in Ihe
C I'S. II wn:; ~;,,;umcd .ha' III(' diffcrclI'~ bo.:tw<:en l'lrp<:n,liturc. ror immill,"n' ~nd ""n-immigtl.n ' children WI,uld dlm'ni~h "ye.' Ime.
FlIrn,cr unlawful In,mignml hou,,,,,hQhl$were assum,'<I'o u","' r(l3d.~n<lI>i~hwa}'~. ftlrl'ort.s.l'ark . lih"'~f
;"" di",.~tcr n~icf. ntl lI" ,><:r.1 (n"n- ,ncan.-Ie.k'<l) l1~ a lth ,':or<- ""rvie<'!I allhc " urn",1 ''''~ ror s im ll:,r
hou~hOld" In Ih~gc'l<:r" llk'rulal i~n
A prnilr~~"-"".~'" ",ljU"' "ot'nl ",(]uct:,l III ",,,,pIayn,"n, insum"""hy(o(, I1<'r"" ,,' ,,,,,I f,loIl Sl~"'l' "",,"n!~ by 2:;

Il<'tcenl . Til!."", '<lu<:IK'n" " ..,n' Inroflltl,ale.l inlo "I I I~ISI -"mnesly tK:lIetit flgu,~
AlIOth., l"osl-rc'1l""tiolll ~dju,;t m c'" nd llc~d tvlal "'cu,... !~~wd 1"l11lofHs by {; !"'rrcnt: the em.."l, O)ftbj~
atljust l1lcnl "I'!I<:O' !<C1':""'~ly in I,d~"" ,n lhl' IClO L

"

139
s ~ .:n .l.l , n~ 'O MT

)10;1!:!

,I MU, 2'"

Itevilnu e s

Tht' l'N~nt'<gt' (lffo.m~runl~wfullm".'i~mnt wo,kers whO we,.., aWlmc,<j toworkon tht'll<)(fk~ Wa"

.. i...~
rn'", 5~. I'","... nt I" O~ 1'''r"~''I : r"\I",,,1
I~x. ~1"lc (lC, .. ",,,1 inconw l ox. ]lICA tax<.... unen,
I'I,Wn'cnlln.u .... nec f"e~. Hn\l wprke",' compl' n..~' ion fc.s w~re iner~a""d l"II$>I"t inn'lely.

P",.,,,,,,,,t ,,,",,'"c

'rhc .... "kc.~~ h ..e "rr"tIc..~1 and ~Iul e "orp<1ralc in<:ume IU w~s
lncrc"~e in I>nlhchoo k~ cO:!lI'Jqy mcDl.

i""n:~'".,J

in di,~C I Iln'I>orli"n t" Ihc

I'M mtt unlaWful ,mmi~"''''1 ho u~ho ~(I~ we .... ",,'um".,:] In use I('''''~ ~nd hlj:hwlYw ~I Ihe ""me rdle"~
<\,mpa,,,lllc h"\I~ch"lds with Ihe Ian,. inco>n,cs in Ihc gCIl"nollll!l,ul .t "m: high,,,,,y t rusl fUIld
1,,~t'5.
~t~IC ,(10.'; I ~Xc"'. nnd m,>I,J) \"hid~ Ik"n><: fi:t1' ""r~ ina ~" .....,j 1''''I''''II~nn!cly, ~"'mct IInl"",'f,,1 imml
g,ant hOUlOChol~s wt're ,"",umed 10 ...... alr,ll)rh III I he I;Omt
n COnllla,ahle hwsetwlds wilh I he """,e
;"e"m~.,.;" Ih")(~ .... r~II~'pul"l lon;~irl>ufl fe..,. We"'" ;""""",:<II',,,p01 I;,,n:tldy.

g""

,"it'

FoJrmer unbwful in,n.is,"nl worker!!, wen' a~<umcd 10 'cc~;"",,:; 1'~I cunl incr c.S<' in
r~ull of "mn<'\I1 y; 1,,1:,) t ~Xe'1' paid pel' huusc hnlJ were I hcrcf,]r<' j"i'TCMsed by S 1""~I 'nt .

c"'nins~

"5"

II i~ p"''-';bie 'h~' t he ,ccl,.. i"n in :!(lIrllnlllccd inC<lml..-and tax 'c\.., n"c~ in unl.wful imn'~'"nl h""..,
fJ I I<l""" nt.III~,~H<'f~ron "tI,III"' moml """""Pl't icd 111,si<u: , h~ IOI"II'n~ pnkl hy unlnwfull m n,l
grdnl hous.:h,dd< by ~ percent in flllu , )'C"<S: th Us "<lju~( "' enl 'I'P<'"'~ ~l''''''ldy in 'h~ led 1.1)1,'5.
ho lJ~ hr

Cha nges in Alguri th.ms for CaJ cul.ation or8e l1cnts lind Taxe s Ourin!,! the Io'ull Am n es ty
I'criod

The fnJl,,"'jng eh""~e. w,,c "'."" 10 n .leulnl c Ihe 1Jc,,,,flls r;:""iwd "nd lue. paid IlY fl>rm~r unl""'ful
1!o\L...,holdsdu,lng ' he full ~m'''I'1<I)' I)<: rioo, (I\c"cfl~ ~nd tax.:. n"llisted fl:m",ned Ihe",, ",c oS
u"der curfcnll;.wJ
i",m'~r"n'

Governme n t O"-ndits and Services

SQtJal S~'(:UI Ry di .. hil i\ y" 1>(1 . urvivo. h<:ndil6 I"" h,)u..,.,huld W~r~ rd;s~'<I 1O\1>c Ic...'d "r lawfullmm(,l:,""nl
hou""ool,\. with c"mnar"ble t..J"e~lioTlle",I.,
~1 ~dica 'e bcn~f''''fM o.-\SI1I , ccil'ien\!:wc1c ra~d In 1rn"lcv.;1"rlawful '''''''i~r''nt I",u,;chnld~ "'ilh C""',""able ,'<l"ca'K'" levlls.

bc,,,,n,. wun: ,ais..'d I" Ihe lewl ,of l"w("llm"")(I';",1 h""""hl>h!~",ith """'1'

U"""'I~"y",cnl In.uf.nee
.... 1~" cduc"tiQn \t.""ls.

W",k~",' rum""n""lion bcndil~were ru~,'<lI () lhcl~\"'1 oflowl'ul

l'<lw:allon Ie-'I>is.

i",mi~r."'1 h""SCh(~ds"' i!h

lloo"I... ublc

1'cn'l)(lrnry i\""ilIt..nec f'\f, N<"Cdy FA,n,! ic~ I~""f,' s ~re m;.s.,d to Ihdcvt:1Ofl"wfut Immig,.,,,,' h1>U.. .,hvld.
wit h .;<,n",,, mhl" OIlU",,11o ,n I"vel~ "lid "djusted (," d ,fl'Crc1k;"~ in the lI"mt",. "r child rcn I"" hnuo<ch"ld.

:>U1~l\emc"I " ' S~urit y

Inoom e b"n"fll:; ""'", rai""d 10 t h, Ic"<:l oft_ful i",",i~mnl hw""hohL~ wll11 COn,
l!at"h(e <..Jue:otK'" levels a "d adjl>stt..! t o. diffcn:n"". in Iht' "" ",bel' of pcl'Stl". pcr hw schold .

1'<>0<1 .Ian.p l>i:ncn ,s \\'~re ""':,....J ' I> Ihe- I"",I "rlawful in.mi~l1Inl h"u..,h(~d" with
I",ds. ~lljll~\t'\I f...- d iff"rcnCc~ in Ihc n"",he ' orpcl1!On~ I..... hO ... ",hnl!i.

c(}n' I'''mhl~

<'tIue"! ;!)"

140
T ill: ~' ~"' L cu.'--r!l V UNI.AW I'IJLJ ~ t\tm. A", r;:
ANIl AM N E.,--rV T(, TIJ E U.s, TAXI'A nM

ncrundat~c

l'.arn<"Il Inem"e T". Cn'<lil smut Addil""",,1 Child Tax t:rl"llil Sw~r,,"L'i "Ilhe Ic""l~ i"",u'cd b)'

Ih,' Cc n$u~ in Ih ~

r.:I'S.

FW"'Cr unlmvfullnl111tg.anl h,.......,tw,hl$wcrca$unNd 10 u'"" ,,,,,d.:u:>\J h ",II"':I)'1I, .iJl"'rl$, l'alk8,lIl.Ir~ "

;CII, d"""''''

.~I id,

nnd S"n.,," ' (nu n. ",e" ", -h,,,,<;>d) health e,",c scrvio..,. ", Ih" 'IOr"",1 '''1'- for .;",il",
1"<)1)111;11\00.

h(lU""hI ,llI~in Ih clIC~""

A jI',,;H~"'''''''~ln ",Iju,'mcn' ",dUCI...t IIncmpl!.y"'enl m~u",IlCC b)'(>G pc.~cnl "",I h,,' ~I.mp hcn~f"$h)'
2.'"'I"'=nl. Th~ reductio"" wc.e incr",lOralcd Inlo "11,H.lt'I"a"'",,$ly Il<ncfil fill\1"'';;
Anolhtt pc.;l- 'C!<lu~l i"n "Ilj1l~1 menl ,educed IIlt"l
~djll~( h' en(
""' I'ar"\cl)' in \ables in lhe I C~!.

"1'1"'"'

"'c~n$-lcSled

1>c11c.f"s hy 5 ,,,, rce nl; t he ~tI""L' "f this

Revenu es
The p" .rcnl~ hU,,,,,,,C!' u"l~wful in,,,, 4Ita~1 wOlkersw"" w", c ~,;,!<",,"d lu work "" 1h~ ho k, w~s m'-..,l
fro m 1i.5 ll1:r", nl W % I""'C~ "I ; r,...teml pc"",)",,l IoK;O"'" lox, "hl~ ""rsonal 'ncon)"-I~x,I'ICA Inn '';' "'>employ",e ,,1 ,n"Ut" n~~ fe'.... " nd ,,,>.kcn.' .'t) n'l~nSl!I ~m rec~ were inct""",-", I't"I",.I'"",l1"I)'_
1'!w w(J, k~r'$ ma,,' "rf~,h"at 'mol ~I"' c ""'1""nlc inCHme lU X.... ~ inC,.u ..,:d in di' ~~1 l'",p, .. I;on It) Ihc
'n<:",asc In Un" l h~"boOh cn)ployn,enL
F"rme, u"l~wful im",ig,,,,,1 h ..u-.:huld"wc.c a",; umcd In usc "'ad. and hillhw;.)'"'<llhe"a",c."lc~"~o", "
I>" r-~hlc h,""""hold.. wilh II>< .'''''e In~'n'('" i" U,,' gcner:<ll'ullUl"l!<ln; h ighwuy trll-'\ fu od g.~ la ~"", Slnl,' g;u
ta les, grtCl ",oln. v;:h ici<' IiccnS/! fc,,,, w,:,rc i!1Ct'..ao;etl pr"pnrllnnal~Jy"
""rn,er unlawful i",millronl houl'Cholds were "",,umcd I.. usc
Ih" sa me r.'I ~"" <"",I'"".hlu
h' lUs"huld" w;lh Iht ';" ",C inco",c. Ih I he gencro 11)"1'Ilhll iOll, "irpOrl fc.", w"'~ ihe'C",."tl,)r"Il<,rlic"'''lcly_
Furn.cr unl"wful 'm n>ij!ra 'l1 "'"rk"", .,e.c "~Sllh'C...t lu rccl'lv;: D S pcr."n\ ;ncrca"c in c~rni.1P' 'os " ' es"ll
,,r '''''''('!il),; I,,\al\ . ~c~ nUJ(l p,,, Mu,;chohl "'ere ~ h,,,cl,,,c i "".ca",d by" pe"'nl ,
II !i.1.. ,,;.<il>l~'l h"llhc .c~eSl';"n in 101(1 .... duc~d in{\"" ~~,,n\ll".t re""n"'~ in unlawfulln.n'lIlmnl ~ou.""-"
hnlds hy 5 ""teen! , A !)I11!I"rl'1:c'Sijion ..Jjustmenl W". OflPI,o,1 r~i . ;ng Ihe !lll"llax<.,; paid by un1:owful in,,,,;"
g .... nl MU!iChold~ h)' S percent ." future )'I,m~, Ih~ "dJllsI "'~ nl al>p".rs -"!l'Qr-dlcl), in I hc I~~ I t"hk,:,.

""I""L' '"

t:.~timatingthe

Aggregate Lifc tim e Fiscal Ileficit for Unl!lwfuIIHlmiJj.r!lnt House holds

AnerAmncsty

",1

,'h" ,.,., 'n,al" "r Inc lifL1 ion,' ii"cH I """ I ,,( ,,,,1,,,,,(ul in,m;..: ...
h",' >i: h"ld. "'''"
I\SSun" )Ii.)n,,. The c.li",al e~ ~"u"'c thaI umf),!,,;t)' is ~ n"<lcd in 201:1,

10" ...'<1 on I he rull"wing

Th,' numbe r Mf' ..",,,r u ,,1~wf,,1 in, m;~ "'nl h"".d.()I J~ w.~ .~.i"",ed h"k..dinc ""a" hn 'e,,, Hfle m""Sly
acror(linll in ~ I.ntl~ rd mortal II )' IDbI:j.
F."" [",' fe nl ilfl hc hou'ch"ld~ wen:. """ lImoOll 1(1 ~n) i~ "tl c. The e m'gral ;"n 10-.., as~u m!>d 10 "" ""read ('Y1'nIy "...,. Ihe nr.t ~II"I
arl", 'n' " ""I)'.

)'<1""

1,\). Ih~ r. .,.1 I:) )"eal'S " t\ crf1nm"sly, Ih" ~ nf1ua l ~lIn", I"Ii"",J~fldl wou ld e.luallhedct;~ill'er I>oo~h,,'d for
Ihe ,ni.e"n, ""riud wilh 1IO<1 -."",,",oon m~u~lmclll.i{ios"h"w" 'n 'r"hl,,~ in Ihe Ic~t} lin''-.,; II", rem,,,,,, ,,!:
num"", of h "u ~IIOId~,

141
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)i0;

'33

~A n, :!II"

SI ad ing in Ihc 141 h Y<'~r nnc, "nll><:~1 j ' , lh~" nnu:' I ~u n,u,"I1\" deficil Wa" """,uml..J I" "'IU"II~~ Ild,dl pct
t.,,,,,,,,hold du';n~ 1~~ full ~mnC'l l' pCr~'<l wit h l)i"I'rcCC~"~," ad,u~ln",nl~(.<hown;n "ul~c" III Lhe Ic~tl
lilllC> Ihe ...,m,,;nll\ll nun,lW:rorhous..:h old$,
Thlrlj'-th,ec Y\'.'~"lk' "ml>l...,;I)', the "1Cdi"n.,'II~" hou;.,h"ldet !/Imunglhc forme, unl"Wfullmmigt~nl
h"u""hI, ldo;) ",-,uld 'e;",h ,cl1'cm~nL ,~~ ~ (;1), SI"'llng: in Lh'" )'1:U, aU unbwful ,mmig:t~nl $ We,e
""-<urne'll L" hi:)/<n rl"";,-In)/ ",Ii'ell'(:nl Ilcn"lil~, OIJV~",~lf. hair "f Ihe hU,".;chol<lc'~ wi",I,' 'ellCh 11M" (,7
bI.-fore Ihl$ Y,'!l':..oIl halfw' ..... I(l rcDCb Illa!a. Viiu!: [n,n"WUol.,I/I$ ....!he' lbon lhe I\ll'(\( .... "i'J I" deler
mil><: I't:tlre,ncn! would "" nlOre I",,",,",bul "~lUld "ITed Ih u,,,,,,,,,U r.~orl.,,"nly"li~lllly.
The ""i,,,mcn, ph""""fum"""II' hl-gi "~ In lO~ (I, In th" 'e, irCh,enl 1'''''5<:. ro"",,)C\>!!' * "",baf'l<l "n indio
"ldunL.. ml\ t.,,,,~"hul,16. Th~ """1$ 3,e 11"",,11 ,)r> Ihe 1,,1~1 num"", "f",rul( unl"wful i mmlgnml ~ in :!0I0
{lU.l ",;II'or;). !Wt Ju~l Iho~~ ""'lIinjl in hOUSi:ht,I,I. with uIII~wrul ,mmig",nl h~a\li in :!OIU. 1" ....' re"
~""hl
Ih~"", unlawrul i",",18,..~nts ~,~ assu""..J to em'":,,,'c biJul't: rclorcn'cnl, "lid Ihe num""" ;,; rurlher "..Juccd hy nalurol n"'rl~lily ,aL" .. SOme H-II m,Uion.", a;;,<utncd III II< aliw_nll in Ihc U,S.ln 204("
Th~ .. nnunl cumul~1 'VC dcf",il ,~"-",,um L<lln ell,,"I I~C l'c'I .... "''''' dcf",il fur fnrmet unlawfUl immigmnU
,.,-,,, (,~ (i;h",wn i n Ic~t lahle Ill) lim"" I "" ~urvjvjn~ numh." "r;ndiv~I,,"ls. In suh!;~~ I((c"l }"C~r~. Ih~ num
bcr uhur"i"in~ inlli"'idll"'~ i~ I't:d ...."Cd by ~I~"d"rd nl"rt~lily ",I"", und lool'Unlulal ivcdcr,dl'6 ,cdUCe.J

"r

''''L'{)"lln~I}'

Am".'~I}' ",i"len l$ "'c ,,~u"'c,1 10 l.>,i " IISQn,..

rcsullin~ in

"(I,

I.:; m111
"arcnl$ln Lhe I)'s. 3$ l",gal (.Ie,n,ancnL n'5idc"I~,
a net ",Me" co,,1 "f12N) biI 1l"".1" c"" c".I~ ore ",Mell I" I he IlIe! ;me 1<)t~1 r,~u r",

a Thelif"'ime 1i..".1 ",.. I Ji)/.o,~ is;nltllU

,I'~I.",.

"

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~A n, :W"

Ap pe ndi.'\: F: Othe r Methodo1ogical Issues

Use or2010 as th e 8ase Yeu ..
'l'h~ r.s"~1 .,,,, Iy.i. In Ih is 1'""'" u"'-'" d u'n from :WII), ",hi<ch w". a I~n"",i"n }""r. I" ~ ,ec ..... ii:o" y":o,. I"x
lI.y",en,. hy unl"wfullnlnll~'~n' hl)u,.,lIulds ",i~h' II",,, b."," 10"'<:t. and govt'nn'cnll><'!n~fils noi~bl h"""
bl,ton higbt.... lha" h<.>'"'ul. Thi, w"uld attlnd811~ 'ncr~.S<' lhe
h"uS4'hl,/d fI...,.1 deficit and biJll! 'h"
c-SI im.IU "Hulu,e ti.,flcil,< ""word,
Th",an~I)-sis pr~$t;nlcd in Tahle;;, $. 10. II. and l2.iJ' th., lexl ba>< aln:'*Ily adjusll'd for Ihis b)' '~dudng
lhe t",l i"'''' cd fulu,~ u"" of u,,"",ph'Yllle,,' insur:OI\('~ :,nd f""d
~n",
"'''''ytu "'n'I"'''.'''~ fur I h~
h ighe' Icyel~ iIf 'cedl'l (lu,iog Ihe ',,,,...;i,,n in :!IIlO, Ill.OY']n([ thi I he fad I hnl ~OlO Wb M''1."",ion )"Co, h"~
"Iin,iled illll'ac' ,," 'he analy.i~. While Ihe 'cc"""i,," ' educed inc"",,,,, und lax ""~nU<." '" t he """h<.>my ,,<
o wll"lo.:. lhi, i",1"'d "n Ih. ~"""'g\.' unlawful iOlm b<"" nl hnu:lOh(,J.L '""~ Ii m 1\<<1. It i. I "'" thollltlJSb i"..\lm"
in the ~to""my dN)"ped du,in..: 11." , e<:I1'sl<:m,ll<Il mO~1 "f, h~1 dedin~ w,,~ i" int~fe:<1 ~nd "n.'I'~rly 'ntOo'''Ovt:,all, W~~'5 rd I hY'IIIly :! , ~ n~'cc,,' bd 'we..,n Ihdr p.",k in ~OOfj and :!fIIO.
llol.wful Im",~' ~"I~ hove vc,)' Hltl~ lltQ1ICrty inrom,. 3nd 11."" lillIe income 101.<$, In fACt. n':; dotn Indi
C~lc Ihat Ihc3''''ago! inc"m~ of"lho aVC"dl~ unl.wfo l imlll'llrnn t hOU8Chold did nm ~ccli"" du,ing,hc 'cccs
~if,n, Tu p"ymcnt~l1".h'",suh,,'ll (,I, "nl, . w1',,1 immig' "nl hr", .. :tI,II,ls in ~Ill()w'''c Ihefef".e.,," arliliCia i!y
I\lw. Wh~"1I unl""'f,,1 rn, ",i~r~n\s,-~n,"" r,llII ~nll'loym~nl,lI,..ynl;oy sinll'ly .~Iurn lu thel " IIUnlrYllfu'i~ln,
Thiil remh",-.. Ihem ("'''' t he SUty"y data ,,,,d ",ould f""t ,Ihu'e In I he SI"bility "f u "'~wfu'l", m i~,",,' h' 'usc
hol(ll nr')nle du,log ~n e.(lno""c downl u, 'n,
IVhM """ut wdf"r~ 1"",diU? Welfare l",,,dit~ 'e,'cM:d bf lowful ,n"ni~"""I II"u""h"lds In 20tO w~,,
used In e>Sl i",~I. nrlun'l1e,,,,r,,s rur ~m n~',1 y . edpicn,s. If t he :lOU) I"'n"" .... ""'" ~rllflClully hillh, Ihis w"u~1
IIios h<o e'5lim.! \~ "f fulUf~ dci',dts urw. rd. Many ''''OI''~ l1e1~"" Ihe welfare ~)'S[em i~ Ii"" ~ ,oller ~"asl~r:
l\cndib go up dutinl(~ ,cl...~ion ,,,,<I
when the 'ecl"'!-.i"n ends. While r"od .''''''11 ,,,II~ cxr"",I.r-<! ,'OIl
Intet 10 a dcg'l'<' in
Ii) ~1'\"~Jmic: t'cnd., nw'" ,)Ihnwdfnrc pro'!l .... nl. are I~'gd}' un"lfcdcd ]1)' !/Usi

''''''I\g'!

."""1'"

""JIll"""

"n,

'.!1

rn.."'!-"()'Clc~

Cha rt 'I in the ten oh,)\\'" th~ nI~"n"I"'l e'll wdf;,,~ "1"'01,1 IIIg I<lf ca,h.Ii">d." nd h"ul<InJ,( h.:L w~en 19(":or-<!
2011. TI ... rlJl"'"~ Col"'" Ihe whok 1"'llUlal ion and n,c o>iJjlls'c'il r", i""al;')n, C"""ling ~""ml bu"inl.'$~ lYel"o.

"""""s""

"':oy

Ihe ,'h~rl
,oller'''a.<le' I"'tt~.,.n . [lendlt~
,isedori"g" r~c""'sivn. bUI Ihe,), do no' f~!I wh.:n
lhe ,e'eel',;;'ln end~,
Th", arwl)'su; dQl'S in<:h'll< fu rther pUsl.rt...:,"""ion ,lIlju"'nlen,s 10 "" mP\'ns:ol", fll. the p<0S5fbillly Ibul l OX
revenue r... m "nl~wful in""ill"u''''wa~ dcp,,,,,..,d in ~O!() and nle" n~'c"I<.,j bencnt" ~,e",' iflC'''l1y hi)(h .
The n"ly.;i~ incre~,;("S f,II"re la x .c"",nu,,~ r", unlawful immig"~nl h(otJ",,""lit~ by 5 I'c,C\'n/ nhove th" 20" )
k"clll, II utw ,e ..h,.t..'e~ f ulure c~1 imalt..'" m""""tc~kd '''-"1Il'f''5 hl' 11 percent.. ,'h,,* Kdj,~" m~"", ore r'c1'l:~I~d
""I'~,,,'d)' IIlT~M,"'7. K 10, "",II~in (II<, lexl , "h~'Y"'c a l ~" in':"'(1<""' ('" inhl Tuhlc II ,

Agi ng orth(' I-"puration I' dor to Reti rement

'I'hcl>vtr"ltc " "I",,,ful in""ig.,,,,, wHi Spent! W ),\,"1"$ in the f..11 on, ",:sty ~Iagchd"re ,eli, lng, I)uring [h,,1
I""iocl, thc co mIH'~ili"n "f the h<IU!'O:h(~d'~ b<.'nefol~ "nd IUe.I may chang~, hul the ""e["d~"' housch"'d den~~
Iik~1y will ""Y lilll,. Ttl" nu",be. (If' chil(ll1."n '" Lh" t",,,,ch,)ld i~ li""ly h) , is<! ~".t II.. :n f,,'1. Wasc~ will ris.:
:IO",e,,h~t. bul mcdieal c'''''~ and subsid[o:'s"'ill riseas well. The numhe, orindivlduals rcteivi~ di!!:lhilily
"""c(;I~ will ,,,o,c,""", "i~"iflC""tly, 0""",11, 'h" :",c,"~,' hou""hold Iklkll is con,,,,,r:oUvdy .. n"h"~;'1.'(
h!)Us<:hoJd~ wil h hclld~ lX' lW~"" :\fo "nJ r.:;.
Th\, """IY"i~ " .._um"" 'h"l unl"wful ,,,,,,,ill,,,"1 h"usell~t<l:;. "" ~ 1I"'un, will h""" nil '''''''''1:'' ,Iuf"jt (I(
:0 '"'' nd $:t"lli)() (in ell""",,,,1<\,dhuli) Ihw")j.h1lU1 lhe (ull "m"c~1 l' lIeri,lIl , 'rhi~ ,. " ~' n ,pli"yin~ ~",umlll inn
IIul nol a n u",c~""n"bleon,," Tb~ unlawful imml.o!r:onl p<~IUI;I,jnn al,eatly CIlnloin. lIdull~ ofvunou~ I\I:I!O.
'rhe "I:I't"n,polSili"" ,,/'uIII:,w/'ul ,m ,ni)(I'",,1 h"u""",~,' he""~
t h~lIc"~'''llockofu'''d. i"n in h"u""h,~d
ro"",,) d~flCil through middl"ug.:mcan Ih~llhca""m~ed"f.eil will M\ .... 'y~~'eal d"~ t bero".o '~tl'e",e"t.
I II)",C\'''', tbere "m t wu il'O'lJe" with ""1,,-"<.1 til ~ill~ thai 'etjuir~ SlI<'d:01 "(>n~id"r"tion. The ti,.t i>< 3ddoid
chilli bi,th~ , I\n addililln"t;\ milli(Jn '1l4 ,,, , Ilion ~ h i ld ,c" will he bm" to p",~enl unlnwful im", iJ(",nL~o""t

1'".

",\<I

143
T III: ~I SC'" L C(l..--r OV UNI.AIII I 'll L I ~ t\t 1(:. A"'ANU A,\t NE..--rV T" T II R U.II, TAXI'A nM

rs

first gl""cc. lhe'Sechlldrcn w,)\jld ~e'tt"' !"c",,,lu"n e~l",c\'''!lh,,' s""uld btlc"ku

I n ,c~lily. thC>l('. l>ddition,,1 ch ildren ~", unlikely t" la,,",, 1M H",,"g~ n..." .1 tIo::r,eil an'",'~ the
unl:.wful inlnlign, nl hnu",-,hu ld.~. A~"",w (hilll"~n "'" born.lJldcr ~ h!td' t n will ",;t\u,~ ~nd I c~"" Ih~ h(Ju~
h,~ds.1'hu., Ihe nun,lI", ,of children wilhi" Ihe unl:owfullmnligno"! ",,,,,,,,h,,lds",,, whnle ,. Ilkely'o btl f" irl)'
"table fot n>"n~ l'~"r .
The~<'<'nd iSll\l<l iswagcgtuwlh. Th"ll:.sic "nal)'~IS in 110 ,. l"'locrindll<l<.'tl"::; I' cr~" nl bU""1 in w',!!lUIdue
10 Ihe di'e":l impl1C1 "rt<,~", i7."I Kln. I low""",. m"ny unlawful Immi.<!:rnnl.S ell n he ~Xl'c<led I" h",,, ",ldil i,m,,1
wH)I';'JI..uwlh OV\.'J' time""", Ib c"fQr~ IQ p~)' m"rc \ll;n',;. Thi, w~l1"g'lIWlh ~\1UI~ I"ke two forml'c~L"K'IU'HI
:",d nllllur.,ion:,!,
,'ilrUr/ural M'U)II! Q""'IIII!> <"'fUtS bo:t ....'\.~' n ~...",cn.t i<ln~ /lot Ua mlJlc. if c,~Jc*, g,... <lu"k.,; in "n<: I!\'tIC' . tlon
~~rI",d n", .., (h"n ~l mllor w"r!<c,s [n Ih~ " rior
U~'Sr~\1ably. Ihe'" lws be~n nn "huel",....1 "'''g.'
gru,,'lh omUIlII "v,~c,. with a hl~ ::.: ",">1 dc~rcc or Ie", f"r 40 }'\:'d ri', In ~~jnSI"nl dolla rs, 1111." '" c"rnln~'
cilh~r hove ren,.lned con"I"n! Or h"w (.,I,'n.'" Thelef",..,. !hiswill nQI he" " [nll'",lIInl f1l<.1", in r.l~ing Ihe
waJll'S "r" IlI " .,;ty rcdPlclIll.
,\JUlur~ti(;n'" ,",1ff'IJ",wth ()ttu>S b~ n ~inglc ",orkc. g;!1$ older, MIl,;\ ",,,rkcrs al ~f,'" r,r, nrc mHf C ,knlL'tl
1I."n IhL')' WCr~ 31 ~h ~nd Ihos rCl't:M:" h i,she. "'OJ,\<': I~~ l~lyn'c"l~ w,1I i"""''''I<' 1I"'\~ " I")ll3tdy. !1;SI ,"k~ 1
dll'~ sh ...... I hat """ ~"'" wil h " high R:1!<><11 11.:.,)(,,'" or I"I'!; n,")' ~x l,..ri,I\Ct:. on onri:ril~'l!, 1:; f\Cf('clllln :1(1 pc,..
'till ho<>SI ill cunst onHluUa, "'")(el 3ft." Ih "'~ (!L,,~dC!ll)f work.'" Th,~ w'<$I! ~rowlh wll! I>".>IIUO hillhe. l ax
p"ynlcnl :!. 'rhu"" <I n Ih . su rr"c~. one nl'~1I'l ~x p" ct lu >ICC hou",hOld dcliril rull "~am ,,,,.'y ",r.i pk... ,S ,l(cl old~,.
lIul !h~ sil u"lion [~nlO", oo ml~~x I I"," Ihi<. TIM! lIol"wful [n'IlIignon! P""ul~tion In ~OI(J "'nl~d~ eo n
I"ined ",,,rkcl'5 ~I "'~'"IUS ul!cs. '"I ~ I~' in<'~"$" in I h~ ~"' UI' n"""g~ "''Il!\.' "'oull.! l.K.' k'AA than 11o~ If, I""(elll
tor ~() 1""Cen, ",ent ioned all.:,w. ~1""""~,,. tlo" li l'l:,, 1 h"'.IIC~ ofcach IK,,,,,,-,h,,ld i~ dclcrlllj",:d nul hy W,,~"S
QiQIIC hul by I hernt io of
(~ nd laXC!I) \0 l!lWtr "menlllCndllll. Ol~er wurke,," wflllC1l~ I n e",n mOre ",II""
cmp'ul"'d,bul'hq.'''' .'c mO/,\, likely I" h"""IlIc il l ur.<! may'e,,,,,,' helahu,furec,,,,d rcccil'" di."lIilityho.n
cfils. OhH mllC1lrt' for old~rworkcrsw ill h" v('rydflC" ''''''',
Thc "nul)'~i~ In Ihl!; p"I>~r alrcad)' ' 1>''I1O,,,le,>< mool ofa ny,,"lici]>,"lcd maIUrnlio"w,,)(,' 'ncr~ ....'Sh\.'Cll us.:
;\ ,,'refodr''''''uok. Ihe wa~c" ofl"",ful lInd "nl:owfui ""n,,)(, ol'll " .."k.. n'~1 V"'k'U~"~"'''' Mor e , mpofl!lIlI , it
exn ml"~'" I h~ fil!<',,1 dencils of h<>u""hl~d., 01 ~ilTcrcnl 'u:c,;. The "wr"~c fiscHI deflcll r", l <lWc,~kill hoo><:
hlold. Icnili; III ri~ unlil"w-'S 4 1J-4~, 1h<" r.1I . lIghtly, ,,,,1.1 then ' ''''' "gai n in ",' ''~n'cnt. Thl!; .iscfall .tillC
",,'INn m"8n~ IhHI a~ .I(",sklll p,,,,ul ~ 1 inn !OJ(~''''. Ih" "'"'''''lie ho">cI!<II,1 ' ldicIli.< "nlikdrl" ch_1\IIC- mueh,
cvtn Ihvu)(h w'W-'~ In"Yrl"" ~1i~hUy
1111:

""~llw<.>t1e'(:3de~.i\ 1

1~! Cd ~pan'tcl~,

11""""";'"''

"'''I/<'''

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S ~.:C I A I . R~ P<' MT

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Appendi." G; Pure Publ ic Goods, Private Consumption Goods,

and Population-Based Servi ces
l'i"".1 dL<ltlhuli"n ,,,,,(1),,,;,- sed.. I" dct~'!Mi"e the gu"".nmenl benefilS I'~",ei"cd by" fl.,Iit-tll,,. 11"'''1'
<o"'pared to In ..... p"lo.l.1I "~'I:"""" 'Y 1i"'1 Slep in \hi$. p<l)(' ....'S i. lu dl.tin~ui'" gOl'C rnmCOI p'(Ig" M\~ Ih~1
I'",vidt 'I'u'~ [lubllt gwld. as " I'I'"""d I'" -,~'h'al c gOO)<l .... TIH.~ IWu 1)"11'"" ,,( ""I",nd il "''''' h""" ve'y diffet_
enl t>sc~1 i"'[llir~l i~n~ .
~:'\l""nl.'1 l'uul Samud",'" l~ crcoJiI.-.J with being tbe lir~l lu "'-""/Qt' the U,,!q,}v/" l~ubliclW\..J;;. In hislO."TlIin:,1 l'1f>4 1'"1"" - 1'M I'ur~ """')I'y of I'ul~"' RXI",ndil ure."" ~ S"nlUdJllon def"'ed n pum publ ic 1:000 (0' wh:,~ ho
1.""~ lk-.l a C(~IL'l:tJ"' msunll'l~ln goo.ld-) ItS .. ~ond ..lI kh all (,njoy in co", n~," in II>(; !'Cn:! 111,,1 c.,u, i"dl~~hu, I 't
", ,,,w'Mpl i,," of~uch "~"'KI 1",,<Is I" "o! sui ,I 'a(.1 i"n~ rrnn, "n)' vlhcr indi"illual'~ <.... """ml>l;" n "flh"t~">d. II)'
omlll.,;t."
Ie om~umplioln "...d" i~" WXod thai '",,,, II.: pa,,,,,lw nu l '''m)n~ di(fcrellll"dlv\..I,,~t.: U~ u~
1))'''11<' "",sollll'"..:)ud<"I! 0, dlmrnis~ ,IS ,,"" bJ,un\llhcr.
II t l" .., k e~" nlpleura Ilure puhlk ~I ""1lI11I he a li)(hlhou"", TN: (...,1 llonl any p"rlkul","bip I""ceh",s
Ih~ W8tn;~ he:oC:OlI duo::~ nul dimini.h Ih" u".,fuin<.... (1ft he iighlhou~ III uth~r ~hip,;. IIIYj)ical e~Q "'lllC of"
privale <.... ''''uml'lk,n ~,~>d i. ~ h~mbu ,~,, ; When ,,"" (",,,',,n ClOt. it. 'I c;m,,"L bc calen 11>' " lhcr1
r(\'n>~lIy.QIt [I"'~ ]> ..hlir~,,,.b wHi n.eel 'w" C'; I~ ri,,:'"

,"+....

No n-RivlI.lrous CO"" ""'I.l io .. .

Will

I':"':t~n""

,n u !li ven ["",,nuniIY""n usc I he ~"od: ils u,;c, hy nne pcrs","

not di mlni~h i"'''liIil)"lo''lh~t .

1.ero-Cosl "..,. Ie ns ;on tn Addition .. ) Users. OI>l:C ~ pun: pulil k ~, .. OOJ hM ken p<oouC(oJ. ;1 ' '''lui,,:!, n"
exl,a ct,,;1 for oddil~) n"1 inUiyi(I,,~ I~ 1(. heneC,1 f,u", Ih e~",' d. ICxl'a n~I"n ...rlhe 1IumlJ<'r nflJo.l.>,';ici~ties
,lox", n'~ ,edUl'" il~ulililyl" " nyinili.1 u"", "ndd""" n'~ "lid llt.'Wcosl~"fl',,>ducl ",". II" Nubti pri.<~w'''
nlll8 ~q",,,,,lolJ,,,,,cs Huo::h.n,," ".pl"in . wil h " [lure , .... hJlegoold. "Additlon"l ."t!""unwl"!' may hc ~dd"d
~I ,.... ,,' m'''l!ln~1 e,,,,,:'"
The '~c<"111 crit~f~'n 1~ ~ d1r"Cl c"rOU~ I y .,f lhe f,r"'. If C"MU",pt kit> of ~ go "KII~ I ,uly non-ri""l,,,u~. thcn
odd ing ~~I '~ (leW c",..'un'cr< wilt ,101 ,,,,it.l" 01 ility or odd ~Ml.I< f"t I"" in ~ lal cnMSun.c"l.
Til" .Ii,;, 'n;:l j,)n hcl ... ,:"" ",,111:<:\1>1' "no IlIriv~I" ("n~un>[ll inn g.... ls ~a n I", 1I1... ~1 ,.,,:d hy c.,n~(k'ing Ihe
ddrc,en~:c bet we..n a , edl)!: for I'''' and ~n ",,1.,41 piece ,,( l'i,. 11 ,I,,,, f'" pit' iF-" [lulJlic OOI ..""nll)( ' I)" l1<'<,d in
IIw '""""" 111,,1 it c" n IJ<' "1>:,,,-.1 wil h "the .... wil houl rcdud n" ils u""fulnl,.. I" Ih~ lId!:!1n,,11."'.....,.., ., m"re.'''''''. tlw recipe en n he Ili~mlnal~~1 In n1 h~1i! wit h lltll t". nil added C<)l:l. U~ co nL':lst."n aClllill ~1iC\: ufpie
1~ . W"'''L e ""n~umptio,m g,~"",, It. ""'*"""IHinn hy nne 1",'<On bars ,UI "''' .. ,,'''pt~m ~y an"lhe'_ Elr"rl~ I"
cxpnnll ihu !>Unit""
individl' nl~ Ul ili~; n~ 1M pit: ~lic~ will cil h.:, "du ce Ih~ ""I i"ra~li"n "r ,,:och
("~
caeh ~"'IS a sm:,II~r l~ijrt l"n oflh. III k 1all~too,:) I'T ""(,,II tIC" ."tlf'IS(to I'w(loxc m,' ,,, 1'10:')

"r

".e.

Examl.les ofGI)l'ernllll'ntal Pure Public Guods

1'" 'e 1,,,111 ic g<.. Id~ a ro rel,,~ weiY.... ' e. (),'" I'" m~ e~" '" pI~ <If ~ ~"vcr n mcnl !Ill''' bl k !I<I',d is n><"" i"a I rc"",a reh
11" 'l"",a.ch fu ndt:d by Ihe N~I lonml I n.~1 il uIl"; "fll~.II.h pnldu,-...,; , cu. e (,,' c.oc.:" all f\ mc , k~ ns will bi::nclil
fIV '" Ihi~ di~r.I""ry. Th,' benefit ,~"Cch",d II)' line
;~ nol ,eduo::~d by 11K- t>\'nc(il ,,~i,...-d h)"U\""'~: nlU'~'
"'''''. I he ""lucurthe diSl."OVI:'Y \" ~..c" i",lividu,,1 wou ld " ,,,,,in I he s"",e cVl:n iflll" U.s. P<>I,uM Ion d"UhJ"ll
llnolh,,> noh.I)I, ~xn OlI)lc of" pu,e uulllic 8'~'d Is dc fe l\ ~ ~~llc ndilu,". The ul,lily ()f on Arnt)" division
>lr~" M1rc,,,(1 ,"IO"ic, lit'S in il~ dTedi""" .... ;n <~''''Il"'' in~ ro,d~n tnn:,iI< I" f\nwri"", Iu nl"sl re"l'L"''''- 0""
I",rsnn'$ ho:ncfi~ rro) 1II d,-(\,n!'C >I,c1\Il1h is m,1 fl.doc."l hl:<"u,;,." ,'ln~ 1 S ~I"" bt:ncfit. "fhe milila,y dTc..,liVl:""fiIl
" j" an lI,nl)" division " f an ~;N:r"fl e"";,,r "' 001 ,educ,'ll Ju.<t b\'('~""" I lit, "'z~ <it !>"dvllian 1>OI)ul"l~m b"'n~

1''''"''''

If'''",'''''','.

dcr" mled
Fi".tty. jn,livld u"l~ "nO)' n.o{."iVl: [lsychiesati.fllClion f,"", tm, P'"$<',,,,,II"n of wildl ife ." ... ildt, ncS~ &,c.".
Tn .. 11S)",h;" ""Ii.(ad .... n i. nlll ""'DCed 1"''' ' 11>11: "I hen; "",e;"" Lh ~""n", lI"nefit ~ nd i. ""I di"'ell)" ~!r~d"d by
c h"n~c"; In I he ['>-IlpU~'1 i.)n. I)" "<m ln"l. erQll)'lIIe,,1 ilf ~ n~l ","~ll'"rX IIIIl)' I", ,cducl~1 if [l(l[lul~1 iol" im:te';c,>i

.,

145
T III: ~' SC'" L <:0._1' ,IV UNI.AIII I'll L' ~ ,-\tI( : ..."'" rs
""Il " "' S&1o'TY Ttl Til E U.s, TAXI'A nM

lead In cr.. ""Ii"$' In C'I"I!e'lu~ncc. !;e",,,,,1 adiviliL's In P'L"'!'<l'W

whik pr<lVision In 11",k~ is" I"ivol e 11"'111.

~l'cd...'I'

on"y I",

,tm~,dc""d

a pulolic g<~Hj,

I' ure I'ubli c Goods Compared to 1"opuIDtion .. lIllSed Goods

Man~ govNnm"nl ..,n;';", lh"t ar~ ,Iuhl>l.il public ~~ ure nIIl I'"" I"'bl;" IIOud~ "A;u""ml<l~ Tho",,,,,
M,oC o,dy. Thurnill' N~chyl~,. a nd J3)' BhawO('hot)'a ~I"I" thai" ,dal ively re", ,.>f' Ihe !W(>d~ 1I1'I>d",,~d by II h~1
!I<)"", nnlenl ;...-eIM "r~ pu ,e puhl K: j(Of>Il.\ . in I he """"" I hal the f.u~l lOr pmviding II", lIlO m~ le",,1 of I he ~0<,,1
,~,,,,,,,do lllto thc !'i.e orlh~ lH)pUlo'i,"' ... .. In ul~r "'N<J~. n,nrl}, ~""'n ntcnl
~ I'l.f('T'l"<llo L"\.' nvtn
I i"",,11,y , "public lIuod." n~'tld 1<, "" inct""""d ,.1added eX I"'""" I" thu l ~xpaY"r thu 1'01'ul.tO<I" ,ne' """"$.
Ihet'l'II)'''IoIHlin~ lh'' .. tll"tI(jn "f"t/:t1......')S 1 exle n~ ~l1 l i' ",lditi(Jnol u~c"',
Flit .",~mpl~. I ",tk" 1","e~tio" i~ C)Ocn in'~'rt<."'lly ",rcrr~oJ I""~ a "publIC g,~,d: "("rUt. p"!"'" liC) 1'",.
vide ~ dilfu><: ,;", vico: Ih"l l>c.ncfil>; ncorly all menth"",,,,r a <lImmunily, lIul lh, !',:ndil lhol ~~"h indIvidual
" ",dv.'t< ffl'm " IlC)lic~
i~ ,t'lluc<'Il hy lhe c13in's I hUI olh e, tili~n~ m~y rna"" un Ihe IK>li<"e oll'tc.:,s Ii ml!..
S,""<~'ne living In a lo",n ,>I' ,.ull p,,~e~l"d by" "jn~le (l<,licc oUite .o:cL~ fa, m'fTC prol "Cl ion f rum I h,,1 ""I ~'C
"l1\c~t l hun wilul,! an'l\h~ r indh'idu"! ph~.~clcll hy Ihe ""mt ~i!\J:I" poIke ,l(li<:o.<t in , low n "flO,OOO.
Tho National llL'sc~ tch CI>ondl c~pl"in!l I hal g'lVC'n m"nlll<:"':c~ 'hul \!crkl ,,,lly ncc"ll In "" increased ,,~
IhI' I~'l'ulnlion inc"",,''':!! nn: nul ,cal pul~ ~' /I.<"~I". 11 rc(cr~ I" Ih .sc ~cr"ic<." uS 'Ciln)!el'1 iN~' g>~~t'" If ~""h n
l'rOj(f~m f<'malns Ii~cd i n "i~o a. 1m, num b\:r nf uso.:rs inttca,;., . 11 may bcl;omu l~"\Il<'~I"<I. ~ nd the '!,,"Iily
",""crv ,ct: will '''''''''l''!'"lly he "il"",~l. A n ,Ii>vio". ex"," ple ",,,,, Id he hi;thw~y". 0 11"". examl,I .... of""u"),.,,,.I
jhl,," i!O'od. m t.scwc,.,.. patb. f".... d"l)al"m~nl . t>O!k~. <OUI'I$, ~nd m",1 ""rvlt~., o "h,.. ~ type, ofptlllttnn>S
"rC~"lcg<.'I.e<I ,., I"~'~ I~I t"n-~ed services in the 1'''I>c r.
In ""n! r"~1 I" (IOI,ul,,) i"nb ...<;<.~1 !lCrvioes. ~"v"rn",""! ul "",c puhl ((' )l()(~I~ hov" odd n"""jP""I"" Ii,.... lh,
f:>el thai" Inwinron'c IWI'S<>n who paYlIli We Or ntllhit\)! in Ine< rec..oi, 'tS iJ<'nefolf,nm &"'"Crnmcnl dofens.:.
,,,. m"dic.1 n:""~r<h p"'lll'alllS d<>c. ""I i,n(>l15f: added ",e,L, '" .cduc" Ihe 01 ilily u( Ih. "", p"')(ran'~ '" lithe!
h.~paye'l< Thc,~fi"e. k Is il),oc< u.nk III s.. y lh~llhc "onlaxl'~Y"N.' " ""uClhc,,", 1" ");"'01' imp'~n hun.!en
(In nlht''''"I':OYC", On Ih~ olh~rh"nd. n"n'lax1''IY'''~O' ind,vi\luMs .... ho W~Y liltle in IIIX ..... ~t'l' .(rc." rid,"s'
on puhlir gDhtl~ in Ihe ""noc l~'" IMY hcn'elll from" !CUM rot ",h,eh Ihey haw ""l llal.
Th~enlryoll'onl3wful lO' low-skill in'A,is'al1's in\<} Ihe tJ. S . duc~ MI. il1Cr ~H;:c I"" ,~,~I~ o. redute the util
ily 1)1' 11ul~i< go>O<l8 (flt ntherlaxpa)"'t&; Iheref" .... ll(lhlic ll",>d~ ~I>cndlng I~ ",,1 included In I he rwl 1\::,,1 def:il
c'Uk"I~Iit>n~f"r unl"wf\lllntot i~rnnl h''''',;o!h('ld~ prc,>cnlcd In lhi!p.l.et. Il~ '1mlrnsl. l hc cnlry"fun lawr,,1
i III m Igr~ n\..~ dues i ""0""" eo >61~ a n<J re<JU('~ I hi:: 0111 il y 'l" CQIW'~t il)k'" Or pupu 101 ion-base<J ~~rvkC!' (Q t ..,1~,
tuxl"'Y.'S; Ihc ... fot~. 11,,,,, cxrcnd it un'. h,,,,, I>t" n i nelmlc,lln Ihe Olel fistul dd,cit c"ku""ion~ fo, I"w.kill
in"ni~",nt h\>u>eh"lds p""i:nl ~d in Ihi.< pUf'Ct .

$"'.'.i<......

a"

"m ... "

146
s r.:C IAI. ReNIRT so. ,..
loMU.:IO,.

Appendi.'\: Tables
Characteristics of the Unlawful Immigrant Population: Department of Homeland
Security and Heritage Foundation Estimates

..,

u.s.. 0_"",.., of H....... d So<IIri!~

ll.!i ... _

..

~""* c..-..~
NoIinC-",

...

IOJ5<ri1bl

11.5'-C "'_
10.
"....,.,

115_

1.1~"'""""

V.1t 0/ AnI 1

..

2000-1011

,,~

~,.

_.

-~
18'014

35\044
45anddd.;,

"..
.....
rdfA<><,oI

1Y\(!o;,~

".

~,~

'.~

...

17.6'''''

,,~

U ..

''''
"'"
""

"'"

""
"
"'_lea

~J78'*

,,~

151<134

N ",,~

Tho ~Itogo fo... d. ' ....

Hulnboto/_.

~ .p.n

.1 O<'ci'

71_';110

..

591"10
"",

,'"
,.'"

.'.""
..
J~

1'110

"'"

.,.
"'"
".
,.'"

76 a-w.

.~

147
T ill: ~ 1~" L cu.'--r OV U/<iI.AW I'IIL I.l t\1 I<:M.. ",- rs
A/<ill AMNE.,--rV T(, T II E U"", TAJWAUM

Federa1 Out1ays: Fisca1Year 2010 (Page' of 4)

MillIONS
OFOOUAJ1;5

fU NCTION AND SUBfUNCnON

~n"

050 National Oe! .....

OSI~""'" 01 0., ........ """11')'

M",", ... _

"~-

-,.",h,~. los~

_ f.....,.,...,

16.990
21.1~9

f .... 1Iy t<w>itw

1113

.~

OS I 5ub!..... o.".ro, .... cI ~ Mi:lTO<y

~ _ _~V"",""",OC'lI'ih.'
O'hno ........ t..d

",,1.,1...

... tiono/ o.,... oIoo:m<nt...., iIurtIo~" ... ist ..... e

15 2 "".....- <C<IJ';IV...riUon<.

153 car.;."c, oIl...w> 011 ....

l~ ~

"*""""o".-..! ~ octi.....

155~fW!A'lcial-""

19.11~

,."'

1~01~

II.Ml
11551
,~,

224
4 S.19S

150 GMttoI SoItnco, ~ .... """ Tot/'ItIOIoO

2S1 Gen.!oJ KlIn~"""bo>i< ......"""

11.128

2S'~~hI."""'",h,md,"IIIIO<\II1t"~~1M

18.110

"'-

2/I' ....

30,098

tv...,.,...,.

f'Iltir(gcm

666.10]

150 "'''''''''0,\01 .o.tt....

lSI _

""bkllOOd

115.988
133.603

f>l,1JII,), (ot!s'rIIClloll

""."'."'--....
""'-."'
M,"
15~.6\IO

Op.n''''' '''''~

""!>III:guod

l'<IIII;c tood

."'''''--""bf"'F

P<ibUc guod

""'l'utlfr(j!I?O<I

~l< lood

,.~

4.9\11

7f2E""1(11 ..........oI!l""
214~_1'Y""~'

776,,...IlY _ _ '0f\

.-..!""",lo!.",

100 No' .. " ~"""'''' ......o ,...u..n.....,t

>OIWO' ''''<:S<ror ...

mc...-...IM_ ...... "'~

,W

'"

lUll

fW<lI.Iion - ~ H ' -

,,~

."'

J011.,(t..I ..,....~

10,1'I!1
3,911

lG4l'b11u1im <Dt1'"

10.8<2

oINh,m..'rf.

306 Ot/oo ....... ,OJ """""'"

Tot", N.,UO'lII
E............... OI

-..-."'11

~po

...

-""
f'WuIo,_"" .......".
f'opoIo!loftoo .........."'"

l'urit(.p>!

41,66i
5IIl!l 'l _ _

148
s r . :C IAI. RCP<>RT )i0; ' ""

loMU."",.

Federal Outlays: Fiscal Year 2010 ( Page 2 of 4)

MIUIONS
OF DOltA1';5

FUNCTION AND SUBFUNCT10N

300

N "~

I'Il~TYPl

R""""",,, 0<Jd [",,",,,,,,,,,,I

JOlw.... ,....,.,....

1~~56

3()] ""'-,..."",, ..... !arld .,.."..,....,.

3()1Ro:u.,Uo"01"",,",,,,"
)()4 PoIiuIkw> ,>10 """ ....11_
l:l60""""",",01_

10.1113
3.911

10,841
6.470

' 3,66<
l5(l~, ....

faml""""",,.-......

lSI
J5l Al!>i<tIIM., ,..."."'ft ..........:eo

16,~

4,151

a'~
170 c~ ond """"'''' C,od"
311

"""'-<f<"d;'

372_01 ...... ",

313 o.,p:,.I,_nro
J760""",""""""_01 .......... ,,,, (TARf'",_)
Total,
I1ooinI

C_,.,.;

C_,

.-ooT~ ""

35,/I00I

.~-

--

~tlon-_

.... _

~1q,<boIo<<I"''-

."'~

...

""'~

Oir<I<It.mclit

.. """"
..

.~,

-12.0B
a5,381
.",

--'

I'o\>ubt..., .......,,""""""

0iI0<! bMOIa

ht.'_ ..........

4DI Gooun<l "..-..-uli""

,,~

Pr>go ...

402''''~

21,431
9,351

l'oI>W,,-bood ....-

4/))

Wi,,,, ",_..,"'"

407~lt

_ _ I""

91,912

45(1 C~ _1\esion>1

f'opoIo,ion'bo><d ....mo.

~I_""-

DevoI_,

'S lc-""",IV~"'"

9.901

""-'<$",<1

4S1_"';-*~

3,149

"",">Io' ionoOl...a .., . -

10.6""
13.904

f'o!>uI;I"""'-"""-

45]Oi>a<,o>

rei4odM>.!_""""

SOO E4oc.otlon, Traino1e. ~~ . 1Id So<iaI s. .......

50l ~...,..~,~~tlonoI""';otiool

5C11io1N od<o(:,,"'"
!,()lltd........... _II..:lu<.a'Mtiz

W4T............. ~'
!005 0tI00r ~ ."'."'"
~5otioI ..... :c.os

112(;1

10,023
3,631

'.~
t765
19.)76
11l',710

--

fdut.,
..... bo.<>dU
-~"
-.~",

Pt.pujo,.".....,.,. .....,;CO>

""'__ ~'od

SIl\J3 '1 _ _

.,

149
T ill: ~1 ~" Lcu.'--r IW V/<iUW I'IILI .l t\lIt:M .. ",- r;:
A/<ill A.\lNE.,--rV Tt' T II E V"", TAJWAVEM

Federal Outlays: Fiscal Year 2010 (Page 3 of 4)

MIIJ,IONS

or OOLl.ARS

fUNCTION ANO SU8FI1NCTION

~ so

PROGAAM TYP

litalth
33(1,110

!oS I _ " 'iIIIl..:nlce>

551_""""' ........... ._.-...\Ild

5S1~lh

..... _ . . . . _

]]0.110

551_" ...-choro::l ......

~ Com~""""",, _ottonal hc.>iII1.rId,..~,ty

600 I.......... S..... ""'

SOl G.nnI",,,,,,,,",,,, oro::Idi.. b!ll1' .....""". (~J<><iIl"""";'Y)
602~~M~~.rId~~

~.'"
. 14~

,,..
U9,8li7

...

1502~1~~.""6$of,il;1 ~ '~\I>Ct
S03~_ ....11""("""""" ..

.,.,e ......,..;'UIIl)

foO.IIl_"'l_.
1105 faod.od

~-.......".

Pl.bIic!lll)O(l

!>opuI,tto.,.... ><:d ...me.,.

~bo;; .. l~

r......,.lalob!io>.o\io:n<W'''PMI

-_.
~

r.olr._~"'I_.rId~~IV''''"I~'''''lpu/J1o:(I:OO-l
,~

Mo.>ro.-~$d

~1\ot1 ..... t .....

1!09 Oltoc. ""<7'1< ><WIlly (S.~t.oI5I.rily ""'omt<. Il0l" ........

~_'"""""'c...dil,

I ... w.......

OuYdopmett!

T.".,r:>.. v.... obUn:~IO-...F.....

r...,.. c.." ChIld c.. oro::I 0.1.:1

16C,\A~

53,651
95, l1 D

lsun

....tiol',

~-I~locI

Mol ..... -'..'od

Mo. .... -I""""

AWsW'<,
810.;1 G>.nI )

700 ~ o.l ....... _~ ..... 5 _..

705 01+>0> ' ''''''mI bor" ..fb <Ir'od "".".,.

4,816
IIlll,lB'

7SO_W.,..,oIJusIlee

151Iod........ ~ .. 'MlIo<>
1521_ t lipllw .... ju6c::.4 odM\;e,
753 Fo<Iet.l co<'",,,- .:Ii>!!;"
lSoI
I""Co ""is""""

c_

"'

1S.11~
1~ft7J

..

1.145
( ,849

"

'"'<Public !<ood
Putft1jlO<l<i

...

.~-

""'

"""",.ti...,..~_

!'t>publ~"""''''''

1WuI1I""'_ .....~
f'oouIo uon-l>owd _

..

l'opuI. t.oon-b...,; .~
1

'5.11,

7c. v............ _"".

,,"blt<'f><'d

'

,~

'9,161

7!l211L1fI"'" O\IUCOl1l>tl. , ~.rId _10110)0

7C3~01 oro::I ......... <.... r.. Yd"'..,.

701 "-"""""""'IY t... ....'1 .....

_ _ ....

150
S~ .:t , "' , ncrORT

s o. ,..

),MU,:to,.

Federal Outlays: Fiscal Year 2010 ( Page 4 of 4)

MIlliONS
OfOOUARS

fUNCTlON ANO suaruNCTloN

PROGRJ..M TYP

IJOO G........ GIMIt_

8CI\qi>!o!No "'oction!.

902 """'",... 4""''''" oro m...._

BQ.c.."".,r __.._

~11J(:l>-ba...J """,!en

,~

f'<,puI> ll.,............""""",
Pto!:o..IIon-(lO ..... ...w...
1'opQ_......... . . . 1'opuIo1............ ,,'<Vito>
1'opub, lonobl><l,",*-,

11.'>'06

Gonotol_W"",,'<=<IIm_
IlOSG."""'''''~'''''''J!''ffiCIl'

,,~

'"
'.'"
'.~

lID/; Gtno ., ..... f""'" rlotol .. ""'."'~

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uponeMu_ (l!! mlllioM) Typo 0' ....... m

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156
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Bulls" r.O<tlo.
1Ieaibo",;oro.

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Endnotes

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176

Mr. KING. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Then I wanted to ask the question of Mr. Amador, the bill prohibits an employer from checking current employees unless they
check all current employees. So let me suggest that if you had a
national restaurant burger chain, and you hadin one or more of

177
the locations you had reasonable suspicion that a high percentage
or even any of your workforce was working unlawfully, under this
E-Verify bill, how would you go about doing your due diligence as
a citizen to verify those employees if you had that administrative
burden of all the employees in the Nation, as Ms. Blitstein has
said?
Mr. AMADOR. Well, let usI will say a little bit of history, and
I know Ms. BlitsteinBlitstein reported on that a little bit.
When the Federal Government, when the Obama administration
continued the policy of the Bush administration requiring Federal
contractors to reverify the entire workforce, the U.S. Chamber of
Commerce filed a lawsuit. They have since lost that lawsuit, but
it was accounted that it cost millions of dollars to reverify people
that had already gone through the current system and there was
no suspicion of any of them being undocumented.
The same is still true for the entire workforce. It is very expensive to go back and reverify, particularly in our industry where you
have such a high turnover rate, to bring everybody in and make
sure that you didnt miss anybody, even the owner, because if you
did that, then you open yourself for liability.
Mr. KING. Would you prefer to have the option that as an employer at a location could just simply run one or more of the employees who he verified that were current employees?
Mr. AMADOR. We have always supported a voluntary reverification with good cause. That doesnt mean that we want to waive
other nondiscrimination and antidiscrimination laws, but at the
same time, you know, if you have good cause, if you have reason
to believe that the
Mr. KING. And I can get into that discrimination piece, because
the computer doesnt know the difference. But I would go to Ms.
Wood in the time that I have left, because one of my other concerns, and I have a coupleone of my other concerns is that we
have an executive branch that refuses to enforce immigration law,
and so it is hard for mealthough I like a lot that is in this bill,
it is hard for me to get to the point where I can except that with
a promise of enforcement of immigration law, we would actually
get enforcement, since I have been watching this since 1986 and
am disappointed with every Administration, including Ronald
Reagan, on this issue. How could we expect the law to actually be
enforced unless the President wants it to happen and believes in
it?
Ms. WOOD. Well, I think it is tough, and as I noted in my written
testimony, I mean, it has been a challenge, you know, how can we
do this more effectively? That doesnt mean, I think, that we give
up, and I think this bill and more and more employers going on
E-Verify is a good start.
I would note just with the idea of verifying kind of one employee
at a time, I do think we have to be careful and build in some civil
rights and civil liberty kind of protection, because you could have
a well-intentioned HR manager that would just decide that only
employees that dont speak English well, those would be the one I
wouldwould want to run through for existing employees.
So I think we have to be careful if you allow people just to run
an individual employee through without a reasonable amount of

178
suspicion or a particular investigation that would lead them to
that.
Mr. KING. Thank you, Ms. Wood.
And I would note, Mr. Chairman, that you have already made
the decision to hire, that would be when the discrimination would
take place.
And I yield back.
Mr. GOWDY. I thank the gentleman from Iowa.
The Chair would now recognize the gentleman from Florida Mr.
Garcia.
Mr. GARCIA. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Ms. Wood, you worked in the previous Administration, and back
then, if I remember correctly, you favored comprehensive immigration reform.
Ms. WOOD. That is right, and I still do, yes
Mr. GARCIA. Good.
I just want to get back to a statement that was just made. You
would assume that since we are deporting about half a million people a year, that this Administration is enforcing immigration law.
Ms. WOOD. I think that no Administration, the Bush administration included, has been effective in truly reducing the magnet of
unlawful employment. I think we have all tried, we tried in different ways, and we havent succeeded. And so I think it makes
sense to look at how can we improve our overall system. One of
those ways is by making E-Verify mandatory and looking at that.
I certainly think that the continuation of the Secure Communities
program has been a very positive thing, and there has been other
positive things in the Obama administration as well.
Mr. GARCIA. Thank you. Just glad to knowI am glad that you
agree that we are enforcing immigration law. It is an important aspect to this.
I want to ask you, following up, you wouldyou would agree
with me that sort of continuation of an immigration system that is
broken under the current confines makes absolutely no sense,
right, that you are probably trying to do the impossible?
Ms. WOOD. I think our system is broken, has been broken, and
we need to do something to fix and address. I think we have a responsibility to do that, even though it is tough, and even though
the answers, frankly, may not be perfect. But I do think this bill
on the E-Verify piece, I will say, is, in my view, better than the
proposal in the Gang of 8 relating to employment verification, so
I hope that something more similar to this could be considered at
an appropriate time
Mr. GARCIA. I would imagine that because you believe in comprehensive immigration reform, you see this as a part of a broaderbroader component. This is but a component of an overall immigration overhaul, and that what we need to do is fix it all at
once and get it done, correct?
Ms. WOOD. We need to fix it, but if this is all we can do, I would
say let us start with this. So I amyou know, I certainly think we
need to fix it, butbut just like DACA, it may be that there are
portions of reform that make sense in different chunks, and that
the American people areand Congress would be able to do that
in kind of sizeable pieces, and I am not opposed to that. If we can

179
do it in one overall bargain, you know, kind of all the better, but
we have got to make sure we get every piece of it right. Got to
make sure we get interior enforcement right, border enforcement
right, future demand right, and that is very difficult, particularly
in a bill that is almost 900 pages.
Mr. GARCIA. You do realize, though, the complexity when we
have Members of this Committee who find the ability of doing immigration at all or making the assertion, almost ludicrous assertion, that Americans are willing do all these jobs when we found
that that has not been the case across the board probably for the
last two decades, correct?
Ms. WOOD. These are incredibly tough issues, and I think the
fact that Congress is focusing on them so much now makes a lot
of sense. And so I just hope that there is political courage on both
sides of the aisle to seek for a reasonable situation that is not perfect, doesnt satisfy everyones equities, but moves the ball forward,
because the current situation we are in, I think, is not tenable and
not sustainable in the way we would like for the American public.
Mr. GARCIA. Okay. I wanted tothank you.
I wanted to ask Mr. Mondi a fewa question.
So, you know, implementing these requirements to the agriculture industry, last time it came up, there was sort of an outcry
because it could basically shut down the agricultural industry, and,
in fact, there were consequences when we had enforced certain provisions in certain parts of the country. So isis the E-Verify that
we are proposing here workable for your industry, and would
you
Mr. MONDI. E-Verify is important as part ofthere are a couple
other components. I know after this hearing we are going to be discussing a workforcea guestworker bill.
Mr. GARCIA. Uh-huh.
Mr. MONDI. And now for specific comment, certainly that panel
can address those, but there is also the legalization factor where
if you have people who develop skills over time that have been here
working hard, which we know in agriculture in particular, since
that is your question, there is a lot of them, without someyou
cant pick up three-quarters of the workforce, throw them out, and
just bring inreplace that with new people that have no experience and maybe even ability.
So, I think that E-Verify is going to absolutely be a part of advancing agriculture, but I think it is going to be imperative that
there is a guestworker program, and that there is some legalization
program as well.
Mr. GARCIA. Or broader comprehensive immigration.
Mr. MONDI. And all those things together are contingent on each
other, so they need to be together.
Mr. GARCIA. Thank you. Thank you very much.
Mr. Chairman, I yield back the balance of my time.
Mr. GOWDY. I thank the gentleman from Florida.
The Chair will now recognize the gentleman from North Carolina, the former U.S. attorney Mr. Holding.
Mr. HOLDING. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

180
Ms. Blitstein, welcome. I understand you are a constituent of
mine, so it is a delight to have you in the Committee today, and
so I will ask you a few questions.
In the years that NC State has been using the E-Verify system,
have you had situations in which E-Verify has helped identify
places in which documents presented by an individual for the I-9
process were not, in fact, valid even though they looked valid on
their face, as current law requires?
Ms. BLITSTEIN. In our experience we had, that I can think of,
about two situations that I can think of with clarity where the system did catch that they were fake documents. One ofthey are
both green cards or permanent resident cards. One of them was actually very good, and it took me a little while, after I got the result,
to figure out where some of the fraudulent aspects had come in.
And then there was one that was not quite as good, but the system
captured that right away, and then we terminated that employment.
Mr. HOLDING. And did you follow up with law enforcement at all
on the fraudulent documents?
Ms. BLITSTEIN. We did not. And because through the E-Verify
system, now at least the Department of Homeland Security was
aware that those individuals were using fake documents, and so we
ended our employment, which is our obligation, and then that is
when we ended the matter.
Mr. HOLDING. And do you have any idea whether the Department of Homeland Security followed up on, you know, occurrence
of fake documents being used with individuals?
Ms. BLITSTEIN. On those two instances, I am not aware, and
Homeland Security did not reach out to my office at all about those
two individuals.
Mr. HOLDING. Thethis is to the whole panel. You know, as a
situation like that arises, and, you know, you catch an instance of
false documents, have any of you ever gone beyond what is required and reached out to law enforcement to ask them to follow
up on, hey, we have someone here using false documents?
Ms. WOOD. I work with some companies that under the IMAGE
program have a protocol where they can relate certain things to
ICE and so have done that on certain occasions. But it is not where
they have an individual employee that is a problem, but where
they are seeing kind of a current pattern or something else, like
the fraud is shifting of individuals trying to get through the system, and they report that.
Mr. HOLDING. All right. Theagain to you, Ms. Blitstein. How
many resources are wasted when an employer is required to actually hire an employee before the employer can check the work eligibility of that employee and subsequently finds out that the new
employee is not work authorized?
Ms. BLITSTEIN. Because of the industry that I am in, higher education, I would say that we are unique from some in that we have
not found a large instance where we did subsequently have any
issues with documentation. So it is not something that has occurred and wasted a lot of our time, but certainly, like my colleagues can say, I do understand when you get the tentative nonconfirmation, and that process can take a while to get resolved,

181
that there are resources that potentially could be effective, or you
are training someone and then they have to leave. But at least at
NC State we have not really had that as a situation.
Mr. HOLDING. All right.
Ms. WOOD. And, in fact, if I could just add.
Mr. HOLDING. Sure.
Ms. WOOD. Particularly what we see in the proposed Senate bill,
the idea that after a nonconfirmation an individual can then go to
an ALJ, I mean, there is so much uncertainty for an employer, and
I think that is very problematic, and you are going to have employees who are not authorized who are going to try to game the system and stay and work as long as possible. So I think that it is
stretching out the amount of time before the employer has a final
decision could be a really kind of problematic thing in terms of
business operation, money wasted on training for people who ultimately arent authorized, et cetera.
Mr. AMADOR. And I would like to add.
Mr. HOLDING. Yes, sir.
Mr. AMADOR. In our industry, I guess, is the opposite. Because
of the demographics of our industry, and we are very proud of our
diversities at all levels, from managers to cooks to dishwashers,
you know, we are very proud of that, but we get a disproportionate
amount of these nonconfirmations than visvis other industries.
The number one cost is the cost of training. You know, you are
training this individual for a job that he may not have the following day, and at the same time you cannot hire somebody else
to do the job. So that is the number one reason.
So, one thing that is very important that we have been asking
for for years, from both Democrats and Republicans, is something
that is on this bill: being able to conditionally hire somebody that
saying, well, if everything checksyou know, right now you can
look at background checks, you can look at all of these other checks
except employment authorization. Under this bill, you can make
employment conditional on a final confirmation, and that that is
very important because you do not waste all that time and money,
you know, training somebody that might not end up working for
you after all.
Mr. HOLDING. Thank you very much.
Mr. Chairman, I yield back.
Mr. GOWDY. I thank the gentleman from North Carolina.
The Chair would now yield to the gentlelady from California for
a question.
Ms. LOFGREN. Just one quick question, Ms. Wood. You, I think,
said that it would be a concern that unauthorized workers would
game the system to string it out. Do you have anyare there any
studies, or, I mean, any evidence to support that statement, because Iat least in what we have seen, people who are here unauthorized, the last thing they want to do is come to the attention of
anybody. I mean, they are hightailing it down the street if they get
caught. What data to you have to support that?
Ms. WOOD. Certainly there are companies that I have worked
with where that has occurred. And so I think that the attitude is
changing a little bit, and part of that may be people, you know, are
hoping that there is going to reform in the system, and so that if

182
they can just work a little bit longer, 2 or 3 weeks, while they are
employing for a job down the street, they would do that.
I would say several years ago we didnt see that. I think there
was more willingness evenunfortunately, even people who are
authorized, but may be new immigrants, if there is a TNC that
came back, sometimes they would leave the job when they
shouldnt have. But now we are actually seeing people who are contesting even final nonconfirmation.
Ms. LOFGREN. If you could provide us some examples of that, I
would appreciate it. I remember my former counsel on the Subcommittee when I chaired who was an American citizen andyou
know, an Immigration counsel, who was given a tentative nonconfirmation.
Ms. WOOD. Right.
Ms. LOFGREN. And it took herI mean, she is an immigration
lawyer. I was Chair of the Immigration Subcommittee. It took
her
Ms. WOOD. That might be the problem.
Ms. LOFGREN. It took her almost a month and a half to sort it
out, and, I meanand if there is no process, you just get fired, and
if you dont get notified
Ms. WOOD. Right.
Ms. LOFGREN [continuing]. Then you can never fix it.
Ms. WOOD. Well, you certainly should have the process, and I
think the current process generally works. I will tell you that right
now we have had some people that have gotten a final nonconfirmation, but are authorized, and what they have able to do, and
we have helped them, go to USCIS and get that resolved. So I do
think it is important that on an individual basis there are ways
that if the government kind of doing it and they go and address
that. What I am concerned about is institutionalizing the idea of
having an ALJ and other layers there
Ms. LOFGREN. I am not necessarily talking about the Senate bill
so much as the need for Americans to not be treated unfairly.
Ms. WOOD. Oh, yeah, and I think the current TNC process, I
think, works generally very well.
Ms. LOFGREN. I am going to stop, because I want to thank the
Chairman for letting me ask that question, and I dont want to
abuse his good courtesy.
Mr. GOWDY. Yes, maam. Thank you. I thank the gentlelady from
California.
The Chair will now recognize himself for 5 minutes, and I would
begin by asking unanimous consent to enter into the record the following: letters of support for H.R. 1772 from the National Restaurant Association, Associated Builders and Contractors, Essential
Worker Immigrant Coalition, National Retail Federation, Darden
Restaurants, and a statement of support for this bill from
ImmigrationWorks USA. Without objection, so entered.
[The information referred to follows:]

183

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184

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185

EWIC

[ JSf"lItinl Worker h nrni grathlll COjllit iou

f~WIC SIIll~III"1II

Ilia)' 7, ]O/j

H.R. 1112 - u gal Workforce ,\ CI - Co ngrtn lllan LAma r Smilll IImJ HUllSI'. Jndicilll'),
C ha irmlln. llob GoodlAtlt IntrodLlc t II Bill 10 ImlltOn rh t [-\lt rify System

We write IOjhank YOII for the work done on I-I R 1772. The Legal Worklorce Act imroduced by
Congressman Lamar Smith and House Judiciary Chaimll!J1, Bob Good lalle on April 26,
20n, and we suppon yUlir con tinued efTon~ toward immigration reform . This i~ II bill Illalo if
paS5Cd. woul d mnndal~ an improved E-Vcrify program on all employers and for all new hires.
We wanl10 enc<lI.If1Ige you in the prO(;e$S, 10 recognize the positive provisions. Rnd La e:'(press our

concerns nn certain provisioos Ihnl W,t cannot support.

EW IC is II coalition of businesses. trade ass<x:ialiOl1s. and OIht:t urganiuuions from a~r<s tilt
industry spectl\lm that suppor1s ref~'m1 of U $, immigration policy to fadlitate II sustainable
w{)rkfo:e for the American economy while ensuring our national securi ty and pr()l;perity. We
wam to underscore the need for establishing a workable. reliable Rnd efticient worksite
enforcement employment eligibility system A new E-Verify ,,,andate would impact every
business in the United States as well as every employee. 11 is imperative Illal this new sy~!cm
function properly and be administel\Xl in the proper environment.
Some of the most important goals for EW1C that are included in H R. 1772 arc
,.. Clarificalion Ihal federal j urisdiclion preentpts Slate and 100a]la'IS ( Bu~iness needs onc
standard to comply with and eliminating Ihe morass uf Stllte and local ~mploymenl
verification laws):
,. Safe harbors for employers Ihal use E_Vcrify in good fai th
"good faith" be fu rther clalitit:rl),

(althou~h

we rCC\lmmmd thaI

,. FuUy electronic version \\il1 be available \0 employers, The full y electronic version wil!
provide reminders to employtfll when temporary wor~ authorization is expirinS aud will
provide printable and searchabl e records for employers;
Adequate funding with resources. available to implement the program ",itb more tbon 1;])(
million employers,

NO! hurdensome to employer!! from eitber a COSt or an administrative pcrspecli\'e;

,

A reasonable nuntberor ,elia!:>l ... documettls 10 reduce r[';lud,

Es.cnt"~t Worj.;c:r bn""~nuoo , .. lIloon

2111J J StI'l.'<1 NW. Slutc j(~~, "'osIl!'ij\I~n DC
,7uJ'14').I37=

21~J17

186
infrastruetur~'

,.. A reuonable defini tion or"eri tiea)

"

employers,

A 'kno"ins' inten! standard for liability for both employer.> an d contractors ihat have
SUDcOIltrnctor relntionships (,a l!hough we have rOllcems mbout th e lower knowledge
S\andard for the criminal penalties):
A rcaSOf1able system response times;

;. An option for employers to begin the verifiCluion process once

oflicialJy mad~ ,

IUl

olTer has been

Provisions to make the systen'l won.able for our nation ' s small busineSses, induding 1011free telephonic ac~~s to Ihe ~.)'~tem aIld II pha:w.-in 10 the prugram based on bu~in~s~ site.
ensuring that larger employers enter the system first, followed by II Qnldual inclusion of
smaller businesses:
,

Accountability for errors when l'fJlploycrs and/or employees are given inaccurate
infOfmalion, and

;. Recugllition that automalit debarment of employers from f~deral.!!O~en1ment conlrncts is

nOi an au!hori ty that ShOldd tJ<l given to D~I S and must be handled through current law
under the Fedel1ll Acquisition Regulations ("FAR ' ),
We would like to Sl~ improvemems itl Ihis

I~ogislation

that include.

,.. One of the bi!! problems with E-Vcriry, is tllat it doesn ' t thoroughly prevent identity theft

More thought should be gh= to methods thH! employers could us;: to undertake
~dditiO!1al
~

veritication to

miti~:ste id~ntity

thef! issues, such as Self-Check.

Lan~ua.\!c

should be includt:d In INA St"(:tion 274A and Section 274B to protect

from liability for usin~ additional wrificatioo me1hods as loog as they are
used across the board TIlis should be an additional safe harbor for purposes of
employment eligibili ty veri(ica\ion aud for claims of Imlawli,l immigratiOllrelaled
employment prRctices.
~rI1 pJnym

We do not suppon the new c;riminnl penalties proposed by the Jcgi~lalion If addilional
crim,nKI penalties are neces,;.ary beyond those in curren! law. \hen there should be
clarification Ihal the new pen1lhics do not appl~ 'i n " willful blindness" sitUlUiom; absent a
showin!! of actual knowledge on the pan of the alleged perpetl1ltor, and ~lou(d only allow
prosecutors to pU!1;ue vicariQ4.lS corporate liability for the actions of employees if the
company lacked an adequate immigration compliance program, and
There should be an investigative and enforeemem syStem that takes into eonsiderntioo
concerns of small business and i, fair, \\;Ih penahies comm~nsunue 10 the olTense
including provi~ions to protcc,t Iir.;Hime good fpith offenders cnUW1L in Ihe web of everchanging i'.>dcrBI law

E5!icnt"~1 Wor1o;c:r hn""~nllon C.. I'Hon

21111 I S1~ NW. Slulc j(~~, I'oISlII'ij!lon DC 2'~Jl7

,7I1J,14/ 137=

187
Congreu still needs to lix our immigllliion sy~tem to recugnize the Ot1going need of Ihe
American econom~ for workl'rs when nOI enough Aml'rican workers are available, and to
S<!parate those , .. 110 wish 10 hann our natjol1 from Ihv'!C who wish to help build il. The current
sySTem docs nO! won; for an~one. and Congress "~ed~ to ~ddress the issue in n coherent mnnnl'T
thai serves both our national securily and economic interests. EW IC is cumnlly reviewing and
conlm~nling 011 Tide III of S, 744. Ih,~ Border Security. ECOIlomic Opponunity. and Immillflltiol1
~ l odemization Act and thai bill's Title d('aling with Employment Eligibility Vt'riftcation We
believe that H R, 1772 iJ a beltt'r SIl!,ninl! poil1tthun S 744. and takes very si!91iftcanl ~t.ps to
achieving Ih~ goals impononT 10 EW1C for an improved E-Verify system We are prepared to
cOt1tinue 10 wOIk with all involved to eSlablish a functional. reliable and efficient syslem
61f/C" II /trumf./'Il,,'d cw/'/,w,

1>/ "m""/lI1 hu.,nr:<:<~s ~ml ""'"" ,,..,,,,11""""1"'''' """"', ,,,,,,,-,,,,,,,(1)' 1[14"'/"''''

",,,,,,,,,,,,,<1 ~'lIh "",/t ",,.,.-..Mllrll ~""

UIldrW,<I (",m'-~I . '",*,,~.j ,~"''' WlC '"I'(K""U ""Iiei" l/tllifill"/"""

1M ulpl",'/W'" of~~t~"" / ...<lrl...." /[I' 1'..') .r:o/II/Wm..
nrr """"It Ir) p"II,Im"TIC(IIJ "",*e'.r

21111 1

,hn,

EMcnl"~1 Wo"'.,. lllllm,nlllon COIlIIIon

S1~ NW. S,ulc j(~~, ...... !L\.J>!Iij:tan DC '!'~!17

,71lJIH'J-137:

188

ational Retail Federation

Th~

Voice of R!JUli/ WQ,It:JMdfJ

May 14. 2013

The I-Ionorable Bob Gooc!lmte

Chaim13n
Comminee on the Judici~ry
U.S. House of Rl"pa:!icmatin"s

Washington. D.C. 20515

Dear Chaiman GoodlJne:

On behalf of the National Retail Federation (NRF). I am writing YOli loday to thank you
for the .... ork put ronl! on H.R. 1172. The Legal Workforce Act. H.R. 1772, If p~ssed. would
mandate an irnprovl"d E- Vcrify program for all employers. This bill. introduced in April lOU.;$
nn irnponllnl component of immigration reform and ....e appreciate the crron pul fonh by you and
Congressman Lamar Smith in
A~

scr~ing

[0 addrcs) thi s IISpt'CI of immigration rcfoml.

the. world' s lug"""t retail trade as:o:ociation and th ... voire of fl"tail worhJwide,

NRr'~

global memben:hip include~ relai]ers of all sire.~ . fom13tJ; and channels of di~lribution ns well ~s
chain rt'-'t~uranIS ~nd indll~tl)' pannen. From the United State~ and more than 45 cOuntrie~
abroad. tuth e U.S .. NRF repre,ents an indu ~try thnt includes more than 3.6 million
~Iablishment' and which directly and indiJ'\!cLly accounll' for ~2 million jobi< - Ol)e iQ four U.S,
jobs. The tOlal U.S. GOP impacl of retail is $2.5 trillion annually. und retail is a daily barometer
for Ihe heal1h of the nation',", economy.

NRF is 11 strong adVOC3lt' of comprehensive immigration reform. which shou ld include a

balanced verification program as ..... ell as impro,'emems !O our vi~il program thJt would allow For
more legal pathway~ to be r.$tabli$boKl for Ihose seeking work ill thh country a~ the etoQomy
improves. Any reform ,hould al~o include provi~ions Ihat en.:ournge intrrnational bu~ine.", and
lei'lire travrl to the Uni ted St3le~ which would not only enhance. national security bUI a150
strengthen the U.S. e.:onomy.

H.R. 1772 makes great strides in wor~;ng to mt:et many of the needs of Ihe employer
communily in regard 10 Ihe verification a'pett of immigration refonn. including; clarificmion on
federal jurisdiction preemption: il I:now\ll intent standard for liability; and an option to begin
the verification p~ s once an offer has been of(;ci all ~ made. NRF look g fOrw:lrd 10 wor~:in
with Ihe CU1Ilmillee to find funher way~ ID improve the legi,lation as Ihe bill mo ve~ forward.
NRF apprccime.~ the effon that h8$ ~n put fonh on Ihe legi-:13lion and hopQ a
rea,onable approach to employment "erification con be .\ lIsmined as thedcbalc cominue,;.
Sinl'erely.
cc:

Hou~e

Judiciary Contmiuee Members

Uberty Place
3257111 Street NW, Suite t tOO

Wa.sIlington. DC 2000<1
8OO.NREHOW2 (800,6734692)

202.183 ,1971 faJc 202.731.2849

www.mtcom

-----.., . ~

~-~"
D3~id French
Senior Vice President
Govt"mment Relmi on,

189

) ' DARDEN
"

, . 1 >r'

. M.I ... ' _

.....

, . . . .,~ ...

_.t

. ,

The HQnor.oble IJ()b (iQodlalle

Cbaim,.", lI""se Judiciary Commin""

2138 KI)'bum HOIJSl,' Office Buildill!~

W",hingtOll, DC 20515
Dea,
On

Ch"im'.~ OoOO)nu~

~h3lfofDarden RcS(n~ranls .

In(;. I ~m wri t;n!!, to convey our suppocl f<lf H II. 1772. Ih~

Legal Wockforce Act. in1roduced by you and Rep Lamar Smilh (R-TX)
Darden ,,"'liS and opcrlles some of Amwca' $ favorite resl.uran" iocludill!! R<!d Lobstet. Oljve
GardCfl. l.OIlgi lonl Stc.l;hOllse, The Capital Grille, Bahama 8"""z,," Eddie V's, Yard Jlouli<:. and
52 We employ over WO.OO~ individuals in m or~ th~n 2,000 loc'liOl'~. wilh a pre!;enCt'
spans an 50 JIll."

Sc~son$
Ih~1

AI Darden ,,,,, hl.,e. $lrong vllutsba;ed rollureand embrace di,'cBity and inclu~'Qn as a
business imperative.. Immigrarl1 wOfkcrs are an impon.lnl and " .Iued pan of rut "'<lIkforce. lId

we believe everyone has a righllO, Rnd should be, !""~Ied fairly Darden suppons OIlgoing~ITom
in both Ihe I llJU~ and Senale lu ,rail CQII1pfl'hen~lVe 'mmisnlliun ",fonn leg;sla1)1l11 A$lhe
'-w sJali,e prtlC<:ss mOVes f<",'.-ard ... e u"ders.talld Ihi, lellWacio" will O)I1linue 10 evolve. We
be An aClive partner during tllQe discunil"" I" o;Ievel<!p immigration policy thaI all"".
10 gmw and crealejobs fllr IMusands ofpe<lple.

w"",,"
u'

Oooofour lOp priori l;e.l is III eslablil.h. reli"bJe . "d uncolllpliuleO E-Verjfy SY5lelll for
e"'pl,,)'e<5. ln OOr ,jew, legisi31ioo 1<> manda l~ E-Verify .hoold addresslhe followi ng prin,ipie!l"
Employers should be rrealed equilably - all should be required 10 panjciplle. and
companies 5hould oogiven arJequalephllSC'-in lim~
A fedml E-Verify mandale Lhould preempt tl15(~le, hxal aM municipal I.""
Safeguards shollid Ix: in pllK:" fm employers "-ho use Vcrify in good faith Employ<!fS
should no. be held liabl e for fraudul.", emp1uys Of erron in Ihe federal dillabase. and
Iho;y "'oold nOl 00 penali~ed folf IhoM, fi,S! oflhses or for drric.aJ erron iflhl')' act in
,good faj1h
E.Verify obliJ!lllions should ~rply 10 new hires !lilly
The duplicative 1_9 )If<)Cl!ss51K)Uld "" rliminaled forall employers,
Ae<:eplabledoomre!1l5 .hoolt! be lim;led 10 social se<:Urily card,. driver's li""">l:5 or
paSl;por1S (any rounuy), or green cards

I,

190

We believe I~ , R. 1772 acco",pl;'~ these gools We ...and ready 10 work with you. members of
)'()Ur oolnmillee. ind mcmben ofmf Hou!>e and Senate in .'luppon of <omprehi'ft$ive intmi~11Ition
~fllm1legisl.ti(l(t that includes an EWrifj mlndi1t<".that alitilt' "'ith lheframe"'ll<k llruvided by
II R. 1712
Shoold Y"" have any

qlJes~on.

or need

."y additi u,,0.1 information. don 't hesitate to cootactme

11(202) 281)..242). or c~~'nde@d&rMn. com We 1001: forward 10 workIng ",i,l, you OIl thl~

im",,"lftt i......
Sin~~ly.

Chip Kunde
Vice President. G.wemmffiL

R.d~tiom

cc. Men,bt."fs Ort~e H"III(lJudiciary

Commill~"

191

Mr. GOWDY. Ms. Wood, do you agree the safe harbor provisions
in this bill are balanced inasmuch as they seek to protect employers who use the system in good faith, but also allow the government the flexibility to enforce the laws against employers who do
not use the system in good faith?
Ms. WOOD. You know, I do think that the safe harbor provisions
attempt to do that. I think one thing that is important is you want

192
to make sure employers have the ability if someone comes in on
day one with an obviously fraudulent document, and you are going
through the I-9 process, that you can kind of end it right there
without them having to move through, you know, a longer E-Verify
system or something else.
But, yes, I do think the safe harborand I think it is important
for employers to have a good safe harbor that works.
Mr. GOWDY. You have referenced consultation and work you have
done with employers in the past. Can you speak to their initial apprehension or skepticism with using this system and whether or
not actually using it has mollified those skepticisms at all?
Ms. WOOD. It really has. For the employers that I have worked
with in the landscaping, construction, and in the restaurant industry, often the first reaction is this will never work for our workforce, it is absolutely going to destroy our ability. And, you know,
oftentimes some of these companies werent coming to E-Verify voluntarily. Some of these companies were encouraged to do so by, you
know, difficulties in interacting with ICE and things. But once they
are on the system, you know, they feel a lot of help from the system, they feel a lot of surety from the system, particularly with the
photo matching and other tools that E-Verify has.
You know, I will say that sometimes their turnover is higher
than they are used to, even in high-turnover industries, for a period of time, but I think as employers are on it, they get used to
it, and I think the workforce knows that it is coming and looking
for jobs there that, you know, X company is an E-Verify employer,
and so that there is almost a self-selecting of the workforce up to
some degree.
Mr. GOWDY. Thank you.
Mr. Amador, what are your thoughts on allowing an employer to
acquire a prospective employeeto require a prospective employee
to use and be confirmed through the E-Verify self-check option
prior to hire? Do you think it is a good idea, and, if so, why?
Mr. AMADOR. No. I think it is a terrible idea. I have had an EVerify check. I know Tracy Hung had issues. But I didnt pass the
self-check, so maybe that is why I opposed it.
No, it is a two-step process. It is notwhen people say you got
to do a self-check, it is not just doing E-Verify. You have got to pass
through a process that is not based on any government database;
it is based on credit report. And my credit report has my name misspelled four different ways, and that was the options that it gave
me to choose from, and I chose none of the above because I knew
my name was misspelled. In that caseand counsel told me to
bring my passport just in case they asked for another check.
Butso once that happened, it doesnt let you go forward. You
are never able to do E-Verify. The way I fixed it is I was able to
pick up the phone and call Alan Mayorcas, who runs a great agency, and he assigned somebody with me, and it took them 3 months
to explain to me what was it that went wrong.
So asking somebody to do a self-check is completely different
than asking somebody to do an E-Verify check, and if they are
young and dont have enough credit history, if their credit report
is full of errors, or if you do not remember who had your first mortgage at what bank that was sold three times, you might never get

193
through E-Verify. So for that reason I dont think it should be required.
It is something to encourage people to do so they have that peace
of mind when they go and apply for a job that, you know, they are
not going to encounter any problems, but it shouldnt be require,
because, again, if it is not based on the government database, the
security provisions that it has in place are based on credit reports
and is not, in my view, accurate enough, from personal experience.
Mr. GOWDY. Thank you.
Mr. Mondi, I dont have a question, but I do want you to know
that Isome of my better friends back in Spartanburg, South
Carolina, are in the landscaping and nursery business. When they
allow me into Sunday school, I sit beside one of the largest
landscapers and nursery owners.
I have never served in the statehouse in South Carolina. I think
E-Verify is mandatory in South Carolina. And so I appreciate the
work that your constituents, if you will, do. And they are some of
the better people that I know in my hometown, and they are wonderful employers, and they make a huge contribution to our community.
So, with that, and for each of you, this concludes our hearing,
and I want to thank you on behalf of everyone on both sides, and
especially our Chairman, Mr. Goodlatte, and my Ranking Member,
Ms. Lofgren, for your very informative testimony and asking good
questions, your collegiality toward one another and with the Committee.
Without objection, all Members will have 5 legislative days to
submit additional questions, written questions, for the witnesses or
additional materials for the record.
This hearing is adjourned. We are going to take a brief recess
and then proceed to a hearing on H.R. 1773, which is the Agricultural Guestworker Act.
With that, this hearing is adjourned, and thank you all for your
testimony.
[Whereupon, at 11:58 a.m., the Subcommittee was adjourned.]

APPENDIX

MATERIAL SUBMITTED

FOR THE

HEARING RECORD

Prepared Statement of the Honorable Bob Goodlatte, a Representative in

Congress from the State of Virginia, and Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary
Thank you Chairman Gowdy. And thank you Mr. Smith for your work on this legislation.
The future of immigration reform hinges on assuring the American people that
our immigration laws will be enforced. In the past, Americans were promised tougher enforcement in exchange for the legalization of those unlawfully in the U.S. Succeeding Administrations never kept these promises and today we are left with a broken immigration system.
One way to make sure we discourage illegal immigration in the future is to prevent unlawful immigrants from getting jobs in the U.S. Requiring the use of EVerify by all employers across the country will help do just that. The web-based program is a reliable and fast way for employers to electronically check the work eligibility of newly hired employees.
H.R. 1772, the Legal Workforce Act, builds on E-Verifys success and helps ensure the strong enforcement that was promised to the American people many years
ago.
The Legal Workforce Act doesnt simply leave enforcement up to the federal government.
In fact, it actually empowers states to help enforce the law, ensuring that we dont
continue the enforcement mistakes of the past where a President can turn-off federal enforcement efforts unilaterally.
Over 450,000 employers are currently signed up to use E-Verify. It is easy for employers to use and is effective. In fact as USICS testified in front of this Subcommittee this past February, E-verifys accuracy rate for confirmation of work eligibility is 99.7 percent.
But the system is not perfect. For instance, in cases of identity theft, when an
individual submits stolen identity documents and information, E-Verify may confirm
the work eligibility of that individual.
This happens because E-Verify uses a Social Security Number (SSN) or alien
identification number and certain other corresponding identifying information such
as the name and date of birth of an individual, to determine if the SSN or alien
identification number associated with that corresponding information is work eligible. Thus if an individual uses a stolen SSN and the real name corresponding with
that SSN, a false positive result could occur.
The Legal Workforce Act addresses identity theft in several ways. First, it requires notification to employees who submit for E-Verify a SSN that shows a pattern of unusual multiple use. So the rightful owner of the SSN will know that their
SSN may have been compromised.
And once they confirm this, DHS and SSA must lock that SSN so no one else
can use it for employment eligibility purposes.
The bill also creates a program through which parents or legal guardians can
lock the SSNs of their minor children for work eligibility purposes. This is to combat the rise in the number of thefts of childrens identities.
(195)

196
But there are other changes that should also be made. For instance, in order to
help prevent identity theft, USCIS created and utilizes the photo-match tool in
which photos from greencards, work authorization documents and passports can be
seen during the use of E-verify in order to help ensure that the person submitting
the identity document is in fact the person who owns that document. But I recently
learned that USCIS materials regarding the use of E-Verify specifically state that
A photo displayed in E-Verify should be compared with the photo in the document
that the employee has presented and not with the face of the employee.
What good is the photo match tool to prevent identity theft if the employer is prohibited from matching the photos to the person submitting the identity document?
This policy is ludicrous and we will look to address it as this legislation moves forward.
The bill also phases-in E-Verify use in six month increments beginning with the
largest U.S. businesses, raises penalties for employers who dont use E-Verify according to the requirements, allows employers to use E-Verify prior to the date they
hire an employee and provides meaningful safe harbors for employers who use the
system in good faith.
H.R. 1772 balances the needs of the American people regarding immigration enforcement with the needs of the business community regarding a fair and workable
electronic employment verification system.
While I want to continue working with the business community and other stakeholders to address any additional concerns with the bill, I am pleased to be an original cosponsor and look forward to the testimony of the witnesses today.
Thank you Mr. Chairman and I yield back the balance of my time.

197
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
R. BRUCE JOSTEN

161." H STREET, X\\'\VAS}Ul\:GTON, D.C. 20062-2000

202'~63<'310

May 22, 2013

The Honorable Lamar Smith
U.S. House of Representatives
Washington, DC 20515
Dear Representative Smith:
The U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the world's largest business federation representing the
interests of more than three million businesses and organizations of all sizes, sectors, and
regions, as well as state and local chambers and industry associations, and dedicated to
promoting, protecting, and defending America's free enterprise system, supports RR 1772, the
"Legal Workforce Act," which would address a critical component of comprehensive reform by
creating a workable employment verification (E-Verify) system.
Thank you for your leadership on the E-Verify issue. Important for our members,
provisions in RR 1772 would preempt state and local laws mandating either the use ofE-Verify
or the establishment or continuation of state or local employment verification schemes. These
provisions would provide the clarity and consistency employers seek that is absent today. This
bill would also mirror the existing Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) rules for federal
contractors using E-Verify on the current workforce, would create a clear safe harbor for good
faith employers, and would establish an integrated 1-9 and E-Verify system available both
electronically and via telephone.
The Chamber recognizes that RR 1772 balances many competing interests, and looks
fonvard to continue working with you to discuss and overcome any roadblocks that may arise as
this bill is considered by Congress.
However, fixing America's broken immigration system will require more than a
workable employment verification program; it requires reforming the construct ofthe existing
legal immigration system, including workable guest worker programs, strengthening border
security while promoting travel and tourism, and establishing a process where undocumented
immigrants can earn a legal status.
The Chamber looks forward to working with you and Congress to pass legislation needed
to reform our immigration system.
Sincerely,

R. Bruce Josten
cc: Members of the House Committee on the Judiciary

198
Written Statement for Hearing Record on H.R. 1772, Legal Workforce Act
by the Food Manufacturers' Immigration Coalition
House Committee on the Judiciary
May 23, 2013

Thank you for this opportunity to submit a statement for the hearing record on H.R. 1772, the
Legal Workforce Act, which would mandate use of E-Verify by all employers over a six to 24month period. Secure employment veritication is a critical aspect of meaningful immigration
reform, and we thank the Committee and the bill's sponsors for addressing the issue.
The Food Manufacturers Immigration Coalition is a broad coalition of the leading meat and
poultry processing companies and a variety of trade associations including: the North American
Meat Association, the American Meat Institute, the National Chicken Council, the National
Turkey Federation, and the National Pork Producers Council.
We are in agreement with the testimony of the American Meat Institute on the legislation.
We also commend the committee for obtaining the May 22, 2013 testimony offonner ICE
Director Julie Myers Wood on S. 744, the Senate Gang of Eight legislation, and draw your
attention to her statement regarding identity theft:
In high-risk industries where there are significant number of individuals who
repeatedly try to circumvent the E-Verify system, however, employers face a
very real risk that ICE and federal prosecutors will be reluctant to conclude
that a company relied in "good faith" on E-Verify confinnations if a number of
identity thieves circumvented the employer's E-Verify program. For this
reason, many employers do not rely on E-Verify alone, but also use manual
and automated tools to try to prevent identity theft. These tools are essential
given the current deficiencies in the E-Verify system. Unfortunately, S. 744
appears to prohibit or limit these current anti-identity theft programs, while
still making employers subject to significant penalties.
This predicament applies to employers under current law, and we urge the Committee to give
this problem careful consideration and allow employers to use additional anti-identity theft tools
-- unlike the Senate legislation.
We look forward to working with the Committee as it considers this important legislation in the
weeks to come.

7835879-v1IWASDMS

199

,At1

AMUICAN MfAT INsnruu

Slal nn~nt for th e Rrcord

Ilfaring 011 II .R. 1172. thl' Lrgal Worliforcf ,\ CI of2013

Stl bco mmitl ~.

on ImmigrHlion Hlld lklrdtr SecurilY

Co mmi!! cr onlhr J"didHr)'
U.S. 11011$11 of Repre~e n1Mlh'es
l'hur:Sltay, I\lHy 16. 2013

ThI.'Amencan Mea! InS';1Ule tA MI) is the nati on ' S oldesl and largest meat and poIll try

lradeassociati nn FO!.mded in 1906, I \MI repn,'S('IIIS

Amerita'~

meal and pooltry packers and

prt)(:essors and their ~uppli{'rs Our member companies J)rocess 95 percent of led meal and 70

percent of turkey in the U.S. Headquaneml in Washington. D.C.. AMI m(llliiors legislation.
regulations and ml'din activity 1hal impacts the mea! and poulu)' industry In edditioll, AMJ

conducts scientific research through

j,ts

Foundation. a 501 (e)(3) organization. designed 10

identify technologies and practices dut cnable meat and poohry companies \0 produce safer and
more nutritiouS meat Dnd p<lUltry products
11\1.' U.S meal and poultry indu~try gencrates more than 5832 billion annually in our
nation 's !!<:onomy. reprul.'ming sis p(:reel11 of gross domestic produci (G OP) and employs 11I0re
Ihan 500,000 worken;. The industry Mrong!y suppons eITons to achitll.c a practical and
functional w0fli:5ile e!e.:;tronic empl O)'ment veri fi cation system and necu5ary tools to secu re our
na\ion' sborders
A$the I 13th CongreSS hptOr<~ various legi slative morn" to the nation ' s immigration
the American Meal lI15!ilU!e (;onlinues to he 8 strong advocale for the F.-Verify program
and SUppClIl$ its mandMory applicalion across all economic sectors. while j"' provement$ 10
ensure legal Wtrl; 5Lumsjob applicanu and wllrkers remains a priority.
~yslel11,

AM I iJ enCOllraged by the reintrOOu(.1ion of H R 1772, lite Legal WnrkforceAet. in the

IIJth Congress by Congressman Sm i th and Chainnan Goodlstte. This [~!!islatjon seeks to
impnJVe.the Current electronic employmem I'crificatiOl1 ~ySlcm and is a crilical fi rst step in
providing a practical Bnd functional ",orks; te electronIc employment ve rification system that is
vital to a~hicving a stable, legal workrOf~t a~ congress e.~pl ores comprehe nsive immigration
refllnn . We would like to continue tQ< work with the Commiu~ to funher address ehaJlcnge~
with keeping the Social Se<:urity Administration ~mJ Depanment of H om~!Hnd Security's data

200
up-to-date within the system and further address concerns regarding identity theft via the antiidentity theft program earlier than the introduced legislation envisions.
AMI's Members Have a Demonstrated History of Voluntary Use ofE-Verify and Its Predecessor
Basic Pilot Program
AMI's members have been in the forefront of the efforts to bring integrity to the
employment authorization verification process enacted by Congress in the Immigration Reform
and Control Act (IRCA) in 1986. After it became apparent the paper-based employment
authorization process was woefully inadequate to screen out fraudulent employment documents,
Congress enacted the lllegal Immigration Refonn and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) in
1996, which established the Basic Pilot telephonic and electronic employment verification
program. The program was voluntary and was intended to screen out fraudulent social security
numbers and alien work authorization documents provided by job applicants to employers at the
time of hire, but its effectiveness was limited and vulnerable to identity theft.
In the mid-1990s, AMI members in the Midwest faced disruptions of their meat packing
operations when they were audited by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) and
informed that many of their experienced workers, who were vital to their operations, had
provided fraudulent documents. These employers, in compliance with the paper-based
employment verification procedures enforced by INS, were unable to screen out those who
provided invalid work authorization documents. AMI members have been cited by INS for
violating the immigration laws, were required to terminate the employment of large numbers of
workers in whom they had invested substantial training costs, and as a result suffered millions of
dollars in economic losses due to worker shortages and lost productivity.
Given these enforcement efforts, many AMI members increased their efforts to scrutinize
employment authorization documents. Ironically, in doing so, some faced discrimination
charges tiled by the Department of Justice's Office of Special Counsel under the unfair
immigration-related employment practice provisions of IRCA for being too vigilant in seeking to
employ only legally authorized workers. Needless to say, AMI members were and continue to
be frustrated by the vise in which they find themselves as they try to comply with lRCA's
inherently contradictory provisions. Employers are required to walk an impossible legal
tightrope due to the law's failure to provide "bright lines" for compliance.
AMI and its members took the initiative to address this problem by successfully urging
Congress in 1999 to extend the scope of the Basic Pilot program beyond the original five pilot
states to include Nebraska, where many AMI members are located. This enabled a number of
meat packing companies to enter into agreements with INS to participate in the Basic Pilot
program. AMI has been pleased to continue to work with Congress and the U.S. House
Committee on the Judiciary to reauthorize the Basic Pilot program and support existing efforts as
the initial program developed into the current E-Verify program available nationwide and
administered by the Department of Homeland Security.

201
The Current E- Verify Is Only Partially Effective. It Does Not Effectively Address the Problem
ofIdentity Theft Involving Social Security Card Information Stolen from Others.
The experiences of AMI members participating in the Basic Pilot and E-Verify programs
have been mixed. The electronic verification mechanisms of the E-Verify program have
screened out a number of unauthorized workers at the point of hire, and the mere fact that a
company is participating in the program deters many individuals from even applying for work.
The program, nonetheless, is only partially effective. It does not solve the problem of identity
theft, through which individuals who have stolen the name and social security or alien document
numbers from their rightful owners who are authorized to work use the stolen information to
gain employment. The system determines only that the information on the documentation relates
to one person-it does not determine whether the person presenting the documentation is that
actual person.
In addition, there are delays by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in updating
its databases to include the most recent change in the status of aliens. These delays can result in
an employer receiving false information regarding whether an individual is or is not authorized
to work. "Real time" updating of alien status information is critical to the effective functioning
of the E-Verify program. It is costly and administratively burdensome for employers to hire and
train an individual whom they believe is authorized to work, only to be informed later that a
mistake had been made and the employer would need to terminate the individual's employment.
Moreover, the E-Verify program does not have the ability to determine, through its
access to the Social Security Administration's (SSA) database, when an individual's name and
social security number (SSN) are being reported by several employers at the same time,
especially when the employers are not located in close proximity to each other. Such
information should be more effectively acquired and used to target individuals seeking
employment who are engaged in identity fraud.
Unfortunately, the problem of identity theft is widespread and, notwithstanding the
extensive use of the E-Verify program by meat and poultry processing companies, it has resulted
l
in the continued disruption of AMI member companies There have been a number of highly
publicized raids of well-known meat packing companies, including AMI member companies,
that are participating in the E- Verify program and that have worked closely with DHS in
attempting to comply with the law. DHS apparently targeted these companies upon receipt of
information that a number of workers had engaged in identity theft. The raids of these
companies have been devastating, resulting in significant disruptions of their operations and
millions of dollars in losses. The use of the E-Verify program by law-abiding companies that
went the extra mile to seek a legal workforce has not served them well.

I Tn past testimony bcrorc this Subcommittee, Richard Slana, Director of Homeland Security and Justice,
Government Accountability OITiee. testified that the prevalence of identity fraud is increasing. "a development that
may affect employers' ability to reliably verify employment eligibility in a mandatory EEV program. The large

number and variety of acceptable work authonzallon doclUnents ... along with mherent vulnerabllities to
counterfeiting of some of these documents may complicate efforts to address identity fraud," "Hearing on
r" __ ~l~

,rl;~;l_;l;,-

,,_"_:r:_,

("1 _ _ , _ " __

"

('<_1

____

(,< _ _

:_1 ('

~_

r ' ___ "

202
E-Verify and Identity Fraud Challenges
Beyond the improvements already in H.R. 1772, the US meat and poultry industry
supports additional modifications and a phased-in mandate ofE-Verify. First, employers are
given tools to determine employee work eligibility. To combat true-identity theft, the Legal
Workforce Act requires SSA and DRS to inform employers ifan employee's name and SSN are
legitimate - and to block numbers if an SSN is being used in unusual multiple places of
employment by persons who may have stolen the identity of others. The Act also gives workers
the ability to suspend or limit the use of their SSN if they suspect they have been victims of
identity theft. Finally, the Act blocks SSNs of aliens who are subject to an order of removal
trom the United States, have voluntarily departed, or have an expired work authorization. These
are all important tools that will help employers to hire workers who are properly authorized to
work in the US., but these tools alone may not be sufficient to deter increasingly sophisticated
attempts at identity theft that remain available in the United States
The Legal Workforce Act also authorizes DHS to create a voluntary pilot program for
Biometric Employment Eligibility Verification. AMI previously proposed a similar program to
combat identity theft and fraud, and appreciates its continued inclusion in the Legal Workforce
Act. While we are encouraged by the improvements made to the E-verify program in this
legislation to prevent identity theft and fraud, we encourage the Committee to continue to
explore additional methods employers could use to undertake additional verification to mitigate
identity theft issues, such as Self-Check.
Employers are not document authenticity experts, nor should they be. Therefore, they
must also be given the tools to determine the authenticity of documents provided to them to
determine work eligibility of their workers. The number of documents that are currently allowed
for submission to determine work eligibility can lead to confusion and document fraud. The
Legal Workforce Act reduces the number of documents that can be used to establish legal status,
and gi ves DHS authority to bar types of identification frequentl y used in a fraudulent manner.
These provisions will help employers achieve compliance with verification rules without
exposure to document fraud problems.
Second, AMI supports safeguards for employers attempting, in good faith, to verify the
legal status of their workforce. We would ask the Committee to make further improvements to
ensure that the "good faith" standard is reasonable and achievable and given full faith and credit
for efforts by the Federal or state governments. To protect employers and encourage
participation in the system, the legislation should more firmly establish that employers
participating in good faith are not liable to the Federal or state governments for hiring decisions
taken with respect to information provided by the system. This will eliminate the fear of
discrimination suits for employers attempting in good faith to maintain a legal workforce.
AMI's member companies have been leaders in the use and promotion of E-Verify and
believe those engaging in illegal hiring practices should be prosecuted to the full extent of the
law, however we do not support the new criminal penalties proposed by the legislation. If
additional criminal penalties are necessary beyond those in current law, then there should be
.. britl .. ~ti"n

th~t

thp npur

npn~1tip"",

rl" nnt

~nnh,

in "uril1f.d hlinrlnp.;;;: . . . "

'"itll~tirm'" ~h,"pnt ~

203
showing of actual knowledge on the part of the alleged perpetrator, and should only allow
prosecutors to pursue vicarious corporate liability for the actions of workers if the company
lacked an adequate immigration compliance program.
Third, the Legal Workforce Act mandates E-Verify for all employers, phasing in
universal participation. Mandatory participation is an important, key way to ensure a stable,
legal workforce throughout the United States. A thoughtful phase-in period will give DRS and
SSA sum ci ent time to better implement and administer the program. We encourage the
Committee to work with businesses who have already invested in the program with E-Verify
trained workers who have been using E-Verify and other DHS programs, like the U.S.
Immigration and Customs Enforcement's Mutual Agreement between Government and
Employers program (IMAGE), so the businesses are not burdened with repetitive training
requirements as the E-Verify program expands to include those not previously using the
program. While the Legal Workforce Act includes a phase-in period, a longer period of time
with Congressionally-mandated benchmarks would help ensure the improved system is well
designed and includes the capacity to accurately check new applicants screened under the
system
Finally, we strongly support preemption of state and local laws as it is critical that
employers have the establishment of a single clear-cut standard of compliance. As many AMI
members operate across state lines, the costs and difficulty of complying with multiple and
differing state and local "E-Verify type laws" has been a frustrating and growing problem for
AMI's members. While the preemption provisions of the Legal Workforce Act takes important
steps in that direction, the provisions still allow states to impose licensing penalties for violations
of this act. We prefer the original preemption lanb'llage included in the 112th version of the
Legal Workforce Act with clear federal preemption and are concerned with states' ability to
enforce the Legal Workforce Act.
AMI appreciates the opportunity to submit for the record testimony on AMI's views on
this subject, and looks forward to continuing to work with the Chairman and the Committee to
further refine the electronic employment eligibility verification legislation like the Legal
Workforce Act, and with Congress as the legislative process for this badly needed
comprehensive immigration refonn moves forward. We are encouraged by the action of this
Congress on the issue of immigration refonTI. Thank you again for your time and this
opportunity to share our thoughts.

""-_
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204

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...cog"''''' ttle 1mp0r!8h\ 'oIe.~ play

'OU.,d
obIigaIIoo!I. It --'mpi!llt!e CtJn6nl p.Otc_ 011110\& _ , "'_"II ,"""""yon with
$IrOo',lh!!orw;ud 'U_ 'Of
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""",ploOQl.

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w. ..... aw..a..t. Nt U.ologitJalion ~ '0_"'''' ha.bar and p'll\'~_ \0 ......,

tn. O\"5lom _3bOo !or 0"' n.lio<o~ sma! _ " _. _

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Immigrolio<1 ,.larm ,

Ja".... W. Tollin II I

205

lI:3TH CONGRESS
1ST SESSION

H R 1772

To amend the Immigration and Nationality Act to make mandatory and

permanent requirement.s relating to use of an electronic employment
eligibility verification system, and for other purposes.

IN THE HOUSE OF R,EPR,ESE:-.JTATIVES

APKII,

2G, 201;3

Mr. SMITH of Texas (for himself, Mr. GOODLATTE, Mr. CALv~R.T, Mr.
GOWDY, Mr. W~;irt'l\{C!K.~;LAND, Mr. STIVf';K.i', Mr. h"NC~;, lVfr. KING of
~ew York, }Ir. DEFAZIO, Mr. SENSENDRENNER, ::VII'. FRA.:'{II:S .)f Arizona, ~Vlr. POE of Texas, lVIr. SCh>'lEIKERT, Mr. HOYCE, lVIrs. Hh'l.CKBURN, ::'III'. FORBES, ::VII'. CHAFFETZ, Mr. BURGESS, Mr. LABRADOR, Mr.
FAREKTHOLD, Mr. HOLDl:'-i'C, Mr. BISHOP of Utah, and Mr. ISSA) introduced the followillg bill; which was referred to the Committee 011 the ,Judiciary, and in addition to the Committee:,; on vVay:,; and Means and Education and the vVorkforce, for a period to be subsequently determined by
The Speaker, in each rase for consideration of sueh provisions as fall withill the jurisdiction of the eommittcc eonecl'ncd

A BILL
To mnend the Immigration and Nationality Act to make
mandatory and permanent requirement8 relating to U8e
of an electronic employment eligibility verification system, and for other purposes.

Be it enacted
2 tives

3
4

the Senate and House uf

United States

ti.vnn':RP:YltlI-

assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

Tllis Act may be cited as tlle

vVorkforee Aet".

206
2
SEC. 2. EMPLOYMENT ELIGIBILITY VERIFICATION PROC

2
3

ESS.

IN GENEKI\L.-Section 274A(b) of the Immigra-

4 tion and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 132 la(b)) is amended

i

5 to read as follows:
6

EMPLOYMENT

ELIGIBILITY

VERIFICATIOX

7 PROCESS.8
9

"(1) NEW HIRES, RECRUITMENT,

A.\U

REFER-

RAL.-The requirements referred to in paragraphs

10

(1 )(B) and

11

a person or other entity hiring, recruiting, or refer-

12

ring an individual for employment in the United

l3

States, the folluwing':

14

of subsection (a) are, in tl1e case of

ATTESTATION AFTER EXA1\HNATIOX

15

OJ<' ])OClTlVlENTA'I'ION.-

16

"(i)

ATTESTATION.-During

the

17

verification period (as defined in subpara-

18

graph (E)), the person or entity shall at-

19

test, under penalty of peTjury and on a

20

form, inelucl1ng electronic and telephonic

21

formats, designated or established

22

Secretary by regulation not later than 6

23

months after the datc of thc cnactmcnt of

24

the Tjegal 'Workforce

25

verified that the individual is not an unau-

26

thorized alien by.HR 1772 IH

the

that it has

207
3
obtaining from

the

indi-

vidual the indhridual's social security

account number and recording the

number Oll tlle form (if tlle individual

claims to have been issued such a

number), and, if the individual does

not attest to United States nationality

under suhparagTaph

SUell

identificatioll

(D),

ohtaining

or authori,mtioll

10

number established by the Depart-

11

ment of Homeland Security for the

12

alien as the Secretary of Homeland

13

Security may specify, and recording

14

such number on the form; and

15

"( II) examining-

16

a document relating to

17

the individual presenting it de-

18

scribpd ill clause (ii); or

19

"(bb) a document relating to

20

the individual presenting it de-

21

scribed in clause (iii) and a docu-

22

ment relating to the individual

23

presenting it deseribed ill dause

24

(iv) .

HR 1772 IH

208
4

"(ii)

DOCUMENTS

EVIDENCING

EM-

PLOYMENT

LISHING

scribed ill tllis subparagrapll is an individ-

ual's-

ALTHORIZATIO~

IDE~TITY,-A

"(I)

~~"l)

ESTAB-

document

une:"l)ired

United

de-

State8

passport or passport card;

"(II) unexpired permanent re:'u-

dent card that contains a pllotograpll;

10

"(III) unexpired employment au-

11

thorization card that contains a pho-

12

tograph;

13

"(IV)

ll1

the ease of a non-

14

immigrant alien authorized to wor'k

15

fur a 8pecifie employer incident to 8ta-

16

tus, a foreign passport with Form 1-

17

94 or Form 1-9411, or other docu-

18

mentation as designated by the Sec-

19

retary

20

immigrant status as long as the pe-

21

riod of status has not yet

22

the propmed employ-ment is not in

23

conflict with any restrictions or limita-

24

tit)ll8 identified in the do('umentation;

.HR 1772 IH

specifying

the

alien's

e:..~ired

non-

and

209
5

"(V)

pa~~port

from the l,led-

erated States of Micronesia (FSM) or

the Republic of the Marshall Islands

(RMT)

~j4r\

ignated by the Secretary, indicating

nonimmigrant admission under the

Compact of Free Association I3etvveen

tlle rnited States and the FSM or

10

,,~tl1

Form T-94 or Form T-

or other documentation as des-

RMI; or

11

"(VI) other document designated

12

by the Secretary of Homeland Secu-

13

1'ity' if the document-

14

"(aa) contains a photograph

15

of the individual and biometric

16

identification data from the indi-

17

vidual and su('h other personal

18

identifying information relating

19

to the individual as the Secretary

20

of Homeland Security finds, by

21

regulation, sufficient for purposes

22

of this clause;

23

"(bb) is evidence of author-

24

ization of employment in the

25

l~nited

.HR 1772 IH

States; and

210

('ontains security fea-

tures to make it resistant to tam-

pering, counterfeiting, and fraud-

ulent use.

"(iii)

DOCUME~TS

EVIDENCING EM-

PLOYMENT AL"THOmzATIOx.-A

described in this subparagraph is an indi-

vidual's social security arconnt mnnher

card (other than such a carel which speci-

10

fies on the face that the issuance of the

11

card does not authorize employment in the

12

United States).

13

"(iv)

14

IDENTITY

15

described in this subparagraph is-

DOClJNmN'1'S
OF

"(I)

16

document

ESTABLISHING

INDIV1DUAL.-A

doeument

an individual's unex'Pired

17

State issued c1rivcr's license or identi-

18

fieation eard if it eontains a photo-

19

gr-aph and information such as name,

20

date of birth, gender, height, eye

and address;

21

22

"(II)

an individual's unexpired

U.S. military identifieation earel;

23
24

"(Ill) an indiviuual's unex-pired

25

Native Ameriean tribal identification

.HR 1772 IH

211
7
document i88ued by a tribal entity rec-

ognized by the Bureau of Indian Af-

fairs; or

"(IV) ill tlle case of all illChvi011 al

under 18 years of age, a parent or

legal

penalty of law as to the identity and

age of the individual.

guardian' 8

atte8tation

under

AU'I'TTOHT'I'Y '1'0 PHOTTTnT'I' USR OF

10

CERTlliN DOCUMENTS.-lf the Seeretary of

11

Homeland Security finds, by regulation,

12

that any document described in clause (i\

13

(ii), or (iii) as estahlishing emplo:vment au-

14

thorization or identity does not reliably es-

15

tabli:sh 8uch authorization or identity or i8

16

being used fraudulently to an unacceptable

17

degree, the Secretary may prohihit or plaee

18

conditions on its use for puq)oses of this

19

paragraph.

20

"(vi)

SIG~ATuRE.-Such

attestation

21

may be manifested by either a hand-'writ-

22

ten or cleetronic signature.

23

"(Bl INDIVIDUAL ATTE8TATIOX OF

24

PLO"YIVIENT

25

verification period

.HR 1772 IH

AUTHOBIZATION.-During

EM-

the

defined in subparagraph

212
8
(E)), the individual :shall atte:st, under penalty

of perjury on the form designated or established

for purposes of subparagraph (A), that the indi-

vidual is a eiti7.en or national of the United

States, an alien lawfully admitted for' perma-

nent re:sicleuee, or an alien who i:s authorized

under this Act or

Scrnrity to he hired, recruited, or referred for

SUell employ-ment. SUell attestation may be

10

manifested by either a hand-written or' elec-

11

tronic signature. The individual shall also pro-

12

vide that individual's social security account

13

numher (if the individual claims to have heen

14

issued such a number), and, if the individual

15

doe:s not atte:st to United State:s nationality

16

under this subparagTaph, such identification or

17

authorization numher estahlished hy the De-

18

partment of Homeland Security for the alien as

19

the Secretary may specify.

20
21

the Secretary of Homeland

RETEXTION OF v'ERIFICATIO~ FORM

AND VERIFICATION.-

22

"(i) IN GENERAL.-After completion

23

of such forlll in aeeorcianee with subpara-

24

graph:s (A) and (B), the person or entity

25

sha11-

.HR 1772 IH

213
9
"(I) retain a paper, microfiche,

microfilm, or electronic version of the

form and make it available for inspec-

tiOTl by officers of tl1e Department of

Homeland Security, the Special COUll-

sel for ImmigTation-Related Unfair

Employment Practices, or the Depart-

ment of Labor during a period hegin-

ning on the clate of tl1e recruiting or

10

['eferral of the illdividuaL or, in the

11

case of the hiring of an individual, the

12

date on which the verification is com-

13

plctecl, and encling-

14

in the case of the re-

15

cruiting or referral of an indi-

16

vidual, 3 years after the date of

17

the recruiting or referral; and

18

in the case of the hir-

19

ing of all individual, the later of

20

21

verification is completed or one

22

year after the date the individ-

23

ual's employment is termillatedj

24

and

.HR 1772 IH

years

after

the

date

the

214

10
"(II) during the verification pe-

riod (as defined in subparagraph (E)),

make an inquiry, as prcrvided in sub-

seetion (cl), using the verification sys-

tem to seek verification of the identity

and employment eligibility of an indi-

vidual.

"(ii)

CON}1'lRl\1A'1'lON.-

"(I)

Cm,<'FTR.MA'TTON

10

CEIV'ED.-lf

11

receives an appropriate confirmation

12

of an individual's identity and work

13

eligibility under the verification sys-

14

tem \vithin the time period speeified,

15

the pemon or entity shall record on

16

the form an appropriate code that is

17

provided under the system and that

18

indicates a final confirmation of such

19

identity and work eligibility of the in-

20

dividual.

21

"(II)

the pemon or other entity

TENTATIV'E NONCONFIR1Ltl-

22

TION

23

other entity receives a tentative non-

24

confirmation of an individual's iden-

25

tity or work eligibility under the

-liR 1772 III

RECEIVED.-If

the person or

215
11
verification system within the time pe-

riod specified, the person or entity

shall so inform the individual for

w110m t11e verification is sougllt. If the

individual does not contest the

confirmation 'within the time period

specified, the nonconfirmation shall be

considered final. The person or entity

slmll t11en record on the form an ap-

10

propriate code which has been pro-

11

vided under the system to indicate a

12

final nonconfirmation. If the indi-

13

vidual docs contest the noneonfirma-

14

tion, the individual shall utilize the

15

process for 8eeondary verification pro-

16

vided under subsection (dl. The non-

17

confirmation

18

until a final confirmation or non('on-

19

firmation

20

verification system 'within the time pe-

21

riod specified. In no case shall an em-

22

ployer terminate emplo:yment of an in-

23

dividual because of a failure of the in-

24

dividual to have identity and work eli-

25

gibility confirmed under this section

.HR 1772 IH

will

remanl

provided

nOIl-

tentative

by

the

216
12
until a nonconfirmation become:s final.

Nothing in this clause shall apply to a

termination of employ11lent for any

reason other than because of

failure. In no case shall an employer

re:scind the offer of employment to an

individual because of a failure of the

individual to havc idcntity and work

eligibility confirmed under tllis sub-

10

section until a nonconfirmation be-

11

comes final. Nothing in this subclause

12

shall apply to a recission of the offer

13

of cmplo.')'111cnt for any rcason othcr

14

than because of such a failure.

15

SUCll

"(Ill) j11INAL COXFIR1\L\TION OR

16

NONCONFIRlVIATION RECEIVED.-lf

17

final confirmation or nonconfirmation

18

is

19

regarding au individual, the person or

20

entity shall record on the form an ap-

21

propriate code that is provided under

22

thc systcm and that indicatcR a con-

23

firmation or nonconfirmation of iden-

24

tity and work eligibility of the indi-

25

vidual.

.HR 1772 IH

prov~ded

the verification system

217

13
"(IV) EA"TENSION OF TIME.-If

the person or other entity in

faith attempts to make an inquiry

during tlle time period specified and

the verification system has registered

that not all inquirie:s vvere received

during such time, the person or entity

may make an inquiry in the first suh-

sequent working day in which the

10

verification :system registers that it

11

has

12

verification system camlOt receive in-

13

quiries at all times (luring a day, the

14

per'soIl or entity merely has to assert

15

that the entity attempted to make the

16

inquiry on that day for the previous

17

sentence to apply to such an inquiry,

18

and does not have to

19

ditional

received

20

all

inquiries.

prov~de

If the

any ad-

conceruing :such inquiry.

CONSEQUEXCES OF XON-

21

CONFIK\1A~

TIOX.-

22

TERMINATION OR )JO-

23

TIFICATIO)J OF CONTINrED EM-

24

PLOYMENT.-If the

25

other entity has received a final

.HR 1772 IH

per:son

or

218

14
noneonfirmation regarding an in-

dividual,

may terminate emplo:yment of the

indi~vidl1al

or [efet the individual). If the

person or entity does not termi-

nate

vidual or proceeds to recruit or

refer tlle individual) tlle person or

10

entity shall notify the Secretary

11

of Homeland Security of such

12

fact through the verification sys-

13

tem or in such other manner as

14

the Secretary may

15

the person or entity

(or decline to recruit

emplo:yrnent of the indi-

"(bb)

j1 AILURE

TO

~O-

16

TIFY.-If the person or entity

17

fails to provide notice vvith re-

18

sped to an

19

under item

20

deemed to constitute a violation

21

of subsection (a) (1) (A) with re-

22

spect to that indi"ridual.

23

"(VI) COXTINUED EMPLUYMENT

24

~AFTER FINilli NONCONFIBJVIATION.-lf

25

the person or other entity continues to

.lIR 1772 III

indiv~dual

as required

the failure is

219
15
employ (or to reeruit or refer) an indi-

vidual after receiving final noncon-

firmation, a rebuttable presumption is

created tllat the person or entity has

violated subsection (a)(I)(A).

"(D) EFFECTTI'E DATES OF NEW PROCEDURES.-

"(i) IIllUNG.-Except as provided in

clause (iii), tlle provisions of this para-

10

graph shall apply to a person or other enti-

11

ty hiring an individual for emplo:yment m

12

the United States as follows:

13

"(I)

~With

respect to employers

14

having' 10,000 or more employees in

15

the Cnited States on the date of the

16

enactment of the Legal 'Vorkforce

17

Act, on the date that

18

after the date of the emH"tment of

19

such Ad.

20

"(II)

~With

IS

6 months

respect to employers

21

having 500 or more employees in the

22

United States, hut less than 10,000

23

employees

24

the date of the enadment of the

25

Legal Workforce Act, on the date that

.HR 1772 IH

HI

the United States, on

220

16
it> 12 montht> after the date of the en-

actment of such Act.

"(III) vVith respect to employers

ll(l.,~ng

United States, but less than 500 em-

ployeet> in the United

date of the enactment of the Legal

~Workforce

montlls after tlle date of the enact-

10

20 or more employees in the

on the

Art, on the date that iR 1R

ment of sueh Aet.

~With

11

respeet to employers

12

having 1 or more employees in the

13

United StateR. hut lcRR than 20 em-

14

ployees in the United States, on the

15

date of the enactment of the Legal

16

\Vorkforee Aet, on the date that is 24

17

monthR after the date of the enact-

18

ment of such A('t.

19

"(ii)

RECRUITI)JG A~'JD REFERRIKG.-

20

Except as provided in clause (iii), the pro-

21

Y1SlOnS of this paragraph shall apply to a

22

person or other entity rerruiting or refer-

23

ring an individual for employment

1Il

the

24

United Statet> on the date that

It>

12

.HR 1772 IH

221

17
montht> after the date of the enactment of

the Legal YVorkforce Act.

"(iii) AGRICULTURAL LABOR OR SERV-

TCES.-vVitll

forming' agricultund labor or serviees, this

paragraph t>hall not apply vvith re8peet to

the verification of the employee until the

date that i8 24 month8 after the date of

the enactment of tlw Tjegal vVorkforce Ad..

10

Blur purpot>e8 of the preceding 8entence,

11

the term 'agricultural labor or services' has

12

the meaning given such term by the Sec-

13

retary of Agriculture in reg1l1atio1l8 and in-

14

cludes agricultural labor as defined in sec-

15

tion 3121(g) of the Internal Revenue Code

16

of 1986, agriculture as defined in section

17

3(f) of the Fair Lahor Stnndarrl8 Act of

18

1938 (29

19

planting, drying, packing, packagiug, proc-

20

essing, freezing, or grading prior to deliv-

21

ery for storage of any agricultural or horti-

22

cultm'nl eommorlity in its unmanufacturerl

23

state, all activities required for the prepa-

24

ration, proce88ing or manufacturing of a

25

product of agriculture

.IIR 1772 III

r.s.c.

to an employee per-

203(f)), the handling,

such term is de-

222

IB
fined in such seeti on 3 (f)) for further dis-

tribution, and activities similar to all the

foregoing as they relate to fish or shellfish

in aql1ael1lture faeilities. An employee de-

seribed in this dause shall not be eoullted

for purp08e8 of ('lau8e (i).

TRANSITIOX RULE.-Subject to

paragraph

a perSOll or other entity hiring, reernitillg,

10

or referring an imlivic1ual for employment

11

III

12

date or dates applicable under clauses (i)

13

through (iii):

the follmving shall apply to

the United States until the effective

14

"(I) This subsection, as in effect

15

before the enactment of the Legal

16

vVorkforce Act.

17

"(II) Subtitle A of title IV of the

18

TIl ega] ImmigTation Reform and Im-

19

migl'allt Responsibility Ad of 19% (8

20

U.S.C. 132 c1a note), as in effect be-

21

fore the effective date in section 7 (c)

22

of the Legal vVorkforce Act.

23

"(III)

~~lly

other provisioll of

24

j1'ederal law requiring the person or

25

entity to partieipate in the E-Verify

.HR 1772 IH

223
19
Prognun described in sedion

of the Illegal Immigration Reform and

Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996

(8 U.S.C. 1:3240. note), as in effect be-

fore the effective date in section 7(e)

of the Legal Workforce Ad, including

Executive Order 13165

1324a note; relating to Government

procnrement) .

(8 U.S.C.

"(E) VERIFICATION PERIOD DEFINED.-

10
11

"(i) IN GENERAL.-For purposes of

this paragraph:

12

13

"(I) In the case of recruitment or

14

referral, the term 'verification period'

15

means the period ending on the date

16

recruiting or referring commences.

17

"(II) In the case of hiring, the

18

term 'verification period' means the

19

period beginning on the date

20

an offer of emplo,yment is eA'iended

21

and ending on the date that is 3 busi-

22

ness clays after the (late of hire, ex-

23

eept as provided in elause (iii). The

24

offer of employment may be comli-

25

tioned in accordance ,vith clause (ii) .

HR 1772 IH

(Hi

vvhich

224
20
"(ii) JOB OFFER lVIAY BE

CO~DI-

TION.AL.-A person or other entity may

offer a prospective employee an employ-

ment position that is conditioned on final

verification of the identity and employment

eligibility of the employee m:ing the proee-

dures established under this paragraph.

"(iii)

lWLE.-Notwith-

SPECIAL

stallding clause (i)(TT), in tlle case of an

10

alien ,vho i8 authorized for employment

11

and who provides evidence from the Social

12

Security Administration that the alien has

13

applied for a social security account num-

14

ber, the verification period ends three busi-

15

ne88 day8 after the alien reeeive8 the 80eial

16

security account number.

17
18

RKVEBIFICATION FOR INDIV1DUALS 'VITH

LTlVrTTTm WORK AUTHORT/jATTON.-

19

IN GENERAL.-Except a8 provided in

20

subparagraph (B), a person or entity shall

21

make an inquiry, as provided in subsection

22

using

23

reverification of the identity and employment

24

eligibility of all individual8

25

of work authorization employed by the person

.MR 1772 1M

the

verification

to

\~ith

seck

a limited period

225
21
or entity during the 3 bu:sine:ss days before the

date on which the employee's work authoriza-

tion ex-pires as follows:

"(i l vVitll resped to employers lmving

10,000

States on the date of the enactment of the

Legal 'Vorkforce Act, beginning on the

date that is 6 months after the date of the

enactment of snell Act.

0['

more employees

ill

the United

10

"Oil ''lith ['esped to employe['s having

11

500 or more employees in the United

12

States, but less than 10,000 employees in

13

the United StateR, on the date of the en-

14

actment of the IJegal 'Vorkforce Ad, be-

15

gmmng on the date that is 12 months

16

after the date of the enactment of such

17

Act.

18

"(iii) "With respect to employers hav-

19

ing 20 or more employees in the United

20

States, but less than 500 employees in the

21

United States, on the date of the enact-

22

ment of the Legal 'Yorkforee Act, begin-

23

uing on the date that is 18 mouths after

24

the date of the enactment of such Art .

HR 1772 IH

226
22
"(iv) With re8peet to employen; heW-

ing 1 or more employees in the United

but less than 20 employees in the

United States, on tl1e date of the enact-

lllent of the Legal Wo['kforce Ad, begin-

ning on the date that i8 24 month8 after

the date of the enactment of such Act.

"(13)

AGIUCliLTlJHAL

LABOR

OR

SERV-

TCRS.-'Yitl1 respeet to an employee performing

10

agyieultural labor or 8enriee8, or an employee

11

recruited or referred by a farm labor contractor

12

(as defined in section 3 of the Migrant and Sea-

13

sonal Agricultural 'Yorker Protection Act (29

14

U.S.C.

15

apply with re8peet to the reverifieation of the

16

employee until the date that is 24 months after

17

the date of the enactment of the Legal "\Vork-

18

force Act. For purposes of the preceding sen-

19

tence, the term 'agricultural labor or services'

20

has the meaning given such term by the Sec-

21

retary of Agriculture in regulations and in-

22

cludes agricultural lahor as defined in section

23

:3121(g) of the Internal Hevenue Code of 1986,

24

agyieulture a8 defined in 8edion 3 (f) of the

25

Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C .

HR 1772 IH

1801)), subparagraph

(A)

shall not

227
23
203(f)), the handling, planting, drying, packing,

packaging,

prior to delivery for storage of any agricultural

or 11 orti cultural commodity in its unmanufac-

tured state, all activities required for the prepa-

ratiun, prucessing, ur manufacturing uf a prud-

uct of agriculture (as such term is defined in

such section 3(f)) for further distrihution, and

aetivities similar to all the foregoing as they re-

10

late to fish or' shellfish in aquaculture facilities.

11

An employee described in this subparagraph

12

shall not be counted for purposes of subpara-

13

graph (A).

processing,

freezing,

or grading

14

RRVERIFICATION,-Paragraph

15

(l)(C)(ii) shall apply to reverifications pursuant

16

to this paragraph on the same basis as it ap-

17

plies to verifications pursuant to paragraph (1),

18

except that employers shall-

19

"(i) use a form designated or estab-

20

lished by the Secretary

21

purposes of this paragTaph; and

regulation for

22

"(ii) retain a paper, microfiche, micro-

23

film, or electronic version of the form and

24

make it available for inspectiun by officers

25

of the Department of Homeland Security.

HR 1772 IH

228
24
the Special Coum;el for lrmnigTation-Re-

lated Unfair Employment Practices, or the

Department of Labor during the period be-

ginning on tlle elate tlle reverification com-

mences and ending on the date that is the

later of 3 year:s after the date of :such

reverification or 1 year after the date the

individual's emplo:yment is terminated.

Pn.FJVTOUSIN nnmD INDIVTDUAT,S.-

"(A) OK A l\LlliDATORY BASIS FOR CER-

10
11

TAIN

ElVIPLOr'EES.-

12

IN OENERAL.-Kot later than the

13

date that is G months after the date of the

14

enactment of the Legal vVorkfol"ce Act, an

15

employer 8hall make an inquiry, a:s pro-

16

vided

17

verifiration system to seek verification of

18

the identity and employ"lTIent eligibility of

19

allY individual described iLl clause (ii) em-

20

ployed by the employer whose emplo:yrnent

21

eligibility has not been verified under the

22

E-Verify Program described in section

23

403(a) of the lllegal Immigration Reform

24

emu lmmignmt Re:spon:sibility Act of E)96

25

(8 U.S.c. 1324a note) .

HR 1772 IH

subsection

using

the

229

25
"(ii) INDIVIDUALS

DESCRIBED.-~:\n

individual described in this clause is any of

the follmving:

"(1) An employee of any unit of

a Federal, State, or local gover-nment.

"(II)

~:\n

employee who requirers a

Federal security clearance working in

a Federal, State or loral government

bllildillg, a military

a mwlear

10

energy site, a weapons site, or an air-

11

port or other facility that requires

12

,Yorkers to carry a Transportation

13

"Vorker

14

(T\\lIC).

Identification

Credential

15

"(Ill) An employee arsrsigned to

16

perform work in the United States

17

under a Federal contract, except that

18

tllis subchll1se-

19

"(aa) is not applicable to in-

20

dividuals who have a clearance

21

under Homeland Security Presi-

22

dential Directive 12 (IISPD 12

23

c.learance), are administrative or

24

overhead perrsonnel, or are work-

25

ing solely on contracts that pro-

.HR 1772 IH

230

2G
vide Commercial Off The Shelf

goods or services as set forth by

the Federal Acquisition Regu-

1atol"y Council, ullless they are

subject to verification uudei' sub-

('lause (II); and

only applies to con-

tracts over the simple aequisition

tllresho1d as defined in section

10

2.101 of title

11

Regulations.

Code of Federal

12

"(B) ON A l\gNDATORY BASIS FOR ML"L-

13

'l'lPLE USERS CH' ELLU\I!E SOCIAL SECURITY AC-

14

COUNT ~lJMBER.-In

15

who is required by this subsedion to use the

16

verification system described in subsection (d),

17

or has cleetcd voluntarily to usc such system,

18

the employer s11a11 make inquiries to the system

19

in accordance with the following:

20

the case of all employer

"(i) The Commissioner of Social Secu-

21

rity shall notify annually

22

employee address listed on the \Vage and

23

Tax Statement) who submit a social seeu-

24

rity aecount number to whieh more than

25

one employer reports income and for which

.HR 1772 IH

(at the

231
27
there is a pattern of unursual multiple use.

The notification letter shall identify the

number of employers to ,'{hich income is

being reported as well as sufficient illfor-

mation notifying the employee of the proc-

ess to contact the Social Security Adminis-

tration Fraud Hotline if the employee be-

lieves the employee's identity may have

been stolell. The notice shall not sllare in-

10

formation protected as private, in order to

11

avoid any recipient of the notice from

12

being in the position to further commit or

13

hegin committing identity theft.

14

"Oi) If the person to whom the soeial

15

rsecurity account number wars isrsued

16

Social Security Administration has been

17

identified and confirmed hy the Commis-

18

sioner, alld indicates that the social secu-

19

rity aecount number was used 'vithout

20

their knowledge, the Secretary and the

21

Commissioner shall lock the social security

22

account numher for emplo.yment eligihility

23

verifieation purposes and shall notify the

24

employers of the individuals who wrong-

25

fully submitted the social security account

.HR 1772 IH

the

232
2~

number that the employee may not be

work eligible.

"(iii) Each employer receiving such

notification of an incorrect social secllrity

accoullt number under clause (iil shall use

the verification :sy:stem de:scribed in :sub-

section (d) to check the work eligibility sta-

tus of the applicahle employee 'within 10

business days of receipt of tlle notification.

ON ~~ VOLUNT"illY

10

BASIS.-SuQject to

11

paragraph (2), and subparagraphs (A) through

12

(0) of this paragraph, beginning on the elate

13

that is ;:1O days after the date of the enactment

14

of the Leg'al vVorkfol'ce Act, an employer may

15

make an inquiry, a:s provided in :sub:section

16

using the verification system to seek verification

17

of the irlentity and employment eligihility of any

18

incliviclllal employed by the employer. If an em-

19

ployer chooses voluntarily to seek verification of

20

any individual employed by the employer, the

21

employer shall seek verification of all individ-

22

uals so employed.

23

whether or Hot voluntarily to seek verification

24

of it:s current ,yorkforce under thi8 :subpara-

25

~~1

employer's decision ahout

may not be considered

.RR 1772 IH

any govenl-

233
29
ment agency in any proceeding, inve8tigation,

or review provided for in this Act.

VERIFICATION.-Paragraph

(1 )(C)(ii) shall apply to verifications pursuant

to this paragraph on the same basis as it ap-

plie8 to verification8 pur8uant to paragraph (1),

except that employers s11a11-

"(i) usc a form 0csignatcd or cstah-

lisllecl by the Secretary

10

regulation for

purposes of this paragraph; and

11

"(ii) retain a paper, microfiche, micro-

12

film, or electronic version of the form and

13

makc it availahlc for inspcction

14

of the Department of Homeland

15

the Special Coun8el for ImmigTation-l{,e-

16

lated Unfair Employment Practices, or the

17

DcpartIncnt of Lahor during thc pcriod hc-

18

ginning

19

menees and ending on the date that is the

20

later of 3 years after the date of such

21

verification or 1 year after the date the in-

22

dividuaFs cmploymcnt is tcrminatc(1.

23

011

officcrs

the date the verification

COnl-

"( 4) ELillliY COMPLlAc~CE.-

24

"(A) l"ORMER E-VERIFY REQUIRED USERS,

25

INCLUDING FEDERAL CONTRACTORS.-Notwith-

.HR 1772 IH

234
30
stamling the deadlines m paragraphs (1) and

(2), beginning on the date of the enactment of

the IJegal \Vorkforce Act, the Secretary is au-

tllori?;ed to commence requiring employers re-

quired to participate in the E-Verify Pr'ogram

described in section 403(a) of the Illegal Immi-

gration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility

Act of 1996 (R

employers required to participate ill snell pro-

r.s.c.

1324a note), including

10

gram

11

(and regulations promulgated under those

12

including the Federal Acquisition Regulation),

13

to commence compliance vvith the requirements

14

of this subsection (and any additional require-

15

ments of sueh

16

ulation) in lieu of any requirement to partici-

17

pate in the E-VerifY Program.

reason of Federal acquisition laws

18

j1

ederal acquisition laws and reg-

FClHMER

E-'71<":RTFY

VOLUN'I'ARY

19

USERS

20

ANCE.-Notwithstanding the deadlines in para-

21

graphs (1) and (2), beginning on the date of

22

the enartment of the Legal \Vorkforre Act, the

23

Secretary shall provide for the voluntary

24

plianee with the requirements of this suh,;eetion

25

employers voluntarily electing to partic.ipate

.HR 1772 IH

~AND

OTHERS DESIRIXG EARlj'{ COMPLI-

COlll-

235

31
III

the l<J- VerifY Program de8cribed in 8eetion

403(a) of the lllegal Immigration Reform and

Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (8 U.S.C.

1 ;324a note) before SUCll date, as well as

other employers seeking voluntary early compli-

ance.

COPYING

OF

DOCUMENTATION

PER-

IVll'l"rED.-Kot\\~thstanding

law, tlle person or entity may copy a document pre-

10

8ented by an individual pur8uant to thi8 sub8eetion

11

and may retain the copy, but only (except as other-

12

,vise permitted under law) for the purpose of com-

13

pl:ying

\,~th

any other provision of

the requirements of this subsection.

14

IJDlITATION ON USE OF FORlVIs.-A form

15

designated or e8tablished by the Secretary of Home-

16

land Security under this subsection and any infor-

17

mation contained in or appended to such form, may

18

not be llsed for pllrposes other than for enforcement

19

of this Act and any other provision of Federal crimi-

20

nallaw.

21

"(7) GOOD FMTH COl\IPLLlliCE.other,,~se

22

IK fmI\nRAL.-Except as

23

provided in this subseetion, a person or entity

24

i8 ('onsidered to have complied with a require-

25

ment of this subsection

.HR 1772 IH

lloh'~thstanding

a tech-

236
32
nical or procedural failure to meet 8uch require-

ment if there was a good faith attempt to com-

ply v,lth the requirement.

"(B) EXCEPTION IF FAILURE TO CORRECT

~~TER

apply if-

NOTICE.-Subparagraph (A) shall not

"(i) the failure is not de minimus;

"(ii) the Secretary of Homeland Secu-

rity has mq)lained to the persoll or entity

10

the oa8i8 for the failure and why it i8 not

11

de minimus;

12

"(iii) the person or entity has been

13

provided a period of not less than :i0 cal-

14

endar days (beginning after the date of the

15

e::'lcrplanation) 'within which to torred the

16

failure; and

17

the person or entity has not cor-

18

rected the failure voluntarily vvitllin such

19

period.

20

EXCEPTION FOR PATTERN OR PRAC-

21

TICE VIOLATORS.-Subparagraph (A) shall not

22

apply to a person or entity that has or is engag-

23

ing in a pattern or practice of violations of sub-

24

8eetion (a)(l)(A) ur (a)(2) .

HR 1772 IH

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33
"(8) SINGLE EXTENSION OF DElillLINES UP OX
2

CERTIFICATION.-In a case in which the Secretary

of Homeland Security has certified to the Congress

that the employment eligibility verification system

req uired under subsection (cL) will not be fllUy oper-

atiunal

of the enactment of the Legal 'Yor1l:force Act, each

deadline estahlished under this sedion for an

ployer to make an inquiry using such

the date that is 6 munths after the date

e111-

10

be extended

11

a deadline shall be made.".

12

(b) DATE OF HIRE.-Section 274A(h) of the Immi-

6 months. K 0 other extension of such

13 gration flnd ::\fationality Act (R

14 amended

l~.S.C.

r::~24a(h))

is

adding at the end the following:

15

"( 4) DEFINITION OF DATE OF HIRK-As used

16

m this section, the term 'date of hire' means the

17

date of actual commencement of emplo.yment for

18

wages or other remuneration, unless othen;vise speci-

19

fied.".

20 SEC. 3. EMPLOYMENT ELIGIBILITY VERIFICATION SYSTEM.

21

Section 27,Ll( d) of the Immigration and K ationality

22 Act (R U.S.C.
23

1:~24a(d))

is amended to read as follows:

"(dl EMPLOYMENT ELIGIBILITY VEnIFICATION SyS-

24 TEM.-

.HR 1772 IH

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34
"(1) IN GE1\"ERl..L.-Patterned on the employ2

ment

eligibility

confirmation

system

established

under section 401 of the lllegal Immigration Reform

and Immigrant R,esponsibility Act of 1996 (8 U.S.C.

1324a note), the Seeretary of Homeland Security

shall establish and administer a verification system

through which the Secretary (or a designee of the

Secretary, which may he a nongovernmental enti-

ty)-

10

"(A) responds to inquiries made by per-

Il

sons at any time through a toll-free telephone

12

line and other toll-free electronic media con-

13

('eruing an individuaFs identity and ,yhcther the

14

individual is authorized to be employed; and

15

"(B) maintains records of the inquiries

16

that were made, of verifications provided (or

17

not provided), and of the codes provided to in-

18

ql1irers as

19

their obligations under this seetion.

e\~clence

of their compliance with

20

INITIAL RESPONSE.-The verification sys-

21

tem shall provide confirmation or a tentative non-

22

confirmation of an individual's identity and employ-

23

meut eligibility within 3 working days of the initial

24

inquiry. If providing confirmation or tentative non-

25

confirmation, the verification system shall provide an

.HR 1772 IH

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35
appropriate code indieating ::meh confirmation or
2

such nonconfirmation.

SECONDARY CONFIRMATION PROCESS IX

CASFJ OF TFJNTATTVT<: NONCONFTR.lVfATTOK.-In cases

of tentative nonconfirmation, the Secretary shall

specifY, in eonsultation vvith the Commissioner of

Social Security, an available secondary verification

process to confirm the validity of information p1'o-

vided and to pru\ide a final confirmation or 11011C011-

10

firmation not later than 10 working days after the

11

date on which the notice of the tentative noncon-

12

firmation is received by the employee. The Secretary,

13

in consultation with the Commissioner, may extend

14

this deadline once

15

riod of 10 working days, and if the time is eA'iended,

16

shall document such eA'iension vvithin the verification

17

system. The Secretary, in consultation with the

18

Commissioner, shall 110tify the employee and em-

19

ployer of such extension. The Secretary, ill cOIlsulta-

20

tion with the Commissioner, shall create a standard

21

process of such extension and notification and shall

22

make a description of such process availahle to the

23

public.

24

is provided, the verification system shall proviue an

.HR 1772 IH

~When

OIL

a ease-by-case basis for a pe-

final confirmation or nonconfirmation

240

36
appropriate code indicating ::mch confirmation or
2

nonconfirmation.

"( 1)

DESIO~ ~Au'lD OPERATION OF SYSTEM.-

Tl1e verification system shall be designed and oper-

ated-

"(A) to maximize its reliability and ease of

use by persons and other entities consistent

'with insulating and protecting the privacy and

security of the

underl'y~ng

information;

10

"(B) to respond to all inquiries made by

11

such persons and entities on whether individ-

12

uals are authorized to be employed and to reg-

13

ister all times when such inquiries are not re-

14

ceived;

15

"(C) with appropriate administrative, tech-

16

nicaI, and physical safeguards to prevent unau-

17

thorized disclosure of personal information;

18

"(D) to have reasonable

>0""""",,,

against

19

the system's resulting ill unlawful discrimina-

20

tory practices based on national origin or citi-

21

zenship status, including"(i) the selective or unauthorized use

22

23

of the system to verify eligibility: or

24

"(ii) the exclusion of certain individ-

25

uals from consideration for emploYlnent as

.lIR 1772 III

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37
a result of a perceived likelihood that addi-

tional verification will be required, beyond

what is required for most job applicants;

to maximi7.e tlle prevention of identity theft use in the system; and

"(P) to limit the

sul~ieets

of verification to

the follmving individuals:

"(i) Individuals hired, referred, or re~v\~th

cruited, in accordance

10

or (4:) of subseetiou (b).

paragrapll (1)

11

"(ii) Employees and prospective em-

12

ployees, in accordance ,,,ith paragraph (1),

13

(2),

un, or (4) of suhsection (h).

14

"Oii) Individuals seeking to eonfirm

15

their ovm employment eligibility on a vol-

16

untary basis.

17

"(5) RESPONSIBILITIES OF COMl\IISSIONER OF

18

SOCIAL SECURTTY.-As part of the verification sys-

19

tern, the Commissioner' of Social Security, ill eOll-

20

sultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security

21

(and any designee of the Secretary selected to estab-

22

lish and administer the verification

23

tablish a reliable, secure method, which, within the

24

time periods 8peeified under paragraphs

25

compares the name and social security account num-

.HR 1772 IH

shall es-

and (3),

242
3H
her provided in an inquiry against such information

maintained

(or not validate) the information provided regarding

an

bility must be co nfir"med, the correspondence of the

name and number, and whether the individual has

presented a social security account number that is

not valid for employment. The Commissioner shall

not disclose or release social security information

10

(other than such confirmation or nonconfirmation)

11

under the verification system except as provided for

12

in this section or section 205(c)(2)(I) of the Social

13

Security Act.

the Commissioner in order to validate

indi\~clllal

14

whose identity and emplo.ymellt eligi-

RESPONSIBILITIES

OF

SECRETARY OF

15

HOlVIEh'l.~v

16

system, the Secretary of Homeland Security (in con-

17

sultation with any designee of the Secretary selected

18

to establisll and administer the verification system),

19

shall establish a reliable, secure method, which, with-

20

in the time periods specified under paragraphs (2)

21

and

22

or rmthorization number (or any other information

23

as determined relevant by the Seeretary) which are

24

provided in an inquiry against such information

25

maintained or accessed by the Secretary in order to

.HR 1772 IH

SECURITY.-As part of the verification

compares the name and alien identification

243
39
validate (or not validate) the information provided,
2

the eorrespondence of the name and number, wheth-

er the alien is authorized to be employed in the

United States, or to tl1e extent that the Seeretary

determines to be feasible and appropriate, whether

the reeorc18 available to the Seeretary verity the

identity or status of a national of the United States.

"(7) UPDATING INI1'ORlVL!\,l'ION.-Thc Commi8-

8ioner of Soeial Seeurity and tlle Seeretary of Home-

10

land Seeurity shall update their information in a

11

manner that promotes the maximum aeeuraey and

12

shall provide a proeess for the prompt correction of

13

CITonCOU8 information, including instancc8 in which

14

it is brought to their attention in the seeondary

15

verifieation proeess ueseribed in paragTaph

16

"(8)

17

v~BIFICATION

18

TEMS.-

19

LIMITATION
SYSTEM

"(A)

No

O~
A.~D

USE
ANY

NATIONAL

OF

RELATED

THE
SYS-

IDENTIFICATIOX

20

CARD.-Nothing in this seetion shall be eon-

21

strued to authorize, direetly or indireetly, the

22

188uanec or

23

or the establishment of a national identifieation

24

eard .

HR 1772 IH

118C

of national idcntific8tioll card8

244
40
"(B)

CRITICAL

INFRASTRCCTURE.-The

~p(rpt.!lrv

entity responsible for gTanting access to, pro-

tecting, securing, operatillg, admillistering, or

regulating part of the critical infrastructure (as

defined in section 1016(e) of the Critical Infra-

structure Protection Act of 2001 ('12 U.S.C.

5195c(e))) to usc the verification system to the

extent the Secretary determines tllat

may authorize or direct any person or

SUC'11

use

10

will assist in the protection of the critical infra-

11

structure.

12

"(9) REMEDIES.-If an individual

that

13

the imlivi(lual would not have been msmissed from

14

a job but for an error of the verification mechanism,

15

the individual may seek compemmtion only through

16

the mechanism of the Federal Tort Claims Act, and

17

injullctive relief to correct sueh error. No class ae-

18

tiOll may be brought ullder this paragraph.".

19

SEC. 4. RECRUITMENT, REFERRAL, AND CONTINUATION OF

20
21

EMPLOYMENT.
ADDITIONAL CFLLIu.~GES TO RCLES FOR RECRUIT-

22 lVIENT, REFERR-'ciL, AND CONTINTTATION OF EMPLOY-

23 l\IENT.-Section 274AJa) of the Immigration and Nation24 ality Act (8 U.S.C. 1324a(a)) is arnended25

(1) in paragraph (1)(A), by striking "for a fee";

.HR 1772 IH

245

41
(2) in paragTaph (1), by amending ::-mbpara2

graph (B) to' read as fO'llows:

"(B) to' hire, cO'ntinue to employ, or to re-

cl'uit or refer for employ-ment in the United

States an individual without complying with the

requirements of ::.;ub8eetion (b)."; and

(3) in paragraph
ali~n

by striking "after hiring

~mplo:yYn~nt

aecordane~

an

grapl1 (1 )," and inserting "after complying

for

10

paragraph (1),".

11

(b) DEFINITION.-Section

12 tion and Nationality Act (8

13

in

27~~(h)

r.s.c.

vvith paravv~t11

of the Immigra-

132'1a(h)), as amended

section 2 (h) of this Aet, is further amended hy adding

14 at the end the following:

15

DEFINITION OF RECRUIT OR REFER.-As

16

used in this section, the term 'refer' means the act

17

of sending or directing a person who is in the United

18

States or transmitting documentation or information

19

to another, directl.v or indirectly, with the intent of

20

obtaining employment in the United States for such

21

person. Only persons or entities referring for remu-

22

neration hvhether on a retainer or eontingency

23

basis) are included in the definition, except that

24

union hiring halls that refer union member::.; or non-

25

union individuals who pay union membership dues

.HR 1772 IH

246
42

are included in the definition whether or not they re2

ceive remuneration, as are labor service entities or

labor service agencies, whether public, private, for-

profit, or nonprofit, that refer, dispatcll, or otller-

wise facilitate the hiring of laborers for any period

of time by a third party. As used in this section, the

term 'recruit' means the act of soliciting a person

vvho is in the United State8, directly or inclirectly,

and referring tlle person to anotller

''v~th

tlle intent

10

of obtaining employment for that person. Only per-

Il

sons or entities referring for remuneration (whether

12

on a retainer or contingency basis) are included in

13

the definition, except that union hiring halls that

14

['efer union members or nOHunion individuals who

15

pay union memben;hip dues are ineIuded in this defi-

16

nition whether or not they receive remuneration, as

17

arc lahor service entities or lahor service agencies,

18

whether public, private, for-profit, or nonprofit that

19

recruit, dispatch, or otherwise facilitate the hiring of

20

laborers for any period of time by a third party. .

21

EFFECTIVE DATE.-The amendments made by

22 this section shall take effect on the date that is 1 year

23 after the date of the enactment of this Ad, except that
24 the amendments made by subsection

shall take effect

25 6 months after the date of the enactment of this Act inso-

.I1R 1772 III

247
43
far m; tmeh amendment::> relate to continuation of employ2 ment.

3 SEC. 5. GOOD FAITH DEFENSE.

4

Section 274A(a)(:3) of tl1e Immigration am] Nation-

5 ality Act (8 U.S.C. 1324a(a)(:3)) is amended to read as

6 follow::>:

"(3)

GOOD FAITH DEFENSE.DBFBNSl.-~\.n

employer (or person

or entity that l1ires, employs, reeruits, or refers

10

defined in ::>ub::>ection (h)(5)), or i::> otherwi::>e

11

obligated to comply vvith this section) who es-

12

tablishes that it has complied in good faith with

13

the requirements of suhsection (h)-

14

"(i) shall not be liable to a job appli1

15

cant, an employee, the

16

ment, or a State or local government,

17

nnder Federal, State, or local criminal or

18

eivil law for ally ernployn1ent-relaterl action

19

taken with L'espeet to a job applieant or

20

employee in good-faith reliance on informa-

21

tion provided througoh the system estab-

22

lished nnder suhsection (dl; and

j1

ederal Govern-

23

"(ii) has established compliance with

24

it::> obligation::> under ::>ubparagraph::> (A)

25

and (B) of paragTaph (1) and subsection

.HR 1772 IH

248

44
absent a showing by the Secretary of

Homeland Security,

vincing evidence, that the employer had

knowledge that an employee is an unau-

thorized alien.

"(B)

j11~'liLURE

clear and con-

TO SEEK

"A-,~D

OBTAI:,

'lERIFICATION.-Subject to the effective dates

and other deadlines applicahle under suhsection

(b), in the ease of a person or entity in the

10

United States that hires, or continues to em-

11

ploy, an individual, or recruits or refers an indi-

12

vidual for employment, the follmving require-

13

ments apply:

14

"(1)

15

FAILURE

TO

SEEK

VERIFICATIOK.-

16

"(I) IN GENERAL.-If the person

17

or entity has not made an inquiry,

18

under

19

under subsection (d) and in accord-

20

ance ,vith the timeframes established

21

under

22

verification of the identity and work

23

eligibility of the individual, the de-

24

fense under subparagyaph (A) shall

25

not be considered to apply with re-

.HR 1772 IH

the

mechanism

subsection

established

seeking

249
45
t>peet to any employment, except at>

provided in subclause (II).

"(II) SPECBL RULE FOR FAIL-

3
4

ITER OF

If such a person or entity in good

faith aUemptt> to make an inquiry in

order to qualify for the defense under

subparagraph (A) and the verification

meelm.nism has registered that not all

10

inquiriet> vvere ret>poncled tu during the

11

relevant time, the person or entity can

12

make an inquiry until the end of the

13

first suhsequent working day in whirh

14

the verification mechanism registers

15

nu nunret>pont>et> and qualify for t>ueh

16

defense.

17

(( (ii)

Vl~RTFTCA1'TOX

F~A.lLURE

MRCHA'JTSM.-

TO

OBTAIX

18

Vl'JRTFTCA1'TOK.-Tf

19

has made the inquiry described in clause

20

(i)(I) but has not received an appropriate

21

verification of such identity and work eligi-

22

hility under such mechanism vvithin the

23

time

24

(cl)(2) after the time the verification in-

25

quiry was received, the defense under sub-

.HR 1772 IH

period

the person or entity

specified

under

subseetion

250
46
paragraph CA) shall not be considered to

apply with respect to any employment after

the end of such time period.".

4 SEC. 6. PREEMPTION AND STATES' RIGHTS.

5

Section 274A(h)(2) of the Immigration and Nation-

6 ality Ad (8 U.S.C. 1324a(h)(2)) is amended to reau as

7 follows:

"(2) PmJ1:LVIPTJOl\.-

STNGT,K

NATTONAT,

POT,TCY.-The

10

provisions of this sedion preempt any State or

11

local law. ordinance. policy, or rule, including

12

any criminal or ci,il fine or penalty structure,

13

insofar as they may now or hereafter relate to

14

the hiring, eOlLtinued employment, or status

15

verifieation for employment eligibility purposes,

16

of unauthorized aliens.

17

"(13) STATE

18

E:t\~ORCEMENT OF FEDERAL

LAW.-

19

"(i) BrSINESS I,ICENSING.-A State,

20

locality, municipality, or political subdivi-

21

sion may exercise its authority over busi-

22

ness licensing and similar laws as a pen-

23

alty for failure to use the verifieatioll sys-

24

tem deseribed in subsedion (d) to verity

.HR 1772 IH

251

47
employment eligibility when and a:s re-

quired under subsection (b).

"(ii) GENERAL

RULES.-A

State, at

its

this section, but only insofar as such State

follow:s

menting this section, applies the Federal

pcnnlty structure set out in this section,

and complies vvith all Federal 111les and

10

guidance conc.erning implementation of this

11

section. Such State may collect any fines

12

assessed under this section. An employer

13

may not he suhject to enforcement, includ-

14

ing audit and investigation,

15

eral agency and a State for the :same viola-

16

tion under this section. vVhichever entity,

17

the Federal agency or the State, is first to

18

initiate tlle enforcement action, has the

19

right of first refusal to proeeed with the

20

enforcement action. The Seeretary must

21

provide copies of all guidance, training,

22

and field instructions provided to Federal

23

officials implementing the provisions of

24

thi:s :section to eaeh State." .

HR 1772 IH

OVVl1

cost, may enforce tIle provisions of

the

Federal

regulation:s

imple-

both a Fed-

252

SEC. 7. REPEAL.

(a)

I~

GENERAL.-Subtitle A of title IV of the Illegal

3 ImmigTation Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of

4 1996 (8 U.S.C. 1324a note) is repealed.
5

(h) REFEREXCE8.-1l.ny reference

III

any Federal

6 law, Executive order, rule, regulation, or delegation of au7 thority, or any do('ument of, or pertaining to, the Depart8 ment of Homeland Security, Department of Justice, or the
9 Social Secnrity Administration, to the emplo:yment digi10 bility confirmation system established under section 404
11 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Respon12 sibility Aet of 1996 (tl U.S.C. 1324a note) is deemed to

13 refer to the employment eligibility confirmation system es14 tahlished under section

2741~(d)

of the Immigration and

15 Nationality Act, as amended by section 3 of this Act.

16

(e) J1JFFECTIVE DATE.-This section shall take effect

17 on the date that is 36 months after the date of the enact18 ment of this Act.
19 SEC. 8. PENALTIES.
20

Section 274A of the Immigration and N ationalityAct.

21 (8 U.S.C. 1324a) is amended22

(1) in subsection (e)(1J-

23

(1\..) by striking "Attorney General"

each

24

place such term appears and inserting "See-

25

retary of Homeland Securit.v"; and

eHR 1772 IH

253
49
(B)

111

subparagntph

(D),

by striking

"Service" and inserting "Department of Home-

land Security";

(2) in subsection (e)(4)-

CA) in subpar'agraph (A), in the matter be-

fore elause (i),

graph (10)/' after "in an amount";

8
9

inserting, subject to para-

(13) in suhparagraph (A)(i), hy striking

"not less tl1an

$2;"50

and

not more

tlUlll

10

$2,000" and inserting "not less than $2,500

11

and not more than $5,000";

12

in subparagraph (A)(ii), by striking

13

"not less than $2,000 and not more than

14

$5,000" and insed.ing "not less than $5,000

15

and not more than $1U,UUO";

16

(D) in subparagraph (A)(iii), by striking

17

"not less than $8,000 and not more than

18

$10,000" and inserting "not less than $10,000

19

and not more than $25,000"; and

20
21

(E)

amending subparagraph (B) to read

as follows:

22

"(13) may require the person or entity to

23

take such other remedial action as is appro-

24

priede.";

25

(3) in subsection (e)(5)-

.HR 1772 IH

254
50
(A) in the paragraph heading, strike "PA-

PERWORK";

3
4

(B) by inserting ", subject to paragraphs

(10) tl1rollgh (1

(C)

5
6

by strikitlg "$100"

and inserting

"$1,000";

7
8

"after "in an amount";

(D) by striking "$1,000" and inserting

"$25,000"; and

(E) by adding at the end the follovving:

10

"Failure

11

ploYlnent eligibility verification system as re-

12

quired by law, or pruviding information to the

13

system that the person or entity knows or rea-

14

sonably believes to be false, shall be treated as

15

a viulatiun of sl1bsedion (a)(l)(A).";

16

(4)

17
18

a person or entity to utilize the em-

adding at the end of subsection (e) the

following:
"(10) RXl'J}1"P'l'TOK FRcnr PBNATll'Y FOR GOOD
vlOL~TIO~.-In

19

FMTH

20

civil penalty under paragraph (4)(A) \"ith respect to

21

a violation of subsection

22

ing or continuation of emplo:yment or recruitment or

23

referral by person or entity and in the case of impo-

24

sitiun uf a eivil penalty under paragraph (5) fur a

25

violation of subsection (a)( 1) (B) for hiring or re-

.HR 1772 IH

the case of imposition of a

or (a)(2) for hir-

255

51
eruitment or referral

a per:son or entity, the pen-

aIty otherwise imposed may be waived or reduced if

the violator establishes that the violator acted in

good faitll.

5
6

"(11) AUTHORITY TO DEBAR EMPLO"l'EBS FOR

CERTAIK v'10LATIOXS.-

Ix

aE~EK,>,L.- If

a person or entity

is determined hy the Secretary of Homeland Se-

('urity to be a repeat

~violator

of paragrapll

10

( 1) (A) or (2) of :sub:seetion

11

of a crime under this section. such person or

12

entity may be considered for debarment from

13

the receipt of Federal contracts, grants, or co-

14

operative agreements in accordance with the de-

15

barment :standard:s and pur:suant to the debar-

16

ment procedures set forth in the Federal Acqui-

17

sition Regulation.

or i:s convided

18

"(B) DOT<JS NOT HAVT<J CONTRACT, (tRANT,

19

AGREEMENT.-If the Secretary of Homeland

20

Security or the Attorney General wishes to have

21

a person or entity considered for debarment in

22

accordance ",ith this paragTaph, and such an

23

perSOIl or entity does not hold a Federal con-

24

tract, gTant or eooperative agTeement, the Sec-

25

retary or Attorney General shall refer the mat-

.HR 1772 IH

256

52
tel' to the Administrator of General Service8 to

determine whether to list the person or entity

on the List of Parties Excluded from Federal

Procurement, and if so, for wllDt duration and

under what scope.

llil.s

CONTRACT,

GRLL\JT,

AGREE-

::VfEXT .-If

or the Attorney General wishes to have a per-

son or entity considered for debarment m ac-

10

cordance vvith this paragraph, and such pemon

11

or entity holds a Federal contract, grant or co-

12

operative agreement, the

13

General shall advise all agencies or departments

14

holding a contract, grant, or cooperative agree-

15

ment vvith the pemon or entity of the Govern-

16

ment's interest in having the person or entity

17

considered for deharment, and after soliciting

18

and considering the

19

and departments, the Secretary or' Attorney

20

General may refer the matter to any appro-

21

priate lead agency to determine whether to list

22

the person or entity on the List of Parties Ex-

23

cluded from Federal Procurement, and if so, for

24

what duration and under what scope .

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the Secretary of Homeland Security

~e(3retary

v~ews

or Attorney

of all such agencies

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53
"(D) REVIEW.-Any decision to debar a
2

person or entity in accordance with this para-

graph shall be reviewable pursuant to part 9.4

of tlle Federal Aequisition Regulation.

"(12) OFFICE FOR STATE AND LOCAL GOVERN-

MENT COMPLMXTS.-'1'he Secretary of Homeland

Security shall establish an office-

"(A) to which State and local government

ageneies may submit information indicating po-

10

tential violations of subseetion

(b), or

11

that \vere generated in the normal course

12

of law enforcement or the normal course of

13

other official activities in the State or locality;

14

"(B) that is required to indieate to the

15

complaining State or local agency within 5 busi-

16

ness

17

identifJing whether the Secretary v,ill further

18

investigate the inforrnation provided;

of the filing of such a complaint by

19

that is requiroed to investigate those

20

complaints filed by State or local government

21

agencies that, on their face, have a substantial

22

prohahility of validity;

23

"(D) that is required to notify the com-

24

plaining State or local agency of the

25

any such investigation conducted; and

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re~;ults

of

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54

"(E) that is required to report to the Con-

gress annually the number of complaints re-

ceived under this paragraph, the States and lo-

calities tl1at filed s11c11 complaints, and the reso-

lution of the complaints investigated

retary.": and

(5) by amending paragraph (1) of subsection (f)

the Sec-

to read as follow8:

"(1) Cnnrr'\AI, PENATlrY.-Any person or enti-

10

ty which engages in a pattern or practice of viola-

11

tiems of subsection (a)(l) or (2) shall be fined not

12

more than $15,000 for each unauthorized alien ,,,ith

13

respect to which such a violation occurs, imprisoned

14

for not less than one year and not more than 10

15

years, or both, notv,ithstallliing the prm,isions of any

16

other Federal law relating to fine levels.".

17
18

SEC. 9. FRAUD AND MISUSE OF DOCUMENTS.

Section 154G(b) of title 18, TTnited States Code,

1S

19 amel1ded20

(1) in paragraph (1), by striking "identification

21

document," and inserting "identification document

22

or document me8nt to establish vl'Ork authorization

23

(including

the

doeuments

24

274A(b) of the

llIlmi~Tation

25

and

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described

1Il

and Nationality

section

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55
(2) in paragTClph (2), by 8triking "identification
2

document" and inserting "identification document or

document meant to establish work authorization (in-

eluding the documents described in section 274A(b)

of the Immigration and Nationality Act), .

6 SEC. 10. PROTECTION OF SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRA-

7
8

TION PROGRAMS.

(a) FC~DlNG Ul\DER AGREBIVlBNT.-Effective for

9 fiscal years beginnillg on or after October 1, 201:3, the

10 Commi88ioner of Social Seeurity and the Seeretary of

11 Homeland Security shall enter into and maintain an

12 agreement which shaU-

13

(1) provide funds to the Commissioner for the

14

full costs of the responsibilities of the Commissioner

15

under 8eetion 27 4A( d) of the Immigration and N a-

16

tionality Act (8

17

section B of this Act, including (hut not lirnited

18

to)-

r.s.c.

1324a(d)), as amended by

19

(A) acquiring, installing, and maiutaining

20

technological equipment and systems necessary

21

for the fulfillment of the responsibilities of the

22

Commissioner under such section 27 4i\'( d), hut

23

only that portion of sueh costs that are attrib-

24

utable exeJusively to 8ueh re8pon8ibilitie8; and

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56
(B) responding to indivicluals who contest
2

a tentative nonconfirmation provided by the em-

ploYLnent eligibility verification system estab-

lished under sncll section;

(2) provide such funds anlLually m advance of

the applicable quarter based on estimating method-

ology agreed to by the Commissioner and the Sec-

rctary (execpt in sueh instances where the delayed

enactment of an annual appropriation may preclude

10

such quartedy payments); and

11

(3) require an annual accounting and reconcili-

12

ation of the actual costs incurred and the funds pro-

13

vided under the agreement whieh shall he reviewed

14

the Inspectors (Jeneral of the Social Security Ad-

15

ministration and the Department of Homelaml Seeu-

16

rity.

17

(h)

CONTINl~ATION OF EMPLOYMENT VERIFICATIOX

18 IN ARSl'JKCl'J OF TIMELY ACmRRl\mKT.-Tn any case m

19 which the agreement required under subsection

for any

20 fiscal year beginning on or after October 1, 2013, has not

21 been reached as of October 1 of such fiscal year, the latest

22 agrcement hetween the Commissioner and the Seerctary

23 of Homeland Security providing for fundiug to cover the
24 cost:-; of the respon:-;ibilitie:-; of the Commi:-;:-;ioner under
25 section 274AJd) of the Immigration and l\ationality Act

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57
(8 U .S.C. 1324a( dl) 8hall be deemed in effed on an

lll-

2 terim basis for such fiscal year until such time as an

3 agreement required under subsection

is subsequently

4 reached, except tllat tlle terms of such interim agreement

5 shall be modified by the Dir'ector of the Office of Manage6 ment and Budget to al\iust for inflation and any increase
7 or decrease in the volume of requests under the employ-

8 ment eligihility verification system. In any case in whirh

9 an interim agreement applies for any fiscal year under this
10 subsection, the Commissioner and the Secretary shall, not

11 later than October 1 of such fiscal year, notify the Com-

12 mittee on

and }Ieans, the Committee on the Judici-

13 ary. and the Committee on Appropriations of the House

14 of Hepresentatives and the Committee on Finane-e, the

15 Committee on the Judiciary, and the Committee on Ap16 propriations of the Senate of the failure to reach the
17 agreement required under suhsection

for such fiscal

18 year. Until such time as the agreement required under

19 subsedion (a) has been reae-hed for such fiscal year', the
20 Commissioner and the Secretary shall, not later than the

21 end of each 90-day period after October 1 of such fiscal

22 year, notify such Committees of the status of negotiations
23 between the Commissioner and the Seeretary in order to
24 reach such an agTeement .

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5g
SEC. 11. FRAUD PREVENTION.

(a) BLOCKING MISrSED SOCLUJ SECURITY ACCOUNT

3 NUlVIBERS.-The

Secretar.v~

of Homeland Security, in con-

4 sultation with the Commissioner of Social Security, shall

5 establish a progTam in which social security account num6 bers that have been identified to be subject to unusual
7 multiple use in the employment eligibility verification sys-

8 tem established under section 27 4A( d) of the ImmigTation

9 and Nationality Act (R U.S.C. 1824a(d)), as 3l11endcd hy

10 section :3 of this Act, or that Flre othen,rise suspected or

11 determined to have been compromised by identity fraud
12 or other misuse, shall be blocked from use for such system

13 purposes unless the individual using such number is able

14 to establish, through secure and fair additional security

15 procedures, t11at the imlivridual is t11e legitimate holder of

16 the number.
(b) ALLOWING SUSPENSION OF LSE OF CERTAIN SO-

17

18

CL~L

SECURITY ACCOUNT NUlVIBERS.-The Secretary of

19 HomelFlncl Security, in consultation vvith the Commis20 sicmer of Social Security, shall establish a program which
21 shall provide a reliable, secure method

which victims

22 of identity fraud and other individuals may suspend or

23 limit the usc of their social security account number or

24 other identifying information for pUl1)oses of the employ25 ment eligibility verifieation system established under sec26 tion 274A(d) of the ImrnigTation and Nationality Act (8
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59
C.S.C. 1324a( d)), as amended by section 3 of this Act.
2 The Secretary may implement the progTam on a limited

3 pilot program basis before making it fully available to all

4 imlilicluals.

(e) ~LliJLO'VING P AREKTS To PREv"ENT THEFT OF

6 THEIR CHILD'S IDEXTITY.-The Secretary of Homeland

7 Security, in consultation vvith the Commissioner of Social
8 Security, shall estahlish a progTsm which shall provide a
secure method by whie11 parents or legal guard-

10 mns may suspend or limit the use of the social security

11 account number or other identifying information of a
12 minor under their care for the purposes of the employrnent

13 eligihility verification system estahlished umler 27 4J'Ic( d) of

14 the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1324a(d)),
15 as amended by section 3 of this Act. The Secretary may
16 implement the program on a limited pilot program basis

17 hefore making it fully availahle to all individuals.

18 SEC. 12. IDENTITY AUTHENTICATION EMPLOYMENT ELIGI-

19
20

BILITY VERIFICATION PILOT PROGRAM.

Not later than 48 months after the date of the enact-

21 ment of this Act, the Secretary of Homeland Security,

22 after consultation with the Commissioner of Social Secu23 rity and the Director of the National Institute of Stand24 ards and Technology, shall establish by regulation an
25 Identity

.IIR 1772 III

Authentication

Employment

Eligibility

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60

Verification pilot progyam (the "Authentication Pilot").

2 The purpose of the Authentication Pilot shall be to provide
3 for identity authentication and emplo,v1uent eligibility
4 verification

v,~tll

respect to enrolled new employees wl1ie11

5 shall be available to subject employers who elect to partiei6 pate in the Authentication Pilot. Any

~ub.iect

employer

7 may cancel the employer:s participation in the Authentica8 tion Pilot after one year after cleding to

parti(~ipate

with-

9 out prejudice to future participation.

10 SEC. 13. INSPECTOR GENERAL AUDITS.

11

(a) IN GENERAL.-Not later than 1 year after the

12 date of the enactment of this Act, the Inspector General

13 of the Sorial Security Administration shall complete audits

14 of the following categories in order to urwover evidence
15 of individual:s who are not authorized to work in the
16

l~nited

States:

17

(1) "Workers who dispute wages reported on

18

their social security accmlllt number when they be-

19

lieve someOlle else has used such number and name

20

to report wages.

21

22

(2) Children's social security account numbers

used for vmrk purposes.

23

(8) Employers whose workers present signifi-

24

cant numbers of mismatched social security aCl'ount

25

numbers or names for wage reporting .

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61
(b) 8UK\lISSION.-The In8peetor General of the 80-

2 cial Security Administration shall submit the audits com3 pleted under subsection (a) to the Committee on

and

4 Means of t11e House of Representative and the Committee

5 on Finance of the Senate fOt review of the evidence of
6 indivillua18 who are not authorized to work in the United
7 States. The Chairmen of those Committees shall then de-

8 termine information to he shared vvith the Secretmy of

9 Homeland Security so t11at such Secretary can investigate
10 the unauthorized employment demonstrated
11 dence .

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such evi-