Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Physical Tables
Ninth Revised Edition
Prepared by
WILLIAM ELMER FORSYTHE
This edition of the Smithsonian Physical Tables consists of 901 tables giv-
ing data of general interest to scientists and engineers, and of particular inter-
est to those concerned with physics in its broader sense. The increase in size
over the Eighth Edition is due largely to new data on the subject of atomic
physics. The tables have been prepared and arranged so as to be convenient
and easy to use. The index has been extended. Each set of data given herein
has been selected from the best sources available. Whenever possible an expert
in each field has been consulted. This has entailed a great deal of correspond-
ence with many scientists, and it is a pleasure to add that, almost without
exception, all cooperated generously.
When work first started on this edition, Dr. E. U. Condon, then director of
the National Bureau of Standards, kindly consented to furnish any assistance
that the scientists of that institution were able to give. The extent of this help
can be noted from an inspection of the book. Dr. Wallace R. Brode, associate
director, National Bureau of Standards, gave valuable advice and constructive
criticism as to the arrangement of the tables.
D. H. Menzel and Edith Jenssen Tebo, Harvard University, Department of
Astronomy, collected and arranged practically all the tables on astronomy.
A number of experts prepared and arranged groups of related data, and
others either prepared one or two tables or furnished all or part of the data
for certain tables. Care has been taken in each case to give the names of those
responsible for both the data and the selection of it. A portion of the data was
taken from other published sources, always with the.consent and approval of
the author and publisher of the tables consulted. Due credit has been given in
all instances. Very old references have been omitted. Anyone in need of these
should refer to the Eighth Edition.
It was our intention to mention in this preface the names of all who took part
in the work, but the list proved too long for the space available. We wish,
however, to express our appreciation and thanks to all the men and women
from various laboratories and institutions who have been so helpful in con-
tributing to this Ninth Edition.
Finally, we shall be grateful for criticism, the notification of errors, and
new data for use in reprints or a new edition.
W . E. FORSYTHE
Astrophysical Observatory
Smithsonian Institution
January 1951
EDITOR’S N O T E
The ninth edition of the Physical Tables was first published in June 19.54.
I n the first reprint (1956), the second reprint (1959), and the third (1964)
a few misprints and errata were corrected.
iii
TABLE 1.-TEMPERATURE CONVERSION TABLE
The numbers in boldface type refer to the temperature either in degrees Centigrade or Fahrenheit which it is desired to convert into the other sale.
If converting from degrees Fahrenheit to Centigrade, the equivalent will be be found in the column on the left, while if converting from degrees Centi-
grade to Fahrenheit the answer will be found in the columr! on the right.
C
- 559.4 to 28
r I
L
29 to 140
A
.
F 'C
150 to a90
F c
900 t o 1650 1660 to 2410
L
F- ' 'c
2420 to 3000
F
.
-273 -459.4
-450
...
...
-1.67
-1.11
29
30
84.2
86.0
66
71
150
160
302
320
482
488
900
910
1652
1670
904
910
1660
1670
302( 1327
1332
2420 4388
-268 3031 2430 4406
-262 -440 ... -0.56 31 87.8 77 170 338 493 920 1688 916 1680 30% 1338 2440 4424
-257 -430 ... 0 32 89.6 82 180 356 499 930 17Ot 921 1690 307d 1343 2450 4442
-251 -420 ... 0.56 33 91.4 88 190 374 504 940 1724 927 1700 309; 1349 2460 4464
-246 -410 ... 1.11 34 93.2 93 200 392 510 950 1742 932 1710 311( 1354 2470 4478
-240 -400 ... 1.67 35 95.0 99 210 410 516 960 176C 938 1720 3121 1360 2480 44%
-234 -390 ... 2.22 36 96.8 100 212 414 521 970 1778 943 1730 314 1366 2490 4514
-229 -380 ... 2.78 37 98.6 104 220 428 527 980 1796 949 1740 316' 1371 2500 4532
-223 -370 ... 3.33 38 100.4 110 230 446 532 990 1814 954 1750 318; 1377 2510 4550
-218 -360 ... 3.89 39 102.2 116 240 464 538 1000 1832 960 1760 320( 1382 2520 4568
-212 -350 ... 4.44 40 104.0 121 250 482 543 1010 185C 966 1770 321t 1388 2530 4586
-207 -340 ... 5.00 41 105.8 127 260 500 549 1020 1868 971 1780 3236 1393 2540 4604
-201 -330 ... 5.56 42 107.6 I32 270 518 554 1030 1886 977 1790 3254 1399 2550 4622
-196 -320 ... 6.11 43 109.4 138 280 536 560 1040 1904 982 1800 327; 1404 2560 4640
-190 -310 ... 6.67 44 111.2 143 290 554 566 1050 1922 988 1810 32% 1410 2570 4658
-184 -300 ... 7.22 45 113.0 149 300 572 571 1060 1940 993 1820 3301 1416 2580 4676
-179 -290 ... 7.78 46 114.8 154 310 5% 577 1070 1958 999 1830 3326 1421 2590 4694
-173 -280 .,. 8.33 47 116.6 160 320 608 582 1080 1976 1004 1840 3344 1427 2600 4712
-169 -273 -459.4 8.89 48 118.4 16G 330 626 588 1090 1994 1010 1850 3362 1432 2610 4730
-168 -270 -454 9.44 49 120.2 171 340 644 593 1100 2012 1016 1860 338C 1438 2620 4748
-162 -260 -436 10.0 50 122.0 I77 350 662 599 1110 2030 1021 1870 3398 1443 2630 4766
-157 -250 -418 10.6 51 123.8 182 360 680 604 1120 2048 1027 1880 3416 1449 2640 4784
-151 -240 -400 11.1 52 125.6 I88 370 698 610 1130 2066 1032 1890 3434 1454 2650 4802
-146 -230 -382 11.7 53 127.4 193 380 716 616 1140 2084 1038 1900 3452 1460 2660 4820
-140 -220 -364 12.2 54 129.2 199 390 734 621 1150 21 02 1043 1910 3476 1466 2670 4838
-134 -210 -346 12.8 55 131.0 !04 400 752 627 1160 2120 1049 1920 3488 1471 2680 4856
-129 -200 -328 13.3 56 132.8 210 410 770 632 1170 2138 1054 1930 3506 1477 2690 4874
-123 -190 -310 13.9 57 134.6 216 420 788 638 1180 2156 1060 1940 3524 1482 2700 4892
-118 -180 -292 14.4 58 136.4 221 430 806 643 1190 2174 1066 1950 3542 1488 2710 4910
-112 -170 -274 15.0 59 138.2 !27 440 824 649 1200 2192 1071 1960 3560 1493 2720 4928
-107 -160 -256 15.6 60 140.0 232 450 842 654 1210 2210 1077 1970 3578 1499 2730 4946
-101 -150 -238 16.1 61 141.8 ?38 460 860 660 1220 2228 I082 1980 3596 I504 2740 4964
- 95.6 -140 -220 16.7 62 143.6 !43 470 878 666 1230 2246 1088 1990 3614 IS10 2750 4982
- 90.0 -130 -202 17.2 63 145.4 !49 480 896 671 1240 2264 1093 2000 3632 1516 2760 SO00
--- 84.4
78.9
73.3
-120
-110
-100
-184
-166
-148
17.8
18.3
18.9
64
65
66
147.2
149.0
150.8
254
260
266
490
500
510
914 677
932 682
950 688
1250
1260
1270
2282
2300
2218
1099
1104
1110
2010
2020
2030
3650
3668
3686
1521
1527
1532
2770
2780
2790
5018
5036
5054
-- 62.2
67.8 - 90
- 80
-130
-112
19.4
20.0
67
68
152.6
154.4
271
277
520
530
968 693
986 699
1280
1290
2336
2354
1116
1121
2040
2050
3704
3722
1538
1543
2800
2810
5072
5090
--- 51.1 - -94 20.6 156.2 282 1004 704 2372 1127 3740 1549 5108
56.7 70 69 540 1300 2060 2820
45.6
-
-
60
50
-
- 76
58
21.1
21.3
70
71
158.0
159.8
288
293
550
560
1022 710
1040 716
1310
1320
2390
2408
1132
1138
2070
2080
3758
3776
1554
1560
2830
2840
5126
5144
-- 40.0
34.4
-
- 40
30
-40
- 22
22.2
22.8
72
73
161.6
163.4
299
304
570
580
1058 721
1076 727
1330
1340
2426
2444
1143
1149
2090
2100
3794
3812
1566
1571
2850
2860
5162
5180
-- 28.9
23.3
-
-
20
10
- 4
14
23.3
23.9
74
75
165.2
167.0
310
316
590
600
1094 732
1112 738
1350
1360
2462
2480
1154
1160
2110
2120
3830
3848
1577
1582
2870
2880
5198
5216
-
- 17.2
17.8 0
1
32 24.4
33.8 25.0
76
77
168.8
170.6
321
327
610
620
1130 743
1148 749
1370
1380
2498
2516
1166
1171
2130
2 140
3866
3884
1588
1593
2890
2900
5234
5252
- 16.7
- 16.1
2
3
35.6 25.6
37.4 26.1
78
79
172.4
174.2
332
338
630
640
1166 754
1184 760
1390
1400
2534
2552
1177
1182
2150
2160
3902
3920
1599
1604
2910
2920
5270
5288
- 15.6 4 39.2 26.7 80 176.0 343 650 1202 766 1410 2570 1188 2170 3938 1610 2930 5306
- 14.4
- 15.0 5
6
41.0 27.2
42.8 27.8
81
82
177.8
179.6
349
354
660
670
1220 771
1238 777
1420
1430
2588
2606
1193
1199
2180
2190
3956
3974
1616
1621
2940
2950
5324
5342
-
- 13.9
13.3
7
8
44.6 28.3
46.4 28.9
83
84
181.4
183.2
360
366
680
690
1256 782
1274 788
1440
1450
2624
2642
1204
1210
2200
2210
3992
4010
1627
1632
2960
2970
5360
5378
-
- 12.8
12.2
9
I0
48.2 29.4
50.0 30.0
85
86
185.0
186.8
37 1
377
700
7 10
1292 793
1310 799
1460
1470
2660
2678
1216
1221
2220
2230
4028
4046
1638
1643
2980
2990
5396
5414
-
- 11.1
11.7 11
12
51.8 30.6
53.6 31.1
87
88
188.6
190.4
382
388
720
730
1328 804
1346 810
1480
1490
2696
2714
1227
1232
2240
2250
4064
4082
1649 3000 5432
- - 10.610.0
13
14
55.4 31.7
572 32.2
89
90
192.2
194.0
393
399
740
750
1364 816
1382 821
1500
1510
2732
2750
1238
1243
2260
2270
4100
4118
-
- 9.44
8.89
15
16
59.0 32.8
60.8 33.3
91
92
195.8
197.6
404
410
760
770
1400 827
1418 832
1520
1530
2768
2786
1249
1254
2280
2290
4136
4154
Interpolation
factor#
- - 8.33
7.78
17
18
62.6 33.9
64.4 34.4
93
94
199.4
2012
416
421
780
790
1436 838
1454 843
1540
1550
2804
2822
1260
1266
2300
2310
4172
4190 c F
-
- 6.67
722 19
20
66.2 35.0
68.0 35.6
95
96
203.0
204.8
427
432
800
810
1472 849
1490 854
1560
1570
2840
2858
1271
1277
2320
2330
4208
4226
0.56
1.11
1
2
1.8
3.6
-
- 5.56
6.11 21
23
69.8 36.1
716 36.7
97
98
206.6
208.4
438
443
820
830
1508 860
1526 866
1580
1590
2876
2894
1282
1288
2340
2350
4244
4262
1.67
2.22
3
4
5.4
7.2
- 5.00
- 4.44
23
24
739 37.2
75.2 37.8
99
100
210.2
212.0
449
454
840
850
1544 871
1562 877
1600
1610
2912
2930
1293
1299
2360
2370
4280
4298
2.78
3.33 6
5 9.0
10.8
-- 3.89 3.33
25
26
77.0 43
78.8 49
110
120
230
248
460
466
860
870
1580 882
1598 888
1620
1630
2948
2966
1304
1310
2380
2390
4316
4334
3.89
4.44
.. . .
7
-
8
12.6
14.4
-- 2.78 2.22
27
28
80.6 54
82.4 60
130
140
266
284
471
477
880
890
1616 893
1634 899
1640
1650
2984
3002
1316
1321
2400
2410
4352
4370
5.00
5.56
9
10
16.2
18.0
Ptcr-red by Alfred Sauveur; uud by the kind permiuion of bfr. Sanveur.
Contents
(For detailed breakdown of tables, see index.)
Front Matter i
Temperature Conversion Table (Table 1) ii
Preface to the Ninth Revised Edition iii
Introduction 1
Units of Measurement 1
Conversion Factors and Dimensional Formulae 2
Some Fundamental Definitions (Table 2) 4
Part 1. Geometrical and Mechanical Units 4
Part 2. Heat Units 7
Part 3. Electrical and Magnetic Units 10
Fundamental Standards (Table 3) 13
Part 1. Selection of Fundamental Quantities 13
Part 2. Some Proposed Systems of Units 15
Part 3. Electrical and Magnetic Units 16
Part 4. The Ordinary and the Ampere-turn Magnetic Units 18
The New (1948) System of Electric Units (Table 6) 19
Relative Magnitude of the Old International Electrical Units and the
New 1948 Absolute Electrical Units (Table 5) 20
Relative Values of the Three Systems of Electrical Units (Table 6) 20
Conversion Factors for Units of Energy (Table 7) 21
Former Electrical Equivalents (Table 8) 22
Some Mathematical Tables (Tables 9-15) 23-36
Treatment of Experimental Data (Tables 16-25) 37-45
General Physical Constants (Tables 26-28) 46-55
Common Units of Measurement (Tables 29-36) 56-69
Constants for Temperature Measurement (Tables 37-51) 70-78
The Blackbody and its Radiant Energy (Tables 52-57) 79-86
Photometry (Tables 58-77) 87-97
Emissivities of a Number of Materials (Tables 78-84) 98-101
Characteristics of Some Light-source Materials, and Some Light
Sources (Tables 85-102) 102-111
Cooling by Radiation and Convection (Tables 103-110) 112-116
Temperature Characteristics of Materials (Tables 111-125) 117-130
Changes in Freezing and Boiling Points (Tables 126-129) 131-135
Heat Flow and Thermal Conductivity (Tables 130-141) 136-144
Thermal Expansion (Tables 142-146) 145-154
Specific Heat (Tables 147-158) 155-164
Latent Heat (Tables 159-164) 165-167
Thermal Properties of Saturated Vapors (Tables 165-170) 168-178
Heats of Combustion (Tables 171-183) 179-186
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Materials (Tables 184-209) 187-228
Characteristics of Some Building Materials (Tables 210-217) 229-231
Physical Properties of Leather (Tables 218-223) 232-233
Values of Physical Constants of Different Rubbers (Tables 224-229) 234-238
Characteristics of Plastics (Tables 233-236) 239-240
Properties of Fibers (Tables 233-236) 241-245
Properties of Woods (Tables 237-240) 246-258
Temperature, Pressure, Volume, and Weight Relations of Gases and
Vapors (Tables 241-253) 259-267
Thermal Properties of Gases (Tables 254-260) 268-277
The Joule-Thomson Effect in Fluids (Tables 261-267) 278-281
Compressibility (Tables 268-280) 282-290
Densities (Tables 281-295) 291-305
Velocity of Sound (Tables 296-300) 306-308
Acoustics (Tables 301-310A) 309-317
Viscosity of Fluids and Solids (Tables 311-338) 318-336
Aeronautics (Tables 339-346A) 337-353
Diffusion, Solubility, Surface Tension, and Vapor Pressure
(Tables 347-369) 354-374
Various Electrical Characteristics of Materials (Tables 370-406) 375-396
Electrolytics Conduction (Tables 407-415) 397-403
Electrical and Mechanical Characteristics of Wire (Tables 416-428) 404-420
Some Characteristics of Dielectrics (Tables 429-452) 421-433
Radio Propagation Data (Tables 453-465) 434-450
Magnetic Properties of Materials (Tables 466-494) 451-467
Geomagnetism (Tables 495-512) 468-502
Magneto-optic Effects (Tables 513-521) 503-508
Optical Glass and Optical Crystals (Tables 522-555) 509-534
Transmission of Radiation (Tables 556-573) 535-548
Reflection and Absorption of Radiation (Tables 574-592) 549-556
Rotation of Plane of Polarized Light (Tables 593-597) 557-560
Media for Determinations of Refractive Indices with the Microscope
(Tables 598-601) 561
Photography (Tables 602-609) 562-567
Standard Wavelengths and Series Relations in Atomic Spectra
(Tables 610-624) 568-585
Molecular Constants of Diatomic Molecules (Tables 625-625a) 586-591
The Atmosphere (Tables 626-630) 592-595
Densities and Humidities of Moist Air (Tables 631-640) 596-605
The Barometer (Tables 641-648) 606-613
Atmospheric Electricity (Tables 649-653) 614-617
Atomic and Molecular Data (Tables 654-659) 618-624
Abundance of Elements (Tables 660-668) 625-629
Colloids (Tables 669-682) 630-634
Electron Emission (Tables 683-689) 635-637
Kinetic Theory of Gases (Tables 690-696) 638-624
Atomic and Molecular Dimensions (Tables 697-712) 643-650
Nuclear Physics (Tables 713-730) 651-671
Radioactivity (Tables 731-758) 672-691
X-rays (Tables 759-784) 692-705
Fission (Tables 785-793) 706-709
Cosmic Rays (Tables 794-801) 710-713
Gravitation (Tables 802-807) 714-718
Solar Radiation (Tables 808-824) 719-727
Astronomy and Astrophysics (Tables 825-884) 728-771
Oceanography (Tables 885-899) 772-779
The Earth's Rotation: Its Variation (Table 900) 780
General Conversion Factors (Table 901) 781-785
Index 787
lNTRODUCTION
U N I T S OF MEASUREMENT
CONVERSION FACTORS A N D D I M E N S I O N A L F O R M U L A E
F o r the ratio of length, mass, time, temperature, dielectric constant, and
permeability units the small bracketed letters, [ 1 J , [ m ] , [ t ], [ 01, [ K ] , and [ p ]
will be adopted. These symbols will always represent simple numbers, but the
magnitude of the number will depend on the relative magnitudes of the units
the ratios of which they represent. W h e n the values of the numbers represented
by these small bracketed letters as well as the powers of them involved in any
particular unit are known, the factor for the transformation is at once obtained.
Thus, in the above example, the value of 1 was 1/3, and the power involved
in the expression for volume was 3 ; hence the factor for transforming from
cubic feet to cubic yards was P o r 1/33 o r 1/27 These factors will be called
conversion factors.
1 Because of its greater psychological and physical simplicity, and the desirability that
the unit chosen should have extensive magnitude, it has been proposed to choose as the
fourth fundamental quantity a quantity of electrical charge, e . T h e standard units of electri-
cal charge would then be the electronic charge. For thermal needs, entropy has been pro-
posed. While not generally so psychologically easy to grasp as temperature, entropy is of
fundamental importance in thermodynamics and has extensive magnitude. (Tolman, R. C.,
The measurable quantities of physics, Phys. Rev., vol. 9, p. 237, 1917.)
SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES
3
T o find the symbolic expression for the conversion factor for any physical
quantity, it is sufficient to determine the degree to which the quantities, length,
mass, time, etc., are involved. Thus a velocity is expressed by the ratio of the
number representing a length to that representing an interval of time, or
[ L / T ] ,and acceleration by a velocity number divided by an interval-of-time
number, or [ L I T 2 ]and, so on, and the corresponding ratios of units must
therefore enter in precisely the same degree. The factors would thus be for
the just-stated cases, [Z/t] and [ 1 / t 2 ] . Equations of the form above given for
velocity and acceleration which show the dimensions of the quantity in terms of
the fundamental units are called dimensional equations. Thus [ E l = [ML2T-']
will be found to be the dimensional equation for energy, and [ M L 2 T 2 ]the
dimensional formula for it. These expressions will be distinguished from the
conversion factors by the use of bracketed capital letters.
In general, if we have an equation for a physical quantity,
Q = CLaMbTc,
where C is a constant and L , M , T represent length, mass, and time in terms
of one set of units, and it is desired to transform to another set of units in terms
of which the length, mass, and time are L1,M 1 , T 1 ,we have to find the value of
L,/L, M , / M , 1',/T, which, in accordance with the convention adopted above,
will be 1, m, t, or the ratios of the magnitudes of the old to those of the new
units.
Thus L,=Ll, M,=Mnz, T,=Tt, and if Ql be the new quantity number,
Q l = CL,ahllbTIC,
= CLalaMbmbTCtC= Qlambtc,
or the conversion factor is [lambtc], a quantity precisely of the same form as
the dimension formula [LaMbTC].
Dimensional equations are useful for checking the validity of physical equa-
tions. Since physical equations must be homogeneous, each term appearing in
theni must be dimensionally equivalent. For example, the distance moved by
+
a uniformly accelerated body is s=n,t +atz. The corresponding dimensional
+
equation is [ L ]= [ ( L / T )1'3 [ ( L / T 2 )T 2 ] each
, term reducing to [ L ] .
Dimensional considerations may often give insight into the laws regulating
physical phenomena.2 For instance, Lord Rayleigh, in discussing the intensity
of light scattered from small particles, in so far as it depends upon the wave-
length, reasons as follows :
The object is to compare the intensities of the incident and scattered ray; for these will
clearly be proportional. T h e number (i) expressing the ratio of the two amplitudes is a
function of the following quantities:-V, the volume of the disturbing particle; r, the
distance of the point under consideration from i t ; A, the wavelength; c , the velocity of
propagation of light ; D and D', the original and altered densities : of which the first three
depend only on space, the fourth on space and time, while the fifth and sixth introduce the
consideration of mass. Other elements of the problem there ar e none, except mere numbers
and angles, which do not depend upon the fundamental measurements of space, time, and
mass. Since the ratio i, whose expression we seek, is of no dimensions in mass, it follows
a t once that D and D' occur only under the form D : D', which is a simple number and may
therefore be omitted. It remains to find how i varies with V ,r, A, c.
Now, of these quantities, c is the only one depending on time ; and therefore, as i is of no
dimensions in time, c cannot occur in its expression. W e are left, then, with V ,r, and A ; and
from what we know of the dynamics of the question, we may be sure that i varies directly as
V and inversely as Y , and must therefore be proportional t o V t A?, V being of three di-
Buckingham, E., Phys. Rev., vol. 4,p. 345,1914 ; also Philos. Mag., vol. 42,p. 696, 1921.
Philos. Mag., ser. 4, voI. 41, p. 107, 1871. See also Robertson, Dimensional analysis,
Gen. Electr. Rev., vol. 33, p. 207, 1930.
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
4
mensions in space. In passing from one part of the spectrum to another h is the only
quantity which varies, and we have the important law:
When light is Scattered by particles which are very small compared with any of the
wavelengths, the ratio of the amplitudes of the vibrations of the scattered and incident light
varies inversely as the square of the wavelength, and the intensity of the lights themselves
as the inverse fourth power.
The dimensional and conversion-factor formulae for the more commonly
occurring derived units are given in Table 30.
Angular acceleration
( a= -
z) .-The rate of change of angular velocity.
Blackbody.-A body that absorbs all the radiation that falls upon it. From
this definition and certain assumptions it can be shown that its total radiation =
uT' (Stefan-Boltzmann Law) and that the spectral distribution of the radia-
tion is given by the Planck Law : 5a
units. The formula is [ m ' l * t - l / d ] ,in which m =b.OOl, 1 = 0.1, t = 1, k-= 1 ; the factor is
0.001, x 0.14, or 0.01.
Find the factor required to convert electrostatic capacity from ft-grain-sec and specific-
inductive capacity 6 units to cgs units. The formula is [Ikl in which I = 30.48, k = 6;
the factor is 30.48 X 6 , or 182.88.
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
12
ELECTROMAGNETIC SYSTEM
The choice of the nature of the fundamental quantities already made does
not sufficiently define the system for measurements. Some definite unit or
arbitrarily chosen standard must next be taken for each of the fundamental
quantities. This fundamental standard should hzve the qualities of perma-
nence, reproducibility, and availability and be suitable for accurate measures.
Once chosen and made it is called the primary standard and is generally kept
at some central bureau-for instance, the International Bureau of Weights
and Measures at Scvres, France. A primary standard may also be chosen and
made for derived units (e.g., the new absolute (1945) ohm standard.), when
it is simply a standard closely representing the unit and accepted for practieal
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
14
purposes, its value having been fixed by certain measuring processes. Second-
ary or reference standards are accurately compared copies, not necessarily
duplicates, of the primaries for use in the work-of standardizing laboratories
and the production of working standards for everyday use.
Standard of length.-The primary standard of length which now almost
universally serves as the basis for physical measurements is the meter. I t is
defined as the distance between two lines at 0" C on a platinum-iridium bar
deposited at the International Eureau of Weights and Measures. This bar is
known as the International Prototype Meter, and its length was derived from
the ''metre des Archives," which was made by Eorda. Borda, Delambre,
Laplace, and others, acting as a committee of the French Academy, recom-
mended that the standard unit of length should be the ten-millionth part of the
length, from the equator to the pole, of the meridian passing through Paris. In
1795 the French Republic passed a decree making this the legal standard of
length, and an arc of the meridian extending from Dunkirk to Barcelona was
measured by Delambre and Mechain for the purpose of realizing the standard.
From the results of that measurement the meter bar was made by Corda. The
meter is now defined as above and not in terms of the meridian length ; hence,
subsequent measures of the length of the meridian have not affected the length
of the meter.
S t a n d a r d of mass.-The primary standard of mass now almost universally
used as the basis for physical measurements is the kilogram. It is defined as
the mass of a certain piece of platinum-iridium deposited at the International
Bureau of Weights and Measures. This standard is known as the International
Prototype Kilogram. Its mass is equal to that of the older standard, the "kilo-
gram des Archives," made by Borda and intended to have the same mass as a
cubic decimeter of distilled water at the temperature of 4" C.
Copies of the International Prototype Meter and Kilogram are possessed by
the various governments and are called National Prototypes.
S t a n d a r d of time.-The unit of time universally used is the mean solar
second, or the 86400th part of the mean solar day. It is based on the average
time of one rotation of the earth on its axis relatively to the sun as a point of
reference= 1.002 737 91 sidereal second.
S t a n d a r d of temperature.-The standard scale of temperature, adopted by
the International Committee of Weights and Measures ( 1887), depends on
the constant-volume hydrogen thermometer. The hydrogen is taken at an
initial pressure at 0" C of 1 meter of mercury, 0" C, sea-level at latitude 45".
The scale is defined by designating the temperature of melting ice as 0" and of
condensing steam as 100" under standard atmospheric pressure.
Thermodynamic (Kelvin) Scale (Centigrade degrees).-Such a scale
independent of the properties of any particular substance, and called the
thermodynamic, or absolute scale, was proposed in 1848 by Lord Kelvin. The
temperature is proportional to the average kinetic energy per molecule of a
perfect gas.
International temperature scale.-See Table 37.
Numerically different systems of units.-The fundamental physical
quantities which form the basis of a system for measurements have been chosen
and the fundamental standards selected and made. Custom has not however
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
15
generally used these standards for the measurement of the magnitudes of
quantities but rather multiples or submultiples of them. For instance, for very
small quantities the niicron ( p ) or one-millionth of a meter is often used. The
following table gives some of the systems proposed, all built upon the funda-
mental standards aIready described. The centimeter-gram-second (cni-g-sec o r
cgs) system proposed by Kelvin is the only one generally accepted.
Part 2.-Some proposed systems o f units
Giorgi Practical
Weber MKS B. A. ( R . A.
and Kelvin Moon (Prim. France Corn., Corn., Strout
Gauss ces 1891 Stds.) 1914 1863 1873) 1891
Length . . . . . nim cm dm m m m lO'cm lO'cm
Mass . .. .... mg R Kg Kg loeg g lo-" g lo-' g
S S
Time ... . . .. sec sec 10 sec sec sec sec sec
Q U A N T I T Y O F ELECTRICITY
CAPACITY
The unit used for capacity is the microfarad or the one-millionth of the farad,
which is the capacity of a condenser that is charged to a potential of 1 volt by
1 coulomb of electricity. Capacities are commonly measured by comparison
with standard capacities. The values of the standards are determined by
1OThere was, however, some slight error in these values that had to be taken into
account for accurate work. (See Table 5.)
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
17
INDUCTANCE
T h e henry, the unit of self-inductance and also the unit of mutual inductance,
is the inductance in a circuit when the electromotive force induced i n this
circuit is 1 volt, while the inducing current varies at the rate of 1 ampere per
second.
Inductance standards.-Inductance standards are measured in interna-
tional units in terms of resistance and time or resistance and capacity by alter-
nate-current bridge methods. Inductances calculated froni dimensions are in
absolute electroniagnetic units. T h e ratio of the international to the absolute
henry is the same as the ratio of tlie corresponding ohms.
Since inductance is measured i n terms of capacity and resistance by the
Iiridge method ahout as siinply and as conveniently as by comparison with
standard inductances, it is not necessary to maintain standard inductances.
They are however of value i n magnetic, ~lternating-current, antl absolute
electrical measurenients. A standard inductance is a circuit so wound that
when used i n a circuit it adds a definite ainount of inductance. I t must have
either such a form o r so great an inductance that the mutual inductance of tlie
rest of the circuit upon it may he negligible. I t usually is a wire coil wound all
in tlie saiiie direction to make sel f-induction a iiiaxiniuiii. X standard. tlie in-
ductance of which may be calculated from its dimensions, should be a single
layer coil of very simple geometrical form. Stantlards of very siiiall inductance,
calculable from their tliiiiensions, are of soiiie simple device, such as a pair of
parallel wires or a single turn of wire. With such standards great care must
be used that tlie mutual inductance upon them of tlie leads and other parts of
tlie circuit is negligil)le. Any intluctance standard should be separated by long
leads from the measuring bridge or other apparatus. It must be wound so that
the distributed capacity between its turns is neg1igil)le ; otherwise the apparent
inductance will vary with tlie frequency.
POWER A N D ENERGY
Power and energy, although mechanical antl not primarily electrical quanti-
ties, are nieasural)le with greater precision I)y electrical methods than in any
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
18
other way. The watt and the electric units were so chosen in terms of the cgs
units that the product of the current in amperes by the electromotive force in
volts gives the power in watts (for continuous or instantaneous values). The
watt is defined as the energy expended per second by an unvarying electric
current of 1 ampere under an electric pressure of 1 volt.
Standards and measurements.-No standard is maintained for power or
energy. Measurements are always made in electrical practice in terms of some
of the purely electrical quantities represented by standards.
MAGNETIC U N I T S
Cgs units are generally used for magnetic quantities. American practice is
fairly uniform in names for these units : the cgs unit of magnetomotive force
is called the gilbert; magnetic intensity, the oersted; magnetic induction, the
gauss; magnetic flux, the waxwell, following the definitions of the American
Institute of Electrical Engineers ( 1894).
Oersted, the cgs emu of magnetic intensity exists at a point where a force
of 1 dyne acts upon a unit magnetic pole at that point, i.e., the intensity 1 cm
from a unit magnetic pole.
Maxwell, the cgs emu magnetic flux is the flux through a cm2 normal to a
field a t 1 cm from a unit magnetic pole.
Gauss, the cgs emu of magnetic induction has such a value that if a con-
ductor 1 cm long moves through the field at a velocity of 1 cm/sec, length and
induction mutually perpendicular, the induced emf is 1 abvolt.
Gilbert, the cgs emu of magnetomotive force is a field such that it requires
1 erg of work to bring a unit magnetic pole to the point.
A unit frequently used is the ampere-turn. It is a convenient unit since it
eliminates 4~ in certain calculations. It is derived from the “ampere turn per
cm.” The following table shows the relations between a system built on the
ampere-turn and the ordinary magnetic units.”
11 Dellinger, International system of electric and magnetic units, Nat. Bur. Standards
Bull., vol. 13, p. 599, 1916.
Ordinary
Ordinary units in 1
magnetic Ampere-turn ampere-
Quantity units units turn unit
Magnetomotive force ....... 3 gilbert ampere-turn 4s/10
Magnetizing force .......... H gilbert per ampere-turn per 4s/10
cm cm
Magnetic flux .............. + maxwell maxwell 1
Magnetic induction ......... B maxwell per maxwell per cm2 1
{ cm2 gauss {gauss
Permeability ............... p 1
Reluctance ................. R oersted ampere-turn per 4s/10
{ maxwell
Magnetization intensity ..... J maxwell per cm‘ 1/4s
Magnetic susceptibility ...... K 1/4s
Magnetic pole strength. . . . . . m maxwell 1 /4s
T A B L E 5.-RELATIVE M A G N I T U D E OF T H E OLD I N T E R N A T I O N A L
E L E C T R I C A L U N I f T S A N D THE N E W 1948 A B S O L U T E
ELECTRICAL UNITS
Electromagnetic Electrostatic
Absolute system system
Quantity Symbol unit emu esu
Current strength ... I 1 ampere = lo-'abampere = 3 x 10' statampere
Potentialdifference.. E 1 volt = 10' abvolts = 1/300 statvolt
Resistance ......... R 1 ohm = 10" abohms = (1/9) X lo-" statohm
Energy ............ W 1 joule = lo' ergs -
- 10' ergs
Power ............ P 1 watt = 10' ergs/sec = 10' ergs/sec
Capacitance ....... C 1 farad = 10' abfarads = 9 X 10" statafarad
Inductance ........ L 1 henry = loQ abhenries = (1/9) X lo-" stata-
henry
Charge ............ Q 1 coulomb = 10" abcoulornb = 3 X 10" statcoulomb
'Where 3 occurs it is to be taken as 2.99776 (from velocity of light). Where 9 occurs (not as an
exponent), it is the sauare of this number.
g mass
Units (energy equiv.) joule cal I.T. cal Btu kw-hr
1 II mass
2.14784 x 2.14664 x 10" 2.4%27 x 10'
I
Units hphr ft-lb (wt.) f t9-11, (wt.) /in." 1iter.atm quantum (A = .6p) Mev amu
1 g.m a s-
(energy equiv.) = 3.34754 x 10' 6.62814 x loL3 4.60287 x 10" 8.86880 x 10" 2.71503 X lo" 5.60961 X 10" 6.02308 x 101"
1 joule = 3.72505 x lo-' 0.737561 5.12195 x 10P 9.86896 x lo-* 3.02125 X 10'' 6.24222 X 10" 6.70232 x 1P
1 cal = 1.558562 x 3.08595 2.14302 x lo-' 4.12917 X lo-' 1.26109 X 10"' 2.61175 X 10" 2.80425 x 10'"
1 I.T. c a l t = 1.559582X 3.08797 2.14343 x lo-' -1.13187 x lo-' 1.26191 x 10'" 2.61346 X 2.80608 x 10"
7.78156 x 10' 3.18754 x 10" 7.07121 X lo'*
~~~
RESISTANCE: CAPACITY :
1 international ohm = 1 international farad =
1.00051 absolute ohms 0.99949 absolute farad
1.0001 int. ohms (France, before 1911) 1 absolute farad=
1.00016 Board of Trade units (England, 1.00051 int. farads
1903) 1 “practical” emu
1.01358 B. A. units 10.” cgs emu
1.00283 “legal ohms” of 1884 8.98776 X 10” cgs esu
1.06300 Siemens units
1 absolute ohm = 1NDUCTANCE
0.99949 int. ohms 1 international henry =
1 “oractical” emu 1.00051 absolute henries
io8c g S emu 1 absolute henry =
1.11262 X lo-’’ cgs esu 0.99949 int. henrv
1 “practical” emu
CURRENT : log emu
1 international ampere = 1.11262 X lo-’’ cgs esu
0.99995 absolute ampere
1.00084 int. amperes (U. S. before 1911) ENERGY A N D POWER :
1.00130 int. amperes (England, before (standard gravity = 980.665 cm/sec-’) -
1906) 1 international joule =
1.00106 int. amperes (England, 1906- 1.00041 absolute joules
08 ) 1 absolute joule=
1,00010 int. amperes (England, 1909- 0.99959 int. joule
10) lo’ ergs
1.00032 int. amperes (Germany, before 0.737560 standard foot-pound
1911) 0.101972 standard kilocram-meter
1.W2 int. amperes (France, before 0.277778 X kilowakhour
1911)
1 absolute ampere= RESISTIVITY:
1.00005 int. amperes 1 ohm-cm = 0.393700 ohm-inch
1 “practical” emu = 10,000 ohm (meter, mmz)
0.1 cgs emu = 12,732.4 ohm (meter, mm)
2.99776 x lo9 esu = 393,700 niicrohm-inch
= 1,000,000 microhm-cm
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE : =6,015,290 ohm (mil, foot)
1 international volt = 1 ohm (meter, gram) = 5710.0 ohm (mile,
1.00046 absolute volts Dound)
1.00084 int. volts (U. S. before 1911)
1.00130 int. volts (England, before 1906) MAGNETIC QCANTITIES :
1.00106 int. volts (England, 1906-08) 1 int. gilbert = 0.99995absolu.tegil-
1.00010 int. volts (England, 1909-10) bert
1.00032 int. volts (Germany, before 1 absolute gilbert = 1.00005 int. gilberts
1911) 1 int. maxwell = 1.00046 absolute
1.00032 int. volts (France, before 1911) maxwells
1 absolute volt = 1 absolute maxwell = 0.99954 int. max-
0.99954 int. volt well
1 “practical” emu 1 gilbert = 0.7958 ampere-turn
lo8 cgs emu 1 gilbert per cm = 0.7958 ampere-turn
0.00333560 cgs esu per cm
= 2.021 ampere-turns
QUANTITY OF ELECTRICITY : per inch
(Same as current equivalents.) 1 maxwell = 1 line
1 international coulomb = = 10.’ volt-second
1/3600 ampere-hour 1 maxwellpercmZ= 6.452 maxwells per
1/96494 faraday in?
*This table is now superseded by the adoption of the new system of electrical units in January 1948
and IS given for reference only.
- X"" =-I
d ax =a d r J.r"dr
--,~
+
, unless tc
J$ = logx
Jc'dx
J r"'ds
J.r"'Pdx
d c= = r= d.r Slog x d x
d rn= = o ra'dx Jli dv
d 1og.r
1
= 7d.r J(a + Dx)"dx
ti .rr = .r' ( 1 + log, x ) d.r
d sin x = cos .r dx J(n' + .r2)-'dx
- 1 n + r
ti cos .r = - sin x d x J(a' - x')-'dx -_ log __
2a a-x
X2 X"
f(x)=f(o) +fP(o) +fl."(o) +... ,t?f'"'(o) f...
e'= l+x+a+j-j+a
x2 x3 x'
+...
( x log u ) 2 + ( x log a)8
a'= l+xloga+----
2! 3!
+....
= ( x - 1) -4 (x- + 3 ( x - 1)s -. ..
1 1
= IOg2.r+------
2 2.f'
1
2
3 1
4 4.r'
' ---
7-
1 3 5 1
2 4 6 6.r'
-_. . .
1 1
cosl1-'.r= IO~~.I'------------- 1 3 1 1 3 5 1
2 2.r' 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 6.P '' '
1
1
+
tanlir'x = .r - ra - r5
3 .
+ 5.
+ -71 -r7 + . . .
1 1 61
gd.r=@=.r-- .r 3 + -21 .r5 5040 .z'+.. .
-__. ( x small)
1 sechS.r 1 3 sech'~
- - - secli. .I' - - ____ - - - _ _ -
- ( x large)
2 3 2 4 5 ...
x +
1
= gd-'@ = @ + -
6
@3 + 1 61
- & __ @'+.
24 5040
..
1
f ( x ) = b" + bl cos - + b* cos
77r.r
2
-
7r.r
f.. .
+ sin -
7rn
+- azcos -
27rn
+. . . (-c < x < c)
a1
lr,r
a, = +Jk ~ ( ssin
111
) -dx
T A B L E 11.-MATHEMATICAL CONSTANTS
Numbers Logarithms
e = 2.71828 18285 7r = 3.14159 26536 0.49714 98727
c? = 0.36787 94412 7r2 = 9.86960 44011 0.99429 97454
1
111= logloe= 0.43429 44819 -7r = 0.31830 98862 9.50285 01273
(Af)-'= logelo = 2.30258 50930 v7r = 1.77245 38509 0.24857 49363
10gio I O ~ , O =
C 9.63778 431 13 _
v7r-
- 0.88622 69255 9.94754 49407
2
1
loglo2= 0.30102 99957 -
V7r
= 0.56418 95835 9.75142 50637
n -1
n: n:= 1.2.3.4 ...n n
1 1. 1 1
2 0.5 2 2
3 .I6666 66666 66666 66666 66667 6 3
4 .04166 66666 66666 66666 66667 24 4
5 .00833 33333 33333 33333 33333 120 5
6 0.00138 88888 88888 88888 88889 720 6
7 .00019 84126 98412 69841 26984 5040 7
8 .WOO2 48015 87301 58730 15873 40320 8
9 .OOOOO 27557 31922 39858 90653 3 62880 9
10 .OOOOO 02755 73192 23985 89065 36 28800 10
11 0.00000 00250 52108 38544 17188 399 16800 11
.ooooo 00020
~~
Part 2.-Logarithmic
Logarithms of the products 1.2.3.. . . . ..rt, n from 1 to 100.
Square of
Moment of radius of
nody .\xis Weight inertia I" gyration pus
~ - ~ ' d . Pearson
t-. Function c - ~ " " sin' c"'d.r, Elliptic Integrals and Functions, Spherical and
Cylindrical Functions, etc.). For further references see under Tables, Mathematical, in the 16th ed.
Encyclopaedia Britannica. See also Carr's Synopsis of P u r e Mathematics and Mellor's Higher Mathe-
matics for Students of Chemistry and Physics.
P.P.
N 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 1 2 3 4 5
10 oooo 04.1 0492
0453 0086 0128
0SSi 0170 0212 0253 0294
0682
0334
0719
0374
0755
4
4
8
8
12
11
17
15
21
19
11 0414 0569 0607 0645
12 0792 0828 0864 0899 0934 0969 1004 1038 1072 1106 3 7 10 14 17
13 1139 1173. 1206 1239 1271 1303 1335 1367 1399 1430 3 6 10 13 16
14 1461 1492 1523 1553 1584 1614 1644 1673 1703 1732 3 6 9 12 15
15 1761 1790 1818 1847 1875 1903 1931 1959 1987 2014 3 6 8 11 14
16 204 1 2068 2095 2122 2148 2175 2201 2227 2253 2279 3 5 8 11 13
17 2304 2330 2355 2380 2405 2430 2455 2480 2504 2529 2 5 7 10 12
18 2553 2577 2601 2625 2648 2672 2695 2718 2742 2765 2 5 7 912
19 2788 2810 2833 2856 2878 2900 2923 2945 2967 2989 2 4 7 911
20 3010 3032 3054 3075 3096 3118 3139 3160 3181 3201 2 4 6 8 11
21 3222 3243 3263 3284 3304 3324 3315 3365 3385 3404 2 4 6 8 10
22 3424 3444 3464 3483 3502 3522 3541 3560 3579 3598 2 4 6 8 10
23 3617 3636 3655 3674 3692 3711 3729 3747 3766 3784 2 4 5 7 9
24 3802 3820 3838 3856 3874 3892 3909 3927 3945 3962 2 4 5 7 9
25 3979 3997 4014 4031 4048 4055 4082 4099 4116 4133
26 4150 4166 4183 4200 4216 4232 4249 426s 428I 4298
27 4314 4330 4346 4362 4378 4393 4409 4425 4440 4456
28 4472 4487 4502 4518 4533 4548 4564 4579 4594 4609
29 4624 4639 4654 4669 4683 4698 4713 4728 4742 4757
30 4771 4786 4800 4814 4829 4843 4857 4871 4886 4900 1 3 4 6 7
31 4914 4928 4942 4955 4969 4983 4997 5011 5024 5038 1 3 4 6 7
32 5051 506s 5079 5092 sios sii9 si3i Siis 5159 5172 1 3 4 5 7
33 5185 5198 5211 5224 5237 5250 5263 5276 5289 5302 1 3 4 5 6
34 5315 5328 5340 5353 5366 5378 5391 5403 5416 5428 1 3 4 5 6
35
~~ 5441 5453 5465 5478 5490 5502 5514 5527 5539 5551 1 2 4 5 6
36 5563 5575 5587 5589 5611 5623 5635 5647 5658 5670 1 2 4 5 6
37 5682 5694 5705 5717 5729 5740 5752 5763 5775 5786 1 2 3 5 6
38 5798 5809 5821 5832 5843 is55 5866 5877 5888 5899 12556
39 5911 5922 5933 5944 5955 5966 5977 5988 5999 6010 1 2 3 4 6
40 6021 6031 6042 6053 6064 6075 6085 6096 6107 6117 1 2 3 4 5
41 6128
.~~~ 6138 6149 6160 6170 6180 6191 6201 6212 6222 1 2 3 4 5
42 6232 6243 6253 6263 6274 6284 6294 6304 6314 6325 1 2 3 4 5
43 6335 6345 6355 6365 6375 6385 6395 6405 6415 6425 1 2 3 4 5
44 6435 6444 6454 6464 6474 6484 6493 6503 6513 6522 1 2 3 4 5
45 6532 6542 6551 6561 6571 6580 6590 6599 6609 6618
46 6628 6637 6646 6656 6665 6675 6684 6693 6702 6712
47 6721 6730 6739 6749 6758 6767 6776 6785 6794 6803
48 6812 6821 6830 6839 6848 6857 6866 6875 6884 6893
49 6902 6911 6920 6928 6937 6946 6955 6964 6972 6981 1 2 3 4 4
50 6990 6998 7007 7016 7024 7033 7042 7050 7059 7067 1 2 3 3 4
51 7076 7084 7093 7ioi 7110 7118 7126 7135 7143 7152
52 7160 7168 7177 7185 7193 7202 7210 7218 7226 7235
53 7243 7251 7259 7267 7275 7284 7292 7300 7308 7316
54 7324 7332 7340 7348 7356 7364 7372 7380 7388 7396
(continued)
Radi-
ans
De-
grees
0.0000 0"OO'
0.0029 10
Sines
5Fxz
.oooo 03
.OOL9 7.4637
- G-%z
T A B L E lB.-CIRCULAR
Cosines
Nat. Log.
1.00000.0000
1.oOoo .moo
( TRIG O NO ME TRIC ) FU N C TI ON S *
Tangents
.oooo 03
.0029 7.4637
Cotangents
Nat. Log.
0 3 E X )
343.77 2.5363
90"OO'
50
1.5708
1.5679
0.0058 20 .0058 ,7648 1.0000 .OoOo .0058 ,7648 171.89 .2352 40 1.5650
0.0087 30 .0087 .9408 1.0000 .oooo .0087 ,9409 114.59 .0591 30 1.5621
0.0116 40 .01168.0658 .9999 .oooo .0116 8.0658 85.940 1.9342 20 1.5592
0.0145 50 .0145 .1627 .99f9 .moo .0145 .1627 68.750 .8373 10 1.5563
0.0175 1"OO' .0175 8.2419 .99989.9999 .0175 8.2419 57.290 1.7581 89"OO' 1.5533
0.0204 10 .0204 .3088 .9998 .9999 .OM4 .3089 49.104 .6911 50 1.5504
0.0233 20 .0233 .3668 .9997 .9999 .0233 .3669 42.%4 .6331 40 1.5475
0.0262 30 .0262 ,4179 .9997 .9999 11262 .4isi 38.188 S819 30 1.5446
0.0291 40 ,0291 .4637 .9996 .9998 .OZG ~ 6 3 8 34.368 S362 20 1.5417
0.0320 50 ,0320 SO50 .9995 .9998 .0320 SO53 31.242 .4947 10 1.5388
0.0349 2"OO' .03498.5428 .99949.9997 .03198.5431 28.636 1.4569 88"00' 1.5359
0.0378 10 .0378 ,5776 .9993 ,9997 .0378 S779 26.432 .4221 50 1.5330
0.0407 20 .0407 ,6097 .9992 ,9996 .0407 .6101 24.542 .3899 40 1.5301
0.0436 30 .0436 .6397 .9990 .9996 ,0437 .6401 22.904 .3599 30 1.5272
0.0465 40 ,0465 .6677 .9989 .9995 .0465 .6682 21.470 .3318 20 1.5243
0.0495 50 ' ,0494 .6940 .9988 .9995 ,0495 .6945 20.206 .3055 10 1.5213
0.0524 3"OO' .0523 8.7188 .99869.9994 .05248.7194 19.081 1.2806 87"OO'
. 1.5184
0.0553 10 . O W .7423 ,9985 9 9 3 .0553 ,7429 18.075 ,2571 50 1.5155
0.0582 20 .0581 ,7645 .9983 .9993 .0582 .7652 17.169 ,2348 40 1.5126
0.0611 30 .0610 ,7857 .9981 .9992 .0612 ,7865 16.350 ,2135 30 1.5097
0.0640 40 .0640 .8059 .9980 .9991 .0641 ,8067 15.605 .1933 20 1.5068
0.0669 50 .0669 .8251 ,9978 ,9990 .0670 ,8261 14.924 .1739 10 1.5039
0.0698 4"OO.' .06988.8436 .9976 9.9989 .06998.8446 14.301 1.1554 86"OO' 1.5010
0.0727 10 .0727 ,8613 .9974 .9989 .0729 ,8624 13.727 .1376 50 1.4981
0.0756 20 .0756 .8783 .9971 ,9988 .0758 3795 13.197 ,1205 40 1.4952
0.0785 30 .0785 .8946 .9969 .9987 .0787 .8960 12.706 .lo40 30 1.4923
0.0814 40 .0814 ,9104 .9967 .9986 ,0816 .9118 12.251 .0882 20 1.4893
0.0844 50 ,0843 ,9256 .9964 .9985 ,0846 ,9272 11.826 .0728 10 1.4864
0.0873 5"OO' .08728.9403 .99629.9983 .0875 8.9420 1 1.430 1.0580 85"OO' 1.4835
0.0902 10 .nwi .9545 .9959 3982 ,0904 .9563 11.059 .0437 50 1.4806
0.0931 20 I0629 ,9682 .9957 .9981 .O934 -97.01 10.712 .0299 40 1.4777
0.0960 30 ,0958 .981h ,9954 .9980 10963 ,9836 10.385 ,0164 A n 1.4748
0.0989 40 .0987 ,9945 ,9951 .9979 .0992 .9966 10.078 .0034 20 ii4ii9
0.1018 50 .lo169.0070 .9948 .9977 .lo229.0093 9.78820.9907 10 1.4690
0.1047 6"OO' .lo45 9.0192 .9945 9.9976 .lo51 9.0216 9.51440.9784 84"OO' 1.4661
0.1076 10 ,1074 .0311 .9942 .9975 ,1080 .0336 9.2553 ,9664 50 1.4632
0.1105 20 .1103 .0426 .9939 .9973 ,1110 .0453 9.0098 .9547 40 1.4603
0.1134 30 ,1132 .0539 .9936 ,9972 ,1139 .0567 8.7769 .9433 30 1.4574
0.1164 40 .1161 .0648 .9932 .9971 .1169 ,0678 8.5555 .9322 20 1.4544
0.1193 50 .1190 .0755 .9929 ,9969 .1198 ,0786 8.3450 .9214 10 1.4515
0.1222 7"OO' .I2199.0859 .9925 9.9968 .1228 9.0891 8.1413 0.9109 83"OO' 1.4486
0.1251 10 .1248 ,0961 ,9922 ,9966 .1257 ,0995 7.9530 .9005 50 1.4457
0.1280 20 .1276 ,1060 ,9918 ,9964 .1287 ,1096 7.7704 ,8904 40 1.4428
0.1309 30 .1305 ,1157 .9914 ,9963 ,1317 .1194 7.5958 ,8806 30 1.4399
0.1338 40 .1334 .1252 .9911 ,9961 .1346 .1291 7.4287 .8709 20 1.4370
0.1367 50 .1363 .1345 ,9907 .9959 .1376 .1385 7.2687 .8615 10 1.4341
0.1396 8"OO' .1392 9.1436 .99039.9958 .1405 9.1478 7.1154 0.8522 82"OO' 1.4312
0.1425 10 .1421 .1525 ,9899 .9956 .1435 .1569 6.9682 .9431 50 1.4283
0.1454 20 .1449 .1612 .9894 .9954 .1465 ,1658 6.8269 .8342 40 1.1251
0.1484 30 .1478 ,1697 ,9890 ,9952 ,1495 .1745 6.6912 .8255 30 1.4224
0.1513 40 .1507 .1781 .9886 ,9950 .1524 ,1831 6.5606 .8169 20 1.4195
0.1542 50 .1536 .1863 .9881 ,9938 .I554 .1915 6.4348 ,8085 10 1.4166
0.1571 9"OO' .15649.1943 .9877 9.9946 ,15839.1997 6.31380.8003 81"OO' 1.4137
Nnt. T.oa. Nnt. T.oa. Kat. r.og. Iiat. LOR.
=z-
-
y-
Sines
\-
Cotangents
L7_J
Tangents
De-
grees
Radi-
ans
* Taken from R. 0. Peirce's Short table of intcurals. Ginn S. Co.
(C O I l t ill lt cd
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
T A B L E 15.-CIRCULAR (TRIGONOMETRIC) FUNCTIONS (continued) 33
Sines Cosines Tangents Cotangents
Radi- De-
ans grees Nat. Log. Nat. Log. Nat. Log. 5icxT
0.1571 9'00' .1564 9.1943 .98779.9946 .15849.1997 6.31380.8003 81"OO' 1.4137
0.1600 10 .I593 .2022 ,9872 .9944 .1614 .2078 6.1970 ,7922 50 1.4108
0.1629 20 .1622 .2100 .9868 .9942 .1644 ,2158 6.0844 ,7842 40 1.4079
0.1658 30 .1650 2176 .9863 .9940 .1673 ,2236 5.9757 .7764 30 1.4050
0.1687 40 .1679 .2251 .9858 3938 .1703 .2313 5.8708 ,7687 20 1.4021
0.1716 50 .I708 .2324 .9853 .9936 .1733 2389 5.7694 ,7611 10 1.3992
0.1745 10"OO' .1736 9.2397 .98489.9934 .I763 9.2463 5.67130.7537 80"OO' 1.3%3
0.1774 10 .1765 .2468 .9843 .9931 ,1793 ,2536 5.5764 .7464 50 1.3934
0.1804 20 .1794 .2538 .9838 .9929 .1823 .2609 5.4845 .7391 40 1.3904
0.1833 30 .I822 .2606 .9833 .9927 .1853 .2680 5.3955 .7320 30 1.3875
0.1862 40 .1851 2674 .9827 ,9924 .1883 2750 5.3093 .7250 20 1.3846
0.1891 50 .1880 .2740 .9822 .9922 .1914 .2819 5.2257 .7181 10 1.3817
0.1920 1"OO' .19089.2806 .9816 9.9919 .19449.2887 5.14460.7113 79"OO' 1.3788
0.1949 10 .1937 2870 ,9811 .9917 ,1974 .2953 5.0658 .7047 50 1.3759
0.1978 20 .1965 -29.34 .9805 9 1 4 .2004 .3020 4.9894 .6980 40 1.3730
0.2007 30 .1%4 .2997 .9799 .9912 ,2035 .3085 4.9152 ,6915 30 13.701
0.2036 40 ,2022 .3058 .9793 .9909 .2065 ,3149 4.8430 .6851 20 1.3672
0.2065 so 2051 .3119 .9787 .9907 .2095 .3212 4.7729 .6788 10 1.3643
0.2094 2"OO' 2079 9.3179 .9781 9.9904 .2126 9.3275 4.70460.6725 78"OO' 1.3614
0.2123 10 2108 .3238 .9775 ,9901 .2156 .3336 4.6382 .6664 50 1.3584
0.2153 20 2136 .3296 .9769 ,9899 .2186 .3397 4.5736 .6603 40 1.3555
0.2182 30 2164 .3353 .9763 .98% 2217 .3458 4.5107 .6542 30 1.3526
0.2211 40 2193 .3410 .9757 .9893 2247 ,3517 4.4494 ,6483 20 1.3497
0.2240 50 .2221 .3466 .9750 .9890 .2278 .3576 4.3897 .6424 10 1.3468
0.2269 13"W .22509.3521 .9744'9.9887 ,23099.3634 4.33150.6366 77"OO' 1.3439
0.238. i._
n ,2278 .3575 -9737 -9884 2339 3691 4.2747 ,6309 50 1.3410
0.2327 20 2306 ,3629 3736 :9881 .2370 .3748 4.2193 ,6252 40 1.3381
0.2356 30 2334 .3682 ,9724 .9878 .2401 .3804 4.1653 .6196 30 1.3352
0.2385 40 .2363 .3734 .9717 ,9875 2432 .3859 4.1126 .6141 20 1.3323
0.2414 50 .2391 .3786 .9710 .9872 .2462 ,3914 4.0611 .6086 10 1.3294
0.2443 14"OO' .24199.3837 .97039.9869 .2493 9.3968 4.01080.6032 76"OO' 1.3265
0.2473 10 .2447 .3887 .96% ,9866 .2524 .4021 3.9617 .5979 50 1.3235
0.2502 20 .2176 ,3937 .9689 .9863 ,2555 .4074 3.9136 .5926 40 1.3206
0.2531 30 .2504 .3986 ,9681 .9859 .2586 .4127 3.8667 ,5873 30 1.3177
0.2560 40 :2532 .4035 .%74 .9856 .2617 .4178 3.8208 3 2 2 20 1.3148
0.2589 50 .2560 .4083 ,9667 .9853 .2648 .4230 3.7760 S770 10 1.3119
0.2618 15"OO' .25889.4130 .96599.9849 2679 9.4281 3.7321 0.5719 75"OO' 1.3090
0.2647 10 .2616 .4177 .9652 .9846 ,2711 ,4331 3.6891 S669 50 1.3061
0.2676 20 ,2644 .4223 .9644 ,9843 .2742 .4381 3.6470 S619 40 1.3032
0.2705 30 2672 .4269 .9636 ,9839 .2773 .4430 3.6059 S570 30 1.3003
0.2734 40 .2700 .4314 .9628 .9836 2805 .4479 3.5656 ,5521 20 1.2974
0.2763 50 ,2728 .4359 .9621 .9832 .2836 .4527 3.5261 S473 10 1.2945
0.2793 16"OO' 2756 9.4403 .96139.9828 .28679.4575 3.4874 0.5425 74"OO' 1.2915
0.2822 10 -2784
__. - . .-4447
. . .. .9605 .9825 .2899 .4622 3.4495 .5378 50 1.2886
0.2851 20 .2812 .4491 .9596 .9821 .2931 .4669 3.4124 .5331 40 1.2857
0.2880 30 .2840 .4533 .9588 .9817 . 2 w .4% 3.3759 ~ 2 8 4 30 1.2828
3.2909 40 .2868 .4576 .9580 .9814 .2994 .4762 3.3402 S238 20 1.2799
1.2938 50 2896 .4618 .9572 .9810 .3026 .4808 3.3052 S192 10 1.2770
0.2967 17"OO' 2924 9.4659 .95639.9806 .30579.4853 3.27090.5147 73"OO' 1.2741
0.29% 10 2952 .4700 .9555 .9802 .3089 ,4898 3.2371 S102 50 1.2712
0.3025 20 .2979 .4741 .9546 .9798 .3121 .4943 3.2041 .SO57 40 1.2683
0.3054 30 .3007 .4781 .9537 .9794 .3153 .4987 3.1716 .SO13 30 1.2654
--
0.3083 40 .3035 .4821 .9528 .9709 .3185 .SO31 3.1397 .4969 20 1.2625
0.3113 50 .3062 .4861 .9520 .9786 .3217 SO75 3.1084 .4925 10 1.2595
0.3142 18"OO' .30909.4900 .95119.9782 .32499.5118 3.07770.4882 72"OO' 1.2566
Nat. Log. Nat. Log. Nat. Log. Nat. Log.
De- Radi-
-ELF sir;es Cotangents Tangents grees ans
(continued)
-
0.4654 40 .4488 .6521 3936 .9512 .5022 .7009 1.9912 2991 20 1.1054
0.4683 50 .4514 .6546 .8923 .9505 .5059 .7040 1.9768 .2960 10 1.1025
0.4712 27"OO' .45409.6570 .8910 9.9499 .SO95 9.7072 1.9626 0.2928 63"OO' 1.0996
Nat. Log. Nat. Log. Nat. Log. Nat. Log.
De- Radi-
-2L- Sines Cotangents Tangents grees ans
Radi-
ans
De-
grees Nat.
Sines
Log. ,
* Cosines
Nat. Log.
*Tangents
Nat. Log.
Cotangents
0.6283 36"OO' S878 9.7692 ,80909.9080 .7265 9.8613 1.37640.1387 54"OO' 0.9425
0.6312 10 ,5901 .7710 3073 .9070 .7310 .8639 1.3680 .I361 50 0.9396
0.6341 20 5925 ,7727 .8056 .9061 ,7355 .8666 1.3597 .1334 40 0.9367
0.6370 30 ,5948 ,7744 3039 .9052 .7400 .8692 1.3514 .I308 30 0.9338
0.6400 40 ,5972 .7761 3021 ,9042 ,7445 .8718 1.3432 .1282 20 0.9308
0.6429 50 ,5995 .7778 .8004 9033 .7490 3745 1.3351 .I255 10 0.9279
0.6458 37"OO' .6018 9.7795 .79869.9023 ,75369.8771 1.32700.1229 53"W 0.9250
0.6487 10 ,6041 .7811 .7969 .9014 .7581 .8797 1.3190 ,1203 50 0.9221
0.6516 20 .6M5 .7828 .7951 .9004 ,7627 2-824 1.3111 .I176 40 0.9192
0.6545 30 .6088 ,7844 ,7934 .8995 .7673 3850 1.3032 ,1150 30 0.9163
0.6574 40 .6111 .7861 .7916 .8985 .7720 3876 1.2954 .1124 20 0.9134
0.6603 50 A134 ,7877 .7898 ,8975 .7766 3902 1.2876 .lo98 10 0.9105
0.6632 38"OO' ,61579.7893 .7880 9.8965 '7813 9.8928 1.27990.1072 52"OO' 0.9076
0.6661 10
~~ .6180 ,7910 .7862 ,8955 .7860 3954 1.2723 .lo46 50 0.9047
0.6690 20 ,6202 .7926 ,7844 3945 ,7907 ,8980 1.2647 .lo20 40 0.9018
0.6720 30 .6225 ,7941 .7826 ,8935 ,7954 ,9006 1.2572 ,0994 30 0.8988
0.6749 40 .6248 ,7957 ,7808 2925 ,8002 ,9032 1.2497 .0968 20 0.8959
0.6778 50 ,6271 .7973 .7790 ,8915 ,8050 .9058 1.2423 .0942 10 0.8930
0.6807
~ ~ 3
.9
.0
.0.0
.' 6293 9.7989 ,77710.8905 ,80989.9084 1.23490.0916 51"W 0.8901
0.6836 10 .6316 -:SO04 ,7753 ,8895 A146 .9110 1.2276 .0890 50 0.8872
0.6865 20 ,6338 3020 '.7735 3884 3195 ,9135 1.2203 ,0865 40 0.8843
0.6894 30 .6361 .SO35 .7716 .8874 ,8243 ,9161 1.2131 .0839 30 0.8814
0.6923 40 .6383 ,8050 ,7698 ,8864 ,8292 .9187 1.2059 .0813 20 0.8785
0.6952 50 ,6406 3066 ,7679 3853 .8342 ,9212 1.1988 .0788 10 0.8756
0.6981 4O"OO' .64289.8081 ,76609.8843 3391 9.9238 1.1918 0.0762 50"00' 0.8727
0.7010
... .-. i.n. -6450 A096 . 7 w .8832 .844i .9264 1.1847 07.36 50 0.8698
0.7039 20 3472 i i i i .8821 i849I Z89 III77S :oiii 40 0.8668
0.7069 30 .6494 3125 .7604 .8810 .8541 .9315 1.1708 .0685 30 0.8639
0.7098 40 .6517 3140 ,7585 ,8800 .8591 ,9341 1.1640 ,0659 20 0.8610
0.7127 50 ,6539 .8155 .7566 ,8789 3642 ,9366 1.1571 .0634 '10 0.8581
0.7156 41"OO' .6561 9.8169 .75479.8778 ,86939.9392 1.1504 0.0608 49"W 0.8552
0.7185 10 ,6583 ,8184 ,7528 ,8767
.7528 ,8744 .9417
.8744 1.1436 .058.3
,0583 50 0.8523
0.7214 20 .6604 ,8198 .7509
.7509 3756 ,8796 .9443 i.1369 .OSS7
1.1369 .0557 40 0.8494
0.7243 30 .6626 .8213 ,7490 .8745 ,8847 .9468 1.1303 .0532 30 0.8465
0.7272 40 .6648 ,8227 .7470 .8733 ,8899 .9494 1.1237 ,0506 20 0.8436
0.7301 50 .6670 .8241 .7451 3722 A952 .9519 1.1171 .0481 10 0.8407
0.7330 42"OO' .6691 9.8255 .7431 9.8711 ,90049.9544 1.1106 0.0450 48"OO' 0.8378
0.7359 10 ,6713 3269 .7412 3699 ,9057 ,9570 1.1041 .0430 50 0.8348
0.7389 20 .6734 3283 .7392 3688 ,9110 .9595 1.0977 ,0405 40 0.8319
0.7418 30 .6756 ,8297 .7373 3676 .9163 .9621 1.0913 ,0379 30 0.8290
0.7447 40 .6777 A311 .7353 ,8665 .9217 .9646 1.0850 ,0354 20 0.8261
0.7476 50 .6799 .8324 .7333 ,8653 .9271 ,9671 1.0786 .0329 10 0.8232
0.7505 43'00' .68209.8338 .73149.8641 .93259.9697 1.07240.0303 47'00' 0.8203
0.7534 10 .6841 3351 .7294 A629 .9380 .9722 1.0661 .0278 50 0.8174
0.7563 20 .6862 ,8365 .7274 3618 ,9435 .9747 1.0599 .0253 40 0.8145
0.7592 30 .6884 3378 .7254 3606 .9490 ,9772 1.0538 .0228 30 0.8116
0.7621 40 .6905 .8391 .7234 ,8594 .9545 .9798 1.0477 .0202 20 0.8087
0.7650 50 ,6926 .8405 .7214 .8582 .9601 .9823 1.0416 .0177 10 0.8058
0.7679 44"OO' .69479.8418 .71930.8569 .96579.9848 1.03550.0152 46"OO' 0.8029
n77n9
. -. 10
_. .6967 3431 .7173 .8557 ,9713 .9874 1.0295 .0126 50 0.7999
0.7738 20 .6988 ,8444 ,7153 .8545 ,9770 ,9899 1.0235 .0101 40 0.7970
0.7767 30 .7009 A457 .7133 ,8532 .9827 .9924 1.0176 .0076 30 0.7941
- -
0.7796 40 .7030 ,8469 .7112 ,8520 ,9884 .9949 1.0117 .0051 20 0.7912
0.7825 50 .7050 3482 .7092 .8507 .9942 ,9975 1.0058 :OO25 10 0.7883
0.7854 45"OO' .7071 9.8495 ,70719.8495 1.0000 0.0000 1.00000.0000 45"Oo' 0.7854
Nat. Log. Nat. Log. Nat. Log. Nat. Log.
De. Radi-
Cosines Sines Cotangents Tangents grees ans
LVlien a number of measurements are made of any quantity variatioils \vill he found.
The question is: \Vhat is tlie best represcnt3t:ve value for the quantity thus mea.wrctl :
and how shall the precision oi the iiieasiireiiiciits be stated? The arithmetic iiicaii of all
the readings is generally taken a s the hest value. T o tell soiiictliiiiK almut tlie Iwecision
of the final result any one of five measures of variation which arc tliscu.sctl i n hooks dealiiip
with this subject may be given. These measures of deviation arc':
fi = probable error
a = the average deviation (from the arithmetic nicaiil
u = the standard deviation
1/11 = the reciprocal of tlie modulus of precisicm
k / z v = the reciprocal of the "precision constant"
Of these precision indexes the standard deviation. u. is most easily computctl. For the
set of observed values .rl, .r2..x,, of equal weight. the u for a siiiqlc observation is given hy
= Z(.r - .r)?
$1 -1
~ 4 -(.I'
r I,.r):
and for the mean by
u= -:4
v I1
= --(X--.i-)*
Il(11-1) - v
I Z(.r-.r)?
112
The ratios of these precision indexes to one another for a iiornial (or Gaussian)
distribution are : -
p : t i : u : 1 11 : i: 'it' : : 0.376936 : 1 *\; : \,-) : 1.000 : \'r
or roughly as p : n : u : 1/11 : k i t ' : : 7 : 8 : 10 : 14 : 25
Most experimental data can be represented by an equation of sonic form. One (it' thc
recommended methods for determining the coefficients oi such equations is the use of a
least-squares solution. This means that an attempt is niadc t o find values icir the coefficients
such that the sum of the squares of the deviations oi tlie cxpcriniciital points irom the
resulting curve has the least possible value. Certain tahles arc of help in making such
solutions (Tables 16-26), and reference shouitl be made to books or pspers on this suhjcct
for their use.
Xri example of one niethod of finding tlic cocfiicients of such sclcctctl equations (based
on "Treatment of Experimental Data," by \Vorthing and Gefiner. published h>- \\-ilcy.
1933) follows.
................................
+ +.
n,,Q, /bQ2 . ./:,,QI. - s,,= A,,
of which n i . O i . . . k i are constants. whose values are ircquciitly + 1. - 1. or 0.
From the observation equations k riorrrrol c . ~ ] l / ~ i l i ~ are ~ r r s foriiied. For equally \veiglitccl
observed values of S.they arc
+ + +.
r ~ r o l l c ) Ir o i n i i ~ . r 1 7 , c - i ~ ~ ~ 2. . illt/;,ic)k- rll,.yii = o
+
">,lli1Qj [Fil!$lQ2i- ! ! ~ , c , l c : l. +. . I / l , / : i l ~ ) I . - r 1 7 , S j l = 0 (2)
.......................................................
) l r/:ir~ilQ,+ i i ~ i ~ ~ ; +.
r k i ~ i l ( _+ l c ).. .i/:rl:ilch
l -rk,sil =0
Qz - Q 3 -12 ft = A5
Qi - Q3 - 5 ft = A6
Th coefficients al, b ~ and
, are seen to be 1, 0, and 0. The values of the other coefficients
are obvious. Substitution equation (2) yields for the normal equations
3Qz- Q a - Q3- 6ft=O
+
- Qi 3 Q 2 - Q 3 - 39 ft = O (7)
+
- Qi - Q z 3Q3 13 ft = 0+
Solutions of equation ( 7 ) yield 91 ft, 174 ft, and 44 ft for the elevations of B, C, and D
above A.
For equally weighted pairs of (x,y) of which the errors of measurement are associated
with the determinations of the y's
of which
For unequally weighted measurements of which the errors of measurement are associ-
ated with the determinations of the y's,
Z w l x i l Z w , y i - Z w ix & v i xt y i
a=
Z z w Z w l x l z - (Zzehxr ) Z
Where the erroi s of measurement are associated with the x-determination only, the cor-
responding coefficients of an equation of the type x = a' +
b'y can be obtained by merely
interchanging x and y in equation ( 8 ) .
Where the errors of measurement are associated with both the x - and the y- determina-
tions, the expressions are complicated."
Worthing, A. G . , and Geffner, J., Trcatment of experimental data, p. 259, John Wiley and Sons,
New York, 1943. Used by permmion.
.
J'or references, see footnotes 15 and 16, P. 39.
TABLE 18.-VA L U ES O F P =
0
s
P, the probability of an observational error having a value positive or negative equal to
e-'"''zd(hx) * I t a = (tntax')
hx 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0.0 ,01128 .02256 .03384 .04511 ,05637 ,06762 .07886 .09008 .lo128
.I .11246 ,12362 .I3476 .I4587 .I 5695 .16800 .I7901 .I8999 .20094 .21184
.2 ,22270 .23352 24430 .25502 .26570 .27633 .28690 ,29742 ,30788 ,31828
.3 .32863 .33891 .34913 .35928 .36936 ,37938 ,38933 ,39921 .40901 ,41874
.4 .42839 .43797 .44747 .45689 .46623 .47548 ,48466 ,49375 .SO275 51167
0.5 .52050 .52924 3 4 9 4 .56332 ,57162 ,57982 ,58792 .59594
.6 ,60386 .61168 .63459 ,64203 ,64938 ,65663 .66378 ,67084
.7 .67780 ,68467 .70468 .71116 .71754 .72382 ,73001 ,73610
.8 .74210 .74800 .76514 ,77067 .77610 ,78144 ,78669 .79184
.9 .79691 .80188 ,80677 ,81156 .81627 32089 ,82542 ,82987 .83423 ,83851
1.o .84270 .84681 .85084 3.5478 .85865 .86244 ,86614 .86977 .87333 ,87680
.1 .88021 .a353 .88679 188997 .89308 ,89612 .89910 90200 ,90484 90761
.2 .91031 .91296 .91553 .91805 .92051 ,92290 .92524 .92751 ,92973 ,93190
.3 .93401 ,93606 .93807 .94002 .94191 ,94376 ,94556 .94731 .94902 .95067
.4 ,95229 .95385 .95538 .95686 ,95830 .95970 ,96105 ,96237 .96365 .96490
1.5 .96611 ,96728 .96841 .96952 .97059 ,97162 .97263 ,97360 ,97455 ,97546
.6 ,97635 .97721 .97804 .97884 .97962 .98038 .98110 .98181 ,98249 ,98315
.7 .98379 .98441 .98500 .98558 .98613 ,98667 .98719 .98769 .98817 .98864
.8 .98909 .98952 .98994 .99035 .99374 ,99111 ,99147 ,99182 .99216 ,99248
.9 39279 ,99309 .99338 ,99366 .99392 .99418 ,99443 ,99466 .99489 ,99511
2.0 ,99532 ,99552 .99572 99591 .99609 ,99626 .99642 ,99658 ,99673 .99688
.I .99702 ,99715 ,99728 .99741 9 7 5 3 .99764 ,99775 .99785 ,99795 ,99805
.2 ,99814 .99822 ,99831 .99839 ,99846 .99854 ,99861 .99867 ,99874 ,99880
.3 .99886 .99891 .99897 .99902 .99906 9 9 11 9 9 1 5 .99920 .99924 .99928
.4 .99931 .99935 .99938 .99941 .99944 .99947 .99950 ,99952 ,99955 .99957
2.5 99.59 ,99961 .99963 .99965 .99967 ,99969 .99971 .99972 .99974 .99975
.6 99976 .99978 ,99979 .99980 .99981 .99982 ..99983 .99984 ,99985 .99986
.7 9 9 8 7 .99987 ,99988 .99989 .99989 .99s50 . 9 W 1 ,99991 ,99992 .99992
.8 .99992 .99993 ,99993 .99994 .99994 .99994 .99995 .99995 .99995 ,99996
.9 99996 S9996 999% .99997 ,99997 .99997 .99997 ,99997 .99997 .99998
3.0 .99998 .99999 .99999 1.00000
-
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
v)
5
4
B
z
T A B L E 19.-VALUES O F T H E CONSTANTS, k,, E N T E R I N G LEAST-SQUARES SOLU TION S, U SIN G T H E A B B R E V I A T E D
M E T H O D O F B A I L Y A N D O F COX A N D M A T U S C H A K , W H E N T H E N U M B E R OF TER MS, n, IS O D D *
z
D
Q
T h e numbers in parentheses show the negative powers of 10 by which the adjacent numbers must he multiplied in order to obtain appropriate 12"'s.
5 To illustrate, 1 : ~for I G = 13 is 54,945,055 x lo-''.
ka k4 kG h kx
4
D
3 3333 3333(8) so00 OOOO(8) 1000 OOOO(7) 1000 0000(7', 1500 OOOO(7)
I
(D - 5 2000 0000 1000 0000 4857 1429(8) 1428 5714(6, 7142 8571(9) 9027 7778(8) 2361 1111(8) 6944 4444(9)
Im n 7 1428 5714 3571 4286(9) 3333 3333 4761 9048(9) 1190 4762 2625 6614 3240 7407(9) 4629 6296(10)
9 1111 1111 1666 6667' ' 2554 1126 2164 5022 3246 7532(10) 1143 3782 8277 2166(10) 7014 5903(11)
11 9090 9091(9) 9090 9091(10) 2074 5921 1165 5012 1165 5012 6037 9435(9) 2881 3779 1618 7516
13 7692 3077 5494 5055 1748 2517 6993 0070(10) 4995 0050(11) 3584 6098 1214 0637 4856 2549(12)
15 6666 6667 3571 4286 1511 3122 4524 8869 2424 0465 2304 5899 5830 6799 ( 11) 1745 7125
17 5882 3529 2450 9803 1331 2693 3095 9752 1289 9897 1570 2041 3081 6420 7166 6093(13)
19 5263 1579 1754 3860 1189 7391 2211 4109 7371 3696(12) 1118 3168 1752 5617 3257 5497
21 4761 9048 1298 7013 1075 5149 1634 5211 4457 7848 8248 9 7 0 ( 10) 1056 2015 1605 1694
23 4347 8261 9881 4229( 11) 9813 6646(9) 1242 2360 2823 2637 6259 0791 6672 0719(12) 8445 6606(14)
25 4000 0000 7692 3077 9024 1546 %51 8357(11) 1858 0453 4862 3545 4382 3595 4692 0337
27 3703 7037 6105 0061 8352 4904 7662 8352 1263 1047 3852 7423 2974 5336 2728 9299
29 3448 2759 4926 1084 7774 0700 6179 7058 8828 1512(13) 3104 7316 2076 4076 1650 5625
31 3225 8065 4032 2581 7270 7048 5056 1230 6320 1537 2538 6983 1485 0296 1032 7049
33 3030 3030 3342 2460 6828 6552 4189 3590 4620 6166 2102 4471 1084 7991 6655 2091(15)
35 2857 1429 2801 1204 6437 3464 3510 0035 3441 1799 1760 7811 8073 4407(13) 4402 0942
37 2702 7027 2370 7918 6088 5061 2970 0030 2605 2658 1489 3734 6108 7522 2979 8791
39 2564 1026 2024 2915 5775 5692 2535 3684 2001 6066 1271 0408 4691 0081 2059 2661
41 2439 0244 1742 1603 5493 2589 2181 5961 1558 2829 1093 4097 3650 4910 1449 7581
43 2325 5814 1510 1178 5237 2849 1890 7166 1227 7380 9474 1490(11) 2875 1015 1037 9428
45 2222 2222 1317 5231 5004 1234 1649 3485 9778 7451 (14) 8263 1159 2289 2527 7545 3288( 16)
47 2127 6596 1156 3367 4790 8525 1447 3875 7866 2362 7250 1033 1841 0171 5561 9852
49 2040 8163 1020 4082 4595 0295 1277 1066 6385 5329 6396 2170 1494 1103 4152 6134
51 1960 7843 9049 7738(12) 4414 5960 1132 5285 5227 0545 5671 3855 1222 7830 3136 9497
-
For references. see footnotes 15 and 16. 1). 39
P
N
3
! T A B L E 20.-VALUES OF T H E CONS T ANT S , k,, E N T E R I N G LEA ST-SQU A R ES SOLU TION S, U S I N G T H E A B B R E V I A T E D
z
z
P M E T H O D O F B A I L Y A N D OF COX A N D M A T U S C H A K , W H E N T H E N U M B E R O F T E R M S , n, IS E V E N *
-0
I The numbers in parentheses show the negative powers of 10 by which the adjacent numbers must be multiplied in order to obtain appropriate kn's.
d
E n 4 kz k3 k4 ks
b
-4 4 2500 OOOO(8) 5000 0000(9) 6406 2500(8) 7812 5030(9) 1562 SOOO(9) 6336 8056(8) 7118 055619) 8683 5556( 10)
r01 6 1666 6667 1428 5714 3945 3125 1953 1250 1674 1071(10) 1126 7499 4870 756iiio) 2411 2654(11)
Im n 8 1250 0000 5952 3810(10) 2890 6250 7812 5000(10) 3720 2381(11) 4196 3534(9) 9732 7441(11) 2630 4714( 12)
10 1000 0000 3030 3030 2289 0625 3906 2500 1183 7121 2040 1329 2964 3389 5058 5988(13)
12 8333 3333(9) 1748 2517 1897 3214 2232 1429 4682 8172(12) 1149 4485 1146 6157 1348 9597
14 7142 8571 1098 9011 1621 0938 1395 0893 2146 2912 7125 6741(10) 5186 5517( 4463 4695(14)
16 6250 0000 7352 9412(11) 1415 5506 9300 5952( 1094 1877 4725 9399 2622 0143 1722 7426
18 5555 5556 5159 9587 1256 5104 6510 4167 6046 8266( 13) 1440 7871 7465 2181(15)
20 5000 0000 3759 3985 1129 7349 4734 8485 3560 0365 8448 3844( 3) 3540 8149
22 4545 4545 2823 2637 1026 2784 3551 1364 2205 6748 1790 5616 5218 8071 1805 8156
24 4166 6667 2173 9130 9402 3164(9) 2731 6434 1425 2052 1375 4794 3364 5781 9775 0702( 16)
26 3846 1538 1709 4017 8675 3091 2146 2912 9539 0720(14) 1079 5940 2248 0302 5561 6779
28 3571 4286 1368 3634 8052 8846 1717 0330 6578 6704 8629 5508( 11) 1548 2276 jjoi iiig
30 3333 3333 1112 3471 7513 9509 1395 0893 4655 4704 7006 8080 1094 4042 2031 9424
32 3125 OOOO 9164 2229( 12) 7042 7390 1148 8971 3369 1996 5767 1532 7913 1009(14) 1290 8811
34 2941 1765 7634 4194 6627 2213 9574 1423(12) 2486 7902 4803 7846 5836 2361 8431 4304(17)
36 2777 7778 6435 0064 6258 0624 8062 4358 1867 7458 4043 7597 4380 6481 5643 7105
38 2631 5789 5471 0581 5927 9058 6853 0703 1424 7547 3436 0952 3339 8722 3861 1239
40 2500 0000 4690 4315 5630 8741 5774 0602 1102 0751 2944 4203 2582 2837 2693 8074
42 2380 9524 4051 5355 5362 2160 5073 0520 8632 5332 ( 15) 2542 3116 2021 9092 1912 8753
44 2272 7273 3523 6081 5118 0477 4411 3495 6839 3016 2210 2564 1601 3580 1380 2431
46 2173 9130 3083 5646 4895 1643 3859 9309 5475 0792 1933 6316 1281 5606 1010 5351
48 2083 3333 2713 8515 4690 8968 3396 7392 4424 7580 1701 3314 1035 4426 7497 7742( 18)
50 2000 OOOO 2400 9604 4503 0048 3004 8077 3607 2121 1504 8177 8439 3542(15) 5631 4922
-
For references, see footnotes 15 and 16, p. 39.
T A B L E 21.-VALUES O F ex A N D e-’ A N D T H E I R L O G A R I T H M S 43
E e= log e‘ e-’ X e* log @ e-=
1/64 1.0157 0.00679 0.98450 1/3 1.3956 0.14476 0.71653
1/32 .0317 .01357 .%923 1/2 .6487 .21715 .60653
1/16 .0645 .02714 .93941 3/! 2.1170 .32572 .47237
1/10 .lo52 .04343 .SO484 .7183 .43429 .36788
1/9 .1175 .04825 39484 5/4 3.4903 .54287 .28650
1.1331 0.05429 0.88250 3!2 4.4817 0.65144 0.22313
:$
1/6
.1536
.1814
.06204
.07238
.86688
.84648
7/; 5.7546
7.3891
.76002
.86859
.17377
.13534
1/5 .2214 .08686 .81873 9/4 9.4877 .97716 .lo540
1/4 .2840 .lo857 .77880 5/2 12.1825 1.08574 .08208
T A B L E 22,-FURTHER V A L U E S OF P
This table gives the values of the probability P, as defined in Table 18, corresponding to
different values of X / Y where r is the “probable error.” The probable error Y is equal to
0.47694/12.
-
Y
X
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0.0 .OooOo .00538 .01076 .01614 .02 152 .02690 .03228 .03766 .04303 .04840
0.1 .05378 ,05914 .06451 .06987 .07523 .08059 .08594 .09129 .09663 50197
0.2 .lo731 .11264 .11796 .12328 .12860 .13391 .13921 .14451 .14980 .15508
0.3 .16035 .16562 .17088 .17614 .18138 .18662 .19185 .19707 .20229 .20749
0.4 .21268 .21787 .22304 .22821 .23336 .23851 .24364 .24876 .25388 .25898
0.5 .26407 .26915 .27421 .27927 .28431 .28934 .29436 .29936 .30435 .30933
0.6 .31430 .31925 .32419 .32911 .33402 .33892 .34380 .34866 ,35352 .35835
0.7 .36317 .36798 .37277 .37755 .38231 .38705 .39178 .39649 .40118 .40586
0.8 .41052 .41517 .41979 .42440 .42899 .43357 .43813 .44267 ,44719 .45169
0.9 .45618 .46064 .46509 .46952 .47393 .47832 .48270 .48705 .49139 .49570
1.o .50000 .50428 so853 .51277 .51699 .52119 ,52537 ,52952 .53366 .53778
1.1 .54188 .54595 .55001 55404 .55806 .56205 .56602 .56998 .57391 .57782
1.2 .58171 .58558 .58912 .59325 .59705 .60083 .60460 .60833 .61205 .61575
1.3 .61942 .62308 .62671 .63032 .63391 .63747 .64102 .64454 .64804 .65152
1.4 165498 .65841 .66182 .66521 .66858 .67193 .67526 .67856 .68184 .68510
1.5 .68833 .69155 .69474 .69791 .70106 ,70419 .70729 .71038 .71344 .71648
1.6 .71949 .72249 .72546 .72841 .73134 ,73425 .73714 .74000 .74285 .74567
1.7 .74847 .75124 .75400 .75674 .75945 .76214 .76481 .76746 .77009 .77270
1.8 .77528 .77785 .78039 .78291 .78542 .78790 .79036 .79280 ,79522 .79761
1.9 .79999 30235 30469 30700 .80930 .81158 31383 .81607 .81828 .82048
2.0 ,82266 32481 32695 32907 .83117 A3324 ,83530 33734 .83936 .84137
2.1 .84335 .84531 34726 .84919 .85109 A5298 .85486 35671 .85854 .86036
2.2 .86216 .86394 A6570 .86745 .86917 37088 .87258 .87425 .87591 .87755
2.3 .87918 88078 ,88237 38395 ,88550 ,88705 ,88857 39008 39157 .89304
2.4 29450 .89595 ,89738 .89879 .90019 .90157 .90293 .90428 .90562 .90694
2.5 ,90825 .90954 .91082 .91208 .91332 .91456 .91578 .91698 .91817 .91935
2.6 92051 .92166 .92280 .92392 .92503 ,92613 .92721 .92828 ,92934 ,93038
2.7 .93141 .93243 .93344 .93443 ,93541 .93638 .93734 .93828 .93922 .94014
2.8 .94105 .94195 .94284 .94371 .94458 .94543 .94627 .94711 .94793 .94874
2.9 ,94954 .95033 .95111 .95187 .95263 ,95338 .95412 .95484 .95557 .95628
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
3 .95698 .%346 .96910 .97397 .97817 .98176 .98482 .98743 .98962 .99147
4 .99302 99431 .99539 .99627 ,99700 .99760 .99808 .99848 .99879 .99905
5 .99926 . 9 m 3 .99956 .99966 . w 7 4 .99980 .99985 .99988 .99991 .99993
I2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
00 0.6745 0.4769 0.3894 0.3372 0.3016 0.2754 0.2549 0.2385
10 0.2248 0.2133 .2034 ,1947 ,1871 .1803 .1742 .1686 .1636 .1590
20 .1547 .1508 .1472 .1438 .1406 .1377 .1349 .1323 ,1298 .1275
30 .1252 .1231 . E l 1 .1192 ,1174 .1157 .1140 .1124 .1109 .lo94
40 .lo80 .lo66 .I053 .lo41 ,1029 .lo17 .lo05 .W94 .0984 ,0974
50 0.0964 0.0954 0.0944 0.0935 0.0926 0.0918 0.0909 0.0901 0.0893 0.0886
60 .0878 .0871 .0864 ,0857 ,0850 .0843 .0837 ,0830 .0824 .0818
70 .0812 .0806 .(I800 .0795 .0789 .0784 .0779 .0774 .0769 ,0764
80 .0759 .0754 ,0749 .0745 ,0740 ,0736 .0732 .0727 .0723 ,0719
90 ,0715 .0711 ,0707 .0703 ,0699 .0696 .0692 .0688 .0685 .0681
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9
00 0.4769 0.2754 0.1947 0.1508 0.1231 0.1041 0.0901 0.0795
10 0.0711 0.0643 .0587 .0540 .0500 .0465 0435 .OM9 .0386 .0365
20 .0346 .0329 .0314 .0300 .0287 .0275 .0265 .0255 .0245 0237
30 .0229 .0221 .0214 .0208 .0201 .0196 .0190 .0185 .0180 .0175
40 .0171 .0167 ,0163 .0159 .0155 ,0152 .0148 .0145 .0142 .0139
50 0.0136 0.0134 0.0131 0.0128 0.0126 0.0124 0.0122 0.0119 0.0117 0.0115
60 .0113 .0111 .0110 .OlO8 ,0106 ,0105 .0103 .0101 .0100 .0098
70 .0097 .OW6 .0094 .0093 .0092 .0091 .0089 ,0088 .0087 ,0086
80 .0085 .0084 .0083 .0082 .0081 ,0080 .0079 .0078 ,0077 .0076
90 ,0075 .0075 .0074 .0073 ,0072 .0071 ,0071 .0070 .0069 .0068
11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
00 0.5978 0.3451 0.2440 0.1890 0.1543 0.1304 0.1130 0.0996
10 0.0891 0.0806 .0736 .0677 ,0627 .0583 ,0546 .0513 .0483 .0457
20 .0434 .0412 .0393 .0376 .0360 ,0345 ,0332 ,0319 .0307 .0297
30 .0287 .0277 ,0268 .0260 .0252 .0245 ,0238 .0232 .0225 .0220
40 .0214 .0209 .0204 .0199 .0194 ,0190 .0186 .0182 .0178 .0174
50 0.0171 0.0167 0.0164 0.0161 0.0158 0.0155 0.0152 0.0150 0.0147 0.0145
60 .0142 ,0140 .0137 ,0135 .0133 .0131 ,0129 .0127 .0125 .0123
70 .O 122 .0120 .0118 ,0117 .0115 ,0113 ,0112 .0111 .0109 .01M
80 .0106 .0105 .0104 .0102 .0101 .0100 .0099 .0098 .0097 .OW6
90 .0094 .0093 .0092 ,0091 .0090 .0089 .0089 .0088 .0087 .0086
1
Part 2.-Values ---===
of 0.8453
ndn -1
This factor occurs in the approximate equation yo = 0.8453 z(v( for the probable
ndgi -1
error of the arithmetical mean.
I1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
00 0.4227 0.1993 0.1220 0.0845 0.0630 0.0493 0.0399 0.0332
10 0.0282 0.0243 ,0212 ,0188 .0167 .0151 ,0136 .0124 .0114 .0105
20 .0097 .0090 .0081 ,0078 .0073 .0369 .0065 .0061 .0058 .0055
30 .0052 ,0050 ,0047 .0045 .0043 .0041 .0040 .0038 .0037 .0035
40 ,0034 .0033 .0031 .0030 .0029 .0028 .0027 .0027 .0026 .0025
50 0.0024 0.0023 0.0023 0.0022 0.0022 0.0021 0.0020 0.0020 0.0019 0.0019
60 .0018 .0018 .0017 .0017 .0017 .ON6 ,0016 .0016 .0015 .0015
70 ,0015 ,0014 ,0014 .0014 ,0013 .0013 .0013 .0013 ,0012 .0012
80 .oo12 .oo12 .oo11 -0011 .oo11 .oo11 .0011 .0010 .oo10 .0010
90 ,0010 ,0010 .0010 .0009 .0009 .0009 ,0009 ,0009 ,0009 .a009
P a r t 2.-Atomic weights
Ratio of esu to emu (direct). .......... c' = (2.99711 f 0.0001) X l(Yo cm'/' set"/' ohm'/*
= (2.9978, 2 O.OOOlo) X 10" cm/sec
Ratio of esu to emu (indirect). ...... .c' = c = (2.99776 f0.0004) X 10'' cm/ser
Average density of earth.. ............6 = 5.517 f0.004 p/cm'
Maximum density of water. ....am(H20) = 0.999S2 2 0.000002 g/cm'
Acceleration of gravity (standard). ... .go = 980.665 cm/sec'
Acceleration of gravity (45"). ........ g = ~ 980.616 cm/sec?
Density of oxygen gas (OOC, A ) .... .L1= 1.42897 f0.0003 g/liter
Limiting density of oxygen gas (OOC, A K )
L t i m = 1.427609 2 0.000037 g/liter
Factor converting oxygen (O'C, All)
to ideal gas.. ..................1 - a = l.OOO953s2 0.000009,
Specific gravity of H g (O'C, Ao) re-
ferred to air-free water at maximum
density .......................... .po = 13.59542 f 0.00005
Density of Hg (0°C. A ) .............DO= 13.59504f 0.00005, g/cm8
Electrochemical equivalents (chemical
scale) :
Silver (apparent) .............EA, = (1.11800 -t0.00012) x 10-'g/int coul
(corrected) .............E A , = (1.11807 2 0.00012) x g/abs coul
Iodine (apparent) ..............E I = (1.315026 fO.oooO25) x lo-*g/int coul
(corrected) ..............E I = (1.31535 f0.00014) x lo-* g/abs coul
Effective calcite grating space ( W C )
Siegbahn system d"a = 3.02904 X lo-' cm
True calcite grating space (20°C). .. . # Z O = 3.029512 X 10.' cm
Siegbahn system
True calcite grating space (20°C). . . .dm = (3.0356742 0.00018) X 10-'cm
cgs system
Ratio of grating and Siegbahn scales of
wavelengths ...................X I / L = 1.002034 f0.000060
Density of calcite (20°C). ............. p = 2.71029 U0.00003 g/cm*
.*
Structural constant of calcite (20°C). . = 1.09594 2 0.00001
Molecular weight of calcite (chemical
scale) ........................... - - - - - - -. naos
.M = inn.091.f - ---
Rydberg constant for hydrogen (HI). .RH = 109677.5812f 0.007, cm-' (LA. scale)
Rydberg constant for deuterium (H') . .RD= 109707.419af0.0076 cm-' (I.A. scale)
Rydberg constant for helium.. ......R I I ,= 109722.263 -C 0.012 cm-' (I.A. scale)
Rydberg constant for infinite mass. ...R, = 109737,303& 0.017 cm-' (LA. scale\
or f 0.05 cm-' (cgs system)
,= {
Planck's constant :
27r7Fs }1/3
........... = (6.62422 0.002,) X erg sec
It/e = { R<zTm)}
R,No (e/+iz)
}
1/3. ....... z (4.134g02 0.00071) x lo-' erg sec abs emu-'
h/e' {
= I t / ( e c ) = Rx N2r2F2
o ' ( C / tit)
'I3 = (1.3793, 2 0.0002,) x lo-'' erg sec abs esu-'
Boltzmann constant :
I< = Ro/.Vo= Y o A U / ( T o N o........
). = (1.38047, 2O.ooO26) X lO-"'erg/deg
Charge in electrolysis of 1 gram of H
F/H = 9572.1,, f 1.0 abs. emujg
Charge in electrolysis of one gram of
H' ........................... c/M,,' = I; H' = 9573.5,f 1.0 abs emu/g
Compton shift at 90" :
cz = hc/k = - { 2rF6
VoAo RmNo(elm)
}1/3 = 1.43848 f 0.00034 cm deg
a-
These auxiliary constants are quantities which are uncorrelated (observationally) with
the variables of the least-squares adjustment.
Rydberg wave number for infinite mass. RE= 109737.309 f 0.012 cm-'
Rydberg wave numbers for the light nuclei
RH= 109677.576 f 0.012 cm-'
RD = 109707.419 f 0.012 cm-'
RH= , ~109717.345 f 0.012 cm-'
Rne4= 109722.267 f 0.012 cm-'
Atomic mass of neutron.. ............. n = 1.008982 f0.000003
Atomic mass of hydrogen.. ...........H = 1.008142 2 0.000003
Atomic mass of deuterium.. .......... D = 2.014735 f 0.000006
Gas constant per mole (physical scale). R, = (8.31662 f 0.0003S) X 10' erg mole-' deg-'C
Standard volume of a perfect gas
(physical scale) ...................Y o= 22420.7 f 0.6 cms atmos-' mole-'
(The quantity following each f sign is the standard error by external consistei;cy)
Velocity of light.. .................... c = 299792.9 f 0.8 km sec-'
Avogadro's constant (physical scale). ..N = (6.02472 f 0.00036) X 10'' (molecules mot)-'
Loschmidt's constant (physical scale). . . .
Lo= N/V0 = (2.68713 f 0.00016) x 10'Dmoleculescm-'
Electronic charge .................... . e = (4.80288 2 0.00021) X lO-'Oesu
e' = e / c = (1.60207 f0.00007) j ( emu
Electron rest mass. ...................m = (9.1085 f0.0006) X lo-" g
Proton rest mass. . . . . . . . . . . .mp = M,/N = (1.67243 2 0.00010) x lo-" g
Neutron rest mass.. ..........m, = ?1/N = (1.67474 f 0.00010) x lo-'' g
Planck's constant .................... h = (6.6252 t 0.0005) X erg sec
4i = h / ( 2 * ) = (1.05444 2 0.00009) x erg sec
Conversion factor from Siegbahn X-units
to milliangstroms .............. .Xl/h, = 1.002063 f 0.000034
Faraday constant (physical scale) I; = N e = (2.89360 f0.00007) X 10" esu (g mot)"
F' = N e / c = (9652.01 -C 0.25) emu (gm mot)-'
Charge-to-mass ratio of the electron. . e / m = (5.27299 2 0.00016) x 1O''esu g-'
e'/m = e / ( m c ) = (1.7588 2 0.00005) x lO'emu g-'
Ratio h / e .......................... h / e = (1.37943 C 0.00005) X lo-'' erg sec (em)-'
Fine structure constant ...... a = e2/(%r)= (7.29726 t 0.00008) x
l / a = 137.0377 2 0.0016
a j 2 r = (1.161396 f 0.000013) X
a* = (5.32501 f0.00012) X
1 - (1 - a')? = (0.266254 2 0.000006) X
Atomic mass of the electron (physical
scale) ........................... N m = (5.48760 2 0.00013) X lo-'
Ratio of mass of hydrogen to mass of
proton a
H/H'= [ 1 - N-(Hm 1 - $ a Z ) ] - l = 1.000544610 f 0.000000013
Atomic mass of proton.. ............H' = 1.007593 f0.000003
Ratio of proton mass to electron mass.. .
H+/Nni = 1836.13 C 0.04
Reduced mass of electron in hydrogen
atom .................... p = mH+/H = (9.1035 f 0.0006) X g
Schrodinger constant for a fixed nucleus
2ndV = (1.63844 f 0.00016) x 10" erg-' cm-'
Schrodinger constant for the hydrogen
atom ......................... . 2 p / V = (1.63755 f 0.00016) x 10" erg-' cm-'
First Bohr radius.. ........ao = P/(me') = (5.29171 2 0.00006) X IO-'cm = a/(47rRE)
* T h e binding energy of the electron in the hydrogen atom has been included in the quantity. The
mass of the electron when f o u n d in the hydrogen atom is not m but more correctly m ( 1 - 1 / 2 a'+ ' .).
(continued)
Part 2$
P a r t 1.-Fundamental units
The fundamental units most commonly used a r e : length [I1 ; mass [nzl; time [ t l ;
temperature [el ; and for the electrostatic system, dielectric constant [ k l ; for the electro-
magnetic system, permeability [b]. The f o r m u k will also be given for the International
System of electric and magnetic units based on the units length, resistance [ r l , current lil,
and time.
When writing fractions, using the solidus, care is required to make the meaning definit; :
i.e.,, Btu/hr/ft'("F/m), or Btu/(hr)(ft*)("F/m) is not clear, but Btu/[hr X ft2 X ( " F / m l
is definite.
(contin i d )
Conversion
factor Name of units
[rn"/~'t*]
&
Name of unit X Y Z (Ireat and liaht) x y z u
Area, surface .... ..... 0 2 0 Quantity of heat:
Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3 0 thermal units . . . . . 1 0 0 1
..
Angle .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 thermometric units. 0 3 0 1
dynamical units . . . 1 2-2 0
Solid angle . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0
..
Curvature . . . . . . . . . . 0 -1 0 Coefficient ,of thermal
Angular velocity . . . . . 0 0 -1 cxpansion . . . . . . 0 0 0-1
Linear velocity . . . . . . . 0 1 -1 Tliernial conductivity :
Angular acceleration . . 0 0 -2 thermal units . . . . . 1 -1 -1 0
Linear acceleration . . . 0 1 -2 thermometric units
or diffusivity . . . . 0 2-1 0
.
Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 -3 0 tlynamical units . . . 1 1 -3 -1
Moment of inertia.. . . . 1 2 0
Intensity of attraction. 0 1 -2 Thcrnial capacity . . . 1 0 0 0
Momentum . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 -1 Latent heat :
Moment of momentum. 1 2 -1 thermal units . . . . . 0 0 0 1
Angular momentum .. 1 2 -1 dynsniical units . . . 0 2 -2 0
Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 -2 Joulc's equivalent. . . . 0 2 -2 -1
M o m e n t of c o u p l e ,
torque . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 -2 Entropy :
Work. energy ........ 1 2 -2 hcatinthermalunits. 1 0 0 0
heat in tlynamical
Power, activity . . . . . . . 1 2 -3 units . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 -2 1
Intensity of stress.. . . . 1 -1 -2
Modulus of elasticity. . 1 -1 -2 Imninous intensity . . 0 0 0 1*
Illuniinaticin . . . . . . . . 0 -2 0 1*
Compressibility .
. . . --1 1 2 Brightness . . . . .. . . . 0 -2 0 1*
Resilience . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 -1 -2 Visibility . . , . . . . _ _
. .-1 -2 3 1*
Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 -1 -1 Luniinous efficicucy. . -1 -2 3 1*
. For these formula: the nunibers in the last column arc the exlionents of F where I; rrfers to the
luminous flux. For definitions of thest. quantities see Tables 70 and 72.
(cotlfi?tlred)
Conversion f w t o r
Electrostatic I-lectroniaanetic emu
system systrm .. ~
esu
ml/.vr*k r m=/'f:/* I. t
Sym- i- 7
N a m e of u n i t bol * r \ 2 ? r ?' t i'
Quantity of electricity.. ... Q I. ; 0 --I. C 0 1 0 1
Electric displacement ..... 1) - 2 0 --; C 0 1 -2 1
Electric surface density.. . D - 1 0 - 5 C 0 1 -2 1
Electric field intensity. .... F j -2 ; 1 'c 1 1 0
Electric potential . . . . . . . . . V ! -2 3 l c 1 0 0
Electromotive force . . . . . . E ; -2 ; l c 1 0 0
Electrostatic capacity . . . . . c 0 1 0 1 0 -1 2 -1 CP -1 0 0 0
Dielectric constant . . . . . . . K 0 0 0 1 0 -2 2 -1 C' -1 0 -1 1
Specific inductive capacity. - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I $ ! - 2 f 4 i -1 --f C 0 1 0 0
Electric conductivity ..... y 0 0-1 1 0 -2 1 -1 C2 -1 0 -1 0
Resistivity ............... p 0 0 1-1 0 2 -1 1 1/c' 1 0 1 0
Conductance ............. g 0 1 - 1 1 0 -1 1 -1 c' -1 0 0 0
Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 0 -1 1 -1 0 1 -1 1 1 /c2 1 0 0 0
Magnetic pole strength. ... m t t 0-4 2I ; -1 f 1/ c 1 1 0 1
Quantity of magnetism. ... m t ; 0 - $ -1 4 1,!c 1 1 0 1
Magnetic flux ............
Magnetic field intensity. ... H
+ ; 4
$ - 2
0 -L
5 -j
1 -1
-1 -f
t l/c
C
1
0
1
0 -1
0 1
0
Magnetizing force . . . . . . . H -3 -1 -3 C 0 -1 0
Magnetic potential . . . . . . . 0 3 -1 -3 C 1 0 0
Magnetomotive force . . . . . :i $ -1 -4 C 1 0 0
Magnetic moment . . . . . . . . - ; I -1 f 1/c 1 1 1
Intensity magnetization . . . J - ; -1 i 1 /c 1 -2 1
Magnetic induction . . . . . . . B -+ -1 t 1.'c 1 -2 1
Magnetic susceptibility . . . K 0 0 0 1 1/c' 1 0 -1 1
Magnetic permeability . . . p 0 0 0 1 l/c' 1 0 -1 1
Current density . . . . . . . . . . - f -! -1 -4 C 0 1 -2 0
Self-inductancc . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 1 0 1 1 ic? 1 0 0 1
Mutual inductance . . . . . . . $)]I 0 1 0 1 1/c' 1 0 0 1
Magnetic reluctance . . . . . . $R 0 -1 0 -1 c" -1 0 0 -1
Thermoelectric power$ , . . - $ t -1 -;$ 1
2 '
2 -2 +$ l / c 1 1 0 O$
Peltier coefficient$ . . . . . . . - 3 + -1 -$$ 1
2 ' -2
2 t$ l / c 1 1 0 O$
. A s adopted by .\merican Institute of Electrical E n g i n e e r s , 1915.
t c is the velocity of a n electromagnetic wave i n the e t h e r = 3 x 1O'O ap'proximately.
t T h i s conversion factor should include [#-'I.
Capacity
7litersor
cut+ Centi-
Linear centi. liters Deca- Hecto-
meters to Liters liters liters
l$eters to Meters to hleters to Kilometers tofluid fluid to to tu
inches feet yards to miles drams ounces quarts gallons hshek
1 39.3700 3.28083 1.093611 0.62137 1 0.27 0.338 1.0567 2.6418 2.8378
2 78.7400 6.56167 2.187222 1.24274 2 0.54 0.676 2.1134 5.2836 5.6756
3 118.1100 9.84250 3.280833 1.86411 3 0.81 1.014 3.1701 7.9253 8.5135
4 157.4800 13.12333 4.374444 2.48548 4 1.08 1.353 4.2268 10.5671 11.3513
5 196.8500 16.40417 5.468056 3.10685 5 1.35 1.691 5.2836 13.2089 14.1891
6 236.2200 19.68500 6.561667 3.72822 6 1.62 2.029 6.3403 15.8507 17.0269
7 275.5900 22.96583 7.655278 4.34959 7 1.89 2.367 7.3970 18.4924 19.8647
8 314.9600 26.24667 8.748889 4.97096 8 2.16 2.705 8.4537 21.1342 22.7026
9 354.3300 29.52750 9.842500 5.59233 9 2.43 3.043 9.5104 23.7760 25.5404
Square Mass
>
Squafe Hecto- Kilo-
centi- Square Square grams to grams to
meters meters meters Milli- Kilo. ounces wunds
to square to square to square Hectares grams to grams to avoir- avoir-
inches feet yards tuacres grains grains dupois dupois
1 0.1550 10.764 1.196 2.471 1 0.01543 15432.36 3.5274 2.20462
2 0.3100 21.528 2.392 4.942 2 0.03086 30864.71 7.0548 4.40924
3 0.4650 32.292 3.588 7.413 3' 0.04630 46297.07 10.5822 6.61387
0.6200 43.055 4.784 9.884 4 0.06173 61729.43 14.1096 8.81849
0.7750 53.819 5.980 12.355 5 0.07716 77161.78 17.6370 11.02311
0.9300 64.583 7.176 14.826 6 0.09259 92594.14 21.i644 13.22773
1.0850 75.347 8.372 17.297 7 0.10803 108026.49 24.6918 15.43236
1.2400 86.111 9.568 19.768 8 0.12346 123458.85 28.2192 17.63698
1.3950 96.875 10.764 32.230 9 0.13889 138891.21 3 1.7466 19.84160
Cubic
Mazs
Cubic Cubic
centi- deci- Cubic Cubic Milliers Iiilo-
meters meters meters to meters to or grams to
to cubic to cubic cubic cubic Quintals to tonnes to ounces
inches inches feet yards pounds av. pounds av. troy
0.0610 61.023 35.314 1.308 1 220.46 2204.6 32.1507
0.1220 122.047 70.269 2.616 2 440.92 4409.2 64.3015
0.1831 183.070 105.943 3.924 3 661.39 6613.9 96.4522
0.2441 244.094 141.258 5.232 4 881.85 8818.5 128.6030
0.3051 305.117 176.572 6.540 5 1102.31 11023.1 160.7537
6 0.3661 366.140 211.887 7.848 6 1322.77 13227.7 192.9045
7 0.4272 427.164 247.201 9.156 7 1543.24 15432.4 225.0552
8 0.4882 488.187 282.516 10.464 8 1763.70 17637.0 257.2059
9 0.5492 549.210 317.830 11.771 9 1984.16 19841.6 289.3567
I n the United 5t:;tes since 1893 all units in the above table have been derived from the
same standards c i h:gth a:!d mass. Therefore all equivalents (except those ii?volving the
liter) depend oiily [ i n :iurrierical definitions. T h e liter is the volume of one kilogram of
pure water at ttie tFmpcratcre of its maximum density and under a pressure equivalent t o
760 millitneters of nir;cury. T h e liter was determined by the International :3ureau of
Weights arid Measures in 1910 to equal 1.000027 dm3. (National Bureau of Standards.)
.Quoted from sheets issued by the Kational Bureau of Standards
(corttinzred)
Capacity
Fluid
Linear drams to
milli- Fluid
Inches liters or ounces Liquid
to Miles cuhic to quarts Gallons
milli- Feet to Yards to to kilo- centi- miili- to to
meters meters meters meters meters liters liters liters
1 25.4001 0.304801 0.914402 1.60935 1 3.71) 29-57 0.94633 3.78533
7
L 50.8001 0.609601 1.828804 3.21869 i 7.39 59% 1.89267 7.57066
3 76.2002 0.914402 2.743205 4.82804 3 11.09 88.72 2.83900 11.35600
4 101.6002 1.219202 3.657607 6.43739 4 14.79 118.29 3.78533 15.14133
5 127.0003 1.524003 4.572009 8.04674 5 18.48 147.87 4.73167 18.92666
6 152.4003 1.828804 5.486411 9.65608 6 22.18 177.44 5.67800 22.71199
7 177.8004 2.133604 6.400813 11.26543 7 25.88 207.01 6.62433 26.49733
8 203.2004 2.438405 7.315215 12.87478 8 29.57 236.58 7.57066 30.28266
9 228.6005 2.743205 8.229616 14.48412 9 33.27 266.16 8.51700 34.06799
Square
Mass
Square
inches Square Avoir- Avoir-
to feet to Square dupois dupois
square s uare yards to Acres Grains to ounces pounds Troy
centi- ieci- square to milli- to to kilo- ounces
meters meters meters hectares grams grams grams to grams
1 6.452 9.290 0.836 0.4047 1 64.7989 28.3495 0.45359 31.10348
2 12.903 18.581 1.672 0.8094 2 129.5978 56.6991 0.90718 62.206%
3 19.355 27.871 2.508 1.2141 3 194.3968 85.0486 1.36078 93.31044
4 25.807 37.161 3.345 1.6187 4 259.1957 113.3981 1A1437 124.41392
5 32.258 46.452 4.181 2.0234 5 323.9946 141.7476 2.26796 155.51740
6 38.710 55.742 5.017 2.4281 6 388.7935 170.0972 2.72155 186.62088
7 45.161 65.032 5.853 2.8328 7 453.5924 198.4467 3.17515 217.72437
8 51.613 74.323 6.689 3.2375 8 518.3913 226.7962 3.62874 248.82785
9 58.065 83.613 7.525 3.6422 9 583.1903 255.1457 4.08233 279.93133
Cuhic 1 mile (statute) = 5280 feet
Cuhic 1 mile (nautical) = 6080.20 feet
inches to Cuhic Cuhic Bushels
cuhic feet to yards to to 1 Gunter’s chain = 20.1168 meters
centi- cuhic cuhic hecto-
meters meters meters liters 1 sq. statute mile = 259.000 hectares
1 16.387 0.02832 0.765 0.35239 1 fathom -
- 1.829 meters
2 32.774 0.05663 1.529 0.70479
3 49.161 0.08495 2.294 1.05718 1 nautical mile = 1853.25 meters
4 65.549 0.11327 3.058 1.40957 1 foot -
- 0.304801 meter
5 81.936 0.14159 3.823 1.761%
6 98.323 n.16990 4.587 2.11436 1 avoir. pound = 453.5924 grams
7 iii7To 0:iGSii 5.352 2Z675 15432.356 grains = 1.000 kilogram
8 131.097 0.22654 6.116 2.81914
9 147.484 0.25485 6.881 3.17154 1 liter = 1000.028 k .004 cm’
The length of the nautical mile given above, and adopted by the U. S. Coast and Geodetic
Survey many years ago, is defined as that of a minute of arc of a great circle of a sphere
whose surface equals that of the earth (Clarke’s Spheroid of 1866).
(continued)
(.001 m)
1 milliliter (ml)
(.001 liter)
}= 0.0610 in?
1 centimeter (.01 m) = 0.39370 in. 1 centiliter (.OI liter) ={ ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 g i ~ /
1 decimeter (.l m) = 3.93701 in.
1 deciliter (.1 liter) = 0.176 pint
METER(^) . . .- 3.280843 ft
1.09361425 yd
1 LITER (1,000 CU.}
centimeters or 1 = 1.75980pints
1 dekameter } . .= 10.93614yd
cu. decimeter)
1 dekaliter (10 liters) = 2.200 gallons
1 hectometer
('Om) } . .= 109.361425yd 1 hectoliter (100 '' )
1 kiloliter (1,ooO " )
= 2.75 bushels
= 3.437 quarters
1 kilometer
0.62137 mile APOTHECARIES' MEASURE
CUBIC ME.\SURE
1 millier or tonne
(1,000 kg) 1. .= 0.9842 ton
1 em8 (1,000mm8). .= 0.0610in.a TROY WEIGHT
1 dm' (1,000 cm')
1 ma or stere
.= 61.024 in?
35.3148 ft' 1CRAM. . .={ 0.03215 oz troy.
0.64301 pennyweight
(l,OOOdma)}' ' = { 1.307954 yda 15.43236 grains
APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT
0.25721 drachm
NoTE.-The METERis the length, at the temperature of O"C, of the platinum-iridium bar
deposited at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at SGvres, near Paris,
France.
The present legal equivalent of the meter is 39.370113 inches, as above stated.
The KILOGRAM is the mass of a platinum-iridium weight deposited at the same place.
The LITERcontains 1 kilogram weight of distilled water at its maximum density (4"C),
the barometer being at 760 millimeters.
In accordance with the schedule adopted under the Weights and Measures (metric system) Act. 1897.
(continued)
Square measure
A
<
Square Weight (Avoirdupois)
centi- Square Square ' Quintals
1
meters meters meters Milli- Kilo- Kilo-
to to to Hectares grams grams grams to
square square square to f? '? to hundred-
inches feet yards acres grains grains pounds weights
1 0.15500 10.76393 1.19599 2.4711 1 0.01543 15432.356 2.20462 1.96841
2 0.31000 21.52786 2.39198 4.9421 2 0.03086 30864.713 4.40924 3.93683
3 0.46500 32.29179 3.58798 7.4132 3 0.04630 46297.069 6.61387 5.90524
4 0.62000 43.05572 4.78397 9.8842 4 0.06173 61729.426 8.81849 7.87365
5 0.77500 53.81965 5.97996 12.3553 5 0.07716 77161.782 11.02311 9.84206
6 0.9300 64.58357 7.17595 14.8263 6 0.09259 92594.138 13.22773 11.81048
7 i.08500 75.34750 8.37194 i7.2974 7 0.10803 108026.495 15.43236 13.77889
8 1.24000 86.11143 9.56794 19.7685 8 0.12346 123458.851 17.63698 15.74730
9 1.39501 96.87536 10.76393 22.2395 9 0.13889 138891.208 19.84160 17.71572
Apothe-
caries' Apothe-
CCibic measure measure Avoirdupois caries'
(cont.)
' Cubic
deci-
CCubic
ubimeters
c' Cubic
centi- Milliers
Troy weight
Grams Grams
weight
(continued)
i
troy OUNCE (480 = 31.1035 grams
YD' (27 ft*). .= 0.76455m8 grains av)
1 pennyweight (24 = 1,5552grams
APOTHECARIES' MEASURE
grains)
NoTE.-The troy grain is of the same weight as
the avoirdupois grain.
NoTE.-The YARDis the length at 62"F, marked on a bronze bar deposited with the
Board of Trade.
The POUND is the weight of a piece of platinum weighed in vacuo at the temperature of
O"C, and which is also deposited with the Board of Trade.
The GALLONcontains 10 Ib weight of distilled water at the temperature of 62"F, the
barometer being at 30 inches.
(continued)
Apothe-
caries' Apothe-
Cubic measure Measure Avoirdupois caries'
~
(cat.) Troy weight weight
kubic Fluid ~
P +
d (1 Y (ti - f ) )
at another temperature, f l : V = P R , = P -
p = t h e weight, reduced to vacuum, of the mass of mercury or water which, weighed with
brass weights, equals 1 gram;
d = the density of mercury or water at t"C,
and y the cubical expansion coefficient of glass.
T A B L E 36.-REDUCTlONS O F D E N S I T I E S I N A I R TO VACUO
(This correction may be accomplished through the use of the above table for each sepa-
rate weighing.)
If s is the density of the substance as ca!culated from the uncorrected weights, S its true
density, and L the true density of the liquid used, then the vacuum correction to be applied
to the uncorrected density, s, is 0.0012 (1 - s/L).
Let W. = uncorrected weight of substance, W I= uncorrected weight of the liquid dis-
placed by the substance, then by definition, s = LW./Wz. Assuming D to be the
density of the balance of weights, W.{1 +
0.0012(1/S - l/D)} and Wt{l 0.0012
(1/L - l/D)} are the true weights of the substance and liquid respectively (assuming
+
that the weighings are made under normal atmospheric corrections, so that the weight
of 1 cm' of air is 0.0012 gram).
Then the true density S =
+
W,{1 0.0012(1/s- 1/D)}
+
Wl{1 O.O012(1/L - 1/D)}
But from above WJWI = s/L, and since L is always large compared with 0.0012,
s- s = 0.0012( 1 - s / L )
The values of 0.0012(1 - s/L) for densities up to 20 and for liquids of density 1 (water),
0.852 (xylene), and 13.55 (mercury) follow :
Density Corrections Density Corrections
of sub- -, of suh-
stance
z
L=l
Water
L = 0.852
Xylene
L = 13.55
Mercury
Stance L=13.5r;
L=l
S Water Mercury
0.8 + 0.00024 - 11. -0.0120 +0.0002
0.9 + .00012 -
+ 0.001 1 12. - .0132 + .OOO1
1. 0.0000 - 0.0002 13. - .0144 O.oo00
2. - .0012 - .0016 +
+ .0010 14. - .0156 0.0000
3. - .0024 - .0030 .om9 15. - .0168 - .0001
4. - .0036
- .0048
- .0044 +
+ .0008 16. - ,0180 - .0002
5. - .0058 .oO08 17. - .0192 - .OW3
6. - .0060
- .0072
- .0073
-
+
+ .0007
.om
18. - .0204 - .OW4
7. .0087 19. - .0216 - .OW5
8.
9.
- .0084
- .0096
-
-
.0101
.0115
+
+ .om5
.OM4
20. - .0228 - .0006
10. - .0108 - .0129 + .0003
The International Temperature Scale that was adopted in 1927 was revised duzing 1948
and is designed to conform as nearly as practicable to the thermodynamic Celsius (Centi-
grade) scale as now known. This 1948 International Temperature Scale incorporates certain
refinements based on experience to make it more uniform and reproducible than its pre-
decessor. The new scale is essentially the same as the one it displaces, but it was improved
by changing certain formulas and values for temperatures and constants.
Only three of the revisions in the definition of the scale result in appreciable changes in
the numerical values assigned to measured temperatures. The change in the value for the
silver point from 960.5”C to 960.8”C changes temperatures measured with the standard
thermocouple. The adoption of a different value for the radiation constant cz changes all
temperatures above the gold point, while the use of the Planck radiation formula instead
of the Wien formula affects the very high temperatures. (See Table 40 for the magnitude
of the changes due to these two causes for high temperatures.) The 1948 temperature scale,
like the 1927 scale, is based upon six fixed points (Table 38) and upon specified formulas
for the relations between temperature and the indications of the instruments calibrated at
these fixed points. Temperature on the 1948 scale will be designated as “C, or “C (Int.
1948) and denoted by the symbol t.
The means available for interpolation between the fixed points lead to a division of the
scale into four parts :
(a) From 0°C to the freezing points of antimony the temperature t is defined by the
formula
+ +
Rr = Ro( 1 At Bt2)
where R I is the resistance, at temperature t , of a standard platinum resistance. ther-
mometer.
(b) From the oxygen point (Table 38) to 0°C the temperature t is similarly defined
by the formula
+ +
Rr = Ro[1 At Btz+ C ( t - 100)PI
(c) From the freezing point of antimony to the gold point (Table 38) the temperature t
is defined by the formula
+ +
E = a bt ct*,
where E is the electromotive force of a standard thermocouple of platinum and platinum-
rhodium alloy, when one junction is a t 0°C and the other at temperature t.
Recommendations are given for the construction, calibration, and use of these two types
of measuring devices.
(d) Above the gold point the temperature t is defined by the formula
Temterature
C
Temperature of equilibrium between liquid oxygen and its vapor
.. .
(oxygen point) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 182.970
Temperature of equilibrium between ice and air saturated water
.
(ice point) firidameirtol fixed point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 0
Temperature of equilibrium between liquid water and its vapor
(steam point) fzritdaineirtal fixed j b i n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 100
Temperature of equilibrium between liquid sulfur and its vapor
(sulfur point) .. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444.600
Temperature of equilibrium between solid and liquid silver (silver
point) .......................... .... .......................... 960.8
Temperature of equilibrium between solid and liquid gold (gold
point) .................. ..... ............. ........ ............ 1063.0
T A B L E 39.-DIFFERENCES B E T W E E N T H E I N T E R N A T I O N A L TEMPERA-
T U R E SCALES O F 1948 A N D 1927 I N T H E THERMOCOUPLE RANGE
Temperature
"C (Int. 1948) "C (Int. 1948) "C (Int. 1948)
minus minus minus
"C (Int. 1948) "C (Int. 1927) " C (Int. 1948) 'C (Int. 1927) "C (Int. 1948) "C (Int. 1927)
630.5 .oo 800 .42 950 .32
650 +.08 839.5 .43, (max.) 960.8 .30
700 .24 850 .43 1000 .20
750 .35 900 .40 1050 .05
1063 .oo
T A B L E 40.-CORRESPONDING T E M P E R A T U R E S ON T H E I N T E R N A T I O N A L
T E M P E R A T U R E SCALES O F 1948 AND 1927
Corresponding Corresponding
Fahrenheit Fahrenheit
temperatures temperatures
o r o r L_7 "C "C
(Int. i948) (Int. ib27) (1948) (1927) (Int. 1948) (Int. 1927) -7)
630.50 630.50 1166.9 1166.9 2100 2107 '3812 3825
650 649.92 1202 1201.9 2200 2208 3992 4007
700 699.76 1292 1291.6 2300 2310 4172 4189
750 749.65 1382 1381.4 2400 241 1 4352 4372
2500 2512 4532 4554
800 799.58 1472 1471.2
850 849.57 1562 1561.2 2600 2613 4712 4736
900 899.60 1652 1651.3 2700 2715 4892 4919
950 949.68 1742 1741.4 2800 2816 5072 5102
2900 2918 5252 5285
960.80 960.50 1761.4 1760.9 3000 3020 5432 5468
lo00 999.80 1832 1831.6
1050 1049.95 1922 1921.9 3100 3122 5612 5651
1063.00 1063.00 1945.4 1945.4 3200 3223 5792 5834
3300 3325 5972 6018
1100 11m2 2012 2012 3400 3428 6152 6202
1200 1200.6 2192 2193 3500 3530 6332 6386
1300 1301.1 2372 2374
1400 1401.7 2552 2555 3600 3632 6512 6570
1500 1502.3 2732 2736 3700 3735 6692 6754
3800 3837 6872 6939
1600 1603.0 2912 2917 3900 3940 7052 7124
1700 1703.8 3092 3099 4Ooo 4043 7232 7309
1800 1804.6 3272 3280
1900 1905.5 3452 3462 4100 4146 7412 7495
2000 2006.4 3632 3644 4200 4249 7592 7681
4300 4353 7772 7867
Temperature
"C (Int. 1948)
Temperature of equilibrium between solid carbon dioxide and its vapor. . - 78.5
tp = - 78.5 + 12.12 Co
-- 1 - 6.4
) Co
-- 1
)?
. . . ..
(i-T
... .. . . . . . . . ... . 320.9
Temperature of freezing lead .... ........... ....... .................. 327.3
Temperature of equilibrium between mercury and its vapor.. . . . . . . . ,. . 356.58
.
Temperature of freezing zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419.5
.
Temperature of freezing antimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630.5
Temperature of freezing aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . ., .. . 660.1
Temperature of freezing copper in a reducing atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1083
.
Temperature of freezing nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1453
Temperature of freezing cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1492
Temperature of freezing palladium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1552
.
Temperature of freezing platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... . . . .... . . . . 1769
. . .
Temperature of freezing rhodium . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1%0
Temperature of freezing iridium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
. .... .. . .. . 2443
.
Temperature of melting tungsten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3380
T A B L E 43.-CORRECTION FOR T E M P E R A T U R E O F E M E R G E N T M E R C U R I A L
THERMOMETER THREAD
When the temperature of a portion of a thermometer stem with its mercury thread differs
much from that of the bulb, a correction is necessary t o the observed temperature unless
the instrument has been calibrated for the experimental conditions. This stem correction is
proportional t o @ ( T - f ) , where I I is the number of degrees in the exposed stem, j3 the
apparent coefficient of expansion of mercury in the glass, T the measured temperature, and
t the mean temperature of the exposed stein. For temperatures up t o 1OO"C, the value of
j3 is for Jena 16''' or Greiner and Friedrich resistance glass, 0.000159, for Jena 59"',
0.000164, and when of unknown composition it is best to use a value of about 0.000155. The
formula requires a knowledge of the temperature of the emergent stem. This may be
approximated in one of three ways : (1) by a "fadenthermometer" ; (2) by exploring the
temperature distribution of the stem and calculating its mean temperature; and (3) by
suspending along the side of, or attaching to, the stem, a single thermometer.
Values of 0.000155rz(T - t )
(T -t)
,10" 7
n 20" 30' 40" 50" 60' 70" 80"
10°C 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.12
20 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.25
30 0.05 0.09 0.14 0.19 0.23 0.28 0.33 0.37
40 0.06 0.12 0.19 0.25 0.31 0.37 0.43 0.50
50 0.08 0.16 0.23 0.31 0.39 0.46 0.54 0.62
60 0.09 0.19 0.28
.~. 0.37
.. 0.46 0.56 0.65 0.74
70 0.i 1 0.22 0.33 0.43 0.54 0.65 0.76 0.87
80 0.12 0.25 0.37 0.50 0.62 0.74 0.87 0.99
90 0.14 0.28 0.42 0.56 0.70 0.84 0.98 1.12
100 0.16 0.31 0.46 0.62 0.78 0.93 1.08 1.24
T A B L E 45.-REDUCTION O F GAS T H E R M O M E T E R S T O T H E R M O D Y N A M I C
SCALE
The final standard scale is Kelvin's thermodynamic scale, independent of the properties
of any substance, a scale resulting from the use of a gas thermometer using a perfect gas.
A discussion of this is given by Buckingham,2** "The thermodynamic correction of the
centigrade constant-pressure scale at the given temperature is very nearly proportional
to the constant pressure a t which the gas is kept" and "the thermodynamic correction to
the centigrade constant-volume scale is approximately proportional to the initial pressure
a t the ice point." These two rules are very convenient, since from the corrections for any
one pressure, one can calculate approximately those for the same gas a t any other pressure.
The highest temperature possible is limited by the container for the gas. Day and
Sosman carried a platinum-rhodium gas thermometer up to the melting point of palladium.
For most work, however, the region of the gas thermometer should be considered as ending
at about 1000°C (1273°K).
NOTE:All corrections in the following table are to be added a/.qcbruica//y.
273.16"K (ice point)
Constant pressure = 100 cm Constant vol., po = 100 cm, t o = 0°C
Tzmp. I- I
C He H N He H N
-
-
240
200
-
+0.13
+ 1.0
+ .26
-
-
+ 0.02 + 0.18
+ .01 + .06
-
-
- 100 + .04 + .03 + 0.40 .ooo + .010 +0.06
- 50 + .012 + .02 -+ .12 .OOO + .004 + .02
.++ 25
50
- ,003
- .003
- .003
- ,003
.020
- ,025
.ooo
.ooo
.OOO
.OOO
- .006
- .006
- ,003 - .003 - .017 ,000 .000 - .004
$ 1; + .007 + .01 + .04 + .ooo + .001 + .Ol
+ 200
+ 450
+
++
.01
++.02
0.04
+
+
.I1
+ 1.7.5
.OOO
0.00
+ .002
+ 0.01
+
+
+
.04
.2
+ 1000
+ 1500
0::
-
-
- + 3.
-
-
-
- + .7
1.3
R E F E R E N C E T A B L E S FOR T H E R M O C O U P L E S =
The emf developed by thermocouples of the same materials, even very carefully made,
differ slightly for the same temperature. It has been found convenient to compare the
emf of a couple being calibrated with that of a standard thermocouple of the same materials.
If the differences in emf's between the standard and the calibrated couple be plotted against
the temperature, the temperature for an observed emf can be read very accurately.
Reference tables for three types of thermocouslcs follow.
9 l'hese values are now superseded hf the introduction of the 1948 International Temperature Scale
and are given for reference only.
29 Taken from Nat. Bur. Standards Res. Papers RP 1080. RP 767, and RP 530.
E
micro-
VOlLS 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10.000 11.000 12.000 13,000 14,000 15,000 16,000 17,000
0 32.0 296.3 508.9 704.5 891.7 1072.3 1247.4 1417.4 1582.2 1742.5 1898.8 2051.3 2201.9 2351.5 2501.4 2652.1 2803.5 2955.6
100 63.9 318.8 529.0 723.5 910.1 1090.0 1264.6 1434.1 1598.4 1758.3 1914.2 2066.4 2216.8 2366.4 2516.5 2667.1 2818.7 2970.9
200 93.9 340.9 549.0 742.4 928.4 1107.7 1281.8 1450.7 1614.6 1774.0 1929.6 2081.5 2231.7 2381.4 2531.6 2682.2 2833.9 2986.2
300 122.4 362.7 568.9 761.2 946.6 1125.4 1290.0 1467.3 1630.7 1789.8 1945.0 2096.6 2246.7 23%.4 2546.6 2697.3 2849.1 3001.6
400 149.7 384.3 588.7 780.0 964.7 1143.0 1316.1 1483.9 1646.8 1805.4 1960.3 2111.7 2261.7 2411.4 2561.6 2712.5 2864.3 3016.9
500 176.0 405.6 608.3 798.8 982.8 1160.5 1333.1 1500.4 1662.8 1821.1 1975.6 2126.7 2276.6 2426.4 2576.6 2727.6 2879.5 3032.2
600 201.4 426.6 627.6 817.5 1000.8 1178.0 1350.0 1516.9 1678.8 1836.7 1990.8 2141.8 2291.5 2441.4 2591.7 2742.8 2894.8 3047.6
700 225.9 447.5 646.9 836.1 1018.8 1195.5 1366.9 1533.3 1694.8 1852.3 2006.0 2156.9 2306.5 2456.4 2606.8 2758.0 2910.0 3063.0
800 249.9 468.2 666.2 854.7 1036.7 1212.9 1383.8 1549.6 1710.7 1867.8 2021.1 2171.9 2321.5 2471.4 2621.9 2773.1 2925.2 3078.4
900 273.3 488.6 685.4 873.2 1054.5 1230.2 1400.6 1565.9 1726.6 1883.3 2036.2 2186.9 2336.5 2486.4 2637.0 2788.3 2940.4 3093.8
lo00 296.3 508.9 704.5 891.7 1072.3 1247.4 1417.4 1582.2 1742.5 1898.8 2051.3 2201.9 2351.5 2501.4 2652.1 2803.5 2955.6 3109.2
76
T A B L E 49.-CORRESPONDING V A L U E S O F T E M P E R A T U R E A N D ELECTRO-
M O T I V E F O R C E F O R IRON-CONSTANTAN T H E R M O C O U P L E S
(Reference junctions at 0°C)
Electro- Electro- Electro. Electro-
motive motive motive motive
T$rnp. force Ttmp. force Tzmmr,. force Teyp. force
C mv C mv C mv C mv
0 .oo 400 22.06 800 45.68
10 .52 410 22.61 810 46.33
20 1.05 420 23.16 820 46.99
30 1.58 430 23.71 830 47.65
40 2.12 440 24.26 840 48.30
50 2.66 450 24.81 850 48.96
60 3.20 460 25.36 860 49.62
70 3.75 470 25.91 870 50.28
80 4.30 480 26.46 880 50.94
90 4.85 490 27.01 890 51.59
100 5.40 500 27.57 900 52.22
110 5.95 510 28.13 910 52.84
120 6.51 520 28.69 920 53.43
130 7.07 530 29.25 930 54.02
140 7.63 540 29.81 940 54.61
150 8.19 550 30.38 950 55.21
160 8.75 560 30.95 960 55.80
170 9.31 570 31.52 970 56.39
180 9.87 580 32.10 980 56.99
190 10.43 590 32,68 990 57.59
- 200 - - 8.27 200 10.99 600 33.26 1000 58.19
- 190 8.02 210 11.55 610 33.85
- 180 - 7.75 220 12.11 620 34.44
- 170 - 7.46 230 12.67 630 35.02
- 160 - 7.14 240 13.23 640 35.62
- 150 - 6.80 250 13.79 650 36.22
- 140 - 6.44 260 14.35 660 36.82
- 130 - 6.06 270 14.90 670 37.43
- 120 - 5.66 280 15.45 680 38.04
- 110 - 5.25 290 16.00 690 38.66
- 100 - 4.82 300 16.55 700 39.28
- 90 - 4.38 310 17.11 710 39.90
- 80 - 3.93 320 17.66 720 40.53
- 70 - 3.47 330 18.21 730 41.16
- 60 - 3.00 340 18.76 740 41.80
- 50 - 2.52 350 19.31 750 42.45
- 40 - 2.03 360 19.86 760 43.09
-
-
30 - 1.53 370 20.41 770 43.74
20 - 1.03 380 20.96 780 44.39
-- 10 - 0.52 390 21.51 790 45.04
0 .oo 400 22.06 800 45.68
a. Rev. Sci. Instr., vol. 7. p. 322, 1936. These terms apply only to a source. The term “radiance”
is not recommended as a substitute for radiant flux; however, if a single term is desired to express the
radiant flux from a source, the word “radiance” is suggested as the most logical. t See footnote 5a.
p. 7.
ad For a more extensive list of values of J , reference should be made to two papers by Parry Moon:
Journ. Math. and Phys., vol. 16, p. 133. 1937; Publ. Electr. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Tech-
nology, 1947.
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
SO T A B L E BS.-RADIATION CONSTANTS
The unit of energy chosen for the above values is the erg. Any other unit of energy (or
power) may be used if the proper conversion factor is used (Table 7).
Values of cz used at different times.-This second radiation constant has been de-
termined many times in the last 40 years. Shown below are the values used at different
times. [ A new determination of the value of cz by G. A. W. Rutgers (Physica, vol. 15,
p. 985, 1949) gives two values : 14325. & 20 and 14310. & 20 p deg.1
National Bureau Nela
Date of Standards Park
1911.. .................................. 14.500~"K 14500p "K
1915.. .................................. - 14460
1917.................................... 14350 14350
1922.................................... 14320g 14350
1925.................................... 143206 14320
1936.................................... 14320 I/ 14320
1944.................................... 14320 14320
1949.. .................................. 14380 -
For 27r solid angle. i For the general case, c1 may be written in the following symbolic form:
(wavelength unit)" x power unit
c1 = numeric
area x wavelength interval x solid angle
This form shows that the value of the numeric depends upon the several units used-in this case 5 .
If I , is the normal intensity, i.e., per unit solid angle perpendicular to the surface, sJAo gives the
radia2ion per 2 8 solid angle. T h e energy radiated within a unit solid angle around the normal, is 0.92 Jo.
T h e above values are for a plane blackbody; for a spherical blackbody the radiation for 2a solid angle
equals 2aJ0.
For calculations the use of the radiation constants u and c2 a s given follows directly and causes but
little trouhle. T h e numeric for c2 must be expressed in the unit of wavelength times the absolute tempera-
ture. If the wavelength is expressed in 11 the numeric hecomes 14380.
When Planck's equation is used for calculations, it may be written as follows for blackbody of area A:
J,dX = ( A c i P / [exp ( c 2 / X T ) - 1I)dX
where dX is the wavelength interval for which the radiation is to he calculated. T h e first value of c1
given in the table is for all dimensions in centimeters-a condition almost never met in practice. T h e
second value is for the wavelength expressed in microns and d X = 0.01fl.
If this second value of c2 be used in calculation with Planck's equation and summed step by step,
the results will be the total energy per second, per 2a solid angle, per unit area for the wavelength
interval covered X expressed in u.
t I . , G Priest: in January 1932, used cp= 14350 in his work on color temperature. I J. F. Skog-
land, in 1929, used c t = 14330 in his tables of spectral energy distrihution of a blackbody. 11 D. U.
Judd, in 1933, used cI= 14350 in his calculations related to the T.C.I.standard observer.
I
Q
i5
B
r
D
-4
D
r
W
rn
Tzmp.
C
-270
-250
-
erg cm-2 sec-1
W
5.656
1.632
n
-3
1
5r-2
1.351
3.899
cal cm-z sec-1
-10
-7
4
6
u = 5.672
Temp.
"C
3.347
3.445
x lo-'
erg cm-2 sec-1
57----- n
erg cmP deg-4 sec-'
5
5
cal cm-2 sec-*
---7
W'
7.998
8.231
-3
-3
Temp.
"K
300* 4.5944
373.16 1.0998
erg cm-2 sec-1
~~
5
6
cal cm-2 sec-'
1.0978
2.6280
-2
-2
v) -200 1.625 3 3.883 -5 8 3.545 5 8.470 -3 400 1.4520 6 3.4700 -2
-190 2.713 3 6.482 -5 10 3.646 5 8.713 -3 500 3.5450 6 8.4707 -2
-180 4.272 3 1.021 -4 12 3.751 5 8.962 -3 600 7.3509 6 1.7565
- ~. -1
-160 9.301 3 2.222 -4 14 3.857 5 9.216 -3 700 1.3619 7 3.2542 -1
-150 1.305 4 3.118 -4 16 3.965 5 9.475 -3 800 2.3233 7 5.5515 -1
-140 1.783 4 4.261 -4 18 4.076 5 9.740 -3 900 3.7214 7 8.8922 -1
-130 2.382 4 5.693 -4 20 4.189 5 1.001 -2 1 00
._.. 5.6720 7 1.3553 0
-120 3.121 4 7.458 -4 22 4.305 5 1.029 -2 1500 2.8715 8 6.8614 0
-110 4.020 4 9.605 -4 24 4.423 5 1.057 -2 2000 9.0752 8 2.1685 1
-100 5.100 4 1.219 -3 26 4.543 5 1.086 -2 2500 2.2156 9 5.2942 1
-90 6.383 4 1.525 -3 28 4.666 5 1.115 -2 3500
~... 8.5115 9 2.0338 2
- 80 7.896 4 1.887 -3 30 4.791 5 1.145 -2 4500 2.3259 10 5.5577 2
- 70 9.662 4 2.309 -3 32 4.919 5 1.175 -2 5500 5.1902 10 1.2402 3
- 60 1.171 5 2.798 -3 34 5.049 5 1.206 -2
- 50
- 40
1.407
1.676
5
5
3.361
4.006
-3
-3
36
38
5.182
5.317
5
5
1.238
1.271
-2
--L
,.
- 30 1.983 5 4.738 -3 40 5.455 5 1.304 -2
- 20 2.330 5 5.567 -3 42 5.596 5 1.337 -2
- 10 2.720 5 6.500 -3 44 5.739 5 1.371 -2
- 8 2.804 5 6.700 -3 46 5.885 5 1.406 -2
- 6 2.890 5 6.904 -3 48 6.034 5 1.442 -2
- 4 2.977 5 7.114 -3 50 6.186 5 1.478 -2
- 2 3.067 5 7.327 -3 52 6.341 5 1.515 -2
0 3.158 5 7.546 -3 54 6.498 5 1.553 -2
2 3.252 5 7.769 -3 56 6.658 5 1.591 -2
Energy radiated from OO( "K ir be obtained from the value for this temp rature )J multiplying it )J 10'. Likewi e 01 th :I p ratu !: th t are 10 jmes the
values given in the table.
82 T A B L E 55.-CALCULATED S P E CTRAL I N T E N S I T I E S JA FOR A RANGE OF
W A V E L E N G T H S FOR A BLACKBODY O F U N I T A R E A FOR A RANGE
OF T E M P E R A T U R E S FROM 50°K T O 25,000°K*
3740 micron' watts
. cz = 14380~: deg; dA =
-
These values have been calculated for c1=
cm' dh 2n solid angles '
O.lp, /A = tabular JAx 10" watts for cm2 for 2n solid angle per 0.1~.
x A
'
50" 75"
* A
'
1000 150-
'A
2000
n
1.0 4.675 -122 2.0145 -80 1.3224 -59 8.679 -39 2.2235 -28
1.5 2.6529 - 81 1.5131 -53 1.1427 -39 8.634 -26 7.503 -19
2.0 4.133 - 61 2.7124 4 0 6.949 -30 1.7803 -19 2.8499 -14
2.5 4.186 - 49 1.8865 -32 4.005 -24 8.501 -16 1.2384 -11
3.0 3.5716 - 41 2.6982 -27 2.344 -20 2.0377 -13 6.007 -10
3.5 1.4652 - 35 1.1519 -23 1.0214 -17 9.057 -12 8.529 -9
4.0 2.1714 - 31 5.564 -21 8.906 -16 1.4255 -10 5.703 -8
5.0 1.2515 - 25 2.6566 -17 3.8701 -13 5.638 -9 6.806 -7
6.0 7.326 - 22 6.367 -15 1.8773 -11 5.534 -8 3.0050 - 6
7.0 3.1917 - 19 2.8304 -13 2.6652 -10 2.5096 -7 7.701 -6
8.0 2.7831 - 17 4.455 -12 1.7823 -9 7.131 -7 1.4265 -5
-5
9.0 8.386 - 16 3.5449 -11 7.288 -9 1.4984 -6 2.1492
10.0 1.2094 - 14 1.7620 -10 2.1269 -8 2.5671 -6 2.8224 -5
12.0 5.867 - 13 1.7294 -9 9.391 -8 5.100 -6 3.7662 -5
14.0 8.3288 - 12 7.843 -9 2.4062 -7 7.393 -6 4.115 -5
16.0 5.570 - 11 2.2284 -8 4.458 - 7 8.937 -6 4.032 -5
18.0 2.2775 - 10 4.682 -8 6.716 -7 9.674 -6 3.7137 -5
20.0 6.647 - 10 8.022 - 8 8.820 - 7 9.763 -6 3.3001 -5
25.0 3.8640 - 9 1.7882 -7 1.2204 -6 8.458 -6 2.2874 -5
30.0 1.0564 - 8 2.5801 -7 1.2857 -6 6.571 -6 1.5411 -5
- -
40.0 2.7563 - 8 3.0513 -7 1.0313 -6 3.6674 -6 7.255 -6
50.0 3.8137 - 8 2.6437 -7 7.148 -7 2.0625 -6 3.7257 -6
75.0 3.4809 - 8 1.3255 -7 2.7160 -7 6.084 -7 9.800 -7
100.0 2.2338 - 8 6.445 -7 1.1788 -7 2.3256 - 7 3.5536 -7
x
273.16"
JA
300'
n JA
373.16'
n
*JA
500'
It A'
600"
A'
3.2241
1.0851
1.4647
1.1129
9.103
- 70
- 32
- 20
- 14
- 13
n
S P E C T R A L INTENSlTllES JA FOR A RANGE OF
W A V E , L E N G T H S FOR A BLACKBODY O F U N I T A R E A FOR A RANGE
O F T E M P E R A T U R E S F R O M 50°K TO 25,000"K (continued)
800" 1000~
&
6.949
JA
1.3224
2.3444
8.906
2.6834
-54
-2 5
-15
-1 1
-9
I1
-
7
JA
3.3883
1.1123
6.9122
3.5633
5.517
12000
n
-44
-19
-12
- 8
-7
1400"
&
JA
9.2178
5.8022
2.0790
2.5732
2.4766
-37
-16
-9
-6
-5
n
-A'
3.4723
3.5613
1.5016
6.376
4.295
1600"
-31
-13
-7
-
- 45
83
--- -
10.00 7.429 - 3 1.1643 -2 1.6158 -2 2.0858 -2 2.5678 -2
50.00 2.7665 -
-
5 3.5918 -5 4.419 -5 5.2487 -5 6.0751 -5
100.00 1.8994 6 2.4184 - 6 2.9379 -6 3.4566 -6 3.9787 -6
x A'
1800' 2000"
It J,
22000
n
* J,
2400'
n JA
2600'
*
2800"
A'
.10 7.543 -27 2.2235 -23 1.5338 -20 3.5592 -18 3.5731 -16 1.8569 -14
20 5.249 -11 2.8499 - 9 7.485 - 8 1.1402 - 6 1.1424 - 5 8.235 -5
.30 4.190 -6 6.007 -5 5.308 -4 3.2616 - 3 1.5160 -2 5.657 -2
.40 7.740 -4 5.703 -3 2.9228 - 2 1.1408 - 1 3.6108 -1 9.695 -1
.45 3.9513 -3 2.3321 -2 9.967 -2 3.3440 - 1 9.313 - 1 2.2404 0
.50 1.3771 -2 6.806 -2 2.5154 - 1 7.477 - 1 1.8796 0 4.142 0
.55 3.6546 -2 1.5618 - 1 5.126 - 1 1.3800 0 3.1902 0 6.543 0
.60 7.935 -2 3.0050 -1 8.932 - 1 2.2141 0 4.773 0 9.222 0
.65 1.4810 -1 5.0622 -1 1.3838 0 3.1988 0 6.502 0 1.1941 1
.70 2.4599 -1 7.701 - 1 1.9592 0 4.267 0 8.244 0 1.4500 1
.75 3.7284 -1 1.0817 0 2.5864 0 5.348 0 9.890 0 1.6755 1
.so 5.254 -1 1.4265 0 3.2297 0 6.382 0 1.1360 1 1.8625 1
.90 8.845 -1 2.1492 0 4.444 0 8.146 0 1.3606 1 2.1128 1
1.00 1.2691 0 2.8224 0 5.430 0 9.371 0 1.4880 1 2.2133 1
1.50 2.4072 0 4.115 0 6.391 0 9.241 0 1.2651 1 1.6591 1
2.00 2.1930 0 3.3001 0 4.626 0 6.151 0 7.852 0 9.709 0
2.50 1.6350 0 2.2874 0 3.025 0 3.8351 0 4.707 0 5.631 0
3.00 1.1538 0 1.5411 0 1.964 0 2.4167 0 2.8935 0 3.3905 0
4.00 5.735 - 1 7.255 -1 -
- 01 0
8.855 1 1.0518 0 1.2233 1.3989
5.00 3.0360 - 1 3.7257 - 1 4.439 - 1 5.171 - 1 5.917 6.674 -1
10.00 3.0578 -2 3.5536 - 2 4.054 -2 4.558 -2 5.064 -2 5.571 -2
50.00
100.00
6.908
4.497
-5
-6
7.7413
5.020
- 5
- 6
8.570
5.537
-5
-6
9.401
6.062
- 5
-6
1.0229
6.573
-4
-6
1.1061
7.097
-
-6
4
(continued)
-
54 T A B L E 55.-CALCULATED
W A V E L E N G T H S FOR A BLACKBODY OF U N I T A R E A FOR A RANGE
OF T E M P E R A T U R E S F R O M 50°K T O 25,000'K (concluded)
3000" 3200' 3500" 4000'
& &
x n' JA JA n JA $1 J, n
.10 5.698 -13 1.1396 -11 5.3650 -10 9.1199 -8 1.2094 -4
20 4.562 -4 2.0402 - 3 1.3998 - 2 1.8251 -1 6.647 0
.30 1.7710 -1 4.807 -1 1.7358 0 9.616 0 1.0561
2.7563
2
2
.40 2.2819 0 4.825 0 1.2640 1 4.565 1
.45 4.795 0 9.330 0 2.1962 1 6.877 1 3.4034 2
x
* -
Ji
6000"
n A
'
8000"
- * Jh
10,000"
?I
15,000~
'A JA
20,000~
n I, II
A
.OLOO
.0150
J,
1.3224
1.1427
n
-49
-29
A
.1450
.15m
J,
2.8776
3.3806
U
3
3
10,000~
A
.5500
.6000
J,
5.869
4.816
-
3
3
A
4.500
5.000
J ,
5.383
3.5918
n
0
0
.0200 6.949 -20 .1600 4.458 3 .6500 3.9614 3 6.000 1.7761 0
.0250 4.005 -14 .1700 5.586 3 .7000 3.2718 3 7.000 9.756 -1
.0300 2.3444 -10 .1800 6.716 3 .7500 2.7160 3 8.000 5.797 -1
.0350 1.0214 -7 .1900 7.805 3 .8000 2.2670 3 9.000 3.6548 -1
.0400 8.906 -6 .2000 8.820 3 .8500 1.9031 3 10.00 2.4184 -1
.0450 2.6833 -4 .21# 9.735 3 .9000 1.6067 3 12.00 1.1807 -1
.0500 3.8700 -3 .2m 1.0536 4 .9500 1.3641 3 14.00 6.433 -2
.0550 3.2828 -2 .2300 1.1215 4 1.000 1.1643 3 16.00 3.7904 -2
.0600 1.8773 -1 .2400 1.1769 4 1.100 8.613 2 18.00 2.3790 -2
.0650 7.950 1.2204 4 1.200 6.494 2 20.00 1.5667 -2
.07OO 2.6652 1.2524 4 1.300 4.980 2 25.00 6.4692 -3
.0750 7.427 1.2739 4 1.400 3.8782 2 30.00 3.1346 -3
.0800 1.7823 1.2859 4 1.500 3.0625 2 35.00 1.6954 -3
.0850 3.7891 1 .2900 1.2895 4 1.600 2.4487 2 40.00 9.979 -4
O
. m 7.288 1 .3000 1.2857 4 1.700 1.9805 2 45.00 6.236 -4
.0950 1.2894 2 .3200 1.2601 4 1.800 1.6183 2 50.00 4.099 -4
.lo00 2.1269 2 .3400 1.2163 4 1.900 1.3348 2 55.00 2.8042 -4
.lo50 3.3049 2 .3600 1.1606 4 2.000 1.1106 2 60.00 1.9793 -4
.1100 4.881 2 .3800 1.0977 4 2.200 7.867 1 65.00 1.4390 -4
.1150 6.899 2 .4OOo 1.0313 4 2.400 5.724 1 70.00 1.0698 -4
.1200 9.391 2 .4200 9.640 3 2.600 4.262 1 80.00 6.306 -5
.1250 1.2365 3 .4400 8.977 3 2.800 3.2372 1 90.00 3.9340 -5
.1300 1.5819 3 .4600 8.335 3 3.000 2.5026 1 100.00 2.5793 -5
.1350 1.9732 3 .4800 7.724 3 3.500 1.4015 1
.1400 2.4062 3 so00 7.148 3 4.000 8.443 0
To the accuracy necessary for most work, values for other wavelengths, other tempera-
tures, or other values of cz within these ranges can be found by interpolation.
As a measuring instrument for radiation, the eye is very selective, that is, it does not
respond equally to radiation of various wavelengths. The data in Part 2 give the relative
sensitivity of the eye to radiation of different wavelengths. Another peculiarity of the
eye is that its relative sensitivity changes with the intensity of the radiation that falls upon
it. This is shown by the data in Table 59. Also the absolute sensitivity of the eye varies
with the intensity of the radiation that falls upon it. This is shown by the data given in
Table 60.
The data p6 on which Table 60 is based are not very extensive, but inasmuch as there is
now some active work on this subject by Lowry of the Eastman Kodak Co. there should
soon be available data for a wider range of field brightness. The data in Table 59 show that
the sensitivity of the eye to radiation of lower intensity increases faster toward the blue
end of the spectrum than in the red end. This is called the Purkinje effect.
For light measurement a t very low brightness care must be taken as to the standards
used. From the data given in Table 59 it can be shown that sources giving light of different
colors that were rated as equal by the average eye adapted to a field brightness of about
1 to 2 millilamberts would be rated quite differently for low field brightness, that is, for
the eye adapted to a field brightness of niillilamberts.
If the brightness given by two sources such as daylight and a carbon lamp be set equal
for a field brightness 1 to 2 niillilamberts and then these brightnesses both reduced
mechanically to about 10" millilamberts, the field of the daylight source would seem to be
about 2) times as bright as that of the carbon lamp.
Manchard, Phys. Rev., vol. 11, p. 81, 1918; Stiles and Crawford, Proc. Roy. SOC.London, ser. B.
vol. 112, p. 428, 1933; Lowry, Journ. Opt. SOC. Amer., vol. 18, p. 29, 1929.
.......... .... .. ..
350 .. .. .. .. .... .... .... .... .... .0002 .000265 .0003 ,0003
360 .... .... .... ,0003 .0004 ,0007 .00073 .0008 .0008
3 70
380 .bbooi iboo .oooi
.... .0002 .0005 .0009 .0013 .0018 .0019 .0020 .0022
.0002 .0008 ,0015 ,0025 ,0034 .0045 .0048 .0051 .0055
390 .00012 .0001 .0002 .0008 .0022 ,0040 .0063 .0083 .0104 .0112 ,0119 .0127
400 .0004 .0004 ,0008 .0022 .0059 .0098 ,0147 ,0185 .0228 .0243 .0253 .0270
410 .0012 .0014 .0023 .0062 .0140 ,0227 ,0305 .0370 .0452 .0485 .0500 .0530
420 ,0040 ,0044 .0069 .0152 .0280 .0427 ,0580 .0690 .0820 .087 .0900 .0950
430 .0116 ,0121 .0165 .0292 .0505 .0755 ,101 ,118 .138 .145 ,149 .157
440 .023 .0240 ,0300 .0496 .0850 ,123 ,160 .I83 .216 .225 ,230 239
450 ,038 .0395 .0490 ,0810 .136 .187 .237 268 .310 .321 .326 .339
460 .060 .0627 ,0775 .127 ,202 ,277 .339 .376 .423 .434 .441 ,455
470 .091 .0960 .118 .191 .301 .394 ,467 .510 ,551 .560 ,568 .576
480 .139 .146 .180 .288 ,432 ,540 .604 .649 .685 .695 ,702 .714
490 .208 220 ,274 .426 .592 .688 .734 .782 314 .827 .830 .842
500 .323 .340 ,416 .603 .744 .826 .864 .902 ,930 .932 ,941 ,948
510 .SO3 .524 .617 ,766 .876 .935 ,962 .977 .992 ,997 ,997 .999
520 .710 ,726 .792 .894 .965 .992 ,999 .988 .974 .963 .960 ,953
530 .862 ,872 ,910 .972 1.000 ,982 .951 .924 .883 .871 .862 ,848
540 ,954 ,959 .979 1.000 .969 .909 .842 .796 .744 .734 ,715 .697
550 .995 .997 1.000 .971 .886 .785 .698 .642 .583 .555 ,552 ,531
560 ,995 ,992 .973 .898 ,760 .640 .543 .478 .419 ,390 .388 .365.
570 .952 .944 ,907 .782 .617 .485 ,384 ,330 281 ,263 .260 243
580 ,870 .860 ,802 ,648 .468 .340 .259 ,218 .182 .167 ,164 .155
590 .757 .742 ,673 .SO9 ,333 227 .166 ,137 .112 .lo2 ,101 ,0945
600 .631 ,616 .544 ,374 ,224 ,145 .lo1 ,0830 .0670 .0613 .060 ,0560
610 .SO3 .490 ,416 .257 .142 .0870 ,0600 .0488 .0388 .0366 ,0348 ,0324
620 .381 .366 ,296 .168 ,0845 .0504 ,0344 ,0280 .0225 .0212 .0202 .0188
630 .265 2.50 .197 ,102 .0480 .0282 ,0194 ,0156 ,0127 .0118 .0114 ,0105
640 ,175 ,162 .122 ,0590 .0270 ,0146 ,0107 ,0085 .0070 .00653 ,0062 ,0058
650 .lo7 .0990 .0710 .0327 .0147 ,0084 ,0058 .0046 .0037 .00353 .0034 ,0032
660 .061 .0560 .0390 ,0174 ,0078 ,0045 .0031 ,0025 .0020 .00189 .0018 .0017
670 .032 ,0303 ,0206 ,0090 ,0041 .0024 ,0017 .0013 .0011 .00098 .0010 .0009
680 ,017 ,0153 .0103 .0046 .0022 ,0014 .0009 .0007 ,0006 .no050 .ooos .ooos
690 .0082 ,0076 .0052 ,0024 .0011 .0007 ,0004 ,0003 .0003 .00025 .0002 .0002
700 ,0041 .0038 ,0026 .0012 ,0006 ,0003 .0002 .0002 ,00016 ,00013 .OGOl ,0001
710 .0021 .0019 ,0014 ,0006 ,0003 .0002 .0001 .... .... .. . . ........ ....
........
720 .ooios .a010 ,0007 ,0003 ,0001 .... .... .... .... ........
730
740
.00052
,00025
,0005
.0002
.0003
.0002
,0001
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.... .. . .
........ ....
750 ,00012 .0001 .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ...... .. .... .... .. ..
760 .00006 .. . . .... .... .... .... .... .... .... . . ..
770 .00003 .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .. . . .... , . ..
Relative Relative
Field bright- Instantaneous sensitivity $ value of
ness threshold t (n) Ratio 5 maximum
millilamherts
100. .......... . .... 1.9 x 10-l .047 4.6 .04/
10. . . _ . . . . . . . ... .. 4.2 y 10.' 21 4.7 .21
1. ............... 8 . 9 , ~ 1.o 4.7 1.oo
.I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 x lo-' 4.67 4.6 4.95
.032 . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9 X lo-' 10.0 ... 12.0
.01 . ... ... ... ... 4.2 y 21.4 4.7 29.5
.0032 . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 X 46.7 ... 7010
.ooi . ....... .... 8.9 y 10-5 100.0 4.7 161.0
.0001 . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 X 467.0 4.6 822.0
.00001 . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 X lo-' 2140. ... 3900.
.o ............ .. 1.8 x 10-7II 48600. ... 88500.
** For reference, see footnote 25, p. 87.
* T h e field brightnesses are values ohtained hy mechanically increasing or reducing values measured
at photopic levels. t Taken from smooth curve drawn through Blanchard's data. The unit will
depend upon definition. As these figures stand they are brightnesses for this radiation measured at
photopic levels and reduced mechanically to values given. $ For radiation from a source at a color
temperature of 2680 'K. l T h i s is the ratio of the e y e sensitivity to that of the eye adapted to the
next lower (one-tenth) field brightness for this radiation. 11 Minimum threshold from Taylor's value.
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
T A B L E 61.-THE SENSIBILITY O F THE E Y E * 89
Part 1.-Contrast o r photometric sensibility
For the following table the eye was adapted to a field of 0.1 millilambert and the sensi-
tizing field flashed off. A neutral gray test spot (angular size a t eye, 5 X 2.5") the two
halves of which had the contrast indicated ( f transparent, f covered with neutral screen
of transparency = contrast indicated) was then observed and the brightness of the trans-
parent part measured necessary t o just perceive the contrast after the lapse of the various
times. One eye only used, natural pupil. Values are log brightness of brighter field in
millilamberts.
Time in seconds 0 1 2 5 10 20 40 60
Contrast: 0.00.. . . -2.80 -3.47 -3.82 -4.30 -4.49 -4.60 -4.89 -5.03
0.39.. . . -2.63 -3.36 -3.58 -3.74 -3.85 -3.97 -4.06 -4.23
0.67.. . . -2.40 -3.00 -3.13 -3.22 -3.21 -3.33 -3.46 -3.48
0.87.. .. -2.10 -2.46 -2.49 -2.48 -2.55 -2.54 -2.67 -2.73
0.97.. .. -1.20 -1.57 -1.67 -1.69 -1.59 -1.63 -1.73 -1.78
Ranae c
sen mile
Threshold c candles, B
tl =1
= 100 mfi I,, at night
a= 0.8
A
a = 0.6
-.
a = 0.4
1 ................... .04 .05 .06 .09
2 ................... .15 .23 .41 .9
3 ................... .33 .65 1.5 5.2
5 ................... .91 2.9 12
.~ 90
7 ................... 1.8 8.6 62 1100
10 ................... 3.6 34 610 35000
111 Knoll, 11. .\.. Touse?. K.. and Hullnirt. 1’. 0.. Journ. Opt. SOC.Amer.. vol. 36, p. 480, 1946
T A B L E 68.-THE BRIGHTNESS O F T H E S U N
From the definition of a lumen, the lumen output from a point source within a unit solid
angle is numerically equal to the candlcpower of the source. This also holds for any
radiating source that behaves as a point, such as a spherical blackbody,* or any spherical
radiator of uniform brightness that obeys the Lambert cosine law of radiation, providing
the measurements are made at such a distance from the source that the inverse square
law is obeyed. (See Table 74.) As an example of this, consider the brightness of the sun.
The sun when directly overhead on a clear day gives an illumination of about 10,000 foot-
candles. This is equal to 10,000 lumens per ft.* (See Table 73.) To change this to lumens
for a unit solid angle, multiply by the radius of the earth’s orbit squared (i.e., 2.41 X loz3
ft?). Thus, the candlepower of the sun is 2.41 x 10”. To get the brightness per cmz divide
this by the projected area of the sun in cm’ (i.e., 1.52 X lo“), which gives about 160,000
c/cm2 for the brightness of the sun as observed at the earth’s surface. This, of course,
assumes that the sun’s surface is of uniform brightness and that its radiation obeys the
Lambert cosine law. The data (Table 813) on the distribution of energy of the solar
spectrum give a brightness of the sun of 146,000 c/cm2.
* T h e lumens within a unit solid angle around the normal from a plane blackbody is equal to 0.92
times the normal intensity.
I n Germany the Hefner lamp was most used; in England the Pentane lamp and sperm
candles; in France the Carcel lamp was preferred; in America the Pentane and Hefner
lamps were used to some extent, but candles were largely employed in gas photometry. For
the photometry of electric lamps, and in accurate photometric work, electric lamps, stand-
ardized a t a national standardizing institution, were employed.
The “international candle” designated the value of the candle as maintained by co-
operative effort between the national laboratories of England, France, and America ; and
the value of various photometric units in terms of this is given in the following table
(Circular No. 15 of the Bureau of Standards) :
1 international candle = 1 Pentane candle.
1 international candle = 1 Bougie decimale.
1 international candle = 1 American candle.
1 international candle = 1.11 Hefner unit.
1 international candle = 0.104 Carcel unit.
1. Standard Pentane lamp, burning pentane ............. 10.0 candles,
2. Standard Hefner lamp, burning amyl acetate.. ........ 0.9 candles.
3. Standard Carcel lamp, burning colza oil.. ............ 9.6 candles.
4. Standard English sperm candle, approximately. ....... 1.0 candles.
The international candle was in reality taken from the candlepower of a number of in-
candescent lamps, operated under definite conditions and kept at the standard laboratories
of France, Britain, and the United States.
Candle
per cm' Milli- Can$$ Foot-
Units (Stilh) Lamhert Iambert per in. lambert
1 candle per cm2 = 1. 3.142 3142. 6.452 2919.
1 lambert = ,3183 1. 1000. 2.054 929.
1 millilambert = .000318 .001 1. .00205 ,929
1 candle per in? = ,1550 .487 487. 1. 452.
1 foot-lambert = .NO342 .OO 1076 1.076 .00221 1.
Symbol and
defining Proposed
Designation equation Unit term
Luminous flux .................. F Lumen Im
dF
Luminous intensity (candlepower). . I =-
dw
Candle C
dF Foot-candle ft-c
Illumination t ................... E = -dA Lux, Phot Ix, ph
Quantity of light.. ............... Q = F d t Lumen-hour Im-hr
f = time in hours
dlCandle per c/in.'
Brightness t ..................... B = ___
d A cos @
unit area c/cma
Stilb sb = c/cmy
The mechanical equivalent of light 111 is the least amount of mechanical energy in watts
necessary to produce 1 lumen. This energy must, of course. produce light at the wave-
length (A = 0.556,1~) where the average eye has its maximum sensitivity.
Suppose B , is the brightness of a blackbody in candles per em', then
where K i is the relative luminosity factor (Table 58). The integration is taken over the
visible spectrum. The constant rl is to be so chosen as to give the energy per unit wave-
length for a 2 r solid angle, then $11 is the mechanical equivalent of light. Using the new
value of the brightness of the blackbody at the platinum point (60 candles/cm*) and
making the above calculation for the platinum point (2042.16 OK) using the new radiation
constants (Table 53). gives 111 = 0.00147 watts/lumen. The reciprocal of this, 680 lumens/
watt, is the value generally given.
Equivalents and conversion f a c t o r s f o r photometry.-The total flux from a source
of unit spherical candlepo\ver is 12.57 lunien~.
1 lux = 1 lunien incident per ni'
1 phot = 1 Inmrn incident per cni'
1 foot-candlc = 1 lumen incident per ft2
For reference. see footnote 16. 1'. S7. t See Talde 66. $ See Talile 71.
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
95
T A B L E 74.-APPARENT CANDLEPOWER O F DISK OR L I N E SOURCE A T
VARIOUS DISTANCES
T A B L E 75.--SPECTRA L LU M I NO US I N T E N SI TI ES
From Planck's equation and constants given in Table 53 and the relative luminosity
factors (Table 58) the spectral luminous intensities were calculated for a series of wave-
lengths (dA = .Olp), and for a number of temperatures and then reduced to equal total
luminous intensities. These relative values for the brightness (photometric) of the black-
body a t different temperatures hold for measurements made with a field brightness above
about 1 millilambert but do not hold for measurements made for low field brightness.
Some time ago some engineers engaged in photometry found a need for agreement for a
standard for low intensity. It was then decided to use a source a t a color temperature of
2360 "K. Recently s1 the International Committee on Weights and Measures adopted the
blackbody at the freezing point of platinum (2042°K) as the standard for low-intensity
brightness in photometry.
0
!
3
h in fi K
.38 ,00000 .ooooo .00000
.00000 .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .00000 .00000 .ooooo
.39 .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .oooon .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo
.40 .00000 .ooooo .00000 .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .ooooo .00001
.41 .ooooo
.~~~~~ .ooooo .ooooi .ooooi .ooooi .ooooi .ooooi .ooooi .noon2 .no002 .ooonz .00002
.42 .00002 .00002 .00002 .00003 .00004 .00004 .00005 .00006 .00007 .00007 .00008 .00009
.43 .00008 .00008 .00009 .00011 .00013 .00015 .00018 .00020 .00023 .00025 .00028 .00030
.44 .00019 .00021 .00023 .00028 ,00033 ,00037 .00042 ,00047 .00053 .00058 .00064 ,00069
.45 .00041 .00044 .00049 .00057 ,00065 ,00074 .00083 ,00093 .00102 .00111 .00121 .00131
.46 .00083 ,00088 .00096 .00111 .00125 .00140 .00155 ,00171 .00186 .00202 .00217 .00233
.47 ,00157 ,00167 .00180 .00204 ,00228 .00252 ,00276 .00301 .00325 .00372 .00396
.48 ...... .00673
.49 ,00544 ,00570 .00606 ,00667 ,00738 ,00786 ,00845 .00902 .00957 .01011 .01063 .01114
.50 .01024 .01067 .01125 .01223 ,01318 .01411 .01501 ,01587 ,01670 .01750 .01827 .01901
.51 .01915 ,01983 .02075 ,02329 ,02376 .01517 ,02652 .02780 .02903 .03019 .03131 .03237
.52 ,03217 ,03313 .03442 ,03654 ,03853 ,04042 ,04220 .04387 .04545 .04694 .04834 .04967
.53 ,04609 ,04721 ,04871 .05112 ,05336 .05544 .05739 ,05919 ,06087 .06243 .06388 .06524
.54 .05972 ,06086 ,06236 .06475 ,06692 .06890 .07072 ,07238 .07390 .07530 .07659 .07776
.55 ,07240 .07341 .07473 .07678 ,07861 ,08022 ,08168 ,08297 .08412 .08517 .08613 .08695
.56 .08356 .08432 ,08528 .08675 ,08800 .08905 ,08996 ,09073 .09139 .09198 .09243 .09284
.57 ,09167 ,09207 .09255 ,09323 ,09374 .09409 ,09433 ,09449 .09457 .09459 .09455 .09447
.58 .09545 .09544 ,09539 ,09518 .09488 .09449 ,09405 .09358 ,09307 ,09256 .09203 .09150
.59 .09408 .09366 .09307 .09203 ,09098 .08992 ,08889 ,08786 .08686 .08591 .08498 .08409
.60 .08833 ,08757 .08654 .08483 ,08319 ,08163 .08013 .07873 .07739 ,07611 ,07491 ,07379
.61 ... ,06173
.62 ,06663 .06554 .06409 .06178 .05966 ,05774 ,05595 .05141 .05012 ,04893
.63 .05143 .05039 ,04904 .04689 ,04495 ,04323 .0416? .04018 ,03886 .03765 .03654 .03552
.64 ,03752 .03663 ,03547 ,03366 ,03204 ,03061 .02930 .02813 ,09708 .02610 ,02522 ,02442
.65 .02523 ,02455 .02366 .02228 .02107 .02000 ,01904 .01818 ,01741 .01671 .01608 .01550
.66 .01576 ,01538 .01466 ,01371 ,01287 ,01215 .01150 ,01092 ,01041 ,00995 .00953 .00916
.67 ,00902 ,00872 .00833 ,00773 .00721 .00677 ,00637 ,00602 .00571 .00544 .00519 .00497
.68 ... .. ..... .00272
.69 .002TZ ,00262 :00227 ,00209 .00194 .00181 .00169 .00159 .00150 .00142 ,00135
.70 .00147 .00141 .00133 ,00121 .00111 .00102 ,00095 ,00088 ,00083 ,00078 .00073 .00069
.71 .00081 .00077 ,00073 .00066 .00060 .00055 .on051 ,00047 .00044 .00041 ,00039 .00037
.72 .00044 .00041 ,00039 .00035 ,00032 ,00029 ,00026 ,00024 ,00023 .00021 .no020 .00019
.73 ,00023 .00022 .00020 .00018 ,00016 .00015 ,00014 .00013 .00012 .00011 .00010 ,00009
.74 .00012 .00011 .00010 .00009 .00008 .00007 .00007 ,00006 .00006 .ooons .00005 .no005
.75 .00006 .oono6 .00005 .00005 .00004 .00004 .00003 .00003 .00003 .on003 .00002 .ooonz
.76 .00003 ,00003 ,00003 ,00002 .00002 .OOOO? ,00002 .00002 .00001 .00001 .00001 .00001
Relative
li~ht
output: ,775 1.000 1.399 2.398 3.927 6.178 9.383 13.810 19.765 27.594 37.661 50.372
Xmax: .5825 ,5820 .5805 ,5785 .5270 ,5755 3745 .5730 .5715 .5705 .5695 .5685
'"'enver, K. S., Journ. Opl. Soc. Amer., vol. 38. p. 278. 1949; vol. 40, p. 60, 1950.
Terrien, Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer.. vol. 39, p. 888, 1949.
l'lntitium point.
Total Crova
Temperature intensity Brightness wave-
"K watts/cm2 candles/cm2 Lurnens/crnz Lumens/watt length
1200 11.16 .0140 .04 0035
1400 21.79 .245 ~ .77
1600 37.18 2.145 6.74
.
1700 47.38 5.28 16.57
1800 59.55 11.78 37.00
1900 73.92 24.23 76.1 1
2000 90.76 46.47 1.460 X 10'
2042.16 98.65 60.00 t 1.885 x 1o2
2200 1.3288 X 10' 1.439 X 10' 4.520 x 10' 3.40
2500 2.2158 x 10' 5.628 X 10' 1.7679 X 10' 7.98 .572
2700 3.0146 X 1Oa 1.186 X 10' 3.726 x 10' 12.36
3000 4.5946 x 102 3.021 X lo" 9.491 x 10' 20.7 .568
3500 8.5122 X loz 1.031 X 10' 3.183 X 10' 37.4 .564
4000 1.4521 X 10' 2.52s x 104 7.932 X lo' 54.6 .562
4500 2.3260 x 103 5.158 X lo' 1.620 X 10" 69.7 .560
5000 3.5453 x 103 9.164 x 10' 2.879 x lo5 81.2 .558
5500 .s.i906 x 10% 1.4705 X 10" 4.620 x lo5 89.0
-. .- -5.57
.557
6000 7.3514 X 10' 2.186 x 10' 6.868 x lo5 93.4 .556
6500 1.0126 x 104 3.065 X 10' 9.629 x 10' 95.1 .555
7000 1.3619 X 10' 4.103 X 10' 1.289 X 10' 94.6 .555
7500 1.7948 X lo' 5.294 x 10" 1.663 x 10" 92.7
8000 2 3234 X 10' 6.630 X lo5 2.083 x 10" 89.6 .554
10,000 5.6724 x 10' 1.3221x 10" 4.153 X 10' 73.2
. Calculated, u = 5.6724 x 10-12, watts
t Brightness,
deg-'.
Waidner-Burgess standard. See Table 69.
Room temperature values are given in a few instances where they, along with values a t
higher temperatures, form a connected series and where the values given for the higher.
temperatures depend on those given for low temperatures.
Material
Tempyature
K
I
*
h in
*
X in
Red
Green
p A in
cx
Blue
Emissivity
& eA
- p ex’
Remarks
Metal
P a r t 2.-Emissivity
Beryllium ..... 61
Chromium ..... 53
5zG&G
x = .55&
81
Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . .
Copper ........ 38
..
36
o f a number of metals a t their melting points
(CA
X = .65&
f-----7
Solid Liquid
61
39
36
10
expressed in percent)
61
39
37
15
Metal
Niobium ..... 61
Palladium .... 38
Platinum ..... 38
Rhodium ......
A = .55&
Solid
..
..
..
-
A- , 6 5 1 ~
-7,-1,iquld Solld Llquld
49
33
33
29
40
37
38
30
Erbium . . . . . . . . . 30 55 38 Silver ........<jS <ji 4 7
Gold ..........<38 <38 14 22 Thorium ..... 36 .. 36 40
Iridium . . . . . . . . . . . 30 .. Titan.ium ..... 75 75 63 65
Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 37 Uranium ..... 77 .. 54 34
Manganese . . . . . . . . 59 59 Vanadium ._.. 29 .. 35 32
Molybdenum . . . . . . . 43 40 Ytterbium . . . . . ... 35 35
Nickel ........ 44 46 36 37 Zirconium . . . . . ... 32 30
International Critical Tables.
(continucd)
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
9
T A B L E 78.-NORMAL S P E C T R A L E M I S S I V I T I ~ E SFOR SOME E L E M E N T S
A N D A L L O Y S (concluded)
Part 3.-Emissivities of tungsten *I'
3(1 Forsythe, W.E., and Ailanis. E. Q.. Joui-n. Opt. SOC..\mer., vol. 35, p. 108. 1945.
Tenipera- Tempera-
Eniis- tiire Emis- ture
Element X in I.L sivity "K Element X in /I sivity "K
Ch ronii um . . . . .66 .334 1050-1560 Palladium . . ,311 1200-1400
Cobalt . . . . . . . . .327 1240-1378 .291 1200- 1400
.342 1378-1450 Platinum . . . .295-.310 1200-1800
Iron a . . . . . . . . .344 below 1178 Rhodium . . . ,242 1300-2000
. . .. . . ..
Y .325 1178-1677 Tantalum .. .439-384
.. 1200-2400
i .. . . . .. . .337 1677-1725 Thoiiun; . .. ,380 1300-1706
Molybdenum . , .382 1300-2100 Tungsten .. . .46 1200 2200
Nickel . . . . . . . .350 1200-1400 Uranium ... .6605 .453 1180-1320
Niobium . . . . . .374 1300-2200 .416 1325-1370
si Private communication from Wahlin, taken from data hy Wahlin and Knop, I,. V. Whitney, Wahlin
and Wright, Worthing, Fiske, Phys. Rev.
Pyrometer using red light, wavelength, X = .665p, and cI = 14380s "K at observed
temperatures degrees Kelvin. of
Emis- , A.
sivity 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
.10 119.2 145.9 175.8 208.9 245.3 285.1 328.6 375.7 426.8
20 80.4 98.1 117.7 139.3 162.8 188.5 216.3 246.2 278.4
.30 59.0 71.8 85.9 101.4 118.3 136.7 156.5 177.7 200.5
.40 44.2 53.8 64.3 75.8 88.3 101.8 116.4 132.0 148.6
.50 33.1 40.2 48.0 56.5 65.8 75.8 86.5 98.0 110.2
.60 24.2 29.3 35.0 41.2 47.9 55.1 62.9 71.1 79.9
.70 16.8 20.3 24.2 28.5 33.1 38.0 43.4 49.0 55.1
.80 10.4 12.6 15.1 17.7 20.5 23.6 26.9 30.3 34.1
.85 7.5 9.3 10.9 12.6 14.9 17.1 19.5 22.0 24.7
.90 4.9 5.9 7.1 8.3 9.6 11.0 12.6 14.2 15.9
.95 2.4 2.9 3.4 4.0 4.7 5.3 6.1 6.9 7.7
*The values given in this table also give the correction for a window having a transmission given in
column 1 for different temperatures of the source when this window is used between the source and the
pyrometer.
(continued)
T A B L E 80.-COMPUTATION OF T O T A L E M l S S l V l T Y V A L U E S FOR V A R I O U S
GLASS S A M P L E S A T L O W T E M P E R A T U R E S Iyl
Apprfnt.
emissivtty Computed Temperature Coyre5ted
Thick-. - -A- , transmittance t differential t emlsslvlty
ne w 200 ;ZO to0
Sample (mm) c c c G-
Vused quartz ..... 1.96 .78 .SO .75 ,266 ,134 ,023 19 8 1 .67 .76 ,775
Corex D ......... 3.40 .SO .80 .76 .I13 .041 ,002 49 18 2 .91 .90 .83
Nonex ........... 1.57 .82 .82 .78 .I45 ,041 .004 31 12 1.5 .X2 .87 335
T A B L E 81.-RELATIVE E M l S S l V l T l E S F OR T Q T A L R A D I A T I O N
Emissive power of blackbody = 1. Receiving surface platinum black at 25°C; oxidized
at 600 +
"C.
Temperature, "C
' 200 400 600
Silver ........................................ .020 .030 .038
Platinum (1) ................................. .060 .086 .110
Oxidized zinc ................................. - 110 -
Oxidized aluminum ............................ .113 .153 .192
Calorized copper, oxidized.. .................... .180 .185 .190
Cast iron ..................................... .210 - -
Oxidized nickel ............................... 369 .424 .478
Oxidized monel ............................... .411 .439 .463
Calorized steel; oxidized.. ...................... 521 547 .570
Oxidized copper .............................. .568 .568 .568
Oxidized brass ................................ .610 .600 .589
Oxidized lead ................................. .631 - -
Oxidized cast iron ............................. .643 .710 .777
Oxidized steel ................................ .790 .788 .787
For radiation properties of bodies at temperatures so low that the radiations of wave-
length greater than 2Op or thereabouts are important, doubt must exist because of the
possible and perhaps probable lack of blackness of the receiving body to radiations of those
wavelengths or greater. For instance, see Tables 568 and 573 for the transparency of soot.
SMITHMNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
101
T A B L E 82.-TOTAL E M l S S l V l T Y V A L U E S OF VARIOUS MATERIALS A T
LOW T E M P E R A T U R E S *
T A B L E 83.-PERCENTAGE E M l S S l V l T l E S O F M E T A L S A N D OXIDES
True temperature " C 500 600 700 800 906 1000 1100 1200
60 Fe0.40 FezOz Total 85 85 86 87 87 88 88 89
= Fe heated
in air ......... . . A = .65p - - - 98 97 95 93 92
NiO ...............Total - 54 62 68 72 75 81 86
..............h = .65p - - 98 96 94 92 88 87
Platinum :
True temp. ZC ... 0 100 200 300 400 500 750 1000 1200 1400 1600 1700
App.* temp. C . . . - - - - - - - 486 630 780 930 1005
Total emiss. Pt.. . 3 1 4.0 5.1 6.1 7.0 8.0 10.3 12.4 14.0 15.5 16.9 17.5
Oxides : = .65p NiO Co:tO, Fe:%O,Mm0. TiOr ThOs Y?Os B e 0 KhOx Vp0s Cr20s 1-30s
Splid ...... .... 89 77 63 .. 52 57 61 37 71 69 60 30
Liquid ........ 68 63 53 47 51 69 .. .. .. .. .. 31
. As observed with total radiation pyrometer sighted on the platinum.
"K 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1-700 1400
Soot-covered Ni ..... ... ,096 .28 .59 1.87 3 3 4.8
Poli:hed initial heat. . ,0092 .032 .079 .166 .31 .55 .91 2.ij 4.49
after above.. .0066 .023 .058 .123 .24 .44 .76 2.04 4.49
sa Barnes, Phys. Rev., vol. 34, p. 1026, 1929.
MForsythe, W. E., and Adams, E. Q., Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer., vol. 35, pp. 108-113, 1945. m
Data given in this table ap ly to aged tungsten filament. For emissivities. see Table 78. t These values are extrapolated. $ These depend on the dimensions at
room temperatures. B SurrounLd by a blackbody at O O K u = 5.67 watts em* degr.
103
T A B L E 86.-RADIATION A N D O T H E R PROPERTIES O F T A N T A L U M ''
Temperature Resis-
____ Radia-
_,
"K
Emissivity
.-.463;
Bright-
ness
.665fi Color
Radia-
tion
, tivitv
fi-ohm-
cm
~
tion
watt/
cm2
~~
-
Tdn
ndT
Tziz!
sivity
OK "K
.... .... .... .... .... .... ....
~~
-
T A B L E 87.-RADIATION A N D O T H E R PROPERTIES O F MOLYBDENUM *
Radia-
Temperature Resis- Bright- tjon Lumi-
7 tivity ness In- nous
Emissi\rity Bright- normally tensity efficiency
1 ness Radia. p-ohm- candled watts/ lumens/
"K .475/.L -S.m&I Color tion cm cma cma watt
"K "K "K
273 .420 .425 .... .... .... 5.14 ....
.... ... ....
1000 .390 .403 958 1004 557 23.9 .0001 .55 ....
1400 .375 .393 1316 1411 864 35.2 .089 3.18 .093
1600 .367 .388 1489 1616 1024 41.1 .765 6.30 .40
1800
-.__.360 .383 1658 1823 1187 47.0 4.13 11.3 1.22
2000 .353 .379 1824 _2i)32
___ 1354
-.. 53.1 15.9 19.2 2.75
2200 .347 .375 1986 2244 1523 59.2 48.5 30.7 5.28
2400 .341 .371 2143 2456 1693 65.5 123 - 47.0
.... 8.70
2600 .336 .368 2297 2672 1866 71.8 270 69.5 13.0
2800 .331 .365 2448 2891 2039 78.2 540 98 18.4
2895 ,328 .363 2519 2997 2122 81.4 730 116 ..
For reference, see footnote 41, above.
Brightness temp. 'I< .... 1600" 1700" 1800" 1900" 2000" 2100" 2200"
Color-brightness . .. . 2 . 7 12 16 22 28 33
T A B L E 91.--COLOR T E M P E R A T U R E , BRIGHTNESS T E M P E R A T U R E , A N D
B R I G H T N E S S OF VARIOUS I L L U M I N A N T S
Brightness
Source Te S(X = .665) c/cd
Gas flame:
Batswing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 2160
Candle shape about 10 cm high.. . . 1875
Hefner as a whole.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1880
Candle :
Sperm ......................... 1930
Paraffin ........................ 1925
Pentane 10-cp. std .................... 1920
Kerosene :
Flat wick .. .. . . . . . .. . ... .. .. . . . . 2055 ;500 1.27
Round wick .................... 1920 1530 1.51
4 wpc carbon ........................ 2080 2030 54.9
3.1 wpc treated carbon.. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 2165 2065 70.6
.
2.5 wpc gem.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2195 2130 78.1
2 wpc osmium.. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 2185 2035 60.8
2 wpc tantalum.. . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . 2260 2000 53.1
Acetylene as a whole.. .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . 2380
One spot _ . . .. .. .. . . .. . ....
.. .. 2465 1660 6.69
Mees burner . .. . ... .. .. . .. . . . .. . 2360 1730 10.8
1.25 wpc tungsten .... ...... .......... 2400 2150 125
2.3 wpc Nernst.. . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . 2400 2320 258
Sun :
.
Outside atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . 6500 224000
At earth's surface.. .. . .. . . . . . .. .. 5600 165000
Clear sky ........................... .... .4
Moon .............................. .... .5
Welsbach mantle .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 9.0
Lumens
per watt Life
Edison's early carbon lamp.. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . ... . .. . .. . 1.8 600 h r
.,
Treated carbon lamp.. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . , . . . .. 3.2 600
Gem lamp . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . 4.0 600
Nernst glower .............................. ......... 5.0 600
Tantalum lamp ................. . .................... 4.9 900
Osmium lamp .. ..
Tungsten lamp (1907) ............ ....................
. .. . . .
.. .. ... . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . 4.9
7.8 1,000
Tungsten lamp (1949) coiled coil ...................... 14.0 1,Ooo
'=Forsythe, W. E., and Adams, E. Q., Bull. Denison Sci. Lab., vol. 32, p. 70, 1937.
Efficiency
Date Temgerature in lumens
Lamp measured K per watt
.
100-watt squirted filament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1908 t 2,355 8.8
.
100-watt drawn wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1909 t 2,360 9.3
100-watt drawn wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1915 t 2,475 10.3
100-watt gas-filled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1921 2,740 12.6
100-watt gas-filled .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1932 2,800 14.3
100-watt gas-filled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1936 2,845 14.9
100-watt gas-filled * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1936 2,855 15.5
100-watt gas-filled * coiled coil. . . . . . . . . . , . . 1948 2,860 16.3
750 hours life. t Vacuum lamps.
T A B L E 95.-TEMPERATURE A N D E F F I C I E N C Y O F SOME T U N G S T E N -
F IL AME NT LAMPS *
General service
Max. bare
bulb t Base t
Temgerature TEmp. T$mp.
Lamp watts Life (hrs) IPW K C C
2400
6$
25
40
* 1500
~.~.
1000
1000
10.5
11.9
6.9
... -
2585
2750
34
4.3
127
31 f
42
105
60 coiled coil 1000 14.0 2770 122 90
100 coiled coil 750 16.3 2850 127 94
500 1000 20.3 2940 198 100
1000 1000 21.0 3000
1500 1000 22.0 3050
Life Tzmp. Candle-
Lamp Volts Current Watts (hrs) Lumens 1PW K power7
Street series 6.6 ZOO0 1000 16.0 2870
6.6 2000 6000 19.2 2940
20.0 2000 6000 20.1 2995
20.0 2000 15,000 21.0 3010
cx 120 60 500 13.6 2840
120 500 500 21.8 3030
Studio or airport 120 5000 75 32.7 3350'
lighting 120 10,000 75 32.7 3350'
Floodlight 120 500 800 17.6 2925
120 1500 800 20.8 3170
Projection lamps
Area II
Monoplane 120 151 500 50 13,250 26.5 3270' 1545
Biplane 120 65 500 25 26.0 3270' 1700
120 135 1000 25 27.6 3360' 4045
Coiled coil
4 seg. 120 19 50 SO 790 15.8 2920 80
3 seg. 120 41 SO 1850 19.2 2950 185
3 seg. 120 55 200
loo SO 4240 21.2 2985 390
Watts per
Candle. spherical
Lamp Volts power candle
Flashlight PR2 ............
Flashlight PR3 ............
Flashlight 136 .............
Flashlight 31 ..........
Hand lantern 248 .......
Flashlight 605 .........
Radio Panel No. 44.. ....... 6.15 .60 1.5 2400
Grain-0-wheat surgical ..... 1.5 .028 6.0 2115
Christmas tree ............. 120 4.7 1.o 2625
Automobile lamps
Rear, instrument bd. ........ 6.85 2.9 1.32 2820
Step, aux. headlight ......... 13.5 2.9 1.27 2810
Dome, panel ............... 6.9 6.3 1.01 2915
Signal ..................... 6.75 14.4 .80 2980
Dome, panel ............... 13.5 6.3 .99 2870
Approx. spread
to 10% max. Fila-
Design Approx. (degrees) ment
Number of Design life max.t & shield-
lamp Bulb volts Watts (brs) beam cp. Hor. Vert. 1ng Service
4015 PA$-36 6.2 35 300 8,000 40 5 C Auto fog
4509 13.0 100 25 110,000 12 5 None Airplane landing
4510 6.4 25 300 600 80 20 None Auto utility
4515 6.4 30 100 50,000 5k 44 B Auto spot
lSOPAR/SP PAS-38 I?? 15'0 2,4y 10,500 t 6o
30 30 Nye General service spot
150PAR/FL 3,400 $ 60 General service flood
4012A PAE46 6.2 35 300 8,800 40 5 C Auto fog (amber)
4013 6.4 25 300 800 80 20 None Tractor
4412A 1;.8 35 300 8,000 40 5 C Auto fog (amber)
4435 30 100 85.000 6 6 B Auto spot
4523 28 250 25 225,000 17 11 A Airplane landing
4535 6.4 30 100 90,000 51 B Auto spot
4537 13 100 25 200,00.0 12 A Airplane landing
4570 28 150 300 30,000 50 10 None Airplane taxiing
4030
4430
PAR-56 6.4
12.8
45/35
50/40
300/500
300/500
32,000 P
29,000 :3 5 NyFe Se$ed bezm hea$amp
200PAR 30 200 500 200,000 12 9 Locomotive headlamp
250PAR 12.5 250 100 80,000 36 7 Airport approach
4560 PAR-64 28 600 25 600,000 12 9 A Airplane landing
300PAR64/2 115 300 100 200,000 11 9 None Flashing signal
* Data furnished by Application Engineering Department, Lamp Division, General Electric Co. Nela Park, Cleveland, Ohio. t Individual lamps may
vary from the values listed. $ Approx. initial mean cp. in 10' cone. 9 Driving beam (major'filament).
A, 120" cylindrical shield to side of filament. B, Hemispherical shield in front of filament masking all direct light. C, 90" spherical shield in front of filament
masking all upward direct light.
TABLE 98.-MERCURY ARCS *
Blacklight lamps General lighting lamps
Sunlight lamps *
C-H4(Spot) ' ' A-H1 D-HI
s-4 RS s-1 I B-H4 GH4(Flood) A-H4 A-H5 B-HI E-H1 A-H6 A-H9
Lamp watts (rated) ....................... 100 275 400 100 100 100 250 450 400 1000 3000
Watts, with single-lamp transformer.. ....... 120 ... 500 120 123 120 290 452 450 1085 3165
Watts, with tulamp transformer. ............ ... ... ... ... ... ... 280/lamp 438/lamp 438/lamp ... ...
-I
P
r Lumens at 100 hours ...................... 3300 reflector ... ... not 3300 11,000
... 15,000
... 20,000
...
120,000
...
Lumens (approx. initial). .................. ...
W
... type lamps 7200 black rated 65,bbO
rn
Lamp Ipw at 100 hours. .................... 33 not rated ... light m 35 44 37.5 50 ... 40
v)
Initial Ipw ...... ................... ... inlumens 18 bulb lumens ... ... ... ... 65 ...
Over-all lumens per watt
(singleJamp trans.) .................... 268 ... 14.4 ... ... 27.5 39.3 34.2 45.6 59.8 37.8
Rated life hours (see note). ............... ... 1000 1000 1000 4000 4000 3000 75 5000
Rulh .. .:................................. AZil R-40
I.F. re-
PS-22 T-16 PAR-38
natural alum. reflector
T-10 T-18 T-16 T-20 T-2 T-9 i
Finish .................................. clear flector type I.F. red pur le & clear lens clear clear clear clear clear clear
Base .................................... admed. medium mogul admex admed. skt. any mogul mogul mogul %a'' s!eeve S.C. term.
Burning position ......................... any any base up any any admed. any (see note) any horiz. any
Max. over-all length, inches. ............... 67/16 55
Light center length, inches.. ............... 5 ..
Pressure, atm. ........................... .9 .7
Number of electrodes.. .................... 3 3 2 2
110-125
Lamp operating volts.. .................... 130 (50-60) 14 130 130 130 135 135 135 840 535
cycles AC
Lamp starting current, amps.. .............. 1.3 3.2 9.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 2.9 5 5 2.5 9.3
Lamp operating current, amps.. ............. .9 2.5 30 .9 .9 .9 2.1 3.2 3.2 1.4 6.1
Supply voltage (primary volts). ............. 118-236 110-125 115 118-236 118-236 118-236 118-236 118-236 118-236 118-236 230-46&575
Transformer secondary open circuit voltage.. 245 no trans. 33 245 245 245 250 220 220 1200 850
Power factor percent.. .................... 50-90 90. 50 50-90 50-90 50-90 50-90-95 60-9F95 60-90-95 ... 90
Starting time' to full output.. .............. 3 min 3 rnin Smin 3 rnin 3 to 8 m i n 3 rnin 10min 7 rnin 8min 4 sec 8min
Restarting time .......................... 3 min 5 min 0 3 min 3 to 8 min 3 min 4 min 7 min 5 rnin 2 sec 7 min
NOTE.-Rated lives of black-light and general-lighting lamps listed above are based on specified test conditions with the lamps turned off and restarted no oftener than
once every 5 burning hours. T h e life rating of the A-HI, B-HI, a n d A-H9 lamps is 6,000 hours for 10 hours per start. At 10 hours per start the rated
life of the A-H5 is 5,000 hours, and the E-Hi 4,000 hours. I f the A-H9 lamp is started once every 144 burning hours (six 24-hour days) theIlife rating
is 10.000 hours. T h e life of S-4, RS, and S-1 lamps i s estimated t o he 1,000, 600, and 800 applications respectively. A-Hi is for base-up'burnlng. B-HI
base down.
Data taken from reports by General Electric Lamp Department and from reports by Sylvania Electric
Products. t Add auxiliary watts for total. $ Nominal length includes the lamp and two standard lamp-
holders. s
Approximate. 11 See Table 96.
Approx. helical
* source dimen.
0
3
P
4- &a
.I
0
4-
a !i
h 0 m
FT-210..
........... T-10 IF Octal 3-Pin It"18" 2,000 200 7,000 25.0 300 200
FT-214.. T-124 Giant 5-Pin 1t 13 2,000 200 7,000 25.0 300 200
FT-220..
FT-403..
FT-503..
PAR-46
T-18 I F
T-18 IF
3-Scr. Term.
Large 3-Pin
Large 3-Pin
:$ 1%
2d
1% 2 i
2,000
2,000
4,000
200 7.000
480 18:OoO
2,000 t 100,000
. 25.0
45.0
150.0
300
475
700
2_
- M_
350
550
Maximum
Flash- Bulb energy input Light duration Peak
lamps $ diameter Base watt-sec. Volts milli-sec lumens
5804X ............. la" 4 Pin 100 2250-2850 .09- .19 40million
48U4X ............ 2Q 4Pin 600 1' "
.27- .7 62
68N9T- ............ If 5Pin 200 900-1000 .3 -1.2 30
88P9M ............ If 5 Pin 300 2000-2500 .12- .6 45
1TZ ................. Special 1000 2000-2850 2. -4. 35
Data furnished by L. R . Benjamin, General Electric Co., Nela Park, Cleveland,, Ohio. t With approxi-
mately 0.5 millihenry of inductance in series with each 100 microfarads of capacity. $Data taken from
circular of Amglo Corporation, Chicago, Ill.
Color, Color,
percent percent
Source white Hue Source white Hue
Sunlight .................... 100 - N-filled tungsten, .SO wpc ..... 45 584
Average clear sky ............ 60 472 N-filled tungsten, .35 wpc ..... 53 584
Standard candle .............. 13 593 Mercury vapor arc.. .......... 70 490
Hefner lamp ................. 14 593 Helium tube ................. 32 598
Pentane lamp ................ 15 592 Neon tube ................... 6 605
Tungsten glow lamp, 1.25 wpc. 35 588 Crater of carbon arc, 1.8 amp.. 59 585
Carbon glow lamp, 3.8 wpc.. .. 25 592 Crater of carbon arc, 3.2 amp.. 62 585
Nernst glower, 1.50 wpc.. ..... 31 587 Crater of carbon arc, 5.0 amp.. 67 583
N-filled tungsten, 1.00 wpc. .... 34 586 Acetylene flame (flat) ......... 36 586
+
e = .000168 1.98 X 10-'t - 1.7 X 10-'fz, Pressure 76 cmHg
when the surface is that of polished copper. 63.8 ,00987 61.2 .O 1746
In these equations, e is the amount of heat 57.1 ,00862 50.2 ,01360
lost in cgs units, that is, the quantity of heat, 50.5 .00736 41.6 .01078
small calories, radiated per second per square 44.8 .00628 34.4 .00860
centimeter of surface of the sphere, per de- 40.5 .00562 27.3 .00640
gree difference of temperature t, and t is the 34.2 .00438 20.5 .00455
difference of temperature between the sphere 29.6 .00378 - -
and the enclosure. The medium through 23.3 .00278 - -
which the heat passed was moist air. The 18.6 .00210 - -
following table gives the results.
Pressure 10.2 cmHg
Differ- 67.8 .00492 62.5 .01298
ence of Value of e 61.1 .OM33 57.5 .01158
temper- , 55 .00383 53.2 .01048
ature Polished Blackened
t surface surface Ratio 49.7 .00340 47.5 .00898
5 .000178 .000252 ,707 44.9 .00302 43.0 .00791
10 .000186 .000266 .699 40.8 .00268 28.5 ,00490
15 .000193 ,000279 .692
20
~~ .no0201 ,000289 .695 Pressure 1 cmHg
25 .000207 .OW298 .694 65 .00388 62.5 .01182
30 .000212 .OW306 .693 60 .00355 57.5 .01074
35 .000217 .000313 .693 50 .00286 54.2 .01003
40 .000220 .OW319 .693 40 .00219 41.7 .00726
45 BOO223 .OW323 .690 30 .00157 37.5 .00639
50 .000225 .OM326 .690 23.5 .00124 34.0 .00569
55 .000226 .000328 .690 - - 27.5 .00446
60 .000226 .000328 .690 - - 24.2 .00391
Pressure in mm et Pressure in mm ft
740. 8137.0 x .094 1688.0 X lo-'
440. 7971.0 " .053 1255.0 "
140. 7875.0 " .034 1126.0 1:
42. 7591.0 " .013 920.4
4. 6036.0 " .0046 831.4 "
,444 2683.0 " .00052 767.4 "
.070 1045.0 " .00019 746.4 "
,034
.012
727.3 "
539.2 "
Lowest reached
but not measured } 726.1 "
.0051 436.4 "
.00007 378.8 "
Pressure in mmHg
Temp. of About'
wire in "C 10.0 1.0 .25 .025 .1 IL
100 .14 .ll .05 .01 .005
200 .31 24 .ll '.02 .0055
300 .so .38 .18 .04 .0105
400 .75 .53 .25 .07 .025
500 - .69 .33 .13 .055
600 - .85 .45 .23 .13
700 - - - .37 .24
800 - - - .56 .40
900 - - - - .61
Tu'0TL-h interesting feature (because of its practical importance in electric lighting)
is the effect of difference of surface condition on the radiation of heat. The energy
required to keep up a certain degree of incandescence in a lamp when the filament is
dull black and when it is "flashed" with coating of hard carbon, was found to be as follows :
Dull blaEk filament, 57.9 watts.
Bright " 39.8 watts.
Heat transfer, in t h e usual cgs unit, i.e., calories per second per degree of thermal
head per cm* of flat surface a t 22.8O mean temperature
Where two values are given, they show the range among determinations with different
methods of getting the temperature of the outer plate. It will be seen that the value of the
convection is practically unaffected by this difference of method.
4.95" .Om 111 .OW 001 ('ooo oEf 'Oo0 !g 87) .OOO 090 over .OOO 025
.O .O 5.O .453 10 30
.5 .735 x lo-' 5.5 .558 12 32
1.o .584 x lo-* 6.0 .671 14 34
1.5 .725 x lo-* 6.5 .288 16 36
2.0 2.75 x lo-* 7.0 .908 18 4.040 38
2.5 .0644 7.5
. .- 20 4.645 40 10.87
3.0 .1176 8.0 22 5.263 42 11S O
3.5 .185 8.5 24
-. 5.877. 44 12.14
4.0 .265 9.0 26 6.505 46 12.77
4.5 .354 9.5 28 7.122 48 i3.14
5.0 .453 10.0 30 7.738 50 14.03
T oK H2 Air Hg TO K H? Air Hg
0 .moo .om0 - 1- s- n_n-o 4.787
... _. .744
.. . . .1783
_.
100 .0329 .0041 - 1700 5.945 .931 228
200 .1294 .0168 - 1900 7.255 1.138 .284
300 .278 .0387 - 2100 8.655 1.363 .345
400 .470 .0669 - 2300 10.18 1.608 .411
500
... .700 .lo17 .0165 2500 11.82 1.871 .481
700 i.26i .is9 .0356 2700 13.56 - .556
900 1.%1 .297 .0621 2900 15.54 - .636
1100 2.787 .426 .0941 3100 17.42 - .719
1300 3.726 .576 .1333 3300 19.50 - .807
1500 4.787 .744 .1783 3500 21.79 - .898
Pressure. Melting dT
. A= Latent beat
kg/cmZ point do (cmS/g) ka.cal / a
.
1 83.9" K . .0238 .07% 280
1.000 106.4
-~ .0211 .0555 280
2.000 126.3 .0192 .0425 279
3. 000 144.9 .0178 .0340 277
4. 000 161.9 .0165 .0280 275
5.000 177.8 .0155 .0240 276
6.000 192.9 .0146 .0210 277
a Bridgman. P. W., Proc . Amer . Acad. Arts and Sci., vol . 70. p. 25. 1935 .
SMITHSOMAN PHYSICAL TABLES
118
T A B L E 113.-MELTlNG T E M P E R A T U R E S I N "C FOR A N U M B E R O F L I Q U I D S AS P
FUNCTION O F PRESSURE"
Pres-
sure Ethyl n-Butyl Ethyl n-Propyl Chloro- Carbon Chloro- Methylene
kg/cm2 alcohol alcohol bromide bromide form bisulfide benzene chloride Water
0 -117.3"C -893°C -119°C -110OC - 63.5"C -111.6"C - 45.2"C -%.7"C ..
5,000 - 76 -33 - 70 - 56 + 10 - 51 + 25 -46 ..
10,000 - 39
15,000 - 5
+12
+49
- 29
+ 5 + 34
- 8 + 76
+137
0
46 +
:::I*
+130 +42
0 ..
+52.5"
20,000
25,000
+
25
54
+80
108
+ 34 + 71
58 105
+192
1;
+166 +82 +72.8
243 + 222 120 102.8
30,000 82 132 80 138 .. 170 157 137.1
35,000 109 155 .. 169 .. 209 .. .. 166.6
40,000 .. .. .. 197 .. .. .. .. 192.3
Bridgman, P. W., Journ. Phys. Chem., vol. 9, p. 795, 1941.
Second modification of the solid.
Pres-
sure
kg/cmz +55"C +25"C 0°C -90°C --101.4"C ' C -153.5"C
700 - 1.262 1.179 - - -
800 - 1.175 1.105 - - .724
1,000 - 1.060 1.006 - - .697
1,300 - .962 .920 - - .677
1,600 - .898 .864 - - .657
2,000 .a0 .846 .818 - -
2,500 .831 .808 .785 - .687
3,500 .772 .751 .733 .661 .656
4,500 .730 .712 .697 .641 .632
5,500 .698 .669 .624
6,000 .685 - -
10,000 .617
12,000 .5%
15,000 .573
For reference, see footnote 43, p. 117.
Pressure
kg/cm2 +23.5'C 0°C -50°C -100°C -140°C
3,000 1.2374 1.2069 1.1422 1.0754 1.0226
4,000 1.1615 1.1391 1.0881 1.0327 .9876
5,000 1.1061 1.0870 1.0451 .9997 .9613
6,000 1.a52 1.0487 1.0117 .9729 .9412
For reference, see footnote 43, p. 117.
T A B L E 117.-EFFECT O F PRESSURE ON M E L T I N G P O I N T
Highest
experimental
Melting point pressure dt/dO At (observed)
Substance at 1 kg/cm2 kg/cm2 at 1 kg/cma for 1000 kg/cm'J
2 .................
................ -38.85
59.7
12,000
2,800
.00511
.0136
5.1 *
13.8
Na
Bi
................
.................
97.62
271.0
12,000
12,000
.00860
-.00342
+12.3
- 3.5 t
+
Sn ................. 231.9 2,000 .00317 3.17
Bi ................. 270.9 2,ooo -.00344 - 3.44
Cd . . . . . .. . . ... . . . . 320.9 2,000 .00609 6.09
Pb ................. 327.4 2,000 .00777 7.77
At (observed) for 10,000 kg/cm2 is 50.8". t Na melts at 177.5" at 12,000 kg/cm*; K at 179.6";
Bi at 218.3". Pb at 644'. Luckey obtains melting point for tungsten as follows: 1 atm, 3623°K;
8, 3594; 18, jsn; 28, 3564.
T A B L E 118.-EFFECT OF PRESSURE O N F R E E Z I N G O F W A T E R *
T A B L E 119.-EFFECT O F PRESSURE O N B O I L I N G P O I N T
Density
atmut Melting Boiliy Pressure
Substance Chemical formula 2O'C point, "C point, C mmHg
Aluminum chloride ....... AICls ................ 2.44 190 t 182.7 752
nitrate ........ AI(NO& +
9 H 2 0 .... 70.0 134t ...
oxide ......... ALOS ................ 2050 2580 53
Ammonia ................ N H J .................... - 77.7 - 33.35 760
Ammonium nitrate ....... NH,N03 ............. 1 169.6 210t ...
phosphite .... N H I H ~ P O S........... 123 145 t ...
sulfate ....... (NHJzSO, ........... 1 146.9 ... t ...
Antimony pentachloride ..SbCL ................ 2.35 2.8 140 68
trichloride ..... SbCIs ................ 3.14 73.4 223 760
Arsenic hydride ......... ASH$ ................... -113.5 - 54.8 760
trichloride ...... AsCL ................ 2.20 - 18 130.2 760
Barium chloride ........ BaCI, ................ 3.86 962 1560 760
nitrate .......... Ba( NO& ..... . 3.24 592 ... ...
perchlorate ...... Ba(C104)z ..... .... 505 ... ...
Bismuth trichloride.. .... BiCL .......... . 4.75 232.5 447 760
Boric acid .............. HJBOa ............... 1.46 185 ... ...
anhydride ........ B,O, ................. 1.79 450 ...
Borax (sodium borate .... NazB40, .............. 2.36 741 15io t ...
Cadmium chloride ....... CdCL ................ 4.05 561 ... ...
+
nitrate ......... Cd( NO,), 4HzO . . . 2.45 59.5 ... ...
Calcium chloride ......... CaClz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.26 774.0 ... ...
+
chloride ......... CaCL 6Hz0 .. 29.6 200 ...
nitrate .......... Ca (N0 3 ) , 561 ... ...
nitrate .......... Ca(N03)? 42.3 ... ...
oxide ........... CaO .... 2570 2850 ...
Carbon tetrachloride ..... CCL .... - 24 76.7 760
dioxide .......... CO, ............. - 56.6 f - 78.5 subl.
disulfide ......... CSZ .................. 1.26 -111.6 46.2 760
monoxide ........ CO -207 -192 760
trichloride ....... CLls ....... 184 185 ...
~-
Chloric (wr) acid ........ HCIO, ............... 1.764 -112 39 t 56
Chlorine dioxide ......... CIOz ....................
I
- 59 9.9 731
Chrome alum ............ KCr(SO,), + 12 Hi0 .. 1.83 89 ... ...
+
nitrate .......... Crz(N03)s 18 H20 . . . . . 37 170 760
Chromium oxide ......... CrO, ................. 5.21 1990 ... ...
Cobalt sulfate ............ CoSO, ...... . 3.710 989 ... ...
Cupric chloride .......... CuCL ................ 3.05 498 t ...
+
nitrate ............ Cu(NO3)S 3 H20 ....2.05 114.5 170t 760
Cuprous chloride ......... Cu,Clz ................ 3.7 421 13662 760
Hydrogen bromide ....... H B r ........ ....... - 88.5 - 67.0 760
chloride ....... HCI .................... -111.3 - 83.7 755
fluoride ....... H F .................. .99 - 92.3 19.4 755
iodide ......... H I ...................... - 50.8 - 35.7 760
peroxide ....... H20, ................. 1.5 - 2 152.1 47
phosphide ..... PH3 .................... 133.5 - 87.4 ...
sulfide ......... H,S ..................... - 82.9 - 62 ...
Iron chloride ............ FeCh ................. 2.80 282 315 ...
nitrate ............. Fe(NO& +
9 H,O . . . . 1.68 47.2 t ...
...
sulfate ............. FeSO,+ 7 H 2 0 ....... 1.90 64 t
Lead chloride ............ PbCL ................ 5.8 501 9502 760
Magnesium chloride ...... MgCL ................ 2.18 708 1412 ...
oxide ........ M g O ................. 3.4 2800 ... ...
nitrate ....... Mg(NO,), +
6 HzO . . . 1.46 100 t 760
sulfate ....... MgSO. .............. 2.66 1124 t ... ...
+
Manganese chloride ...... MnCL 4 HzO ....... 2.01 58 t 760
nitrate ....... Mn(NO& +
6 H20 ... 1.82 26 129t 760
sulfate ....... MnSO, .............. 3.25 700 850t ...
Mercuric chloride ........ HgCL ................ 5.42 276 302 ...
Prepared by F. C. Kracek, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington.
t Decomposes. $ At 2.5 atm pressure. 5 At 5.2 atm pressure.
(contimed)
Pressure 1 atm
Melting Boiling unless
Chemical Density Tzmp. pfint point otherwise
Substance formula g/cms C C "C stated
Paraffin series : C,H2.+2. Normal compounds only
Methane ........... CH4 . . . . . . . . . 415. -164 -184 -161.4
Ethane ............ CZHe . . . . . . . . .546 . 88 -172.0 . 88.3
Propane ........... CaHs . . . . . . . . .595 . 44 -189.9 . 42.0
Butane ............. c4H10 . . . . . . . . .6011
Pentane ........... C5H12 . . . . . . . . .631 20
0 -135.0
-138.0
+
+ .6
36.2
Hexane ........... C.H.. . . . . . . . . .660 20 . 94.3 69.0
Heptane ........... ClHle . . . . . . . . .684 20 . 90.0 98.4
Octane ............ GH18 . . . . . . . . .704 17 . 56.5 124.6
Nonane ............ CgHz0. . . . . . . . .718 20 . 53 150.6
Decane ............ C1OH22 . . . . . . . .747 20 . 32.0 174
Undecane ......... CIlH24 . . . . . . . .741 20 . 26.5 197
Dodecane .......... CIZHZO. . . . . . . .768 20 . 12 216
Tridecane ......... C I ~ H Z. . . . . . . .757 20 . 6.2 234
Tetradecane ....... c~H30. . . . . . . .765 20 + 5.5 252.5
Pentadecane ....... C15H32 . . . . . . . .772
Hexadecane ....... CieHa, . . . . . . . .775
20
20
+ 10
20
270.5
287.5
Heptadecane ....... CiIHae . . . . . . . .778 20 22.5 303
Octadecane ........ C,sH, ........777 20 28 317
.Nonadecane ....... C&40 . . . . . . . .777 32 32 330
Eicosane .......... C20H42 . . . . . . . .778 37 38 205 15 mmHg
Heneicosane ....... C21H44 ........775 45 40.4 215 15 mmHg
Docosane .......... c22H48 ........778 44 44.4 224.5 15 mmHg
Tricosane ......... C23H48 . . . . . . . .779 48 47.7 320.7
Tetracosane ....... C Z ~ ........
H ~ ~ 779 61 54 324
Pentacosane ....... C&52 . . . . . . . .779 20 54 284 40 mmHg
Hexacosane ....... C2,H5, . . . . . . . .779 20 60 296 40 mmHg
Heptacosane ....... C2,H5, . . . . . . . .779 60 59.5 270 15 mmHg
Octacosane ........ C2aH, ........779 20 65 318 40 mmHg
Nonacosane ....... CmHeo ........780 20 63.6 348 40 mmHg
Triacontane ....... C3&2 . . . . . . . .780 20 70 235 1.0 mmHg
Hent riacontane .... C3, HOr . . . . . . . . 781 68 68.1 302 15 mmHg
Dotriacontane ..... C32HW . . . . . . . .775 79 75 310 15 mmHg
Tetratriacontane ... CrHTo . . . . . . . .781 20 76.5 255 1.0 mmHg
Pentatriacontane ... C36H72 . . . . . . . 782. 75 74.7 331 15 mmHg
Hexatriacontane ... CJuH7, . . . . . . . .782 76 76.5 265 1.0 mmHg
Olefines or the Ethylene series : CnH2... Normal comDounds only
Ethylene .......... C2H. . . . . . . . . .566 -102 -169.4 -103.8
Propylene ......... C3He . . . . . . . . .609 - 47 -185.2 . 47.0
Butylene .......... C.H. .........635 - 13.5
Amylene .......... C. HI. . . . . . . . . .651 20 -139 36.4+
Hexylene ......... CeHu . . . . . . . . .67 0 - 98 69
Heptylene ......... C7Hl, . . . . . . . . .703 20 .10 9699
Octylene .......... CsHie . . . . . . . . .722 17 104 123
Nonylene .......... CBHl6 . . . . . . . . .73 15 149.9
Decylene .......... CloHm . . . . . . . .763 0 .87 172
Undecylene ........ CllH22 . . . . . . . .763 20 193
Dodecylene ........ CI2H2, . . . . . . . .762 15 .31.5 96 15 mmHg
Tridecylene ........ CIIHZ8. . . . . . . .80 0 232.7
Tetradecylene ...... CX4H26 . . . . . . . .775 20 .12 246
Pentadecylene ...... c15HW . . . . . . . .814 247
Hexadecylene ...... CieHaz . . . . . . . .789 20 + 4 274
Octadecylene ...... C16H38 . . . . . . . .79 1 20 + 19 179 15mmHg
Eicosylene ......... CmH40 . . . . . . . .871 0 395
Cerotene .......... C27Hs ....... 58
Melene ............ C30HW ........890 20 63 380
(continued)
Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.0 25.8 25.0 43.0 33.3 10.7 500 35.8 20.0 70.9
Tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5 19.8 15.0 14.0 33.3 23.1 33.0 52.1 60.0 9.1
Bismuth . . . . . . . . . . . 52.5 54.4 60.0 43.0 33.3 66.2 17.0 12.1 20.0 20.0
Solidification a t .... 96" 101" 125" 128" 145" 148" 161" 181" 182" 234"
See Table 201.
Transition
Transition volume
Transition Pressure heat change
Substance Phases t'C atm cal/g Cms/K
AgClOI ............... .... 158 .... ....
AgBrO, ............... .... 98.5 .... .... ....
1 5.72 .OO%
AgI ................... 1-11 {%.4 2720 4.95 .0101
1-111 99.4 2720 4.22 .014
11-111 99.4 2720 .76 .0241
AgzS .................. 175 .... 3.85 ....
Ag&e ................. .... 133 .... 5.65 ....
AgzSOr ............... .... 412 .... ....
&Nos ............... .... 159.5 .... 3.37 .0025
AlBr3 ................. .... 70 .... .... ....
AS203 ................. 275 .... 6 ....
AszSz ................. red-black 267 .... .... ....
AS& ................. red-yellow 170 .... .... ....
Bit03 ................. .... 704 t .... .... ....
BaCL ................. 924 .... .... ....
BaClOr ................ .... 284 .... .... ....
BaSO, ................ .... 1149 .... .... ....
BaC03 ................ .... 811 & 982 .... .... ....
Br30s ................. .... - 35 .... .... ....
co ................... I
-212.8 .... 5.4 ....
CH, ................... I
-252.7 .... 1.15 ....
CHxOH ............... 0
-112 .... 4.8 ....
1 7.1 .026"
CClr .................. 1-11 5!1{-: 8460 9.8 .0173
11-IT1 115 8460 .9 ,0054
1-111 115 8460 10.7 .0227
CBr, .................. 1-11 1 5.04 .0205
{lE 2110 4.58 ,0150
1-111 112.6 2110 .25 .0029
11-111 112.6 21 10 4.66 .0121
CHzIi ................. L-1-11 8.6 180 .... ....
L-11-111 42.8 1930 ....
I-11-IV 9.4 325 .... ....
11-IIT-IV 38 1825 .... ....
CHrNz0 .............. 1-11 102.3 6535 2.34 ,0480
(Urea) 1-111 102.3 6535 10.14 .0486
11-111 102.3 6535 7.80 .0006
1 45 .I560
CHZCOOH ............ L-I 203 1 46.4 .0862
L-I1 55.7 2033 48.2 .0992
1-11 55.7 2033 1.85 .0130
CHaCONH, ........... L-I 127 5220 60.9 .0319
(Acetamide) L-I1 127 5220 58.5 .0649
1-11 127 5220 2.41 .0330
(CH3)zCO Z ........... 1-11 -140 to -150 .... <.5 ....
C2Cla ................. 1-11 71.1 1 6.93 ,0280
(Perchlor ethane) 11-111 42.7 1 2.63 .0097
GH,NO, (IJrethane) ... L-I { :2:z 2270
2270
1 40.7
37.9
35.9
.0599
.0253
.0355
L-I1
L-I11
{%76.8
4090
4090
34.4
40.6
.0184
,0640
.o102
1-11 { 22:; 2270
3290
2.07
1.64 ,0092
11-111
1-111
z:
{ 25.5 4990
3290
3290
6.12
5.50
3.87
.0456
.0482
.0574
' Arranged by F. C. Kracek, Geophysical Laboratory, Cnrnegie Institution. All other footnotes at end
of table.
(Corltinllctf)
-
TABLE 125.-TRANSFORMATION AND M E L T I N G TEMPERATURES OF LIME-
A L U M l N A S l L l C A COMPOUNDS AND EUTECTIC M I X T U R E S *
Percent
Substance CaO _ _
AI..O:t SiO? Transformation Temp. "C
casioa .......... 48.2 - 51.8 Melting t .......................... 154022
CaSi03 .......... 48.2 - 51.8 a to p and reverse .................. 120022
CazSiO, .......... 65. - 35. Melting ........................... 2130210
.......... 65. - 35. y to p and reverse .................. 67525
"
.. ........ 65. - 35. p to a and reverse .................. 142022
Ca3SizOl . ........ 58.2 - 41.8 Dissociation into CaSiO, and liquid.. 1475f5
Ca3SiOs .. ........ 73.6 - 26.4 Dissociation into CazSiO, and CaO. . 1 9 0 0 5
Ca3AlzOa . ........ 62.2 37.8 - Dissociation into CaO and liquid.. .. 1 5 3 5 5
CasAlsO14 ........ 47.8 52.2 - Melting ........................... 145525
CaALO. . ........ 35.4 64.6 - Melting ........................... 1600*5
CarAIloOls ....... 24.8 75.2 - Melting ........................... 1720*10
AlzSiOs .. ........ - 62.8 37.1 Melting ........................... 1816r+10
CaAlzSizOa ....... 20.1 36.6 43.3 Melting ........................... 1550*2
CazAlzSiOl ....... 40.8 37.2 22.0 Melting ........................... 1590k2
CaaAlzSiOa ....... 50.9 30.9 18.2 Dissociation into CazSiO,+CazAlzSi01
and liquid ..................... 133525
Eutectics Eutectics
Percent Melting Percent Melting
Crystalline Crystalline teomp.
phases
, -A- t
-ag -2 g -2r.;g
a';
g.5
gmol
1OOOgH20
ig
2'
g mol
1000 g HnO
25
Ci-
g mol
1000 g HsO
00
ag
x-
Pb(N03)z, 331.0 .4978 2.02" MgCL, 95.26
.000362 5.5" .lo00 3.42 .8112 2.01 .0100 5.1"
.001204 5.30 .2000 3.32 1.5233 2.28 .0500 4.98
.002805 5.17 .500 3.26 BaCl,, 208.3 .1500 4.96
.005570 4.97 1.000 3.14 .00200 5.5" .3000 5.186
.01737 4.69 LiNO,, 69.07 5.2 .6099 5.69
.5015 2.99 .0398 3.4" 5.0 KCl, 74.60
Ba(NO,),, 261.5 .1671 3.35 4.95 .02910 3.54"
.OW383 5.6" .4728 3.35 4.80 .05845 3.46
.001259 5.28 1.0164 3.49 4.69 .112 3.43
.002681 5.23 AIz(SO,),, 342.4 4.66 .3139 3.41
.005422 5.13 .0131 5.6" 4.82 .476 3.37
.008352 5.04 .0261 4.9 5.03 1.om 3.286
Cd(NO,)z, 236.5 .0543 4.5 .750 5.21 1.989 3.25
.00298 5.4" .lo86 4.03 CdCl,, 183.3 3.269 3.25
.00689 5.25 217 3.83 .00299 5.0" NaCl, 58.50
.01997 5.18 CdSO,, 208.5 .00690 4.8 .00399 3.7"
.04873 5.15 .000704 335" .0200 4.64 .0100 3.67
A g N O , 167.0 .002685 3.05 .0541 4.11 .0221 3.55
.1506 3.32" .01151 2.69 .0818 3.93 .04949 3.51
.5001 2.96 .03120 2.42 214 3.39 .lo81 3.48
.8645 2.87 .1473 2.13 .429 3.03 2325 3.42
1.749 2.27 .4129 1.80 .858 2.71 .4293 3.37
2.953 1.85 .7501 1.76 1.072 2.75 .700 3.43
3.856 1.64 1.253 1.86 CuClz, 134.5 NHaC1, 53.54 !
.0560 3.52 KSO,. 174.4 .0350 4.9" .0100 3.6"
.1401 3.58 .00200 5.4" .1337 4.81 .0200 3.56
.3490 3.28 ,00398 5.3 .3380 4.92 .0350 3.50
K N O , 101.9 ,00865 4.9 .7149 5.32 .loo0 3.43
.0100 3.5 .0200 4.76 CoCl,, 129.9 .zoo0 3.396
.0200 3.5 .0500 4.60 .0276 5.0" .4000 3.393
.0500
.lo0
3.41
3.31
.lo00
.200
4.32
4.07 .
1094 4.9 .7000 3.41
200 3.19 .454 3.87 .2369 5.03 LiCl, 42.48
CUSO,, 159.7 .4399 5.30 .00992 3.7"
.250 3.08 .538 5.5 .0455 3.5
.500 2.94 .000286 3.3" .09952 3.53
.750 2.81 .OW843 3.15 CaCl,, 111.0
1.000 2.66 .002279 3.03 .0100 5.1" 2474 3.50
.006670 2.79 .05028 4.85 .5012 3.61
NaNO,, 85.09 .7939 3.71
.0100 3.6" .01463 2.59 .lo06 4.79
.0250 3.46 .lo51 2.28 .5077 5.33 BaBr,, 297.3
.0500 3.44 2074 1.95 ,946 5.3 .loo 5.1"
.zoo0 3.345 .4043 1.84 2.432 8.2 .150 4.9
.500 3.24 8398 1.76 3.469 11.5 200 5.00
.5015 3.30 MgSO,, 120.4 3.829 14.4 .500 5.18
1.000 3.15 .OW75 3.29 .0478 5.2 AlBr,, 267.0
1.0030 3.03 .002381 3.10 .153 4.91 .0078 1.4"
NHINO,, 80.11 .01263 2.72 .331 5.15 .0559 1.2
.0100 3.6" ,0580 2.65 .612 5.47 .1971 1.07
.0250 3.50 .2104 2.23 .998 6.34 .4355 1.07
(continued)
Substance A B C .D E F G H
NaCzH3OZ(cryst.) . 85 . HzO-100 10.7 4.7 15.4
NHICl ............ 30 " "
13.3 - 5.1 18.4
NaNOs ............ 75 " "
13.2 - 5.3 18.5
Na2Sz03 (cryst.). ... 110 " "
10.7 - 8.0 18.7
K I ................ 140 I' "
10.8 -11.7 22.5
CaCL (cryst.) ...... 250 'I 'I
10.8 -12.4 23.2
NH4NOa .......... 60 " I'
- 13.6 -13.6 27.2
(NH,),SO, ........ 25 " 50 NH.NOr25 - 26.0
NH,CI ............ 25 " "
'
- 22.0
CaCL ............. 25 " " - 20.0
KNOI ............. 25 " "
NH4C1-25 - 20.0
NazSO, ........... 25 " I' " 'I
- 19.0
N a N 0 3 ........... 25 " '4 I' " - - 17.0
K S O , ............ 10 srlpw O!l -1 - 1.9 .9
NazCOJ (cryst.) ...20 -1 - 2.0 1.o
KNO. ............. 13 " "
-1 - 2.85 1.85
CaCL ............. 30 " "
-1 -10.9 9.9
NH,CI ............ 25 " "
-1 -15.4 14.4
NH,NOa .......... 45 I' "
-1 -16.75 15.75
NaN03 ........... 50 " "
-1 -17.75 16.75
NaCl ............. 'I 'I
-1 -21.3 20.3 -
'I 1.097 -1 -37.0 36.0 .O
" 1.26 -1 -36.0 35.0 17.0
HzSO, +HzO
(66.1% HzSO,)
"
"
1.38
2.52
-1
-1
-35.0
-30.0
34.0
29.0
27.0
133.0
'' 4.32 -1 -25.0 24.0 273.0
1 " 7.92 -1 -20.0 19.0 553.0
" 13.08 -1 -16.0 15.0 967.0
" .35 0 - - .O 52.1
' l .49 0 - -19.7 49.5
" .61 0 - -39.0 40.3
-
CaCL + GHzO "
"
.70
.81
0
0 -
-54.9* 30.0
46.8
" 1.23 0 - 88.5
I 1 " 2.46 0 - 192.3
0 - 392.3
.' /J 0 -30.0 -
Alcohol at 4" ( !! C 9 2 s$id -72.0
Chloroform ........ - -77.0
Ether ............. - '1 I'
-77.0
Liquid SO1 ........ " " - -82.0
20 5.0 33.0
1 " .94 20 - 4.0 21.0
1 " "
10 - 4.0 34.0
1 " " 5 - 4.0 40.5
1 Snow " 0 - 4.0 122.2
NHINOa 1 HzO-1.20 10 -14.0 17.9
1 Snow 'I 0 -14.0 129.5
1 HzO-1.31 10 -17.51 10.6
1 Snow " 0 -17.5* 131.9
1 HzO-3.21 10 - 8.0 .4
1 Snow 0 - 8.0 327.0
Lowest temperature obtained.
-
joules
sec cmz
or
watts/cmz
cal
___
sec cm2
k?oca!
hr m2
-Btu
hr ft2 hp/ft* watts/in.*
1 watts/cm2 = 1 2390 8602. 3171. 1.246 6.452
cal
1 - - 4.185 1 36000. 1.327 x 10' 5.212 27.00
sec cm2 -
1
h r ft'
= 3.153 X lo-' 7.535 x 2.713 1 3.928 x 10-4 2.035 x
1 hp/ft2 = 8027 .I918 6905. 2546. 1 5.179
1 watt/in.2 = .I550 3.704 x lo-' 1333. 491.5 ,1931 1
T A B L E 131.-THERMAL C O N D U C T I V I T Y OF V A R I O U S S U B S T A N C E S
P a r t 1.-Various Substances
P a r t 2.-Rocks '5
T A B L E 132.-THEAMAL C O N D U C T I V I T Y OF W A T E R A N D S A L T S O L U T l O N S
k! Solution kt Solution kt
Substance "C cgs in water Density "C cgs in water Density "C cgs
0 .OOlSO CuSO, 1.160 4.4 ,00118 H??O. 1.054 20.5 .00126
KCI 1.026 13. ,00116 1.180 21. .00130
N:CI 1.178 4.4 .00115 Zn?04 1.134 4.5 .00118
20 .00143 - 26.3 ,00135 1.136 4.5 .00115
--
cal cm watts Em
__-
"C
--
kgcal m
' "C
hr m
Bto f t
ft* hr 'F
hp &.
ft* "C
--
hp f t
ft' "F
hp in.
F"F
watts in.
in.' 'C
see cmz "C c d
.3937
315.5
33.87
212.0
22.76
1.8
.1931
8.333 x lo5
8.939 X lod
1.
.lo73
9.316
1.
c
w
v
135 TABLE 134.-THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, METALS AND ALLOYS
T h e coefficient k is the quantity of heat in small calories which is transmitted per second
through a plate one centimeter thick per square centimeter of its surface when the differ-
ence of temperature between the two faces of the plate is 1°C. T h e coefficient k is found
t o vary with the absolute temperature of the plate, and is expressed approximately by
+
the equation kr = ko[l a ( t - t o ) ] . ko is the conductivity at to, the lower temperature of
the bracketed pairs in the table, k r that at temperature t, and a is a constant. kr in g-cal
per degree C per sec across cm8 = 0.239 X kt in watts per degree C per sec across cm'.
kr kl
Substance t"C cgs a Substance t"C CRS a
Aluminum ....... -190 .497 - Meyry ........ 0 +.Go55
....... 30 .497 +.0030 ........ 50
76.4 .550 Molybdenum ..... 17 .346 --.0001
AntiTony ....... .......... -160 .129 -
100" :%I- -.OO 104
-
Nickel
' .......... 18
..........
.1420 -
Bismuth ......... -186
.........
.025
-70021
' 100
0
:E>
-.00032
.........
B y ........... - ......
......
200
700 :E5)-.00095
1000 .064
........... 17 .260 -
.......... 1200 .05Rl --.00047
, yellow.. ... 0 .204 +.0024 Palhdium ....... 18
:E31+.0010
I'
-.0001
pure ....... -160
Tungsten ........
........ 2000
........ 2400
........ 2800
.192
17 .476
. . . . . . . . 1600
:%>
::%
-
+,0001
I- 6
-.0001
+.Om23
(84 Cu 4 +
Ni 12 M n ) . .
-160
18
100 +.0026
Zinc,
polycrystalline . . 400 231
Zinc, liquid ...... 500 .144
1 -
Copper: 100.197"C, kr = 1.043; 100-268",0.969; 100-370', 0.931; 100-541°,0.902.
t Iron: 100-727"C,k t = 0.202; 100-912",0.184; 100-124S0,0.191.
Conductivity
A
joule/ cal/
Density (cm'sec "C/ (cmZsec "C/
Material g/cm3 t"C cm) cm)
Air, 76 cmHg ... ................. .00129 0 .00023 .OW055
Ashzstos w:d . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . ... . .40 - 100 .00068 .000162
.................... .40 0 .00090 .000215
.................... .40 + 100 .00101 .00024
"
with 85 percent M g O . . . . . . .3 30 .00075 .000179
Br;jck, very porous, dry ........... .71 20 .00174 .00042
machine-made, dry . . . . . . . . .54 0 .00038 .000091
" moist, 1.2%
vol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 50 .OW96 .00023
Calorox, fluffy minera matter. . . . ,064 30 .00032 .000076
Celluloid, white . . . . . . .... ... . ... 1.4 30 .ow21 .000050
Cement mortar . . . . . . .. ......... 2.0 90 ,0055 .0013
Chalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... .0092 .0022
Charcoal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 20 .00055 .00013
Coke dust ........... ........... 1.0 20 .0015 .00036
Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 1.6 0 .008 .002
Cork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... .OS
.. . 0 .00032 .000076
............................ .05 100 .00041 .000098
............................ .35 0 .00061 .000146
............................ .35 100 .00079 .000189
Cotton, tightly p:cked. .. . .. . . . ... .08 - 150 .00038 .000091
............. .08 0 ,00056 .OW133
............. .08 + 150 .00076 .00018
Cotton wool, tightly packed.. . . . . . . .08 30 .00042 .00010
Diatomite (binders may increase
100%) ........................ .20 0 .00052 .00012
Diat;mite, dip0 . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .20 400 .OW94 .00022
.so 0 .OW86 .00021
.so 400 ,00157 .00037
Ehonite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.19 - 190 .00138 .0w33
......................... 1.19 - 78 .00157 .00038
......................... 1.19 0 .00160 .00038
Fzlt, flax fibers.. . . . . . ... .18 30 .00047 .00011
.
hair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 30 .00036 .000086
"
,' wool .
. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . ... .. . . .15 40 .00063 .000151
"
....................... .33 30 .00052 .000124
Flannel . ................... .000023
Fuller's earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 30 .00101 .00024
G l y , lead . ....... .............. 15 .0060 ,00143
s$a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.59 20 .0072 .00172
..................... 2.59 100 ,0076 ,00182
'I
w;ol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 50 .00042 .000100
...................... .22 100 .00050 .000120
' ...................... .22 200 .00065 .000155
...................... .22 300 .00081 .000195
GraEhite, 100 m:sh.. .... ......... .48 40 .0018 .00044
40 ............... .42 40 .0038 .00093
20 to 40 mesh. .. . . . . . . . .70 40 .0129 ,0031
Horsehair, compressed . . . . . . . . . . . .17 20 ,00051 .000122
Ice . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 0 .022 .0053
Lea$er, chamois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 .00063 .OW151
' cowhide . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 85 ,00176 .000421
sole . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . 1.o 30 .0016 .00038
Linen ........................... 20 .OW86 .00021
Linoleum, cork . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .54 20 .00080 .000191
Mica, average ................... 50 .0050 .0012
. Compiled from the International Critical Tables, which see for more complete data.
(continued)
"
" 'I
.00015
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .lo9 " .000046 Ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0057
Lampblack, Cabot number 5. ,193 {k:! .OW074
.000107
Leather, cow-hide . . . . . .00042
' chamois. . . . . . . .OW15
Quartz, mesh ZOO ... ........ 1.05 500 .00024 Linen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0002 1
Poplox, popped NazSiO,. . . . . .093 :{ .OW091 Silk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .OOOOY5
.000160 Caen stone. limestone. . .0043
Free stone, sandstone. . ,0021
kt kl
Substance
Density
g/cm3
,?'!A,
at 20 C at 100 C Substance
Density
g/cm3 at 20 C
CFS
at 100 C
Brick, fire . . . . . . 1.73 .00110 .00109 Boxwood . . . . . . . 0.90 ,00036 .00041
Carbon, gas . . . . 1.42 .0085 .0095 Greenheart . . . . . 1.08 ,00112 .00110
Ebonite . . . . . . . . 1.19 .OW14 .00013 Lignumvitae . . . . 1.16 .00060 ,00072
Fiber, red . . . . . . 1.29 .00112 .00119 Mahogany .. . . . . 0.55 .00051 .00060
Glass, soda . . . . . 2.59 .00172 .0@182 Oak . , . . . . . . . . . 0.65 .00058 ,00061
Silica, fused .. . . 2.17 .00237 .00255 Whitewood . . . . . 0.58 .Om41 .00045
Conductivity
h , Safe
Substance g/cms 100°C 200°C 300°C 400°C 500°C temp.
Air-cell asbestos . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . 2 31 .00034 .0@043 .00050 - - 320
Cork, ground ..
. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .168 .OW15 .00019 - - - 180
Diatomite .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326 .00028 .00032 .00037 .00042 ,00046 600
Infusprial ear!h, natural. . . . . . . . . . . . . .SO6 .00034 .00032 ,00040 - -
h'd pressed blocks.. . .321 .00030 .W029 ,00033 .00036 - 400
Magnesium carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .450 .OW23 .00025 ,00025 - - 300
.
Vitribestos . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .362 .00049 BOO66 .00079 .00090 .00102 600
'6 Griffiths, E., Journ. Inst. Fuel, vol. 15, p. 111, 1942.
kt kr kr
Substance "C cgs Substance "C cgs Substance "C cgs
Acetic acid . . . . . . . Carbon disulfide .
.. . .. . . . . . -
9-15 .Ox472 0 .03387 Oils: olive ,02395
Alcohols: methyl. . 11 ,0352 Chloroform . . .. 9-15 .03288 castor . . . . . - ,08425
ethyl., . . 11 .0,,46 Ether . . ..
. .. . . . . 9-15 .03303 Toluene . . . . . . . . . 0 ,03349
Vaseline . . . . . . . . . 2 5
... . .
amyl. , . 0 .0:$345 Glycerine . . . . . . . . 25 ,0368 ,0344
Aniline . . . . .. 0 .03434 Oils: petroleum . . 13 .03355 Xylene . . . . . . . . . . 0 .03343
Benzene . . . . . . . . . 9-15 .0::333 turpentine .. 13 ,03325
Part 2 *
Conduc- Conduc- Conduc-
tivity a t tivity a t Temp. tivity at
1 atm 1 atm Substance "C 1 atm
Temp. watt cm-1 Temp. watt cm-1 watt cm-1
Substance "C deg-1 Substance "C deg-l deg-l
Normal pentane. 30 1.347x10-* Carbon disulfide. 30 1 . 5 9 9 ~10" Water . . .. . . . . 30 6.026~10-~
75 1.285 75 1.51s 75 6.445
Sulfuric ether.. 30 1.377 Petroleum ether. 30 1.306 Water .... .. . . 0 5.524
75 1.347 75 1.264 10 5.692
20 5.859
Acetone ....... 7530 1.795
1.687
Kerosene ...... 30
75
1.494
1.394
30
40
6.026
6.191
50 6.361
60 6.529
70 6.696
80 6.863
T A B L E 138.-THERMAL C O N D U C T I V I T Y O F GASES
T h e conductivity of gases, k r = f ( 9 7 - 5)pC,, where y is the ratio of the specific heats,
C,/C., and p is the viscosity coefficient (Jeans, Dynamical theory of gases, 1916). Theo-
retically k r should be independent of the density and has been found to be so by Kundt and
Warburg and-others within a wide range of pressure below one atrn. It increases with
the temperature.
kr kr kr
Gas t0C cgs Gas t"C cgs Gas t"C cgs
I,$" ..... -191 CO? ..... 100 Hg ...... 203 .0000185
..... 0 C?H, .... 0 Tv? ...... -191 .0000183
..... 100 H e ...... -193 ...... 0 .0000568
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
A, -183 " ...... 0 ...... 100 .0000718
0 ''. . . . . . 100 0: ...... -191 .0000172
. . .. . . .
co ......
100
0
.onooso9 H.I...... -192
...... 0
,000133
.000416
......
...... 1008
0 ,0000570
,0000743
co:! . . ... - 78 . . . . . . 100 .000499 NO . . . . . .000046
..... 0 CH, ..... 0 .0000720 NzO ..... 0 .0000353
*Air: k A = 5.22 (10-5) cal cm-1 sec -l deg C-l; 5.74 at 22': temp. coef. = .0029.
T A B L E 142.-EXPANSION OF T H E ELEMENTS *
Part 1.-Coefficients of linear t thermal expansion of chemical elements (Polycrystalline)
Coefficient Coefficient
Temperature of linear
or thermal
.-+x Temperature of linear
or thermal .-x
42
temoerature expansion 5
0
b.
temperature expansion 5 b.
lg
Element
Aluminum ... +
range
"C
-191 to 0
x
18.0
C
per
<
1,3*'
Element
Gold .........
range
"C
-190to 16
xlyper
13.1
C <
1,5,
20 to 100 23.8 0 t o 100 14.2 30,32
20 to 300 25.7 0 to400 14.9
20 t o 600 28.7 0 to 700 15.8
0 to 900 16.5
Antimony $ .. -190 to 20 8. t o 10. 43.6
+ 20 to 100 8.4 to 11.0 Indium ...... - 1 8 0 t o 2 0 26.7 33
20 to 300
20 to 500
9.2 to 11.4
9.5 to 11.6
+ 20 to 100 30.5
Element
Niobium .... . -212
r y e
C
to0
x 1 y per
5.8
C <
14,23,
Element
Sodium . .....
ryge
C
-193 t o 0
xlyper
59.8
C 4
44,68
-100 to 0 6.9 24 0 to 17 68.2 69
0 to 100 7.2 0 to 50 70.
0 to300 7.5 Oto95 71.
20 to 1500 10.0
Osmium ...... 40 6.6 7
Tantalum .... -190
+ 2 0 tt oo 2100
0 6.2
6.6
2.46,
51.70
20 to 300 6.6
Palladium . . . . -191 to 16 10.3 226, 20 to 500 6.6
+ 1 6 t o 100 12.4 54.55 27 to 1400 7.3
16 to 500 12.8 27 to 2400 7.8
16 to 1000 13.8
Platinum .. ... -191 to 16 8.0 226, Tellurium .. . . 40 16.8 7
- 90toO 8.7 30,32,
0 to 100 9.0 54,56 Thallium ..... 0 to 100
0 to 200
29.4
30.0
64
0 to 300 9.2
0 to 500 9.6
0 to 1000 10.2 Thorium ..... +-21620 toto 20
100
9.8
11.3
14,71,
72
Potassium .... O t o 5 n 85. 57 20 to 300 12.1
20 to 600 13.7
Rhodium , . . . . -174 5.0 19.58,
- 92 7.4 59.60 ... . . . ... . +-18318 toto 20 15.8 to 22.6
- -"
71 7.9 Tin
100 23.8 to 27.0
4,5.
73,74
0 to 100 8.4 25 to 200 24.
0 to 500 9.7
0 to 1000 10.8
0 to 1500 12.1 Titanium .... . +-19520 toto 200
20 6.8
8.9
14,72,
75,76,
Rubidium ... . . - 98 to 19 66. 61 20 to 400
20 to 600
9.4
9.9
77
(continued)
Coeffiicent of linear
Temperature thermal expansion
or per "C
temperature
range 'Parallel to Perpendicular
Element "C axis to axis Authority
16.0~10-0 7.0x10-0 6,7,19,84
15.6
16.8
...
...
... 8.4
... 8.1
Arsenic . .. . .. ......... . , . . 30 to 75 3.2 to 6.8 .. . 62
1.6 2.8 19.85
8.6 11.7
10.4 15.0
13.1 15.7
..... .. . .. . ... ... 15.9 10.5 19,86,87
Bismuth
+-14020
30
to 260
16.2
16.5
11.6
...
20 to 240 ... 12.0
Cadmium .... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . -190 to 18 48.2 18.5 13,88,89,90
+ 20 to 100 50.4 18.9
Carbon
Graphite ... ..... . . . .. . . .. -195 to 0
0 to 40
...
...
4.8
6.6
19.9 1,92
0 to 500 17.2 1.3
0 to 1000 18.8 1.8
0 to 1500 20.7 2.0
0 to 2300 23.1 2.4
20 to 870 26.7 ...
Cobalt . . .. .. . .. .... . .. . . . . 33 to 100 16.1 12.6 89
Indium . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. - 17 t o 9 56. 13. 93
+ 23 to 87 45.0 11.7 94
Magnesium .......... .. . . . . 20 to 100 26.4 25.6 95
20 to 200 27.7 26.6
Mercury . ..... . . .. . . ....... -190 to -160 42.6
47.0
33.4
37.5
96.97
-188 to -79
-120 49.6 37.5
Osmium . . ........... ...... +250
50 5.8 4.0 98
6.6 4.6
5 00 8.3 5.8
Rhenium .. . . . . .. . . ..... . . . 20 to 1917 12.4 4.7 99
Ruthenium ................ 50
250
8.8
9.8
5.9
6.4
98
559 11.7 7.6
Selenium . . . . .. ... ......... 15 t o 55 -17.9 ... 100
20 to 60 ... 74.1
Tellurium ................. 20 - 1.6 27.2 100,101
20 to 60 - 1.7 27.0
Thallium .................. 32 t o 91 +72. 9. 94
Tin . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . -195 to 20 25.9 14.1 19,94,102
0 to 20 29.0 15.8
+ 14 to 25
34 to 194
32.2
45.8
16.8
25.7
Zinc ...................... 49.5 11.3
+-190200 tototo 250
18
100 64.0
56.
14.1
15.
13,32,88,103,104
1If there is random orientation of the crystals in a polycrystalline element such as antimony or cadmium, the
coefficient of linear expansion of the polycrystalline element may be computed from the following equation:
1
a = 7 (all 2al) +
where all is the coefficient of linear expansion of the crystal parallel to its axis, and a l is the coefficient of
linear expansion of the crystal in the direction perpendicular to its axis. (See Part 1 for determined coefficients
of linear expansion of polycrystalline elements.)
(continued)
OK
Coefficient
Temperature of cubical
thermal
temperature expansion
.-x
6 or
Coefficient
Temperature of cubical
thermal
temperature expansion
-
."0x
L.
Authorities
1. Nix and MacNair, 1941; 2. Nix and MacNair, 1942; 3. Hidnert, 1923; 4. Dorsey, 1907;
5. Griineisen, 1910; 6. Hidnert, 1935; 7. Fizeau, 1869; 8. Cath and Steenis, 1936; 9. Hidnert
and Sweeney, 1927; 10. Losana, 1939; 11. Jacobs and Goetz, 1937; 12. Dupuy & Hackspill, 1933;
13. Griineisen & Goens, 1924 ; 14. Erfling, 1942 ; 15. Bastien, 1934; 16. Rontgen, 1912 ; 17. Joly,
1898; 18. Hidnert, 1934; 19. Erfling, 1939; 20. Hidnert, 1941; 21. Schulze, 1927; 22. Masumoto,
1931; 23. Hidnert and Krider, 1933; 24. Matthies, 1936; 25. Krupkowski, 1929; 26. Henning,
1907; 27. Aoyama and Ito, 1939; 28. Hidnert, 1922; 29. Dittenberger, 1902; 30. Esser and
Eusterbrock, 1941; 31. Nitka, 1937; 32. Austin, 1932; 33. Hidnert and Blair, 1943; 34. Holborn
and Valentiner, 1907; 35. Hidnert, 1942; 36. Souder and Hidnert, 1922; 37. Dorsey, 1908;
38. Lindemann, 1911; 39. Ebert, 1928; 40. Rauramo and Saarialho, 1911; 41. Friend and
Vallance, 1924; 42. Hidnert and Sweeney, 1932; 43. Simon and Bergman, 1930; 44. Bridgman,
1936; 45. Hidnert and Sweeney, 1928; 46. Disch, 1921; 47. Schulze, 1921; 48. Erfling, 1940;
49. Schad and Hidnert, 1919; 50. Hidnert and Gero, 1924; 51. Worthing, 1926; 52. Jaeger,
Bottema, and Rosenbohm, 1938; 53. Souder and Hidnert, 1922; 53a. Hidnert, 1930; 54. Scheel.
1907; 55. Holzmann, 1931 ; 56. Scheel and Heuse, 1907; 57. Hagan, 1911 ; 58. Valentiner and
Wallot, 1915; 59. Sweeney, 1929; 60. Ebert, 1938; 61. Hume-Rothery and Lonsdale, 1945;
62. Bridgman, 1933; 63. Borelius and Paulson, 1946; 64. Schulze, 1930; 65. Keesom and
Jansen, 1927; 66. Scheel, 1921; 67. Owen and Roberts, 1939; 68. Siege1 and Quimby, 1938;
69. Hagan, 1883; 70. Hidnert, 1929; 71. Hidnert and Sweeney, 1933; 72. Kroll, 1939; 73. Grube
and Vosskiihler, 1934; 74. Bochvar and Maurakh, 1930; 75. Hidnert, 1943; 76. Greiner and
Ellis, 1948 ; 77. Adenstedt, 1949 ; 78. Hidnert and Sweeney, 1924 ; 79. Dodge, 1918 ; 80. Forsythe,
1927; 81. Worthing , 1917; 82. Souder and Hidnert, 1924; 83. Bauer and Sieglcrsehmidt, 1929;
84. Bridqman, 1924; 85. Kossolapow and Trapesnikow, 1936: 86. Roberts, 1924; 87, Goetz and
Hergenrother, 1932; 88. McLennan and Monkman, 1929; 89. Shinoda, 1934; 90. Kossolapow
and Trapesnikow, 1935; 91. Pierry, 1946; 92. Backhurst, 1922; 93. Frevel and Ott, 1935;
94. Shinoda, 1933; 95. Goens and Schmid, 1931 ; 96. Hill, 1935; 97. Griineisen and Sckell,
1934; 98. Owen and Roberts, 1937; 99. Becker, 1931; 100. Straumanis, 1940; 101. Bridgman,
1925; 102. Ievens, Straumanis, and Karlsons, 1938; 103. Staker, 1942; 104. Owen and Iball,
1933: 105. Pfaff. 1859; 106. Uffelmann, 1930: 107. Krishnan, 1944; 108. Hackspill, 1913;
109. Klemm, 1931; 110. Richards and Boyer, 1921; 111. Dewar, 1902; 112. Sapper and Biltz,
1931; 113. Straumanis and Sauka, 1942; 114. Bernini and Cantoni, 1914; 115. Leduc, 1891;
116. Spring, 1881; 117. Griffiths and Griffiths, 1915; 118. Schad, 1927.
Coefficient X
Temperature of linear
or tempera- thermal ex-
tureorange pansion X 1W
Alloy t C per "C Authority
Aluminum-beryllium, 4.2 to 32.7 Be. ....... 20 to 100 22.4 to 17.8 1 **
20 to 500 26.6 to 22.2
Aluminum-copper, 9.9 Cu ................. 20 to 100 22.0
23.8
2
20 to 300
33.2 Cu ................. 20 to 100 19.7
20 to 300 20.8
Aluminum-nickel, 3.4 Ni .................. 20 to 100 21.9 2
20 to 300 23.7
19.5 Ni .................. 20 to 100 18.2
20 to 300 19.5
Aluminum-silicon, 4.2 to 12.6 Si.. .......... 20 to 100 22.2 to 19.4 3,2
20 to 300 24.8 to 22.1
19.7 Si .................. 20 to 100 18.5
20 to 300 19.0
40 Si ................... 20 to 100 14.7
20 to 300 17.1
Aluminum-zinc, 0 to 50 Zn ................ 20 to 100 23.6 to 26.5 4
Brass, 3 to 40 Zn.. ....................... 25 to 100 16.9 to 19.7 5
25 to 300 17.7 to 21.2
Bronze, 4.2 to 10.1 Sn. .................... 25 to 100 17.1 to 17.8 5
25 to 300 17.8 to 19.0
Cast iron ............................... 20 to 100 8.7 to 11.1 6
20 to 400 11.5 to 12.7
Cobalt-iron-chromium, 53.0 to 55.5 Co, 35.0
to 37.5 Fe, 9.0 to 10.5 Cr.. ............. 20 to 60 -1.1 to +1.7 7
Copper-beryllium, 3.0 Cu.. ................ 20 to 100 15.9 to 17.3 8
20 to 300 16.4 to 17.4
Copper-nickel, 19.5 Ni .................... -182 to 0 13.0 9
0 to 40 14.7
49.8 Ni .................... -182 to 0 11.8
0 to 40 13.7
Copper-tin (see Bronze)
Copper-zinc (see Brass)
Dumet :
Axial ................................. 20 to 300 6.1 to 6.8 10
Radial ................................. 20 to 300 8.0 to 10.0
Duralumin ............................... 20 to 100 21.9 to 23.8 3
20 to 500 25.4 to 27.6
Fernico, 54 Fe, 31 Ni, 15 Co.. ............. 25 to 300 5.0 11
Invar, 64 Fe, 36 Ni.. ...................... 0 to 100 0 to 2 12
Iron-aluminum, .5 to 10.5 Al. .............. 20 to 100 11.6 to 12.2 13
Iron-chromium, 1 to 40 Cr.. ............... 20 to 100 12.4 to 9.4 12
*Compiled by Peter Hidnert and H. S. Krider National Bureau of Standards.
t.Chemica1 composition is given in percent by keight. $Coefficient of expansion varies with com-
position and treatment. ** Numbers refer to authorities given at end of table.
(continued)
Authorities
1. Hidnert and Sweeney, 1927; 2. Kempf, 1933: 3. Hidnert, 1925; 4. Schulze, 1921 ;
5. Hidnert, 1921 ; 6. Bolton, 1936; 7. Masumoto, 1934; 8. Hidnert, 1936; 9. Aoyama and
Ito, 1938; 10. Hull and Burger, 1934; 11. Hull, Burger, and Navias, 1941; 12. Various;
13. Schulze, 1928; 14. Masumoto, 1931 ; 15. Souder and Hidnert, 1922; 16. Hidnert, 1931 ;
17. Scott, 1930; 18. Hidnert, 1938; 19. Hidnert and Sweeney, 1928; 20. Takahasi and
Kikuti, 1936; 21. Grube and Vosskuhler, 1934; 22. Grube and Burkhardt, 1929; 23.
Schulze, 1933 ; 24. Ebert, 1935 ; 25. Dean, 1930 ; 26. Cook, 1936 ; 27. Physikalische-Tech-
nische Reichanstalt, 1920; 28. Day and Sosman, 1910; 29. Scheel, 1921; 30. Hidnert, 1928;
31. Souder and Hidnert, 1921; 32. Becker and Ewest, 1930; 33. Hidnert, 1937; 34. Hidnert,
1924.
-Compiled hy Peter Hidnert and H. S. Krider, National Bureau of Standards. ** Numbers refer to
authorities given below. t With load of 30 lb/in.* $ includes terms “ebonite” and “vulcanite.” P Vari-
ous temperature ranges between O’C and 1OO’C.
Authorities
1. Klug and Alexander, 1942; 2. Sweeney, 1928; 3. Souder and Hidnert, 1919; 4. Geller and
Insley, 1932; 5. Ross, 1941 ; 6. Ebert and Tingwaldt, 1936; 7. Koenitzer, 1936; 8. Souder and
Peters, 1920; 9. Various; 10. Hockman and Kessler, 1950; 11. Jakob and Erk, 1928; 12. White,
1938; 13. Austin, 1931; 14. Ebert, 1935; 15. Hidnert and Dickson, 1945; 16. Compiled by Sos-
man, 1927; 17. Griffith, 1936.
k 108
Liquid !,; a 108 6 108 Y 108 at 20'
.
Acetic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0630 .12636 1.0876 1.071
Acetone . , . . . . , . . . . . . . . . 1.3240 3.8090 - .87983 1.487
Alcohol :
Amy1 ................... .. -15-80 .900 1 .6573 1.18458 .902
Ethyl, 30% by vol. . . . . . . . . . 18-39 .2928 10.790 -11.87 -
" 50% 1,". . . . . . . . . 0-39 .7450 1.85 .730 -
99.3% . .... . . .. 27-46 1.012 2.20 - 1.12
"
" 500 atm press ........ 0-40 .866 - - -
" 3000 " " .. . . . . . . 0-40 524 - - -
Methyl ... ..... ........... 0-61 1.1342 1.3635 .8741 1.199
1.17626 1.27776 .80648 1.237
1.06218 1.87714 - .30854 1.132
Calcium chloride
5.8% soly;ion .. .... . . . . .. 18-25 .07878 4.2742 - .250
40.9% . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-24 .42383 .8571 - .458
Carbon disulfide . . . . . . . . . . . . . -34-60 1.13980 1.37065 1.91225 1.218
500 a:m
' pressure ..... . ... 0-50 .940 -
3000 . . . . . . . . . 0-50 .581 - - -
Carbon tetrachloride . . . . . . . . 0-76 1.18384 ,89881 1.35135 1.236
Chloroform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0-63 1.10715 4.66473 - 1.74328 1.273
1.S 1324 2.35918 4.00512 1.656
.4853 .4895 - 505
Hydrochloric aci
33.2% solution ....... .... . 0-33 .4460 .215 - .455
Mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0-100 .18182 .0078 - .18186
.a21 1.1405 - .539 .721
1.4646 3.09319 1.6084 1.608
Potassium chloride :
.2695 2.080 - .353
.8340 .lo732 .4446 1.090
Petroleum :
Density ,8467 . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 24-120 .8994 1.396 - .955
Sodium chloride :
20.6% solution .......... . . 0-29 ,3640 1.237 - .414
Sodium sulfate :
24% solution . . . . . . . . . . . , . . 11-40 .3599 1.258 - .410
Sulfuric acid :
10.9% solution . . . . . . . . . . . . 0-30 .2835 2.580 - ,387
100.0% . . . . . . . . . . . S758 - .432 - .558
.9003 1.9595 - .44998 .973
- .06427 8.5053 - 6.7900 .207
" 0"-100"
.37100
Carjon diozide ..... .37073
I'
76.0 .36856 51.8
..... 51..68 .36753 "
'' 0"-20". 99.8 .37602
'I
..... 6'
... 36641 I
" 0'-100" 99.8 .37410
I1
..... 74.9
"
.37264 1'
" 0"-20".
" O~-lOO~.
137.7 .37972
'I
0"-20".. 51.8
" .36985 I
' 137.7 .37703
"
oo-400.. 51.8 .36972 " 0"-7.5".. 2621. .lo97
"
" 0"-100". 51.8 .36981 64"-100". 2621.
" .6574
' " 0"-20".. 99.8 .37335 Carbon monoxide ... 76. .3669
I'
0"-100". 99.8 .37262 Nitrous oxide ....... 76. .3719
4'
0"-100". 100.0 .37248 Su!fur diozide ....... 76. .3903
Carbon monoxide ... 76. .36667 98. .3980
Helium ............ 56.7 .3665 76. .4187
HydLogen 16"-132".. .0077 .3328 76. .4189
15"-132".. .025 ,3623 Water-vapor 0"-162" 76. .4071
I' 12"-185". . .47 3 5 6 ~0"-200" 76. .3938
.......... .93 .37002 10"-247" 76. .3799
"
.......... 11.2 .36548
"
.......... 76.4 3504 Thoinson has given (Encycl. Brit.
"
.
0"-100'. 100.0 .36626 "Heat") the following for the calculation
Nitr;pgen 13"-132"... .06 .3021 of the expansion, E, between 0" and
9"-133". .. .53 .329Q 100°C. Expansion is to be taken as the
I'
0"-20".... 1oQ.2 .36754 change of volume under constant pres-
(1
0"-100"... 100.2 3744 sure :
I1
........... 76. .36682 Hydrogen, E = .3662(1- .00049 V / v )
Oxxgen 11"-132". ... .007 .4161 Air, E = .3662(1- .0026 V / V )
9"-132".... .25 .3984 Oxygen, E = .3662(1 - .0032 V / v )
11 "-132".... .51 .3831 Nitrogen, E = .3662(1 - 4031 V / v )
'I
61
............
............ 1.9
18.5
3683
.36690 CO, E = .3662(1- .0164 V / V )
II
............ 75.9 .36681 V / v is the ratio of the actual density of
Nitrous oxide ....... 76. 3676 the gas at 0°C to what it would have at
Sulfur dioxide SO,. . 76. .3845 0°C and 1 atm pressure.
T A B L E 147.-SPECIFIC H E A T O F T H E CHE,MlCAL E L E M E N T S
When one temperature is given the true specific heat is given, otherwise the mean specific
heat cal "C-'g-' between the given limits.
Range
Element "C
Antimony ..............................
Bismuth ................................
.0493
.0292
+
+
.000012 t
.000012 t
0-500
0-200
Chromium ............................. ,1055 + .00010 t - .00000015 t Z 0-400
Cobalt ................................. .lo00 + .000067 t 0-400
Copper ................................. .0915 + .000024 t 0-300
Iron ................................... .lo60 + ,000096 t 0400
Lead ................................... .0295 + .00002 t 0-300
Magnesium ............................. 2370 + .000142 t - .0000001 t2 0400
Nickel ................................. .lo20 + .000118 t - .00000006 t Z 1o 0-300
Platinum ............................... .03162 + +
.00000617 t 2.33 X 10- t 0-1625
Silver .................................. .0556 + .000008 t 0400
Tin .................................... .0525 + .000052 t 0-200
Zinc ................................... ,0913 + .000044 t 0-300
S ecific
Temperature teat
Solid "C c a l / k "C)
Alloys :
Bell metal .................... .......................... 15-98 .0858
... 0 .0899
... 0 .0883
80 C u + 2 0 Sn ............................ 14-98 .0862
C o n s p t a n . 60 Cu. 40 Ni ................................... 18 .0977
............... ....... 100 .1018
German silver . . ................................. 0-100 .0946
Lipowitz alloy : 24 10.13 Cd 50.66 Bi + +
14.24 Sn .... 5-50 .0345
Lipowitz alloy ............................................ 100-150 .0426
Manganin: 84 Cu. 4 Ni. 12 Mn .............................. 18 .0973
..............................
' I 100 .1004
Monel metal .............................................. 20-1300 .127
+
Rose's alloy: 27.5 P b 48.9 Bi 23.6 Sn + - 77-20 .0356
...................... 20-89 .0552
Wood's alloy : +
.43 Bi 14.73 Sn . . . . . . 5-50 .0352
Wood's alloy : (fluid) ...................................... 100-150 .0426
Miscellaneous alloys :
+
17.5 S b 29.9 Bi
+
+ +
18.7 Zn 33.9 Sn ....................... 20-99 .0566
37.1 Sb 62.9 Pb ......................................... 10-98 .0388
+
39.9 P b 60.1 Bi ............................ ........ 16-99 .0316
+
63.8 Bi 36.2 Sn ............................ ........ 20-99 .0400
+
46.9 Bi 53.1 Sn ......................................... 20-99 .0450
Gas coal .................................................... 20-1040 .3145
Glass, normal thermometer 16"'. ............... .......... 19-100 .1988
French hard thermometer .................................. .1869
crown ....................................... 10-50 .161
flint ......................... ...................... 10-50 .117
Ize ............................. ...................... - 80 .350
' ........... .............................
.............................................
"
.............................................
India rubber (Para) ......................................... ?-I00
Mica .................. .................................. 20
Payffin ..................................... ... - 20- +3
.................................................... - 19- +20
"
' .................................................... 0-20
....................... ....................... 3540 .622
....................... 60-63 .712
Woods ..................................................... 20 .327
(continued)
(conthziied)
1
65% orthoclase
25% quartz .................. .65 .95 1.07 1.13 ...
9% albite
1% magnetite
Basalt :
Syracuse
Aetna
Kilauea
Metamorphic
1 ..................... .85 1.04 1.145 1.32 1.49
*
-g<-
4-
.-0 .-
V E
U
.-" .u B 0
.U
0
E
5: i 15,
u u
Urn gz
2s
€1
22 'g 5 %
2" <> B 2s 2" 2*
Li . . . . .1924 1.35 13.0 Fe .... .0175 .98 7.1 2.89 18.2
Ee . . . .0137 .125 4.9 Ni .... .0208 1.22 6.7 4.59 25.7
PJ . . . . ,0212 24 4.5 co . . . ,0207 1.22 6.8 3.68 21.2
C** ... ,0137 .16 5.1 cu ... ,0245 1.56 7.1 6.82 71.0
cp . . . . .0028 .03 3.4 Zn . . . .0384 2.52 9.2 4.80 36.0
S a . . . .1519 3.50 23.6 As . . . .0258 1.94 15.9 4.60 22.6
Mg . . . .0713 1.74 14.1 Se . . . . .0361 2.86 18.5 4.64 20.3
A1 . . . ,0413 1.12 10.0 Br . . . .0453 3.62 24.9 1.75 9.8
Si8 . . . .0303 .86 14.2 Rb . . . ,0711 6.05 55.8 1.49 8.5
Si' . . . ,0303 .77 11.4 Sr' . . . .0550 4.82 34.5 Ir .... .0099 1.92 8.6
P, yel. . ,0774 2.40 17.0 Zr . . . . .0262 2.38 21.8 Pt .... ,0135 2.63 9.2
P, red.. ,0431 1.34 13.5 Mo ... .01.41 1.36 9.3 Au ... .0160 3.16 10.2
S . . . . .0516 1.75 16. Ru ... ,0109 1.11 9.0 Hg ... .0232 4.65 14.8
C1 . . . . ,0967 3.43 24.6 Rh . . . ,0134 1.38 8.5 TI .... .0235 4.80 17.2
K . . _ .,1280 5.01 44.7 P d ... ,0190 2.03 9.2 P b ... .0240 4.96 18.3
Ca . . . ,0714 2.86 25.9 Ag ... ,0242 2.62 10.2 Bi .... .0218 4.54 21.3
Ti . . . . .0205 .99 10.7 Cd ... .0308 3.46 13.0 T h ... .0197 4.58 21.1
Cr . . . . .0142 .70 7.6 Sn ... ,0286 3.41 20.3 U .... .0138 3.30 12.8
Mn . . . ,0229 1.26 7.4
* cal g-1 " C - 1 . t cal g atom-' "C-1. * * Graphite. 1: Diamond. 8 Fused. li Crystallized. II Impure.
Spec Spec
TFmp heat Tpp heat
Liquid C CIS Liquid C cgs
.......... -20 .so5 Ethyl ether ............ 0 .529
Alcohol.
" '
ethvl L' - .... ...... 0 .548 Glycerine . . . . . . . . . . . 15-50 .576
' ' KOH +30 H,O ........ 18
Alc;hol, mepyi ' :.. ......
......
5-10
......
15-20
40 .648
.590
.601
" +
+
100 " ........ 18
NaOH 50 HZO . . . . . . 18
.876
.975
.942
A$in . ..
. . . . . . . . ...... 15 .514 " +loo" ...... 18 .983
...... 30 .520 N a C l + 10 H,O . . . . . . . , 18 .791
................. 50 .529 " +200 (' ........ 18 .978
Benf;ole, Ce,H6 . . . . ...... 10 .340 Napht!alene, CIoHs . . . . . 80-85 ,396
. . . . ...... 40 ,423 . . .. . . . . . .. 90-95 .409
...... 65 .482 Nitrobenzole . . . . . . . . . . . 14 .350
...... -15 .764 .
Oils: Castor . . .. . . . . . . .
.
.. . . . . . . . 28 -
.362
. . . . .. . 0 .775 .434
" 'I " I'
. . . . . . . +20 .787 Citron ..... .... .. 5.4 .438
" " "
1.20. . . . . . . -20 n .695 Olive . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 .471
" I' " "
....... u .712 Sesame . . . . . . . . . . - ,387
1' " 'I "
. .. . . .. +20 .725 Turpentine ...... . 0 .411
(' I' 'I
1.26.. . . . . . -20 .651 Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-58 .511
" 'I " "
....... 0 .663 Sa: w:Fer, y. 5;. 1.0043. 17.5 .980
" '. I' "
....... +20 .676 1.0235. 17.5 .938
....... 12-15 .848 'I 'I " " 1.0463. 17.5 .903
....... 12-14 .951 ToIuoI,' CaHs ... .... .... 10 .364
....... 12-17 .975 . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. 65 .490
. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 85 .534
.... 53 .464 ZnSO, + 50 HA0 . . . . . . 20-52 .842
.... 65 .482 " + 200 . . .. . . 20-52 .952
Temp
"C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-40 1.062 1.061 1.060 1.059 1.058 1.058 1.057 1.056 1.055 1.055
-30 1.070 1.069 1.068 1.067 1.066 1.065 1.064 1.064 1.063 1.062
-20 1.078 1.077 1.076 1.075 1.074 1.074 1.073 1.072 1.071 1.070
-10 1.088 1.087 1.086 1.085 1.084 1.083 1.082 1.081 1.080 1.079
-0 1.099 1.098 1.097 1.096 1.094 1.093 1.092 1.091 1.090 1.089
+ O 1.099 1.100 1.101 1.103 1.104 1.105 1.106 1.108 1.109 1.110
+lo 1.112 1.113 1.114 1.116 1.117 1.118 1.120 1.122 1.123 1.125
+20 1.126 1.128 1.129 1.131 1.132 1.134 1.136 1.137 1.139 1.141
+30 1.142 1.144 1.146 1.148 1.150 1.152 1.154 1.156 1.158 1.160
+ 40 1.162 1.164 1.166 1.169 1.171 1.173 1.176 1.178 1.181 1.183
Temperature "C ... -50" -40" -30" -20" -10" 0" +lo" +20" +30" $40" +SO"
H = +
BV . . . . . . -53.8 -43.3 -32.6 -21.8 -11.0 0.0 +ll.l +22.4 -33.9 -45.5 -57.4
T A B L E 156.--SPECIFIC H E A T O F M I N E R A L S A N D ROCKS
S ecific Specific
Tempera. Reat Tempera. heat
Substance ture "C cgs Substance ture ' C cgs
Andalusite . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0-100 .168 Rock-salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-45 ,219
Anhydrite, CaSO, . . . . . . . 0-100 .175 Serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-98 ,259
Apatite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-99 .190 .
Siderite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-96 .193
.
Asbestos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-98 .195 Spinel ... .. . . . . ........ 15-47 ,194
Auqite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-98 .193 Talc .. ... . . . . ...... .... 20-98 .209
Barite, BaSO, . . .. ... ... 10-98 .I13 Topaz . . . . . . . ... . . ... . . 0-100 ,210
Beryl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-99 ,198 Wollastonite ........... 19-51 ,178
Borax, Na2B10, fused.. . 16-98 .238 Zinc blende, ZnS. .. . . . .. 0-100 ,115
Calcite. CaCOa . . . . . . . . . 0-50 .188 Zircon . ... . . .. ......... 21-51 .132
0-100 .200 Rocks :
0-300 .220 Basalt, fine, black. . . . . 12-100 .200
,Cassiterite S n 0 2 . . . . . . . . 16-98 ,093 20-470 .199
Chalcopyrite . . . . . . . . . . . 15-99 .129 470-750 .243
Corundum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-98 .198 750-880 ,626
Cryolite, ALFo.6NaF . . . 16-99 .252 880-1190 .323
Fluorite, CaF? . . . . . . . . . . 15-99 .215 .
Dolomite . . , ,. , , , , .. . 20-98 .222
Galena, P b S . . ... .. .. ... 0-100 ,047 .
Gneiss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-99 .196
Garnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-100 .175 17-213 .214
Hematite, Fe203 . . . . , , . . 15-99 ,164 Granite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-100 .192
Hornblende . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-98 .195 Kaolin ... .... . . ..... . 20-98 224
Hypersthene . . . . . . . . . . . 20-98 .191 Lava, Aetna . . ....... . 23-100 .201
Labradorite . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-98 ,195 31-776 ,259
Magnetite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-45 .156 Kilauea . . . . . . . . 25-100 .197
Malachite, CuKO,H20 . . 15-99 .176 Limestone . , . . . . . . . . . . 15-100 ,216
Mica (Mg) ............ 20-98 ,206 Marble .... .... ..... . 0-100 .21
( KJ .. . . ... .. 20-98 ,208 Quartz sand . ...... . .. 20-98 ,191
Oligoclase . . . . . . . . . 20-98 .205 Sandstone . . . . . . . . . . . . - .n
Orthoclase . . . . . . . . . 15-99 ,188 Aluminum oxide
Pyrolusite. MnOl . . . 17-48 .159 (Corundum) . . . . . . . . . 0 .1731
Quartz, Si02 . . . . . .. 12-100 .188 100 ,2157
n ,174 200 .2438
358 ,279 300 ,2611
400-1200 ,305 400 .2719
500 .2799
600 ,2865
700 .2919
800 2960
900 .2995
m a a t . Bur. Standards Journ. Res., vol. 38, p. 593. 1947.
-
Constants in
Cp=a f bT-cT-2
Heat capacity.
J/g Tem-
C. in J / g Temperature = pera-
Density Temperature "C absolute ture
g/liter range
Gases (normal) 0 400 1200 -7-G-GT "C
Air ................. 1.2920 1.004 1.057 1.16 .968 .132 0 0-2000
Ammonia . . . . . . . . . . . 7598 . 2.06 2.74 3.86 1.822 1.395 s102 0-1 500
Argon* ............. 1.782 .521 .521 .521 .521 0 0 0-
Bromine ............ 7.1308 225 .232 .236 223 .01 0 0-1400
Carbon dioxide ...... 1.9630 .82 1.12 1.32 .894 .7 .197 0-2000
Carbon monoxide .... 1.2492 1.04 1.103 1.245 .980 .18 0 0-2000
Chlorine ............ 3.1638 .497 .511 337 .488 .033 0 0-1700
Fluorine ............ 1.6954 .774 .818 .906 .744 .11 0 0-2700
Helium * . . . . . . . . . . . . .1785 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 0 0 0-
Hydrogen * H . . . . . . . .045 20.6 20.6 20.6 20.6 0 0 0-
Hz . . . . . . .0899 14.23 14.87 16.14 13.796 1.59 0 0-2000
Hydrogen bromide ... 3.6104 .363 .381 .416 .352 .434 0 0-1700
Hydrogen chloride .... 1.6269 .795 A34 .911 .769 .096 0 0-1 700
Hydrogen fluoride .... A926 1.431 1.50 1.634 1.384 .169 0 0-1700
Hydrogen iodide ..... 5.7075 .234 .245 .266 .227 .027 0 0-1 700
Hydrogen sulfide ..... 1.5203 1.025 1.21 1.527 .962 .385 .0314 0-1500
Iodine ............... 11.3250 .15 .15 .15 .1s 0 0 0-
Krypton * ........... 3.7365 25 .25 25 .25 0 0 0-
Mercury* Hg ....... 8.9501 .104 .104 .104 .101 0 0 0-
Hgz ...... 17.9003 .094 .094 .094 .094 0 0 0-
Neon * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9005 1.03 1.03 .03 1.03 0 0 0-
Kitric oxide . . . . . . . . . 1.3388 1.00 1.047 .142 .968 .118 0 0-2000
Nitrogen ............ 1.2499 1.037 1.08 .21 .962 .167 -.021 0-1500
Nitrous oxide
.. ........ 1.9638 .85 .954 .162 .779 .26 0 0-2000
Oxygen ............. 1.4277 .916 1.025 .143 .944 .136 .0486 0-2000
Phosphorus pentaoxide. 6.3371 - 1.084 .084 1.084 0 0 360-1 100
Potassium * K ....... 1.744 .532 .532 .532 332 0 0 0-
Kz ...... 3.4889 .482 .482 .482 .482 0 0 0-1 700
Sodium'* Na ........ 1.026 .904 .904 .904 .904 0 0 0-
Na2 ........ 2.052 .82 .82. .82 32 0 0 0-
Sulfur .............. 2.8607 .565 .573 .589 .56 .0196 0 30-2000
Sulfur dioxide . . . . . . . 2.858 .61 .79 .875 .762 .082 .132 0-2000
Water .............. - 1.847 2.052 2.478 1.69 .535 -.008 0-2000
Xenon* ............. 5.8579 .158 .158 .158 .158 0 0 0-
* * For reference. see footnote45. p . 1 3 6.
The heat capacity of an ideal monatomlc gas (at constant pressure) is equal to ( 5 / 2 ) R .
(continued)
T A B L E 158.--SPECIFIC H E A T O F SILICATES
Ionic Molecular
Metals .
Im L" sullstances Lni L" sulistances Lm L"
A1 ...... .2.55 . . . . . 67.6 r R r . . . . . 2.18. . . . . . . .
A '~~
~~ A . . . . . . . . . . .. .280 ...... 1.88
Ag ..... .2.70 . . . . . 69.4 CCI. . . . . . . . . . .577 . . . . . . 8.0
~
AgCi . . . . . .3.1 5 . . . . . . . .
Au ..... ..3.03.. . . . 90.7 AgNO., ... .2.76 . . . . . . . . CH. . . . . . . . . . .224 ...... 2.33
Bi . . . . . . . 2.51 . . . . . 47.8 RaCL ..... .5.75 . . . . . . . . CnHo . . . . . . . . .2.35 . . . . . . 8.3
Cd .......1.46. . . . . 27.0 CaCI, . . . . . .6.0 3. . . . . . . . CH..COOH . ..2.64 ..... . 10.3
Co . . . . . . .3.66. . . . . . . . HgRr. . . . . .4.62 . . . . . . . . CH:tOH .... . . .525 . . . . . . 9.2
Cr . . . . . . .3.93 . . . . . 89.4 HgI, . . . . . .4.50 . . . . . . . . C.H. O H . . . . . 1.10 ..... .10.4
Cs . . . . . . . .50 ..... 18.7 KBr . . . . . . .2.81. . . . . 159 CI. . . . . . . . . . . . 1.63 . . . . . . 7.43
Cu . . . . . . .3.11 ..... 81.7 KCI . . . .6.41 . . . . . 165 co . . . . . . . . . . .200 . . . . . . 1.90
Fe . . . . . ..3.56. .... 96.5 K2CrrOi ... .8.77. . . . . . . co. .......... .99 . . . . . . 6.44
Ga ...... .1.34 . . . . . . . . K F . . . . . . . .6.28 . . . . . 190 H. . . . . . . . . . . . .028. . . . . . .22
H g . . . . . . . 58 . . . . . 15.5 KNO:, . . . . .2.57 ........ H R r ......... .hZO ...... 5.79
In ....... .78. . . . . . . . K O H .. . . . .1.61 ........ HCI ......... SO6 ...... 4.85
K ........ .58 . . . . . 21.9 IiNO.. . ... .6.06 . . . . . . . . H. 0 . . . . . . . . . .43 . . . . . . 11.3
Mg ......1.16 ..... 34.4 NaCl .. . . . .7.22 . . . . . 183 N. . . . . . . . . . . . .218 ...... 1.69
Mn . . . . . . 3.45 ..... 69.7 N a F . . . ... .7.81 . . . . . 213 NH. . . . . . . . . . .84 . . . . . . 7.14
Na . . . . . . .63 . . . . . 26.2 NaCIO 3 . . . .5.29 . . . . . . . . N O ..... S51. ..... 3.82
Ni ..... . .4.20. .... 98.1 NaNOx . . . .3.76 . . . . . . . . 0. ...... .096 ...... 2.08
P b ... ... 1.22. . . . . 46.7 N a O H . ... .1.60 . . . . . . . .
Pt ..... . .5.33 . ... .125 . PbBrr . . . . .4.29 . . . . . . . .
R b .... ... .53. .... 20.6 PhCL .. ... .5.65. . . . . . . .
S b .... .. .4.7 7. . . . . 54.4 PbI. . . . . . . .5.18. . . . . . . .
Se .... . . .1.22. . . . . . . . TlBr .. ... .5.99 ........
Sn ...... .1.72. . . . . 68.0 TIC1 ... ... .4.26 ........
TI ....... .76 . .... 43.0
Zn .... .. .1.60. .. .. 31.4
Part 2
1.m
Suhstance Composition T"C Cal/n
+
AIlovs : 30.5Pb 69.5% .................... PhSnl 183 17
+
. 36.9Pb 63.1Sn .................... PbSn. 179 15.5
+
63.7Pb 36.3Sn .................... PbSn 177.5 11.6
+
77.8Pb 22.2Sn .................... PbzSn 176.5 9.54
Britannia metal. 9% +
1Ph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 236 28.01
+ +
Rose's alloy, 24Pb 27.3sn 48.7Bi .......... 98.8 6.85
{+
Wood's alloy 25.8Ph
52.4Bi + +
14.7Sn
7Cd} .............. .... 75.5 8.40
Ammonia ................................... NH3 -75 108
Benzole .................................... COHO 5.4 30.6
Ice ........................................ HZO 0 79.63
........................................ 0 79.59
. (from sea water) ........................ {HZO + 3.535
of solids
- 8.7 54.0
Naphthalene ................................ C..H. 79.87
Potassium nitrate ........................... KNO:I 333.5
Phenol ..................................... GHOO 25.37
Paraffin ........................................ 52.40 35.10
Sodjum .................................... Na 97 31.7
nitrate .............................. NaN03 305.8 64.87
'' phosphate ........................... {NE:Pl 36.1 66.8
Spermaceti ..................................... 43.9 36.98
Wax (bees) .................................... 61.8 42.3
61 From Slater. John C., Introduction to chemical physics. McCraw-Hill Book Co., copyright 1939 . Used
by permission.
"C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 i 8 9
-40 331.7 332.3 333.0 333.6 331.3 334.9 335.5 336.2 336.8 337.5
-30 324.8 325.5 326.2 326.9 327.6 328.3 329.0 329.7 330.3 331.0
-20 317.6 318.3 319.1 319.8 320.6 321.3 322.0 322.7 323.4 324.1
-10 309.9 310.7 311.5 312.2 313.0 313.8 314.6 315.3 316.1 316.8
-0 301.8 302.6 303.4 304.3 305.1 305.9 306.7 307.5 308.3 309.1
+0 301.8 300.9
292.2
300.1
291.3
299.2
290.4
298.4
289.5
297.5
288.6
296.6
287.6
295.7 294.9
285.7
294.0
284.8
+10 293.1 286.7
+20 283.8 282.8 281.8 280.9 279.9 278.9 277.9 276.9 275.9 274.9
+30 273.9 272.8 271.8 270.7 269.7 268.6 267.5 266.4 265.3 264.2
$40 263.1 262.0 260.8 259.7 258.5 257.4 256.2 255.0 253.8 252.6
T A B L E 165.-THERMAL P R O P E R T I E S OF S A T U R A T E D W A T E R A N D S T E A M
Accuracy: I t is estimated that there is only 1 chance in 100 that the values given for
H differ from the truth by as much as 1 part in 2000; it is equally unlikely that the values
for L and H' are as much as 1.5 joules/g from the truth in the range of the experiments.
100"-270"C .
Entropy-
H e a t con- H e a t con- 7 -
~
u
2V
nvl
L u
u
g&
g%
t
U
120
&
Heat equiva-
lent of exter-
nal work
kg cal
APu
42.2
Btu
AW
76.0
Metric and common units, Oo t o 220°C
Entropy
of the
liquid
8
.3654
Entropy
of evapo-
ration
T
r
-
Soecific volume
ms/kg
S
fta/lb
S
-kg/ma
-1
S
Density
lb/fta
1
-
S
z
25
* uu
o
2&
g%
248.0
t
1.3372 ,8914 14.28 1.122 .0700
121 42.3 76.2 .3680 1.3321 .8653 13.86 1.156 .0721 249.8
122 42.4 76.4 .3705 1.3269 3401 13.46 1.190 .0743 251.6
123 42.5 76.5 .3731 1.3218 3158 13.07 1.226 .0765 253.4
124 42.6 76.7 .3756 1.3167 .7924 12.69 1.262 .0788 255.2
125 42.7 76.8 .3782 1.3117 .7698 12.33 1.299 .0811 257.0
126 42.8 77.0 .3807 1.3067 .7479 11.98 .337 .0835 258.8
127 42.9 77.1 ,3833 1.3017 .7267 11.64 .376 .0859 260.6
128 43.0 77.3 ,3858 1.2967 .7063 11.32 .416 .0883 262.4
129 43.0 77.4 .3884 1.2917 .6867 11.oo ,456 .0909 264.2
130 43.1 77.6 .3909 1.2868 6677 10.70 .498 .0935 266.0
131 43.2 77.7 ,3934 1.2818 .6493 10.40 .540 .0961 267.8
132 43.3 77.9 .3959 1.2769 ,6315 10.12 ,583 .0988 269.6
133 43.3 78.0 .3985 1.2720 .6142 9.839 ,628 .lo16 271.4
134 43.4 78.1 .4010 1.2672 .5974 9.569 ,674 .I045 273.2
135 43.5 78.3 .4035 1.2623 ,5812 9.309 1.721 .I074 275.0
136 43.6 78.4 ,4060 1.2574 ,5656 9.060 1.768 .1104 276.8
137 43.6 78.5 .4085 1.2526 .5506 8.820 1.816 .1134 278.6
138 43.7 78.7 .4110 1.2479 S361 8.587 1.865 .1165 280.4
139 43.8 78.8 .4135 1.2431 .5219 8.360 1.916 .I196 282.2
140 43.9 78.9 .4160 1.2383 .5081 8.140 1.968 .1229 284.0
141 43.9 79.1 .4185 1.2335 ~4948 7.926 2.021 .1262 285.8
142 44.0 79.2 .4209 1.2288 .4819 7.719 2.075 .I296 287.6
143 44.0 79.3 .4234 1.2241 ,4694 7.519 2.130 .I330 289.4
144 44.2 79.5 .4259 1.2194 .4574 7.326 2.186 .I365 291.2
145 44.2 79.6 .4283 1.2147 .4457 7.139 2.244 .1401 293.0
146 44.3 79.7 .4307 1.2100 .4343 6.957 2.303 .1437 294.8
147 44.4 79.9 .4332 1.2054 .4232 6.780 2.363 .1475 296.6
148 44.4 80.0 .4356 1.2008 .4125 6.609 2.424 .1513 298.4
149 44.5 80.1 .4380 1.1962 .4022 6.443 2.486 .1552 300.2
150 44.6 80.2 ,4405 1.1916 .3921 6.282 2.550 .1592 302.0
151 44.6 80.4 .4429 1.1870 .3824 6.126 2.615 .I632 303.8
152 44.7 80.5 .4453 1.1824 ,3729 5.974 2.682 .1674 305.6
153 44.8 80.6 .4477 1.1778 .3637 5.826 2.750 .I716 307.4
154 44.8 80.7 ,4501 1.1733 .3548 5.683 2.818 .1759 309.2
155 44.9 80.9 .4525 1.1688 .3463 5.546 2.888 .1803 311.0
156 45.0 81.0 .4549 1.1644 ,3380 5.413 2.959 .1847 312.8
157 45.0 81.1 .4573 1.1599 .3298 5.282 3.032 .1893 314.6
158 45.1 81.2 .45% 1.1554 .3218 5.154 3.108 .1940 316.4
159 45.2 81.4 .4620 1.1509 .3140 5.029 3.185 .I988 318.2
160 45.3 81.5 .4644 1.1465 ,3063 4.906 3.265 .2038 320.0
161 45.3 81.6 .4668 1.1421 2989 4.789 3.345 .2088 321.8
162 45.4 81.7 .4692 1.1377 .2920 4.677 3.425 .2 138 323.6
163 45.5 81.8 .4715 1.1333 .2855 4.571 3.503 .2188 325.4
164 45.5 81.9 .4739 1.1289 .2792 4.469 3.582 .2238 327.2
165 45.6 82.0 .4763 1.1245 .2729 4.368 3.664 .2289 329.0
166 45.6 82.1 .4786 1.1202 .2666 4.268 3.751 ,2343 330.8
167 45.7 82.2 ,4810 1.1159 .2603 4.168 3.842 .2399 332.6
168 45.7 82.4 .4833 1.1115 .2540 4.070 3.937 .2457 334.4
169 45.8 82.5 .4857 1.1072 .2480 3.975 4.032 .2516 336.2
(continued)
t B T S S 5 S t
A P ~ APu
170 45.9 82.6 .4880 1.1029 .2423 3.883 4.127 ,2575 338.0
171 46.0 82.7 .4903 1.0987 .2368 3.794 4.223 ,2636 339.8
172 46.0 82.8 .4926 1.0944 ,2314 3.709 4.322 ,2696 341.6
173 46.1 82.9 .4949 1.0901 .2262 3.626 4.421 .2758 343.4
174 46.1 83.0 .4972 1.0859 ,2212 3.545 4.521 .2821 345.2
175 46.2 83.1 ,4995 1.0817 .2164 3.467 4.621 .2884 347.0
176 46.2 83.2 SO18 1.0775 .2117 3.391 4.724 .2949 348.8
177 46.3 83.3 SO41 1.0733 ,2072 3.318 4.826 ,3014 350.6
178 46.3 83.4 ,5064 1.0691 ,2027 3.247 4.933 ,3080 352.4
179 46.4 83.5 SO87 1.0649 .1983 3.177 5.04 .3148 354.2
180 46.4 83.6 .5110 1.0608 ,1941 3.109 5.15 .3217 356.0
181 46.5 83.7 ,5133 1.0567 .1899 3.041 5.27 .3288 357.8
182 46.5 83.8 ,5156 1.0525 ,1857 2.974 5.38 ,3362 359.6
183 46.6 83.8 ,5178 1.0484 .1817 2.91 1 5.50 ,3435 361.4
184 46.6 83.9 S201 1.0443 .1778 2.849 5.62 .3510 363.2
185 46.7 84.0 S224 1.0403 ,1740 2.787 5.75 .3588 365.0
186 46.7 84.1 S246 1.0362 .1702 2.727 5.88 ,3667 366.8
187 46.8 84.2 S269 1.0321 ,1666 2.669 6.00 ,3746 368.6
188 46.8 84.3 ,5291 1.0280 ,1632 2.614 6.13 .3826 370.4
189 46.9 84.3 S314 1.0240 .1598 2.560 6.26 .3906 372.2
190 46.9 84.4 ,5336 1.0200 ,1565 2.507 6.39 .3989 374.0
191 47.0 84.5 S358 1.0160 ,1533 2.456 6.52 .4072 375.8
192 47.0 84.6 S381 1.0120 .1501 2.405 6.66 ,4158 377.6
193 47.0 84.6 S403 1.0080 ,1470 2.355 6.80 ,4246 379.4
194 47.0 84.7 ,5426 1.0040 ,1440 2.306 6.94 .4336 381.2
195 47.1 84.8 S448 1.0000 ,1411 2.259 7.09 ,4426 383.0
196 47.1 84.9 S470 .9961 .1382 2.214 7.23 .4516 384.8
197 47.2 84.9 ,5492 ,9922 .1354 2.169 7.38 ,4610 386.6
198 47.2 85.0 5514 ,9882 ,1327 2.126 7.53 .4704 388.4
199 47.3 85.1 ,5536 ,9843 ,1300 2.083 7.69 ,4801 390.2
200 47.3 85.1 S558 .9804 .1274 2.041 7.84 ,4900 392.0
201 47.3 85.2 ,5580 .9765 .1249 2.001 8.00 .4998 393.8
202 47.3 85.2 S602 ,9727 ,1225 1.%2 8.16 .510 395.6
203 47.4 85.3 S624 ,9688 .1201 1.923 8.33 ,520 397.4
204 47.4 85.3 ,5646 .9650 .1177 1.885 8.50 .531 399.2
205 47.4 85.4 ,5668 .9611 .1153 1.847 8.67 ,541 401.0
206 47.5 85.4 S690 .9572 ,1130 1.810 8.85 .552 402.8
207 47.5 85.5 .5?12 ,9534 ,1108 1.774 9.03 ,564 404.6
208 47.5 85.5 .5733 ,9496 .1086 1.739 9.21 ,575 406.4
209 47.5 85.5 ,5755 .9458 ,1065 1.705 9.39 337 408.2
210 47.5 85.5 ,5777 ,9420 .lo44 1.673 9.58 .598 410.0
211 47.5 85.5 ,5799 ,9382 .I 024 1.640 9.77 610 41 1.8
212 47.5 85.6 3320 ,9344 ,1004 1.608 9.96 ,622 413.6
213 47.5 85.6 ,5842 .9307 4984 1.577 10.16 ,634 415.4
214 47.5 85.6 3363 .9269 ,0965 1.546 10.36 .647 417.2
215 47.5 85.6 ,5885 .9232 ,0947 1.516 10.56 ,660 419.0
216 47.5 85.6 S906 ,9195 ,0928 1.486 10.78 .673 420.8
217 47.5 85.6 ,5927 .9157 .0910 1.458 10.99 ,686 422.6
218 47.5 85.6 ,5948 ,9120 ,0893 1.430 11.20 ,699 424.4
219 47.5 85.6 ,5969 .9084 ,0876 1.403 11.41 .713 426.2
220 47.5 85.6 S991 .9047 ,0860 1.376 11.62 .727 428.0
400 247.25 .ON65 1.8421 1.8608 375.0 826 1200 .5668 ,9602 1.5270
405 261.67 .01873 1.7428 1.7615 380.4 821 1201 ,5730 .9491 1.5221
410 276.72 .01880 1.6493 1.6681 385.9 816 1202 .5792 .9381 1.5173
415 292.44 .01888 1.5615 1.5804 391.3 811 1202 ,5854 .9271 1.5125
420 308.82 ,01896 1.4792 1.4982 396.8 806 1203 ,5916 ,9161 1.5077
425 325.91 .01904 1.4022 1.4212 402.4 801 1203 .s978
.-.. - .go52 1.5029
430 343.71 .01911 1.3295 1.3486 407.9 796 1203 .6039 .8942 i.4982
435 362.27 .01919 1.2610 1.2802 413.5 790 1204 .6101 3833 1.4934
440 381.59 .01928 1.1965 1.2158 419.1 785 1204 .6162 2724 1.4887
445 401.70 ,01936 1.1356 1.1550 424.7 779 1204 .6224 ,8616 1.4839
450 422.61 .0195 1.0782 1.0977 430 774 1204 .6284 ,8507 1.4792
455 444.35 .0195 1.0241 1.0436 436 768 1204 .6346 A398 1.4744
460 466.94 .0196 .9730 .9927 442 762 1204 .6407 .8290 1.4696
465 490.40 .0197 .9249 .9446 447 756 1204 .6468 .8180 1.4649
470 514.76 .0198 3793 3991 453 750 1204 .6530 3071 1.4601
475 540.04 ,0199 3361 .8560 459 744 1203 .6592 .7962 1.4554
480 566.26 .0200 .7951 3151 465 738 1203 6654 .7852 1.4506
485 593.47 .0201 .7563 ,7764 471 731 1202 .6716 .7742 1.4458
490 621.67 .0202 .7195 .7398 477 725 1202 .6779 ,7632 1.4410
495 650.87 .0204 .6847 .7050 483 718 1201 .6842 .7521 1.4362
500 681.09 .0205 .6516 .6721 489 711 1200 .6904 .7410 1.4314
505 712.40 .0206 ,6201 .6408 495 704 1199 .6968 .7299 1.4266
510 744.74 .0207 ,5903 .6110 502 697 1198 .7031 .7187 1.4218
515 778.16 .0209 ,5618 326 508 690 1197 .7094 .7075 1.4170
520 812.72 .0210 ,5347 .5557 514 682 1196 .7158 .6963 1.4121
525 848.43 .0211 SO90 ,5301 521 675 1195 .7222 .6851 1.4073
530 885.31 .0213 ,4845 SO58 527 667 1193 .7286 .6738 1.4024
535 923.39 .0214 .4614 .4828 533 659 1192 .7350 .6625 1.3975
540 %2.73 .0216 .4394 .4610 540 651 1191 .7414 .6512 1.3926
545 1003.4 .0218 .4184 .4401 547 643 1189 .7478 ,6399 1.3877
550 1045.4 .0219 .3982 .4201 553 634 1188 ,7543 .6285 1.3828
555 1088.7 .0221 .3789 .4010 560 626 1186 .7607 .6170 1.3778
560 1133.4 .0223 .3605 .3828 567 618 1184 .7672 .6056 1.3728
565 1179.7 .0225 .3429 .3654 574 609 1182 .7737 S940 1.3677
570 1227.6 .0227 .3261 .3488 580 600 1180 .7802 3325 1.3626
575 1276.7 .0229 .3101 .3330 587 591 1178 .7867 S709 1.3576
580 1327.2 .0231 .2949 .3180 594 581 1176 .7932 S592 1.3524
585 1379.2 .0234 .2804 .3037 602 572 1173 .7998 .5474 1.3472
590 1432.7 .0236 .2664 .2900 609 562 1171 SO64 .5356 1.3420
595 1487.8 .0239 .2530 .2769 616 552 1168 3131 S237 1.3368
600 1544.6 .0241 .2401 .2642 623 542 1166 .8198 S118 1.3316
610 1663.2 .0247 .2159 .2406 638 521 1160 .8332 .4875 1.3208
620 1788.8 .0254 .1933 ,2186 653 499 1153 3470 .4623 1.3093
630 1921.9 .0261 ,1721 .1982 670 475 1144 .8612 .4358 1.2970
640 2062.8 .0269 .1522 .1791 687 448 1135 .8763 ,4073 1.2836
650 2211.4 .0278 .I331 .1610 705 417 1122 .8924 .3764 1.2688
660 2368.6 .0290 .1148 .I437 725 384 1109 .9097 .3426 1.2523
670 2534.2 .0304 ,0966 .1269 748 344 1092 .9287 .3049 1.2336
680 2709.7 .0322 ,0781 .1102 773 299 1071 .9499 .2619 1.2119
690 2896.8 .0347 .0589 .0936 803 241 1044 .9755 .2098 1.1852
700 3096.4 .0394 .0353 .0747 846 157 1003 1.0117 .1354 1.1471
705 3202.0 .0462 .0135 ,0597 888 73 962 1.0472 .0630 1.1102
706.1 3226.0 .0522 0 .0522 925 0 925 1.0785 0 1.0785
Abs . P
Ib/in.z
.
q a t. t . Sat . Sat . :on $00 too 500 $00 TOO too !OO 1200
F) water steam F F F F F F F F F
v .02 26.82 27.16 30.52 34.65 38.75 42.83 46.91 50.97 55.03 59.09
14.696 h 180.0 1150.2 1154. 1192. 1239. 1286. 1334. 1382 1432. . 1483. 1535.
(Zl2.00) s .3119 1.7564 1.762 1.815 1.873 1.925 1.972 2.016 2.057 2.096 2.133
.017 8.514 V 8.78 10.06 11.30 12.53 13.74 14.93 16.14 17.34
50 250.0 1173.5 h 1184. 1234. 1283. 1331. 1381. 1431. 1482. 1534.
(281.01) .4111 1.6580 S 1.672 1.734 1.787 1.836 I .880 1.922 1.961 1.998
.018 4.426 d .... 4.93 5.58 6.21 6.83 7.44 8.04 8.64
100 298.3 1186.6 I1 . . . . 1227. 1278. 1328. 1378. 1429. 1481. 1533.
(327.83) .4742 1.6022 S . . . . 1.651 1.708 1.757 1.802 1.844 1.884 1.921
.018 3.010 V . . . . 3.22 3.68 4.1 1 4.53 4.94 5.34 5.75
150 330.4 1194. h .... 1219. 1273. 1324. 1376. 1427. 1479. 1532.
(358.43) S140 1.569 S . . . . 1.599 1.659 1.710 1.756 1.799 1.838 1.876
.018 2.285 V . . . . 2.358 2.722 3.06 3.38 3.69 4.00 4.30
200 355. 1198. h . . . . 1210. 1268. 1321. 1373. 1426. 1478. 1531.
(381.82) .543 1.545 s . . . . 1.559 1.623 1.676 1.723 1.766 1.806 1.8438
.0189 1.541 V 1.765 2.002 2.224 2.438 2.646 2.849
300 394. 1202. h 1257. 1313. 1368. 1422. 1475. 1529.
(417.33) .5883 1.510 S ........ 1.569 1.626 1.675 1.719 1.760 1.798
.0194 1.160 V ........ 1.283 1.474 1.647 1.812 1.970 2.125
400 424. 1204. It ........ 1244. 1304. 1362. 1418. 1472. 1527.
(444.58) .622 1.484 S ........ 1.528 1.588 1.640 1.685 1.727 1.766
.0198 .926 V = sp. vol . .991 1.156 1.301 1.436 1.566 1.690
500 450. 1204. h = total heat 1230. 1297. 1357. 1414. 1469. 1525.
.649 1.463 S = entropy 1.491 1.558 1.611 1.659 1.701 1.740
500 :so $00 $50 coo !SO :no 8.5 0 !OO !SO ipo
F F F F F F F F F F F
.0202 .768 .792 .873 .943 1.008 1.069 . . . . 1.186 V 1.295 . . . . 1.400
600 472. 1202. 1215. 1255. 289. 1323. 1351. . . . . 1409. h 1466. .... 1523.
(486.17) .673 1.445 1.458 1.499 .532 1.561 1.587 .... 1.636 S 1.679 . . . . 1.720
.0206 .653 V .725 .791 349 .904 .... 1.006 .... 1.103 .... 1.193
700 493. 1200. h 1242. 280. 1313. 1345. .... 1405. .... 1463. .... 1521.
(503.04) .694 1.429 S 1.472 .508 1.539 1.567 .... 1.617 .... 1.661 . . . . 1.702
.0209 .565 V .613 .675 .729 .779 .... .872 .916 .958 .998 1.037
800 512. 1197. h 1229. 1270. 1305. 1338. .... 1400. 1430. 1460. 1489. 1519.
(518.18) .714 1.414 S 1.446 1.486 1.519 1.548 .... 1.599 1.623 1.645 1.666 1.686
.0213 .497 V .523 .584 .636 .682 .... .768 207 345 .882 .917
900 530. 1193. h 1214. 1260. 1297. 1332. .... 1396. 1427. 1457. 1487. 1517.
(531.95) .731 1.401 S 1.421 1.466 1.500 1.530 .... 1.583 1.607 1.630 1.652 1.672
.0217 .442 V .450 .511 .560 .6C4 .645 .684 .720 .755 .788 .820
1000 546. 1190. h 1197. 249. 1289. 1325. 1358. 1391. 1423. 1454. 1484. 1515.
(544.58) .747 1.388 S 1.395 .446 1.483 1.514 1.538 1.569 1.593 1.617 1.639 1.660
.0239 274 .... V .279 .330 .368 .40 1 .432 .459 .484 .508 .530
1500 618. 1168. .... h 174. 1240. 1287. 1327. 1365. 1402. 1438. 1472. 1505.
596.08) 215 1.336 .... s .342 1.403 1.444 1.478 1.509 1.537 1.564 1.589 1.612
.0265 .188 ........ V .204 247 .278 .305 .327 .349 .367 .384
2000 679. 1139. ........ h 1169. 1241. 1291. 1337. 1380. 1421. 1459. 1495.
(635.61) .870 i.290 ........ 7 1.317 1.389 1.423 1.460 1.493 1.524 1.552 1.577
.0301 .130 ........ ... V .168 202 .227 .248 .267 .282 .298
2500 743. 1096. ........ ... h 1178. 1250. 1306. 1357. 1404. 1446. 1484.
(667.98) .925 1.238 ........ S 1.310 1.371 1.416 1.456 1.491 1.521 1.548
.0367 .084 ........ V .0983 .1476 .1 742 .1947 212 .227 .240
3000 823. 1026. ........ It 1066. 1199. 1271. 1331. 1384. 1432. 1473.
(695.25) .992 1.168 ........ S 1.203 1.316 1.374 1.420 1.460 1.494 1.523
Abridved f w m Steam tables and hlollier's diagram. hy Keenan. 1930. Printed by permission of publisher.
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Heat of
Tem- liquid Heat of Entropy Entropy
Pressure pera- ahove vapori- Total of liquid of Specific
(abs.) ture 32 "F zation heat ahove vnpori- Total volume Weight
Ib/in.P 'F Iltu Btu lltu 32 'F zation entropy ft3/lb Ib/ft'
.4 402 13.81 128.15 141.96 .0209 .1487 .1696 114.50 .008733
.8 444 15.36 127.24 142.60 .0227 .1408 .1635 59.72 .016745
1.o 458 15.89 126.92 142.81 .0233 .1383 .1616 48.45 .02064
1.5 485 16.90 126.33 143.23 .0244 .1337 ,1581 33.14 .03017
2.0 505 17.65 125.89 143.54 .0251 .1305 .1556 25.32 .03948
4.0 558 19.62 124.72 144.34 .0271 .1226 .1497 13.26 .07540
6.0 591 20.87 123.99 144.86 .0283 ,1179 .1462 9.096 .lo993
8.0 617 21.81 123.43 145.24 .0292 ,1147 .1439 6.9630 .14361
10.0 637 22.58 122.98 145.56 ,0299 .1121 .1420 5.6610 .17664
15.0 676 24.04 122.12 146.16 ,0312 .lo75 .1387 3.8923 .25691
20.0 706 25.15 121.46 146.61 .0322 ,1042 ,1364 2.983 .3352
25.0 730 26.05 120.93 146.98 .0330 .lo16 .1346 2.429 .4117
30.0 751 26.81 120.48 147.29 ,0336 ,0995 .1331 2.053 ,4871
35.0 769 27.49 120.08 147.57 .0342 .0977 .1319 1.7815 .5613
40.0 785 28.08 119.73 147.81 ,0346 ,0962 ,1308 1.5762 .6344
45.0 799 28.62 119.42 148.04 .0351 .0949 .1300 1.4147 .7069
50 812 29.11 119.13 148.24 .0355 .0936 ,1291 1.284 .7788
60 836 29.99 118.61 148.60 .0361 ,0915 .1276 1.086 .9204
70 857 30.75 118.15 148.90 .0367 ,0898 .1265 ,9436 1.0597
80 875 31.44 117.75 149.19 ,0372 .0882 ,1254 3349 1.1977
90 892 32.06 117.38 149.44 .0377 ,0870 ,1247 ,7497 1.3338
100 907 32.63 117.05 149.68 .0381 .0856 .1237 .6811 1.4682
110 921 33.16 116.74 149.90 .0385 .0845 .1230 ,6242 1.6020
120 934 33.66 116.44 150.10 .0389 ,0835 .1224 S767 1.7340
130 947 34.12 116.17 150.29 .0392 .0826 ,1218 S360 1.8656
140 958 34.55 115.92 150.47 .0395 .0818 ,1213 SO12 1.9952
150 969 34.96 115.67 150.63 .0398 .0809 .1207 .4706 2.125
180 1000 36.09 115.01 151.10 ,0406 .0788 .1194 ,3990 2.506
.
62 Shnidman, Louis (ed.), Gaseous fuels, p. 118, Amer. Gas Assoc., 1948.
Expressed in cal/g.
T A B L E 172.-FLAME T E M P E R A T U R E S AS M E A S U R E D B Y V A R I O U S
METHODS *
..
Amylene ...........
Hexylene ...........
70
84.10
803.4
952.6
n-valeric
Palmitic
.........
....
(5)
CaHiodi
CiaH3eOn
102.08
256.26
681.6
2391
Acetylene (9) .......
Allylene (9) ........
26.02
40
312.0
469
Stearic
Lactic .. (s) ....
C I L H ~ O Z 284.29
(s) .... C-HROI 90.05
2700
326.0
Trimethylene (9) .... 47 496.8 Aniline . . ........... CnH7O 60.05 151.6
Benzene ............ 78.05 782.8 Krea (s) ........... C H I N ~ O 60.05 151.6
Naphthalene (s) ..... 128.06 1231.4 Nicotine . ........... C,.H,,N. 162.13 1427.7
MethyLchloride ( g ) ...
Methylene-chloride (v)
50.5
85.0
168.7
106.8
Cyanogen (9)
Trinitrotolyne (s)
.......
C$..
...
. 52.0
C T H K N ~ O227.06
~
260.0
826
Chlorqform (1) ....... ll'B.5 89.2 w row1 ( I ...... CnHEO 60.06 482.0
(v) ....... n-puty~ ...... 74.08 639.4
Carbon-tetrachloride
(I) .............. 154.0
70.3
37.3
11-heptyl
Octyl
:: .....
.....
116.13
130.14
1104.9
1262.0
Carbon-tetrachloride Cetyl " (s) . . 242.27 2504.5
( v ) .............. 44.5 Menthol (s) ....... 156.16 1508.8
......
Ca:mn di-su!fide (I) . yp.0 394.5 Phenol (s) ......... 94.05 732.2
c,? 246.6 Thymol ............ 150.11 1353.4
........
Ally1 alcohol
Formaldehyde (p.)
Acetone (b) . .I. .....
...
58.05
30.02
58
442.4
134.1
435.8
Dimethyl
Methylethyl
Diethyl
.
e t I y (8)
(v)
(V)
46
60
74.08
347.6
503.4
660.3
Camphor (s) ........ 152.13 1411
Sucrose: cane (s)
milk (s)
....
. 342.18 1349.6
anhd ..... '' 1350.8
malt ( 5 ) .... " 1351
Calories Calories
Substance Substance
Asphalt ......... .. . 9530 Oils :
Butter ......................... 9200 petroleum :
Carbon : amorphous ............ 8080 crude ...................... 11500
8100 light ....................... 10000
7860 heavy ...................... 10200
graphite .............. 7900 rape ......................... 9500
Copper (to CuO) ................ 590 sperm ........................ 10000
Dynamite. 7570 . . . . . . . . . . 1290 Paraffin (to CO.. Ha0 I) ......... 11140
Egg. white of . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5700 Paraffin (to CO.. Hz0 g ) ......... 10340
Egg. yolk of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8100 Pitch .......................... 8400
Fats. animal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9500 Sulfur. rhombic ................. 2200
Hemoglobin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5900 Sulfur. monoclinic .............. 2240
Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33900 Tallow ......................... 9500
Iron (to Fe203). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1582 Woods: beech. 13% H'O ........ 4170
Magnesium (to MgO) ........... 6080 birch. 1Wo H, 0 ........ 4210
Oils : cotton-seed ............... 9500 oak. 13% H, 0 .......... 3990
lard ..................... 9300 pine. 12% H, 0 ......... 4420
olive ..................... 9400
Coal
c
c
c: V
-
M
\
m
.
0
I
b
Low grade .... 38.81 25.48 27.29 8.42 .97 7.09 37.45 .so 45.57 3526 6347
Lignite High grade ... 33.38 27.44 29.62 9.56 .94 6.77 41.31 .67 40.75 3994 7189
Sub:bitu- Low grade .... 22.71 34.78 36.60 5.91 .29 6.14 52.54 1.03 34.09 5115 9207
minous High grade ... 15.54 33.03 46.06 5.37 .58 5.89 60.08 1.05 27.03 5865 10557
Bitu- Low grade .... 11.44 33.93 43.92 10.71 4.94 5.39 60.06 1.02 17.88 6088 10958
minous [High grade ... 3.42 34.36 58.83 3.39 .58 5.25 77.98 1.29 11.51 7852 14134
Sem.i-bitu- Low grade .... 2.7 14.5 75.5 7.3 .99 4.58 80.65 1.82 4.66 7845 14121
minous High grade ... 3.26 14.57 78.20 3.97 .54 4.76 84.62 1.02 5.09 8166 14699
Semi-anthr ........... 2.07 9.81 78.82 9.30 1.74 3.62 80.28 1.47 3.59 7612 13702
Anthra- Low grade .... 2.76 2.48 82.67 12.69 .54 2.23 79.22 .68 4.64 6987 12577
cite High grade ... 3.33 3.27 84.28 9.12 .60 3.08 81.35 .79 5.06 7417 13351
Oven Low grade .... 1.92 1.58 88.87 8.99 1.18 - _ _ - 7946 14300
coke High grade ... 1.14 .04 94.66 3.57 .69 - - - 8006 14410
Vol. Btu
hydro- Fixed Sul- Hydro- Nitro- Oxy- Calories per
carbon carbon Ash fur gen Carbon gen gen perg pound
Peats :
Franklin County, N. Y . . . 67.10 28.99 3.91 .15 5.93 57.17 1.48 31.36 5726 10307
Sawyer County, W i s . . .. 56.54 27.92 15.54 .29 4.71 51.00 1.92 26.54 4867 8761
Woods :
Oak, dry ................ - - .37 - 6.02 50.16 .09 43.36 4620 8316
Birch, dry .............. - - .29 - 6.06 48.88 .10 44.67 4771 8588
Pine, dry ............... - - .37 - 6.20 50.31 .04 43.08 5085 9153
(continued)
Density Density
Area 20"/4"C Btu/lb CaVg Area 20"/4"C Btu/lb CaVg
Borneo ......... 898 19.370 10.760 California . . . . . . . .960 18.590 10.330
India ............863 18.800 10.490 Ohio ........... 338 19.710 10.950
Japan ...........925 20. 670 11.480 Oklahoma . . . . . . .886 19.420 10.790
Poland .......... 299 20.010 11.120 Pennsylvania . . . . .828 19.780 10.990
Rumania .........936 18.920 10.510 Texas . . . ........943 18.950 10.520
Canada ..........855 19.420 10.790 Argentina . . . . . . .989 18.540 10.300
Mexico ..........966 18.180 10.100 Patagonia ........948 18.970 10.540
Trinidad .........941 18.360 10.200
Science of Petroleum. vol . 2 .
P a r t 6.-Sugars 7
T A B L E 177.-DATA ON EXPLOSIVES
Calculated
tempera-
tire
Val. gas Coeffi- Coeffi- Q/C
per g in Calories cient cient C, sp. ht.
cma per = QV GP
- gases
-
Explosive =V g=Q t 1000 - 1 - .24
Gunpowder ............................... 280 738 207 1 2240" C
Nitrodvcerine
-u d
............................ 741 1652 1224 6 6880
Nitrocellulose, 13% Nz. .................... 923 931 859 4.3 3876
Cordite, Mk.I. (NG, 57; NC, 38; Vaseline, 5). 871 1242 1082 5.2 5175
Cordite, MD (NG, 30; NC, 65 ; Vaseline, 5). . 888 1031 915 4.4 4225
Ballistite (NG. 50: NC. 50: Stabilizer., 5).
, ... 817 1349 1102 5.3 5621
Picric acid (Lyddite). ......................
. , I I ,
Shattering power of explosive = vol. gas per g x cals/g x V, x density where V, is the velocity of
detonation.
Trinitrotoluene: V, = 7000 m/sec. Shattering effect = .87 picric acid.
Amatol (ammonium nitrate +
trinitrotoluene, T N T ) : V, = 4500 m/sec.
Ammonal (ammonium nitrate, T N T , Al) : 1578 cal/g; 682 cma gas; V, = 4000 m/sec.
Sabulite (ammonium nitrate, 78, T N T 8, Ca silicide 14) : about same as ammonal.
+ 32.7 +
+++ +
Ag - 25.3 NH4+ ASOi--- +215.0 10,- 55.8
A1 +121.0 NH40 + + 37.5 Br- + 28.2 1 0 4 - + 46.5
Co+ + +170.0 Na+ + 57.3 Br0,- + 11.2 OH- + 54.4
Ca+ + +133.? + 16.0 CO,-- +160.8 Po,--- +298.0
Cd+ + + 18.4 +108.8 C1- + 39.1 szoa-- +1386
Cu+ + - 16.0 Mn ++ + 50.2 CIO- + 26.0 SzOe-- +2782
cu
Fe+
++ - 15.87
+ 22.2
Pb+
Rb+
+ + 4.0
+625.0
CIOa-
clo4-
+
-
23.4
38.7
S,Oe--
SOa- -
+260.8
+151.0
+163.0 SO,-- +214.0
F
He++ + + - 9.3
0.0 SSrn +
+ +++ $11;: +143.9 Se-- - 35.6
+ TI + + 1.7
~~~~~
T A B L E 18l.-lGNl1TlON T E M P E R A T U R E S O F GASEOUS M I X T U R E S
Ignition temperature taken as temperature necessary for hot body immersed in gas to
cause ignition; slow combination may take place at lower temperatures. Gases were
mixed with air. Practically same temperatures as with 0,.
Benzene and air.. ............. 1062" C Ether and air.. ................ 1033" C
Coal gas and air.. ............. 878 Ethylene and air ............... 1000
CO and air .................... 931 Hydrogen and a i r . . ............ 747
T A B L E 182.-HEATS O F N E U T R A L I Z A T I O N IN K I L O G R A M C A L O R I E S
The heat generated by the neutralization of an acid by a base is equal, for each gram-molecule
of water formed, to 13.7 kg cal plus the heat produced by the amount of un-ionized salt formed,
plus the sum of the heats produced in the completion of the ionizations of the acid and the base.
T A B L E 183.-HEATS O F D I L U T I O N O F H,SO,
I n kilogram-calories by the dilution of 1 gram-molecule of sulfuric acid by m gram molecules
of water.
Specific Coeff. of
heat Latent linear Thermal
Rela. at heat thermal conduc- Modulus
tive Density Melting r.4. expansion tivity Electrical of elas- Tensile
hard. at 20°C pzint ctl g-1 f 2 o n o c at r.-t. at r.4. resistivity ticity strength
Element ness dcm' C C-' cal/g X 10% watts crn-1 microhm-cm kg/mmP kg/mm2
... ... 1197* ... ...... ...... ......
Aluminum ................. 2.9 2.70 660.1 2.1 226 93 22.9 2.18 2.65(2OoC) 7250 6.3 (annealed)
Antimony .................. 3 6.62 630.5 f . 1 .049 38.3 8.5-10.8tt 9!. 39.O(O0C) 7900 1.05 (wire)
Argon ........ ...... . . . 1.6626" -189.37k.5 ,125 6.7 ... 1./0" ... ......
Arsenic .................... 3.5 5.73 8178 .082 ... 4.7 ... 35(2OoC) ......
Barium .................... ... 3.5 710 f 2 0 .068 ...... ... ... ...
Beryllium .................. 3 1.82 1283 k40 .425 11.4 1.64 5.88(0"C) 30660 12.0 (chill cast)
Bismuth ................... 2.5 9.80 271.3 2 . 1 .029 ii.5 13.3 .084 106.8(0°C) 3200 ...
Boron ...................... 9.5 2.3 2300 2300 .309 ... 2 ... 1.8~10'2(00C) ... ...
Bromine ................... . . . 3.12 -7.202.2 ,070 16.2 ... ... ... ...
Cadmium .................. 2.0 8.65 321.032.1 .055 13.2 29.8 .91 6.83(0°C) 5500 7.2
Calcium .................... ... 1.54 850 220 .157 ... 25 ... 3.43(OoC) 2100 5.7 (extruded)
Carbon (graphite) .......... 10" 2.22 3700 2100 .165 ... .6-4.311 24 1375(0°C) 500 ...
Cerium .................... 2.5 6.9 864 2 5 0 .05 ... ... 78(20"C) ... 9.05 (rolled)
Cesium .................... .2 1.9 28.64&2 .052 3.8 9 7 ' ... 18.83(0"C) ... ...
Chlorine ................... ... ,,, -101.9922 .226 23.0 ... .720 ' ... ......
Chromium .................. 9 7.14 1903 2 5 0 .12 75.6 6.2 .69 14.1(2OoC) ...
Cobalt ..................... 5 8.9 1492 5 2 0 ,099 58.4 12.3 .69 5.60 (0" C) 21066 24.4 (cast)
Copper ..................... 3.0 8.96 1083.0 2 . 1 .092 50.6 16.5 3.94 1.67(2OoC) 11000 22.5 (annealed)
Fluorine ................... ... ... -219.61flO ... 10.1 ...... ......
Gallium .................... 1.5 5.91 29.80k.02 .079 19.2 is' ... 53.4(OoC) ......
Germanium ................ 6.2 5.36 938 2 1 0 .073 ... 89X1Oa(O0C) ......
Gold .................. 2.5 19.3 1063.0 2.0 .03i i6.i 14.2 2.96 2.19(OoC) 7300 11.5 (rod cast)
Hafnium ................... ... 11.4 2220* ... ...... ...... ......
Helium ..................... ... IW
._-. -271.4 2 . 2 1 1.25 ...... 13.9' ... ......
... n8.17qd -259.19~.1
- - 3.415
. ~. 15.0 ... 17.0" ... ......
Indium ..................... 1.2 7.31 156.61k.1 .057 33 24 8.37(OoC) ... .30 (cast)
... 4.93 113.6 ki .052 isi 93 43.5 1 . 3 10*5(2o~c)
~ ...
Iridium .................... 6.5 22.4 2443 2 3 .032 ... 6.5 .59 5.3(2OoC) SZi60 ...
Iron ....................... 4 7.87 1535 +3 .lo8 65 11.7 .79 9.71 (20°C) 20000 20.5
Computed. t Value depends on the crystal orientation in polycrystalline material. $ From 20" to 60°C. 8 At 36 atm. I/ From ?On to 1OO'C. 7 A t 30 atm.
Diamond. d X 10-9. e X 10-4.
(coittinrted)
zl
\o
c
\o
TABLE 1 8 5 . 4 O M E PHYSICAL PROPERTIES O F T H E ELEMENTS (continued) 0
S ecific Coeff. of
%eat Latent linear Thermal
Rela- at heat thermal conduc- Modulus
tive Density Melting r.-t. of expansion tivity Electrical of elas- Tensi 1e
hard- at 20'C p?int cal g-1 fusion "C at r.-t. at r.4. resistivity ticity strength
Element ness g/cmS C *c-1 cal/g x 100 watts cm-1 microhmcm kg/mma kg/mm2
Krypton .................... ... 3.488d -157.3 f . 5 ... ... .89 a ... ...
Lanthanum ................. ... 6.15 920 k 5 .045 ... ... 59(18"C) ... ...
Lead ....................... 1.5 11.34 327.3 2 . 1 .030 6.3 28.7 .35 20.65(20°C) 1800 1.33
Lithium .................... .6 .53 180.55'-e 5 .n 159 56 .71 8.S5(O0C) ... ...
Magnesium ................. 2 1.74 650 2 2 249 70.0 25.2 1.55 4.33( 18'C) 4600 9.15 (sand cast)
Manganese ................. 5.0 7.44 1244 f20 .lo7 64.8 23 ... ... 16000 39.0 (annealed)
Mercury ................... 1.5 13.55 -38.87k.02 .033 2.7... .w 94.1(OoC)
Molybdenum ............... 6 10.2 2610 250 .065 ... 4.911 1.46 5.17(OoC) 35660 iZ0 (annealed
wire)
Neodymium ................... 7.05 1024 2 4 0 .045 ...... ... 79( 18"C) ...
Neon .......................... .8387' -248.59~3 ... 4.57 ... ...
Nickel ..................... 5 8.9 1453 z1 .iiz 73.8 ii.ill .90 6.84(20°C) 21b% 32.3
Niobium ...................... 8.57 2480 f 5 0 ... ... 7.1 ... ... ... ...
Nitrogen ...................... 1.1649' -209.972.3 .247 6.2 ... 2.51 ... ... ...
Osmium ................... 7.0 22.48 2700 2200 .031 ... 6.1 ... 9.5(2OoC) ... ...
Oxygen ....................... 1.3318' -2 18.79k .3 .218 3.3 2.47 ... ...
Palladium .................. 4.8 12.0 1552 -~ k1 .059 34.2 ii.8 .70 1O.8(2O0C) 12Iii 14.0 (annealed)
Phosphorus (yellow) ........... 1.82 44.2 k . 1 .177 5.0 125 ... 1oi7(11oc) ...
Platinum ................... 4.3 21.45 1769 2 1 .032 27.1 8.9 .69 9.81(OoC) 1so00 16 (annealed)
Polonium ..................... ... 254* ... ... ... ... ...
Potassium .................. .5 .86 63.2 '-el .i77 1'4.5 83. .99 6.15(OoC) ... ...
Praseodymium ............. ... 6.63 935 *so .458 ...... ... 88(18"C) ... ...
Protactinium .................. ... 300* ... ...... ... ... ...
Radium .................... ... 5.0 700 ... ...... ... .. ...
Radon ......................... 4.40 - 71 ... ...... ... ... ...
Rhenium ...................... 20 3150* .035 ...... ... ...
. ..
Rhodium ................... 6 12.44 1960 2 3 ,060 ... 8.1' .88 4.3(0°C) 30000
Rubidium .................. .3 1.53 38.8 f 1 .080 6.1 90 ... 12.5(20"C) ... ...
Ruthenium ................. 6.5 12.2 2400 &lo0 .061 ... 9.1 ... 10( 18"C) ... ...
b At -62'C. C From 20" to SO'C.
(continued)
T A B L E 1 8 5 . P O M E P H Y S I C A L PROPERTIES OF T H E E L E M E N T S (concluded)
Specific coeff. of
si; Rela-
heat
at
Latent linear
heat thermal
Thermal
conduc- Modulus
tive Densit Melting r.4. of Sxpansion tivity Electrical of elas- Tensile
F hard- at 2008 point cal g-1
oc-l fusion C at r.-t. at r.4. resistivity ticity strength
-I Element ness dcm' "C cal/g x 1(P watts cm-1 microhmtm kg/mmP kg/mm'
$ Samarium ..................... 7.7 >lo50 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
; Scandium ..................... 2.5 1400 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Selenium ................... 2.0 4.81 217.4 k5 .084 ... 37 ... 1.20(20°C) ...
Silicon ..................... 7.0 2.4 1410 220 .176 ... 2.8-7.3 .84 85X1P(20°C) ll&i ...
Silver ..................... 2.7 10.49 960.8 2 . 0 .056 24.3 18.9 4.08 1.62(2OoC) 7200 15.1 (rod,
annealed)
Sodium .................... .4 .97 97.822.2 .295 27.5 71 1.35 ... ...
Strontium .................. 1.8 2.6 770 2 1 0 ... 25 ... ... ...
Sulfur (rhombic) ........... 2.0 2.07 119 2 . 2 .175 9.3 64t 26.4 * ...
Tantalum ................... 7 16.6 2980 2100 .036 ... 6.6 .54 14.6(18"6) 19660 50 (wire)
Technetium ................... ... 2700* ... ... ... ... ... ...
Tellurium .................. 2.3 6.24 450 2 1 0 .047 ... 16.8t .060 ... 2ih 1.12 (wire)
Terbium ...................... ... 1450 2 5 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Thallium ................... 1.2 11.85 303.6 2 3 .031 7.2 28 .39 17.65(0" C) ... ...
Thorium ...................... 11.5 1695 2150 .028 ... 11.1t ... 18.62(20"C) 56.0 (wire)
Tin ........................ 1.8 7.30 231.912.1 .054 14.4 23 .64 11.S(2OOC) 4ijOO 1.4
Titanium ................... 4.0 4.54 1675 2100 .142 ... 8.5 ... 80(0°C) 8500
Tungsten .................. 7 19.3 3380 2 2 0 .034 44 4.3 1.99 5.5(20"C) 35000 iio (wire)
Uranium ...................... 18.7 1132 2 1 .028 ... ... ... 60(18"C) ...
Vanadium .................. ... 5.68 1890 2 5 0 .115 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Xenon ........................ 5.49Sd -112.5 2 1 ... ... ... 5.19" ... ... ...
Ytterbium ..................... ... 824 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Yttrium ....................... 5.51 1490 &200 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zinc ....................... 2.5 7.14 419.50k.l .09 24.1 if%t 1.1 5.92 (20°C) 8400 10.5
Zirconium .................. 4.5 6.4 1852 2700 .066 ... 5.6 ... 41.O( O°C) 7500 30.0 (rod,
annealed)
-
In
E
4
TABLE 186.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES O F ALUMINUM AND ALUMINUM ALLOYS ** -
\D
N
iz
> .8.
...
c
8 VI
VI*
;m:
z 0 ...
.I
c 22
I
P
<
In
i
z
6
't(
V
8
0 cgs cgs cgs kg/mmz kg/mmt kg/mm, kg/mrnP percent kg/mmz
F! P u r e and commercial aluminum
4
.D A1-99.95 Annealed ... ... 2.8 .70 2.1 (2% offset) 6.3 60 (2 in.) 15
W
I-
rn
cu-4.5 Sand-cast ; h.-t. and aged 2.75 .33 3.45 i2.8 7200 .. . 15.5 (.2% perm.) 25 5 (2 in.) 4.6t 80
In (195-T6)
Al (commercial) Hard-drawn (93% red) 2.71 .53 3.75 23.6 . .. ... ... 34 2 (2 in.) .. ..
Aluminum-copper-magnesium alloys
Cu-2.5, Mg-.3 Wrought; h.-t. and aged 2.74 .37 4.3 23.5 7200 .. . 17 (.2% perm.) 30 27* 9.5 t 70
(A17S-T)
Aluminum-copper-magnesium-manganese alloys
Cu-4.0, Mg-.5, Wrought: annealed 2.79 .41 3.8 23.5 7200 ... 7.0 (.2% perm.) 18 22* (2 in.) 7.7t 45
Mn-.5 (17s-0)
Cu-4.32. Mg-1.44, Plate, &in. w.-q. from 2.77 .29 5.7 23.2 ... ... 34.0 48 20 18 120
Mw.48, Fe-.16 920" F (24s-T)
Cu-4.4, Fe-.81, Rod, 4 in. diam. h.-t. . .. . .. ... . .. 7600 26.4 29.4 (.l% perm.) 42.0 19.7 .. ..
Mg.67, Mw.64, and aged (4VG)
Si-22
Cu-4.4, Mn-.8, Forged; h.-t. and aged 2.80 .37 4.3 23.0 7200 ... 39 (2% perm.) 49 14 (2 in.) llt 135
Si-.S, Mg-.4 (14s-T)
C ~ 4 . 5 Mg-1.5,
, Sheet, h.-t. and cold- .. . ... ... 23.2 7200 . .. 39 (2% perm.) 49 13 (2 in.) .. 116
Mn-.6 worked (24s-RT)
..
Aluminum-comer-nickel allovs
Cu-4.0, Ni-2.0, Sand-cast : aged 2.78 .32 5.1 22.5 , 7200 . .. 20 (2% perm.) 22 .5 (2 in.) 5.6f 85
Mg-1.51 (142-TS71)
** For reference see footnote 56 p. 187.
Values apply h general to all' wrought forms except large-sized extrusions; elongations apply to $ in. diameter test specimens. t 5x108.
(continued)
Ill TABLE 186.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES O F A L U M I N U M AND ALUMINUM ALLOYS (continued)
5
2g
U M
&J%
d
ra cgs cgs cgs kg/mmz kg/mmz kg/mmz kg/rnmz percent kg/mmz
F Aluminum-copper-silicon alloys
D
4 Cu-4.0, Si-3.0 Sand-cast (108) 2.73 .29 5.6 22.0 7200 ... 10 (.2% perm.) 15 2 (2in.) 6f 55
W
rn
r Cu-4.5, Si-2.5 Chill-cast : h.-t. 2.78 .33 4.9 22.0 7200 ... 13 (2% perm.) 26 10 (2in.) 6.7t 75
VI (B 195-T4)
Cu-7.0, Si-2.0, Sand-cast 2.85 . .. ... .. . 7200 .. . 9.8 (.2% offset) 13-16 0-1.5 6.0t 55-80
Zn-1.5, Fe-1.2 (2 in.)
Aluminum-copper-zinc alloys
Cu-7.0, Zn-1.7, Sand-cast (1 12) 2.85 .29 5.7 22.0 7200 ... 10.5 (2% perm.) 17 1.5 (2 in.) 6.3t 70
Fe-1.2
Aluminum-magnesium alloys
Mg-1.0, Si-.6 Wrought ; ann. 2.70 .41 3.8 23.5 7200 .. . 5.6 ( 2 % perm.) 13 22 (Zin.)* 5.6t 30
Cr-.25, Cu-25 (61s-0)
Mg-1.3, Si-.7 Wrought ; h.-t. and aged 2.69 .37 4.3 23.5 7200 .. . 23 (2% perm.) 27 20 (2in.)* 7.7t 80
Cr-.25 (53s-T)
Mg-2.5, Cr-.25 Wrought ; hard 2.68 .33 4.9 23.7 7200 ... 25 (.2% perm.) 29 8 (2in.)* 14.5t 85
(52s-H)
Mg-3.8 Sand-cast (214) 2.61 .33 4.9 23.9 7200 ... 8.4 (.2% perm.) 18 9 (2 in.) 3.9t 50
Mg-3.8, Zn-1.8 Chill-cast (A 214) 2.66 .32 5.1 23.9 ... ... 11 (.2% perm.) 19 5 (2in.) .. 60
Mg-10.00 Sand-cast h.-t. 2.52 21 8.2 24.5 7200 . .. 18 (.2% perm.) 32 14 (2in.) 4.9t 75
(220-T4)
Auminum-manganese alloys
Mn-1.2 Wrought; ann. (3s-0) 2.73 .46 3.4 23.6 7200 . .. 4.2 (.2% perm.) 11 40 (2in.)* 4.9t 28
Mn-1.25, Mg-1.0 Annealed 2.72 ... ... . .. , .. ... c(
I 18 20 (2in.) 9.8 45
(continued) 5
S318Vl lV3ISAHd NVINOSHIINS
Composition
i
D
m
r
m
Condition A
Q)
F
I
z
m
0
I
D
-z
9 Density Fr
-0
L 3 Thermal 3
w conductivity 0
P
m
Resistivity ;[I
microhm-cm --mI
cn
o Thermal ex-
P pansion x 108 0
1
E D
'Modulus of r
3 elasticity C
3. -zs
k
? Proportional C
3 limit 3
a, D
z
O
D
Yield
r
C
strength
43
au z
-z
C
x
og
k
D
\ Tensile
r
r
9 strength 0
2 <
0
3
B8 Elongation s
C
* P
lv
P
v
4 Endurance
limit and
p cycles
Hardness
number
P6T
v) T A B L E 187.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BRASSES A N D BRONZES *
5
c
C
0 n
u)
.-
.
V
I
s
-2
eo
V 4
kg/mma kg/mma percent No.
(continued) %
ul
3:
I
T A B L E 187.-MECHANlCAL P R O P E R T I E S O F BRASSES A N D BRONZES (continued)
E
.-
.-
I
8
.-
I
0
n G
0
V u
*m
-I percent g/cmS cgs cgs kg/mm2 kg/mm2 percent No.
7
m
Gilding, 95% .... ........ Cu-95; Zn-5 .OM'' strip ; .015mm ann. 8.86 .55 3.08 1 . 8 0 ~ 1 0 - ~ 7.03 26.7 42 F 60
ul .040" strip; .030mm ann. 5.62 25.3 44 F 52
.040" strip; hard (37%) 33.7 38.6 6 B 62
.040" strip; spring (6Wo) 40.1 44.3 5 B 72
Conductivity bronzes
80% conductivity bronze.. . Cu-99; Cd-1.0 Hard-drawn 8.88 ... 2.15 ... .._ 58.6 .. ...
65% conductivity bronze.. . Cu-99.5; Sn-.5 Hard-drawn 8.88 ... 2.65 ... ... 52.8 .. ...
55% conductivity bronze.. . Cu-98.7 ; Cd-.8; Hard-drawn 8.88 ... 3.13 ... ... 63.3 .. ...
Sn-.5
Soecial brasses
Naval brass ............. cu-60 ; Zn-39.25 ;
-1
.040" strip ; light ann. 8.42 .278 6.62 2.17X10-' 21.1 43.6 40 B 60
Sn-.75 .040" strip; quarter hard (11%) 40.8 49.2 17 B 75
So" striu: as hot-rolled 17.6 38.7 50 B 55
1" rod; ;oft ann. 17.6 40.1 45 B 50
1" rod; light ann. 21.1 44.3 40 B 57
1" rod; quarter hard (9%) 35.2 49.2 28 B 78
1" rod; half hard (18%) 37.3 52.8 20 B 82
Antirnonial .............. Cu-71; Zn-27.97 l"X.05" tube ; .025mm ann. 8.52 .265 6.89 2.02X10-' ... 37.3 70 F 75
Admiralty ............... Sn-1 ; Sb-,035 l"X.05" tube; hard (35%) _ .. 59.8 15 B 88
Bushing bronze .......... Cu-90 ; Zn-9.5 ; .040" strip; half hard 8.80 .45 4.53 1.84XW 31.6 33.4 12.5 B 55
Sn-.5 hard 40.1 42.2 5 B 70
extra hard 44.0 49.2 2.5 B 78
light ann. 7.03 28.1 40 F 70
ln
$I
ln
0
T A B L E 187.-MECHANICAL PR OPER TIES O F BRASSES A N D B R ON ZES (concluded)
zD b.' u
z 0 m
N 58,
I
0
C $5 E Fz 6
d* .- 2m -5 . xc? -.- 8
.-*YI C
.-
.-
0 x $
;.
=E OM2
2 c m f .E2 . i YI
YI
8
0
r
B
P
E
.-
V .=
a"2
E.2
c"' Z'G
,2 ;:
gg
~ _ O L
2"s
"qc
.-&,
-UcM
22
g"" %
sc
I -z
-4
m
D 2 6 G bV W" $
m
I- percent g/cd cgs cgs kg/nimz kg/mms percent No.
ln Tin bronzes
Phosphor bronze 5%
(grade A) .. .
. . . .. . . . . . Cu-95 : Sn-4.75 ; ,040'' strip; .0351nm a m . 8.85 ,157 12.28 1.78X10-5 14.1 34.5 58 F 75,
P-25 B 28
,040'' strip; hard (37%) 52.7 56.9 10 B 87
.040" strip ; spring (60%) 56.2 70.3 4 B 93
.loo" wire; spring (84%) .. . 98.2 2 ...
Phosphor bronze 8%
(grade C) .. . .. . . . . . . .. Cu-92 ; Sn-7.75 ; .040" strip ; .035mm ann. 8.80 .120 15.65 1.82)<10-5 16.9 40.8 65 F-80; B-50
P-25 ,040'' strip; hard (37%) 50.6 65.4 10 B 93
.040" strip; spring (60%) ... 78.7 3 B 98
.loo'' wire; spring (68%) . .. 98.2 .. ...
444 Bronze . . . .... . ...... Cu-88 ; Sn-4 ; .040" strip ; .035mni aim. 8.88 ,206 9.07 1.72x10-5 .. . 31.6 55 F 65
Zn-4; Pb-4 1" rod; hard (20%) ... 45.7 20
Olympic
- - bronze
Olympic bronze, type A . . . Cu-96; Si-3 ; Zn-1 ,040" strip; .070mm ann. 8.52 .087 24.6 1.80X10-" 14.75 39.4 63 F 75
,040'' strip; spring (60%) 43.8 77.3 4 B 97
1" rod; extra hard (50%) 42.2 75.9 13 B 95
.1W" wire; hard (60700) 45.7 87.9 5 ...
.loo" wire ; spring (80%) 49.3 102.0 3 ...
Special engineering alloy
.
Tellurium copper . . . . . . . . Cu-99.5 ; Te-.5 Q" rod, f hard (20%) 894 ,848 1.915 1.79)<10-" 28.8 30.9 15 ...
v) T A B L E 188.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES O F COPPER A N D COPPER ALLOYS ** c.
\o
3: 03
C
.-
0
.-
0
2
s
P percent cgs cgs cgs kg/rnnG kg/mm? kg/rnmZ kg/mrn? percent kg/rnrn2
r
~ P u r e and commercial copper
Oxygen-free copper Rod, 3 in. diam., 8.95 .93 1.706* 17.6' 12,500 ... 34.5(.5% extn.) 36.0 lilt 12.O(3X1O8) Ro37
-8
rn
v) (OFHC) ; cold-drawn (29%
cu-99.997 red) from .125mm
grain size
Oxygen-free copper Rod, 4 in. diam., ... ...... 12,300 33 (.5% extn.) 33.5 20t ... ...
(OFHC) ; cold-drawn (36%
cu-99.9% red) f r y .135 mm
grain size
Oxygen-free copper Rod, hard-drawn ...... ...... 13,000 3.45 12.7(.01%) 29.0 290 ... ...
(OFHC) ;
cu-99.99
cu-99.95 Sheet, .020 in., soft ...... ...... ... 4.8 ... 22.0 35t 7.7(108) ...
Sheet, ,020 in., cold- ...... ...... ... 11.0 ... 31.2 7.87 9.1(1OS) Re 33
worked (21% red)
(3-99.94; 0-.030 Rod, drawn (37% ...... ...... 12,100 3.4 10.0(.01%) 26.0 320 ... ...
red)
Electrotough-pitch Rod, 1 in. diam., 8.92 .93 1.706* 17.6* 9,300 ... 4.55(.01% 22.0 59t 2.8 41
copper hot-rolled perm.)
Electrotough-pitch Cold-rolled ... ...... .. 7.0 15 (.Ol% 36.5 13t 11.0 ...
copper perm.)
Copper-aluminum alloys
A1-3.% Cast, annealed ...... ...... 4.30 6.1(.5% extn.) 24.3 84t ...
' Forged, annealed ...... ...... 5.75 8.8(.5% extn.) 33.0 81t ... ...
A1-8.0 Sheet or plate, soft 7.78 .17 11.8* 17.8* ... 17 (.5% extn.) 42 60t RR30
' Sheet or plate, hard ...... ...... 10,500 .. 42 (.5% extn.) 84 4t ... R R99
** For references, see footnotes 55 and 5 7 , p. 187. -
X 10-0. t 2 in. t Alternating torsion. 0 4Varea.
(con h u e d )
T A B L E 188.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES O F COPPER A N D COPPER ALLOYS (continued)
C E
.-
.-c
xu
.z E
>-c
HE .-
-0
.'" :
6 2.E
percent cgs cgs cgs kg/rnm? kg/mm? kg/mm2 kg/rnm? percent kg/mm2
A1-9.78 Cast; w.-q. from ...... ... ... 13,600 17.5 ... 54.5 1411 18.O(7X1O7) 142
1650"F, 1 hr at
1200"F, f.c.
AI-10 Cast 7.5 ... ... ... 8,500- 7 4 14-17.5 42-53 15-257 ... 90-100
10,500 (3%
perm.)
AI-10.06, Fe.13 Extruded to 1% in. 7.57 ... ... ... 14,000 11.9 ... 54.5 3611 24.O(6X1O7) 128
diam., w.-q. from
1650°F at 1150"F,
f.c.
Copper-aluminum-iron alloys
AI-5.39, Fe-5.14 Forged ...... ... ... ... ... 34.0(yld. pt.) 61.0 32t ... 119
AM. Fe-2.5 Rod, soft 7.75 ... ... ... ... ... 20.2(.5% extn.) 51 50 t ... Rn 52
A1-8.6, Fe-2.9 Sand-cast ...... ... ... ... 9.8 15-19 42-50 22-27t ... 109-1 24
A1-9, Fe-3 Forged ...... ... ... ... 12.6 23.6(yld. pt.) 60.0 427 ... 130
Copper-aluminum-iron-manganese alloys
A1-7.18, Fe.62, Sand-cast ... ... ... ... ... ... 12.3(yld. pt.) 39.0 52t ... 69
Mn-.58
AI-9.9, Fe-3.2 Round bar, die-cast 7.42 ... ... ... ... ... 22.5(.15% 63.0 10t ... ...
Mn-2.9 at 2155°F perm.)
Copper-aluminum-iron-nickel alloys
AI-5.0, Fe-3.07, Rod, 11 in., diam., ...... ... ... ... ... 25.2(yld.pt.) 51.0 347 ... 130
Ni-1.91, Mn-.33 forged (75% red)
AI-9.73, Fe-5.42, Rod, 4 in. diam., ...... ... ... 13,200 3.8 54.5(.1% perm.) 82 115 ... ...
Ni-4.97 forged
A1-10.7, F e 4 , N i 4 Forged, h.-t. 7.75 ... ... ... ... 21 39-42 67-72 10-1st ... 190-217
It 8 in.
(coltfirrued) s
T A B L E 188.-MECHANICAL P R O P E R T I E S O F COPPER A N D COPPER ALLOYS (continued)
8
8 aJ
s .- c
0
$b
.=0sc ; -- c
c"r
gz
:
5
:,<.?
28 2
= - v
E?
-
$2
I
percent cgs cgs cgs kg/mm2 kg/mm2 kg/mm2 kg/mm2 percent kg/mm2
Copper-aluminum-manganese alloys
A1-7, Mn-1 Sheet, .2 in., cold- ...... ...... ... 54.0 ... 74 12t ... ...
rolled (50% red)
A1-10, Mn-1 Chill-cast ...... ...... ... ... 25.0(yld. pt.) 62.5 25t ... ...
Copper-aluminum-nickel alloys
AI-7, Ni-1 Sheet, .2 in., cold- ...... ...... ... 60.0 80.0 6t ... ...
rolled (50% red)
A1-9.4, Ni-7.4, Rod, 1 in. diam., 7.57 ... ...... ... ... 4.03(.15% 67 5t ... 188
Fe-4.1 chill-cast perm.)
AI-10.1, Ni-7.6, Rod, 1 in. diam., 7.58 ... ...... ... ... 44 (.15% 63.5 2t ... I . .
.-
0I
2
.- .->,
71
!!
8 a"
d percent
Copper-beryllium alloys
2 Be-1.0 Quenched 8.6 ... ...... ... ... 14.7(yld.pt.) 30-35 50-557 ... 65-70
m
m
I-
"
Quenched and work- ... ...... ... ... 71.5(yld. pt.) 75 67 ... 200
v) hardened
Be-2.2 Cast ...... ...... ... ... 30.0 44.0 14t ... 109
"
Cast, quenched from ... ... ...... ... ... 66.1 83.5 1t ... 400
1470"F, aged at
645°F
Copper-beryllium-cobalt alloys
Be-2, Ce.2 Soft, annealed ... ... ...... 12,600 12.6 18.3(.2% extn.) 46.5 50t ... ..I
" " Heat-treated ... ... ...... 13,300 60.5 102 (.2%extn.) 123 8t ... ...
1' I'
Rolled (21% red), ... ... ...... 12,700 83 121 (.2%extn.) 135 4f ... ...
h.-t.
Ii 11 Rolled (37% red), ... ... ...... 12,600 73 126 (.2%extn.) 141 3t ... ...
h.-t.
Copper-beryllium-nickel alloys
Be-2.16, Ni-22, Rod, in. diam., ... ... ...... 11,900 ... 56.0(.5%extn.) 77 llt ... ...
Fe-.ll quenched from
1515"F, cold-
drawn (15% red)
Be-2.16, Ni-.22, Rod, 4 in. diam., ... ... ...... 13,000 ... 64.5(.5%extn.) 150 2.8t ...
Fe-.l 1 quenched from
1515"F, cold-
drawn (15% red)
3 hr at 570°F
Be-2.14, Ni-.28 Sheet, .040 in., w.-q. ... ... ...... 12,900 39.0 ... 136 2.0f 19.5 Ro 104
Fe.06 from 1470"F, cold-
rolled (37% red)
2 hr at 525°F
7 10 diam.
(corzfinued)
ln
T A B L E 188.-MECHANICAL P R O P E R T I E S O F COPPER A N D COPPER A L L O Y S (continued)
2 -
?z3 .-.-.-8 , X E
*z v1
0 .-..
8 9
-.a 95
W M
2 a -35 EL
I
V
s 9 Ti2
sv1
cz
3
0 percent cgs cgs cgs kg/mm* kg/mmz kg/rnmz kg/mm*
Copper-cadmium alloys
5 Cd-B Wire, cold-drawn ...... ...... 12,700 ...... 71 ... ... ...
Copper-chromium alloys
ln
Cr-.88, Si-.O9 Rod, 4 in. diam.,
cold-worked
...... ...... 13,900 ... 46.5(.5% extn.) 51.0 75t 18.1(3XlOS) RB73
(92% red)
Copper-chromium-beryllium alloys
Cr-.4, Be-.l Rod, 1 in. diam.,
cast, quenched
...... ...... ... 10.5-
11.5
... 21-25 10-15 ...
from 1700"F, aged
1 hr at 935°F
Copper-cobalt-beryllium alloys
C0-2.6, Be-.4 Rod, 1 in. diam., cast,
1 hr at 1650"F,
...... ...... 12,000 31.6 ... 63.0 10 t ... 220
w.-q. 2-4 hr at
930°F
Co-2.6, Be.4 Rod, forged, 1 hr at
1650"F., w.-q.
...... ...... 12,000 31.6 ... 70.3 20 t 1 . . 220
2-4 hr at 930°F
't "
Quenched, work-
hardened, h.-t.
...... ...... 11,500 ... 57.5(yld.pt.) 75 15q ... 210
Copper-iron alloys
Fe-25 Wire, .040 in. diam.,
cold-drawn
...... ...... ... ...... 97 ... ... ...
(96% red)
Fe-50 Wire, .040 in. diam.,
cold-drawn
...... ...... ... ...... 136 ... ... ...
(96% red)
(6
Sand-cast ...... ...... ... ... 22.5(yld.pt.) 39.0 25 t ... 130
(continued)
T A BLE 188,MECHANlCAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS (continued)
E
..
.-8
." .->
am
3
.I
22c!
g EZ :
'i:
E
6
hg
f
h'
2.z
2u
percent cgs cgs cgs kg/mrnZ kg/mmz kg/mmz kg/mm* percent kg/mm*
Copper-lead-tin alloys
Pb-S.61, 51-5.36,
211-232, Sb.34,
Cast from 2040°F 8.83 ... ... ... 7,650 ... 10.3(.1% offset) 21.4 17t ... 52
Ni-.14
Pb-10; Sn-10 Sand-cast from 1750- 8.9 ... ... ... 6,000 6.7- 13-14 19-23 7-12t ... 50-70
1900°F 8.1
Copper-manganese alloys
Mn-13 ;A1-9 Soft 7.2 ... ... ... ... ...... 67 19 ... 300
" 'I
Hard-rolled ... ... ...
... ... ...... 95.5 1 ... 510
Copper-nickel alloys
Ni-30.48, Mw.22, Rod, 3 in. diam., ... ... ... ... 15,200 ... 44.8(.5% extn.) 47.3 23t ... ...
Fe.07 cold-drawn (15%
red) from .033 mm
grain size
Ni-30.48, Mn-.22,
Fe.07
Rod, 2 in. diam,
cold-drawn (15%
... ... ... ... 15,600 ... 38.4(.50/0extn.) 46.2 30t ... ...
red) from .030 mm
grain size 2 hr at
840°F
Constantan
Ni-45 Sand-cast 8.6 ... ... ... ... ... 14.8(.20/0 offset) 39.4 32t ... 80
Ni-45, Mn-51.0, Rod, ann. 4 hr at ... ... ... ... 17,400 14.2 18.3(yld. pt.) 46.8 46t ... Rn 54
Fe-.27, C-.05 1400°F
Ni4.77, Mw.89,
Fe.66, C-.078
Rod, 1 hr at 1450" F,
f.-c.
... ... ... ... ... 14.8 17.8(.010/0
perm.)
48.6 48t 19.6 86
Ni-44.77, Mn-.89,
Fe.66, C-.C78
Rod, cold-rolled ... ... ... ... ... ... 38.5(.010/0
perm.)
72.5 1st 3O.2(4X1O7) 159
N
0
(continued) w
VI T A B L E 188.-MECHANICAL P R O P E R T I E S O F COPPER A N D COPPER A L L O Y S (continued) N
E 0
P
C
.-
c
B
9
percent cgs kg/mm? kg/mm* kg/mm2 kg/mm2 percent kg/mm*
0
g= Copper-nickel-beryllium alloys
4
D
Ni-2.0, Be-.2 Quenched from ... ... ...... ... ...... 46.8 4.3t ... ...
r
W 1650"F, cold-drawn,
m
Ln (5670 red)
' ,' ...... ... ...... ... ...
Quenched from ... ... 85.5 2.5t
+
1650"F, hr at
930°F. cold-drawn
(56% 'red)
Copper-nickel-manganese alloys
Ni-13.5, Mn-5, Rod, 1 in. diam., ... ... ... 12.6 35.4(.2%) 48.6 36 t ... V 157
A1-1.5 extruded, cold-
drawn (10% red)
"
Rod, 1 in. diam., ... ... ...... ... 49.0 60.0(.2%) 77.0 21 t ... V 240
cold-drawn, 2 hr
at 1110°F
Copper-nickel-silicon alloys
Cu-94.15, Ni-5.14, Sheet, .020 in., soft ... ... ...... 11.500 37.4 ... 72.5 4.0t 9.8(108) ...
Si-rem.
Copper-nickel-tin alloys
Ni-29.08, Sn-.95, Rod, 1 in. dihm., ... ... ...... 15,000 ... 39.0(.01% 61.3 3.8t 23.5(5><10') 143
Fe-25, C-.07 cold-drawn perm.)
Copper-nickel-zinc alloys
Ni-20, Zn-5 Sheet or plate, soft 8.86 ...... ... ... 14.0(.5% extn.) 35.1 35 t ... RB25
" I'
Sheet or plate, hard ... ... ...... 13,300 ... 30.2(.5% extn.) 60.0 5t ... RB88
Ni-20.22, Zn-5.26, Rod, 3 in. diam.. ... ... ...... 14,600 ... 32.0(.5% extn.) 41.0 32 t ... ...
Mn-25, Fe-.08, colddrawn (15%
Mg-.06 red) from .060 mm
grain size, 2 h r
at 840°F
(con h u e d )
v)
E T A B L E 188.-MECHANICAL P R O P E R T I E S O F COPPER A N D COPPER A L L O Y S (continued)
=i
I
m
2
0 .-x
1
F ._
>
2;
."cx
2
I E2
V
e
(0
kig
zF percent
a
C6S cgs cgs kg/mm? kg/mm? kg/mm2 kg/mm2 percent kg/mm2
r Copper-silicon-manganese alloys
z.I
-
m
r Si-1.41, Mn-21,
Fe-.06
Rod, f in. diam.,
cold-wsrked
... ... ...... 12,000 ... 48.0(.5%extn.) 61.8 10t 21.4(3x1Os) R~86
m
v)
(72% red)
Si-3, Mn-1 Sheet, ,040 in., ann. 8.53 ... .. 10,500 ... 17 (.5%extn.) 42 65t ... R r 45
Copper-silver alloys
Ag-.093, Fe-.007 Rod, 1 in. diam., ... ... ...... ... 1.9 ... 24.2 51 1 ... ...
drawn (10% red)
Rod, 1 in. diam., ... ... ...... 14.000 5.7 ... 24.1 51 1 ... ...
drawn (10% red)
2 h r at 570°F
Copper-tin alloys
Sn-.48 Rod, 1 in. diarn., ... ... ...... 13,600 3.16 ... 32.4 338 ... ...
drawn (10% red)
Rod, 1 in. diam., ... ... ...... 13,800 20.2 ... 31.6 371 ... ...
drawn (10% red)
2 hr at 570°F
SII-4.23, P-.13 Rod, 3 in. diarn., ... ... ...... 12,400 17.3 40.2(.1%extn.) 43.5 331 15.5(5x1O7) 138
drawn 3 hr at
525°F
Copper-tin-lead alloys
Sn-5.0, Pb-1, P-.l Sheet, .04 in. hard ... ... ...... 10,500 ... 42.0(.5% extn.) 57.5 8f ... RB90
Copper-tin-nickel alloys
Sn-3.88, Ni-2.33, Sheet, cold-rolled, ... ... ...... 12,300 26.6 ... 51.4 22t ... RB80
S.58, P-.37 quenched from
1470"F, aged 1 hr
at 930°F
206
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SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
=.
r;
I T A B L E 188.-MECHANlCAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER A N D COPPER ALLOYS (concluded)
I
n
0
E c v
P .-
0
.-*
2
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I
v1
B
44 to
v c
Urn
T;C 5 $2 42
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0
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z
I- percent
V
cgs cgs cgs kg/mm* kg/mm2
5;"
kg/mm2 kg/mm2 percent kg/mm2
+ Copper-zinc-iron alloys
%
6 Zn-38.48, Fe-1.21, Rod, 4 in., hard- ...... ...... 10,900 ... 57.0 62.0 127 ... 178
v) Sn-.72, AL.1, drawn
Pb.09
Cu-56.85, Fe-1.50, Cast 8.26 ... ...... 10,000 9.15 ... 49.0 3311 12.O(2.5X1O8) 93
Sn-.32, AL.23,
Mn-.20, Zn-rem.
Copper-zinc-manganese alloys
ZnI3-3.1, Mn4.2, - Round bar, die-cast 7.79 ... ...... ... ... 44.0(.15% 66.0 7t ... 187
AI-3.5 from 1930°F perm.)
Copper-zinc-nickel alloys
Zn-9.89, Ni-2.32, Sheet, .020 in., ...... ...... 13,900 31.3 ... 63.5 14t 13.0(108) R~86
Si-.57 quenched from
1470"F, aged 1 hr
at 930°F
Zn-19.8, Ni-2.37, Sheet, .020 in., ...... ...... 12,100 26.2 ... 60.5 22t 11.2(108) Re85
Si-.57 quenched from
1470"F, aged 1 hr
at 930°F
Zn-30.12, Ni-2.36, Sheet, .040 in., ...... ...... 9,800 33.8 ... 98.5 2.5t ... RB98
Si-.66 hard-rolled
Copper-zinc-tin alloys
Zn-6, Sn-6 Sand-cast 8.65 ... ...... ... ... 11.2-12.6 25-30 30-60 ... 50-65
(dd. pt.)
Admiralty brass : Sheet, ann. 8.53 ... ...... 10,500 ...... 31.6 60t ... ...
Zn-28, Sn-1
Naval brass : Rod, 3 in. diam., 8.42 ... ...... 10,800 23.5 ... 48.0 27 14.8(108) ...
Cu-61.20, Sw.43, rolled
Pb.10, Zn-rem.
Zn-41, Sn-1 Die-cast 8.47 ... ...... ... ... 21-25(yld.pt.) 39-42 15-20t ... 120-130
8
\1
208 TABLE 1 8 9 . 4 O P P E R W I R E 4 P E C I F I C A T I Q N VALUES
Copper wire : Hard-drawn (and hard-rolled flat copper of thicknesses corresponding
-
to diameter of wire). Specification values. (A. S. T. M. B1-15, U. S. Navy Dept.)
Specific gravity 8.89 a t 20°C (68°F).
NoTE.-P.limit of hard-drawn copper wire must average 55 percent of ultimate tensile strength for
four largest-size wires in table, and 60 percent of tensile strength for smaller sizes.
Tensile strength
Diameter Minimum Maximum Elongation,
& minimum percent
----T
mm kg/mm2 Ib/in.Z kg/mmz Ib/in.Z in 254 mm (10 in.)
11.70 .460 29.5 42,000 34.5 49,000 3.75
6.55 .258 33.0 47,000 38.0 54,000 2.50
in 1524 mm (60 in.)
4.12 .162 34.5 49,000 39.5 56,000 1.15
2.59 .lo2 35.5 50.330 40.5 57.330 1.04
1.02 .040 37.0 53;OOO 42.0 60;OOO .88
NOrE.-Representative values only from table in specifications are shown above. P-limit of medium
hard-drawn copper averages 50 percent of ultimate strength.
T A B L E 191.-COPPER WIRE-SOFT OR A N N E A L E D
(A. S. T. M. B3-15) Minimum values.
Minimum tensile
Diameter strength Elongation in 254
P mm (10 in.),
mm in. kg/mm2 Ib/in.2 percent
11.70 to 7.37 .460 to .290 25.5 36,000 35
7.34 to 2.62 ,289 to ,103 26.0 37,000 30
2.59 to -53 .lo2 to .021 27.0 38,500 25
.51 to .08 ,020 to .003 28.0 40,000 20
Nor&-Experimental results show tensile strength of concentric-lay copper cable to approximate
90 percent of combined strengths of wires forming the cable.
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
T A B L E 192.-MECHANICAL PR O PER TIES OF IR O N A N D S T E E L **
Propor-
Modulus of tional Yield Tensile Endurance
Composition Condition elasticity limit strength strength Elongation limit Hardness
percent kg/mm* kg/mm2 kg/mm2 kg/mm2 percent kg/mm2 number
Aluminum steel
C-.30-.40, AL.90-1.40, Cr-.90-1.40, quenched from 1750"F, tem- - - 96 109 15(2 in.) - 310
Mn-.40-.60, Mo-.15-.25 pered at 1100°F
Carbon steels
C-.08, Mn-.41 (open-hearth rim- strip, .lo4 in., rolled - - 27.0 37.0 35(2 in.) - Re 55
ming) ( d d . pt.)
C-.12, Mn-34, S-.12, P-.099 (free- bar, I& in. diam., cold-rolled (.OOl% offset)
cutting steel) 21,400 - 53.4 58.5 18(2 in.) - V 205
C-. 15.25, Mn-.30-.50 rod, & in., cold-drawn 21,100 - 76.0 81.5 11( 10 in.) 37.3 -
C-.27, h h . 7 2 , Si-21 wrought, ann., at 1450°F; 19,300 - 26.4 47.4 46(2 in.) - 153
f.-c.
"
wrought, w.-q. from 1600"F, 20,800 - 38.6 64.0 42(2 in.) - 191
tempered a t 1100°F
C-.45, Mn-.77, Si-.21 normalized 1 hr a t 1600°F;
room : 20,500 - 44.4 79.5 17(2 in.) - Rc 16
- 40°F - - - - - - Rc 20
-108°F 20,000 - 52.0 91.5 16(2 in.) - Rc 22
'I
3 hr at 1475"F, w.-q., tem-
pered 1 hr at 1000°F;
room : 20,800 - 88 95.0 12(2 in.) - Rc 27
- 40°F - - - - - - Rc 29
-108°F 20,200 - 95.5 106.5 14(2 in.) - Rc 29
C-.57, Mw.65, Si-.17 oil-quenched from 1490"F, - - 68.5 102.5 16(2 in.) - 293
tempered at 860°F ( d d . pt.1
C-.91, Mw.38, Si-.16 (acid open- oil-quenched from 1575"F, 21,200 - 101.5 159 7(2 in.) 56.2 441
hearth) tempered at 940°F (.Ol% perm.) 36.5*
126 71.7t
(.2% perm.)
C-1.04, Mw.36, Si-.16 3 hr at 1550"F, quenched in 21,000 - 101.5 166.5 5(2 in.) 68.8 430470
oil at 120"F, tempered 4 (.Ol% perm.) 86.9
hr at 800°F 136.5
(2%perm.)
+* For reference, see footnote 55, p. 187. Reversed torsion. t Zero t o maximum torsion. N
(continued) s
TABLE 192.--MECHANlCAL PROPERTIES OF IRON AND S T E E L (continued) -
N
0
Propor-
Modulus of tional Yield Tensile Endurance
Composition Condition elasticity limit strength strength Elongation limit Hardness
percent kg/mmP kg/mm' kg/mm' kg/mmP percent kg/mm* number
Chromium steel
C-.20, Cr-.75, Mn-.57, Si-.21 +
bar, in. diam., normalized at
1700°F
- - 39.4 53.5 35 - 131
C-59, Cr-.62, Mn-.83, Si-.35 forged - - 60.0 101.5 7(2 in.) - 286
Chromium-niobium steels
C-.O9, Cr-5.62, Nb-1.04 bar, 1 in. diam., rolled - - 69.0 77.3 16(2 in.) - 192
Chromium-comer - _ steels
C-.ll, Cr-.53, Cw.37, Si-.82, bar, 1 in. diam., normalized - 29(2 in.) - -
P-.088
Chromium-molybdenum steels
C-.08, Cr-5.81, Mo-.45 bar, 3 in. diam., 4 hr at - - 39.4 60.5 29(2 in.) - 149
1380"F, a.-c. Wd. Pt.)
C-.lo, Cr-12.75, Mo-.35, Mn-.Q annealed - - 32.0 52.7 30(2in.) 30.3 152
Si-.40, S.30, Ni-25 (.2% perm.)
heat-treated - - 58.0 73.8 20(2 in.) 39.0 217
(.2% perm.)
Chromium-titanium steels
C-.ll, Cr-5.41, TL.75 bar, 1 in. diam., rolled 4 hr - - 19.7 43.0 37(2 in.) - 112
at 1380"F, a.-c.
Chromium-tungsten steels
C-.46, (3-11.94, W-4.80, Si-2.89, oil-quenched from 1875"F, - 71.0 - 90.6 5(2 in.) - 300
Mn-.49 tempered at 1470°F
Chromium-vanadium steels
C-.58, Cr-.73, V-.18, Mw.68 annealed at 1500°F - 34.8 - 65.0 28(2 in.) - 163
water-quenched from 1650"F, - - 98.5 127.5 14(2 in.) - 351
tempered at 1050°F
C-.52, Cr-.88, V-.21, Mn-.66 j hr at 1600"F, quenched in 21,200 - 98.5 167 ll(2in.) 73 477-488
oil at 130"F, tempered 1 hr (.01% perm.) 52.7*
at 810°F 16.1 90.0t
(.01% perm.)
(continued)
T A B L E 192.-MECHANICAL P R O P E R T I E S O F IRON A N D S T E E L (continued)
Propor-
Modulus of tional Yield Tensile Endurance
limit
Compcsition Condition elasticity limit strength strength Elongation Hardness
percent kg/mma kg/mmz kg/mm2 kg/mm2 percent kg/mm2 number
Copper steels
C-.08, Cu-25, Mn-.38 sheet, .062 in., rolled - - 29.8 36.0 31(8 in.) - RB60
Graphitic steel
C-1.50, Si-1.0, Me.25 annealed - - 34.8 59.4 25(2 in.) - 197
Wd. pt.)
Iron
TC-3.41, GC-2.85, CC-.56, Si-2.44, cast 5,620 - - 14.1 - 6.60 159
P-.63, Mn-.57, S-.070, Ti-.10 (at f load)
Alloy cast iron: TC-2.61, GC-1.73, cast 11,400 17.0 270
CC-.88, Si-2.38, Ni-1.08, Mn-.77, (at 1 load)
S-.105, Cr-.O9
Alloy cast iron: TC-2, Ni-18, 5-5, cast - - - 12.9 1-4(2 in.) - 110-170
Cr-2, Mn-1, P-.OI, S-.l
Malleable cast iron : TC-1.75-2.30, cast, annealed 17,550 - 26.3 40.0 22(2 in.) 17.6-18.6 110-145
Si-.85-1.20, Mn-<.40, P-<.20, Wd. Pt.1
s-<.12
Pure iron: Fe-99.99 rod, 4 in., swaged ann. 4 hr 20,000 - 5.7-6.1 20-21 36-46(2 in.) - 60
at 1600°F (.2% offset)
Wrought iron : C-.017, S.122, longitudinal - - 21.0 33.0 15(2 in.) 21.5 -
P-.084
Wrought iron: C-.017, Si-.lZ, transverse - - 20.1 32.9 17(2 in.) 19.7 -
P-.084
Manganese steels
C-.35, Mn-1.71, Si-.30 cast - 27.4 - 56.8 2.1 (2 in.) 22.5 179
Molybdenum steels
C-.23, M'w.17, Mn-.67, Si-.52, annealed at 1650°F - - 38.0 57.8 31(5 diam.)
cu-.lo
C-.24, Me.22, Mw.85, Si-.19 plate, Q in., rolled - - 42.5 62.0 30(2in.)
(yld. pt.1
C-.39, Cr-..86, Me.17, Mn-.56 oil-quenched from 1625"F, - - 116.5 149 6.5(2 in.)
tempered at 500°F
(continued)
T A B L E 192.-MECHANICAL P R O P E R T I E S O F I R O N A N D S T E E L (continued)
r?
Propor- tu
Modulus of tional Yield Tensile
Composition Condition elasticity limit strength strength Elongation Hardness
percent kg/mmz kg/mmz kg/mm2 kg/mm2 percent number
Nickel steels
C-.43, Ni-3.47, Mn-.64, SL.20 wrought, f.-c., from 1450°F 21,000 - 37.3 66.4 33(2 in.) 187
' "
wrought, 0.-q., from 1450"F, 19,800 - 57.8 82.2 34(2 in.) 226
tempered at 1100°F
C-.42, Ni-3.41, Mn-.66, Si-21 bar, 2 in. diam., wrought; - 41.4 44.3 70.0 26(2 in.) 195
ann. at 1550°F: 70°F (yld. pt.)
800°F - 14.0 27.3 55.0 30(2 in.)
W d . pt.)
1000°F - 7.73 17.6 32.7 39(2 in.)
(rld. pt.)
Nickel-chromium steels
C-.37, Ni-1.28, Cr-.52, Mn-.55 bar, 1& in. diam., h.-t. 20,000 - 17.6 92 18(2 in.) -
(.OOl% offset)
C-.37, Ni-1.33, Cr-.65, Mn-.75, hot-rolled - - 52.1 81 25(2 in.) -
Si-.18 (dd. pt.)
C-.36, Ni-1.33, Mn-.60, Cr-.56, bar, 4 in. diam., wrought;
Si-.26, (basic open-hearth, deoxi- 1 hr at 1550"F, 0.-q. tem-
dized with Si and Al) pered at 1000"F, grain
size 7-8 (ASTM std.), nor-
mal :
85°F - 83.0 92.0 99 19(2 in.) 285
(2%perm.)
900°F - 12.3 36.8 62.5 22(2 in.)
(2%perm.)
1000°F - 3.87 17.9 43.6 20(2 in.)
(2%perm.)
1200°F - .70 5.27 21.3 51(2 in.)
(2%perm.)
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steel
C-.32, Ni-1.92, Cr-.86, Me.30, wrought, f.-c., from 1450°F
Mn-.60, Si-.16
20,200 - 34.9 67.6 37(2 in.) 202
C-.32, Ni-1.92, Cr-.86, Me.30, wrought, 0.-q. from 1530"F, 20,000 - 73.8 98.5 32(2 in.) 229
Mn-.60, Si-.16 tempered at 1100°F
(continued)
T A B L E 192.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES O F IRON A N D S T E E L (continued)
Propor-
Modulus of tional Yield Tensile Endurance
Composition Condition elasticity limit strength strength Elongation limit Hardness
percent percent kg/mmP number
Nickel-molybdenum steels
C-.41, Ni-1.96, Me.31 oil-quenched from 1525"F, 67.7 85.0 91.5 23 47.2 252
tempered at 1200°F W. pt.)
' '( quenched from 1525°F into 42.8 74.0 90.0 19 - -
lead at 840°F (austem- ( d d . pt.)
pered)
Nickel-copper steels
C-.08, Nil200, Cu-1.00, Mn-.55, plate, 4-4 in., rolled 25 (8 in.) 28.1 -
Si-<.3
Silicon steels
C-.07, Si-1.17, Mn-.32 rolled - 33.4 47.5 30(3 in.) - 130
Silicon-manganese steels
C-52, Si-1.95, Mn-1.05, Cr-.05 oil-quenched from 1600"F, - 102.5 139 15(2 in.) 67.7 -
tempered at 970°F (.l% perm.)
C-S3, Si-1.96, Mn-.83 3 hr at 1600"F, quenched in - 92.8 166 12(2 in.) 78.7 438-457
oil at 130"F, tempered 1 hr (.010/0 perm.) 97.07
at 860°F 148
(.l%perm.)
Stainless steel
C-.17, Cr-18, Ni-8 water-quenched from 1100°F 21.1 - 65.4 68(2 in.) 26.7 170
C-.07, Cr-18.95, Ni-7.69 bar, # in. diam., cold-rolled 9.14 - 100.5 Zl(1.5 in.) 59.8 302
C-.13, Cr-24.5, Ni-20.3, Si-.85, bar, 1 in. diam., rolled - 28.1 61.8 40(2 in.) - RB92
( d d . pt.)
C-.ll, Cr-16.2, Ni-11.5 water-quenched from 2010°F ;
room : 48(2 in.) - -
- 85°F - - -
-292" 55(2 in.) - -
T A B L E 192.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF IRON A N D S T E E L (concluded)
Propor-
Modulus of tional Yield Tensile Endurance
Composition Condition elasticity limit strength strength Elongation limit Hardness
percent kg/mm2 kg/mm2 kg/mm2 kg/mm2 percent number
C-.08, Cr-18.58, Ni-9.68, Ti-.42 air-cooled from 1920°F - - 26.8 60.8 59(2 in.) -
C-.07, Cr-18.2, Ni-9.42, Nb.51 water-quenched from 2100°F - - 25.3 62.9 60(2 in.) 137
C-.40, Cr-15.21, Si-.59, Mn-28, bar, 1 in. diam., 1 hr at - 36.4 - 81.5 20(2 in.) -
Ni-.18 1650"F, w.-q., tempered
1 hr at 1200°F
C-20, Cr-16.17, Mn-1.06, Si-.30 oil-quenched from 1740"F, 23,100 35.7 62.5 133 lO(2 in.) 357
tempered 3 hr at 840°F
C-.15, Cr-13.50, Si-.ll oil-quenched from 1740"F, 22,000 57.8 77.3 92.8 21 (2 in.) 285
tempered at 1110°F
"
oil-quenched from 1740"F, 22,200 42.3 50.7 68.5 28(2 in.) 206
tempered at 1290°F
C-.09, Cr-16.53 sheet, .18 in., hot-rolled - - 73.0 93.5 4.5(8 in.) RB103
' sheet, .18 in., ann. - - 34.5 49.2 20(8 in.) RB82
C-20, Cr-27.37, Mw.32, Si-28, annealed - 18.5 31.3 56.9 28(2 in.) -
NG.19
C-.08, Cr-5.81, Mo-.45 bar, t in. diam., 4 hr at - 60.4 29(2 in.) 149
1380"F, a.-c.
Tungsten steels
C-.71, W-17.30, Cr-3.86, V-.75 normalized a t 1740°F ; - 92 19(2 in.) -
tempered -at 1470°F
T A B L E 193.-STE E L W I R E-S P EC I FICAT10 N VA L U ES 215
S. A. E. carbon steel, No. 1050 or higher number specified (see carbon steels above).
Steel used to be manufactured by acid open-hearth process, to be rolled, drawn, and then
uniformly coated with pure tin to solder readily.
Ameri- Req'd
can or twists Weight
B. a n d Diameter in 203.2 & Req'd Spec, minimum tensile strength
S. wire mm or kg/100 lb/100 bends 7 ~
Nom.-Number of 90" hends specified above to he ohtained by hendins sample about 4.76 mm (.188 in.)
radius, alternately, in opposite directions.
;n
mm :
9.5
12.7
19.0
25.4
Diameter
1
3
f
2
-
T A B L E 195.-PLOW-STEEL
"
1'
12.7 4 .58 .39 7,410 16,330
1'
25.4 1 2.23 1.50 27,650 60,960
" "
......... 38.1 14 5.28 3.55 59,735 131,690
Galv. cast steel, B ........... 9.5 3 .25 .17 2,995 6,600
'1. 1'
........... 12.7 3 .42 .28 5,210 11,500
" "
........... 25.4 1 1.68 1.13 20,890 46,060
"
Ultimate strength
Description and analysis Diameter Ultimate strength (net area)
.- kg lh k m
Plow steel, 6 strands x 19 wires
C .90, S .034, P .024, Mn
.48, Si ,172. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.8 137,900 304,000 129.5 184,200
Plow steel, 6 strands X 25 wires
C .77, S ,036, P ,027, Mn
.46, Si ,152 ................ 69.9 314,800 694,000 151.2 214.900
Plow steel, 6 X 37 plus 6 X 19
C 2%. S .032. P ,033. Mn
.41. Si .160.. .............. 82.6 34 392,800 866,000 132.2 187,900
Monito; plow steel, 6 X 61 plus
6 X 19, C .82, S .025, P .019,
Mn .23, Si .169 ............ 82.6 3$ 425,000 937,000 142.5 202,400
Recommended allowable load for wire rope running over sheave is one-fifth of specified minimum
strength.
i
Propor-
i4 Modulus of tional Yield Tensile Endurance
zz
D Composition Density elasticity limit strength strength Elongation limit Hardness
percent Condition g/cmS kg/mm2 kg/mmz kg/mm2 kg/mm2 percent kg/mm2 number
0
Cadmium alloys
2
D
I-
Cu-1.5; Mg-.95 Cast ... 5,600 ... 5.48
(.02% offset)
15.77 8.8( 10 diam.) 3.8 42
-I 9.84
c
I-
(2%offset)
m
Zn-5.0 Rod, 1 in. diam., chill-cast 8.55 ... ... ... 9.2(rate 6.5(1.25 in.) ... 32
from 660°F; aged one of strain
month at r.-t. 6%/minute)
Cobalt alloys
Fe-1.4; Ni-1.1; C-24 Cast, ann. 2 hr at 1,650"F ... 20,800 ... ... ... ... ...
C d 5 - 5 5 ; Cr-30-35 ; Cast 8.76 24,900 ... 45.7 O(2 in.) ... Rc 61
W-12-17
Gold alloys
Cd-4.6 ; Cu-2.8 ; Zn-1.0 ... ... 9.28 ... 30.8 55(2 in.) ... 44
CU-6.3 ; Ag-2.1 Strip, 4 in., ann. 3 hr at
1365°F
... ... 13.2 ... 32.1 35 ... ...
CU-15.6 ; Ag-6.0 ; Pt-2.78 ; Rod, Q in. diam., cast, w.-q. ... 9,140 37.6 ... 48.5 4(3 in.) ... ...
Zn-2.38 ; Ni-1.98 from 1290°F
Cu-17.95 ; Ni-17.60; Sheet, .050 in., rolled (50% ... ... ... 45.0 72.4 44(2 in.) ... ...
Zn-6.0 ; Mn-.4 red) 4 hr at 1290"F, a.-c. ( d d . pt.1
Cu-34.9 ; Ni-12.14 ; Sheet, .045 in., rolled (50% ... ... ... 49.3 63.5 lg(1.25 in.) ... RB94
Ag-11.11 red), ann. 4 hr at (yld. pt.)
1300"F, a.-c.
Ni-17.0 ; CU-16.0 ; Sheet, .05 in., rolled (50% 45.3 73.8 43(2in.) ... ...
Zn-8.65 red), 3 hr at 1380"F, ( d d . pt.1
a.-c.
** For reference, see footnote 5 5 , p. 187.
TABLE 198.-MECHANlCAL PROPERTIES O F MISCELLANEOUS ALLOYS (continued)
-
LO
z E
CQ
ri
I Propor-
VI
0
Modulus of tional Yield Tensile Endurance
I Composition Density elasticity limit strength strength Elongation limit Hardness
percent Condition g/cma kg/mm’ kg/mm2 kg/mm2 kg/mmz percent kg/mma number
2
I
Pd-16.1; Pt-7.0; Ir-1.2; Strip, .006 in., w.-q. from ... 14,050 35.1 ... 61.8 4.6(8 in.) ... ...
Zn-.07 1290°F
Pt-9.3 ; Ag-.l ; Zn-.O2 ;
Ni-.Ol
Strip, .006 in., w.-q. from ... 7,000 6.32 ... 24.6 24(8 in.) ... ...
1290°F
p
rn
Ag-10.0; Pt-6.l; (3-5.9; Rod, & in. diam., cast, w.-q. ... 7,700 15.8 ... 33.7 18(3 in.) ... ...
In Ir-.l from 1290°F
Lead alloys
Sb.80 Cable sheath, 1 in. 0.-d. ... ... ... ... 3.09(rate 32(2.5 in.) .722( 10‘) v 10
x Q in. wall, extruded, of strain)
aged 131 days a t r.-t. .1 (in./in.)/min
Linotype : Cast ... ... ... ... 8.22 9.0(2 in.) ... 21
Sb-11.5 ; Sn-4.4 ; Cw.08
Monotype : Cast ... ... ... 8.4 4.0(2 in.) ... 22
Sb-15.3 ; Sn-8.3
Bi-.065; Cu-.013; Sb-.0015 Cable sheafh, 2.87 in. 0.-d. ... ... ... ... 1.34 47 ... 3.9
X .159 In. wall (ring
specimen)
Magnesium alloys
A1-4.40 : Mn-26 Rod, extruded from 2 E in. 1.77 4,290 9.48 ... 27.4 16(8in.) 10.5(10*) 58
to 3 in. diam. at 350-
400°F
AI-10; Mn>.l ; Si<.5 ; Cast, h.-t. and aged ... 4,570 ... 13.4 25.3 2 ( 2 in.) 6.3 69
Zn<.3 (2%offset) (5 x 10a)
CU-13 Rod, 1 in. diam., hot-rolled ... 4,640 5.2 ... 27.4 2.5(4V/a) ... ...
Manganese alloys
Cu-18; Ni-10 .... ... 12,240 ... ... 77.0 6.5 ,..
(continued)
T A B L E 198.-MECHANICAL P R O P E R T I E S O F MISC ELLA N EOU S A L L O Y S (concluded)
I
0
< Propor-
I? Modulus of tional Yield Tensile Endurance
Composition Density elasticity limit strength strength Elongation limit Hardness
F
c)
percent Condition g/cm3 kg/mm2 kg/mmz kg/mm2 kg/mm2 percent kg/mm* number
4
g Nickel alloys
I
-
g A1-4.78: Mn-.26; C-.17; Rod, i; in. diam., hot-rolled, .. . 21,500 9.4 18.75 61.6 43 ( 4 v K a ) ... ...
Fe-.07 : Si-.05 ann. 2 hr at 1650°F. (.Ol% offset)
slowly cooled
Ni-80 ; Cr-13 ; Fe-rem. Sheet ann. ... 21,800 ... ... 55.0 ... ... ...
Cr-20 Wrought 8.4 21,800 . .. 44.5 77.4 30( 10 in.) ... ...
(yld. pt.1
Cu-29; Fe-1.5; Si-1.25; Sand-cast 8.80 18,300 ... 24.5 49.0 30(2 in.) ... 140
Mn.9; C-.2; S<.O15 (.2% offset)
Ni-60; Cr-15; Mo-7; Quenched 8.3 15,500 . .. 41.8 88.0 30(4 in.) ... 195
Be-6-1.0 ; Fe-rem. (yld. pt.)
Mo-30; Fe-5 Cast 9.24 21,600 .. . 38.5-40.0 53-58 6-9(2 in.) ... 190-230
(yld. pt.)
Silver alloys
CU-5.75 ; Cd-1.75 Sand-cast ... 3.6 9.9 20.7 40(2 in.) ... 73
Tin allow
Sb-6.87: Cu-5.69 ; Pb.19; Cast 6,120 ... 5.76 8.4 5.2(10 diam.) 2.39 23
Fe.03 ; As-.02 (.2% off set)
SblO.01; Cu-9.88; Pb.19; Cast ... 5,980 ... 6.88 7.5 .6( 10 diam.) 2.32 27
Fe.08 (.2% off set)
T A B L E 199.-PHYSICAL P R O P E R T I E S O F SOME SPECIAL-PURPOSE A L L O Y S * N
N
0
Thermal
Resistivity Temperature conduc- Thermal Tensile Yield Young's Hardness Elongation
Composition microhms- coeff. of tivity expansion strength strength modulus number 2 in.
percent Density cm resistance cgs per "C kg/mni' kg/mm? kg/mm2 Rockwell percent
Alloys for strength with lightness
Duralumiii (A 17 S)
Al 97, Cu 2.5, Mg .3.. 2.74 4.3 .37 30 7200 70
Super duralumin (24 S)
A1 93, Cu 4.5, Mn .6
Mg 1.5 ........... 2.77 5.7 .29 20-200" 50 7200 120
12.9x10-0
Dow metal
Mg 92, Al 8.. ....... 1.81 13 23 4.6
Beryllium alloys
Beryllium t ........... 1.83 4.3 .385 20-200" 35 18.7 2.6X10' 90-110 .O-2.5
1 2 . 4 lo-'
~
Alloys t
Be .45, Co 2.6, Bal Ca
wrought .......... 8.75 3.4 .SO 81. 63. 1.26X1O3 C23-28 10-15
Be 2.60, Ni 1.10, Bal
Cu ............... 7.6 7.8 .18 20-200" 112. 63. C38
17~10-~
Be 2.0, Co .5, Bal Cu
cast .............. 8.1 6.5 .30 115. 98. 1.33Xlo3 C37-42
Be 2.0, Co .3, Bal Cu
wrought .......... 8.21 12.7 .I6 49. 21. 1 . 1 2109
~ C85-95 .35-.50
Alloys f o r sealing t o glass
~~
-4
S Thermal
0
v) Resistivity Temperature conduc- Thermal Tensile Yield Young's Hardness Elongation
z
I
Composition microhms- coeff. of tivity, expansion strength strength modulus number 2 in.
z
9 percent Density cm resistance cgs per "C kg/nim? kg/mm2 kgjmm? Rockwell percent
Chrom iron
2 Fe 70-72, Cr 28-30,
52
Ez
hln S . 8 .......... 7.8 ... ... 20600"
F 11.4X10-'
-, Fernico
-
P
h
v)
Fe 54, Ni 28, Co 18.. 100-500"
4.2-5.4X lo-'
Sealmet .............. 7.6 6.4 ... .06 20-100" 53.0 20.3x lo3 (Specific heat
10.3X1O-' cgs .15)
Dumet core
Ni 42, Fe 58, Cu 20-30
total weight . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... Radial 8.0-
1oxlO-8
Axial 6.1-
6.5)<10"
Miscellaneous
Constantin D
Cu 53.3, Ni 45, Mn 1,
Fe .6 ............. 8.4 49 8x10-' 23 15 70 25.000 100
Manganin 5
Cu 84, Mn 12, Ni 4 . . 8.5 44 <lO-'at 25°C 18 17.900
Nichromc 8 *
59.9 Ni, 25 Fe, 15 Cr,
.1 C .............. 8.08 100 4x10-' 12
Invar
Fe 63.8, N i 36, C 2 . . 8.05 81 1 . 0 8 lo-'
~ 1.6 80 21.000 160 (Specific heat
cgs .12)
5 There a r e several alloys of ahout this same composition that are made by different manufacturers. They all have aLou1 the same characteristics.
Uses:
a Heater and resistance.
b Standard resistances.
(I I.ow thermal expansion.
Thermocouples.
a Mirrors. is a n exceedingly hard untarnishable metal.
f Mirrors'and reflecting gratings; takes good polish and does not tarnish easily.
8 .\n alloy sometimes used a s a getter for clearing off last traces of gas in a n evacuated vessel.
b Used for making special casting and in a r t work.
(contirrrted)
ln N
5
t
ln
N
N
-Fz
0 TABLE 199.-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SPECIAL-PURPOSE ALLOYS (continued)
z Linear
0 Tensile thermal Specific Resistivity Thermal Temperature
I
< Composition strength expansion heat microhm- conductivity coeff. of
! i percent Density kg/mm2 per "C cas cm cgs resistance
0
>
I-
Chrome1 R S d
90 Ni, 10 Cr, other elements 8.73 67 13.1x10-O .lo7 4.25 1.92 watts 3.2
G!
IW
-
20-100" c 20-100
AlumelSd
94.1 Ni 3, hln 2, A1 and other ele- 8.60 60 12x10-0 .125 25. .297 watts 24.5
ments 20-100"c
Stellite Z Brinell hardtiess-512 at 3000 kg
Co 59.5, Mo 7.25, Cr 10.8, Fe 31,
Mn 2, C .9, Si .8 8.3
Spectral reflecting factor :
h .15, 20. .30, S O , .75, 1.00, 2.00, 3.00, 4.00, 5.00, 8.00
.32, .42, S O , .64, .67, .689, ,747, .792, 3 2 5 , 348, ,880
Speculum metal Spectral reflecting factor :
Cu 67, S n 33 h .188, .200, .251, .288, .305, ,357, .385, .420, .450, SO0
.23, .25, .299, ,377, .417, .51, S31, ,564, .600, .632
h S O , .600, .650, .700, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00, 3.00, 4.00, 5.00
.64, .648, .654, .668, .705, .750, ,804, .862, 385, 391
h 7.00, 9.00, 11.00, 14.00
.%1, .922, ,929, 936
Misch metal 8
Ce 50-70, Fe 1-5, La, Nd P r
Pewter
85 Sn, 6.8 Cu, 6 Bi, 1.7 Sb
t Hoskins Thermocouple (see Table 5 1 ) .
(contirid)
223
+E
r m
0
<
N
SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES
I
0
<
I?
TABLE 199.-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SPECIAL-PURPOSE ALLOYS (concluded)
F
c)
Metal or
alloy
approx.
comp.
percent Condition
'Ingot sintered,
D.= 5.7 mm or 2 2
in. ............ 18.0 1124 - 12.7 - 18,000 0.0 0.0 - -
Swaged rod,
D = .7 mm or .03
in. ............ - _ - 151.0 - 215,000 4.0 28.0 - -
!
Swaged and drawn
hot 97.5% reduc-
tion ........... - - - 164.0 - 233,500 3.2 14.0 - -
Same as above and
equiaxed at 2000"
C in H t t ...... _ - - 118.0 - 168,000 0.0 0.0 - -
Cast ............ - - -
I
7.0 437 (Impurities Pb, Fe,and Cd) -
Coarse crystalline. - - - 2.8to - 4,000t0 - - 42to 8to
Fine crystalline ... - - - 8.4 - 12,000 - - 48 10
Rolled (with grain
Zinc,$ or direction of
Zn : rolling) ........ - - 2.0 19.0 2,900 27,000 - - - -
Rolled (across grain
or direction of
rolling) ........ - - 4.1 25.3 5,800 36,000 - - - -
Drawn hard ..... 7.1 - - - -
- 443 7.0 - 10,000 -
Commercial composition for some incandeseent electric lamp filaments containing thoria ( T h o 2 ) approx. 0.75
percent.
t Ordinary annealing treatment makes W,brittle, and severe working, below recrystallization or equiaxing
temperature, produces ductility. W rods which have been worked and recrystallized a r e stronger than sintered
rods. T h e equiaxing temperature of worked tungsten, with a 5 m i n exposure, varies from 2200°C for a work
rod with 24 percent reduction, to 1350°C for a fine wire with 100 percent reduction. Tungsten wire, D = 0.635
mm or 0.025 in.
$ Compression on cylinder 25.4 mm (1 in.) by 65.1 mm (2.6 i n , ) , at 20 percent deformation:
For spelter (cast zinc) free from Cd, av. 17.2 kg/mm2 or 24,500 ll)/in.z
%-or slielter with Cd 0.26, av. 27.4 kg/mmY or 39,000 Ib/in.'
Modulus of rupture averages twice the corresponding tensile strength.
Shearing strength: rolled, averages 13.6 kg/mm* or 194,000 Ib/in.'
Modulus of elasticity: cast, 7,750 kg/mm' or 11,025,000 Ib/in.Z
Modulus of elasticity: rolled, 8450 kg/mm' o r 12,000,000 Ib/in.z
T A B L E PO~.-LOW-MELTIING ALLOYS *
Composition, percent Melting point
r
Name Bi Cd PI) Sn Other ' "F "C
Anatomical alloy ......... 53.5 - 17 19 Hg10.5 140 60
Wood's alloy ............ 50 12.5 25 12.5 - 154.4 68
Quaternary eutectic alloy.. 49.5 10.10 27.27 13.13 - 158 70
Fusible alloy ............. 38.4 15.4 30.8 15.4 - 159.8 71
Eutectic alloy (Bi-Cd-Pb). . 51.6 8.1 40.2 - - 1%.7 91.5
Alloy for fine castings.. .... 50 - 32.2 17.8 - 212 100
Rose's alloy .............. 50 - 28 22 - 212 100
Bismuth solder .......... 40 - 40 20 - 235.4 113
Eutectic alloy(Bi-Sn) .... 57 - - 43 - 280.4 138
Eutectic alloy(Bi-Cd) .... 60 40 - - - 291.2 144
Eutectic alloy(Bi-Pb-Sn) . 13.7 . - 44.8 41.5 -
-
320 160
Eutectic alloy(Cd-Sn) .... - 32 - 68 350.6 177
Eutectic alloy(Pb-Sn) .... - - 38 62 - 361.4 183
-
(1: in.) diam. by 63.5 mm (23 in.) long, tested at 21°C (70°F). (Set readings after removing
loads.)
Hardness
Permanent deformation @, 21°C
*
Formula, Pouring Weight @ 454 kg @ 2268 kg < 4536kg'
percent temp. A = IOOOlb = 5000 Ih ~ 1 0 , 0 0 0Ib
Alloy
, -&- ,
No. Sn SI) Cu Ph c% 2; -m zz7-
Tin Base
1 91.0 4.5 4.5 - 440 824 7.34 458 .OOO .OOOO .02s .om ,380 .oiso 28.6 12.8
2 * 89.0 7.5 3.5 - 432 808 7.39 461 .OOO .OOOO .038 .OOlS .3os .olio 28.3 12.7
3 83.3 8.3 8.3 - 491 916 7.46 465 .025 .0010 ,114 .0045 .180 .0070 34.4 15.7
4 75.0 12.0 3.0 10.0 360 680 7.52 469 .013 .0005 .064 .0025 ,230 .0090 29.6 12.8
5 65.0 15.0 2.0 18.0 350 661 7.75 484 .025 .0010 ,076 .0030 230 .0090 29.6 11.8
Lead Base
6 20.0 15.0 1.5 63.5 337 638 9.33 582 .038 .0015 .127 .0050 .457 .0180 24.3 11.1
7 10.0 15.0 - 75.0 329 625 9.73 607 .025 .0010 .127 .0050 ,583 ,0230 24.1 11.7
8 5.0 15.0 - 80.0 329 625 10.04 627 .051 .0020 .229 .0090 1.575 .0620 20.9 10.3
9 5.0 10.0 - 85.0 319 616 10.24 640 .lo2 ,0040 .305 .0120 2.130 .0840 19.5 8.6
10 2.0 15.0 - 83.0 325 625 10.07 629 .025 .0010 254 .0100 3.910 .1540 17.0 8.9
11 - 15.0 - 85.0 325 625 10.28 642 .025 .0010 254 .0100 3.020 ,1190 17.0 9.9
12 - 10.0 - 90.0 334 634 10.67 666 .064 .0025 .432 .0170 7.240 .2850 14.3 6.4
OU. S . . N a v y Spec. 46M2b (Cu 3 to 4.5, S n 88 t o 89.5, Sb 7.0 to 8.0) covers manufacture of antifriction-
metal castings. (Cornposltlon W . )
T A B L E 203.-RIGIDITY M O D U L U S FOR A N U M B E R O F M A T E R I A L S
If t o the four consecutive faces of a cube a tangential stress is applied, opposite in direction on
adjacent sides, the modulus of rigidity is obtained by dividing the numerical value of the tangential
stress per unit area (kg/mm2) by the number representing Ihe change of angles on the nonstressed
faces, measured in radians.
Metal Ph Au Pd Pt Ax Cu Al Ri Sn Ni Cd Fe
p .45 .42 .39 .39 .38 .35 .34 .33 .33 .31 .30 28
p for: marbles, 2 7 ; granites, .24; hnsic-intrusives, . 2 6 ; glass, .23.
Agate ........7. Barite ....... 3.3 Fluorite ...... 4. Marble ... .3. 4. Ross' meta1.2.5-3.0
Alabaster ....1.7
Alum ..... .2- 2.5
Iiellmetal
Beryl
....
........
4.
7.8
Galena .......2.5
Garnet .......7.
Meerschaum 23. .
Mica ........2.8
Serpentine .3. 4.
Silver ...
.2.5. 3.
Aluminum ...2.9 Ijisniuth ...... 2.5 Glass ... .4.5- 6.5 Opal ..........
.4- 6. Silver
.........
Amber .... .2- 2.5 Ijoric acid ....3. Gold .... .2.5- 3. Orthoclase 6. chloride 1.3
Andalusite ...7.5 I3rass ..... .3- 4.
.....
Graphite ..
.
..5- 1. Palladium .... 4.8 Steel .5- 8.5
Anthracite ...2.2 Calamine 5. Gypsum .1.6- 2. Phosphor- Stibnite ...... 2.
Antimony ....3.3 Calcite .......
Copper .. .2.5- 3.
3. Hematite .....6.
...
bronze .....4. Sulfur ...1.5- 2.5
Apatite ...... 5. Hornl)lende 5.5 Platin- Talc ......... 1.
Aragonite . ...3.5 Corundum .... 9. Iridium ...... 6.5 iridium ....6.5 Tin ......... 1.5
Arsenic ......3.5 Diamond ... . I 0. Iridosmium . . .7. Platinum ..... 4.3 Tonaz ....... 8.
Asliestos .....5. Dolomite . . 3 . 5 - 4. Iron .......4- 5 . Pyrite .......6.3 Tourmaline ...7.3
Asphalt ... .l-2. Feldspar ...... 6. Kaolin ....... 1. Quartz ....... .
7 Wax (0') ......2
Augite .......6. Flint ........ 7. Loess (0") .....3 Rock-salt ....2. Wood's metal ..3.
Magnetite ....6.
T A B L E PO%-RELATIVE HARDNE S S OF T H E E L E M E N T S ( M E A N S )
* c . ... .l0. Ir ..... 6.5 Zr ..... 4.5 A1 . . 2.9 MP .... 2.0 In ..... 1.2
B . .... 9.5 Ge ..... 6.2 Pt ..... 4.3 Ag ..... 2.7 Se' ..... 2.0 TI ..... 1.2
Cr .... 9. Rh ..... 6 . Ti ..... 4.0 Zn . .... 2.5 Cd ..... 2.0 Li ..... .6
T a . . . . 7. Mo .... 6 ? Fe ..... 4. Au .... 2.5 Sr . . . . . 1.8 K ...... .5
0 s .... 7. Mn .... 5. As ..... 3.5 Ce . .... 2.5 S n ..... 1.8 Na .... .4
W .... 7. c o ..... 5. Sb ..... 3. .
Bi .... 2.5 P b ..... 1.5 Rb .... .3
Si .... 7. Ni ..... 5. Be ..... 3. T e . .... 2.3 Ga ..... 1.5 c s ..... .2
RU .... 6.5 Pd ..... 4.8 Cu ..... 3.0 S 2.0 Hg .... 1.5
. Diamond .
Brick
assemblage
Proportions by volume Proportions by weight Bond Shrinkage,
I\ I Compressive strength Water 180 days
Lime Lime strength in ten+on retentivity in a i r
T y p e of cement in mortar Cement hydrate Sand Cement hydrate Sand PSI li Psi percent percent
Portland ....................... 1 .2 3 1 .1 2.5 6400 69 73 .12
Portland ....................... 1 1 6 1 .5 5 1900 49 81 .15
Portland ....................... 1 2 9 1 1 7.5 800 40 83 .16
Masonry ....................... 1 0 3 1 0 3.5 1200 40 80 .14
Slag ........................... 1 .5 4.5 1 .3 4.5 1100 24 83 .23
:!, Schunian and Tucker, Nat. Bur. Standards Journ. Res., vol. 31, p. 107, 1943.
Strenfith developed in actual building practice will tend to he lower than these lahorntory values.
230
T A B L E 212.-EFFECT O F QUANTITY OF M I X I N G W A T E R ON STRENGTH
OF CONCRETE"
"Portland Cement Association, Design and control of concrete mixtures, 9th ed., p. 7.
T A B L E 213.-COMPARISON O F S T R E N G T H A N D E L A S T I C PROPERTIES
O F CONCRETEB1
Modulus of elasticity psi X lo-'
Values given are approximations only since the ratios between the different properties
depend on age, aggregates, cement, and other factors.
61 Stanton, T. E., Amer. SOC.Test. Mat. Bull. No. 131, p. 17, 1944; Witte and Price, ibid., p. 20;
Schuman and Tucker, Nat. Bur. Standards Journ. Res., vol. 31, p. 107, 1943; Connerman and
Shuman, Proc. Amer. SOC.Test. Mat., vol. 28, p. 527, 1928.
As determined on specimens with length to diameter ratio of 2.
-
FOR H A R D A N D SALMON BRICKS M A D E I N U. S. A.-
Water ahsorption
Compressive strength hIorlulus of rupture percent
psi 1)si
&
.'iverage Range Average Range cold cold boiling
Weighted average
all samples . . . . . 7250 1150 10 11 14
..
H a rd samples . . 7430 (16,0004000) 1180 (2350-740) 10 11 13.5
Salmon . .. .. . . . .. 4090 ( 6.500-2300) 680 (1440-300) 16 17 19
McBurney and Lovewell, Proc. Amer. Sac. Test. Mat., vol. 33, p. 1. 1933.
Furnished by Herbert Insley, National Bureau of Standards. t Wet samples 12 percent less.
$ Perpendicular to bed. 5 Parallel to bed.
T A B L E 218.-TENSILE S T R E N G T H A N D E L O N G A T I O N O F L E A T H E R O7
Iclongation, percent
Tensile
Thickness strength at at
Kind of leather 1/64 in. Ib/in.* 1000 Ib/in.2 break
Belting, vegetable-tanned steer.. ..... 11 6000 6 25
Calfskin, chrome-tanned ............. 3 4500 8 36
Calfskin, vegetable-tanned ........... 3 6000 5 29
Cordovan, horsehide butt ............. 3 2000 22 28
Deerskin, chrome-tanned ............ 5 6500 26 58
Garment, chrome-tanned horse.. ..... 4 6000 14 60
Kangaroo, chrome-tanned ........... 2 7000 15 40
Kid, chrome-tanned ................. 2 5000 19 59
Sheepskin, shearling ................ 3 1500 25 38
Shoe upper, chrome retan ............ 6 4500 15 40
Sole, vegetable-tanned steerhide. ...... 13 3500 4 15
8' Wilson, J. A,, Modern practice in leather manufacture, Reinhold Publishing Co., New York, 1941.
T A B L E 219.-DIFFUSION C O N S T A N T S O F W A T E R VAPOR T H R O U G H
L E A T H E R , AS F R A C T I O N S O F T H E D I F F U S I O N C O N S T A N T
T H R O U G H A I R (20°C) eR
Progress in leather science, 1920-1945, British Leather Manufacturers' Res. Assoc., London, 1948.
mKanagy, J. R., and Wallace, E. I.., Journ. Amer. 1,eather Chem. Assoc., vol. 38, p. 314, 1943;
Rose, II., ibid., p. 107.
T A B L E 222.-EFFECT O F R E L A T I V E H U M I D I T Y OF ATMOSPHERE AT
2l.C ON PROPERTIES O F LEATHER'*
'2 Evans, W. D., and Critchfield, C. L., Nat. Bur. Standards Journ. Res., vol. 11, p. 147, 1933.
T A B L E 223.-THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY O F L E A T H E R *
cal cm-' sec-' "C-'
a'
Real part G', ;......... dynescm-' 3-1OX1O8 25X10"
a"
Imaginary part G", - .... dynes cm-' .3-.6X 10' 3x10'
Resilience (ball rebound). . percent 75 75 45-55
Vulcanizate
containing
Pure-gum about 33%
Unit Unvulcanized vulcanizate carbon black
Density ............................ g cm-' .9325-.9335 .961 1.15
Expansivity (1/V) (dV/dT) ......... (deg C)-' 66x10-' 66X10-6 53X10-6
Thermal
Specific heat ....................... cal g-' (deg C)-' .45 .43 .36
Second-order transition temperature. . deg C -59 to -64
Optical
Refractive index, nD ................. 1.534-1.535 --
dnD/dT ............................ (deg C)-' -37x10-' --
Electrical
Dielectric constant (1000 cps) ........ 2.85
Loss factor, tan (90"-0) (1000 cps). . .003
Mechanical
Shear modulus ..................... dynes cm-' __ 25x10"
.
Initial slope of stress-strain curve., . dynes cm-' __ 10-20x10" 30-60x10"
Ultimate elongation ................ percent -- 400-600 400-600
Tensile strength .................... kg cm-' __ 14-28 170-280
Complex dynamic shear modulus '
u' +i u"
(60 CPS), 7 .................
Real part G', 7 ....................
U'
dynescm-' 5x108 55x10"
Un
Imaginary part G", - .............. dynescm-' 1-2x10" 9x10"
Resilience (ball rebound). ........... percent 65 40-50
Vulcanizate
containing
Pure-gum about 33%
Unit Unvulcanized vulcanizate carbon black
Density ................................ g cm-3 1.23 1.30
Expansivity (1/V) (dV/dT) ............. (deg C)-' 61~10-~
Thermal
Second-order transition temperature.. ..... deg C -38 t o -41
0p t ica I
Refractive Index nD ...................... 1.558
dnD/dT ................................ (deg C)-' -36X10-'
Mecha&al
Shear modulus .......................... dynes cm-* 14x10"
Initial slope of stress-strain curve. ....... dynes cm-' 15-3OXlO"
Ultimate elongation ..................... percent 800- 1000
Tensile strength ........................ k g cm-' 250-375
Complex dynamic shear modulus (60 cps),
+
u' i u"
...............................
€
0'
Real part G', 7 ......................... dynescm-' 6x10' 30-36X 10"
U"
Imaginary part G", ................... dynes cm-* 1x100 6x10'
Resilience (ball rebound). ................ percent 65 40-50
Valcani-rate
. -.. _ ~ ~
containing
Pure-gum about 33%
Unit Unvulcanized vulcanlzate carbon black
Density ................................ g cm-' .92 .93 1.13
Expansivity (1/V) (dV/dT) ............. (deg C)-' 57x10-' 46X10-'
Thermal
Second-order transition temperature.. ..... deg C -67 to -73
Optical
Refractive Index nD ...................... 1.5091
Electrical
Dielectric constant ...................... 2.1-2.6
Mechanical
Shear modulus .......................... -_ 18Xloa
Initial slope of stress-strain curve. ....... dynes cm-' -- 7-15X10" 30-40X 10'
Ultimate elongation ..................... percent -_ 750-950 650-850
Tensile strength ........................ -_ 180-210 180-210
*.................................
kg cm-'
Complex dynamic shear modulus (60 cps),
€
U'
Real part G', T ......................... dynes cm-* 4-1Ox1Oa 36x10"
a"
................. dynes cm-'
Imaginary part G", t.. 2-3X10a 16x10'
Resilience (ball rebound). ................ percent 8 7
T A B L E 228.-COMPRESSION O F RUBBER'3
Commercial soft-packing, black, density about 1.9 g/cm3 and V O= 1 cm3
A'r
Pressure Pressure Pressure
kg/cma 20°C -78.8"C kg/cm2 20°C -78.8"C kg/cm* 20°C -78.8"c
5,000 .1300 .0794 20,000 .2345 .1772 35,000 2845 2254
10,000 .1800 .I235 25,000 .2535 .1958 40,000 2960 2364
15,000 2146 .1538 30.000 2700 2119 45,000 .3050 2460
5O;OOO .3124 2540
Bridgman, P. W., Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., vo1. 74, p. 50, 1940.
I
0
< TABLE 2 2 9 . 4 O M P R E S S I O N O F S Y N T H E T I C AND N A T U R A L RUBBERS 74
I?
c)
F AV/Vo
4
D
W Koroseal Neoprene Buna S Ameripol Hood Goodrich Goodrich Goodrich Goodrich Butyl Butyl Hevea Hevea
2
Ln
P k r p ~ ~ / D e n s i t Y Duprene No. 89023 No. 832 No. 8774 D-7700 844A D-402 D-420 D-453 D-453 gum tread gum tread
1.589 1.250 1.357 1.376 1.370 1.176 1.193 1.350 1.514 1.309 .967 1.125 .950 1.122
2000 .0302 .0511 .0460 .0465 .0367 .0407 .0422 .0385 .0329 .0432 .0519 .0423 .0535 .0462
5000 .M15 .0967 .0956 .0872 .0715 .0792 .0837 .0745 ,0636 .0842 .0945 .0807 .lo17 .0870
-.. .
is:ooo 1198 __
-1679
~
.1567
.--_ .1493 .1304 .1445 .1454 .1378 .1162 .1480 .1543 .1334 .1697 -1490
20,000 .1301 .1891 .1793 .i715 .1507 .1663 .1670 .1587 .1347 .1692 .1744 .1510 .1929 .1707
25,000 .1462 2060 .1990 .1903 .1686 .1840 .1847 .I769 .1513 .1862 .1920 .1667 2116 .1900
Pressure of dis-
continuity 3,500 4,800 6,300 4,900 4,800 6,200 6,500
Amount of discon-
tinuity 2.0XlO~ 5.3X1Od 3.4X10" 1.5X10" 3x10-' 5x104 2x10-6
AVIVo a t discon-
tinuity .0516 .0939 .lo12 .0707 .0851 .lo83 .lo26
Ratio of width of
hysteresis loop
to maximum dis-
placement .083 ,059 .082 .087 .064 .067 .072 .080 .lo3 .077 .083 .090 .074 .073
74 Bridgman, P. W., PIN. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 76, p. 22, 1942.
T A B L E 23O.-CHARACTERlSTlCS OF A N U M B E R O F PLASTICS'6
Acrylic plastic . . . . . . .. . 1.18-1.19 .91 1.485-1.500 9 4-6 .35 >loi5 450-500 3.5-4.5 11000-14000 3.3-4.5 M88-M92 $
. .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . w
Nylon 1.14-1.09 .. . 1.53 10 5.8 .4 4.5X10's 385 4.1 13000 4 R-118 +
Polyvinyl formal . . . . . . . 1.2-1.3 .85-.91 1.5 7.7 3.7 ... 300-600 3.6-3.7 9000-17000 26 M80-M90 3
Ally1 and polyester ... ... .. . 8.0-10. 4.8-5.0 26-.55 >4X10i4 380 3.4-5. 21000-230007 3-8.2 M85-MI19 M
Cellulose nitrate . . ..... .
1.10-1.46 1.53-1.56
1.35-1.40 39-.92 1.49-1.51 8.-12. 5.5 .3-.4 10-15X1010 300-600 7.-7.-5 6000-11000 1.9-2.2 R95-Rl15
z
rn
Polysterene .... . . .. . .. . 1.05-1.06 .. . 1.59-1.60 6.-8. 2.4-3.3 .32 10"-1010 500-700 2.4-2.6 11000-16000 4.-5. M85-M95 2
rl
Phenolic molding . . . . . . . 1.3-1.5 . .. ... 3.-4.5 4.7 .35-.40 1-10O)<1Oi1 ... 5.-9. ... 8.-12. M110-Ml20 rn
Ethyl cellulose .. . . . . .. . 1.12-1.14 ... 1.47 10-20 3.8-7 .3-.75 10'2-10'' 350-500 .. . 11000-13000t 1.3-3.5 R100-R110
'75Taken from Technical data on plastics, Plastic Mfg. Assoc., Inc., May 1948. For trade names see original reference.
Compression. t To fracture.
240 T A B L E 231.-PROPERTIES O F SOME O P T I C A L
T A B L E 232.-GENERAL P R O P E R T I E S O F O P T I C A L PLASTICS
Cyclo- Cyclo-
hexyl- hexyl-
metha- metha-
crylate Sterene crylate Sterene
Index N d 0 " C .. 1.50645 1.59165 Thermal exp. coeff.. .. 9.0X10-5/"C 8.0X10-6/oC
Index tolerance . +.0015 +.0015 Thermal conductivity. 2.31 X lo-' 2.21x lo-'
(cgs) cal sec-' cm-'OC
v values ....... 56.9 31.0 Index charge per "C.. -.000131 -.000136
" " tolerance. +.5 +.3 Max. operating temp.. 150°F 150"F
Partial dispersion
NF-NC ....... ,00895 .01920 Density ............. 1.095 gjcm' 1.049 g/cmS
ND-No ....... ,00258 .00536 Moles hardness ...... 2-3 2-3
NF-ND ....... .00638 .01384 Over-all visual trans-
mittance through sam-
ple # in. thick.. .... 99.1% 99.9%
Resins
~~
Rayons Vinyl
Vinyl chlo- chloride-
Cupra- Saponified ride acetate acrylonitrile
ammonium acetate Viscose Acrylic copolynier t copolymer t Vinylidine
Density (g/cm3) ........................ 1.52-1.54 1.50-1.52 1.50-1.54 1.17 1.33-1.36 1.22-1.28 1.68-1.75
Refractive index : epsilon ............... 1.548-1.552 1.547 1.539-1.550 ... 1.536 1.536 1.60-1.63
omega ............... 1S20-1.527 1.513 1.514-1.523 ... 1.536 1.536 1.60-1.63
Tensile strength (1000 Ib/in.*). ........... 33-42 136138 29-88 59-75 34-80 65-75 15-60
Tenacity : dry (g denier t ) . .............. 1.7-2.3 7.0 1.540 ... 2.0-4.4 ... 1.1-2.9
wet (70of dry) ............... 59 85 44-65 ... 100 ... 100
Elongation to break ( 7 c ) . ................ 10-17 6 9-30 ... 1435 ... 15-30
Recovery from strain
Elongatioii (70)........................ 5 2 2 ... 2 ... ...
Recovery ........................
'I 48 82 82 ... 99 ... ...
Elongation " ........................ 15 5 15-20 ... 20 ... ...
Recovery " ........................ 32 67 30-37 ... 63 ... ...
Average stiffnessD ...................... 14 105 10-23 ... 7-22 ... 18
Toughness index II ....................... 13 19 17-20 ... 25-30 ... 56
Moisture regain at 65% R. H. and 70°F
(% of bone-dry weight). ........... 11.0-12.5 9.8-1 1.5 11.5-16.6 .9-2.0 .@-.5 .0-.5 .O
Swelling in water, cross-section swelling
(YO) .............................. 41-62 22 35-66 ... .24.3 ... .O
Heat stability; temperature "C at or above
which fiber Does not
contracts .............................. ... ... contract 66-83 70-145 71-155
loses strength .......................... 100 130 125 ... ...
softens ................................ ... ... 235 77 170 iikm
melts ............................... 149 ... ... 200-260 190-200 150-160
decomposes ............................ ... i ji-204 chars ... ... ...
Including regular and high-tenacity varieties. t Including several varieties. 't "Denier" is the weight in grams of 9000 meters of the fiber fi T h e value
given for stiffness is a measure of the ability of the fiber substance to resist deformation. It The toughness index is a measure of the ability of the fiber substance to
absorb work. * Staple 10-17. At 60% R.H.
e
244 T A B L E 235.-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES O F MISCELLANEOUS FIBERS
Azlon (casein.
Acetate soybean pro.
(cellulose) tein, zein Glass Nylon t Polyethylene
Density (g/cma) ............. 1.3S1.35 1.25-1.31 2.54-2.56 1.14 .92
Refractive index : epsilon .... 1.476-1.478 1.537-1.545 1.541-1.548 1.570-1.580 ...
omega ..... 1.470-1.473 1.537-1.545 1.541-1.548 1.520-1.530 ...
Tensile strength (1000 Ib/in.2). 20-30 10-19 204-220 65-1 17 11-30
Tenacity : dry (g/denier 1) ... 1.2-1.5
wet (70of dry). ... 60-65
.6-1.0 6.3-6.9 4.5-8.0 ...
35-50 99 85-90 ...
Elongation to break (%) ...... 23-50 12-15 2.0-3.7 14-25 ...
Recovery from strain
Elongation (%).. . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 3 2 ...
" ............. 94 ...
Recovery
Elongation
Recovery
:
............. 20
............. 23
60
20
30
100
...
...
100
20
75
...
...
Average stiffness 0 ........... 3-7 2 290 22-41 ...
Toughnens index II ........... 16-32 14 6 45 ...
Moisture regain a t 65% R. H.
and 70'F (% of bone-dry
weight) ............... 6.0-6.5 10.0-15.5 .o 3.54.5 .O
Swelling in water, cross-section
swelling (%) ......... 7.9 5.c-10.0 .O 3.2 ...
Heat stability ; temperature "C
at or above which fiber Does not
contracts ................... ... contract 74
loses strength ........... 90-107 i00-171 316 140 ...
softens .................. 177-208 ... 816 220 ...
melts ...................... ... ... 104
decomposes ................ 232-246 ... ... ...
Acetate rayon or estron. t Including regular and high-tenacity varieties. $ "Denier" is the weight
in grams of 9000 meters of the fiber. $ The value given for stiffness is a measure of the ability of the fiber
substance to resist deformation. ll T h e toughness index is a measure of the ability of the fiber substance
to absorb work.
t
Linen yacht rope Manila bolt rope Nylon yacht rope
*
Saran rope Sisal rope
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Common and botanical name Place of growth
material testedof g&
2: .@
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3-
a:a
22
P
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Alder, red
.. . ..........
(Alnus rubra) . .. Wash. 98 .41 28 9,800 1,380 1.85 11,600 4,530 540 1,080 420
tQ
w
Apple
(Malris @mila var.). . . . . ....
. Va. 45 .67 47 12,800 1,270 2.31 15,700 3,120 1,300 1,740 - 2
P
Ash, Biltmore P
(Fraxims biltmoreana) . . . ....
Tenn. 42 .55 38 13,000 1,600 2.97 16,500 5,670 1,510 1,680 710 I
Ash, black
(Fraxinus nigra) .. ........... Mich., Wis. 85 .49 34 12,600 1,600 1.57 - 4,520 940 1,570 700
Ash, blue 0
(Fraxinus quadrangulata) . . Ky.. .. 39 .57 40 13,800 1,400 2.68 18,400 5,460 1,760 2,030 - a
Ash, green M
(F. pennsylvanica lanceolata) ..
La., Mo. 48 .56 40 14,100 1,660 2.72 16,400 5,120 1,620 1,910 700
Ash, Oregon
(Fraxinus oregona) .......... Oreg. 48 .55 38 12,700 1,360 2.08 13,300 4,100 1,540 1,790 720
H
M
Ash, pumpkin rJ7
(Fraxinus profunda) ......... Mo. 51 .52 36 11,100 1,270 1.91 13,600 3,950 1,800 1,720 770
Ash, white
(Fraxinus americana) ..
. ..... Ark.. N. Y., W. Va.. Vt., 42 .60 42 15,400 1,770 2.60 17,000 5,790 1,410 1,950 940
Aspen, bigtooth
Mass. s0
(Populus graiididentata) . . .. .
Wis., Vt. 99 .39 27 9,100 1,430 1.25 11,400 4,090 560 1,080 390 0
Aspen, quaking tl
(Populris tremuloides) ... . ...
. Wis., N. Mex. 94 .38 26 8,400 1,180 1.53 9,000 3,040 460 850 260 W
Basswood, American
(Tilia americana) ............ Wis., Pa. 105 .37 26 8,700 1,460 1.37 9,800 3,800 450 990 350
Beech, American
(Fagits grairdifiolia) . . . . ... . .
. Ind., Pa., Vt. 54 .64 45 14,900 1,720 2.63 16,000 4,880 1,250 2,010 1,010
Data taken from Forest Service Bull. 479. U. S. Dept. Agr.
(continued)
T A B L E 237.-MECHANICAL P R O P E R T I E S O F HARDWOODS GROWN I N U N I T E D S T A T E S (continued)
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Common and botanical name
Place of growth of
material tested
u p-d
>
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6 2; &Mil
Cherry, black
..
(Prunus serotina) .. . . ...... Pa. 55 .so 35 12,300 1,490 3.11 13,600 5,960 850 1,700 560
Cherry, pin
(Pruxus pennsylvanica) . . . .... Tenn. 46 .39 27 8,500 1,270 1.51 10,100 3,900 520 1,030 320
Chestnut, American
. .... Md., Tenn.
(Castanea dentata) . . . . . . 122 .43 30 8,600 1,230 1.78 10,700 3,780 760 1,080 460
Chinquapin, golden
(Castampsis chrsofihylla) ... .. Oreg. 134 .46 32 10,700 1,240 3.11 10,900 4,150 680 1,260 -
Cottonwood, eastern
. . ...... Mo.
(Populus deltoides) . . . 111 .40 28 8,500 1,370 1.39 7,300 3,490 470 930 580
Cottonwood, northern black
(Popidus trichocarpa hastata) . Wash. 132 .35 24 8,300 1,260 1.25 9,800 3,270 370 1,020 330
Cucumber tree
(Magnolia accuminata) . , . .... Tenn. 80 .48 33 12,300 1,820 1.98 14,700 4,840 710 1,340 660
Dogwood, flowering
(Cornus florida) ,.. .......... '' 62 .73 51 14,900 1,530 3.10 14,600 - 1,920 2,260 -
Dogwood, Pacific
(Cornw nuttallii) ... ......... Oreg. 52 .64 45 10,500 1,470 2.02 10,500 4,300 1,650 1,720 1,040
Doveplum *
(Coccolobis laurifolia) . ... .... Fla. 52 .78 55 13,000 1,290 2.67 - 4,640 2,920
Elder, blueberry *
.. ......
(Sambucrcs glauca) ... "
124 .52 36 9,200 1,030 1.56 10,500 3,860 760 - -
Elm, American
(Ulmus americana) . . . . . . .... N. H., Pa., Wis. 89 .so 35 11,800 1,340 2.53 - 4,030 850 1,510 660
Elm. rock
(Ulniits thomasi) ., ... ........ Wis. 48 63 44 14,800 1,540 2.45 - 4,700 1,520 1,920 -
Elm, slippery
.. . . . . . . Ind.. Wis.
(Ulniirs fulva) . . .. . . . 85 .53 37 13,000 1,490 2.35 15,300 4,760 1,010 1,630 530
Eucalyptus, bluegum
(Eucalyptus globidus) . . . .. .. . Calif. 79 .74 52 16,000 2,370 3.28 20,500 8,190 1,720 1,840 -
(continued)
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-.-
'L 'O
-I
D
m Place of growth of
.-:$ .gel ,sg 22 -3-
o$
V .-
I
-
m
Ln Common and botanical name material tested g L ,C%Z $2 g2 z- d d
Eugenia, redberry *
(Ezcgenia confusa) .. . . .. . . . . . Fla. 41 .87 61 16,200 2,040 - - - 2,790 1,850 -
False-mastic
(Sideroxylon foetidissimirm) .. " 39 .93 65 10,200 1,780 1.39 14,100 3,940 2,830 1,470 710
Fig, Florida strangler *
(Ficus surca) . ...... . . . ... . .. '' 88 .44 31 7,200 800 1.03 - - - - -
Gumbo-limbo
(Bursera simaruba) . , . . . . . . .. 'I
99 .31 21 4,800 740 .85 6,300 1,720 560 800 360
Hackberry
.
(Celtis occidentalis) . . . . . . ... Ind., Wis. 65 .53 37 11,000 1,190 1.72 13,700 3,710 1,100 1,590 580
Hawthorn, pear * - --
(Crateagtrs calpodendron) . .. Wis... 63 .68 47 14,600 1,270 2.50 - - 1,580
Hickory, bitternut
(Carya cordifonnis) . . . . . .. ...
Ohio 66 .66 46 17,100 1,790 2.73 23,600 - 2,070 - -
Hickory, mockernut
(Carya tomentosa) . . .. . . ... ..
Pa., Miss., W. Va. 59 .72 51 19,200 2,220 3.41 20,200 - 2,140 1,740 -
Hickory, nutmeg
(Carya myristicaefonnis) .. . Miss. .. 74 .60 42 16,600 1,700 2.04 - - 1,930 - -
Hickory, pignut
(Carya glabra) . . . . . . ...
.. . .. W. Va., Miss., Ohio, Pa. 54 .75 52 20,100 2,260 3.23 25,200 - 2,450 2,150 -
Hickory, shagbark
(Carye ovata) ............... Miss., Ohio, W.Va., Pa. 60 .72 50 20,200 2,160 3.01 19,300 - 2,170 2,430 -
Hickory, shel!bark
(Carya lacmniosa) .. .. . ....... Ohio, Miss. 61 .69 48 18,100 1,890 2.29 22,800 - 2,220 2,110 -
Hickory, water *
(Carya aqriatica) ... . . ..... ... Miss. 80 .62 43 17,800 2,020 2.88 - 5,400 1,910
Holly, American
(Ilex opaca) ................. Tenn. 82 .57 40 10,300 1,110 1.88 12,500 3,380 1.130 - 680
Honeylocust
(Gleditsia tricanthos) ........ . Ind., Mo. 63 - - 14,700 1,630 2.74 15,400 5,250 2,280 2.250 900
(iontinued)
-
TABLE 237.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HARDWOODS GROWN I N U N I T E D STATES (continued) N
sp
U
Static bending
7-
Impact Compression
bending
DI
.-
\
E
e
.-&
-
Y
Place of growth of .-
Common and botanical name material tested d
Hophornbeam, eastern
(Ostrya virginianu) ... .......
Wis. 52 .70 49 14,100 1,700 2.96 14,200 5,780 1,500 1,790 -
Hornbeam, American *
(Carpinus caroliniana) .......
Mass. 48 .70 49 12,200 1,080 .77 10,300 3,330 2,000 2,410 -
Leadwood *
(Krugiodendron ferrezlm)
Locust, black
.....
Fla. 32 1.15 81 18,200 2,980 1.02 16,500 3,400 2,860 - -
(Robinia pseudoacacia) .......
Tenn. 40 .69 48 19,400 2,050 4.62 21,100 6,800 2,260 2,480 640
Madrone, Pacific
(Arbutus menriesii) ... .......
Calif., Oreg. 68 .65 45 10,400 1,230 2.46 10,400 4,040 1,620 1,810 -
Magnolia, Fraser
(Magnolia frareri) ...........
Tenn. 89 .44 31 10,100 1,400 1.86 13,800 4,180 620 1,150 660
Magnolia, southern *
(Magnolia grudifiora) .......La. 105 .so 35 11,200 1,400 1.90 13,600 3,420 1,060 1,530 740
Mangrove *
(Rhizob h r a manole)
- . .........Fla. 39 .96 67 21,700 2,950 3.80 - 6,170 3,300 2,860 -
Maple, b;gleaf
(Acer mucrofihyllum) ........Wash. 72 .48 34 10,700 1,450 1.66 - 4,790 930 1,730 540
Maple, black *
(Acer nigrurn) ...............Ind. 65 .57 40 13,300 1,620 2.39 13,500 4,600 1,250 1,820 670
Maple, red
(Acer ru b rm) ............... N.H., Pa., Wis. 63 .54 38 13,400 1,640 2.84 - 4,650 1,240 1,850 -
Maple, silver
(Acer sacchwiwm)
Maple, striped *
..........
Wis. 66 .47 33 8,900 1,140 1.90 12,400 4,360 910 1,480 500
(Acer bennrv~vanicunt) .......
Vt. 35 .46 32 10,900 1,360 1.08 11,400 - 800 1,320 -
Maple, sigar -
(Acer sacchururn) ............
Ind., Pa., Vt., Wis. 58 .63 44 15,800 1,830 2.76 20,600 5.390 1,810 2,330 -
Mountain-laurel*
(Kalmia latifolia) ..... .......
Tenn. 62 .68 48 11,100 1,200 3.44 14,300 - 1,820
(continued)
TABLE 2 3 7 1 M E C H A N l C A L PROPERTIES
2
1
8
.-ST
*Lorn
$2Y
+
0
B
lu)
-
OF HARDWOODS GROWN IN U N I T E D STATES (continued)
-.
.-
\
Static bending
*
d
Compression
.-
g2
0
*
L .z
-22 OE
C
a ’+
:;
0-J -4Y
8 G 6% LC
ZkM
?&? us
ai
.-
zg GZ 5 =.M28g-
g:a
a”
zg -2 .<4
2 e.5.i
Ern\
Common and botanical name
Place of. growth of
material tested g!i Vl0’ 5.2 g? k& &!is
Oak, black
(Quercus nigra) ............. La. 81 .63 44 15,400 2,020 2.24 18,800 3,960 1,260 2,020 920
Oak, black
(Quercus velutino) ...
... ... .. Ark., Wis. 80 .61 43 13,900 1,640 2.15 14,400 4,750 1,150 1,910 -
Oak, bur
(Quercus macrocarba) . . . ..
. .. Wis. 70 .64 45 10,300 1,030 2.37 14,600 3,580 1,480 1,820 680
Oak, California black
(Quercus Kelloggii) . . . . . . . . . . Oreg., Calif. 106 .57 40 8,700 990 2.28 8,800 3,300 1,440 1,470 770
Oak, canyon live
.
(Quercus chrysolepsis) . . . . . . Calif. 62 .77 54 12,900 1,610 3.15 13,000 6,110 2,260 2,290 -
Oak, chestnut
(Quercus montana) . . . . .. . . . Tenn.
. 72 .66 46 13,300 1,590 2.88 18,600 4,420 1,040 1,490 -
Oak, Gambel
(Quercus gambelli) .... . ..... Ariz.
. 61 .73 51 8,500 680 2.30 14,100 - 2,070 - -
Oak, laurel
(Quercus laurifolia) . . . .... La.
.. 84 .63 44 12,600 1,690 2.02 14,700 4,640 1,310 1,830 790
Oak, live
(Qiiercus virginiane) .. ....... Fla. 50 .89 62 18,400 1,980 2.19 21,300 5,120 3,510 2,660 1,010
Oak, northern red
(Quercus borealis) ........... Ark., Ind., La., N.H., 80 .63 44 14,300 1,820 2.33 17,600 4,580 1,250 1,780 800
Tenn.
Oak, Oregon white
(Quercus garryana) .. . .... . Oreg.
.. 72 .72 50 10,300 1,100 2.28 11,900 3,960 2,110 2,020 830
Oak, pin
. . Mass.
(Quercus palzistris) . , . . .... 75 .63 44 14,000 1,730 2.22 12,300 4,620 1,260 2,080 1,050
Oak, post
. Ark., La.
(Querczis stellata) . . . . . .. .. . 69 .67 47 13,200 1,510 2.25 17,600 3,700 1,760 1,840 780
Oak, scarlet
.. . . .. .. Mass.
(Querctrs coccinea) . . . 65 .67 47 17,400 1,910 2.92 16,100 5,550 1,380 1,890 870
Oak, southern red
. . ... . La.
(Quercus falcata) . ... . . 90 .59 41 10,900 1,490 1.44 15,300 2.910 1,080 1,390 510 ~
(continued) cn
c.
(pdilflf/U03)
009'01 161 OZI'I 000'6 IC SP' L9
- OC'Z OII'I 000'11 OP LS. 66
000'8 86' 001'1 008'9 CZ CF' ZII
- SZI W'I 009'01 LC CS. 11
OOP'81 6VC OIO'Z 00L'LI ZS PL' 8s
OOP'L 1 18'2 OFL7 OOL'CI 9P 99 C9
oos's 88 OS8 OOC'S PZ tC' I8
002'9 P6 09s OOL'P LZ 6'2' PCI
- IC
009'51 19'Z 006'1 WS'P1 8P 69 P6
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-
lo
5 T A B L E 237.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HARDWOODS GROWN I N U N I T E D S T A T E S (concluded)
H Static bending
i
z
Impact Compression
t! *. .i*. bending
-0
5 $1;; 25;
*C c: 0
s
I
p: .-
\
y1.-
a\
ze
04
.-E'
N
.-C
c
:;- 2g
-a
*C \
:&? gg 2 e
2
SZ MA'
$&i$sf a *
-52 -e o J .-
.e g5
I
r
W
r, Place testedof
of.growth
4
g g& $0,
.sg
$2
-u f
g? -g1->;
z.z
'ii
.-
2 -dE
._
". Common and botanical name material
Serviceberry, downy
(Ainelanchier arborea) . . ... . . Tenn. 48 .74 52 16,900 1,880 3.44 21,000 6,340 1,790 1,590 -
Silverbell, Carolina
(Halesia Carolina) ... . ....... " 70 .45 32 8,600 1.320 1.46 13,300 3,580 680 1,180 480
Sourwood
(Oxydendrum arboreum) .... . '' 69 .55 38 11,600 1,540 2.44 17,200 4,400 1,080 1,500 520
Sugarberry
(Celtis laevigata) .. ......... Mo.
, 62 .51 36 9,900 1,140 2.18 11,600 3,970 1,240 1,280 -
Sumach, staghorn *
. . .. .... Wis.
(Rhus typhina) . . .. . . 45 .47 33 10,200 1,190 2.81 - - 1,010
Sweetgum
(Liquidambar styraciflua) .... Mo. 81 .49 34 11,900 1,490 2.57 16,800 4,700 860 1,610 800
Sycamore, American
(Platanus occidentalis) .... . .. Ind., Tenn. 83 .49 34 10,000 1,420 1.66 10,500 3,710 860 1,470 720
Tupelo, black ; blackgum
.. . . .... Tenn.
(Nyssa sylvatica) . . .. 55 .so 34 9,600 1,200 2.54 14,500 3,470 1,150 1,340 500
Tupelo, water
(Nyssa aquatica) ..... ....... La., Mo. 97 .so 35 9,600 1,260 2.41 12,500 4,280 1,070 1,590 700
Walnut, black
. . .... KY.
( J ~ g l a n snigra) . . , . .. . . 81 .55 38 14,600 1,680 3.70 16,400 5,780 1,250 1,370 6990
Walnut, little *
(Jiiglans rupestris) . .. ....... Ariz.. 67 .57 40 14,200 1,480 2.60 11,100 - - - -
Willow, black
(Salix nigra) ......... ....... Mo., Wis. 139 .37 26 6,200 720 1.94 7,700 2,020 480 1.050 460
Willow, Pacific
(Salix lasiaiadra) .. . ... .. ..... Oreg. 105 .44 31 8,500 1,310 1.37 11,000 3,120 630 1.160 530
Witch-hazel *
(Hamamelis virginiana) . .. .. . Tenn. 70 .61 43 15,200 1,460 3.17 - - 1,370
Y ellow-poplar
(Liriodeitdron tulipifera) .... . Ky., Tenn. 61 .40 28 9,200 1,500 1.43 13,500 3,550 580 1,100 520
lu
Ul
G,
v)
T A B L E 238.-MECHANICAL P RO PER TIES OF S O F T WOODS G R O W N I N U N I T E D S T A T E S **
2
I
0
v)
Static bending
z '
D
2 Impact Compression
bending , -A- f
Place of growthof
Common and botanical name material tested
Alaska-cedar
.
(Chaniaecgparis noofkatensis) Alaska, Oreg. 38 .44 31 11,100 1,420 2.06 12,200 5,210 770 1,130 360
Baldcypress
(Taxodium distichrim) . . ......
La., Mo. 91 .46 32 10,600 1,440 2.15 10,400 4,470 900 1,000 270
Douglas-fir (coast type)
(Pseudotsiiga taxifolia) .. . . . ..
Wash., Oreg., Calif. 36 .48 34 11,700 1,920 1.96 12,700 6,450 910 1,140 300
Douglas-fir (intermediate type)
..
(Pseitdotsiiga taxifolia) .... . Mont., Idaho, Calif. 48 .44 31 11,200 1,640 1.87 11,600 5,540 920 1,130 340
Douglas-fir
- (Rocky Mountain
type)
. . ..
(Pseudotsiiga taxifolia) . . . Wyo., Mont. 38 .43 30 9,600 1,400 1.60 12,100 4,660 820 1,070 330
Fir., aloine
= -
(Abies lasiocarpa) . . . . .... ....
Colo. 47 .33 23 7,100 900 - 7,000 3,740 600 1,020
Fir, balsam
(Abies balsamea) . . .. .. .. ....
Wis. 117 .36 25 7,600 1,230 1.23 7,800 3,970 380 710 180
Fir, California red
(Abics magtzijica) . .. . . . ....
.. Calif. 116 .39 27 10,800 1,540 1.48 10,900 4,160 650 1,090 390
Fir, corkbark
(Abies lasiocarpa arisonica) . N. Mex. .. 62 .30 21 6,900 1,030 1.09 8,200 3,820 470 840 280
Fir, grand
(Abies grandis) . . . . Mont., Oreg. 94 .40 28 9,300 1,630 1.22 12,000 4,420 620 930 240
Fir. noble
(jlbies procera) . . . . . . . . ......
Oreg. 36 .38 26 10,100 1,580 1.59 11,200 4,960 640 980 220
Fir, Pacific silver
(Abies amab i l k ) . .. .. ........
Wash. 66 .38 27 9,400 1,530 1.40 11,400 4,660 490 1,050 -
Fir, white
(Abies concolor) ... ...... ....
Calif., N.Mex. 115 .37 26 9,300 1,380 1.72 10,800 3,590 600 930 260
Hemlock, eastern
. . . ...
(Tsicga cartadensis) . . . . . Wis., Tenn., N.H., Vt. 111 .40 28 8,900 1,200 1.79 10,700 4,020 800 1,060
* * For reference, see footnote 7 7 , p. 246.
(continued)
lA
5 TABLE 238.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOFT WOODS GROWN IN UNITED STATES (continued)
-I
I
lA
0 Static bending
I
z
D c
P
Impact
bending
Compression
.r*
-S F-
ic
--
0
i
I
'0
<
3 SZ+
.-
+my)
5a y ) 255
0.E E
2 E c
c';
$22 .-
.E 5! m r
K?
0 32s L.S;
urn
2
25% EEf
c.-x
F 2: $4:
o
L a
E
* c
C O
2; ..
I
r;'
I
J
.;;
*.-
&a
$2..
.;
-I
D .9 : 'Zga E
_.
.-
6.- &'3.5
m
r
m Common a n d botanical name
Place of growth of
material tested SL &>" 'y-
0:
d g"eX>
w*- t-"**-
ccg>
lA
Hemlock, mountain
(Tsuga wcrteitsiaiia) . . . . . . . . . Mont., Alaska 62 .47 33 11,200 1,320 2.36 13,300 4,620 1,030 1,230 320
Hemlock, western
.
(Tsiiga hctcropltylla) . . . . . . . . Wash., Alaska, Oreg. 74 .42 29 10,100 1,490 1.82 12,400 5,340 680 1,170 310
Incense-cedar, California
(Libocedriis decurrens) .. . . . . . Oreg., Calif. 108 .37 - 8,000 1,040 1.67 9,600 4,760 730 880 270
Juniper
(Junifirrzts pachyphloea) . . . . . . Ariz. 40 .51 36 6,700 650 2.74 5,600 - 1,700 - -
Larch. western
( L a r k occidciitalis) . . . . . . . . Mont., Idaho, Wash.
. . 58 .55 38 13,900 1,960 1.99 15,600 5,620 980 1,410 430
Pine, eastern white
( P h i s strobits) . . ... .... ... .. Wis., Minn.. N. H. 73 .35 25 8,600 1,240 1.51 9,700 3,670 510 900 310
Pine, jack
(Piitits baiiksiaiia) . . . . . .. . .. . . Wis., Minn. 60 .43 30 9,900 1,350 1.43 12,200 3,380 600 1,170 420
Pine, Jeffrey
. . . . .... Calif,
(Piizirs j r ffrey i ) . . . . . . 101 .40 28 9,300 1,240 2.43 12,500 4,240 790 1,210 380
Pine. limber *
..
(P'iriirs flcxilis) . . .. . .. ... . . N. Mex. 68 .40 28 9,100 1,170 2.13 11,400 - 720 800 220
Pine, loblolly
(Piriiis tacda) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fla., Md.. N. C., S. C., 81 .51 36 12,800 1,800 1.92 12,100 4,820 980 1,370 470
Pine, lodgepole Va.
..
( P h i s c,oiifor.tnlatifolio) . . . . \$'yo., colo., Mont. 65 .41 29 9,400 1,340 1.97 9,600 4,310 750 880 290
Pine, longleaf
(Piriifs pa[itsfr-is) . . . . . . . . . . . . . La., Jliss., Fla., S. C. 63 .58 41 14,700 1,990 2.44 15,400 6,150 1,190 1,500 470
Pine, pitch
(Piriits rigido) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tenn., Mass. 79 .49 31 10,800 1,430 1,62 12,600 3,960 1,010 1,360 480
* Nenger data, may not be fully representative of species.
(cortfiitircd)
v)
L
TABLE 238.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOFT WOODS GROWN IN U N I T E D STATES (continued) tu
C n
Static bendins!
L
zD
2
c
Impact
bending , -
Compression
-i
c
25
u U N
.-*sz ..
.-d
C *
n
* m a B
c
0 $ 22 2% -=
$ & 2;
04 g
L C
gg :I
ak
.-;g G
'Z Er
r t
.-
-uir
c0" 22
DI
-
m
I-
Common and botanical name
Place of growth of
material tested gL egg
in
$2 g:
CI Pine, pond
..
(Piriirs rigida scrotina) . . . . . Fla. 56 .54 38 11,600 1,750 2.21 13,200 6,300 1,120 1,380 360
Pine, ponderosa
.
(Piiiirs poriderosa) . . . . . . . . . . Colo., Wash., Ariz., 91 .40 28 9,200 1,260 1.85 9,800 4,060 740 1,160 400
Mont.. Calif.
Pine, red
.. .
(Piriirs rcsiriosa) . . . . . . . . .. Wis., Minn. 92 .44 31 11,000 1,630 1.77 13,400 4,160 650 1,210 460
Pine, sand
(Piiiirs clairsa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fla. 36 .48 34 11,600 1,410 1.83 12,400 3,900 1,030 1,100 300
Pine, shortleaf
(Piitirs cschinata) . . . . . . .. .. . . . Ark., La., N. C., N. J., 81 .51 36 12,800 1,760 1.93 13,600 5,090 1,000 1,310 470
Ga.
Pine, slash
.
(Pitrirs caribaea) . . . . . . . . . . . . Fla., La, 66 .61 43 15,900 2,060 2.76 15,800 6,280 1,390 1,730 570
Pine, sugar
.
(Piriiis laiiibcrtiaiza) . . . . . . . . . Calif. 137 .36 25 8,000 1,200 1.53 10,700 4,140 590 1,050 350
Pine. Table-Mountain
. . ....
(Piriiis piirigeiis) . . . . . . . Tenn. 75 .52 36 11,600 1,550 2.30 14,200 4,260 1,210 1,200 360
Pine, western white
.
(Pitiits iiiotificola) . . . . . . . . . . . Mont., Idaho 54 .38 27 9,500 1,510 1.47 11,900 4,480 540 850 -
Pinyon
. .
(Pintis cdirlis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ariz. 60 .51 36 9,400 1,100 1.64 12,100 3,400 990 1,510 580
Port-or ford-cedar
(Charriardgparis lawsottiaria) .. Oreg. 43 .42 29 11,300 1,730 1.97 13,500 5,890 760 1,080 400
Redcedar, eastern
(Jiiitipcriis virgittiaiia) , . . . . . . . Vt. 35 .47 33 8,800 880 1.01 8,500 - 1,140 - -
Redcedar, southern
.
(Jztriijcriis silicic,ola) . . . . . . . . Fla. 26 .44 31 9,400 1,170 1.88 10,200 5,190 1,000 750 -
(continiced)
ln
TABLE 238.-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES O F SOFT WOODS GROWN IN U N I T E D STATES (concluded)
Static bending
8
g
42
.-G ,
C'ylyl
3
Eo $22 ed
C E
h? :
? < z%
c5
gg
-I
m
D Place of growth of .'" w
&
;
:>"z .&g
I
-
m
Ln
Common and botanical name material tested go> $2
Redcedar western
(Thuja plicata) .. .. .. ....... Mont., Alaska, Wash. 37 .33 23 7,700 1,120 1.44 8,600
Redwood (second growth,
openly grown)
(Seqitoia sempervireiis) ... .. .. Calif. 146 .30 21 6,400 760 1.35 6,800 2,660 550 860 240
Redwood (second growth,
closely grown)
(Scqiroia sempervireiu) .. .. ... Calif. 112 .34 24 8,300 1,120 1.50 9,100 3,750 640 930 280
Redwood (virgin)
(Sequoia sentpcrvivens) .. . . ...Calif. 112 .40 28 10,000 1,340 2.04 10,200 4,550 860 940 240
Spruce, black *
(Picea maviaiia) .. . . . . . . .. . ...N. H. 38 .40 28 10,300 1,530 1.34 13,400 4,520 650 1,030 --
Spruce, Engelrnann
(Picea eiiaclmannii) . . . . . . ... . Mont.. Idaho. Colo. 80 .34 24 8,700 1,280 1.34 10,400 3,589 540 1,030 350
Spruce, red-
. . . . . .. .
(Picca rrtbeiis) . . . . . .. Tenn., N. H. 43 .38 28 10,200 1,520 1.73 11,900 4,610 580 1,080 350
Spruce, Sitka
(Picea sifcheirsia) . . . . . . .. .
. .. Wash., Alaska, Oreg. 42 .40 28 10,200 1,570 1.62 11,400 4,780 710 1,150 370
Spruce, white
(Picea glarica) . . .... ... ...... N. H., Alaska, Wis. 50 .40 28 9,800 1,340 1.76 10,300 3,700 570 1,080 360
Tamarack
. .. . . .
fLarix laviciiia ) . . . . . . . . Wis. 52 53 37 11,600 1,640 2.19 12,500 4,780 990 1,280 400
White-cedar, Atlantic
.
(Chanaecvbaris thy,oides) . . . . N. H., N. C. 35 .32 23 6,800 930 1.46 7,600 2,740 500 800 220
White-ceda;,. northern
....
f Thti ia occideictalis) . . . . . . Wis. 55 .31 22 6,500 800 1.72 7,100 2,630 380 850 240
yew, P x i f i c
. . . .. . .
(Taxits brcvifolia) . . . . . Wash. 44 .62 44 15,200 1,350 3.59 12,100 4,730 2,110 2,230 - N
cn
U
255
T A B L E 239.-DENSITY I N g/cm3 A N D I N Ib/ft3 O F D I F F E R E N T K I N D S
O F WOOD
Wood is to be seasoned and of average dryness. See also Tables 237 and 238.
WlIOll
With the mol the unit of quantity, N the number of mol of gas, equation (1) becomes
fiv = NRT (2)
By the use of equation (2), the above table, and a table of molecular weights, the solution
of any problem involving volumes, temperatures, pressures, and weights of gases is
very simple.
M i x t u r e s of gases.-Any quantity of gas fills the space in which it is confined and
exerts a pressure upon the confining walls. If an additional quantity is added, the pressure
is increased in direct proportion to the quantity added. One can regard the pressure
exerted by each portion of the total quantity of gas as independent of the presence of the
rest. This is true if the second portion of gas is different chemically from the first (Dalton's
law), provided the gases do not react chemically.
(continired)
Vapor pressure and the effect of vapor pressure upon the measurement of gas.-
If a volatile liquid is introduced, a portion evaporates and exerts a pressure on the con-
fining walls. The amount evaporated and the pressure exerted are independent of the
presence of any other gas. If there is enough so that not all evaporates and if time is
allowed for equilibrium, the pressure is independent of the volume of space and of the
amount of liquid left unevaporated; but it does depend upon the temperature. For each
volatile liquid there is therefore a definite saturation pressure o r vapor pressure cor-
responding to every temperature. See Tables 360-369.
When any gas is in contact with a volatile substance, the measured pressure is the
pressure exerted by the gas plus the vapor pressure of the volatile material. With no
change of temperature, this vapor pressure remains constant no ,matter how we change
the total pressure. Hence for the purposes of volume conversion the saturated gas may
be considered as a dry gas, the pressure of u-hich is the partial pressure of the gas, or its
equivalent, the difference between the total pressure and the saturated vapor pressure of
the volatile material.
RTa
-
RT
is given for different values of some one or more of the variables. The values of Z for
different gases as given i n the table a r e for different pressures and temperatures. The
values extend to pressures of 100-200 atm and to temperatures of 200°C. Values of this
factor of hydrogen for temperatures ranging from 16°K to 600°K and for pressures
rangin.- from a small fraction of an atmosphere (.01) to 100 atm are given in Table 254.
P a r t 2?7b The value of this factor can be calculated for a wide range of pressures using
the data given i n some of the following tables.
This tables gives values of volumc correcting factor Z ( V = 1 at 1 atm pressure and
0°C).
Air Argon
7 Neon
Atm 0°C 50°C 100°C 200°C <O"C 50°C 1OO'C 200°C 0°C
'0 .9952 .9997 1.0021 1.0C61 .9921 .9973 1,0000 1.0023 1.0045
23 .9877 .9987 1.0044 1.0084 .9784 9 1 8 ,9984 1.0044 1.0119
50 .9782 .9996 1.0100 1.0177 .9577 .9842 ,9971 1.0084 1.0235
75 .9722 1.002 1.0191 1.0277 .9403 .9783 .9971 1.0138 1.0358
100 .9712 1.0077 1.0253 1.0382 .9262 .9746 .9990 1.0197 (1.0492)
Helium Hydrogen Oxygen
A
7
-
Atm 0°C 50°C 100'C ' 0°C 50°C 100'C 200°C' '0°C 20°C 50°C 100 C
10 1.0050 1.0042 1.0035 1.0062 1.0056 1.0051 1.0042 ,9908 .9933 .9965 .9993
25 1.0129 1.0108 1.0092 1.0156 1.0141 1.0127 1.0105 .9771 .9835 . W 8 .9980
50 1.0260 1.0218 1.0185 1.0316 1.0285 .1.025.5 1.0209 ,9562 .9685 .9831 .9968
75 1.0392 1.0329 1.0279 1.0480 1.0429 1.0384 1.0315 .9378 - .9771 .9971
100 1.0524 1.0440 1.0372 1.0646 1.0575 1.0514 1.0419 .9231 - .9733 .9983
200 - - - 1.1333 1.1168 1.1036 1.0839 _ - - -
Atm
- 0°C
Nitrogen
50°C 100°C
,
0°C
Methane
50°C
A
1OO'C 200°C
10 .9975 1.0015 1.0035 .978 ,989 .993 .999
50 .9835 1.0035 1.0125 .883 .941 .971 .997
100 .9835 1.0145 1.0295 .781 ,896 .951 ,998
150 1.0015 1.0385 1.0546 (.730) .873 .943 1.004
200 - 1.0686 1.0836 - .873 .950 1.020
Molecular
volume of Electric
Gas Formula a b Vc/3 liquid moments
Neon .............. N e 0.21x10'2 17.1 14.7 16.7 ox10-'8
Helium ............ H e .035 23.6 20.5 27.4 0
Hydrogen ......... H2 0.25 26.5 21.6 26.4 0
Nitric oxide ....... NO 1.36 27.8 19.1 23.7
Water ............. HzO 5.53 30.4 18.9 18.0 1.85
Oxygen ............ 0 2 1.40 32.2 24.8 25.7 0
Argon ............. A 1.36 32.2 26.1 28.1 0
Ammonia .......... KH3 4.22 36.9 24.2 24.5 1.44
Kit rogen .......... Na 1.36 38.3 30.0 32.8 0
Carbon monoxide ... co 1.50 39.7 30.0 32.7 0.10
Krypton ........... K r 2.35 39.7 36.0 38.9 0
Hydrogen chloride . . HCl 3.72 40.7 29.8 30.8 1.03
Nitrous oxide ...... NZO 3.61 41.1 32.3 44.0 .25
Carbon dioxide ..... COI 3.64 42.5 32.8 41.7 0
Methane ........... CH. 2.28 42.6 32.9 49.5 0
Hydrogen sulfide ... H S 4.49 42.7 35.4 .93
Hydrogen bromide . H B r 4.51 44.1 37.5 .78
Xenon ............. Xe 4.15 50.8 38.0 47.5 0
Acetylene .......... C.H. 4.43 51.3 37.5 50.2 0
Phosphine ......... 4.69 51.4 37.7 49.2 .55
Chlorine ........... 6.57 56.0 41.0 41.2 0
Sulfur dioxide ..... 6.80 56.1 41.0 43.8 1.61
Ethylene ........... 4.46 56.1 42.3 49.3 0
Silicon hydride ..... 4.38 57.6 47 0
Methylamine ....... 7.23 59.6 44.5 1.31
Ethane ............ 5.46 63.5 47.6 54.9 0
Methyl alcohol ..... 9.65 66.8 39.0 40.1 1.73
Methyl chloride .... 7.56 64.5 45.4 49.2 1.97
Methyl ether ....... 8.17 72.2 1.29
Carbon hisulfide .... 11.75 76.6 67.5 59.0
Ilimethylamine ..... 9.77 79.6 66.2
Propylene ......... 8.49 82.4 69.0 0
Ethyl alcohol ....... 12.17 83.8 41.0 57.2 1.63
Propane ........... 8.77 84.1 75.3 0
Chloroform ........ 15.38 102 77.1 80.2 1.05
Acetic acid ........ 17.81 106 57.0 56.1
Trimcthylamine .... 13.20 108 89.3
iso-Butane ......... 13.10 114 96.3
Benzene ........... 18.92 120 85.5 86.7 0
ti-Butane .......... 14.66 122 96.5 0
Ethyl ether ........ 17.60 134 94.0 100 1.2
Triethylamine ..... 27.5 183 139
Naphthalene ....... 40.3 193 112 .69
ti-Octane .......... 37.8 236 1G2 162 0
Decane ............ 49.1 289 195 0
Tem-
pera- Pressure mmHg
Iy) 715 720 725 730 735 740
A
10 396 .902 ,908 .915 .921 .928 .934 .940 .946 .953 .959 .966
11 .892 398 .904 .911 .917 .924 .920 ,936 .942 .949 .955 .962
12 .888 394 .900 .907 ,913 ,919 ,925 .932 .939 .945 ,951 .957
13 .884 290 .896 .903 .909 .915 .921 .928 .934 .940 .947 .953
14 .880 .886 ,892 .a99 .905 .911 ,917 .924 .930 .936 .942 .949
15 A76 382 ,888 395 901 .907 ,913 .920 .925 .932 .938 .944
16 ,872 278 .884 .890 396 .903 .939 .915 .921 .928 .934 ,940
17 368 374 ,880 .886 ,892 298 .YO5 ,911 .917 .923 .929 .936
18 .864 370 275 .882 .888 394 .900 ,907 .913 .919 .925 .931
19 .85Y 265 .871 378 ,884 390 396 .902 .908 .915 .920 .927
20 .a55 361 .867 .a74 279 ,886 .892 398 .904 .910 .916 .922
21 .851 .a57 363 .869 ,875 381 387 .a93 .a99 .906 .912 .918
22 .a47 .a53 .858 ,865 271 ,877 .883 .888 394 .901 ,907 .913
23 .842 248 .a54 360 ,866 ,872 378 .884 390 297 .903 .909
24 .838 344 349 .856 .862 .868 .a74 .880 386 392 .898 .904
25 .a33 239 .a45 ,851 357 263 ,869 A75 .881 388 393 399
26 329 835 341 347 .a53 .a59 ,865 371 ,877 383 389 395
27 324 330 336 .842 ,848 ,854 ,860 366 ,872 378 384 .890
28 320 825 331 .a37 ,843 .a49 355 261 367 ,873 379 .885
29 .815 321 326 .832 238 344 350 356 .862 368 374 .880
30 310 316 222 328 233 340 245 ,851 357 ,863 .869 375
31 .a05 .811 317 323 .829 .a35 ,840 ,846 .852 .858 364 .870
32 .a00 .SO6 312 318 323 330 335 .84 1 347 .a53 359 365
33 .795 .so 1 207 ,813 318 A24 ,830 .836 342 .848 .a53 360
34 .790 .796 301 307 313 219 ,825 231 ,837 242 348 354
35 .785 .790 .796 .a02 .SO8 314 .819 225 331 337 .a43 .a49
36 .780 .785 .791 .797 302 ,808 ,814 220 $26 332 .836 343
37 .774 .780 .785 .791 .797 303 ,809 214 320 326 832 .838
38 .769 .774 .780 .786 .791 ,796 ,803 .SO9 .814 320 .826 ,832
39 .763 .768 .774 .780 .785 .790 .7Y7 .SO3 A09 314 220 .826
40 .756 .763 .768 .774 .780 ,786 ,792 .797 .SO3 ,809 A14 320
41 .751 .757 .762 .768 .774 .780 .786 .791 .797 .803 .SO8 314
42 .745 .751 .756 .762 .768 ,774 ,779 .785 ,791 .796 .a02 .508
43 .739 .745 .750 .756 ,762 .767 .773 .779 .784 .790 .796 802
44 .733 .738 .744 ,750 .755 .761 .766 .772 .778 .784 .789 .795
45 .726 .732 .737 .743 .749 .754 .760 .766 .771 .777 .783 .788
46 .720 .725 .731 .737 .742 .748 .754 ,759 .765 .770 .776 .782
47 .713 .719 .724 .730 .735 .741 .746 .752 ,758 .764 .760 .775
48 .706 .712 .717 .723 .728 .734 ,739 .745 .751 .756 .762 .768
49 .700 .705 .710 .716 .721 .727 .732 .738 .744 .750 .755 .761
P a r t 2.-Low temperatures
pv = 1 for O"C, 1 atmosphere
Helium Hydrogen
A A
t"C
P P
Density
atm OU Density t"C atm PU
.oo 26.66 1.0146 26.28 .OO 32.313 1.0188 31.715
38.95 1.0196 38.20 " 44.119 1.0266 43.284
58.58 1.0294 56.91 -103.57 38.41 .6376 38.41
-103163 24.13 ,6337 38.07 .58 51.49 .6433 80.04
49.96 .6479 77.08 -204.70 16.75 .2404 69.68
-269.69 .232 .01126 20.63 37.00 .2316 159.7
.353 .01041 33.92 44.63 .2300 194.0
-270.52 .0308 ,00911 3 381 -257.26 ,06698 .05783 1.1582
"
.0649 .00858 7.535 .I3153 .057104 2.3031
Neon Argon
r
A
, A.
P P
t"C atm PV Density t"C atm pu Density
.n
._ 23-06 i.nn~9 21 -237 .O 20.58 .9856 20.88
" 30.79 1.0147 30.34 " 31.57 .9774 32.30
" 84.66 1.0408 81.35 -102.51 14.86 .5813 25.57
-200.1 61.66 ,2337 763.8 45.09 .4706 95.80
79.92 .2293 348.6 62.24 .3939 158.01
-217.5 49.93 .1393 358.5 -130.38 1277 .4663 27.39
' 64.97 .I269 511.8 -155.62 11.99 .4262 28.12
' 79.42 .I256 632.2 -149.60 11.15 .3821 29.18
Oxygen Nitrogen
A
r
P P
t"C atm PU Density t"C atm PU Density
0 20.92 .9813 21.32 0 33.14 ,9886 33.52
49.79 .9573 52.01 43.08 .9860 43.70
- 80.03 21.01 .6550 32.09 58.63 .9834 59.62
"
34.18 .6213 55.02 - 81.10 30.17
45.47
.6516
.6270
46.13
72.52
61.88 ,5464 13.23
-116.01 22.30 .4835 46.12 56.71 .6109 92.84
' 43.95 .3541 124.1 -146.32 22.92 .3340 68.62
"
55.05 .1667 330.2 30.14 .2656 113.48
36.49 .lo58 344.5
T A B L E 248.-RELATlVE V A L U E S O F PV FOR E T H Y L E N E
-
10'
,562
,508
20'
.684
-
-
30"
-
40"
-
-
60' 80' 100'
-
137O.5
-
198O.5
-
50
52
54
.176
-
-
,420
,240
.229
.629
.598
.561
-
.731
-
.814
-
-
1.192
-
1.374
-
-
1.652
-
56 -_ 227 .524 -- - - -_ - - -
100 .310 .331 .360 .403 .471 .668 .847 1.005 1.247 1.580
150 .441 .459 .485 .515 .551 .649 .776 .924 1.178 1.540
200 ,565 .585 .610 .638 .669 ,744 .838 .946 1.174 1.537
300 A06 .827 .852 .878 .908 .972 1.048 1.133 1.310 1.628
500 1.256 1.280 1.308 1.337 1.367 1.431 1.500 1.578 1.721 1.985
1000 2.289 2.321 2.354 2.387 2.422 2.493 2.566 2.643 2.795
10 8560 9140
I2 0360 7800 10000 - 9.60 -
14 4040 6420 9000 9.60 10.35 -
16 5310 8000 10.40 11.85 -
18 4405 7000 11.55 13.05 -
~.
20 4030 m
._ n __12.30 14.70 -
24 3345 5000 13.15 16.70 -
28 2780 3180 4000 14.00 20.15 -
32 2305 2640 3500 14.40 23.00 -
36 1935 2260 3000 26.40 29.10
40 1450 2040 2500 30.15 33.25
50 - 1640 2000 35.20 40.95
60 - 1375 1500 39.60 55.20
70 1130 1000 - 76.00
80 930 500 - 117.20
90 790
100 680
120 545
140 430
160 325
TABLE 2 5 1 . P O M P R E S S l B l L l T Y O F AMMONIA
Original volume 100000 under one atmosphere of pressure and the temperature "C of the
cxperiments as indicated at the top of the different columns.
-
15000 ... ... . .. .382 10.70 .908 25.43 16.50
Helium
7 7 Ammonia
Total Volume at Vol. change
Vol. vol. 65°C at 55°C Vol. change
change change A
,-r PV at 30°C
cm3/g 30.95O cm3/ at cm3/
kg/cm2 65°C cd/g cm3/g mol 65°C cm3/g gatom kg/cmz cd/g cm3/mol
3000 .OO ,613 5.54 22.16 2.31 ,000 .oo 1000 -327 -14.1
4000 .77 .598 4.77 19.08 2.64 .049 1.96 2000 -.217 - 3.70
5000 1.23 .589 4.31 17.24 2.99 .085 3.39 3000 .000 .oo
7000 1.77 ,581 3.77 15.08 3.66 .134 5.34 5000 +.200 +
3.41
10000 2.22 ,576 3.32 13.27 4.60 .180 7.18 7000 ,310 5.28
13000 2.48 .572 3.06 12.24 5.52 .209 8.34 10000 ,409 6.97
15000 2.60 .570 2.94 11.76 6.11 .224 8.94 12000 ,461 7.85
"Bridgman, P. W., Proc. Amer. Acad. . l r t s and Sci., vol. 59, p. 173, 1924.
T A B L E 253.-GAGE P R E S S U R E (Ib/in.z) T O A T M O S P H E R E S ( A B S O L U T E ) *
Ib/in.Z 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0 1.oo 1.68 2.36 3.04 3.72 4.40 5.08 5.76 6.44 7.12
100 7.80 8.48 9.17 9.85 10.53 11.21 11.89 12.57 13.25 13.93
200 14.61 15.29 15.97 16.65 17.33 18.01 18.69 19.37 20.05 20.73
300 21.41 22.09 22.77 23.45 24.14 24.82 25.50 26.18 26.86 27.54
400 28.22 28.90 29.58 30.26 30.94 3 1.62 32.30 32.98 33.66 34.34
500 35.02 35.70 36.38 37.r)G 37.74 38.42 39.1 1 39.79 40.47 41.15
600 41.83 42.51 43.19 43.87 44.55 45.23 45.91 46.59 47.27 47.95
700 48.63 49.31 49.99 50.67 51.35 52.03 52.71 53.39 54.08 54.76
800 55.44 56.12 56.80 57.48 58.16 58.84 59.52 60.20 60.88 61.56
900 62.24 62.92 63.60 64.28 64.96 65.64 66.32 67.00 67.68 68.36
1,000 69.04 69.73 70.41 71.09 71.77 72.45 73.13 73.81 74.49 75.17
1,100 75.85 76.53 77.21 77x9 78.57 79.25 79.93 80.61 81.29 81.97
1,200 82.65 83.34 84.01 84.70 85.38 86.06 86.74 87.42 88.10 88.78
1,300 89.46 90.14 90.82 91.50 92.18 92.86 93.54 94.22 94.90 95.58
1,400 96.27 96.95 97.63 98.31 98.98 99.67 100.3 101.0 101.7 102.4
1,500 103.1 103.8 104.4 105.1 105.8 106.5 107.1 107.8 108.5 109.2
1,600 109.9 110.6 111.3 111.9 112.6 113.3 114.0 114.6 115.3 116.0
1,700 116.7 117.4 118.0 118.7 119.4 120.1 120.8 121.4 122.1 122.8
1,800 123.5 124.2 124.8 125.5 126.2 126.9 127.6 128.2 128.9 129.6
1,900 130.3 131.0 131.6 132.3 133.0 133.7 134.4 135.0 135.7 136.4
2,000 137.1 137.8 138.4 139.1 139.8 140.5 141.2 141.9 142.5 143.2
2,100 143.9 144.6 145.2 145.9 146.6 147.3 148.0 148.7 149.3 150.0
2,200 150.7 151.4 152.1 152.7 153.4 154.1 154.8 155.5 156.1 156.8
2,300 157.5 158.2 158.9 159.5 160.2 160.9 161.6 162.3 162.9 163.6
2,400 164.3 165.0 165.7 166.3 167.0 167.7 168.4 169.1 169.8 170.4
2,500 171.1 171.8 172.5 173.2 173.8 174.5 175.2 175.9 176.6 177.2
2,600 177.9 178.6 179.3 180.1) 180.6 181.3 182.0 182.7 183.4 184.0
2,700 184.7 185.4 186.1 186.8 187.4 188.1 188.8 189.5 190.2 190.8
2,800 191.5 192.2 192.9 193.6 194.2 194.9 195.6 196.3 197.0 197.7
2,900 198.3 199.0 199.7 200.4 201.1 201.7 202.4 203.1 203.8 204.4
Taken from Nat. Bur. Standards Circ. 279, 1926.
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
268
T A B L E S 254260.-THERMAL PROPERTIES O F G A S E S
The properties given in Tables 254 and 256-255 are taken from a series of
tables of thermal properties of gases heing compiled at the National Bureau oi
Standards at the suggestion of and with the cooperation of the National Ad-
visory Committee for Aeronautics. T h e functions in these tables have been ex-
pressed in dinlensionless form in order that they may be converted readily to
any system of units. Conversion factors are listed for the most often used
units. F o r more extensive data on various gases reference should be made to
these
Adapted from NBS-NACA Tables on thermal properties of gases, July 1949.
Joseph Hilsenrath, Heat and Power Division, National Bureau of Standards.
having the
To convert dimensions
tabulated indicated multiply
value of to below by
PIP0 P g cm-' 8.98854)<10-~
g liter-' 39888
lb in.-' 3.24734)<10-'
lb ft-' 5.61 140x 1O-'
(continued)
Pressure
Density atm kg/cm2 mmHg Ib/im2
g/cm3 40.7027 42.0551 30934.0 598.167
mole/cm3 82.0567 84.7832 62363.1 1205.91
mole/liter .0820544 .0847809 62.3613 1.20557
Ib/ft3 .651994 .673658 495.515 9.58171
Ib molejft3 1.31442 1.35809 998.959 19.3167
Weight of normal
Specific gravity
Molecular liter in ft3 in
Gas Formula weight grams pounds Air E 1 02= 1
Acetylene ............. CaH. 26.036 1.173 .07323 .912 .825
Air ................... . - 1.2920 .0835 1.000 .9047
Ammonia ............. NH3 17.032 .7598 .04742 .5963 25395
-4rgon ................ A 39.944 1.782 .1112 1.3787 1.2482
Arsene ............... ASH^ 77.93 3.48 .217 2.69 2.434
Butane-iso ............ G H m 58.12 2.673 .1669 2.067 1.870
Butane-n ............. CIHm 58.12 2.519* .15725* 2.085* 1.8868*
Carbon dioxide ........ co. 44.01 1.9630 .1225 1S29O 1.3834
Carbon monoxide ...... co 28.010 1.2492 .0779 .9671 .8750
Carbon oxysulfide ..... cos 60.076 2.72 .170 2.10 1.90
Chlorine .............. c12 70.914 3.1638 .1974 2.486 2.249
Chlorine monoxide .... c120 86 914 3.E9 .243 3.01 2.721
Ethane ............... CaHa 30.065 1.3566 .08469 1.0493 .9493
Ethylene .............. CaHI 28.052 1.2604 .07860 .9749 .8820
Fluorine .............. F2 38.00 1.6954 .1058 1.311 1.187
Helium ............... H e 4.003 .1785 .01114 .1381 .1249
Hydrogen ............ H2 2.016 .08985 .005611 .06952 .06290
Hydrogen bromide ..... H B r 50.924 3 6104 .2252 2.8189 2.5503
Hydrogen chloride .... HCI 36.465 1.6269 .1016 1.2678 1.1471
Hydrogen iodide ....... HI 127.93 5.7075 .3562 4.480 4.052
Hydrogen selenide ..... H S e 80.976 3.670 .229 2.839 2.568
Hydrogen sulfide ...... Has 34.082 1.5203 .0949 1.190 1.077
Krypton .............. K r 83.7 3.7365 .2332 2 868 2.595
Methane .............. CH. 16.042 .7152 .0446? .5544 5016
Methyl chloride ....... CHsCl 50.491 2.3076 .1440 1.7825 1.6125
Methyl ether .......... (CHx3)ZO 46.068 2.1098 .13171 1.6318 1.4764
Methyl fluoride ....... CHzF 34.034 1.5452 .09646 1.1951 1.0813
Mono methylamine ....
CHsNHa 31.058 1.396 .08715 1.080 .9769
Neon ................. Ne 20.183 .9005 .05621 A963 .63004
Nitric oxide ........... N O 30.008 1.3388 .0836 1.0366 .9378
Nitrogen (chem.) .....
N. 28.016 1.2499 .07803 .9672 .8751
Nitrogen (atm) .......
- 1.2568 .07846 .9722 .8795
Nitrosyl chloride ...... NOCl 65.465 2.992 .1868 2.314 2.094
Nitrous oxide ......... NaO 44.016 1.9638 .123255 1.5297 1.3840
Oxygen ............... 0 2 32.000 14277 .08915 1.10527 1.0000
Phosphine ............ PH3 34.004 1S294 .09548 1.1829 1.0702
Propane .............. C ~ H P 44.094 2.020 .1261 1.562 1.414
Silicon tetrafluoride ... SiF. 104.06 4.684 .2924 3.623 3.278
Sulfur dioxide ......... so* 64.066 2.858 .1784 2.2638 2.0482
Xenon ................ Xe 131.3 5.8579 .3657 4.525 4.094
.
* * For reference. see footnote 4 5 . p 136
* A t 710 mmHg.
Specific Specific
heat En th a l p y Entropy heat E nthalpy Entropy
( H a- E," ) ( H "-E,' )
"K
-
CP"
R RT.3
S"
-
R "K
-
CPO
R RTO
s.
R
400 3.5305 5.1182 24.9301
10 3.5009 .1238 12.0382 410 3.5349 5.2476 25.0173
20 3.4941 .2518 14.4622 420 3.5397 5.3771 25.1026
30 3.4926 .3796 15.8748 430 3.5447 5.5067 25.1859
40 3.4918 SO75 16.8832 440 3.5499 5.6366 25.2675
50 3.4915 .6353 17.6633 450 3.5555 5.7667 25.3473
60 3.4914 ,7631 18.2990 460 3.5613 5.8969 25.4255
70 3.4914 .89W 18.8367 470 3.5673 6.0274 25.5022
80 3.4913 1.0188 19.3034 480 3.5735 6.1581 25.5773
90 3.4913 1.1466 19.7145 490 3.5799 6.2891 25.6511
100 3.4913 1.2744 20.0824 500 3.5865 6.4202 25.7235
110 3.4914 1.4022 20.4152 510 3.5933 6.5517 25.7946
120 3.4914 1.5300 20.7190 520 3.6003 6.6833 25.8644
130 3.4914 1.6578 20.9984 530 3.6075 6.8153 25.9330
140 3.4914 1.7856 21.2572 540 3.6149 6.9475 26.0005
150 3.4915 1.9134 21.4980 550 3.6224 7.0799 26.0669
160 3.4916 2.0413 21.7234 560 3.6300 7.2127 26.1323
170 3.4916 2.1691 21.9351 570 3.6377 7.3456 26.1966
180 3.4917 2.2969 22.1346 580 3.6456 7.4790 26.2599
190 3.4919 2.4247 22.3234 590 3.6535 7.6126 26.3223
200 3.4922 2.5526 22.5026 600 3.6615 7.7465 26.3838
210 3.4924 2.6804 22.6729 610 3.6696 7.8807 26.4444
220 3.4927 2.8083 22.8354 620 3.6778 8.0152 26.5041
230 3.4932 2.9362 22.9907 630 3.6860 8.1500 26.5630
240 3.4937 3.0641 23.1394 640 3.6943 8.2851 26.621 1
250 3.4945 3.1920 23.2820 650 3.7027 8.4205 26.6785
260 3.4953 3.3199 23.4191 660 3.71 11 8.5562 26.7351
270 3.4963 3.4479 23.5510 670 3.7195 8.6922 26.79 10
280 3.4975 3.5759 23.6782 680 3.7279 8.8285 26.8461
290 3.4989 3.7040 23.8009 690 3.7363 8.9651 26.9006
300 3.5005 3.8321 23.9196 700 3.7447 9.1021 26.9544
310 3.5024 3.9603 24.0344 710 3.7531 9.2393 27.0076
320 3.5044 4.0885 24.1456 720 3.7614 9.3768 27.0601
330 3.5068 4.2169 24.2535 730 3.7698 9.5147 27.1121
340 3.5093 4.3453 24.3582 740 3.7782 9.6528 27.1634
350 3.5122 4.4738 24.4600 750 3.7865 9.7913 27.2142
360 3.5153 4.6024 24.5590 760 3.7947 9.9301 27.2644
370 3.5186 4.7312 24.6553 770 3.8030 10.0692 27.3141
380 3.5224 4.8601 24.7492 780 3.81 12 10.2085 27.3632
390 3.5263 4.9891 24.8408 790 3.8194 10.3482 27.4118
400 3.5305 5.1182 24.9301 800 3.8275 10.4882 27.4599
Conversion factors
To convert tahulated having t h e dimensions multiply
value of to indicated below by
C,"/R, S"/R C,".S" cal mol-' 'K-'(or OC-') 1.98719
cal g-' OK-' (or "C-') .0686042
joules g' OK-' (or "C-') ,287040
Btu (Ih mol)-' "R-' (or O F - ' ) 1.98588
Btu Ib-' "R-' (or OF-') .0685590
(continited)
'K
-
R
CPO
( H '-Eo" )
S"
-
R "K
C,"
-
R
~
(HO-E,")
RTO
-
S"
RTO R
800 3.8275 10.4882 27.4599 1900 4.3337 27.1375 31.0047
850 3.8670 11.1924 27.6931 1950 4.3452 27.9318 31.1 175
900 3.9049 11.9037 27.9152 2000 4.3561 28.7281 31.2276
950 3.9409 12.6218 28.1273 2050 4.3666 29.5264 31.3353
1000 3.9750 13.3463 28.3303 2100 4.3767 30.3267 3 1.4407
1050 4.0070 14.0769 4.3864 31.1287 31.5438
1100 4.0371 14.8131 4.3958 31.9324 31.6147
1150 4.0653 15.5547 4.4048 32.7379 31.7436
1200 4.0917 16.3013 4.4135 33.5449 312405
1250 4.1166 17.0525 4.4219 34.3536 31.9355
1300 4.1398 17.8082 29.3953 2400 4.4301 35.1637 32.0287
1350 4.1615 18.5679 29.5519 2450 4.4380 35.9754 32.1201
1400 4.1820 19.3315 29.7036 2500 4.4456 36i7884 32.2099
1450 4.2012 20.0988 29.8507 2550 4.4530 37.6028 32.2980
1500 4.2193 20.8695 29.9935 2600 4.4602 38.4186 32.2845
1550 4.2364 21.6434 30.1321 2650 4.4672 39.2357 32.4695
1600 4.2525 22.4203 30.2669 2700 4.4740 40.0540 32.5531
1650 4.2678 23.2001 30.3979 2750 4.4807 40.8735 32.6353
1700 4.2823 23.9826 30.5255 2800 4.4871 41.6943 32.7160
1750 4.2962 24.7678 30.6499 2850 4.4933 42.5162 32.7955
1800 4.3093 25.5553 30.7711 2900 4.4994 43.3392 32.8737
1850 4.3218 26.3453 30.8893 2950 4.5053 44.1633 32.9507
1900 4.3337 27.1375 31.0047 3000 4.5109 44.9884 33.0264
Conversion factors
T o convert tabulated having the dimensions multiply
value of to indicated below by
( H "-Eo" ) /RTo (H"--Eo") cal mol-' 542.821
cal g-' 18.73%
joules g-' 78.4079
Btu (lb mol)-' 976.437
Btu lb-' 33.7098
Specific Specific
heat Enthalpy Entropy heat Enthalpy Entropy
-E,")
-
CPO
(Ho
-
S"
R "K
c,o
R
(H"-E,")
RTO
-
S"
K
"K R RTo
400 3.5179 5.1257 24.0598
10 3.5019 .1246 11.1440 410 3.5206 5.2546 24.1467
20 3.5006 ,2527 13.5707 420 3.5237 5.3835 24.2316
30 3.5004 .3809 14.9903 430 3.5270 5.5126 24.3154
40 3.5003 SO90 15.9970 440 3.5306 5.6417 24.3956
50 3.5003 .6372 16.7781 450 3.5344 5.771 1 24.4750
60 3.5003 .7653 17.4163 460 3.5386 5.9005 24.5527
70 3.5003 3934 17.9559 470 3 5430 6.0301 24.6289
80 3.5004 1.0216 18.4233 480 3.5476 6.1599 24.7035
90 3.5004 1.1497 18.8355 490 3.5526 6.2899 24.7767
100 3.5004 1.2779 19.2043 500 3.5578 6.4200 24:8486
110 3.5005 1.4060 19.5380 510 3.5632 6.5504 24.9191
120 3.5005 1.5342 19.8426 520 3.5688 6.6809 24.9883
130 3.5005 1.6623 20.1227 530 3.5747 6.8117 25.0563
140 3.5006 1.7905 20.3822 540 3.5808 6.9427 25.1232
150 3.5006 1.9186 20.6237 550 3.5871 7.0739 25.1890
160 3.5007 2.0468 20.8496 560 3.5936 7.2053 25.2537
170 3.5007 2.1749 21.0519 570 3.6003 7.3370 25.3173
180 3.5007 2.3031 21.2619 580 3.6072 7.4689 25.3800
190 3.5008 2.4312 21.4512 590 3.6142 7.6011 25.4417
200 3.5008 2.5594 21.6308 600 3.6214 7.7335 25.5025
210 3.5009 2.6876 21.8016 610 3.6287 7.8662 25.5625
220 3.5010 2.8157 21.9645 620 3.6362 7.9992 25.6215
230 3.5010 2.9439 22.1201 630 3.6437 8.1325 25.6798
240 3.5012 3.0721 22.2691 640 3.6514 8.2660 25.7372
250 3.5013 3.2002 22.4120 650 3.6591 8.3998 25.7939
260 3.5015 3.3284 22.5493 660 3.6670 8.5339 25.8498
270 3.5017 3.4566 22.6815 670 3.6749 8.6683 25.9050
280 3.5021 3.5848 22.8088 680 3.6829 8.8030 25.9595
290 3.5025 3.7130 22.9317 690 3.6909 8.9379 26.0133
300 3.5030 3.8412 23.0505 703 3.6990 9.0732 26.0665
310 3.5036 3.9695 23.1654 710 3.7071 9.2088 26.1190
320 3.5044 4.0978 23.2766 720 3.7152 9.3446 26.1709
330 3.5054 4,2261 23.3845 730 3.7234 9.4808 26.2222
340 3.5065 4.3544 23.4891 740 3.7316 9.6172 26.2729
350 3.5078 4.4828 23.5908 750 3.7398 9.7540 26.3231
360 3.5094 4.6113 23.6896 760 3.7480 9.8910 26.3727
370 3.51 11 4.7398 23.7858 770 3.7562 10.0284 26.4217
380 3.5131 4.8683 23.8795 780 3.7643 10.1660 26.4702
390 3.5154 4.9970 23.9707 790 3.7725 10.3040 26.5183
400 3.5179 5.1257 24.0598 800 3.7806 10.4423 26.5658
Conversion factors
To convert tabulated multiply
value of to dimensions indicated below tlY
Conversion factors
To convert tabulated multiply
value of to dimensions indicated below bv
( H"-L" ) /RTo cat mot-' 542.821
cal g-' 19.3754
joules g" 81.0699
Btu (Ib mol)-' 976.437
Btu lb-I 34.8528
Specific Specific
heat Enthalpy Entropy heat Enthalpy Entropy
(H '-Eo") (HO-E,")
-
C"" ~
-
S" -
CP" ___ so
-
"K R RTO R "K R RTO R
400 3.6212 5.1542 25.7140
10 3.5424 ,1222 12.7490 410 3.7322 5.2869 25.8036
20 3.5145 ,2513 15.1937 420 3.6435 5.4201 25.8912
30 3.5077 ,3798 16.5980 430 3.6550 5.5537 25.9771
40 3.5044 ,5081 17.6256 440 3.G668 5.6877 26.0612
50 3.5029 .6364 18.4116 450 3.6787 5.8222 26.1438
60 3.5023 .7646 19.0461 460 3.6907 5.Y571 26.2248
70 3.5019 3928 19.5837 470 3.7029 6.0924 26.3043
80 3.5016 1.0210 20.0535 480 3.7151 6.2282 26.3823
90 3.5015 1.1492 20.4656 490 3.7274 6.3644 26.4591
100 3.5014 1.2774 20.8348 500 3.7396 6.5011 26.5345
110 3.5013 1.4056 21.1684 510 3.7520 6.6382 26.6087
120 3.5013 1.5337 21.4732 520 3.7613 6.7758 26.6817
130 3.5013 1.6619 21.7534 530 3.7765 6.9138 26.7535
140 3.5013 1.7901 22.0129 540 3.7887 7.0523 26.8242
150 3.5013 1.9183 22.2545 550 3.8008 7.1912 26.8938
160 3.5015 2.0464 22.4804 560 3.8129 7.3306 26.9624
170 3.5017 2.1 746 22.6927 570 3.8248 7.4701 27.0300
180 3.5020 2.3028 22.8929 580 3.8366 7.6106 27.0966
190 3.5025 2.4310 23.0823 590 3.8483 7.7513 27.1623
200 3.5032 2.5593 23.2619 600 3.8599 7.8924 27.2271
210 3.5042 2.6875 23.4329 610 3.8713 8.0339 27.2910
220 3.5056 2.8158 23.5959 620 3.8826 8.1758 27.3540
230 3.5073 2.9442 23.7518 630 3.8937 8.3181 27.4162
240 3.5095 3.0726 23.9011 640 3.9047 8.4609 27.4776
250 3.5122 3.2012 2410444 650 3.9155 8.6040 27.5383
260 3.5155 3.3289 24.1822 660 3.9262 8.7476 27.5981
270 3.5193 3.4586 24.3150 670 3.9367 8.8915 27.6572
280 3.5238 3.5875 24.4430 680 3.9470 9.0358 27.7156
290 3.5288 3.7166 24.5668 690 3.9571 9.1805 27.7733
300 3.5344 3.8459 24.6865 700 3.9672 9.3255 27.8303
310 3.5407 3.9754 24.8025 710 3.9770 9.4709 27.8867
320 3.5476 4.1051 24.9150 720 3.9866 9.6167 27.9424
330 3.5551 4.2351 25.0243 730 3.9961 9.7628 27.9974
340 3.5631 4.3654 25.1305 740 4.0054 9.9093 28.0519
350 3.5717 4.4960 25.2340 750 4.0145 10.0561 28.1057
360 3.5807 4.6269 25.3347 760 4.0235 10.2032 28.1589
370 3.5902 4.8782 25.4329 770 4.0323 10.3507 28.2116
380 3.6002 4.8898 25.5288 780 4.0409 10.4985 28.2637
390 3.6105 5.0218 25.6224 790 4.0494 10.6466 28.3152
400 3.6212 5.1542 25.7140 800 4.0577 10.7950 28.3662
Conversion factors
T o convert tahulated multiply
value of t o dimensions indicated helow by
cal mol-' OK-' (or OC-')
c.",s" cal q-' OK-' (or "C-')
R R joules g-* OK-' (or "C-')
Rtu Ilh mol)-' OR-' (or O F - ' )
Btu lb-' OR-' (or OF-')
(continued)
'K
cp-
R
0
~
(HO-E,')
R=O
-R
S"
'K
-
CP'
R
( H " -Eo")
RTO
-
S"
R
800 4.0577 10.7950 28.3662 2900 4.7824 45.2601 34.0470
850 4.0970 11.5414 28.6134 2950 4.7944 46.1366 34.1289
900 4.1327 12.2946 28.8486 3000 4.8062 47.0152 34.2096
950 4.1652 13.0541 29.0729 3050 4.8177 47.8961 34.2891
1000 4.1948 13.8193 29.2874 3100 4.8291 48.7790 34.3675
1050 4.2219 14.5896 29.4927 3150 4.8402 49.6640 34.4449
1100 4.2469 15.3647 29.6897 3200 4.8512 50.5509 34.5212
1150 4.2698 16.1442 29.8790 3250 4.8619 51.4398 34.5965
1200 4.2912 16.9278 30.0611 3300 4.8724 52.3307 34.6708
1250 4.3112 17.7151 30.2367 3350 4.8827 53.2236 34.7442
1300 4.3300 18.5059 30.4062 3400 4.8929 54.1183 34.8166
1350 4.3479 19.3002 30.5700 3450 4.9028 55.0148 34.8881
1400 4.3651 20.0976 30.7284 3500 4.9125 55.9130 34.9587
1450 4.3815 20.8981 30.8819 3550 4.9220 56.8132 35.0285
1500 4.3975 21.7016 31.0307 3600 4.9312 57.7150 35.0974
1550 4.4130 22.5080 31.1751 3650 4.9403 58.6183 35.1654
1600 4.4282 23.31 71 31.3155 3700 4.9491 59.5233 35.2327
1650 4.4431 24.1290 31.4519 3750 4.9578 60.4301 35.2992
1700 4.4578 24.9437 31.5848 3800 4.9662 61.3384 35.3649
1750 4.4724 25.7609 31.7142 3850 4.9744 62.2482 35.4299
1800 4.4868 26.5809 31.8404 3900 4:9825 63.1594 35.4941
1850 4.5011 27.4036 3 1.%36 3950 4.9903 64.0721 35.5576
1900 4.5153 28.2288 32.0838 4000 4.9979 64.9862 35.6204
1950 4.5295 29.0565 32.2013 4050 5.0054 65.9022 35.6826
2000 4.5436 29.8869 32.3161 4100 5.0126 66.8193 35.7441
2050 4.5576 30.7198 32.4285 4150 5.0197 67.7371 35.8049
2100 4.5715 31.5554 32.5385 4200 5.0265 68.6561 35.8650
2150 4.5854 32.3935 32.6462 4250 5.0332 69.5765 35.9245
2200 4.5993 33.2341 32.7518 4300 5.0397 70.4983 35.9835
2250 4.6130 34.0771 32.8553 4350 5.0460 71.4217 36.0418
2300 4.6267 34.9227 32.9568 4400 5.0521 72.3461 36.0995
2350 4.6404 35.7709 33.0565 4450 5.0580 r/3.2715 36.1566
2400 4.6540 36.6217 33.1543 4500 5.0638 74.1976 36.2132
2450 4.6674 37.4747 33.2504 4550 5.0693 75.1246 36.2691
2500 4.6808 38.3302 33.3449 4600 5.0746 76.0528 36.3246
2550 4.6940 39.1882 33.4377 4650 5.0797 76.9827 36.3794
2600 4.7071 40.0487 33.5289 4700 5.0847 77.9135 36.4338
2650 4.7200 40.9114 33.6187 4750 5.0896 78.8445 36.4876
2700 4.7328 41.7765 33.7071 4800 5.0943 79.7760 36.5410
2750 4.7454 42.6440 33.7940 4850 5.0987 80.7086 36.5938
2800 4.7579 43.5138 33.87% 4900 5.1028 81.6423 36.6461
2850 4.7703 44.3858 33.9640 4950 5.1068 82.5770 36.6980
2900 4.7824 45.2601 34.0470 5000 5.1109 83.5122 36.7493
Conversion factors
To convert tabulated multiply
value of to dimensions indicated below by
H"-EQ" cal mol-' 542.821
RTo cal g-' 16.9632
joules g-' 70.9742
Btu (Ib mol)-' 976.437
Btu lb-' 30.5137
Critical
temperature
Substance (0°C)
Acetvlene .............. 36 62 .231
Air ................... -140.7 37.2 .35* .31t
Alcohol ( C2HeO) ...... 243.1 63.1 .2755
Alcohol (CH. 0 ) ...... 240.0 78.7 .272
Allylene ............... 128 ... ...
Ammonia .............. 132.4 115.5 .235
Argon ................. -122 49.7 .531
Benzene ............... 288.5 47.7 .304
Bromine ............... 302 ...
... 1.18
iso-Butane ............. 134 37 ...
n-Butane .............. 153 36 ...
Carbon dioxide ......... 31.1 75.5 .46
Carbon disulfide ....... 273 76 ...
Carbon monoxide ....... -139 36.2 .311
Chlorine ............... 144.0 78.7 .573
Chloroform ............ 263 ... .516
Cyanogen .............. 128 59 ...
Ethane ................ 32.1 48.8 .21?
Ether (ethyl) .......... 193.8 35.5 .2625
Ethyl chloride .......... 187.2 52 .33
Ethylene ............... 9.7 50.9 .2159
Helium ................ -267.9 2.34 .0693
Hydrogen ............. -239.9 13.2 .0310
Hydrogen bromide ..... 90 84 ...
Hydrogen chloride ..... 51.4 84.5 .42
Hydrogen iodide ....... 151 82 ...
Hydrogen sulfide ....... 100.4
Iodine .................
92
...
...
553 ...
Krypton ............... -63? 56? .78?
Mercury ............... 1460k20 164050 .5
Methane ............... -82.5 47.4 .162
Methyl chloride ........ 143.1 65.8 .37?
Neon .................. -228.7 26.8 .484
Nitric oxide ........... -94? 65 .52?
Nitrogen .............. -147.1 34.7 .3110
Nitrous oxide .......... 36.5 71.7 .45?
Oxygen ............... -118.8 51.4 .430
Phosgene .............. 182 56 .52
Propane ............... 95.6 43 ...
Radon ................. 104 64.1 ...
Silicon hydride ......... -3.5 49.7 ...
Sulfur ................. 1040 ... ...
Sulfur dioxide ......... 157.2 80.1 .52?
Sulfur trioxide ......... 218.3 86.5 .630
Water ................. 374.0 224.9 .4
Xenon ................. 16.6 60.2 1.155
. .
* * For reference. see footnote 45. p 136
'Plait point . t Critical point of contact .
* T h e table is based primarily upon the following data and assumDtions: a, One atm pressure equals 760 mmHg a t 0°C under standard gravity of 980.665 crn/sec?.
b, The density of mercury a t 0°C is 13.5951 g/cmS. c, T h e density of water a t 20°C is .99820.
N
v
v
278
T A B L E S 261-267.-THE JOULE-THOMSON E F F E C T I N FLUIDS *
o/t 0' 25" 50" 75" 100" 1250 150" 2000 2500 280"
1 atm .2746 .2320 ,1956 .I614 .1355 .I140 .0961 .0645 .0409 .0303
20 '* .2577 .2173 .I830 ,1508 ,1258 .I060 .0883 .0580 .0356 ,0255
60 ,2200 .1852 .1571 .1293 .lo62 .0886 ,0732 ,0453 .0254 .O 162
loo " .1822 .1550 .1310 .I087 .0884 .0731 ,0600 ,0343 .0165 .0073
140 " .1446 .1249 ,1070 .OR39 ,0726 .0599 .0482 .0250 ,0092 +.0008
180 " .1C97 .0959 .0829 ,0707 .0580 .0474 ,0376 .0174 +.0027 -.0058
220 " .0795 .0697 .0609 .0536 .0449 .0366 .0291 ,01115 -.0025 -.0111
P/t -150' -140' -120.3 -100' -75" -50" -25" 0"
1 atrn 1.0755 .7370 3395 .4795 ,3910 .3225 .2745
20 1.0240 .7155 S700 .4555 .3690 ,3010 ,2580
40 .0710 .4600 .6945 .5370 .4235 .3480 .2805 .2375
60 .0450 .1125 .5150 .4820 .3835 .3195 .2610 .2200
80 ,0295 .0685 .2855 .3900 .3360 .2830 2385 .2105
100 .O 185 .0440 .1535 .2775 .2880 .2505 .2130 .1820
120 t.0045 .0265 .0940 .1955 .2325 ,2165 .I905 .i620
140 -.0070 ,0120 .05m ,1360 .1855 .1825 ,1650 ,1450
160 --.0145 +.0015 .0375 ,0950 ,1435 .I525 .1420 .1250
180 .-.0255 -.0115 .0200 .0655 .1136 ,1270 .1240 ,1100
200 -.0330 -.0205 +.0080 ,0440 ,0855 ,1065 .low .0950
220 -.0405 --.ON -.0030 .0265 .0630 .0880 .0950 .0825
-
a Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 60, p. 535, 1025; vol. 64, p. 287, 1930 (both corrected).
t'C -/LXlO? t"C -px10' t"C --pXlO? t"C -fix102 t"C -pXlOZ
T A B L E 264.-THE JOULE-THOMSON E F F E C T IN N I T R O G E N 86
p as a function of t and p , t in "C, p in atm, p in "C/atm.
.51
~~ 1.65
.20
2.1 1
.74
2.36
1.14
100
50 6.20 5.49 4.10 2.83 +1.80 + .75 + .28
1.84
0 10.62 9.66 7.60 5.99 4.34 2.62
- 50 18.00 16.31 12.91 10.22 7.68 4.77 3.69
- 87.5 27.53 24.74 19.14 14.75 10.80 6.63 5.26
Mixture No. 4; H e 16.6 percent; N2 83.4 percent
250 + .27 - .04 - .8Z
+ .78
-1.51
.06
-2.05
.72
-2.26
1.27
-2.34
1.43
2.25 +1.78
200
150 4.54 4.03 2.76
5.32
+1.61
4.00
+ .78
2.78
+ .ll
1.78 +
.30
1.24
100 7.57 6.86
50 11.77 10.88 -.-.
8 87 ._1 _
.7.1 5.38 3.89 3.10
0 17.97 16.77 14.04 11.30 8.59 6.29 5.33
- 50 28.52 26.18 21.46 16.80 12.56 9.47 7.98
- 87.5 42.02 37.86 28.95 21.75 15.89 12.10 10.26
Ethyl alcohol Isobutyl alcohol n-Proply alcohol Amy1 alcohol Ethyl iodide
CzHsOH CIHoOH Ether (C2Hs)zO C:,H,OH CaHiiOH CzHsI
1 1.0212 1.0934 1.0195 1.0880 1.0315. - 1.0173 1.0865 1.0181 1.0814 1.0214 1.0935
500 .9782 1.0319 .9740 1.0262 .9668 1.0369 ,9770 1.0305 .9788 1.0288 .9774 1.0351
1000 .9479 .9922 .9470 .9883 .9337 .9874 .9483 .9913 .9511 .9915 .9475 .9946
2000 .9059 .9380 .9078 .9385 .8850 .9189 .9124 .9424 .9138 .9427 .9070 .9397
3000 3760 .9025 .8798 .9052 .8503 .8776 ,8876 .9120 3869 .9110 3777 .9034
4000 A517 .8756 .8575 .a02 A246 A481 .8677 .8893 3658 3877 3555 3760
6000 3149 3354 3242 3433 .7883 3070 .8365 .8548 3348 3531 .8207 3381
8000 ,7888 .SO61 .SO01 .8181 .7613 .7779 3138 3301 .8116 A273 .7937 3099
10,000 .7671 .7830 .7802 .7976 .7380 .7535 ,7958 .8114 .7918 .SO60 .7725 .7877
12,000 .7485 .7648 .7631' .7799 .7178 .7326 .7814 .7952 ,7754 .7902 .7554 .7706
Phosphorus tri- Methyl alcohol Ethyl chloride Carbon disulfide Ethyl hromide Acetone
chloride PCla CHJOH CzHsCl CzH6Br (CH3)Z co
a P , 5 i c G ? 5 i ? ? T z ~ & - ~
1 1.0234 1.1037 1.0238 1.1005 - - 1.0235 1.1092 1.0275 - 1.0279 -
500 .9852 1.0443 .9811 1.0400, .9696 1.0358 .9854 1.0458 .9776 - .9818 -
1000 .9577 1.0040 .9494 .9993 .9253 .9797 .9567 1.0061 .9460 .9988 .9526 1.0082
2000 .9184 .9531 .9064 .9429 3749 .9128 .9151 .9525 .9022 .9381 .9076 .9467
3000 3902 .9192 3763 .GO65 .8415 .8715 3852 .9154 ,8714 .9020 A748 .9073
4000 ,8679 .8933 .8523 3782 3167 2422 .8620 3870 2479 3742 .8504 .8786
6000 3348 .8561 ,8163 3381 .77% .SO08 3265 3468 .8131 3339 A143 A370
8000 ,8105 3292 .7907 .8102 .7533 .7728 .79% .8188 .7868 ,8056 .7866 .SO66
10,000 .7902 3077 .7696 .7875 .7320 .7501 .7774 .7962 .7656 .7825 freezes .7821
12,000 .7741 ,7898 ,7527 .7709 .7148 .7301 .7609 .7758 .7495 .7648 '' .7617
Temperatures Temperatures
Pressure < Pressure A
-
(-
kg/cmz 0°C 50°C 95°C kg/cmz 30°C 75°C
0 1.oOoo 0 110495
500 .9771 500 .9761
1,000 .9567 .9741 984 1,000 .9364
1,500 .9396 .9582 .9812 1,500 9085
2,000 .9248 .9439 .9661 2,000 A858
3,000 .8996 .9201 .9409 2,500 .8671 .8909
4,000 .8795 .€a97 .9194 3,000 .8511 .8726
5,000 .8626 A824 .9009 4,000 .8255 8446
6,000 ,8668 .8849 5,000 A055 .8225
7,000 .8530 .8705 6,000 .7888 .8038
8,000 .8407 3577 7,000 .7742 .7884
9,000 .8296 .8461 8,000 .7616 .7747
10,000 .8192 .8352 9,000 .7504 .7629
11,000 .8256 10,000 .7399 .7519
11,000 .7305 .7418
12,000 .7225 .7329
01 Bridgman, P. W., Proc. Amer. h a d . Arts and Sci., vol. 66, p. 219, 1931.
Compression Compression
per unit Bulk per unit Bulk
vol. per modulus, vol. per modulus,
megaharye dynes/ megabarye dynes/
Substance x 106 cmzx 10" Substance x 1w cmzx 1012
Tungsten . . . . . . . . . . .27 3.7 Gallium . . ...
. . . . . . 2.09 .48
.
Boron .. .. . . . . . . . . .3 3.0 Cadmium ... . .. . .. . 2.17 .46
.
Silicon . . . . . . . . . .. .32 3.1 . .
Plate glass . . . . . . 2.23 .45
.
Platinum . . . . . . . . , .38 2.6 ..
Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.27 .44
.
Nickel . . .. . . . . . .. .43 23 Thallium . . .. . . . . . . 2.3 .43
Molybdenum . .. . . .. .46 2.2 Antimony ......... 2.4 .42
.
Tantalum . . . . . . . . . .53 1.9 Quartz ............ 2.7 .37
Palladium . . . . . . . . . .54 1.9 Magnesium ........ 2.9 .34
Cobalt ..
. . . . . . .. .. .55 1.82 Bismuth . .. ........ 3 0 .33
Nichrome . . . . . . . .. .56 1.79 Graphite . . ....... 3.0 .33
..
Iron . . . . . . . .. . .. .60 1.67 Silica glass ....... 3.1 .32
.
Gold . . . . . . . . . .. . . .60 1.67 Arsenic ... . .. . ... 4.5 .22
Pyrite . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 1.4 . .
Calcium . . . . . . .. 5.7 .175
Copper . , . . . . . . . . . . .75 1.33 Strontium . . .. . . . . 8.4 .120
Manganese . . . . . . .. .84 1.19 Phosphorus red) . . 9.2 .109
.
Brass .. . . . . ... . . . .89 1.12 Selenium .. . ....... 12.0 .0k3
Chromium . . . . . . .. . .9 1.12 Ice ...... .. .. . .. 120 .083
..
Silver . . . . . . . . .. . .99 1.01 Sulfur ........ ..... 12.9 .078
Mg. silicate, crys.. . 1.03 .91 Iodine ............. 13.0 .077
Mg. silicate . . . . . . . . 1.21 .82 Sodium ............ 15.6 .064
Aluminum ......... 1.33 .75 H a r d rubber ....... 19.4
Calcite ............ 1.39 .72 Phosphorus (white). 20.5 .049
Tin ...... ... . ..... 1.89 .53
Element
Aluminum .................. 13.65
Arsenic ..................... 31.6
I
ax107
30°C
bx 1012
4.9
-
.
ax107
13.98
.
75°C
b x 1012
4.9
Beryllium ................... 7.95 2.2 8.06 2.3
Bismuth .................... 29.70 22 30.44 31
Boron ...................... 5.58 .8 . .
Cadmium (20°C) ........... 22.5 . . .
Carbon (diamond) (25°C) ....
1.8 .
.
. .
.
Carbon (graphite) (20°C) ... 30 .
Cerium (below 4000 bars) ... 46.49 -169 45.88 -159
Chromium .................. 5.25 .9 5.37 .9
Cobalt ...................... 5.46 .8 5.54 .8
Copper ..................... 7.29 1.6 7.44 1.6
Germanium ................. 14.35 4.8 14.63 5.7
Gold ....................... 5.84 2.0 5.77 .8
Hafnium ................... 9.15 1.1 8.94 1.1
Iodine (20°C to 500 bars) .... 127 - . .
Iridium ..................... 2.69 0 2.82 .9
Iron ........................ 5.949 .83 6.007 .83
Lanthanum ................. 35.78 13.9 35.65 16.4
Magnesium ................. 30.08 27.5 30.02 24.0
Manganese ................. 8.03 4.2 8.20 3.6
Molybdenum ................ 3.63 - .3 3.64 ..4
Nickel ..................... 5.35 .9 5.41 .8
Niobium .................... 5.77 .9 5.85 .9
Palladium .................. 5.34 .9 5.37 .8
Platinum ................... 3.63 .3 3.67 .3
Rhodium ................... 3.64 1.5 3.73 1.5
Ruthenium .................. 3.48 1.7 3.51 1.7
Silicon (20°C to 500 bars) .... 3.1 . . -
Silver ...................... 10.02 3.7 10.20 3.1
Tantalum ................... 4.84 -1.1 4.98 -1.0
Thallium ................... 35.5 - 37.4
Thorium .................... 18.50 12.0 18.78 12.5
Titanium ................... 8.09 -1.5 8.81 3.3
Tungsten ................... 3.20 .1 3.20 .2
Vanadium .................. 6.17 1.35 6.20 1.35
Zinc ........................ 16.93 8.6 -
Zirconium .................. 11.15 6.3 11.24 6.8
Steel (20°C) ............... 6.42 3.2 - -
Manganin (20°C) ........... 8.41 6.5 .
Pressure. kg/cmz
Element Temp '' C 4000 8000 12. 000
Phosphorus ................. 30 .0190* .0342* .0469*
red ....................... 75 .0189 .0344 .0476
Phosphorus ................. 30 .0095 .0158 .0205
black ..................... 75 .0095 .0158 .0209
Mercury (liquid) ........... 20 .01485* .02754* .03795*
Gallium (solid) ............. 20 j3n = 20 X 10"
(liquid) ............ 30 pn = 40 X lo-'
.AV/Vo .
2,500 .0204 ,0334 .0677 .0696 .0999 ,0024 ,0027 ,0040 ,0040 ,0026 ,0100 .0109 .0090 .0078 .0024
5,000 ,0389 .0624 .1152 .I224 .1585 ,0047 .0052 ,0079 .0078 ,0054 ,0194 ,0234 .0174 ,0152 ,0048
10,000 .0715 .1115 .1862 .1982 .2392 ,0094 .0099 .0154 .0152 ,0111 ,0370 .0549 .0329 .0289 .0095
15.000 .loo5 .1511 .2374 .2506 .2981 ,0139 ,0143 ,0225 .0213 ,0168 ,0526 .1655$ .0471 ,0416 ,0139
20,000 .1261 .1836 .2772 2920 .3442 .0181 .0185 .0293 .0268 .0220 ,0665 .I864 .0604 ,0536 .0181
25,000 ,1485 ,2111 .3093 ,3254 .3908* .0219 ,0224 .0358 ,0323 ,0267 .0827t ,2027 .0729 ,0650 .0219
30,000 .1689 .2350 .3360 .3530 ,4261 ,0256 .0261 .0420 .0375 ,0312 .0952 ,2154 ,0848 ,0757 .0255
35,000 .1872 .2559 .3584 .3760 ,4559 ,0294 ,0297 ,0480 ,0426 .0356 ,1072 .2257 .0961 .0858 .0290
40,000 ,2040 ,2740 ,3774 ,3954 .4816 ,0329 ,0332 .0537 .0476 ,0399 ,1189 ,2342 .I069 ,0955 .0324
YBridgman P. W. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 76, p. 75, 1948.
Transitiod a t 23,JbO. Compressions ,3716 and ,3776. t Transition at 23,370. Compressions ,0755 and
,0781. $ Transition at 12,430. Compressions ,0736 and ,1504.
wBridgman, P. W.,Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 74, October 1940.
Transition below this point.
Stress or
stress
E G range
Rock dynes cm-2 dynes cm-2 I
7 kg em-2
Granite, coarse gray,
Quincy, Mass. ................... 4.64)<101' (1.92) X 10" .215 70600
Quincy, Mass. from 100 ft
depth (2.67) .................. 3.48 ... ... 11.2
Basalt, Ostritz .................... 11.15 ... ... 100-900
Diabase
Westfield, Mass. (2.95) .......... 8.00* _.. ... ...
Marble
Proctor, Vt. (2.71) .............. 3.43 ... .141 11.2
4.60 .I90 56
4.95* i.ii ... ...
Limestone
Knoxville, Tenn. ................ 6.21 (2.48) .251 70-600
Montreal ....................... 6.35 (2.50) .252 70-600
Dolomite, Pennsylvznia (2.83) ..... 7.10* 3.23 ... ...
Sandstone
Quartzitic, Penna. (2.66) ........ 6.36 .115 11.2
Feldspathic, Ohio ................ 1.58 ( 2) 290 70-600
Slate, Pennsylvania, I I to cleavage
plane ......................... 11.29* 4.65 ... ...
Shale (2.63) ...................... 4.4 dry ... ... 200
1.9 wet ... ... ...
Schist, Mica, Japan ................ 1-6 ... ... ...
Tuff, Japan ....................... .3-3.6 ... ... ...
Ice (.917) -5°C .................. .917* ,336 (.365) ...
. Dynamical measurements.
Quartz
Pressure __h__ Pyrex Borax
kg/crn* crystal glass Glass A* glass Glass C t Glass D t glass
1 1.000 i.mo 1.000 fooo 1.ooo 1.000 1.ooo
25,000 .946 ,923 .934 .921 .945 .932 377
30,000 .939 .909 .923 .907 .936 .924 .866
40,000 .926 385 .905 385 ,920 .909 ,845
50.000 914 ,864 390 ,867 .905 .894 .825
60;OOO .902 247 375 351 .891 .880 308
70,000 .892 332 ,862 .838 .878 .867 .792
80,000 383 .819 349 .827 366 .855 .778
90,000 ,875 308 A38 .817 354 .844 .765
100,OOO .868 ,798 328 309 2342 A34 .753
nx Bridgman P. W. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. vol. 76, p. 68, 1948.
Glass A i.. a potish lead silicate of very high lead content. 1 Glass C is a soda potash lime
silicate. $ Glass D is a lead zinc borosilicate.
Bridgman, P. W., Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci.. vol. 73, p. 74, 1938.
Glass A is a potash lead silicate of very high lead content. t Glass C is a soda potash lime
silicate. $ Glass D is a lead zinc borosilicate.
Degrees
API
60'/6OoF .OO .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
.6 104.33 100.47 96.73 93.10 89.59 86.19 82.89 79.69 79.59 73.57
.7 70.64 67.80 65.03 62.34 59.72 57.17 54.68 52.27 49.91 47.61
.8 45.38 43.19 44.06 38.98 36.95 34.97 33.03 31.14 29.30 27.49
.9 25.72 23.99 22.30 20.65 19.03 17.45 15.90 14.38 12.89 11.43
1.0 10.00
"
'I "
T A B L E 284.-PHYSICAL P R O P E R T I E S O F S O M E LIGHT H Y D R O C A R B O N S o 7
E
kilo
"C atm cal g-1 oc-1 kg/m3 atm "C cal/ma
Methane ...... CH, 16.04 82.1 45.8 .526 .400 ,555 ,678 _- 1880 9,000
Ethylene ..... CzH, 28.05 9.72 50.9 .363 .296 .977 1.19 __ 1975 14,350
Ethane ....... CzHn 30.07 32.3 48.2 ,409 ,347 1.048 1.282 294.2 38.3 1895 15,900
Propylene .... C3He 42.08 91.4 45.4 .363 .316 1.476 1.805 289 10.3 1935 21,100
Propane ......C3H8 44.09 96.8 42.0 .388 .343 1.550 1.892 268 8.45 1925 22,800
Butadiene-1,3.. GH, 54.09 152.0 42.8 .349 .312 1.922 2.35 267 2.45 -- 26,400
Butene-1 ...... C4H8 56.10 143.9 39.2 .371 ,334 1.998 2.44 246 2.6 28,200
cis-Butene-2 . . C,Hn 56.10 160 41.5 ,350 .315 2.004 2.45 255.5 18.5 1930 28,300
trans-Butene-2. C;H* 56.10 155.0 40.5 ,376 .342 2.004 2.45 249.0 2.00 28,200
Isobutylene ...CaH, 56.10 144.7 39.5 .375 ,335 1.998 2.44 245.5 2.57 28,100
Isobutane ..... C4Hin 58.12 i33.7 36.5 .387 .348 2.077 2.54 222 3.06 1900 30,000
n-Butane ..... CiHtn 58.12 152.2 37.5 ,397 .361 2.084 2.55 229.5 2.13 1895 30,100
"7 Shnidman, Louis (ed.), Gaseous fuels, p. 34, ~ l m e r i c a nGas Assoc., 1948.
SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES
294
T A B L E 285.-DENSITY O F V A R I O U S N A T U R A L A N D A R TI’FIC IA L M I N E R A L S
Density in s p . Val.
Name and formula “C g/cms cm3/g
Oxides
.
Corundum A1203* .. . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . ( 0) 4.02 .249
Lime C a O * .............................. (25) 3.42 .292
Magnesia MgO * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . (25) 3.603 .2775
Ferrous oxide FeO * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (20) 5.7 .175
..
Hematite Fe203 . .. . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . (20) 5.25 .1905
..
Magnetite Fe304 . . . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 0) 5.172 .1933
Quartz Si80zt ......................... ... (20) 2.649 ,3775
2.648 .3776
2.325 .4301
Vitreous silica . ....... . . ....... . . . . ...... ( 0) 2.203 .4539
Rutile TiO, . . . 4.250 .2353
Ilinenite (FeTi)203 ....................... ( 0) 5.088 .1965
Silicates
Silhmanite Al,03.Si0, . 3.247 .3080
Mullite 3AI2O3-2SiO2* . 3.156 .3169
Albite NaA1Si30.* . . . . 2.62 .382
Anorthite CaAl2Si3Ox* . 2.757 .3627
Nephelite NaAlSiOl* . . 2.619 .3818
Lahradorite Abr8An5J . 2.695 .3711
Oligoclase AbllAnpS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (25) 2.638 .3791
.
Orthoclase KAISi,O, . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (15) 2.554 .3915
adularia . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . (15) 2.566 .3897
Microcline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . (25) 2.557 .3911
Calcium orthosilicates
a - Ca.Si04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .... (25) 3.26 ,307
p - Ca.Si04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... (25) 3.27 .306
y - CazSiO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (25) 2.965 .3373
Calcium metasilicates
2.904 ,3444
2.906 .3441
3.257 .3070
3.265 .3063
3.165 .3159
3.254 .3073
3.415 .2928
3.223 .3103
4.28 .234
3.544 .2822
almandite .. . ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (31) 4.160 .2404
Jadeite . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. ... (31) 3.328 .3005
Misccllaneous substances
Borax, anhydrous, Na,R 2.27 .440
C a C 0 3 ; aragonite .. . . . 2.932 .3411
C a C 0 3: calcite . . . . . . . . 2.7102 .3688
CaF,: fluorite ........................ . . .. (10) 3.180 .3145
Diamond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.516 .2844
NaCI: rock salt . .. .... 2.1632 .4623
rdite* , . ........ .. . ...... (25) 2.664 .3754
.......................... (25) 2.697 .3708
. . . . . .. . . . .. . (30) 1.984 5040
... ......... (25) 5.012 .1995
... ....................... (25) 4.873 .2052
.\rtificial. t Natural. $ .\ti = alhite: An = Anorthite
Ttmp.
C .O .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
0 1.000132 125 118 112 106 100 095 089 084 079
1 073 069 064 059 055 051 047 043 039 035
2 032 029 026 023 020 018 016 013 011 009
3 008 006 005 004 003 002 001 001 000 000
4 000 000 000 001 001 002 003 004 005 007
5 008 010 012 014 016 018 021 023 026 029
6 032 035 039 042 046 050 054 058 062 066
7 070 075 080 085 090 095 101 106 112 118
8 124 130 137 142 149 156 162 169 176 184
9 191 198 206 214 222 230 238 246 254 263
10 272 281 290 299 308 317 327 337 347 357
11 367 377 388 398 409 420 430 441 453 464
12 476 487 499 511 522 534 547 559 571 584
13 596 609 623 636 649 661 675 688 702 715
14 729 743 757 772 786 800 815 830 844 859
15 873 890 905 920 935 951 967 983 998 015
16 1.001031 047 063 080 097 113 130 147 164 182
17 198 216 233 252 269 287 305 323 341 358
18 378 396 415 433 452 471 490 510 529 548
19 568 588 606 626 646 667 687 707 728 748
20 769 790 811 832 853 874 895 916 938 960
21 981 002 024 046 068 091 113 135 158 181
22 1.002203 226 249 271 295 319 342 364 389 412
23 436 459 483 507 532 556 581 605 629 654
24 679 704 729 754 779 804 829 854 879 905
25 932 958 983 010 036 061 088 115 141 168
26 1.003195 22 1 248 275 302 330 357 384 412 439
27 467 495 523 550 579 607 635 663 692 720
28 749 776 806 836 865 893 922 951 981 011
29 1.004041 069 100 129 160 189 220 250 280 310
30 341 371 403 432 464 494 526 557 588 619
31 651 682 713 744 777 808 840 872 904 936
32 968 001 033 066 098 132 163 197 229 263
33 1.005296 328 361 395 427 461 496 530 562 597
34 631 665 698 732 768 802 836 871 904 940
35 975 009 044 078 115 150 185 219 255 290
+; .99987
993
997
2
1.00013
007
003
30
31
32
.99568
537
506
.00434
465
497
80
85
90
.97183
.96865
534
1.02899
1.03237
590
3 999 001 33 473 530 95 192 959
4 1.ooooo 1.00000 34 440 563 100 .95838 1.04343
5 .99w 1.00001 35 .99406 ,00598 110 .9510 1.0515
6 997 003 36 371 633 120 ,9434 1.0601
7 993 007 37 336 669 130 .9352 1.0693
8 988 012 38 300 706 140 .9264 1.0794
9 981 019 39 263 743 150 .9173 1.0902
10 99973 1.00027 40 59225 1.00782 160 57%
I. 1.1019
11 963 037 41 187 821 170 23973 1.1145
12 952 048 42 147 861 180 3866 1.1279
13 940 060 43 107 901 190 37.50 1.1429
14 927 073 44 066 943 200 23628 1.1590
15 .99913 1.OOO87 45 99025 1.00985 210 350 1.177
16 897 103 46 .98982 1.01028 220 .837 1.195
17 880 120 47 940 072 230 ,823 1.215
18 862 138 48 8% 116 240 .809 1.236
19 843 157 49 852 162 250 .794 1.259
Percent Ternoeratures
CrHsOH
by weight 10°C 15'C 20°C 25°C 30°C 35°C 40°C
0 .99973 .W13 ,99823 .99708 9568 99406 .99225
1 785 725 636 520 379 217 034
2 602 542 453 336 194 031 .98846
3 426 365 275 157 014 .98849 663
4 258 195 103 .98984 .98839 672 485
5 098 032 .98938 817 670 501 311
6 .98946 .98877 780 656 507 335 142
7 801 729 627 500 347 172 ,97975
8 660 584 478 346 189 009 808
9 524 442 331 193 031 .97846 641
10 393 304 187 043 ,97875 685 475
11 267 171 047 .97897 723 527 312
12 145 04 1 .57910 753 573 371 150
13 026 .97914 775 61 1 424 216 .%989
14 .97911 790 643 472 278 063 829
15 800 669 514 334 133 .96911 670
16 692 552 387 199 .%W 760 512
17 583 433 259 062 844 607 352
18 473 313 129 .%923 697 452 189
19 363 191 .96997 782 547 294 023
20 252 068 864 639 395 134 .95856
21 139 .%944 729 495 242 .95973 687
22 024 818 592 348 087 809 516
23 .96907 689 453 199 .95929 643 343
24 787 558 312 048 769 476 168
25 665 424 168 .95895 607 306 ,94991
26 539 287 020 738 442 133 810
27 406 144 .95867 576 272 .94955 625
28 268 .95996 710 410 098 774 438
29 125 844 548 241 .94922 590 248
30 .95977 686 382 067 741 403 055
31 823 524 212 ,94890 557 214 .93860
32 665 357 038 709 370 02 1 662
33 502 186 .94860 525 180 .93825 461
34 334 011 679 337 .93986 626 257
35 162 .94832 494 146 790 425 051
36 .94986 650 306 93952 591 221 .9?843
37 805 464 114 756 390 016 634
38 620 273 .93910 556 186 .92808 422
39 431 079 720 353 .92979 597 208
40 238 .93882 518 148 770 385 ,91992
41 042 682 314 .92940 558 170 774
42 .93842 478 107 729 344 .91952 554
43 639 27 1 .92897 516 128 733 332
44 433 062 685 301 .91910 513 108
45 226 .92852 472 085 692 291 90884
46 017 640 257 .91868 472 069 660
47 .92806 426 041 649 250 .90845 434
48 593 21 1 .91823 429 028 621 207
49 379 .91995 604 208 90805 396 A9979
50 162 776 384 ,90985 580 168 750
(continued)
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
303
T A B L E 293.-DENSITY OF M I X T U R E S OF ETHYL A L C O H O L A N D W A T E R
I N g/ml (concluded)
Percent Temperatures
C2HsOH ~~
Tzmp . Velocity
Gas
T:mp
C
. Velocity
m/sec
Gas C m/sec
Air. dry. 1 atm ......... 0 331.7 Hydrogen bromide ...... 0 200
....
"
25 . . . . . . . . . . .
50 ...........
0 332.0 Hytlrogen chloride ......
Hydrogen iodide ........
0
0
296
157
.. ................ 0 334.7
1'
Tables 296 and 298-300 prepared by Urick and Weissler. Naval Research J.ahoratory.
O8 Bergmann. Ultrasonics. 3d ed., p . 223. Edwards Brothers. 13nn Arbor. Mich., 1944 .
TABLE 297.-VELOCITY OF S O U N D I N S O L I D S
~
Y V
Substance t"C m/sec Substance t°C m/sec
..................
hyd 20 2678 F]: ....................... 200 4720
.................. 100 2640 ............... 20 4990
"
..................
'I
200 2480 ........... 100 4920
A1 ....................... 5104 4790
Au h";d .................. 20 1743 M g ...................... 4602
' .................. 100 1720 Ni ....................... 4973
Cd ....................... 2307 P b ... 1322
co ....................... 4724 Pd ... 3150
(2 .....................
.....................
20
100
3560
3290
P t ...
" ....................... 100
20 2690
2570
..................... 200 2950 " ....................... 200 2460
2 ..................... 20 5130 Sn ....................... 2500
................... 100 5300 3700
Ash. along the fiber ........ 4670 3652
I' across the rings ....... 1390 3480
" along the rings ....... 1260 Cork ........ 500
By:ch. along the fiber ...... 3340 Granite ................... 3950
across the rings .... 1840 3810
" along the ringo ..... 1415 ........... 15 1304
Elm. along the fiber ........ 4120 Slate ..................... 4510
.
" across the rings .......
along the rings .......
Fir. along the fiber .........
1420
1013
4640
Tallow ........
Tuff .....................
Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 390
2850
5000
Mahogany. along the fiber .. 4135 6000
Maple. along the fiber ...... 41 10 Ivory .................... 3013
Oak. along the fiber ........ 3850 Vul . rubber (black) ........ 54
Pine. along the fiber ........ 3320 31
Poplar. along the fiber ..... 4280 " (rzdd) ........ 0 69
Sycamore. along the fiber ... 4460 t' 'I
........ 70 34
W$X ..................... 17 880
...................... 28 441
LIJ References: a Weissler A. Journ. Amer C k m . SOC. 1948 and 1949. also unpublished work with
V. A. Del Grosso. 'b Bergminn 'L. Ultrasonics' 3d ed. p. l i SEdwards Brothers Ann Arbor Micb 1944.
c, Rao, M. 'R.,Ind. journ. Phys.: voi. 14, p. 109,'1940. d, Lagemann, R. J., et al., Jburn. Chem. k'hys., Pol. 16,
247, 1948; Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc., vol. 70, p. 2994, 1948. e, Randall, C. R., Nat. Bur. Standards Journ.
es., vol. 8, p. 95, 1932.
Depth
in
meters "C
Sal.
ppt
Heck &
Service Wood
Meters per second
Br. Adm.
1927
Br. Adm.
1939 Kuwahara
.
0 0 31 1445 1445 1440.3 1440.2 1440.3
10 1482 1484 1481.9 1481.9 1482.0
20 1508 1515 1514.3 1514.3 1514.3
30 - 1538 1539.0 1538.9 1539.1
0 0 35 1450 1450 1445.3 1445.4 1445.5
10 1489 1488 1486.6 1486.7 i486.8
20 1514 1519 1518.6 1518.7 1518.7
30 - 1543 1543.0 1543.1 1543.2
400 0 35 1454 - 1452.6 1452.7 1452.8
10 1492 -- 1493.8 1493.9 1494.1
20 1518 - 1525.8 1525.9 1525.9
30 - - 1550.3 1550.4 1550.6
3000 0 31 1490 - 1494.7 1494.6 1494.4
35 1498 - 1499.7 1499.8 1499.8
Sound Sound
level level
Location in db Location in db
Electric power station, Average office .................... 55
generating room ............... 120 Average residence with radio.. .... 50
Boiler factory .................... 110 Average residence without radio.. . 43
Subway station, train passing.. .... 100 Quiet residence ................... 35
Streetcar ........................ 85 Radio broadcast studio ............ 30
Factory ........................ 75 Reference level, .0002 dynes/crn'. .. 0
Large store ...................... 65
t The be1 is a dimensionless unit for expressing the ratio of two values of power, the number of
bels being the logarithm to the base 10 of the power ratio.
The decibel, abbreviated db, is one-tenth of a hel. When conditions are such that scalar ratios of
pressure amplitudes or particle velocities are the square roots of the corresponding power ratios, the
number of decibels by which the corresponding powers differ is expressed by
20 log (fill&) db
where fil/fi2 represents the scalar ratio. This relationship is frequently applied where the scalar ratio
is not the square root of the corresponding power ratio, but such usage should be accompanied by a
specific statement of application.
m -10
Q
-
Z
rr
y-2 0
V
2.
V
E-30
a
U
L O
2
r
$50
W
a
Y)
-J
5-6 0
0
FIG.1.-Speech power for men (continuous curves) and women (dotted curves) given
in percentage power below any frequency. Curves A and B, power per cycle, curves C and
D. 0 db = 1 microwatt.
lrn Dunn, H. K., and White, S . D., Journ. Accoust. SOC.Amer., vol. 11, p. 278, 1940.
'OSPotter, R . K., and Peterson, G . E., Journ. Acoust. SOC.Amer., vol. 20, p. 528, 1948.
T A B L E 305.-APPROXIMATE R A N G E OF F U N D A M E N T A L F R E Q U E N C Y ON
0 RC H E S T R A L I N S T R U M E N T S
The values given are for average instruments in tune with A440 cps. The lower fre-
quency limits of some special instruments are indicated in brackets.
Frequency Frequency
range rn range In
CPS CPS
&
Instrument
&
Lower
limit
YLP~ Instrument
Lower
limit
~ P F
Violin .................. 195 2093 Bb tenor saxophone ..... 103 623
Viola .................. 131 1318 Eb baritone saxophone.. . 69 416
Cello ................... 65 880 Trumpet ............... 164 1047
Bass ............... (32) 41 262 French horn ............ 61 699
Piccolo ................. 587 4186 Trombone .......... (51) 82 524
Flute ................... 261 2013 Bass tuba ............... 41 234
Oboe ................... 233 1397 Piano .................. 27 4186
English horn ............ 164 934 Organ ............. (16) 32 4186
Clarinet ........... (138) 146 1568 Harp ................... 32 3136
Bass clarinet ....... (65) 73 467 Soprano voice .......... 261 1568
Bassoon ................ 58 623 Tenor voice ............. 123 1174
Contra bassoon .......... 30 175 Alto voice .............. 174 933
Eb alto saxophone ...... 138 831 Baritone voice .......... 98 416
Bass voice .............. 65 294
T A B L E 306.-FREQUENCY R A T I O S A N D I N T E R V A L S FOR J U S T A N D
E Q U A L L Y T E M P E R E D SCALES
Note Key Freq. Key Freq. Key Freq. Key Freq. Key Freq. Key Freq. Key Freq. Key Freq. Note
name No. cps No. cps No. cps No. cps No. cps No. cps No. cps No. cps name
A 1 27.500 13 55.000 25 110.000 37 220.000 49 440,000 61 880.000 73 1760.000 85 3520.000 A
A#-Bb 2 29.135 14 58.270 26 116.541 38 233.082 50 466.164 62 932.328 74 1864.655 86 3729.310 A#-Bb
B 3 30.868 15 61.735 27 123.471 39 246.942 51 493.883 63 987.767 75 1975.533 87 3951.066 B
4
D C 4 32.703 16 65.406 28 130.813 40 261.626 52 523.251 64 1046.502 76 2093.005 88 4186.009 C
E
, C#-Db 5 34.648 17 69.296 29 138.591 41 277.183 53 554.365 65 1108.731 77 2217.461 C#-Db
m
Ln D 6 36.708 18 73.416 30 146.832 42 293.665 54 587.330 66 1174.659 78 2349.318 D
D#-Eb 7 38.891 19 77.782 31 155.563 43 311.127 55 622.254 67 1244.508 79 2489.016 D%Eb
E 8 41.203 20 82.407 32 164.814 44 329.628 56 659.255 68 1318.510 80 2637.021 E
F 9 43.654 21 87.307 33 174.614 45 349.228 57 698.456 69 1396.913 81 2793.826 F
F#-Gb 10 46.249 22 92.499 34 184.997 46 369.994 58 739.989 70 1479.978 82 2959.955 F#-Gb
G 11 48.999 23 97.999 35 195.998 47 391.995 59 783.991 71 1567.982 83 3135.964 G
G#-Ab 12 51.913 24 103.826 36 207.652 48 415.305 60 830.609 72 1661.219 84 3322.438 G#-Ab
T A B L E 308.-PRESSURE F I E L D A R O U N D THE H U M A N H E A D D U R I N G S P E E C H lM
The following data describe the pressure field around the head of a speaker a t a radius of 30 cm from the speaker’s lips. The sound-pressure level is
given for 13 frequency bands, and for all the bands, i.e., “whole speech,” in d b above the sound-pressure level in the same bands at the point (30 cm, 0,
0). These data give the pressure distribution in the horizontal plane Z = 0, and the relative pressures overhead.
Azi- Alti-
muth tude Band Band Band Band Band Band Band Band Band Band Band Band
rh
r No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 9 No. 10 No. 11 No. 12 No. 13
Degrees Whole- -62.5- 125- 250. 500- 700- 1000- 1400- 2000- 2800- 4000- 5600- 8000-
, -A- ( speech 125 250 500 700 1000 1400 2000 2800 4000 5600 8000 12000
.o .o
0
45
90
0
0
0
- .1
- .4
.O
- .1
- .2
+ .6
- .3
.O .O
+ .1
-1.2 +
.O
.O
.3 +1.4
.O
.O -1.2
-3.7
- .8
- 4.1
.O .O
- 2.5
- 7.9
+- 2.5.O.6 .O
- 2.9
- 5.2
+- 3.5..5O - 2.4
- 4.9
.O
135 0 -3.0 - .2 -2.5 -3.6 -1.5 -1.7 -4.3 - 5.4 - 9.1 -12.6 -14.9 -12.7 -14.6
180 0 -4.9 - .6 -4.6 -5.3 -3.3 -3.8 -5.1 -12.4 -14.8 -17.2 -18.6 -21.3 -16.1
- +90 -2.6 -1.6 -1.9 -2.4 -2.4 -2.3 -3.0 - 4.5 - 3.2 - 2.0 - 7.7 - 5.2 - .9
w
c
Dunn, H. K., and Farnsworth, D. W., Journ. Acoust. SOC.Amer., vol. 10, p. 184, 1939. w
314 TABLE 309.-SENSITIVITY O F T H E EAR (FIG. 2)
The minimum effective sound pressure of a specified signal that is capable of evoking an
auditory sensation is called the threshold of audibility for that signal. The characteristics
of the signal, the manner in which it is presented to the listener, and the point at which
the sound pressure is measured must be specified. Two classes of ear-sensitivity deter-
minations are shown in figure 2. M.A.P. is just-audible sound pressure measured at the
observer’s ear drum. M.A.F. is the sound pressure level that is just audible to an observer
in an acoustical field free of reflecting surfaces (the sound-pressure level is measured after
the observer’s head is withdrawn from the field) ; the observer faces the source of sound
and listens binaurally. These curves were derived by Sivian and White from measurements
on young adult observers all having. very good hearing.’” The average person cannot detect
pressures as low as those given. H e will have a threshold curve displaced upward on the
chart. (See Table 3G9A for data on hearing losses.)
The term “differential sensitivity of frequency and intensity” refers to the. smallest
changes in frequency and intensity, respectively, that can be perceived by an observer with
normal hearing. The values depend to some extent on the method of presentation of the
test stimuli. For pure tones above 500 cps having levels greater thafi 40 db above threshold,
the measurements of Shower and Biddulph indicate that the smallest perceptible difference
in frequency has the approximate constant value of 0.3 percent. For levels greater than
40 db above threshold and for frequencies between 200 and 7000 cps, the measurements of
Riesz and others indicate that the smallest perceptible difference in intensity varies from
one-quarter to three-quarters of a decibel.
The range of frequency perceived by the average ear varies considerably ; however, the
figures of 20-20,000 cycles are frequently quoted as covering the range heard by the average
of a group of young adults having no hearing impairments
Sivian, L. J., and White, S . D., Journ. Acoust. SOC. Amer., vol. 4, p. 228, 1933.
The following data are part of the results of the hearing tests conducted by the Bell
System a t the New York and San Francisco World's Fairs in 1939. The first four columns
indicate the percentages of the population having hearing losses of 25 db or more a t various
frequencies. A person having a loss of 25 db a t all frequencies below 2000 cps may expe-
rience difficulty in understanding unamplified speech, as in an auditorium or church. The
second four columns indicate the corresponding percentages for losses of 45 db or more. A
person having such a loss experiences difficulty in understanding ordinary conversational
speech at distances greater than 2 or 3 feet.
T A B L E 310.-ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICSam
Planning for good acoustics in a building requires careful consideration of noise control.
This includes consideration of the selection of a site, the arrangement of the rooms within
the building, the selection of the proper sound-insulation constructions, and the control of
noise sources within the building. The design of a room where people gather to listen to
speech or music should be such that its shape and size will ensure the most advantageous
flow of properly diffused sound to all auditors. Absorptive and reflective materials and
constructions should be selected and distributed to provide the optimum conditions for the
growth, decay, and steady-state distribution of sound in the room. The reverberation
characteristics of the room are controlled by the amount and placement of the absorptive
material.
Reverberation t i m e calculations.-Because of the importance of the proper control
of reverberation in rooms, a standard of measure called reverberation time has been estab-
lished. This is the time required for a specified sound to die away to one-thousandth of its
initial pressure, which corresponds to a drop in sound-pressure level of 60 db. The
reverberation time of a room is given by the following equation :
0.049Y 6
T=
-2.30 S loglo (1 - c)+
4mV
where Y is the volume of the room, S is the total surface area in square feet, and is the
average absorption coefficient for the room given by
- CKx Si C X S z + K a S3 ..... - a-
cc= + + -
S1+ SI Sa + +....... S
where El is the absorption coefficient of the area St, etc.
The second term in the denominator, 4mV, represents the effective absorption in the
room contributed by the air. The attenuation coefficient m a t each frequency depends upon
the humidity and temperature of the air. Except in very large rooms the absorption in air
can be neglected below about 2000 cps. The values of m for a temperature 68°F are given
in figure 3 as a function of relative humidity for a number of frequencies.
107 Taken from Acoustical designing in architecture, by V. 0. Knudsen and C. M. Harris, John Wiley
& Sons, 1949. Used by permission of the publishers.
(corttinued)
T A B L E 310A.-OPTIMUM R E V E R B E R A T I O N T I M E (FIGS. 4 A N D 5 )
T h e following figures give the recommendations of Knudsen and Harris for optimum
reverberation time for different types of rooms as a function of room volume. The optimum
times for speech rooms, motion-picture theaters, and school auditoriums are given by a
single line ; the optimum time for music by a broad band. Th e optimum reverberation time
is not the same for all kinds of music. F o r example, slow organ and choral music require
more reverberation than does a brilliant allegro composition played on woodwinds, piano,
or harpsicord.
The optimum reverberation time vs. frequency characteristic for a room can be obtained
from these charts in the following manner : After having specified the volume and purpose
of the room, determine the optimum reverberation time at 512 cycles from the upper chart.
Then, to obtain optimum reverberation time a t any other frequencies multiply the 512-cycle
value by the appropriate ratio R which is given in the lower chart. Note that R is unity
for frequencies above 500 cycles, and is given by a band for frequencies below 500 cycles.
The ratio R for large rooms may have any value within the indicated band; preferred
ratios for small rooms are given by the lower part of the band.
(corztinued)
1.6
1.6
1.4
4:
...
0 1.2
L
1.2
5
L
1..c0I
a! 1
0e
0I
00
100 200 so0 400 600 8001000 2000 3000 5000 10.000
FREQUENCY IN cYcLea PER SECOND
FIG.S.--Ratio of the reverberation time for various frequencies as a function of the
reverberation for 512 cycles per second.
T],the viscosity, -
- 12852 (I+ A )
where y -is the density (g/cm3), d and I are respectively the diameter and
length in cm of the tube, Q the volume in cm3 discharged in t sec, h the
Couette correction to the measured length of the tube, h the average head in cm,
m the coefficient of kinetic energy correction, mvu2/g, necessary for the loss of
energy due to turbulent, in distinction from viscous, flow, g being the accelera-
tion of gravity (cm/sec2), 2, the mean velocity in cm/sec. (See Herschel, Nat.
Eur. Standards Techn. Pap. Nos. 100 and 112, 1917-1918, for discussion
of this correction and h . )
For liquids of medium and high values of viscosity measurements are made
by Margule's method of observing the torque on the inner of two concentric
cylinders while the outer is rotated with constant angular speed with the vis-
cous liquid filling the space between, or by noting the rate of fall of a solid
sphere through the liquid.
For the method of concentric cylinders the equation is
K8(R12--R Z 2 ),
q, the viscosity, =
4&R,' R2, L
where K denotes the elastic constant of the torsion member supporting the
inner cylinder of radius R, cm and length L cm, .8is the angular displacement
of the inner cylinder from its position of equilibrium, R the angular speed of
the outer rotating cylinder of radius R , cm in the corresponding units em-
ployed to measure 8. The necessary corrections due to end effects of cylinders
of finite length are given in the reference.'O"
For the falling sphere method, the equation is that of Stokes law as modified
by R. G. Hunter: l o g
1 . R 2.2s )
2 R2(d,-d2)
viscosity, = -
('-71,
T], the
9 ' (1+3.3:)
where y denotes the radius in cni of the crucible containing the liquid of density
d , (g/cni3), to a depth of Iz cni, R the radius in cm of the sphere of density d ,
(g/cm3), and Y the velocity (cni/sec) of the falling sphere.
* T h e data on viscosity were selected and arranged by George V. McCauley, Corning
Glkss Works.
Lillie, H . R., Journ. Amer. Cer. SOC., vol. 12, p. 505, 1929.
looHunter, R. G.. Journ. Amer. Cer. SOC., vol. 17, p. 123, 1934; Ann. d. Phys., ser. 4,
vol. 22, p. 287, 1907; vol. 23, p. 447, 1907.
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
319
For very viscous materials, measurements of viscosity are made by noting
the rate of elongation of fibers under load or by observing the aperiodic inotioii
of an elastic system displaced from its position of equilibrium and damped by
the viscous material.
The formula for the rate of elongation of fibers as employed by H. R.
Lillie is
Lxgxk
7, the viscosity, =
37rR2E '
where R is the radius in cni of the fiber of effective length, L (cm), g the
mass in grams of the attached load, k the acceleration of gravity (cm/sec2),
and E the rate of elongation in cm/sec.
For the aperiodic motion of the system consisting of the suspended inner
cylinder of Margule's apparatus described above, the formula is
K(t,-t,) log e R Z 2 - R l 2
7 , the viscosity, =
el R12RZZ
4XL log,, - ( )'
0,
where t2 and t , denote the times in seconds of angular positions O2 and 8, of the
suspended system from its position of equilibrium. The other characters have
the same significance as in the formula above for the rotating cylinder method
of measuring viscosity. (For reference, see footnote 105.)
The viscosity of solids may be measured in relative terms by the damping
of the oscillations of suspended wires (see Table 323). Ladenburg (1906)
gives the viscosity of Venice turpentine at 15.3" as 1300 poises; Trouton and
Andrews (1904) of pitch at O o , 51 x lo'", at 15") 1.3 x 1O'O; of shoemaker's
~ of soda glass at 575", 11 x lo'*; Deeley (1908) of glacier
wax at 8", 4 . 7 lo6;
ice as 12 x 1013.
"'Lillie, H. R., Journ. Amer. Cer. SOC.,vol. 14, p. 502, 1931.
T A B L E 311.-VISCOSITY OF W A T E R I N C E N T I P O I S E S
(Temperature variation)
Part 1.-Low temperature
(continued)
Tzmp. TEmp. T y .
C LO&" n C Log10 t C Log10 0
22 13.96 100
~. 2.40
24 13.41 105 2.15
26 12.86 110 1.90
28 12.34 115 1.70
30 11.82 70 4.80 120 1.so
32 11.32 75 4.29 125 1.32
34 10.83 80 3.82 130 1.16
36 10.35 85 3.40 135 1.01
40 9.44 90 3.02 140 .B
45 8.40 95 2.69 145 .75
As with other liquids in the temperature interval of high viscosities, measured values
for glucose depend on the thermal treatment to which the sample is subjected prior to and
during measurement. Prolonged holding at a given temperature followed by rapid cooling
to a lower temperature a t which viscosity is measured will result in increasing values with
time. Decreasing viscosity values with time will result from the reverse temperature treat-
ment. At temperatures of high viscosity, constant, or equilibrium, viscosity values will be
found only after long holding a t the given temperature or after slow and controlled cooling
from conditions of low viscosity to the desired temperature.
1'3 Barton, Spaght, and Richardson, Journ. Appl. Phys., vol. 5, p. 156, 1934.
Kinematic Kinematic
Viscosity viscosity t Viscosity viscosity t
76 Gly. Density in centi- in centi- R Gly- Density in centi- in centi-
cerol a/cn13 poises stokes cerol g/cmq poises stokes
5 1.0098 1.181 1.170 50 1.1258 5.908 5.248
10 1.0217 1.364 1.335 55 1.1393 7.664 6.727
15 1.0337 1.580 1.529 60 1.1528 10.31 8.943
20 1.0461 1.846 1.765 65 1.1662 14.51 12.44
25 1.0590 2.176 2.055 70 1.1797 21.49 18.22
30 1.0720 2.585 2.411 75 1.1932 33.71 28.25
35 1.0855 3.115 2.870 80 1.2066 55.34 45.86
1.0989 3.791 3.450 1.2201 102.5 84.01
45
40 1.1124 4.692 4.218 85
90 1.2335 207.6 168.3
OTahles 314 and 3 1 5 txken from Nat. Rur. Standards Techn. Pap. No. 112. 1918. Glycerol data.
THl)le 314, from Archlptt. Deeley, and Gerlack; castor oil data, Tahle 315. from Kahlharim and Raher.
Archhutt and Deeley give f o r the density and viscosity of castor oil a t 656°C. 0.9284 a n d 0.605, respec-
tively: at 100°C, 0.9050 and 0.169.
t T h e kinematic viscosity is the ordinary viscosity in cgs units (poises) divided by the density in g/cm3.
T h e cgs unit of kinematic viscosity is the stoke.
Kinematic Kinematic
Density Visco?ity viscosity Density Viscosity viscosity
"C g/cms in poises in stokes "C g/cmS in poises in stokes
5 .9707 37.6 38.7 23 .9583 7.67 8.00
6 .9700 34.5 35.5 24 .9576 7.06 7.37
7 .9693 31.6 32.6 25 .9569
.. .. 6.51 6.80
8 .9686 28.9 29.8 26 .9562 6.04 6.32
9 .9679 26.4 27.3 27 .9555 5.61 5.87
10 .9672 24.2 25.0 28 .9548 5.21 5.46
11 .9665 22.1 22.8 29 .9541 4.85 5.08
12 .9659 20.1 20.8 30 .9534 4.51 4.73
13 .9652 18.2 18.9 31 .9527 4.21 4.42
14 .%45 16.61 17.22 32 -9520 3.94 4.14
15 .9638 15.14 15.71
~ 33 i9513 3.65 3.84
16 .9631 13.80 14.33 34 .9506 3.40 3.58
17 .9624 12.65 13.14 35 .9499 3.16 3.33
18 .9617 11.62 12.09 36 .9492 2.94 3.10
19 .9610 10.71 11.15 37 .9485 2.74 2.89
20 .%03 9.86 10.27 38 .9478 2.58 2.72
21 .9596 9.06 9.44 39 .9471 2.44 2.58
22 .9589 8.34 8.70 40 .9464 2.31 2.44
T A B L E 316.-VISCOSITY O F GLYCERINE-WATER M I X T U R E S
(Temperature variation)
Viscosity in centipoises
I
Sp. gravity C Glycerol 20°C 25'C 30°C
1.00000 0 1.005 393 300
1.02370 10 1.31 1 1.153 1.024
1.04840 20 1.769 1.542 1.360
1.07395 30 2.501 2.157 1.876
1.loo40 40 3.750 2.731
1.12720 50 6.050 5.o4i 4.247
1.15460 60 10.96 8.823 7.312
1.18210 70 22.94 17.96 14.32
1.20925 80 62.0 45.86 34.92
1.23585 90 234.6 163.6 115.3
1.26201 100 1499. 945. 624.
lI4 Landolt and Bornstein, 1935. Data by Sheely, Ind. Eng. Chem., vol. 24, p. 1060, 1932.
Viscosity in centipoises
I
Liquid Formula 0°C 10°C 20°C 40°C 50°C 70°C 100°C
Acids :
Formic .......... CHzOt solid 2.247 1.784 1.460 1.219 1.036 .780 .549
Acetic ........... CzH.0, solid solid 1.222 1.040 .905 .796 .631 .465
Acetic
(anhydrous) ... C.H. 0. 1.245 1.053 .907 .792 .699 .623 SO7 .387
Propionic ........ CzHeOz 1.521 1.289 1.102 .960 .845 .752 .607 .495
Propionic
(anhydrous) ... GHeOz 1.610 1.330 1.119 .961 .836 .735 .584 .438
Butyric .......... C. H.O. 2.286 1.751 1.540 1.304 .121 .975 .760 .551
i-Butyric ........ C.H. 0 2 1.887 1.568 1.318 1.129 .980 .862 .683 501
Alcohols :
Methyl .......... CH.0 .817 .690 .596 .520 .4'57 .403
Ethvl ........... CSHoO 1.772 1.451 1.194 9 2 .831 .701 .510
Prgpyl .......... C:.H.0 3.883 2.918 2.256 1.779 .405 1.131 .761
i-Propyl ......... C3Hs0 4.565 3.246 2.370 1.757 .331 1.029 .646
Butyl ............ CIHIOO 5.i86 3.873 2.948 2.267 2.782 1.411 .930 .540
i-Butyl .......... C.H. 00 8.038 5.548 3.907 2.864 2.122 1.611 .976 .527
Ally1 ............ C3HeO 2.145 1.705 1.363 1.168 .914 .763 .553
Aromatics :
Benzene ......... CsHe .906 .763 .654 367 .498 .444 .359
Toluene ......... CTHS .772 671 590 .525 .471 .426 .354 .278
.
..
Orthoxylene ..... CwHlo 1.105 .937 .810 .709 .627 .560 .458 .352
Metaxylene ...... C.H. .806 .702 .620 .553 .497 .451 .375 .297
Paraxylene ......
Ethyl Benzene ...
Bromides :
C.H,,
C.H. . solid .739 .648 .574
.877 .761 .671 .595
.513 .463 .383 .300
.532 .481 .399 .311
Ethyl ............
Propyl ..........
i-Propyl .........
CZH3Br
C3H7Br
C?H;Br
.
.487
651
.
.441 .402 .368
.
582 .524 .475 .433 .397
611 .545 .489 .443 .403 .368
.338
i-Butyl .......... C. HoBr .828 .726 .643 .575 .518 .470 .390
Ally1 ............ CIH3Br .626 .560 .504 .458 .419 .381 .328
Ethylene ......... CzHIBr 2.438 2.039 1.721 1.475 1.286 1.131 .903 .679
Bromine ........... Br 1.267 1.120 1.005 .911 .831 .761
Ch€orides:
Propyl .......... C3H,CI .442 .396 .359 .326 299
i-Prowl ......... C3H7C1 .408 .365 .329 .299
i-Butii .......... CIH. CI .568 .519 .462 .414 .373 .339
Ally1 ............ C?HaCI .413 .372 .337 .307 283
Methylene ....... CHLI .543 .488 .444 .406 .373
Ethylene ......... C2H. CL 1.132 .966 .839 .736 .652 .584 .479
Chloroform ...... CHCL .706 .633 .571 .519 .474 .435
Carbon-tetra ..... CCI. 1.351 1.138 .975 .848 .746 562 .534
Ethers :
Diethyl ........ .295 .268 .245 .223
Methyl-Propyl . .. .314 .285 .260 .237
Ethyl-Propyl . ..
. .402 .360 .324 .294 .268 .245
Methyl-iso-Butyl .387 .346 .313 .284 .260 .239
Dipropyl ...... .. .544 .479 .425 .381 .344 .311 .260
Ethyl-iso-Butyl .. .487 .430 .384 .345 .311 .284 .237
(codntred)
Wt. 5%
Na..O 900°C 1000°C 1100°C 1200'C 1300°C 1400°C
18.4 3.15 2.77 2.47
21.91 4.55 3.83 3.28 2.82 2.44 2.11
24.89 4.29 3.62 3.08 2.63 2.26 1.95
25.78 4.22 3.55 3.02 2.58 2.22 1.91
26.57 4.19 3.52 2.98 2.55 2.19 1.88
26.79 4.18 3.49 2.97 2.54 2.18 1.87
28.46 4.07 3.41 2.90 2.48 2.12 1.79
29.79 3.98 3.32 2.81 2.39 2.03 1.72
31.74 3.84 3.21 2.70 2.28 1.93 1.62
32.91 3.76 3.15 2.64 2.23 1.88 1.57
33.24 3.74 3.12 2.62 2.21 1.87 1.55
33.77 3.71 3.08 2.58 2.18 1.83 1.52
34.27 3.70 3.08 2.59 2.16 1.82 1.53
34.92 3.66 3.04 2.54 2.15 1.80 1.50
36.73 3.57 2.94 2.45 2.05 1.70 1.40
39.2 3.46 2.81 2.33 1.93 1.56
39.74 3.34 2.74 2.25 1.86 1.51 1.20
52.1 1.66 1.21 .91 .66 .47
11' Babcock, C. L., Journ. Amer. Cer. Soe., vol. 17, p. 319, 1934. Lillie, H. R., Journ. Amer. Cer.
SOC., vol. 22, p. 367, 1939.
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
T A B L E 320.-VISCOSITY O F D I M E T H Y S I L O X A N E POLYMERS 325
(Temperature variation)
Based on data by Dow Corning Corporation for DC 200 fluids.
Fluid,
designation Viscosity in poises
(centistokes I -
at 25' C) -25°C O'C 25°C 50°C 75'C 100°C 1500C
1 .0163 .0118 .0052
2 .0472 .0287 .om .0079 .0056
5 .145 .077 .0221 .0173 .0116
10 .323 .159 .043 .032 .026
20 .683 .328 .184 .I05 .082 .062 .040
50 2.39 .820 .467 .298 .208 .153 .094
3.22 1.61 -94
.. . .59 .398 .285 .172
200 6.70 3.40 1.92 i.iS .798
.. .- .580 .346
500 15.9 8.15 4.84 2.89 1.94 1.36 .82
1000 34.4 17.00 9.70 6.04 4.02 2.80 1.57
12500 368.5 183.7 119.3 73.9 53.0 39.7 24.3
30000 1035. 517. 291.5 186.2 126.4 90.2 50.7
200,000 5820. 3265. 1940. 1256. 839. 604. 345.
119 Birch, Handbook of physical constants, 1942. Measurements by: Volarovich and 'Leontieva, Trans.
SOC.Glass Techn., vol. 20, p. 139 1936. McCaffery, Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. and Met. Eng., vol. 100.
pp. 64 86 122 125 1932. Bdwen, Trans. Anier. Geophys. T'nion, pt. 1. p. 249, 1934. Kani, Proc.
Imp. &ad. (TAkyo)', vol. 11, p. 334, 1935. Kani and Kuzu, Proc. Imp. Acad. (Tokyo), vol. 11, p. 383,
1935.
(Temperature variation)
120 Dane a n a Birch, Journ. Appl. Phys., vol. 9, p. 669 1938, have shown that for pressures not in
excess of 2000 kg/cm* the viscosity of boron trioxide is' given for various pressures by the relation
7= c a p . and at 359OC, a = 15.10-' cm*/kg, and at 516"C, a = 4.6 x 10-4 cm*/kg. Data from Birch,
Hanjbook bf physical constants, 1942, and from unpublished measurements by H. R. Lillie.
Observers of data by columns:
13, p. 578, 1907.
6, p. 67 1935.
Soc. GI& Techn vol. 18, p. 209, 1934.
Phys. (U.S.S.R.j: vol. 6, p. 393, 1937.
11 Lillie, unpublished data.
Temp.
"C
300
350
400
450
500
Lead
...
2.58
2.33
2.07
1.84
-
T A B L E 326.-VISCOSITY
1.73
1.58
1.43
1.30
1.20
OF M O L T E N METALS"'
(Temperature variation)
Tin
t
1.67
1.51
1.38
1.27
1.18
Tynp.
C
650
700
750
800
850
Antimony
1.50
1.26
1.16
1.08
1.05
550 1.58 1.14 1.11
600 1.38 1.08 1.05 Tzmp.
650 ... ... -99 C Copper
700 ... ... .94 1100 3.33
750 ... ... .91 1150 3.22
800 ... ... .87 1200 3.12
Landolt and Barnstein,, 1935. Based on data by Esser, Greis, and Brundgart, Arch. Eisenhiitten,
.
vol. 7, P. 385 1934. Viscosity in centipoises. Data on tin by Stott, Proc. Phys. SOC., vol. 45, p. 530,
1933. included.
Esser, Greis, and Brundgart. t Stott.
.922 .........
"
"
.. . .. .. 30.
50.
.331
.176
* Soya bean
"
"
.919 . . . . .
.915 .....
"
30.0 .406
" .914 ......... 90. .071 " ,906 . . .. .
"
* SDindle oil .885. . . . . 15.6 .453 t ST;m . . . . . . . . . . . .
1' "
.. ... . .. 37.8 .162 ............
I' 'I
.. .... .. 100.0 .033 ............
* Light machinery Phyol ............... 18.3
.907$ .. .... .. . .. .. 1.138 ............... 90.0 .0126
* Light mach$ery . .. .342 Sulfur . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .
' 170. 320.0
... .049 ............... 180. 550.0
*"Solar red" engine.. 1.915 "
' ............... 187. 560.0
" I' 1
.. ' ............... 200. 500.0
" 'L
.. ' ............... 250. 104.0
,,. . .
*"Bayyne" engine
' ............... 300. 24.0
.. ............... 340. 6.2
.. ............... 380. 2.5
*"Qu:ens' red" engine 15.6 ............... 420. 1.13
37.8 .711 ............... 448. 80
" " "
100.0 .070 Sulfuric acid (p = 1.03) 25. .00973
*"Galya" azle ...
.'~. 15.6 4.366 t Tal!pw . ... . . .. . .... 66. .176
.. , 37.8 .909 ............. 100. .078
* Hqfvy machinery . . 15.6 6.606
' . . .. .. . .. . .. .. . ..
Zinc 280. .0168
.. 37.8 1.274 357. .0142
................. 389. .0131
American mineral oils: based on water as .01028 at 20°C. t Based on water as per 1st footnote.
$ Densities.
Tzmp. 2mp.
K CsH4 CzHs C3HO CnHe K
85 ... ... ... 118.5 66 2.49
90 ... ... 125.5 74.2 68 2.26
95 ... ... 72.5 52.5 70 2.08
100 ... 9.15 45.5 38.3 72 1.93
105 6.60 7.48 31.1 29.0 74 1.80
110 5.60 6.37 22.3 22.3 76 1.h7
115 4.86 5.66 17.0 18.2 78 1.56
120 4.24 5.06 13.3 15.2 80 1.47
125 3.73 4.52 11.1 13.2
130 3.32
. .~ 4.00 9.4 11.6 TFmp.
135 2.96 3.58 8.2 10.3 K CH4
140 2.66 3.23 7.2 9.3 __
95 1.82
145 2.43 2.92 6.2 8.2 100 1.53
150 2.22 2.66 5.6 7.3 105 1.34
155 2.03 2.44 5.0 6.5 110 1.21
i6o 1.86 2.27 4.5 5.5
165 1.71 2.12 4.0 5.0
170 1.58 2.00 3.5 4.5
"PGerf, S. F., and Galkov, G . I., Journ. Techn. Phys. (U.S.S.R.), vol. 10, p. 725, 1940.
T A B L E 330.-VISCOSITY O F P U R E HYDROCARBONS
Viscosities in centipoises ; densities referred to water at 4°C.
Lipkin. M. R.. Davison, J. A,, and Kurtz, S. S . , Ind. Eng. Chem., vol. 34, p. 976, 1942.
Loglo? (poises) at
Glass 500°C 600°C 700°C 80OOC 900°C 1000°C 1100°C 1200°C 1300°C
1 13.76 9.85 7.03 5.42 4.37
2 ... 5.84 4.79
3 ... ... ... 5.38 4.29
4 ... ... ... 5.74 4.48 3.60
15.20 12.35 9.82 7.87 6.48 5.52 4.16
13.82 10.85 8.55 6.81 5.68 3.65
... ... ... 1.55 .69
... ... ... 2.17 1.16
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... 4.71
... ... ... ... ... 3.89
.. 3.34 2.91 ...
... ... ... ... ... 4.06 3.47 3.01 2.67
... ... ... 6.02 5.79 3.97 2.89 2.31
... 9.49 7.30 5.70 4.48 3.70 2.60 2.40
Part 2.
Composition (weight percentages)
Loglnq (poises) at
'2'Babcock, C. L., Journ. Amer. Cer. SOC. vol. 17, p. 329 1934. English Journ. SOC.Glass Techn., vol. 7,
p. 25, 1923; vol. 8, p. 205 1924. vol. 9. p. 83.' 1925; vol. 10, <. 52, i926- Lillie H. R Journ. Amer. Cer. SOC.,
vol. 14. p. 502, 1931: Huther, Jburn. .\mer. Cer. Soc., vol. 17, p. 121, 1634; L h e , H:'R., unpublished data.
' H,Os. Glasses 11 and 12 contained 0.50 and 0.34 percent BaO, respectively. t Glass 14 contains 20 per-
crnt IlaO. $ Data by H. R. Lillie, Corning Glass Works Laboratory.
is the most accurate formula in use, taking into account the effect of molecular forces. It
holds for temperatures above the critical and for pressures following approximately Boyje's
I
law. I t may be thrown into the form T = K T / q - C which is linear of T and T'/q,
with a slope equal to K and the ordinate intercept equal to -C. Onnes (see Jeans) shows
that this formula does not represent helium a t low temperatures with anything like the
accuracy of the simpler formula v = vo( T/273.1)" = AT".
The following table'*5 contains the constant a of Meyers formula, C and K of Suther-
land's formula, n and A of the exponential formula, and the temperature range for which
the constants of the latter two are applicable.
Temperature
Gas range 'C a x 108 C Kxlw tI AXlW
Air .................. 23 to 750 2.90 117.9 14.82 .754 2.490
Ammonia ............. - 77 to 441 ... 472 15.42 .041 .274
Argon ................ -183 to 827 1.78 133 19.00 .766 2.782
Benzene .............. 0 to 313 ... 403 10.33 .974 .299
Carbon dioxide ........ - 98 to 1052 3.48 233 15.52 .868 1.057
Carbon monoxide ...... ., . 2.69 102 13.5 .74 ...
Chloroform ........... ... ... 454 15.9 ... ...
Ethylene .............. ... 3.50 226 10.6 ... ...
Helium ............... -258 to 817 ... 97.6 15.13 .653 4.894
Hydrogen ............ -258 to 825 ... 70.6 6.48 .678 1.860
Kiypton .............. ... 188 ... ... ...
Mercury .............. -218 to 610 996 63.00 1.082 .573
Methane .............. 18 to 499 ... 155 9.82 .770 1.360
Neon ................. ... ... 252 ... ... ...
Nitrogen ............. -191 to 825 2.69 102 13.85 .702 3.213
Nitrous oxide ......... ... 3.45 313 17.2 .93 ...
Oxygen .............. -191 to 829 110 16.49 .721 3.355
Water vapor .......... 0 to 407 659 18.31 1.116 .170
Xenon ............... ... 252 ... ... ...
125 Dushman. S., Vacuum technique, p. 37, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1949; Banerjea, G. B., and
Plattanaik, B., Zeit. Physik. vol. 110, p. 676, 1938: Partington, J. R., Phys. Zeit., vol. 34, p. 289, 1933;
Fisher, Phys. Rev., vol. 24, 1907.
Temp. Temp.
Substance "C 7 Substance "C 7
Acetone ............... 18.0 78. Ether . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ..
16.1 73.2
Alcohol, Methyl . . . . . . . . 66.8 135. ................. 36.5 79.3
.
Alcohol, Ethyl . . . .. . . . 78.4 142. Ethyl chloride . . . . . . . . . 0. 93.5
Alcohol, Propyl, norm.. . 97.4 142. Ethyl iodide .......... 72.3 216.0
.
Alcohol, Isopropyl . . . . . 82.8 162. Ethylene .. .. .
. .. . . . .. . 0.0 96.1
Alcohol, Butyl, norm.. . . 116.9 143. Mercurv . . . . . . . . , . . ...270.0 489.
Alcohol, Isobutyl . . . . . . .108.4 144. ..._...........300.0 532.
Alcohol, Tert. butyl. . . . . 82.9 160. 1
.............. 330.0 582.
Ammonia .............. 20.0 108. ' .............. 360.0 627.
Ben;ene . . .. .. . . .. . . . ..0. 70. .............. 390.0 671.
............... 19.0 79. .
Methane . .. . . . .. . . . . . 20.0. 120.1
............... 100.0 118. Methyl chlyide . . . . . . . . 0.0 98.8
.
Carbon bisulfide . . . . . . . 16.9 92.4 .
. . . . . . . 15.0 105.2
Carbon monoxide . . . . . . 20.0 184.0 . . . . . . . . 302.0 213.9
Chlorzform ,........... 0.0 95.9 Methyl iodide . . . . . , . . ..44.0 232.
' ............. 17.4 102.9 Wafyr v a y r .......... 0.0 90.4
...... ....... 61.2 189.0 ...... .... 16.7 96.7
Ether ................. 0.0 68.9 " .......... 100.0 132.0
Viscosity in millipoises
T:mp. Carbon Chlo- , Hydro- Nitro-
,
C Air Argon dioxide rine .HeliumI gen gen Oxygen Xenon
-200 .053 ... ... ... ... .033 ... ... .222 (15°C)
-150 .081 ... ... ... ... .047 ... ...
-100 .111 ... .087 ... ... 061 ... ... Nitric oxide
- 50 .139 ... .112 ... ... .073 ... ... .179 (O'C)
0 .175 ... .135 ... ... .083 ... ...
50 .193 .241 .159 .147 .207 .093 .189 .217 Nitrous oxide
100 .216 .269 .181 .167 .228 .lo2 .207 .241 .138 (0°C)
150 .237 .297 .203 .189 .247 .111 226 .264
200 .256 .321 ,225 .208 .267 .120 .245 .287 Krypton
250 .275 .346 ,245 .228 .285 .129 .263 .309 .246 (15°C)
300 .293 .367 ,262 ... .305 ,137 .280 .330
350 .310 .389 .280 ... .323 .145 .296 .349 Carbon monoxide
400 .327 .410 .299 ... .341 .153 .311 ,368 .163 (0°C)
500 .357 .450 .331 ... .375 .167 .341 .403
600
... 384
.~ .488 .362 ... .408 ,181 .367 .435 Ammonia
700 .411 .521 .391 ... .438 .195 .391 .466 .096 (0"C)
800 .437 .554 .417 ... .467 .208 .414 ,494
900 .463 ... .421 ... ... ... ... ...
1000 ,499 ... .465 ... ... ... ... ...
1100 .511 ... ... ... ... ...
'=Based on data from Landolt and BGrnstein, 3d supplementary vol., pt. 1, p. 184, 1935.
Pressure kg/cmz
Substance ' 1 500 1000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12OOb 130
Methyl .000 .094 .167 .286 .471 .616 .750 .874 .998
alcohol . . . . . . . . .. 9.769 9.862 9.933 .043 .208 .334 .448 .555 .655 .00520
1.702 1.706 1.714 1.750 1.832 1.914 2.004 2.084 2.203
Ethyl .OOO ,107 .200 .363 .617 329 1.023 1.211 1.390
alcohol . . . . . . . .. . 9.657 9.772 9.873 .045 .289 .473 .634 .778 .919 .01003
2.203 2.163 2.123 2.080 2.128 2.270 2.449 2.710 2.958
n-Propyl .ooo .151 .283 .494 .836 1.131 1.402 1.667 1.915
alcohol . . .. . . . . . . 9.598. 9.754 9.880 .on .368 .6io .827 1.033 i.223 .01779
2.523 2.495 2.529 2.630 2.938 3.319 3.758 4.305 4.920
n-Butyl .OW .175 .321 .554 .934 1.289 1.609 1.912 2.208
alcohol . . . . . . . . . . 9.548 9.724 9.867 ,089 .312 .690 .941 1.172 1.396 ,02237
2.845 2.838 2.858 2.932 3.343 3.991 4.679 5.521 6.518
n- Amy1 .ooo ,188 .341 ,607 1.060 1.448 1.811 2.164 2.495
alcohol . . . . . . . . . . 9.540 9.723 9.871 .lo5 .466 .772 1.049 1.313 1.562
2.884 2.917 2.951 3.177 3.926 4.742 5.781 7.096 8.570
n-Pentane . . . . . . . .. ,
.OOO ,181 .315 .524 .847 1.112 1.360 1.615
9.811 .014 .163 .380 .676 .908 1.119 1.313
1.846
1.493 .00220
1.545 1.469 1.419 1.393 1.483 1.600 1.742 2.004 2.254
n-Hexane .. .... .... ,000 ,184 .332 .561 .914 1.224 1.514 1.803
9.803 .028 ,171 .379 .701 .961 1.198 1.426 1.646 .00296
1.574 1.432 1.449 1.521 1.633 1.832 2.070 2.382
Ethyl .OOO .134 .242 .405 .649 .837 1.008 1.172 1.323
chloride . . . . . .... , 9.850 ,017 ,131 285 .514 .683 334 .977 1.111
1.413 1.309 1.291 1.318 1.365 1.426 1.493 1.567 1.633
Ethyl .om .121 ,222 .387 .631 .854 1.043 1.223 1.400
bromide . .. . . . .. ., 9.806 9.959 .072 .235 .472 .653 .816 .978 1.123 .00368
1.567 1.452 1.413 1.419 1.442 1.589 1.687 1.758 1.892
Ethyl .OOO .115 218 .385 .656 .888 1.108 1.330 1.549
iodide . . . . . . . .. . ., 9.837 9.954 .057 227 .467 .672 .854 1.030 1.200 .00540
1.455 1.449 1.445 1.439 1.545 1.644 1.795 1.995 2.234
Acetone .. . . . . . . .. .. .OOO .135 226 .373 60.5 304 .987 1.160
9.895 ,017 .113 245 .445 .610 .762 .898 1.031 .00285
1.274 1.312 1.297 1.343 1.445 1.563 1.679 1.828
Glycerine .. . .. . . . .OOO .134 .260 .497 .936 1.346 1.741 2.133
8.810 8.920 9.023 9.204 9.529 9.818 .094 .369 .628 3.8
15.49 16.37 17.26 19.63 25.53 33.73 44.36 58.08
.ooo .190 .351 .493
CCl, . ............... (1500) h c m a
9.760 9.949 ,100 .349 .542 .00845
1.738 1.742 1.782
Chloroform .. . . . .... .ooo .110 211 .386 .660 .884
9.858 9.985 .094 ,251 .480 .691 .914 1.141 .00519
1.387 1.334 1.309 1.365 1.514 1.560
cs, . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .
,
,000 ,090 .160 .307 SO9 .674 .840 1.010
9.875 9.972 .051 .180 .372 .527 .671 .808
1.189
.946 .00352
1.334 1.312 1.285 1.340 1.371 1.403 1.476 1.592 1.750
Ether . . . . . . .. . . .. .. .OOO .189 .324 .514 ,792 1.042 1.261 1.469
9.878 ,024 ,149 .344 ,601 306 ,986 1.155
1.670
1.311 .00212
1.324 1.462 1.496 1.479 1.552 1.722 1.884 2.061 2.286
.OOO ,173 ,347
Benzene . . .. . ... .. .. 9.765 9.938 .081 ,308 .498 .00566
innnni \kg/cn
1.718 1.718 1345
Toluene . . . . . . . . . . .. ,000 .145 .274 .497 .897 1.285 1.699 2.177
9.796 9.939 .065 .267 .597 .896 1.186 1.504 1.832 .00523
1.607 1.618 1.698 1.995 2.449 3.258 4.710
,288 .541 1.081 2.273 3.007
Eugenol . . . . . . . . .. 1.652 (3000) (5000) kg/cm*
9.429 9.616 9.810 .143 ,805 1.520 2.343
3.724 4.699 5.383 8.670 29.38
Bridgman, P. W., Proc. tlcad. Arts and Sci., vol. 61, p. 59, 1926.
40 255 ............. L y s t h y 80
50 ... ............. 80 105
60 ... .............
.............
105 " I' 125
70 *.. 125 " " 150
Bridgman, P. W., The physics of high pressure. Macmillan, New York, 1931.
I9O Metals Handbook, 1948 ed., p. 69, American Society for Metals, Cleveland.
Symbols: D i y = no cutting fluid, E m = soluble or emulsifiable oils and compounds, K = kerosene, L = lard oil,
ML = mineral-lard oils, M O = mineral oils, Sxlf = sulfurired oils.
Material f 1/ f m
Wood on wood. dry ............................. .25-. 50 4.00-2.00 14.0-26.5
'1 I' t'
soapy. ........................... .20 5.00 11.5
Mepls o ; o:k. dry .............................. .50-. 60 2.00-1.67 26.5-31.0
wet .............................. .24-. 26 4.17-3.85 13.5-14.5
" " "
soapy ............................ .20 5.00 11.5
" "
elm. dry .............................. .20-. 25 5.00-4.00 11.5-14.0
Henip on oak. dry ............................... .53 1.89 28.0
I' '1 '1
wet ............................... .33 3.00 18.5
Leather on oak ................................. .27-. 38 3.70-2.86 15.0-19.5
" metals. dry .......................... .56 1.79 29.5
" 6
'
wet .......................... .36 2.78 20.0
' I '1
greasy ....................... .23 4.35 13.0
" 'I
oily .......................... .15 6.67 8.5
Metals on metals. dry ........................... .15-. 20 6.67-5.00 8.5-11.5
" " "
wet ........................... .3 3.33 16.5
.
Smooth surfaces. occasionally greased .............
"
continually greased ..............
best results .....................
.07-. 08
.05
.03-. 036
14.3-12.50
20.00
33.3-27.6
4.0-4.5
3.0
1.75-2.0
Stzel 9!1 a p e . dry .............................. .20 5.00 11.5
oiled ............................. .107 9.35 6.1
Iron on stone ................................... .3&. 70 3.33-1.43 16.7-35.0
Wood on stone ................................. About .40 2.50 22.0
M a s y r y ?!I brkk w y k , dry ..................... .60-. 70 1.67-1.43 33.g35.0
damp mortar ............ .74 1.35 36.5
" "
dry clay ............................ .51 1.96 27.0
" I'
moist clay .......................... .33 3.00 18.25
......
Earth on earth .................................
" I' "
dry sand. clay. and mixed earth ...
damp clay ......................
.25- 1.00
.38-. 75
1.00
4.00-1 .00
2.63-1.33
1.00
14.0-45.0
21.0-37.0
45.0
" " 81 wet clay ........................ .31 3.23 17.0
'I " "
shingle and gravel ............... 31-1.11 1.23-.9 39.0-48.0
;2ir Dynamic Air Dynamic Air Dynamic Air Dynamic Air Dynamic
speed pressure, q speed pressure, q speed pressure, q speed pressure, q speed pressure, q
ft/sec lb/W ft/sec Ib/ft* ft/sec lb/ft2 ft/sec lb/ft2 ft/sec Ib/ft2
1 .0012 20 ,4756 120 17.12 220 57.55 600 428.0
2 .0048 30 1.0701 130 20.09 230 62.90 650 502.4
3 .0107 140 23.30 240 68.49 700 582.6
4 .0190 .. 750 668.8
5 .0297 60 4.280 160 30.44 300 107.01 800 761.0
6 .0428 70 5.826 170 34.36 350 145.6-
7 .0583 80 7.610 180 38.52 400 190.2
8 ,0761 90 9.631 190 42.92 .-"
AW 240.8
8 .0963 1no 11.890 200 47.56 500 297.2
10 .1189 1 14.39 210 52.43 550 359.7 1500 2675
339
T A B L E 340.-FORCES O N T H I N F L A T P L A T E S A T A N G L E S T O T H E WIND
(FIG. 6)
For plates at angles to the wind (angle of attack, a) the force is usually resolved into
components at right angles and parallcl to the direction of the relative wind. Th e compo-
nents, termed the lift and drag, respectively, are expressed in the form of coefficients, the
forces being divided by the product of the dynamic pressure and the area of the plate (not
the projected area on a plane normal to the wind). The ratio of the distance between the
leading edge and the center of pressure to the chord length is called the center of pressure
coefficient, CP. The center of pressure is defined as the intersection of the line of action
of the resultant force, F , with the plate. T h e forces on a plate vary with “aspect ratio,” a
term defined for a rectangular plate as the ratio of the span to the chord length.
The lift ( C L ) , drag ( C D ) ,and center of pressure coefficients ( C P ) are given as functions
of angle of attack a for thin plates of aspect ratio 1, 3, and 6.
I .2
C L -0
c D .4
I .2
.8
CL
cD .4
1.2
.8
CL
cD .4
0
0 10 2 0 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ANGLE OF A T T A C K , a , DEGREES
FIG.6.-The lift coefficient (CL), the drag coefficient ( C D ) , and the center of pressure
(CP)for thin plates for aspect ratios 1. 3, and 6, as a function of the angle a with the wind.
(See small figure in upper center.) D = C d q , L = C d q , X = CP x c.
(continued)
Conditions of experiments
Aspect ratio 1 Aspect ratio 3 Aspect ratio 6 '
Authority 131
'5 an, cm ........... 25 30.5
vm-- 12 12 45 7.6 36 90 .72 30.5 30.5 45.7 to91.4
7
'31Authorities: 1 Eiffel G., Resistance de I'air et l'aviation, 2d ed., p. 231, Dunod et Pinat, Paris. 2.
Dines. Proc. Rov. soc. London. A. Math. and Phvs. Sci.. vol. 48. n. 233. 1890. 3.FOool. Tahrb. Motor-
luftschiff-Studie;lgesellsch., vol.'4, 'p. 51, 1910. 4,- Riahouchinski, 'Bull. Inst. Aerodynam.' a e Koutchino,
Petrograd vol. 4, p. 113. 1912. 5, Stanton, T. E., Air resistance of lane surfaces, Minutes of Pfoc.
Inst. Civii Eng., vol. 156, p. 78, 1903. 6 and 6a, National Bureau of g a n d a r d s , private communication.
7, Knight, Montgomery, and Wenzinger, Carl J., Wind tunnel tests on a series of wing models through
a large angle of attack range, P t . 1, Force tests. NACA Rep. No. 317, 1929.
Aspect ratio 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (u
3
n
U
+-
z
w2
v
la.
L
W
0
UI
u
4
a
n
0
10 102 103 lo4 10' lo6
REYNOLDS NUMBER, R
FIG.7.-The drag coefficient C D as a function of the Reynolds number R at low Mach
numbers for cylinders of infinite aspect ratios with axes perpendicular to the wind.
Vdp V
Drag = C d q , Reynolds number, R = - Mach number, M = -. J For q see Table
7 a
339, V = air speed, p = air density, 7 = coefficient of air viscosity.
132 Wieselberger, C., New data on the laws of fluid resistance. NACA T N No. 84, 1922. Relf, E. F..
Discussion of the results of measurements of the resistance of wires with some additronal tests on the
resistance of wires of small diameter. R. & M. No. 102, British ACA, March 1914. Wieselsberger, c.,
Further information on the laws of fluid resistance. NACA T N No. 121, December 1922.
(continued)
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
341
T A B L E 340B.-FORCES O N N O N R O T A T I N G C I R C U L A R C Y L I N D E R S (FIG 7)
(concluded)
The variation of CII with aspect ratio for Reynolds number of 80,000 is as follows.
L
Aspect ratio -
d 1 2 3 5 10 20 40 00
If the axis of the cylinder is inclined to the wind direction, the force remains approxi-
mately at right angles to the axis of the cylinder, its magnitude falling off approximately
as the square of the sine of the angle of the axis to the wind.
Vdp
Drag, D = C D AR~ = --
9
Sphere tests in wind tunnels indicate different values of R,, for different sphere sizes.
.O8
.O 6
K
.04
.o 2
0
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8X105
CRITICAL REYNOLDS NUMEER,R,,
FIG.9.-The value of 7
- (f)&= K plotted as a function of the critical Reynolds
number, Rcr.
A t Mach numbers greater than about 0.3 the drag coeflicient C Ddepends on the values of
both Reynolds number and Mach number.
.7
.6
.5
A
CD
.3
.2
.I
0 5
2 3 4 5 6 7 8x1
REYNOLDS NUMBER R
FIG.10.-The drag coefficient for a sphere as a function of the Reynolds number for
several Mach numbers.
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
T A B L E 341.-FORCES O N M I S C E L L A N E O U S BODIES 343
The values of the drag coefficients in this table are based on the area of the projection
of the body on a plane normal to the wind direction. Where this projection is a circle, the
diameter is used as the linear dimension 1 in the Reynolds number. Where the projection
is rectangular, the shortest side of the rectangle is taken as 1.
Reynolds
Body CD number
Streamline bodies of revolution. ........................... .05- .06 3,000,000
Rectangular prism 1 X 1 x 5 normal to 1 X 5 face.. ........ 1.56 180,000
Rectangular prism 1 x 1 x 5 , long axis perpendicular to
the relative wind and 1 X 5 face at 45". .................. .92 254,000
The Reynolds number for transition from laminar to turbulent flow depends on the
roughness of the plate and the turbulence of the airstream.
The figure shows the variation of the skin friction ( C f ) with R for laminar and tur-
bulent flow.
1% Tetervin, Neal, A method for the rapid estimation of turbulent boundary-layer thickness for calcu-
lating profile drag, NACA ACR No. L4C14, July 1944
(cmi tinrced)
.006
.OO 4
.oo 2
CF
.oo I
.OOO 6
.ooo 4
LL
z.0016
-
Y
cn
-I
4.0012
s
-0008
203
' I
500
I
1000 2000
I I
5000 l0,OOO 20,000
I I I
50,000 IO0,OOO
REYNOLDS NUMBER R e
FIG. 12.-The local skin-friction coefficient on a flat plate plotted against the Reynolds
number for a turbulent boundary layer.
p=po--
P To
Po T
The pressure and altitude are related by
Po T m
h = ---log.- Po
P a To P
The harmonic mean temperature T , is given by
where Taui,TaUz, . . . are the average temperatures for the altitude increments Ahi, Ahz, . . .
The NACA Special Subcommittee on the Upper Atmosphere, at a meeting on June 24,
1946, resolved that a tentative extension of the standard atmosphere from 65,000 to 100,000
feet be based upon a constant composition of the atmosphere and an isothermal tempera-
ture which are the same as standard conditions a t 65,000 feet. This tentative extended
isothermal region (Table 344) ends at 32 kilometers (approximately 105,000 ft). It is
possible that as results of higher altitude temperature soundings become available and the
standard atmosphere is extended to very high altitudes the present recommendations may
be modified.
The Subcommittee also recommended that the values of temperature given in the follow-
ing table be considered as maximum and minimum values occurring for the given altitudes
with the variations between the specified points to be linear :
Altitude
(km)
20
25
-
Minimum
180
--
Temperature ("C abs)
Maximum
250
250
45 200 380
A tentative extension of the standard atmosphere computed from the equations using
the recommended isothermal temperature and constant gravity altitudes from 65,000 to
100,000 feet are included in the table. Calculations have been made- by assuming that
the acceleration of gravity varies inversely as the square of the distance from the center
of the earth. Up to 100,000 feet this assumption does not greatly affect the tabulated values.
T A B L E 344.-PROPERTIES OF T H E T E N T A T I V E S T A N D A R D - A T M O S P H E R E
EXTENSION
Coefficient
Tern- Speed of
Density per- of viscosity, Kinematic
Altitude Pressiire, p Density, ratio. 1 ature, sound, sl:xs viscosity,
h -
ft slu:/ft3 \/a "F%s mia/hr f= ft'ysec
65,000 118.7 22.85 1.679 .000176 ,07414 3.672 392.4 662.0 2.962)<10~'16.80X10~4
70,000 93.53 17.99 1.322 .000139 ,05839 4.138 392.4 662.0 2.962 21.33
75,000 73.66 14.17 1.042 .000109 ,04599 4.663 392.4 662.0 2.962 27.09
80,000 58.01 11.16 .8202 .0000861 .03621 5.255 392.4 662.0 2.962 34.39
85.000 45.68 8.789 ,6460 .OW0678 .02852 5.921 392.4 662.0 2.962 43.67
90:OOO 35.97 6.921 .5086 .0000534 .02246 6.672 392.4 662.0 2.962 55.45
95,000 28.33 5.451 .4006 .0000421 .01769 7.519 392.4 662.0 2.962 70.41
100,000 22.31 4.293 .3156 .0000331 ,01394 8.472 392.4 662.0 2.%2 89.41
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL T A B L E S
348 T A B L E 345.-COMPRESSIBLE F L O W TABLES FOR AIR'*
I n high speed research, use is frequently made of the theoretical relationships existing
between the Mach number and various flow parameters. Two types of flow are tabulated :
isentropic flow and normal-shock flow. Isentropic flow is generally valid for a subsonic or
supersonic expanding flow and may be used for subsonic compression flow. Normal-shock
How is valid for supersonic compression flow when the deviation of the flow through the
shock is zero. Oblique-shock flow may be obtained from the normal-shock flow by super-
imposing a velocity tangential to the shock.
The assumption that air is a perfect gas with a value of y of 1.400 is valid for the condi-
tions usually encountered in the subsonic and lower supersonic regions for normal stagna-
tion conditions. For Mach numbers greater than about 4.0 or for unusual stagnation
conditions, however, the behavior of air will depart appreciably from that of a perfect gas
if the liquefaction condition is approached, and caution should be used in applying the
results in the table at the higher Mach numbers.
The formulas for isentropic flow are:
'::a But-cher. Marie A . , Compressilde flow tables for air, N.\C.\ TN No. 1592, August 1948.
(continued)
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
349
T A B L E 345.-COMPRESSIBLE F L O W T A B L E S FOR A I R (concluded)
where
a = speed of sound in air.
A = cross-sectional area of the stream tube.
A , , = cross-sectional area of the stream tube for MI = 1.0.
F , = compressibility factor, increase in pressure above the static pressure set UP in
a tube whose open end is pointed into the relative wind divided by the
dynamic pressure.
M = Mach number
@=
(9
Mach angle, degrees.
p = absolute pressure.
T = temperature, "F absolute.
V = airspeed, feet per second, computcd for T o =520°F absolute and na=
1117.372 feet per second.
y = ratio of specific heats, taken as 1.400.
Y = expansion angle required to change Mach number from 1.0 to Mi,degrees.
Subscripts :
0 = stagnation conditions before shock.
1 = air stream conditions before shock.
2 = air stream conditions behind shock.
3 = stagnation conditions behind shock.
ISENTROPIC
tt+----
0 I CR
(MCR =
1.0)
--
SUBSONIC STREAM-TUBE FLOW
ISENTROPIC
.DIFFUSION
ISENTROPIC EXPANSION 1
I
Idl/J
NORMAL] V3= 0
-4-
1
I
i lli
;
I
M = 1.0
I
TWO-DIMENSIONAL SUPERSONIC
FLOW AROUND A CORNER
-
P1
M1 Po
1.00 S283 .6339 .8333 1.000 .9129 1020 90.00 0 1.000 S283 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.OOO
1.10 .4a4 S817 .8052 1.008 .8973 1103 65.38 1.34 1.245 S831 ,9989 1.169 .9118 .8554
1.20 .4124 S311 .7764 1.030 .8811 1181 56.44 3.56 1.513 .6241 9928 1.342 .8422 .7454
1.30 .3609 .4829 .7474 1.065 .8645 1256 50.28 6.17 1.805 .6514 .9794 1.516 .7860 6598
1.40 .3142 .4374 .7184 1.115 3476 1326 45.58 8.99 2.120 .6662 .9582 1.690 .7397 S918
1.50 .2724 .3950 .6897 1.176 .8305 1392 41.81 11.91 2.458 .6697 .9298 1.862 .7011 S370
1.60 2353 .3557 .6614 1.250 .8133 1454 38.68 14.86 2.820 .6635 .8952 2.032 .6684 .4922
1.70 .2026 .3197 .6337 1.338 .7961 1512 36.03 17.81 3.205 .6493 .8557 2.198 .6405 .4550
1.80 .1740 .2868 .6068 1.439 .7790 1567 33.75 20.73 3.613 .6289 .8127 2.359 .6165 .4239
1.90 .1492 2570 S807 1.555 .7620 1618 31.76 23.59 4.045 .6037 .7674 2.516 S956 .3975
2.00 .1278 2300 .5556 1.688 .7454 1666 30.00 26.38 4.500 S751 .7209 2.667 S774 .3750
2.10 .lo94 2058 S313 1.837 .7289 1710 28.44 29.10 4.978 S444 .6742 2.812 S613 .3556
2.20 .09352 .1841 SO81 2.005 .7128 1752 27.04 31.73 5.480 .5125 .6281 2.951 S471 .3388
2.30 .07997 .1646 .4859 2.193 .6971 1791 25.77 34.28 6.005 .4802 S833 3.085 5344 .3242
2.40 .06840 .1472 .4647 2.403 ,6817 1828 24.62 36.75 6.553 .4482 S401 3.212 ,5231 .3113
2.50 .05853 .1317 .4444 2.637 6667 1862 23.58 39.12 7.125 .4170 ,4990 3.333 S130 .3000
2.60 .05012 .1179 .4252 2.896 .6521 1894 22.62 41.41 7.720 .3%9 .4601 3.449 SO39 .2899
2.70 .04295 .lo56 .4068 3.183 .6378 1924 21.74 43.62 8.338 .3581 .4236 3.559 .4956 .2810
2.80 .03685 .09463 .3894 3.500 .6240 1952 20.92 45.75 8.980 .3309 .3895 3.664 .4882 2730
2.90 .03165 .08489 .3729 3.850 .6106 1979 20.17 47.79 9.645 .3053 .3577 3.763 .48:4 26.58
3.00 .02722 ,07623 .3571 4.235 S976 2003 19.47 49.76 10.33 2813 .3283 3.857 .4752 .2593
8.10 .02345 .06852 .3422 4.657 S850 2026 18.82 51.65 11.05 2590 .3012 3.947 .4695 .2534
3.20 .02023 .06165 .3281 5.121 S728 2048 18.21 53.47 11.78 .2383 2762 4.031 .4643 .2480
3.30 .O 1748 .05554 .3147 5.629 S609 2068 17.64 55.22 12.54 2191 2533 4.112 .4596 2432
3.40 .01512 .05009 .3019 6.184 5495 2088 17.10 56.91 13.32 .2015 ,2322 4.188 .4552 2388
(corltinlrrd~
m T A B L E 346.-RELATION B E T W E E N M A C H NUMBERS A N D VARIOUS F L O W PARAMETERS (concluded)
2
I -
P1 -
Pl -
TI -
A! -
a1
v1
( T o= 520' F -
82 -
P2 -
P3 -
P2 -
VZ
m
0 abs.) Q MI
Mi Po P2 TO A C , 00 Y PI PO Po P1 V1
f 3.50 .01311 .04523 2899 6.790 .5384 2106 16.60 58.53 14.13 .1852 2129 4.261 .45 12 2347
2 3.60 .01138 ,04089 2784 7.450 .5276 2122 16.13 60.09 14.95 .1702 .1953 4.330 .4474 .2310
0
I 3.70 .009903 .03702 2675 8.169 S172 2138 15.68 61.60 15.81 .1565 .I792 4.395 .4439 .z75
<
I? 3.80 .008629 .03355 ,2572 8.951 .SO72 2153 15.26 63.04 16.68 .1439 .1645 4.457 .4407 2244
c) 3.90 .007532 .03044 2474 9.799 .4974 2168 14.86 64.44 17.58 .1324 .I510 4.516 .4377 .2215
F
4 4.00 ,006586 .02766 .2381 10.72 .4880 2181 14.48 65.78 18.50 .1218 .1358 4.571 .4350 .2188
D 4.20 .005062 .02292 ,2208 12.79 .4699 2205 68.33 20.41 .lo33 .1173 4.675 .4299 ,2139
13.77
2 4.40 .Oil3918 .01W 2053 15.21 .4531 2227 13.14 70.71 22.42 .08783 .09948 4.768 .4255 2097
4.60 .003053 .01597 .I911 18.02 .4372 2247 12.56 72.92 24.52 .07485 .08459 4.853 .4217 2060
4.80 .002394 .01343 .1783 21.26 .4223 2265 12.02 74.99 26.71 .06396 .07214 4.930 .4183 2028
5 .OO .001890 .01134 .1667 25.00 .4082 2281 11.54 76.92 29.00 .05481 .06172 5.000 .4152 2000
5.20 .OOiSoi .0096zo .1561 29.28 .3950 2295 11.09 78.73 31.38 .04711 .05297 5.064 .4125 .1975
5.40 .001200 .008197 .1464 34.17 .3826 2308 10.67 80.43 33.85 .04061 .04560 5.122 .4101 .1952
5.60 .0009643 .007012 .1375 39.74 .3708 2320 10.29 82.03 36.42 .03512 .03938 5.175 .4079 .1932
5.80 .0007794 .006023 .1294 46.05 .3597 2331 9.93 83.54 39.08 .03046 .03412 5.224 .4059 .1914
6.00 .0006334 .005194 .1220 53.18 .3492 2341 9.59 84.96 4 1.83 .02650 .02965 5.268 .4042 .1898
6.20 .0005173 .004495 .1151 61.21 .3393 2350 9.28 86.29 44.68 .023 12 .02584 5.309 .4025 .1a3
6.40 .OW4247 .003904 .lo88 70.23 .3298 2359 8.99 87.56 47.62 .02022 ,02259 5.347 .4011 .1870
6.60 .0003503 .003402 .lo30 80.32 .3209 2366 8.71 88.76 50.65 .01774 .01981 5.382 .3997 .1858
6.80 .0002902 .002974 .09758 91.59 .3124 2373 8.46 89.90 53.78 .01561 .01741 5.415 .3985 .1847
7.00 .0002416 .002609 .09259 104.1 .3043 2380 8.21 90.97 57.00 .01377 .01535 5.444 .3974 .1837
7.20 .08797 118.1 ,2966 2386 7.98 92.00 60.31 .01218 .01357 5.472 .3963 .1827
7.40 .08367 133.5 2893 2392 7.77 92.97 63.72 .01080 .01202 5.498 .3954 .1819
7.60 .07%7 150.6 2823 2397 7.56 93.90 67.22 .009594 .01068 5.522 .3945 .1811
7.80 .0001207 .001589 .07594 169.4 2756 2402 7.37 94.78 70.81 .008547 .009510 5.544 .3937 .1804
8.00 .0001024 .001414 .07246 190.1 .2692 2406 7.18 95.62 74.50 .007631 .008488 5.565 ,3929 .1797
8.20 .00008723 .001260 .06921 212.8 .2631 2411 7.00 96.43 78.28 .006828 .007592 5.585 .3922 .1791
8.40 .00007454 .001126 ,06617 237.8 ,2572 2414 6.84 97.20 82.15 .006123 ,006806 5.603 .3915 .1785
8.60 .00006390 .001009 .06332 265.0 2516 2418 6.68 97.94 86.12 .005503 .OM114 5.620 .3909 .1779
8.80 .00005494 .0009059 .06065 294.8 2463 2422 6.53 98.64 90.18 .004955 .005504 5.636 .3903 .1774
9.00 .OOOO4739 .0008150.OW4 327.2 2411 2425 6.38 99.32 94.33 .004470 .004964 5.651 .3898 .1770
9.20 .00004099 4007348 .05578 362.5 2362 2428 6.24 99.97 98.58 .004040 .004486 5.665 .3893 .1765
9.40 .00003555 .OW6638 .05356 400.8 2314 2431 6.11 100.6 102.9 .003659 .004061 5.679 .3888 .1761
9.60 .05146
.00003092 ..0006008 442.3 2269 2433 5.98 101.2 107.4 .003319 .003683 5.591 .3884 .1757
9.80 .00002696 .OW5447 .04949 487.3 .2225 2436 5.86 101.8 111.9 .003016 .003346 5.703 .3880 .1753
10.00 .00002356 .OM4948 .04762 535.9 2182 2438 5.74 102.3 116.5 ,002745 .003045 5.714 .3876 .1750 $
352
T A B L E 346A.-FORCES O N AIRFOILS A T ANGLES T O THE W I N D
(FIGS. 14, 15)
By suitably proportioning the thickness distribution over the chord of a plate, an airfoil
may be derived around which the flow will adhere even when the angle of attack is large.
Because the flow remains attached to the airfoil, high lift coefficients may be obtained with
low drag coefficients.
The flow around a particular airfoil a t a given angle of attack depends on the Reynolds
number, R, the Mach number, M , and the degree of surface roughness. The main effect
of increasing the Reynolds number is to change the maximum-lift coefficient and the
minimum-drag coefficient. When the surface of the airfoil is made rough, simulating the
surface of an actual airplane wing, the flow breaks away from the upper surface of the
airfoil at a smaller angle of attack and therefore results in a considerably smaller value of
maximum-lift coefficient. A rough surface increases the percentage of the chord over
which the flow is turbulent and tends to make the drag coefficient much higher (see
figure 11). As the Mach number is increased the variation of the local velocity from the
stream velocity is increased.
On figure 14 are shown the force coefficients for two symmetrical NACA airfoils of
infinite aspect ratio plotted against angle of attack, a, for a Reynolds number of 6 x 10'.
Methods exist (see Method for calculating wing characteristics by lifting-line theory using
nonlinear section lift data, by James C. Sivells and Robert H. Neely, NACA T N No. 1269,
April 1947) for converting infinite aspect ratio data to finite wing characteristics. The
force coefficients of a 21-percent thick airfoil in the smooth condition and a 12-percent thick
airfoil in both the rough and smooth conditions are given.
Figure 15 shows the variation in the force coefficients with Mach number for a sym-
metrical 9-percent thick airfoil at an angle of attack of 2" and at Reynolds numbers from
.35 x loa to .75 x loo.
181 Abbott Ira H. von Doenhoff Albert E. and Stivers Louis S., Jr. Summary of airfoil data.
NACA Re;. No. 82i. 1945. Stack', John, and von Doenhoff: Albert E., Tists of 16 related airfoils at
high speeds, NACA Rep. No. 492, 1934.
(continried)
NAC,
0
641-012 AIRFOIL
0--
NACA 644-021 AIRFOIL-
v) SMOOTH-
w
W ROUGH- ----
U no32
Y0
24 .024
t3
CD
y le -016
V
Q
I-
I - e .ooa
a
LL
o c 0 0
W
J
0 -g .20
Z
< CP
-I€ .40
-24
I 1.2 1.4 0 .4 .8 1.2 1.6
LIFT COEFFICIENT CL
FIG.14.-Force coefficients for two symmetrical airfoils of infinite aspect ratio plotted
against angle of attack, a, for Reynolds number 6 X 10'.
.8 .08
l - NACA 0009 AIRFOIL
.6 .06
CL co
.4 .04
.2 .02
0 0
0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1.0
M A C H NUMBER, M
FIG.15.-The force coefficients, CL,CD,and CP, plotted against Mach number for a
9-percent thick airfoil at an angle of attack of 2" and Reynolds number from .35 X 10"
to .75 x loo.
to to
Suhstance c "C k Substance C "C k
12.
Bromine . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 .8 Calcium chlyide . 364 8.5 .70
Chlorine ............. " 12. 1.22 1.22 9. .72
Copper: sulfate ........ " 17. .39 .060 9. .64
Glvcerine ............ " 10.14 .357 ... .047 9. .68
Hidrochloric acid . . . . " 19.2 2.21 Copper sulfate ..... 1.95 17. .23
Iodine ............... 12. I' ( .5) ..... .95 17. .26
Nitric acid ........... " 19.5 2.07 ..... .30 17. .33
Potassium chloride .... " 17.5 1.38 ..... .005 17. .47
" hydroxide . . " 13.5 1.72 Glycerine .........
2/8 10.14 .354
Silver nitrate ........ " 12. .985 .........
6/8 10.14 .345
Sodium chloride ...... " 15.0 .94 .........
10/8 10.14 .329
Urea ................ " 14.8 .97 ......... 14/8 10.14 .30C
Acetic acid . . . . . . . . . . . .2
13.5 .77 Hydr%hloric a$ . 4.52 11.5 2.93
Barium chloride ...... " 8. .66 ' 3.16 11. 2.67
Glycerine ............ " 10.1 3.55 .945 11. 2.12
Sodium acetate ....... " 12. .67 .387 11. 2.02
' chloride ...... " 15.0 .94 250 11. 1.84
Urea ................ 14.8 I' .969 Magnesium sulfate . 2.18 5.5 .28
Acetic acid ........... 1.0 12. .74 .541 5.5 .32
Ammonia ............ " 15.23 1.54 3.23 10. 27
Formic acid .......... " 12. .97 .402 10. .34
Glycerine ............ " 10.14 .339 Potassium hydfpxide .75 12. 1.72
Hydrochloric acid .... " 12. 2.09 . 49 12. 1.70
Magnesium sulfate .... " 7. .30 .375 12. 1.70
Potassium bromide . . . 10. :: 1.13 " nitrate ..
..
3.9 17.6 .89
" hydroxide .
Socljum c h l y i d e ......
......
12.
15.0
14.3
.
'L 1.72
.94
.964
..
. ..
1.4
.3
.02
17.6
17.6
17.6
1.10
1.26
1.28
"
"
hydroxide ....
iodide ........
12.
10.
:: 1.11
.80
" sulfFte
.
.. .95
.28
i9.6
19.6
-.79
.86
Sugar ............... " 12. .254 .05 19.6 .97
Sulfuric acid ......... " 12. 1.12 .02 19.6 1.01
Zinc sulfate .......... " 14.8 .236 Silver nitrate . . 3.9 12. .535
Acetic acid ........... 2.0 12. -59
... ...... .9 12. .88
Calcium chloride ...... " 10. d8 ...... .02 12. 1.035
Cadmium sulfate ...... " 19.04 246 Sodium chlyide ... 2/8 14.33 1.013
Hydrochloric acid ....
Sodium iodide ........
12.
10.
:: 2.21
.90
. . ..
...
4/8
6/8
14.33
14.33
.996
.980
Sulfuric acid ......... 12. 'I 1.16 ... 10/8 14.33 .948
Z$c ace!fte .......... " 18.05 .210 ... 14/8 14.33 .917
......... .04 .120 Sulfuric acid ...... 9.85 18. 2.36
Acetic acid ........... 3.0 12. .68 ...... 4.85 18. 1.90
Potassium carbonate .. " 10. .60 ...... 2.85 18. 1.60
I' hydroxide . " 12. 1.89 ...... .85 18. 1.34
Acetic acid ........... 4;o 12. .66 ...... .35 18. 1.32
Potassium chloride .... 10. 1.27 ...... .005 18. 1.30
Coefficient
Gas or vapor diffusing Gas or vapor diffused into Temp. "C of diffusion
Air .................. Hydrogen ........................... 0 .661
" ................... Oxygen .............................. 0 .1775
Carbon dioxide ........ Air ................................. 0 .1423
........ .................................. 0 .1360
.
"
2
-.
.
dPv ; where x is the distance in direction of diffusion; v. the degree of concentra-
k p tion of the diffusing metal; t. the time; k . the diffusion constant= the
quantity of metal in grams diffusing through a cm' in a day when unit
difference of concentration (g/cm*) is maintained between two sides of a layer one cm
thick .
Dis- Dis-
solving Temper- solving Temper-
Diffusing metal metal nture " C k Diffusing metal metal ature "C k
G?!d ........ Lead .... 555 3.19 Platinum .... Lead .... 492 1.69
........ . . . . . . 492
, ........ 3.00 Lead ........ Tin ..... 555 3.18
' ........ .. .. .. .. .. .. 251 .03 Rhodium .... Lead .... 550 3.04
200 .008 Tin ......... Mycury . 15 1.22
........ . . . . . . 165 .004 Lead ........
,' . 15 1.0
'I
........ . . . . . . 100 .oooO2 Zinc ......... . 15 1.0
" ........ Bismuth . 555 4.52 Sodium ...... " . 15 45.
'' ........ Tin ..... 555 4.65 Potassium ... " . 15 .40
Silver ....... ...... 555 4.14 Gold . . . . . . . . . . . 15 .72
Temperature OC
L
I 7
Salt 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
AgNO3 ......... 1150 1600 2150 2700 3350 4000 4700 5500 6500 7600 9100
Alz(SO4)a ....... 313 335 362 404 457 521 591 662 731 808 891
AIzK*(SO,), .... 30 .. . 8 4 . . 248 - . .. 1540
Ala(NHI)a(SOd)r . 26 45 66 91 124 159 211 270 352 . . .
BzOa ........... 11 15 22 - 40 - 62 . . 95 . . 157
BaCL .......... 316 333 357 382 408 436 464 494 524 556 588
Ba(N03), ....... 50 70 92 116 142 171 203 236 270 306 342
CaCL ........... 595 650 745 1010 1153 - 1368 1417 1470 1527 1590
CoClz .......... 405 450 500 565 650 935 940 950 960 - 1030
CsCl ........... 1614 1747 1865 1973 2080 2185 2290 2395 2500 2601 2705
CsNOz ......... 93 149 230 339 472 644 838 1070 1340 1630 1970
CszSOi ......... 1671 1731 1787 1841 1899 1949 1999 2050 2103 2149 2203
Cu(N03) . . . . . . 818 .. 1250 - 1598 . . 1791 - 2078 . . ._
CUSO, ......... 149 - . . 255 295 336 390 457 535 627 735
FeClz ........... _- _- 685 - . . 820 - . . 1040 1050 1060
FezCls .......... 744 819 918 - - 3151 - - 5258 - 5357
FeSO, .......... 156 208 264 330 402 486 550 560 506 430 .
HgCL .......... 43 66 74 84 96 113 139 173 243 371 540
KBr ........... 540 .. 650 . . 760 . . 860 - 955 - 1050
KzCOa ......... 1050 .. - 1140 1170 1210 1270 1330 1400 1470 1560
KCI ............ 285 312 343 373 401 429 455 483 510 538 566
KC103 .......... 33 50 71 101 145 197 260 325 396 475 560
_
K L - 0 , .._..... 589 609 629 650 670 690 710 730 751 771 791
KzCrZO1 ........ 50 85 131 - 292 . . 505 - 730 . . 1020
KHCO, ........ 225 277 332 390 453 522 600 . .. .. . .
K I ............. 1279 1361 1442 1523 1600 1680 1760 1840 1920 2010 2090
KNOI .......... 133 209 316 458 639 855 1099 1380 1690 2040 2460
KOH .......... 970 1030 1120 1260 1360 1400 1460 1510 1590 1680 1780
KzPtCla ........ 7 9 11 14 18 22 26 32 38 45 52
KzSOI .......... 74 92 111 130 148 165 182 198 214 228 241
LiOH .......... 127 127 128 129 130 133 138 144 153 - 175
MgClz .......... 528 535 545 . . 575 .. 610 .. 660 - 730
MgSO, .... (7aq) 260 309 356 409 456 . . .. . .. . . . .
.
"
....(6aq) 408 422 439 453 . . 504 550 596 642 689 738
NH, Cl ......... 297 333 372 414 458 504 552 602 656 713 773
NH,HCO, ...... 119 159 210 270 . . .. - ...... .
.
NHINOz ..... , 1183 .. . . 2418 2970 3540? 4300? 5130? 5800 7400 8710
(NH, )zSOI .....
706 730 754 780 810 844 880 916 953 992 1033
NaBr .......... 795 845 903 - 1058 1160 1170 . . 1185 . . 1205
NazBIOr ........
.
. 16 - 39 .. 105 200 244 314 408 523
NazC03 ... (lOaq) 71 126 214 409 . . .... . . . .. . .
....(7aq) 204 263 335 435 (laq) 475 464 458 452 452 452
NaCl ........... 356 357 358 360 363 367 371 375 380 385 391
NaC103 . _...... 820 890 990 . . 1235 . . 1470 - 1750 - 2040
NazCr04 ........ 317 502 900 - 960 1050 1150 - 1240 . . 1260
NazCrzO, ....... 1630 1700 1800 1970 2200 2480 2830 3230 3860 . . 4330
NaHC03 ....... 69 82 96 111 127 145 164 - - . . .
.
NazHP04 ...... 25 39 93 241 639 . .. . 949 - . . 988
NaI ............ 1590 1690 1790 1900 2050 2280 2570 - 2950 . . 3020
N a N 0 3 ......... 730 805 880 %2 1049 1140 1246 1360 1480 1610 1755
(continued)
TI CI ........... 2 2 3 5 6 8 10 13 16 20
TIN03 ......... 33 62 96 143 209 304 462 695 1110 2000 4140
TLSO4 ......... 27 37 49 62 76 92 109 127 146 165 __
Yba(SO4)r ...... 442 -_ -- _- - - 104 72 69 58 47
Zn( NO& ....... 948 -_ -- __ 2069 __ __ -- __ __ -
ZnSO4 .......... __ -_ __ __ 700 768 -_ 890 860 920 785
T A B L E 352.-SOLUBlLlTY O F A F E W ORGANIC S A L T S IN W A T E R
(Temperature variation "C)
Salt 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Hz(COz)2 ....... 36 53 102 159 228 321 445 635 978 1200 --
H1(CHz*COz), .. 28 45 69 106 162 244 358 511 708 - 1209
Tartaric acid __.
1150 1260 1390 1560 1760 1950 2180 2440 2730 3070 3430
Racemic " ... 92 140 206 291 433 595 783 999 1250 1530 1850
K(HC0x) ...... 2900- - 3350 - 3810 -- 4550 -- 5750 -- 7900
KH(C4H40,) ... 3 4 6 9 13 18 24 32 45 57 69
T A B L E 353.-SOLUBILITY O F GASES IN W A T E R
(Temperature variation 'C)
The table gives the weight in grams of the gas which will be absorbed in 1000 g of water
when the partial pressure of the gas plus the vapor pressure of the liquid at the given
temperature equals 760 mmHg.
Gas 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0 2 .0705 .0551 ,0443 .0368 ,0311 .0263 .0221 .0181 .0135
Hz .00192 .00174 .GO160 .00147 .0013fj .00129 .00118 .00102 .GO079
Nz .0293 .0230 .O 189 .0161 .0139 .0121 .0105 .0089 ,0069
Brz 431. 248. 148. 94. 62. 40. 28. 18. 11.
C
-1~-
2 - 9.97 7.29 5.72 4.59 3.93 3.30 2.79 2.23
CO, 3.35 2.32 1.69 1.26 .97 .76 .58 - -
H,S 7.10 5.30 3.98 - - - - - -
NH, 987. 689. 535. 422. _ _ - - -
SO2 228. 162. 113. 78. 54. - - - -
E
d
.-
c
&
-s:
d
a=
L
CdS048l3H20
at25 C
2
E
ZnS04.7H20
&
$k
at 25" C
-d5i B
10
F,
-
OF S O L U B I L I T Y PRODUCED BY U N I F O R M PRESSURE
Mannite at 24.05' C
-ds:
5ii
0
M
B
f
NaCl at 24.05" C
&
-d5i
?!&
D
10
::
5-4 u
M 2:q 0 2 2% u
2 be
u
M
2
1, %gz
$32
*
e UZrn
g NC 0M
;
"
u.-
9F
g ?OM
m
+
u
u-
oum
+g M
.
4
e
u
1: u MZ
.I
d
-
U
u g
57.95
d
-
V
20.66
t
s z
d
-
,-.
6G MOo
35.90
d
b.
-
1 76.80
500 78.01 +1.57 57.87 -.14 21.14 +2.32 36.55 +1.81
1000 78.84 +2.68 57.65 -32 21.40 +3.57 37.02 +3.12
1500 - - - - 21.64 +4.72 37.36 +4.07
T A B L E 355.-COMMONLY U S E D ORGANIC S O L V E N T S *
Arranged in the order of their boiling points
B oi 1in g Boiling
point point
Name "C Name "C
. . . .
Ethyl ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.54 Xylene (0) ..... ... ............. 144
Amy1 acetate ...... ... ... ... .... 147.6
Carbon disulfide ................ 46.25
Acetone ........................ 56.08 Ethyl lactate ..... .............. 154
. .
Methyl acetate . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 57.1 .
Cellosolve acetate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
.
Chloroform . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.2 .
Cyclohexanone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 156.7
Methyl alcohol .. . .. . ... . ... . .. . 64.5 . .
Furfural .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . .158-162
Carbon tetrachloride . . . . . . . . . . . 76.74 . Butyl cellosolve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170.6
.
. . .
Ethyl acetate . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . 77.15 Ethyl acetoacetate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180.0
.
Diethyl oxalate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.1
Ethyl alcohol ................... 78.32
Benzol ......................... 79.6 ..
Ethylene glycol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197.2
Isopropyl alcohol . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 82.26 Carbitol ........................ 202
Ethylene dichloride .. . .. .. . .. . . . 83.5 Benzyl alcohol .. ... . . _ .. . . .. . ... 205.8
Trichlorethylene ................ 87 .
Ethyl benzoate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.2
.
Ethyl propionate .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . 99.1 Butyl stearate . . . . . . .. . . .223 (25mm)
.. .
Toluene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110.7 . Butyl carbitol .................. 230
Butyl alcohol (n) ................ 117.7 . .
Diethylene glycol . . .. . . . . . ... . 245
.
Ethyl butyrate .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121.3 Triphenyl phosphate . . . . .245 (llmm)
. . .. . .
Triacetin .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. 259
Methyl cellosolve .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . 124.5
.
Diethyl carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.8 .
Diacetin . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. ... . 261
Butyl acetate . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 126.5. . ... .
Dimethyl phthalate . ... . . . .. 282
Tetrachlorethane ..
, . . . . . . . . . . 130. . . . ..
Diethyl phthalate . . . . .. . . . . . 296
.. .
Cellosolve . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.1 .
Dibutyl phthalate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
.
Ethyl benzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136.1 . ..
Diamyl phthalate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
. .
Amy1 alcohol (n). . . . . . . . . . . . .. 137.9
* This tahle contains the volumes of different gases, supposed measured a t 0°C and 76 cmHg pressure.
which unit volume of the liquid named will absorb a t atmospheric pressure and the temperature stated
in the first column. The numbers tabulated are commonly called the absorption coefficient for the gases
in water, or in alcohol, a t the temperature t and under 1 atm of pressure.
T A B L E 357.-VAPOR PRESSURE OF S O M E E L E M E N T S
(Over liquid unless otherwise noted.)
-
19.65 611 4.20 758 31.32 2.98 83.93 512 170.9 11970 244.2 15870
18.03 552 3.52 360 27.17 1.00 77.48 201 112.7 387 231.4 11130
16.49 192 1.48 4.2 20.4 12.8mm 69.43 48.0 88.6 17.4 237.4 13500
14.10 59.5 . .. ..... 15.6 2.4 65.49 22.0 84.2 9 183.2 2020
Radon Oxygen Nitrogen Chlorine Bromine Iodine Radon
OK mmHg GGzG- '"KG "C atni
F
C mmHg
,
377.5 62
364.4
321.7
53
26.4
62.37
68.57
71.71
9.59
36.1
64
77.33
76.65
74.03
760
700
500
+lo0
+ 20
0
41.7
6.62
3.66
$58.75
51.95
40.45
760
600
400
'2245 3.084
2.154
1.498
-70.6
-60.8
+17.1
.66
1.05
13.2
290.3 13.2 77.59 162.2 72.39 400 - 33.6 7 6 0 m m 23.45 200 40 1.025 +91.2 52.8
262.8 6.6 86.18 493 70.42 300 - 50 3 5 0 m m 8.20 100 35 .699
212.4 1.05 90.13 760 67.80 200 - 70 118mm- 7.0 45 30 .469
202.6 .66 90.47 786.6 63.65 100 - 80 62 mm--12.0 30 15 .I31
- 88 37mm--16.65 20 0 .030
Tempera- Tempern-
ture of Surface ture of Surface
solidifi- tension in solidifi- tension in
cation dynes per caJion dynes per
Su1)stance "C cm Suhstance C cm
Platinum .......... 2000 1691 Antimony ......... 432 249
Gold .............. 1200 1003 Borax ............. 1000 216
Zinc .... .......... 360 877 Carbonate of soda .. 1000 210
Tin ..... .......... 230 599 Chloride of sodium . -- 116
Mercury ........ .. -40 588 Water ............ 0 87.9
Lead .... ........ .. 330 457 Selenium .......... 217 71.8
Silver ... ........ 1000 427 Sulfur ............ 111 42.1
Bismuth . ........ 265 1390 Phosphorus ....... 43 42.0
Potassium ....... 58 371 Wax .............. 68 34.1
Sodium . . ........ .. 90 258
T A B L E 362.-VAPOR PRESSURE A N D R A T E O F E V A P O R A T I O N
Evaporation rate
g cm-? sec-1 Platinum
Mo W h
fi = K.T-fe-ho'RT
dynes/cm2 (Egerton).
Zn, h,= 3.28 x lo' ; K = 1.17 X lo" ; Cd, ha= 2.77 X lo' ; K = 5.27 X 10";
Hg, ho = 1.60 X lo'; K ~ 3 . 7 X
2 10" (Knudsen).
2
I
T A B L E 363.-EVAPORATION OF M E T A L S (continued)
0
v)
Metal Ref. P(PHSJ 10-2 10-1 1
zD2 c ...........c roc: 2129 2288 2471
10
2681
100 1000 tn
2926 3214
1V: 4.1 3x 1O-' 4 . 0 0 10.'
~ 3.86x lo-' 3.72x 3.58X104 3.42X 10'
I
0
<
I? Si ...........c PC : 1024 1116 1223 1343 1485 1670 1410 31.6
c)
r
P w: 8.58x10-* 8 . 2 9 10-7
~ 7.99X 10.' 7.68x1O4 7.37~10-4 7.01X10-8
4 Ti ......... .c PC: 1134 1249 1384 1546 1742 1965 1727 84.3
D
m
r
m
Ln
w: 1.08xlO-' x
1.04 10-' 9.92X10-8 9.47~ 9.0Ox lo-* 8.53X10-3
Zr ......... .c roc: 1527 1660 1816 2001 2212 2459 2127 40.7
w: 1.31x10-' 1.27><10" 1.22x10-6 1 . 1 7 ~ 1 0 - ~ 1 . 1 2 10-3
~ 1.07x lo-*
Th ......... .c t"C : 1686 1831 1999 2196 2431 2715 1827 9.3x lo-*
w: 2.01x 10-7 1 . 9 4 lo-'
~ 1.86~ 1.79x10-' 1.71x lo-' 1.63><10-2
Ge ..........c PC : 897 996 1112 1251 1421 1635 959 4.5x10-*
w: 1.45 x 1 . 4 0 10.
~' 1.34X10" 1 . 2 7w4
~ 1.21x 10.' 1.14X lo-*
Sn ..........c t"C. 823 922 1042 1189 1373 1609 232 0
W: 1.92x 10- L84x 10.' 1.75x 1.66><10-' 1.57X1O5 1.47x10-*
Pb .......... a t"C : 483 548 625 718 832 975 328 5.4x10-'
w: 3 . 0 5 ~ 1 0 ~ ~2.93x10-' 2 . 8 0 10-5
~ 2.67x10-' 2.53x lo-' 2 . 3 8 lo-'
~
v .......... .c roc: 1465 1586 1725 1888 2079 2207 1697 .65
w: 1 . 0 10-7
~ 9.6x 9.3X10" 8.9X104 8.6x10-4 8.2x 10"
Nb .......... n PC: 2194 2355 2539 2500 .6
W: 1.16x10-7 1.08~10-' 1.06X
Ta .......0, p t"C: 2407 2599 2820 2996 5.0
W: 1.55x 10" 1.48x10-' 1.41x lo-'
Sbz ......... C t"C : 466 525 595 678 779 904 630 2.82
W: 3.35x 3.22x10-' 3.09x 10" 2 . 9 5 lo-'
~ 2.81x lo-' 2.65X
Bi ......... .C t"C: 474 536 609 698 802 934 271 1 . 2 0 10-7
~
W: 3 . 0 8 10-7
~ 296x104 2.84XW 2.71x 2.57x lo-' 2.43X lo-"
Cr ........c, 1 roc: 907 992 1090 1205 1342 1504 1900 6.35X104
W: 1 . 2 210-7
~ 1.18x lo-' 1.14X 1.09~ 1.05xlo-" 1.oox10-2
(cotltinued)
T A B L E 363.-EVAPORATION O F M E T A L S (concluded)
fl(pHg) 10-2 10-1 1 10 100 1000 tm h
t"C : 1923 2095 2295 2533 2622 22.0
W: 1.29~10-7 1.18X10" x
1.12 10-6 1 . 0 5 lo-'
~
t"C: 2554 2767 3016 3309 3382 17.5
l,v: 1 . 4 7 lo-'
~ 1.46x10-' x
1.45 lo-' 1.43x lo-'
t"C : 1461 1585 1730 1898 2098 2338 1132 3.24~10-'
W: 2.16x10-' 2 . 0 9 lo-'
~ 2.01x10-6 1.93x 10" 1.85xlo-' 1.76x lo-'
in
Mn .... ... . . c t"C : 717 791 878 980 1103 1251 1244 9.O4X1O2
W: 1.38x10-' 1 . 3 2 10.'
~ 1.27x 1 . 2 2lo-'
~ 1.17 x 10.' 1.11x 10-2
Fe . . ... . . . c , f t"C: 1094 1195 1310 1447 1602 1783 1535 37.2
W: 1.29x lo-' 1.20x10-' l.lOx10-~ 1.02~10-4 1.01x10-~ 9 . 6 lo-'
~
co . . . .. . .. . .c t"C: 1249 1362 1494 1649 1833 2056 1478 .76
W: x
1.15 10" 1.11x lo-' 1 . 0 6 ~ 1 0 - ~ 1.02~10-4 9.76x10-' 9.28X10J
Ni . .... ...c, q t"C : 1157 1257 1371 1510 1679 1884 1455 4.37
W: 1 . 1 8 10.'
~ 1.14x10-' 1. l o x 10-6 1 . 0 610-4
~ 1.01x lod 9.62~10-'
Ru .. . ... .. . .c t"C: 1913 2058 2230 2431 2666 2946 2427 9.8
W: 1.26x10-' 1.22x10-6 1.18x10-' 1.13>(104 1.08)<10-' 1.04x lo-*
Rh ..... .. . .. c roc: 1681 1815 1971 2149 2358 2607 1967 1.0
W: 1.34x10-' 1.29x10-' 1.25x10-5 1.2ox 10-4 1.15x10-a 1.1ox 10-2
Pd . . . . . . . . . .c t"C: 1156 1271 1405
1.47x 10.'
1566
1.41x lo-'
1759 2000
1.26x 10.'
1555 8.71
W: 1.59x lo-' 1.53x10-' 1.34x lo-*
0 s . . . . .:. . . .c t"C: 2101 2264 245 1 2667 2920 3221 2697 13.5
cv: 1.65x lo-' 1.60X 10" 1.54X lo-' 1.48x10-' 1 . 4 2 lo-'
~ 1.36~10-~
Ir .... .... . .. c t"C : 1993 21 54 2340 2556 281 1 31 18 2454 3.55
W: 1.70~ 1.65xlo-' 1.59x 10.' 1.52x10-' 1.46x lo-' 1.39XlO-'
Pt ... . . ... ..c t"C : 1606 1744 1904 2090 2313 2582 1774 .16:
W: 1.BX 10-7 1.81X10" 1.75x10-6 1.68X1O4 1.60x10-' 1.52~10-~
References: a, Kelley, K. K., Bur. Mines Bull. 383, 35. h, Ditchhurn, R. W., and Gilmour, J..C., Rev. Mod. Phys., vol. 13. p. 310, 1941. c. Brewer, T h e ther-
modynamic and physical properties of the elements, Repi for the Manhattan Project, 1946. d, Killian, T. J., Phys. Rev., vol. 27, p. 578, 1926. e, Taylor, J. B., and
Langmuir. I.. Phys. Rev., vol. 51, p. 753, 1937. f , M, hall, A. L., Dornte, R. W., and Norton, F. J., Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc., vol. 59. p. 1161, 1937. g. Schumann,
R., and Garrett A. B., Journ. .\mer. Chem. Soc., vol. p. 442, 1944. vol. 67. p. 2279, 1945. h, Rudberg, E., Phys. Rev., vol. 46, p 763. 1934. i. .Van Liempt.
J. A. M., Rec. h v . Chem. d. Pays-Bas. vol. 55. p. 461 1936. j, RLdherg, E., a n d Lempert, J., Journ. Chem. Phys., vol. 3. p. 627, 1935. k, Int. National Critical
Tables, vol. 3, p. 306, 1928. I. Baur, E.. and Bruner, ., Hev. Chim. Acta, vol. 17. p. 958, 1934. m, Anderson, J. S.. Journ. Chrm. Soc. (London), vol. 141. 1943.
n, Reimann, A. L., and Grant, C. K.. Philos. Mag., vol. !, p. 34 1936. o, Langmuir, D. B., and Maker, L., Phys. Rev., vol. 55. p. 748. 1939. p, Fiske, M. D.. Phys.
Rev. vol. 61, p. 513 1942. q. Johnston, H. L., and arshall.' A. L., Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc., vol. 62. p. 1382, 1940. r, Jones, H. A., Langmuir, I., and Mackay,
G. M. J., Phys. Rev.,'vol. 30, p. 201, 1927. s, Jones, A,, and Langmuir, I., Gen. Electric Rev., vol. 30. p. 354, 1927.
368 TABLE 364.-VAPOR PRESSURE OF ORGANIC LIQUIDS
The vapor pressures on this page are in mmHg over a liquid phase unless distinguished by the
subscript .. They are generally means from various determinations.
Carbon Carbon
bisul- tetra- Chloro- Ethyl Ethyl Turpen.
Acetone Benzine Camphor fide chloride form Ethane ether Iiromide tine
"C CaHeO CaHe CioHisO CS2 CCI. CIICI. C2Hs C,HloO C2HaBr CioHo
-90
-57
.02
...
... -70;
.14
} -60:-} 8. -l&}
390
-101.3"
.058>
...
...
...
...
-40 ... ... ...
-30 ... .J ... -25" -50:9z}
, i:*8 -70";') ...
-20 ... ... ... ,341 ... - 59 ...
-10 ... 14 ... 80 ... ...
l9 ,l:;"> 102 ...
0 ... 26.5 .06 127 33 61.0 - 75" 186.1 166 .2
... 34 ... 160 43 ... 1500 ... 207 ...
+li 116 45 .10 198 56 100 ... 291.8 257 .3
15 ... 59 ... 244 71 ... ... ... 317 .3
20 185 75 .15 298 90 160 ... 442.4 386 .4
30 283 119 26 433 141 247 ... 648 564 .7
40 422 182 .60 617 213 370 ... 921 802 1.1
50 612 269 1.30 855 315 540 ... 1276 1113 1.7
60 860 390 2.6 1170 348 750 ... 1728 1510 2.6
70 1190 548 4.6 1570 620 1025 ... 2294 2015 4.1
80 1860 750 9.2 2040 843 1400 ... 2991 2640 6.1
90 2140 1010 ... 2620 1120 2130 ... 3840 3400 9.0
100 2800 1340 26 3000 1460 2420 ... 4860 4310 13.1
110 3590 1740 ... 4160 1880 ... ... ... 5390 18.6
120 4550 2200 ... 5150 2390 3900 ... 7500 6660 25.7
130 5670 2800 ... ... 3000 4000 ... . .. 8120 34.9
140 6970 3500 ... ... 3700 6000 ... 11080 9780 ...
150 ... 4300 170 9100 4500 7300 ... g;} ... ...
200 ... ... 625 ... 10900 ... 180"' ...
218001 ...
Ethylene c(Iyly;e Methane
CHI
Methyl ether Naphthalene
CI&
Ethvl chloride
CTHaCI
CiHi (CHa)iO
"C "C "C "C "C "C
-150 14.9 118 24 -180 119 - 67 78 o .oz. --3n iin
-190 45.6 161 6.5 -175 212 - 60 120 20 .06. -20 iSS
-145 26.7 175 13 -170 353 - 41.4 326 50 .81, -10 302
-135 74.4 190 32 -165 559 - 30.9 524 70 4.0, 0 465
-130 117.2 220 100 -160 848 -241 782 80 10 10 691
-120 260 260 385 -155 1229 0 2.52 atm 90 13 20 1000
-110 519 -150 1720 25.4 6.05 " 100 20 30 1400
-103 792 49.75 11.2 " 110 29 50 2850
80.1 22.1 " 120 43 75 4980
99.9 32.1 " 150 119 100 8720
125.9 51 " 200 490
(continued)
Y 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
$ Vapor pressure in mmHg at 0°C
G
0 12.24 13.18 14.15 15.16 16.21 17.31 18.46 19.68 20.98 22.34
10 23.78 25.31 27.94 28.67 30.50 32.44 34.49 36.67 38.97 41.40
20 44.00 46.66 49.47 52.44 55.56 58.86 62.33 65.97 69.80 73.83
30 78.06 82.50 87.17 92.07 97.21 102.60 108.24 114.15 120.35 126.86
40 133.70 140.75 148.10 155.80 163.80 172.20 181.00 190.10 199.65 209.60
50 220.00 230.80 242.50 253.80 265.90 278.60 291.85 305.65 319.95 334.85
60 350.30 366.40 383.10 400.40 418.35 437.00 456.45 476.45 497.25 518.85
70 541.20 564.35 588.35 613.20 638.95 665.55 693.10 721.55 751.00 781.45
From the formula log p = ~ + b a ‘ + c Ramsay
~~ and Young obtain the following numbers :
Y 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
$ Vapor pressure in mmHg at 0°C
r”
0 12.24 23.73 43.97 78.11 133.42 219.82 350.21 540.91 811.81 1186.5
100 1692.3 2359.8 3223.0 4318.7 5686.6 7368.7 9409.9 11858. 14764. 18185.
200 22182. 26825. 32196. 38389. 45519.
Y 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Vapor pressure in mmHg at 0°C
0 29.97 31.6 33.6 35.6 37.8 40.2 42.6 45.2 47.9 50.8
10 53.8 57.0 60.3 63.8 67.5 71.4 75.5 79.8 84.3 89.0
20 94.0 99.2 104.7 110.4 116.5 122.7 129.3 136.2 143.4 151.0
30 158.9 167.1 175.7 184.7 194.1 203.9 214.1 224.7 235.8 247.4
40 259.4 271.9 285.0 298.5 312.6 327.3 342.5 -358.3 374.7 391.7
50 409.4 427.7 446.6 466.3 386.6 507.7 529.5 552.0 575.3 599.4
60 624.3 650.0 676.5 703.8 732.0 761.1 791.1 822.0 -- --
T:mp. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
C
Carbon disulfide
0 127.90 133.85 140.05 146.45 153.10 160.00 167.15 174.60 182.25 190.20
10 198.45 207.00 215.80 224.95 234.40 244.15 254.25 264.65 275.40 286.55
20 298.05 309.90 322.10 334.70 347.70 361.10 374.95 389.20 403.90 419.00
30 434.60 450.65 467.15 484.15 501.65 519.65 538.15 557.15 576.75 596.85
40 617.50 638.70 660.50 682.90 705.90 729.50 753.75 778.60 804.10 830.25
Chlorobenzene
20 8.65 9.14 9.66 10.21 10.79 11.40 12.04 12.71 13.42 14.17
30 14.95 15.77 16.63 17.53 18.47 19.45 20.48 21.56 22.69 23.87
40 25.10 26.38 27.72 29.12 30.58 32.10 33.69 35.35 37.08 38.88
50 40.75 42.69 44.72 46.84 49.05 51.35 53.74 56.22 58.79 61.45
60 64.20 67.06 70.03 73.11 76.30 79.60 83.02 86.56 90.22 94.00
70 97.90 101.95 106.10 110.41 114.85 119.45 124.20 129.10 134.15 139.40
80 144.80 150.30 156.05 161.95 168.00 174.25 181.70 187.30 201.15
90 208.35 215.80 223.45 231.30 239.35 247.70 256.20 265.00 274.00 283.25
100 292.75 302.50 312.50 322.80 333.35 344.15 355.15 366.65 378.30 390.25
110 402.55 415.10 427.95 441.15 454.65 468.50 482.65 497.20 512.05 527.25
120 542.80 558.70 575.05 591.70 608.75 626.15 643.95 662.15 680.75 699.65
130 718.95 738.65 758.80
Bromobenzene
40 -- -- 12.40 13.06 13.75 14.47 15.22
50 16.00 16.82 17.68 18.58 19.52 20.50 21.52 22.59 23.71 24.88
60 26.10 27.36 28.68 30.06 31.50 33.00 34.56 36.18 37.86 39.60
70 41.40 43.28 45.24 47.28 49.40 51.60 53.88 56.25 58.71 61.26
80 63.90 66.64 69.48 72.42 75.46 78.60 81.84 85.20 88.68 92.28
90 96.00 99.84 103.80 107.88 112.08 116.40 120.86 125.46 130.20 135.08
100 140.10 145.26 150.57 156.03 161.64 167.40 173.32 179.41 185.67 192.10
110 198.70 205.48 212.44 219.58 226.90 234.40 242.10 250.00 258.10 266.40
120 274.90 283.65 292.60 301.75 311.15 320.80 330.70 340.80 351.15 361.80
130 372.65 383.75 395.10 406.70 418.60 430.75 443.20 455.90 468.90 482.20
140 495.80 509.70 523.90 538.40 553.20 568.35 583.85 599.65 615.75 632.25
150 649.05 666.25 683.80 701.65 719.95 738.55 757.55 776.95 796.70 816.90
Aniline
80 18.80 19.78 20.79 21.83 22.90 24.00 25.14 26.32 27.54 28.80
90 30.10 31.44 32.83 34.27 35.76 37.30 38.90 40.56 42.28 44.06
I00 45.90
... . 47.80
. 49.78
.... - 51.84 53.98 56.20 58.50 60.88 63.34 65.88
110 68.50 71.22 74.04 76.96 79.98 83.10 86.32 89.66 93.12 96.70
120 100.40 104.22 108.17 112.25 116.46 120.80 125.28 129.91 134.69 139.62
130 144.70 149.94 155.34 160.90 166.62 172.50 178.56 184.80 191.22 197.82
140 204.60 211.58 218.76 226.14 233.72 241.50 249.50 257.72 266.16 274.82
150 283.70 292.80 302.15 311.75 321.60 331.70 342.05 352.65 363.50 374.60
160 386.00 397.65 409.60 421.80 434.30 447.10 460.20 473.60 487.25 501.25
170 515.60 530.20 545.20 560.45 576.10 592.05 608.35 625.05 642.05 659.45
180 677.15 695.30 713.75 732.65 751.90 771.50
(cojztinired)
Sulistance 0.5 .
10 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
AL(S0. ) a ........ 12.8 36.5
AICI. ............ 22.5 61.0 179.0 318.0
Bas206 .......... 6.6 15.4 34.4
Ba(OH)z ........ 12.3 22.5 39.0
Ba(NO& ....... 13.5 27.0
Ba(CIO& ....... 15.8 33.3 70.5 108.2
BaCL ........... 16.4 36.7 77.6
BaBra ........... 16.8 38.8 91.4 150.0 204.7
CaSzOI .......... 9.9 23.0 56.0 106.0
Ca(N(3d2 ........ 16.4 34.8 74.6 139.3 161.7 205.4
CaCI
... . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 17.0 39.8 95.3 166.6 241.5 319.5
CaBrz ........... 17.7 44.2 105.8 191.0 283.3 368.5
CdSO4 .......... 4.1 8.9 18 1
CdL ............ 7.6 14.8 33.5 52.7
CdBrz ........... 8.6 17.8 36.7 55.7 80.0
CdCL ...........
. . . 9.6 18.8 36.7 57.0 77.3 99.0
Cd (NO3) z ....... 15.9 36.1 78.0 122.2
Cd(C1OX). ....... 17.5
COSOr ........... 5.5 10.7 22.9 45.5
COClZ ........... 15.0 34.8 83.0 136.0 186.4
CO(N03)z ....... 17.3 39.2 89.0 152.0 218.7 282.0 332.0
F e S 0 4 ........... 5.8 10.7 24.0 42.4
H I B O ~ .......... 6.0 12.3 25.1 38.0 51.0
HzPO, .......... 6.6 14.0 28.6 45.2 62.0 81.5 103.0 146.9 189.5
H ~ A s O .........
~ 7.3 15.0 30.2 46.4 64.9
HSO, ........... 12.9 26.5 62.8 104.0 148.0 198.4 247.0 343.2
KHzPO, ......... 10.2 19.5 33.3 47.8 60.5 733 85.2
KNO, ........... 10.3 21.1 40.1 57.6 74.5 88.2 102.1 126.3 148.0
KCIO, ........... 10.6 21.6 42.8 62.1 80.0
K B r 0 3 .......... 10.9 22.4 45.0
KHSO, ......... 10.9 21.9 43.3 65.3 85.5 107.8 129.2 170.0
KNOz ........... 11.1 22.8 44.8 67.0 90.0 110.5 130.7 167.0 198.8
KClO, .......... 11.5 22.3
KCI ............. 12.2 24.4 48.8 74.1 100.9 128.5 152.2
KHCOI ......... 11.6 23.6 59.0 77.6 104.2 132.0 160.0 210.0 255.0
K I .............. 12.5 25.3 52.2 82.6 112.2 141.5 171.8 225.5 278.5.
KzCzOr .......... 13.9 28.3 59.8 94.2 131.0
KZWO, .......... 13.9 33.0 75.0 123.8 175.4 226.4
K,CO, .......... 14.4 31.0 68.3 105.5 i5i.o 209.0 258.8 350.0
K O H ........... 15.0 29.5 64.0 99.2 140.0 181.8 223.0 309.5 387.8
KzCr04 .......... 16.2 29.5 60.0
LiN03 .......... 12.2 25.9 55.7 88.9 122.2 155.1 188.0 253.4 309.2
LiCl ............ 12.1 25.5 57.1 95.0 132.5 175.5 219.5 311.5 393.5
LiBr ............ 12.2 26.2 60.0 97.0 140.0 186.3 241.5 341.5 438.0
LizS04 .......... 13.3 28.1 56.8 89.0
LiHSO, ......... 12.8 27.0 57.0 93.0 130.0 168.0
LiI .............. 13.G 28.6 64.7 105.2 154.5 206.0 264.0 357.0 445.0
Lii3iFe .......... 15.4 34.0 70.0 106.0
LiOH ........... 15.9 37.4 78.1
Li2Cr04 ......... 16.4 32.6 74.0 120.0 171.0
(ronfimred)
A C (60cycles) DC
Threshold of perception ....................................... 1 ma ...... 5 ma
muscular decontrol .............................. 15 ......<70
danger to life .................................. 20 ...... 80
fibrillation (almost certain death). ................ 100 ........
Since the resistance of the human body for direct current (hand to foot or hand to hand),
neglecting the contact resistance, is 5,000-10,000 ohms, good contact with electric circuits
must be avoided. For alternating current the resistance is much lower.
'sea Cromwell. J. C., Origins and prevention of lahoratory accidents, 1950; Bell Laboratories Rec.,
p. 318. June 1936; Johns Hopkins University, Report of Electrician, November 1934; Journ.
Franklin Inst., vol. 215, p. 1, 1933.
T A B L E 371.-TRIBOELECTRlClTY
Part 1.-The tribo-electric series
The following table is so arranged that any material in the list becomes positively elec-
trified when rubbed by one lower in the list. The phenomenom depends upon surface condi-
tions and circumstances may alter the relative positions in the list.
.\malg. Distilled
C Cu I:e Pb Pt Sn Zn Zn Brass water
............ -!.01to
269
tn 148 1 X q
[ .285 (-.lo5
Everett, Units and physical constants: Table of Ayrton and Perry's results, prepared by Ayrton.
' I 1'
H z S 0 4sol. ; dens. 1.136
HzSO, ; dens. 1.134 1: HNO.: dens. 1.33 1.79
" 'I
H 2 S 0 4sol. ; dens. 1.14 HNO,; dens. 1.19 1.64
"
'1
"
"
H & 0 4sol. ; dens. 1.06
NaCl sol. :: "I'
1.33
I'
1.61
1.88
Partz 'I I'
SOI.MKSOI Sol.KzCrzOi 2.06
(contintled)
T A B L E 375.-DIFFERENCE O F POTENTllAL B E T W E E N M E T A L S I N
SOLUTIONS O F SALTS
The following numbers are given by G. Magnanini for the difference of potential in hun-
dredths of a volt between zinc in a normal solution of sulfuric acid and the metals named
at the head of the different columns when placed in the solution named in the first column.
T h e solutions were contained in a U-tube, and the sign of the difference of potential is such
that the current will flow froin the more positive to the less positive through the external
circuit.
S t r e n g t h of the solution i n
g r a m molecules ner
liter Zinc Cadmium Lead Tin Copper Silver
I .E
0-2
' 0 -
g.:
.;E
rn
2%;
b.2.O
4
!}-63.2
Antimony
Zinc 1 Cadmium
Antimony Bismuth !'}-68.2
Zinc Antimony
Cadmium 137 Antimony
Bismuth 121 Bismuth ':}-66.9
Tellurium
Antimony
E} 95 Antimony
Zinc
Antimony
Zinc 22r 8.1
Antimony
Bismuth
Antimony
Bismuth
Tin
Bismuth
:> 6o
Bismuth 121 Iron 1;}-24.5
Antimony
Cadmium
Lead
Zinc
'}
1
1
76
Antimony
Magnesium
Antimony
Selenium
Bismuth
Zinc :'}-31.1
Lead Bismuth
Antimony
Cadmium
Zinc
Tin
f)
1
46
Bismuth
Bismuth
Antimony
:}-33.4
Arsenic ':}-46.0
T A B L E 377.-THERMOELECTRIC EFFECT
A measure of the thermoelectric effect of a circuit of two metals is the electromotive
force produced by 1"C difference of tempcrature between the junctions. The thermoelectric
effect varies with the temperature, thus. thermoelectric effect = Q = d E / d t = A +
Bt,
where A is the thermoelectric effect at O"C, B is a constant, and t is the mean temperature
of the junctions. The neutral point is the temperature at which d E / d t = 0, and its value
is - A / B . When a current is caused to flow in a circuit of two metals originally a t a
uniform temperature, heat is liberated at one of the junctions and absorbed at the other.
The rate of production or liberation of hcat at each junction. or Peltier effect, is given
in calories per second, by multiplying the current by the coefficient of the Peltier effect.
This coefficient in calories per coulomb = QT/T, in which Q is in volts per degree C, T is
the absolute temperature of the junction, and 7 = 4.19. Heat is also liberated or absorbed
in each of the metals as the current flows through portions of varying temperature. The
rate of production or liberation of heat in each metal, or the Thomson effect, is given in
calories per second by multiplying the current by the coefficient of the Thomson effect.
This coefficient, in calories per coulomb = BTsIT, in which B is in volts per degree C,
T is the mean absolute temperature of the junctions. and 0 is the difference of temperature
of the junctions. ( B T ) is Sir W . Thomson's "Specific Heat of Electricity," The algebraic
signs are so chosen in the following table that when A is positive, the current flows in the
metal considered from the hot junction to the cold. When B is positive, Q increases
(algebraically) with the temperature. The values of A , B , and thermoelectric effect in the
following table are with rcsprct to lcad as the other metal of the thermoelectric circuit.
The thermoelectric effect of a couple composed of two metals, 1 and 2, is given by sub-
tracting the value for 2 from that for 1 ; when this difference is positive, the current flows
from the hot junction to the cold in 1. In the following table, A is given in microvolts
per degree, B in microvolts per degree per degree, and the neutral point in degrees.
The table has been compiled from the results of Becquerel, Matthiessen and Tait; in
reducing the results, the electromotive force of the Grove and Daniel1 cells has been taken
as 1.95 and 1.07 volts. The value of constantan was reduced from results given in Landolt-
Bornstein's tables.
(coiitinued)
Substance
Aluminum .....................
Antimony, comm'l pressed wire..
- .76
-
A
Microvolts
+.0039
B
Microvolts
-
+
-
Thermoelectric effect
at mean temp. of
junctions (microvolts)
20°C
6.0
.68 -
50°C
.56
-
Neutral
point
--AB
+ 195
-
axial ................ - + 22.6 -
equatorial ............ - - + 26.4 - -
A r g y t a n ...................... -1 1.94 -.0506 - 12.95 -14.47 - 236
...................... - - - -12.7 -
Arsenic ....................... - - 13.56 - -
Bismuth, comm'l pressed wire.. . - - 97.0 -
pure ' ... - - 89.0 -
' crystal, axial ......... - - 65.0 -
" equatorial ..... - - 45.0 - -
Cadmium ...................... +2.63 + 3.48 + 4.75 - 62
fused ................ - - + 2.45
Calcium .......................
Cobalt ........................
-
-
- + 8.9-
- 22
Constantan .................... - - -19.3 -
C o q p r ........................ + 1.34 + 1.52 + 1.81 - 143
commercial ............ - + .10 -
' galvanoplastic ..........
Gallium ....................... -
-
-
+ 3.8
- .2
-
-
Gold .......................... +2.80 +.0101 + 3.0 + 3.30 [- 2771
Iron .......................... +17.15 -.0482 + 16.2 +14.74 + 356
'' pianoforte wire ............
commercial ...............
-
-
- + 17.5- -
" +12.10
............... - - - + 9.10
Lead ..........................
Magnesium .................... +
-
2.22
.oooo
--.0094
++ .oo
2.03
.oo
+ 1.75 + 236
-
"C cu Ag Au Pd Pt Fe Pb
-255 +.07 -.lo -1.20 + .75 +1.54 +.05 -1.06
-240 .45 +.37 - .05 2.10 3.60 1.40 -1.19
-220 .90 .39 + .24 3.40
3.48
5.24
5.40
4.80 -1.25
-200 .30 8.45 -1.29
-180 .30 2.14 4.36 11.5 -1.33
-160 .33 .54 3.02 14.0 -1.42
-140 .3f -1.06 1.72 15.8 -1.54
-120 .40 -2.52 .so 16.9 -1.67
-100 .44 .20 .44 -3.92 - .70 17.5 -1.79
- 80 .47
.. -5.27 -1.76 17.5 -1.92
- 60 .51 -6.52 -2.80 17.3 -2.05
- 40 .55 -7.80 -3.80 16.9 -2.17
- 20 .58 -9.05 -4.72 16.2 -2.29
0 .53 .21 .62 -10.32 -5.62 15.8 -2.42
+ 20 .56 .22 .65 -11.6 -6.56 15.3 -2.54
1'1 Borelius, Keesom, Johansson, Linde, Com. Phys. Lab. Leiden, No. 206, 1930.
"K cu AK Au Pa Pt Fe Ni co Pb
20 4-.59 $1.40 +2.S3 +1.9 f3.2 $1.3 ... ... ...
25 1.04 1.23 2.09 2.6 3.6 2.7 ... ... ...
30 1.22 .85 1.58 3.1 3.9 4.1 -4 5 - .2 .00
40 1.03 .24 .88 3.2 3.8 6.7 -5.4 - .3 -.04
50 .67 - .02 .45 2.5 2.7 9.0 -5.0 - .8 -.06
60 .18 - .17 .19 1.0 1.o 10.8 -4.5 -2.0 -.09
70 - .29 - .24 .07 -1.5 -1.1 11.9 -4.1 -3.7 -.12
80 - .46 - .25 .05 -4.6 -3.3 12.6 -4.0 -5.5 -.15
90 - .48 - .17 .17 -6.6 -5.1 12.9 -4.0 -7.0 -.18
100 - .45 - .03 .32 -7.8 -6.5 13.0 -4.5 -8.4 -20
110 - .37 + .12 .45 -8.7 -7.5 13.0 -5.3 -9.8 -.23
120 - .26 .25 .56 -9.3 -8.0 12.8 -6.4 -11.1 -26
130 - .13 .35 .66 -9.7 -8.2 12.2 -7.4 -12.4 -29
140 + .02 .44 .75 -10.1
-10.3
-8.2
-8.3
11.0
8.9
-8.3
-9.0
-13.5
-14.6
-.32
-.34
150 .17 .52 .83
160 .31 .59 .9 1 -10.6 -8.4 6.1 -9.7 -15.7 -.37
170 .46 .66 .99 -10.9 -8.5 2.6 -10.3 -16.7 -.40
180 .59 .72 1.06 -11.2 -8.7 - .2 -10.9 -17.6 -.42
200 .79 .84 1.19 -12.1 -9.1 -3.5 -12.1 -19.6 -.46
220 .96 .96 1.31 -13.3 -9.8 -4.5 -13.3 -21.5 -.49
240 1.10 1.08 1.43 -14 6 -10.6 -4.8 -14.5 -23.4 -9
260 1.24 1.20 1.54 -15.8 -11.4 -5.2 -15.7 -25.4 -274
280 1.38 1.32 1.66 -17.0 -12.3 -5 6 ... ... -55
300 +1.52 +1.44 +1.77 -18.2 -13.2 -5.9 ... ... -.57
T A B L E 382.-T H E RM 0 E L E C T R I C E F F E C T S ; P R ESSU R E E F F E C T S
The following values of the thermoelectric effects under various pressures are taken from
Bridgman. A positive emf means that the current at the hot junction flows from the uncom-
pressed to the compressed metal. The cold junction is always at 0°C. The last two columns give
the constants in the equation E =thermoelectric force aqainst lead (0" to 100°C) = ( A t Bt') +
X lo-" volts; a t atmospheric pressure, a positive emf meaning that the current flows from lead to
the metal under consideration at the hot junction.
-
2000 4000 8000 12,000
Formula
Temperature, "C coefficients
I
Metal 50" 100' 50' 100" 50" 1000 20" 50" 1000 ' A B
Bi .......... 185,000 255,000 425,000 185,000 452,000 710,000 -74.42 f.0160
Zn . . . . . ....
. 28500 26100 58,100 14,400 38,500 87,400 +3.047 --.00495
TI . . . . . . . . . . 20:290 17:170 37,630 8,780 23,750 52,460 +1.659 -.OO 134'
Cd . . . . . . . . . . 14,380 10,960 28,740 6,680 19,180 45,560 +12.002 +.1619
Constantan . . 11,810 11,530 23,790 6,750 17,200 35,470 -34.76 --.0397
Pd . . . . . . . . . . 8,800 8,630 17,690 5,090 12,970 26,520 -5.496 -.01760
Pt . . . . . . . . . . 7,310 7,370 14,350 3,880 11,030 21,570 -3.092 -.01334
w .. . . . . . . ., 4,990 4,690 10.120 2,700 7,050 15,140 +1.594 f.01705
Ni ..__...... 3,400 3,230 7,190 1,880 5,140 11,440 -17.61 -.0178
Ag . . . . .. . . . 3,720 3,350 7,190 +1,900 4,950 10,560 +2.556 +.00432b
Fe .......... 3,250 5,300 5,820 -990 220 7,680 +16.18 -.0089b
Pb . . . . . . .... 2,120 1,860 4,210 +880 281 6,330 - -
Au . . . ... . . . 2,051 1,791 3,974 +990 2,627 5.760 +2.899 +.00467e
cu .. . . .. . ,. 1,216 1,124 2,420 +596 1,616 3,546 +2.777 f.00483
A1 . . . . . . . . . . 294 32 929 -68 312 1,962 -.416 +.00008d
Mo . . . . . . . . . 278 375 555 +146 5 62 833 +5.892 +.02 1670
Sn . . . . . . . . . . +ins +70 +292 -182 +lo +390 +.230 --.00067
Manganin ... -452 -489 -894 -308 -719 -1,314 +1.366 +.000414f
MK ......... -362 --395 -791 -259 -648 -1,296 -.095 +.00004
. ......
c o . .. --692 -630 -1,360 -352 -937 -2,061 -17.32 -.0390
Metal
I
00 50' 1000 0'
Temperature "C
50"
-
1000 0" 50"
Temperature "C
100' 0' 50" 100'
Bi ..........
.......... +lo70 +I210 - +25W +2810 - +llSO +650 -520 -405 -
Zn
TI ..........
+98 4-140 3.190
+95 +124
+190 +278 $412
$:! +48
+28
+56
+26
+63
+79
+133 +220
+63 +SO
+66 +I12 4-17] 4-229
Cd ..........
Constantan .. +19
4-46
+71 4-118
4-57 +70
+81 4-148
4-90 f114
4-221
+I40
+lo9
+S
+74
+6
+63
+6
+lo5
f13
+92
+14
4-93
4-17
Pd ..........
Pt .......... +35
+23
4-43 +52
+37 4-35
+68
+45
+86
+76
+lo3
4-65 -$ +-'4-76 -% +' +9
+17
+8
+59
w .......... 4-17 4-25 +32
Ni .......... 3-11 4-17 +23
+36
+24
+49
+37
+6S
+so
+8
+9 4-7
+6
+8
'
+ "9" +16
+14
+15
+20
4-10
Ag ......... +34 +44 +4 +5 +6 4-7 +8 +lo
Fe ..........
Pb ..........
-38 +38 +36 +79 +SS -121 -347 +lZO -194
4-10 +16 4-14 +20 +30 +2 +6 $10 +6 +8 +20
A u ......... 4-10 +14 +13 +18 +25 +4 +4 +5 +6 +6 4-7
c u ......... 4-4 +6 +la
A1 ..........
Mo
Sn
.........
.......... 2: +2 -11 -2
Manganin ...
Mg ......... -2
-16
-2
-18
-2
-a1
-4
-35
-4
-42
+2
4 8
-4 +;+6 +A 4-0
+o"-1 +29
+o" +A +;
+2 -5
co .......... -23 -33 -44 -46 -67 -90 -14 -11 -10 -20 -24 -28
T A B L E 385.-PELTIER EFFECT
The coefficient of Peltier effect mav be calculated from the constants A and R of Table
377, as there shown. With Q (see Table 377) in microvolts per "C and T = absolute tem-
perature ( K ) , the coefficient of Peltier effect = -
QT cal per coulomb =O.O0086 QT cal
42
per ampere-hour = QT/1000 millivolts (= millijoules per coulomb). Experimental results,
expressed in slightly different units are here given. The figures are for the heat produc-
tion at a junction of copper and the metal named in calories per ampere-hour. The current
flowing from copper to the metal named, a positive sign indicates a warming of the
junction.
Substance
1r:n ............... pure,
Remarks
soft
Tempera-
tye
C
+ 98.5
Microhm-
17.8
cm n500 +.0147
............ 'I "
196.1 21.5 1000
-
+.0050
-
............ ... " "
400 43.3
............ electrolytic 0 10.0
............ 100 14.41
Le;d ........... ... _- 20 22
........... ...
' ........... ... cs!d pre:sed -183 6.02
- 78 14.1
0 19.8
........... + 90.4 28
........... ... __
196.1 36.9
........... ... 318 94
Lithium ........ solid -187 1.34
'
~~
- _-
1'
........ ... liquid __ 230 45.2
Magnesium ..... ...
'
' ..... ... free from
..... ... " "
<: 20
-183
- 78
4.6 20
0
25
+.004
+.no38
"
........ "
,'
" t'
0
-+98.5
100
..... ... I.' "
500
'I
.. ... pure
_-
400
_-
11.9 600 +.0100
Manganese ..... ... 5.02
Manganin ...... ... 84 Cu, 12 Mn, 4 Ni 20 44 12
'I
' ......... -- 25
.. ... 100
"
......... 250 --.000052
1'
......... _- _-
475 --.OOOO00
"
......... __
500 -.OOoll
Meryry ........... 20 95.783 20 +.00089
' ........... solid
'
-183.5 6.97 0 +.OW88
........... -102.9 15.04
' ........... - 50.3 21.3 Rt = Ro(1
+
+
' ........... - 39.2 25.5 .00089t
........... liquid - 36.1 80.6 .ooOoOl t')
"
........... 0 __
........... 50 -
' ........... 100 -
........... 200. _-
........... 350 135.5 -
Molybdenum ....... very pure
__
0 5.14 25 +.0033
+.0034
100
....... __
--
-- 1000 + ,0048
Monel metal ....... 20 42 20 +.0020
Nichrome .......... __ 20 100 20 +.OW4
Nickel ............. __ 20 7.8 20 +.006
............. very pure 20 7.236 - -
............. pure -182.5 1.44 0 +.0062
............. - 78.2 4.31 25 +.0043
............. 'I
0 6.93 100 + ,0043
............. 94.9
__
11.1
__
500 +.0030
............. __ 1000 +.0037
Osmium ........... __ 20 9.5 - --
Pall+um ......... _- 20 11 20 +.0033
......... very pure -183 2.78 0
-
+.0035
--
......... I' ' I
- 78 7.17
-
......... " "
0 10.21
--
......... 'I 'I
98.5 13.79
Platinum .......... 0 9.83 +.003
.......... wire -203.1 2.44 +.0037
.......... - 97.5 6.87
.......... 0 10.96
.......... 100 14.85
"
.......... 400 26
(continued)
(R,m-Rfl)/ 100Rfl
Ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . .00667 95 Pt-
.. - . 5- R.h..
- .00215
Zn ~...... . .. ... .00419 90 Pt-10 Rh ,00169
Cd . . . . . . . . . . . . .00423 80 Pt-20 Rh .00140
P t . . . .. . ... . . .. ,003925 60 Pt-40 Rh ,00144
Rh . . . . . . . . . . . . .00436 40 Pt-60 Rh ,00194
20 Pt-80 Rh .00260
T A B L E 387.-SOME E L E M E N T S A R R A N G E D I N OR D ER O F I N C R E A S I N G
R E S I S T I V I T Y (ohm-cmxlO-a, 20°C)
Ag 1.468 Mn 5 2 Pd 10.21 Ga 53
cu
Au
A1
1.59
2.22
2.6
Mo
Zn
Ir
(y&
6.10
Pt
Rh
Sn
10.96
13
13
0s
2
56
94.07
110
Cr 2.6 I< 6.1 Ta 14.6 Graphite 8x10'
Ti 3.2 Ni 6.93 TI 17.6 Carbon 3x10'
Na 4.3 Cd 7.04 Cs 19 Te 2X10'
Ca 4.3 In 8.37 Ph 20.4 P 10"
Mg 4.35 Li 8.55 Sr (23.5) B 8X10"
Rh 4.69 Fe 8.8 As 35 Se 10'"
W 5 co 9 Sb 39 S 1017
T:mp.
C .5 1.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 40.0 80.0 100.0
0 .oo .oo .oo .oo .oo .00 .oo .oo
100 +.I0 +.I8 +.54 +.64 +.63 +.65 +.62 +.70
200 20 .37 1.16 1.43 1.44 1.52 1.49 1.61
300 29 .57 1.82 2.32 2.40 2.55 2.55 2.68
400 .39 .76 2.49 3.25 3.47 3.70 3.77 3.91
500 .48 .94 3.17 4.22 4.63 4.97 5.12 5.28
600 .58 1.12 3.86 5.22 5.87 6.36 6.60 6.77
700 .67 1.30 4.55 6.26 7.20 7.85 8.20 8.40
800 .76 1.48 5.25 7.33 8.59 9.45 9.92 10.16
900 .85 1.66 5.96 8.43 10.06 11.16 11.76 12.04
1000 .94 1.84 6.68 9.57 11.58 12.98 13.73 14.05
1100 1.03 2.02 7.42 10.74 13.17 14.90 15.81 16 18
1200 1.13 2.20 8.16 11.93 14.84 16.91 17.99 18.42
T A B L E 389.-EFFECT O F T E N S I O N ON T H E RESISTANCE OF M E T A L S
Li Ca Sr Sb Bi Manganin Co
Recip. Young's
mod. X 10' . . . . . . 20 4.75 7.5 1.25 4.2 .72 .5
Poisson ratio . . . . . . .42 .30 .36 .30 ? .37 .33 .30
Tens. coef. spec.
resist. x 10" . . . . .+11 +.8 -21.2 +3.0 -3.65 -.60 +.I9
'WBridgman, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 72, p. 174, 1938.
Zinc
Axis 87" Axis 17"
Lithium Calcium Strontium Barium to length tolength
R/Ro R/Ro
'R/R. R/R.' R/R(O,300) R/R(O, 30') R / R ( @ , 30") (0, 30 ) (0,3@1
Pressure (0. 30 ) (0, 75 ) h
kg/cm2 30°C 75°C 30 c 75 c 30°C 75°C
0 -_ __ 1.0000 1.1688 1.0000 1.0974 1.0000 1.156 1,0000 1.1627 1.0000 1.1650
2.500 1.0175 1.0172 1.0237 1.1922 1.1141 1.2140 .98? 1.130 .9868 1.1488 .9758 1.1352
$000 1.0354 1.0351 1.0490 1.2187 1.2448 1.3451 ,971 1.114 ,9744 1.1355 ,9525 1.1062
7,500 1.0539 1.0537 1.0764 1.2485 1.3922 1.4908 ,967 1.107 ,9638 1.1228 .9300 1.0809
10,OOO 1.0727 1.0730 1.1069 1.2816 1.5562 1.6510 .970 1.106 ,9518 1.1107 ,9081 1.0562
12,500 1.0920 1.0928 1.1407 1.3178 1.7364 1.8258 ,976 1.108 .9416 1.0991 .8882 1.0325
15,000 1.1117 1.1131 1.1772 1.3571 1.9333 2.0153 ,984 1.113 .9321 1.0880 ,8686 1.0103
17,500 1.1318 1.1339 1.2164 1.3998 2.1467 2.2195 .995 1.123 ,9233 1.0776 .8500 .9890
20,000 1.1524 1.1553 1.2582 1.4460 2.3767 2.4377 1.008 1.140 ,9150 1.0677 ,8321 ,9687
22.500 1.1735 1.1770 1.3025 1.4959 2.6273 2.6703 1.025 1.161 ,9072 1.0582 ,8153 ,9495
25:OOO 1.1919 1.1992 1.3491 1.5485 2.8905 2.9187 1.044 1.184 ,8998 1.0498 ,7990 .9310
27:SOO 1.2169 1.2221 1.3983 1.6033 3.1695 3.1805 1.066 1.211 ,8926 1.0420 .7835 ,9129
-
30,000 1.2394 1.2453 1.4500 1.6603 3.4665 3.4585 1.092 1.241 ,8855 _- .7687 .8959
Potassium Cesium
R/R(O, 30') R/R(O, 30")
Pressure R/R(O,
Sodium
30") Rubidium
kg/cm2 30" 750 R/R(O, 30")
n 1.nnnn __ 1.0030 __ 1.om0 1.oo00
2,500 .664 __ ,807 -- A529 .615
5.000 .491 .615 .812 1.046 ,7537 ,471
7:500 .378 .467 ,884 1.117 ,6762 ,407
1o:ooo .303 ,372 1.005 1.260 ,6171 .371
12,500 253 ,310 ,5708 .354
15,000 219 ,269 ,5341 ,350
17.500 .197 242 SO49 ,358
2o;ooo .1821 ,224 .4813 .376
22,500 -_ __ ,4619 .404
25,000 .1719 .216 ,4456 ,447
27,500 -- _- ,4324 ,504
30,000 .1778 __ _- 4.509 .4223 .57G
3
'
1 Nat. Bur. Standardz Journ. Res., vol. 5, p. 1291, 1930.
XI00
14413ridgman. P. W., Proc. Anier. .\cad. A r t s and Sci., vol. 67, p. 342, 1932.
t Maximum pressure 4300.
$ On a less pure sample.
T A B L E 394.-RESISTIVITY O F M E R C U R Y A N D MA N GA N IIN U N D E R P R E S S U R E
Pressure, kg/cmz - 500 1003 1500 2000 2500 3000 4000 5000 6000 6500
K (p , -75 ') Hg . . .91S6 .9055 3930 .8818 ,8714 .8582 3478 3268 ,8076 ,7896 .7807
R(p, 25") Hg . . . . 1.OOOO ,9836 .9682 ,9535 .9394 ,9258 .9128 ,8882 ,8652 3438 3335
* Hg . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0030 ,9854 .9716 .9588 .9462 .9342 ,9228 ,9010 .8806 3616 ,8527
K(p, 125") H g . . . 1.0970 1.0770 1.0583 1.0400 1.0230 1.0070 ,9908 .9614 ,9342 .9086 .8966
This line gives the specific mass resistance at 25" the other lines, the specific volume resistance.
T h e use of mercury as ahove has the advantage of bklng perfectly reproducible so that at any time a pressure
can be measured without recourse to a fundamental standard. However. a t 0°C mercury freezes a t 7500 kg/cmz.
Manganin is suitahle over a much wider ranKe. Over a temperature range 0 to 50°C the pressure resistance
relation is linear within %o percent of the change of resistance u p to 13.000 kg/cmz. T h e coefficient varies
slightly with the saniple. Gridgmau's samples (German) had values of ( A R / b R " ) x 109 from 2295 to 2325.
These a r e +
instead of -, a s with most of the ahove metals.
T A B L E 396.-CON DUCT1V l T Y A N D R E S l S T l V l T Y O F M I S C E L L A N E O U S A L L O Y S
Temperature coefficients
Conductivity in mhos or
1
ohms-crn
= y * = yO(l- at
~ + b t 2 ) and resistivity in microhm - cm
=pt =p0(1 + a t - ht2).
YO
Metals and alloys Composition by weight 10' a X 100
+ 16.5 Cu + 15.2 Ag
PO
Weight % Volume %
of first named -
C"
10' a X 1P b X 109
Alloys
SnsPb ........,......... 77.04 83.96 7.57 3890 8670
S a C d ............ ..... 82.41 83.10 9% 4080
~~. 11870
SnZn ... ............... 78.06 77.71 10.56 3880 8720
FbSn . . . . . ... . ... ..... 64.13 53.41 6.40 3780 8420
ZnCdl . . ............... 24.76 26.06 16.16 3780 8000
SnCd, ................. 23.05 23.50 13.67 3850 9410
CdPb, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
. 7.37 10.57 5.78 3500 7270
Part 2
Volume % Weight 5%
Alloys I
of first'named -
C"
104 a x 100 b X loo
Lead-silver (PhoAg) . .. 95.05 94.64 5.60 _3630
___ 7960
Lead-silver (PbAg) . . 48.97.. 46.90 8.03 1960 3100
Lead-silver (PbAgr) . 32.44 .. 30.64 13.80 1990 2600
Tin-g:!d (Sn12Au) . ... . 77.94 90.32 5.20 3080 6640
(SnaAu) . .. ... 59.54 79.54 3.03 2920 6300
Tin-coppr . . . ... . ... ... 92.24 93.57 7.59 3680 8130
. . ... . . . . .. . . 80.58 83.60 8.05 3330 6840
"
............. 12.49
I'
14.91 5.57 547 294
"
............. 10.30
I'
12.35 6.41 666 1185
" "
. . .. ... . ..... 9.67 11.61 7.64 691 304
"
. . . . .. .. ..... 4.%
'I
6.02 12.44 995 705
" I'
............. 1.15 1.41 39.41 2670 5070
Tin-silver . . . . . .. . . ... . 91.30 96.52 7.81 3820 8190
'> "
. . . . . .. ... . .. 53.85 75.51 8.65 3770 8550
Zinc-copper . . . . . ... .... 36.70 42.06 13.75 1370 1340
. . . . . .. . ....
" 25.00 29.45 13.70
............ 16.53 23.61 13.44
. .. .........
I'
"
" 8.89 10.88 29.61
' " ............ 4.06 5.03 38.09
NoTE.-Barus has pointed out that the temperature variation of platinum alloys contain-
ing less than 10% of the other metal can be nearly expressed by an equation y =? -fi:,
z
where y is the temperature coefficient and x the specific resistance, m and n being constants.
If a be the temperature coefficient at 0°C and s the corresponding specific resistance,
s(a +
m ) =n
For platinum alloys Barus's experiments gave nt = -.000194 and n = .0378.
For steel in = -.U00303 and n = ,0620.
Matthiessen's experiments reduced by Barus gave for
Gold alloys m = -.000045, n = .00721.
Silver
Copper
::
m = -.000112, n = .00538.
m = -.000386, n = .00055.
(cn?tt;?tlled)
-
sarily fit because of different samples of metals. Resistivities are in microhm-cm unless other-
wise stated. Italicized figures indicate liquid state.
"C PI
PI
-
Po "C P,
-pt
Po
-258.6 ,009 .0057 -252.9 ,0511 ,0089
-252.8 .014 ,0090 -200. 1.39 242
-189.5 ,334 .222 -191.1 1.23 ,214
-200. .357 .237 -150. 2.00 .348
-150. .638 .424 -100. 2.90 .SO4
-100. ,916 ,608 - 77.8 3.97 ,691
- 76.8 1.040 .690 - 50. 4.04 .703
- 50. 1.212 ,805 0. 5.75 1.00
0. 1.506 1.00 100. 7.95 1.38
100. 2.15 1.43 300. 13.25 2.30
200. 2.80 1.86 415. 17.00 2.96
500. 5.08 3.22 400. 3.46 2.30 427. 37.30 6.49
750. 7.03 4.46 750. 6.65 4.42 450. 37.08 6.46
1000. 9.42 5.97 960. 8.4 5.58 500. 36.60 6.36
1083. 10.20 6.47 960. 16.6 11.0 600. 35.90 6.25
1083. 21.30 13.5 1000. 17.01 11.3 700. 35.60 6.19
1200. 22.30 14.1 1200. 19.36 12.9 800. 35.60 6.19
1400. 23.86 15.1 1400. 21.72 14.4 850. 35.74 6.21
1500. 24.62 15.6 1500. 23.0 15.3
Mercury Potassium Sodium I ron
V - P
-
pt PI
- PI
-
"C PI Po "C P, Po "C PI Po
-200. 5.38 .057 -200. 1.720 ,246 -200. ,605 ,137 -252.7 .011 .0010
-150. 10.30 .I09 -150. 2.654 ,379 -150. 1.455 ,330 -200. .57 .053
-100. 15.42 .I64 --loo. 3.724 ,532 -100. 2.380 .541 -192.5 ,844 ,079
- 50. 21.4 .227 - 50. 5.124 ,732 - 50. 3.365 ,764 -100. 5.92 .554
- 30. 91.7 .975 0. 7.000 1.00 0. 4.40 1.000 - 75.1 6.43 .602
0. 9 4 . 1 1.000 20. 7.116 1.016 20. 4.873 1.107 - 50. 8.15 ,763
50. 98.3 1.045 60. 8.790 1.256 93.5 6.290 1.429 - 0. 10.68 1.00
100. 103.1 1.096 65. 13.40 1.914 100. 9.220 2.095 100. 16.61 1.554
200. 114.0 1.212 100. 15.31 2.187 120. 9.724 2.209 200. 24.50 2.293
300. 127.0 1.350 120. 16.70 2.386 140. 10.34 2.349 400. 43.29 4.052
Manganin German silver Constantan 90%, Pt 10% R h
A I P
-pt
"C Pt
Pt
-
Pa "C P,
PI
-
Po "C
PI
-
Po
'C P. Pn PI
-200. 37.8 ...974. -200. 27.9 ,930 -200. 42.4 ,961 -200. 14.49 ,685
-150. 38.2 ,985 -150. 28.7 .957 --150. 43.0 ,975 -150. 16.29 .770
-100. 38.5 ,992 -108. 29.3 .977 -100. 43.5 ,986 -100. 18.05 .854
- 50. 38.7 ,997 -- 50. 29.7 .990 - 50. 43.9 ,995 - 50. 19.66 .930
0. 38.8 1.000 0. .30.0 1.000 0. 44.1 1.000 0. 21.14 1.000
inn.
... 38.9 1.003 100. 33.1 1.103 100. 44.6 1.012 100. 24.20 1.145
400. 38.3 ,987 400. 44.8 1.016
(continued)
-
pt
Cadmium
- P:
"C P: Po "C P: PO
Tin
Carbon, graphite Alundum cement
Fused silica
p:
- p in ohms-crn F p i n o h cm
mr:
"C P: Po "C p = niegohmsan
-zoo. 2.60 ,199 15. > 200,000,000. 20. >9X10a
-100. 7.57 ,580 230. 20,000,000. 800. 30800.
0. 13.05 1.00 300. 2oo.ono. 900. 13600.
200. 20.30 1.55 350. 30.000. 1000. 7600.
225. 22.00 1.69 450. m. 1100. 6500.
235. 47.60 3.65 700. 30. 1200. 2300.
750. 61.22 4.69 850. about 20. 1600. 190.
T A B L E 399.-SUPERCONDUCTIVITY O F SOME M E T A L S
NhC . . . . . . . 10.1"K Ph-As alloy. 8.4"K PhS ....... 4.1"K W,C . . . . . . . 2.05"K
TaC ....... 9.2 MoC . . . . . . . 7.7 Hg5T17. . . . . 3.8 AulBi . . . . . . 1.84
Ph-As-Bi .. 9.0 NiPh ..... 7.2 ZrR . . . . . . . 2.82 CuS ....... 1.6
Ph-Ri-Sh .. 8.9 BioTI, . . . . . . 6.5 WC . . . . . . . 2.8 T i N ....... 1.4
P b S n - B i .. 8.5 ShzTIT . . . . . 5.5 MozC . . . . . . 2.4 V N ........ 1.3
TaSi ....... 4.2 T i c ........ 1.1
Resistivity Resistivity
Igneous rocks ohm-cm Sedimentary rocks ohm-cm
Granite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107-1 09 Limestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10'
Lava flow (basic) . . . . . . . . . . . 108-10' Limestone, Cambrian . . . . . . . 104-106
Lava, fresh . .... . ... . ..... .. 3 x 106-10' Sandstone, eastern . . . . . . . . . . 3 X 10x-10
'
Quartz vein, massive . . . . . . . . >I00 Sandstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Limestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1O6
106
Resistivity
Metamorphic rocks ohm-cm Resistivity
Marble, white ... ........... 1O'O Unconsolidated materials ohm-cm
Marble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4x10' Clay, blue . ... ... .......... 2x10'
Marble, yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . loio Clayey earth . .............. 10'-4X 10'
Schist, mica . ... ... ... . . ... . 107 Clay, fire ... . .... .... ... . .. 2x105
Shale, Nonesuch . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Gravel . , . . . . .. . . .. . , ,. , . ..
Sand, dry . ... .... ... .......
1O6
Shale, bed .............. ... 106 1O6-l0'
Sand, moist ... ............. 105-100
*For reference, see footnote 4 5 , p. 136.
T A B L E 406.-RESISTIVITY OF S O M E GLASSES A T T H R E E
TEM PE RATURES
Log 10
Volume resistivity
(ohm-cm)
/-
Glass Principal use Density 25°C 250°C 350°C
Potash soda lead ...... Lamp tubing 2.85 17.+ 8.9 7.0
Soda lime ............ Lamp bulbs 2.47 12.4 6.4 5.1
Potash soda lead ...... Lamp tubing 3.05 17.+ 10.1 8.0
H a r d Lime ........... Cooking utensils 2.53 17.+ 11.4 9.4
Borosilicate ........... Kovar sealing 2.28 17. 9.2 7.4
Borosilicate ........... Low loss electrical 2.13 17.+ 11.2 9.1
Borosilicate ........... Baking ware 2.24 15. 8.2 6.7
Pyrex ................ General 2.23 15. 8.1 6.6
Vycor ................ Low expansion ultra-
violet transmission 2.18 17.+ 11.2 9.2
Fused quartz .......... 2.20 10.48
1" Corning Glass Co. publication, Properties of selected commercial glasses, 1949. General Electric
Co. publication, Fused quartz, 1947.
This short table illustrates the apparent law that the conductivity in very dilute solutions
is proportional to the amount of salt dissolved.
Temp. Temp.
Salt dissolved g per 1 m " C Density Salt dissolved g per 1 m "C Density
KCI ........ 74.59 1.o 15.2 1.0457 4KeSOA
. . . . . ........ . 87.16 1.o 18.9 1.0658
NHICl ...... 53.55 1.OM9 18.6 1.0152 i N a S O , .... 71109 i ,0003 18.6 1.0602
NaCl ....... 58.50 1.o 18.4 1.0391 fLizSO4 ..... 55.09 1.0007 186 1.0445
LiCl ........ 42.48 1.0 18.4 1.0227 fMgSO, . . . . 60.17 1.0023 186 1.0573
fBaC12 ...... 104.0 1.o 18.6 1.0888 fZnS04 ..... 80.58 1.o 5.3 1.0794
fZnCL ...... 68.0 1.012 15.0 1.0592 j c u s o 4 ..... 79.9 1.001 18.2 1.0776
K I ......... 165.9 1.o 18.6 1.1183 fKaC03 . . . . . 69.17 i.0006 18.3 1.0576
KNOa ...... iOi.17 1.o 18.6 1.om1 +Na2C03 . . . . 53.04 1.o 17.9 1.0517
NaNOa ..... 85.08 1.o 18.7 1.0542 K O H ....... 56.27 1.0025 18.8 1.0477
AgN03 ..... 169.9 1.o HCI ........ 35.51 1.0041 18.6 1.0161
3Ba(NO& .. 65.28 .5 - -- HNO, ...... 63 13 1.0014 18.6 1.0318
KClOa ...... 6129 .5 18.3 1.0367 fHzSO, ..... 49.06 1.om 18.9 1.0300
KCaHaOa ... 98.18 1.oO05 18.6 1.0467
Salt dissolved .006 .002 .001 .0006 .0002 .0001 00006 .00002 .00001
fKZSO4 ............. 1130 1181 1207 1220 1241 1249 1254 126t 1275
KCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1162 1185 1193 1199 1209 1209 1212 1217 1216
K I ................. 1176 1197 1203 1209 1214 1216 1216 1216 1207
NHaCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1157 1180 1190 1197 1204 1209 1215 1209 1205
KNO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1140 1173 1180 1190 1199 1207 1220 1198 1215
fBaCI, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031 1074 1092 1102 1118 1126 1133 1144 1142
KCIO, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1068 1091 1101 1109 1119 1122 1126 1135 1141
4BaN.O . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982 1033 1054 1066 1084 1096 1100 1114 1114
$CuSOl . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740 873 950 987 1039 1062 1074 1084 1086
AgNO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033 1057 1068 1069 1077 1078 1077 1073 1080
fZnSO, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744 861 919 953 1001 1023 1032 1047 1060
3MgSOd . . . . . . . . . . . . 773 881 935 967 1015 1034 1036 1052 1056
$NazS04 . . . . . . . . . . . . 933 980 998 1009 1026 1034 1038 1056 1054
tZnCI2 .............. 939 979 994 1004 1020 1029 1031 1035 1036
NaCl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976 998 1008 1014 1018 1029 1027 1028 1024
NaNOt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921 942
... 952 956 966 975 970 972 975
KCzH. 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . 891 913 919 923 933 934 935 943 939
fNa2COI . . . . . . . . . . . . 956 1010 1037 1046 988 874 790 715 697*
3H.SO. ............. 3001 3240 3316 3342 3280 31 18 2927 2077 1413*
GH.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 283 380 470 796 995 1133 1328 1304*
HCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3438 3455 3455 3440 3310 3170 2968 2057 1254.
HNO, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3121 3448 3127 3408 3285 3088 2863 1904 1144*
fHaPO, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858 945 968 977 920 837 746 497 402*
KOH ............... 2141 2140 2110 2074 1892 1689 1474 845 747*
NH, ................ 116 190 260 330 500 610 690 700 560*
Acids and alkaline salts show peculiar irregularities.
Hydrogen.ion H ydrogen-ion
Ioniza- concentration
..~ ~~ ~~~ Ioniza-
. concentration
......................
tion in pure water tion in pure water
Tempera- Percentage constant Equivalents Tempera- Percentage constant Equivalents
ture hydrolysis of water per liter ture hydrolysis of water per liter
t loo,, K, x 101' C, x 107 t 100, K, X 101' C,x 101
0°C .089 .30 .lOO"C 4.8 48. 6.9
18 .45 .68 156 18.6 223. 14.9
25 .82 .91 218 52.7 461. 21.5
306 91.5 168. 13.0
The electrochemical equivalent for silver is 0.00111810 g sec-’ amp-’. For other elements
the electrochemical equivalent = (atomic weight divided by change of valency) and this
divided by 96487.7 coulomb/g-atom .
The following wire tables are abridged from those prepared by the Bureau of Standards
at the request and with the cooperation of the Standards Committee of the American
Institute of Electrical Engineers. The standard of copper resistance used is "The Inter-
national Annealed Copper Standard" as adopted Scptember 5, 1913, by the International
Electrotechnical Commission and represents the average commercial high-conductivity
copper for the purpose of electric conductors. This standard corresponds to a conductivity
of 58X10-6emu, and a density of 8.89, at 20°C. In the various units of mass resistivity and
volume resistivity this may be stated as
0.15328 ohm (m, g ) a t 20°C
875.20 ohms (mi, Ib) at 20°C
1.7241 microhm-cm at 20°C
0.67879 microhm-in. a t 20°C
10.371 ohms (mil, ft) at 20°C
The temperature coefficient for this particular resistivity is aZo= 0.00393, or cro = 0.00427.
The temperature coefficient of copper is proportional to the conductivity, so that where the
conductivity is known the temperature coefficient may be calculated, and vice versa. Thus
the next table shows the temperature coefficients of copper having various percentages of
the standard conductivity. A consequence of this relation is that the change of resistivity
per degree is constant, independent of the sample of copper and independent of the tem-
perature of reference. This resistivity-temperature constant, for volume resistivity and
Centigrade degrees, is 0.00681 microhm-cm, and for mass resistiyity is 0.000597 ohm (m, g).
The density of 8.89 g per cm3 at 2O"C, is equivalent to 0.32117 Ib per in?
The values in the following tables are for annealed copper of standard resistivity. The
user of the tables must apply the proper correction for copper of other resistivity. Hard-
drawn copper may be taken as about 2.7 percent higher resistivity than annealed copper.
The following is a fair average of the chemical content of commercial high conductivity
copper :
Copper ........ 99.91%
Silver ......... .03
Oxygen ........ .052 Nickel . . . . . . . . . trace
Arsenic ........ .002 Lead ..........
Antimony ...... .002 Zinc ...........
The following values are consistent with the data above :
Conductivity a t O"C, in emu.. ...... ......... 62.969 x 10"
Resistivity at O"C, in microhm-cm . . ......... 1.5881
Density at 0°C .................... 8.90
Coefficient of linear expansion per degree C .000017
"Constant mass" temperature coefficient
of resistance at 0°C ............................ .00427
The aluminum tables are based on a figure for the conductivity published by the National
Bureau of Standards, which is the result of many thousands of determinations by the
Aluminum Co. of America. A volume resistivity of 2.828 microhm-cm and a density of
2.70 may be considered to be good average values for commercial hard-drawn aluminum.
These values give :
Conductivity at 0°C in emu.. ..................... 38.36 X lo-'
MZIS resistivity, if oh'ys (m, g ) a t 20°C ........... .0764
(mi, lb) at 20°C.. ........ 436.
Mass percent conductivity relative to copper . 200.7%
Volume resistivity, in microhm-cm at 20°C . 2.828
" in microhm-in. at 20°C ........ 1.113
Volume percent conductivity relative to copper.. .... 61.0%
Density, in g/cm* ............................... 2.70
Density, in Ib/in? ............................... .0975
The average chemical content of commercial aluminum wire is
Aluminum ..................................... 99.57%
Silicon .......................................... .29
Iron ........................................... .14
T A B L E 418.-TEMPERATURE C O E F F I C I E N T S O F COPPER F O R D I F F E R E N T
I N I T I A L TEMPERATURES (CENTIGRADE) A N D DIFFERENT
CONDUCTIVITIES
Ohms
(m, g ) Percent
at 20°C conductivity a. Qi6 am Qm am QW
Factors to reduce
resistance to 20°C
A
S U ~ u I N l A NPHYSICAL TABLES
409
T A B L E 420.-WIRE T A B L E , S T A N D A R D A N N E A L E D C O P P E R (continued)
American wire gage (B. & S.)
ft/ohm
Diameter
Gage in mils. 0°C 20°C 50°C 75°C
No. at 20°C lb/(1000ft) ft/lb (= 32°F) (= 68°F) (= 122'F) (= 167'F)
0000 460.0 640.5 1.561 22 140. 20 400. 18 250. 16 780.
000 409.6 507.9 1.968 17 560. 16 180. 14 470. 13 300.
00 364.8 402.8 2.482 13 930. 12 830. 11480. 10 550.
0 324.9 319.5 3.130 11 040. 10 180. 9103. 8367.
1 289.3 253.3 3.947 8758. 8070. 7219. 6636.
2 257.6 200.9 4.977 6946. 6400. 5725. 5262.
3 229.4 159.3 6.276 5508. 5075. 4540. 4173.
4 204.3 126.4 7.914 4368. 4025. 3600. 3309.
5 181.9 100.2 9.980 3464. 3192. 2855. 2625.
6 162.0 79.46 12.58 2747. 2531. 2264. 2081.
7 144.3 63.02 15.87 2179. 2007. 17%. 1651.
8 128.5 49.98 20.01 1728. 1592. 1424. 1309.
9 114.4 39.63 25.23 1370. 1262. 1129. 1038.
10 101.9 31.43 31.82 1087. 1001. 895.6 823.2
11 90.74 24.92 40.12 861.7 794.0 710.2 652.8
12 80.81 19.77 50.59 683.3 629.6 563.2 517.7
13 71.96 15.68 63.80 541.9 499.3 446.7 410.6
14 64.08 12.43 80.44 429.8 396.0 354.2 325.6
15 57.07 9.858 101.4 340.8 314.0 280.9 258.2
16 50.82 7.818 127.9 270.3 249.0 222.8 204.8
17 45.26 6.200 161.3 214.3 197.5 176.7 162.4
18 40.30 4.91 7 203.4 170.0 156.6 140.1 128.8
19 35.89 3.899 256.5 134.8 124.2 111.1 102.1
20 31.96 3.092 323.4 106.9 98.50 88.1 1 80.99
21 28.46 2.452 407.8 84.78 78.1 1 69.87 64.23
22 25.35 1.945 514.2 67.23 6 1.95 55.41 50.94
23 22.57 1.542 648.4 53.32 49.13 43.94 40.39
24 20.10 1.223 817.7 42.28 38.96 34.85 32.03
25 17.90 .9699 1031. 33.53 30.90 27.64 25.40
26 15.94 .7692 1300. 26.59 24.50 21.92 20.15
27 14.20 .6100 1639. 21.09 19.43 17.38 15.98
28 12.64 .4837 2067. 16.72 15.41 13.78 12.67
29 11.26 .3836 2607. 13.26 12.22 10.93 10.05
30 10.03 ,3042 3287. 10.52 9.691 8.669 7.968
31 8.928 .2413 4145. 8.341 7.685 6.875 6.319
32 7.950 .1913 5227. 6.614 6.095 5.452 5.011
33 7.080 .1517 6591. 5.245 4.833 4.323 3.974
34 6.305 ,1203 8310 4.160 3.833 3.429 3.152
35 5.615 .095 42 10 480. 3.299 3.040 2.719 2.499
36 5.000 .075 68 13 210. 2.616 2.411 2.156 1.982
37 4.453 .OGO 01 16 660. 2.075 1.912 1.710 1.572
38 3.965 .047 59 21 010. 1.645 1.516 1.356 1.247
39 3.531 .037 74 26 500. 1.305 1.202 1.075 .9886
40 3.145 ,029 93 33 410. 1.035 .9534 .8529 .784
(contiwed)
Cross section
Gage Diameter
No. in mils Circular mils in.2
-ohm
1000 f t
_Ih_
1000 f t Ib/ohm ft/ohm
0000 460. 212 OOO. .166 ,0804 195. 2420. 12 400.
000 410. 168 000. .132 .lo1 154. 1520. 9860.
00 365. 133 000. .lo5 .128 122. 957. 7820.
0 325. 106 000. ,0829 .161 97.0 602. 6200.
1 289. 83 700. .0657 .203 76.9 379. 4920.
2 258. 66 400. .0521 .256 61.O 238. 3900.
3 229. 52 600. .0413 .323 48.4 150. 3090.
4 204. 41 700. ,0328 ,408 38.4 94.2 2450.
5 182. 33 100. .0260 .514 30.4 59.2 1950.
6 162. 26 300. .0206 .648 24.1 37.2 1540.
7 144. 20 800. .0164 ,817 19.1 23.4 1220.
8 128. 16 500. .0130 1.03 15.2 14.7 970.
9 114. 13 100. .0103 1.30 12.0 9.26 770.
10 102. 10 400. .008 15 1.64 9.55 5.83 610.
11 91. 8230. .006 47 2.07 7.57 3.66 484.
12 81. 6530. .005 13 2.61 6.00 2.30 384.
13 72. 5180. ,004 07 3.29 4.76 1.45 304.
14 64. 4110. ,003 23 4.14 3.78 ,911 241.
15 57. 3260. .002 56 5.22 2.99 .573 191.
16 51. 2580. .002 03 6.59 2.37 .360 152.
17 45. 2050. ,001 61 8.31 1.88 .z7 120.
18 40. 1620. .00128 10.5 1.49 .143 95.5
19 36, 1290. .00101 13.2 1.18 .0897 75.7
20 32. 1020. .OOO 802 16.7 ..939 .0564 60.0
21 28.5 810. .OOO 636 21.0 .745 .0355 47.6
22 25.3 642. .000 505 26.5 .591 .0223 37.8
23 22.6 509. .ooo 400 33.4 .468 .0140 29.9
24 20.1 404. .OOO 3 17 42.1 ,371 .008 82 23.7
25 17.9 320. .OW252 53.1 .295 .005 55 18.8
26 15.9 254. ,000 200 67.0 ,234 .003 49 14.9
27 14.2 202. .OOO 158 84.4 .185 .002 19 11.8
28 12.6 160. .000 126 106. .147 .00138 9.39
29 11.3 127. .OOO 099 5 134. .117 .000 868 7.45
30 10.0 101. .OW 078 9 169. .0924 .000 546 5.91
31 8.9 79.7 ,000 062 6 213. .0733 .om 343 4.68
32 8.0 63.2 .OOO 049 6 269. .0581 .000216 3.72
33 7.1 50.1 .000 039 4 339. .0461 .000 136 2.95
34 6.3 39.8 .OOO 031 2 428. .0365 .000 085 4 2.34
35 5.6 31.5 ,000 024 8 540. .0290 .OW053 7 1.85
36 5.0 25.0 .OOO 019 6 681. .0230 .OOO 033 8 1.47
37 4.5 19.8 .OW015 6 858. .0182 .Ooo 021 2 1.17
38 4.0 15.7 .OOO 012 3 1080. .0145 .OOO 013 4 .924
39 3.5 12.5 .000 009 79 1360. .0115 .om 008 40 .733
40 3.1 9.9 .ooo 007 77 1720. .OO91 .ooo 005 28 ,581
p in microhm-cm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Diam.
Gage in Section Resistaoce of wire 1 m. long in ohms
No. mm mm2 , A
0000 11.7 107.2 .0,933 ,03187 .03280 ,03373 .03466 ,03560 .03653 .08746 .038401 .05933
00 9.27 67.43 ,03148 ,08297 ,03445 ,03593 ,08742 ,08890 .02104 ,02119 .02133 .02148
1 7.35 42.41 ,09236 .03472 ,09707 ,03943 .02118 ,02141 .Oa165 .02189 .%212 .0~236
3 5.83 26.67 ,03375 ,03750 .02112 .02150 .0z187 .02225 ,02262 .02300 .Ox337 ,02375
5 4.62 16.77 ,03596 ,02119 ,02179 .02239 ,02298 ,02358 .02417 ,02477 .02537 .0a596
7 3.66 10.55 ,03948 .02190 ,02284 .02379 .02474 ,02569 ,02664 ,02758 ,02853 .02948
9 2.91 6.634 .02151 .02301 .02452 .0z603 ,02754 ,02904 ,0106 ,0121 .0136 .0151
11 2.30 4.172 .02240 ,02479 .02719 .02959 ,0120 ,0144 ,0168 .0192 ,0216 ,0240
13 1.83 2.624 ,02381 .Oz762 ,0114 ,0152 ,0191 ,0229 .0267 ,0305 ,0343 .0381
15 1.45 1.650 .02606 ,0121 ,0182 ,0242 .0303 ,0364 .0424 ,0485 .0545 .0606
17 1.15 1.038 .On963 .0193 .0289 ,0385 .0482 .0578 .0674 ,0771 ,0867 ,0963
19 .912 .6527 .0153 ,0306 ,0460 .0613 ,0766 ,0919 .lo72 ,1226 .1379 ,1532
21 ,723 .4105 ,0244 ,0487 .0731 .0974 .1218 ,1462 ,1705 ,1949 .2192 ,2436
23 .573 2582 ,0387 ,0775 ,1162 ,1549 ,1936 ,2324 ,2711 ,3098 .3486 .3873
25 .455 .1624 ,0616 .1232 .la47 .2463 ,3079 ,3695 .4310 .4926 3542 .6158
27 .361 .lo21 ,0979 .I959 ,2938 ,3918 .4897 ,5877 ,6856 ,7835 .8815 ,9794
29 ,286 .0642 ,1557 .3114 ,4671 .6228 .7786 ,9343 1.090 1.246 1.401 1.557
31 ,227 .0404 .2476 ,4952 .7428 ,9904 1.238 ,486 1.733 1.981 2.223 2.476
33 ,180 .0254 ,3937 .7874 1.181 1.575 1.968 ,362 2.756 3.150 3.543 3.937
35 ,143 .0160 ,6262 1.252 1.879 2.505 3.131 ,757 4.383 5.009 5.636 6.262
37 .113 .0100 ,9950 1.990 2.985 3.980 4.975 ,970 6.965 7.960 8.955 9.950
39 .090 .0063 1.583 3.166 4.748 6.331 7.914 ,497 11.08 12.66 14.25 15.83
40 .080 .0050 1.996 3.992 5.988 7.984 9.980 I .98 13.97 15.97 17.96 19.96
-
T A B L E 425.-SAFE C U R R E N T - C A R R Y I N G C A P A C I T Y OF COPPER W I R E , FOR
D I F F E R E N T CONDITIONS, I N A M P E R E S P E R CONDUCTOR *
These values are for voltases in the range up to 5,000 or 7,000 and for 75 to 100 percent time load,
ambient temperature 30°C and copper temperature 75-80°C. Adapted from Publication No. P-29-226 of
the Insulated Power and Cable Engineers’ i\ssociation. For other values see these tables.
then the proximity factor is P=-,R and the resistance ratio2,R in the presence of the
Ri - RO K
disturbing conductor, is obtained from the resistance ratio when isolated by the rela-
RO
R Ri
tion 2 - P - Resistance ratio may be obtained in any case if the resistance ratio
Ro- Ro
when isolated is known, together with the value of the proximity factor.
Formulas for the high-frequency resistance ratio have been developed in only a few
simple (but important) cases, and even then very complicated formulas result. For prac-
tical work, tables are necessary for simplifying the calculations. The following tables cover
the most important cases.
Formulas have been derived for the high-frequency resistance ratio of single-layer coils
wound with round wire. Generally, these differ from one another and from measured
values, because simplifying assumptions are made which are not sufficiently realized in
practice. No tables of values for coils such as are met in practical radio work are available
As a rough guide, the high-frequency resistance ratio for a single-layer coil is often from
two to five times as great as the resistance ratio of the same wire stretched out straight
and carrying current of the given frequency. The experimental work available indicates
that this factor is due to the coiling of the wire, that is, the total proximity effect of the
turns of the coil is largely dependent upon the frequency and the ratio of wire diameter
to pitch of winding, and in lesser degree to the ratio of length to diameter.
.Prepared by F. W. Grover, Nat. Bur. Standards.
(continued)
V f X 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
F 1.000 1.000 1.0005 1.0025 1.008 1.019 1.038 1.069 1.114 1.173 1.247
V f x 100 120 140 160 180 200 250 300 350 400 500
F 1.247 1.427 1.631 1.836 2.036 2.231 2.715 3.201 3.688 4.176 5.152
;
- = 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.G5 0.06 0.07 o.on 0.09 0.10
0 1.000 1.om 1.ooo 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.ooo 1.000 1.000
50 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001
100 1.001 1.001 1.002 1.002 1.004 1.008 1.007 1.009 ... 1.014
150 1.001 1.003 1.006 1.011 1.017 1.024 1.033 1.044 1.056 1.070
200 1.002 1.008 1.019 1.034 1.053 1.076 1.104 1.134 1.167 1.204
250 1.005 1.020 1.046 1.081 1.125 1.176 1.233 1.296 1.365 1.440
300 1.011 1.042 1.095 1.163 1.25 1.34 1.44 1.55 1.65 1.75
350 1.020 1.076 1.167 1.285 1.42 1.56 1.70 1A 3 1.97 2.09
400 1.032 1.127 1.27 1.44 1.66 1.81 1.99 2.13 2.28 2.42
450 1.051 1.198 1.41 1.63 1.87 2.08 2.28 2.44 2.60 2.74
500 1.079 1.30 1.57 1.86 2.14 2.34 2.56 2.73 2.88 3.03
-t = 0.10 Solid
0.12 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
0 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.00F 1.000 1.000
50 1.001 1.001 1.002 1.004 1.006 1.008 1.012 1.015 1.017 1.019
100 1.014 1.021 1.032 1.063 1.094 1.132 1.175 1.202 1.224 1.247
150 1.070 1.102 1.155 1.266 1.39 1.51 1.60 1.68 1.71 1.733
200 1.204 1.294 1.42 1.65 1.845 1.995 2.095 2.15 2.20 2.231
250 1.44 1.585 1.79 2.11 2.32 2.45 2.536 2.64 2.68 2.715
300 1.75 1.94 2.19 2.51 2.735 2.90 3.03 3.12 3.17 3.201
350 2.09 2.33 2.57 2.90 3.15 3.35 3.495 3.59 3.66 3.688
400 2.42 2.66 2.92 3.27 3.58 3.80 3.96 4.07 4.14 4.176
450 2.74 3.00 3.27 3.66 4.00 4.25 4.43 4.55 4.63 4.664
500 3.03 3.33 3.62 4.07 4.42 4.69 4.90 5.03 5.12 5.152
(c .ontiwed)
Diameter of Frequency f=
wire in r A
FrequencytlV .... 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.5 2.0 3.0
Wavelength, m ..... 3003 1500 750 500 375 300 250 200 150 100
Material
Copper . . . . . . . . . .0356 .0251 .0177 .0145 .0125
Diameter in cm
Spark
length, R=O K = 0.25 R = 0.5 R=CO
cm Points cm cm R=lcm R=2cm R=3cm Plates
.02 1560 1530
.04 2460 2430 2340
.06 3300 3240 3060
.08 - - 4050 3990 3810
.1 372G 5010 4740 4560 4560 4500 4350
.2 4680 8610 8490 8490 8370 7770 7590
.3 5310 11140 11460 1i340 iii9O 10560
~.... 10650
.4 5970 14040 14310 14340 14250 13140 13560
.5 6300 15990 16950 17220 16650 16470 16320
.6 6840 17133 19740 20070 20070 19380 19110
.8 8070 18960 23790 24780 25830 26220 24960
1.o 8670 20670 26190 27810 29850 32760 30840
1.5 9960 22770 29970 37260
2.0 10140 24570 33060 45480
3.0 11250 28380
4.0 12210 29580
5.0 13050
T A B L E 430.-ALTERNATING-CURRENT P O T E N T I A L R E Q U I R E D T O PRO-
DUCE A SPARK I N AIR W I T H VARIOUS BALL ELECTRODES
The potentials given are the maxima of the alternating waves used. Frequency, 33
cycles per second.
Spark length
cm R=lcm R = 1.92 R=S R = 7.5 R=lO R=15
.08 3770
.10 4400 4380 4330 4290 4245 4230
.15 5990 5940 5830 5790 5800 5780
.20 7510 7440 7340 7250 7320 7330
.25 9045 8970 8850 8710 8760 8760
.30 10480 lo400 10270 10130 10180 10150
.35 11980 11890 11670 11570 11610 11590
.40 13360 13300 13100 12930 12980 12970
.45 14770 14700 14400 14290 14330 14320
.SO 16140 16070 15890 15640 15690 15690
.6 18700 18730 18550 18300 18350 18400
.7 21350 21380 21140 20980 20990 21000
.8 23820 24070 23740 23490 23540 23550
.9 26190 26640 26400 26130 26110 26090
1.o 28380 29170 28950 28770 28680 28610
1.2 32400 34100 33790 33660 33640 33620
1.4 35850 38850 38850 38580 38620 38580
1.6 38750 43400 43570 43250 43520
1.8 40900 48300 47900
2.0 42950 - 52400
! Steady potentials
d I
Cup electrodes
-5 &
R=
Ball electrodes
R=
Projection
Steady potentials
Ball electrodes
-? 1 cm 2.5 cm
, -A- ,
4.5 mm 1.5 mm
P R= R=
v1 1 cm 2.5 cm
.3 - - - 11280 6.0 61000 - 86830
.5 17610 17620 - 17420 7.0 - 52000 -
.7 - 23050 - 22950 8.0 67000 52400 90200
1.o 30240 31390 31400 31260 10.0 73000 74300 91930
1.2 33800 36810 - 36700 12.0 82600 - 93300
1.5 37930 44310 - 44510 14.0 92000 - 94400
2.0 42320 56000 56500 56530 15.0 - - 94700
2.5 45000 65 180 - 68720 16.0 101000 - 101000
3.0 46710 71200 80400 81140 20.0 119000
3.5 - 75300 - 92400 25.0 140600
4.0 49100 78600 101700 103800 30.0 165700
4.5 - 81540 - 114600 35.0 190900
5.0 50310 83800 - 126500
5.5 - - - 135700
Pressure,
cmHg 1 = 0.04 1 r 0.06 I = 0.08 I = 0.10 1 = 0.20 I = 0.30 I = 0.40 l = 0.50
2 - - - - 744 939 1110 1266
4 - 483 567 648 1015 1350 1645 1915
6 - 582 690 795 1290 1740 2140 2505
10 - 771 933 1090 1840 2450 3015 3580
15 - 1060 1280 1490 2460 3300 4080 4850
25 1110 1420 1725 2040 3500 4800 6000 7120
35 1375 1820 2220 2615 4505 6270 7870 9340
45 1640 2150 2660 3120 5475 7650 %20 11420
55 1820 2420 3025 3610 6375 8950 11290 13455
65 2040 2720 3400 4060 7245 10210 12950 15470
75 2255 3035 3805 4565 8200 11570 14650 17450
6'
';: Rubber ........
Vaseline .......
160-500
90-130
Thickness
1 .o 700 1.0 '' 160
C a y d a .1
1.o
1: 1500
snn
Sperm, mineral .2 '' 180 Xyfi1"??
.o 140
___ " 1
-.0
. " 85
_. 80
South America. 1500 " n a t y a l .2 " 195
Micanite ....... 400 1.0 '' 90
Turwntine .2 " 160
1.0 " 110
The dielectric constant of air at 76 cmHg and varying temperature may be calculated
since K - 1 is approximately proportional to the density. See Table 4.37.
Pressure Pressure
"C atm 'C atm
Air . . . . . . . . . . . 19' 20 1.0108 Air . . . . . . . . . . . 11 120 1.0579
........... 40 1.0218 ........... 140 1.0674
........... 60 1.0330 ........... 160 1.0760
........... 80 1.0439 ........... 180 1.0845
........... "
100 1.0548 COz . . . . . . . . . . 15 10 1.008
........... 11 20 1.0101 .......... ' 20 1.020
........... 40 i.oiW .......... 40
._ 1.060
........... ' 60 1.0294 NzO . . . . . . . . . . 15 10 1.010
........... 80 1.0387 'I
.......... ' 20 1.025
........... ' 100 1.0482 ' .......... 40 1.070
Wave- Wave-
TFmp. length, Dielectric T$mp. length, Dielectric
Substance C cm constant Substance C cm constant
Alcohol : Ethyl etter ...... 100 "
' 3.12
A z y l .......... frozen 00 2.4 ...... 140 2.66
.......... -100 30.1 'I "
...... 180 2.12
' .......... -50 "
23.0 Crit.
.......... 0 17.4 temp.
"
..........
.......... +::
.......... frozen
18
200
73
16.0
10.8
4.7
"
'I
...... 192
...... 18
Formic acid ...... +2
' 4
'I
83
73
1.53
4.35
19.0
Ethyl .......... co 2.7 (frozen)
.......... -120 "
54.6 ...... 15 " 1200 62.0
.......... -80 44.3 "
...... 16 I'
73 58.5
.......... -40 35.3 Glycerine ........ 15 1200 56.2
.......... 0 28.4 ........ 15 200 39.1
..........
.......... +;; 200
75
25.8
24.4
23.0
'I
........
........
........ 15
-
-
75
8.5
.4
25.4
4.4
2.6
.......... 53 20.6 Hexane .......... 17 00 1.880
.......... 4 8.8 Hydrogen perox-
..........
Metby1 ........ frozen co
.4 5.O
3.07
ide 46% in K O
Kerosene ........
} l8
-
75
-
84.7
.2
........ -100 58.0 Meta-xylene ..... 18 00 2 37
.......
........
-50
0
03 45.3
35.0
<I 6'
..... (frozen)
17 73 2.37
........ +20 31.2 Nitrobenzol ...... -10 00 9.9
........ 17 75 33.2 ...... -5 42.0
Prqpyl ........ -120 00 46.2 ...... 0 "
41.0
........ -60
........
........
0
33.7
24.8 ' ......
......
......
+:: "
"
' 37.8
35.1
Ac:tone
'I
........
......... -80
C' 75
00
22.2
12.3
33.8 Octane
......
..........
18
17
17
73
00
36.45
34.0
1.949
......... 0 ' 26.6 Oils :
......... 15 1200 21.85 Almond ....... 20 00 2.83
......... 17 73 20.7 Castor ......... 11 I
4.67
Acqjic aEid ...... 18 bo 9.7 Colza .......... 20 "
3.11
15 1200 10.3 Cottonseed ..... 14 "
3.10
I' "
...... 17 200 7.07 Lemon ........ 21 "
' 2.25
"
......
"
19 75 6.29 Linseed ........ 13 3.35
Amy1 acetate ..... 19 00 4.81 Neatsfoot ...... - "
3.02
Amylene ......... 16 2.20 Olive .......... 20 '1
3.11
Aniline .......... 18 00 7.316 Peanut ........ 11.4 "
3.03
Bey01 (beyene) . . 18 2.288 Petroleum ..... - 2000 2.13
.. 19 73 2.26 Petroleum ether. 20 00 1.92
Bromine ......... 23 84 3.18 Rape seed ...... 16 2.85
Carbon bis$fide . . 20 co 2.626 Sesame ........ 13.4 '1
3.02
.. 17 73 2.64 Sperm ......... 20 'I
3.17
ChlorEform ...... 18 00 5.2 Turpentine ..... 20 "
2.23
...... 17 73 4.95 Vaseline ....... - "
2.17
Decane .......... 14 00
' 1.97 Phenol .......... 48 73 9.68
Decylene ........
Et,$yl e t b y ......
......
17
-80
-40
00
2.24
7.05
5.67
To1:ene
'I
.........
.........
......... $; 0
73
' 2.51
2.33
2.31
...... 0 4.68 Water ........... 18 00 81.07
...... 18 4.368 (for temp. coeff, 17 200 80.6
...... 20 4.30 see Table 440.) 17 74 81.7
...... 60 "
3.65 17 38 83.6
E s
LE- 6%
T$mp. &B Dielectric Tfmp. $5 Dielectric
Substance C 3" constant Substance C constant
Air .............. -191 00 1.431
.............. 75 1.47-1.50 Nitrous oxide
Ammonia ........ -34
........ 14
75
I30
21-23
16.2
. NzO
.
-88
-5
a? 1.933
1.630
Ca;- diozide ., , -5 OCI
' 1.608 . +5 1.573
... 0 1.58, . +15 1.520
"
_ _ _ +in
... 6
+is 1.540 Oxygen .......... -182
' 1.491
"
... 1.52s .......... 1.465
Chlorine ......... -60 "
2.150 Sulfur dioEide ... 14.5 120 13.75
' ......... -20 ' 2.030 ... 20 a? 14.0
' ......... 0 1.970 ' ... 40 12.5
......... +I; 1.940 "
' . .. ..
. hn
..
"
10.8
"
......... 2.08 ... 80 9.2
'
+;:
"
......... 100 1.88 ' ... loo 7.8
Cyanogen ........ 84 2.52 ' ... 120 6.4
Hydrocyanic acid . 21 about 95 "
' ... 140 4.8
HydrEgen sul$de . 10 00 5.93 Critical .......... 154.2 2.1
50 4.92
' " . 90 3.76
Ebonite .......... -
00 2.72 44-46
.......... 2.86 ........ 5456
.......... - lo00 2.55 ........ 7476
Glass Density ........ 47.6"C 61 2.16
Flint ........ 56.2 61 2.25
(extra heavy). 4.5 00 9.90 Phosphorus :
Flint Yellow ........ 7s
.- 3.60
(very light). . 2.87 " 6.61 Solid .......... 80 4.1
Hard crown .... 2.48 " 6-96 Liquid ......... 80 3.85
Mirror ........ - 6.44-7.46 Porcelain :
........ - 5.37-5.90 Hard
........ - 600 5.42-6.20 (Royal B:l'n) . 00
' 5.73
Lead (Powell). . 3.C-3.5 co 5.4-8.0 Seger " .. 6.61
Jena Figure " " .. 6.84
Boron ....... - "
5.5-8.1 Selenium ........ 7.44
Barium ...... - 7.8-8.5 "
........ 75 6.60
Borosilicate . . - 6.4-7.7 ........ - 00 6.13
Gutta percha ..... 3.3-4.9 ........ - 1000 6.14
T:mp. Shq!lac .......... - 00 3.10
C
' .......... -
- "
''
2.95-3.73
Ice .......... -5 1200 2.85 .......... 3.67
.......... -18 5000 3.16 Amber .......... - - 2.86
-190 75 1.761.88 Sulfur
Iodine (cryst.) ... 23 75 4.00 Amo:yhous .... - 00 3.98
Lead chloride .... - 75 3.80
(powder). 42 C y t , fr;sh ..... - 8 4.22
I' nitrate ...... 16 ..... - " 4.05
" sulfate ...... 28 " 1'
..... - 75 3.95
molybdenate . C y t , s f d ....... -
,'
" 24 00 3.60
Marble (Carrara) . 8.3 ....... - 75 3.90
Mica ............ 5.66-5.97 near '1
............ 5.8M.62 Liquid .......{melting- 00 3.42
Madras, brown . 2.5-3.4- - mint
-
' green . . 3.9-5.5 Strontium sulfate . - 75 11.3
ruby .. 4.4 Thaliium carbonate - 75 17
Bengal, yellow . 2.8 nitrate . . - 75 16.5
white . .
'I 4.2 wood dried
' ruby .. 4.2-4.7 REd beech ..... 1) fikys 00 4.83-2.51
Canadian amber. 3.0 " ..... 1 " 7.73-3.63
South America . 5.9 O;k ........... (1 " " 4.22-2.46
Ozokerite (raw) .. 2.21 ........... 1 " " 6.843.64
T A B L E 444.-E L E CT ROST R I C T l ON *
Electrostriction is a change in the dimensions of a dielectric proportional to the square
of an applied electric field. The effect is very small except for bodies of very high dielec-
tric constant or high mechanical compliance."*
Typical values for-
Barium titanate
GI asse s Rubber pol ycrystalline
0.1 to 0.7x10-' 7 x 10-o 100 x '
0
1 cm'/statvolt
transverse longitudinal longitudinal
.
",
Prepared by Hans Jaffe, Brush Development Co., Cleveland, Ohio.
Letters refer to references, p. 431.
Ethyl alcohol in
water at 19.S"C
X=aO
Did. Acetone in benzene at 19°C A = 75 cm
A Per- Dielec-
Substance
*?Ek
A=oO
I
Percent
by weight
Density
16°C
Dielectric Temp.
constant coefficient
cent by
weight
tric
constant
Benzene .............. 2.288 0 .885 2.26 .I% 100 26.0
Meta-xylene .......... 2.376 20 .866 5.10 .3 90 29.3
Ethyl ether ........... 4.36' 40 ,847 8.43 .4 80 33.5
Aniline .............. 7.298 60 .830 12.1 .5 70 38.0
Ethyl chloride ........ 10.90 80 .813 16.2 .5 60 43.1
0-nitro toluene ....... 27.71 100 .797 20.5 .6
Nitrobenzene ......... 36.45
Water (conduct. lod) . 81.07 Water in acetone at 19'C A = 75 cm
0 .797 20.5 .6%
20 .856 31.5 .5
40 9 3 43.5 .5
60 .940 57.0 .5
80 .973 70.6 .5
100 .999 80.9 .4
T A B L E 4 4 9 . 4 O M P A R I S O N O F ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES O F I N S U L A T I N G
M A T E R I A L S A T ROOM T E M P E R A T U R E **
Intrinsic dielectric strength can be realized only under test conditions and is very much
higher than the working dielectric strength attainable in ordinary service. These data are
listed for purposes of comparison.
Cubic crystals
Uniaxial crystals
Name Composition KI K II Frequency Authority
Quartz ............... S i 0 2 4.5 4.6 ...
Calcite ............... CaC03 8.78 8.29
Sapphire .............. Atz03$ 8.6 10.5 lozii&
Rutile ................ T i O J 86 170 1O6-1 oo
Barium titanate ....... BaTiOs 4400 200 ?-lo’
Tourmaline .............. 8.2 7.5 ...
Magnesite ............ MgCOa 6.91 8.1 ...
Dihydrogen phosphates and arsenates :
“ADF”’ ............ NHLH~POI 56 15.4 free d
“KDP” ............ KH~PO. 46 22 free h
“ADA” ............ N H ~ H ~ A s O I75 14 free d
“KDA“ ............ K H I A s O ~ 52 22 free d
Orthorhombic crystals
AuYhor-
Name Composition Ka Kh K. Frequency ity
Sulfur ................ S 3.75 3.95 4.45 lO’X108 f
Celestite .............. 7.7 18.5 8.3 4x10’ g
Barite ................ 7.65 12.2 7.7 4x10’ g
Anglesite ............. 27.5 54.6 27.3 5XlV- -lo8g
Epsomite ............. 6.5 7.9 6.9 ... k
Ammonium oxalate .... 8.2 5.5 6.0 free k
Potassium pentaborate . 4.6 5.5 4.5 free d
Iodic acid .............. HI03 7.5 12.4 8.1 free h
149 For authorities, see references, p. 431.
t Synthetic, Linde Air Products Company.
(continued)
Monoclinic crystals
Lithium sulfate ........ LizS04.Hz0 5.6 10.3 6.5 free h
Tartaric acid ......... C4H,0R 4.3 4.3 4.5 free h
Potassium tartrate .... K2C4H40s-jH20 6.44 5.80 6.49 free h
Ammonium tartrate ... (NH4)zC4H40e 6.45 8.2 6.0 free h
Ethylene diamine
tartrate (EDT) ..... CzN1Ha.GHeOe 5.0 8.22 6.0 free h
8 See also figure 16.
REFERENCES: a, Bechmann, H., and Lynch, A. C., Nature vol. 163 p. 915 1949. b, Cady, W. G.,
Piezoelectricity, McCraw-Hill, New York, 1946. c, Hablitzel, J. Helvet. Phys. Acta vol. 12. p. 489,
1939. d. Taffe. H.. The Brush Develooment co. Reoort to U.5. Sirrnal Corm on kvnthetic water-
soluble piezoelectric crystals April I 1948. e, Jaffe' H. personal cGmmunication. f Laboratory
for Insulation Research, Mlssachuseks Inst. Techn. Tables 6 Dielectric Materials I11 1948. and per-
~
sonal communication. g, Landolt Bornstein Tables, 5th ed. h, Mason, W. P., Pie&electr& crystals
and their application to ultrasonics, Van Nostrand Co., New York, 1950. i, M e n , W. J., Phys. Rev.,
vol. 75. D. 687. 1949. i , Mueller. H.. Phys. Rev.. vol. 47. I). 175, 1935: vol. 58. D. 565. 1940. k.
Naval Research Laboratory, Crystal Section. I,, S itzer, F., Dissertation, m t t h g e n , 1938. m;
Standards on piezoelectric crystals, Proc. Inst. Radio kng., vol. 37, p. 1378, 1949. n, International
Critical Tables, vol. 6. 0, Bever and Sproul, Phys. Rev., vol. 53, p. 801, 1951.
10
- 60 -40 -20 20 40 60
temper.1ure or
Trigonal crystals
Name Class dii dl4 dis d2z dal dR3 Authority
Quartz ............... 32 +6.9 -2.0 b
Tourmaline ........... 3m +11.0 -.94 +.96 $5.4 b
Orthorhombic crystals
Substance Class dir d 25 dso Authority
Epsomite ............. 222 -6.2 -8.2 -11.5 1
Iodic acid ............. 222 57 46 70 h
Rochelle salt (30°C) ... 222 + 1500* -160 +35 b
NaNH. tartrate ....... 222 +56 -150 +28 b
LiK tartrate .......... 222 9.6 33.6 22.8 h
LiNH, tartrate ....... 222 13.2 19.6 14.8 h
(NH.)z oxalate ....... 222 50 11 25 e
4 6 dir dai da? fi23 Authority
K pentaborate ......... mm 9.5 1.7 -5.4 0 +5.6 d
ClOl =
Shortene<
dipole
Lengthene
dipole
Horizonic
loop
FM z KIII 101 = K cos @
Horizontc
turnstile
i,and i2
phased 9
0'
0 = horizontal angle measured from perpendicular bisecting plane
antenna. The array expressions are multiplying factors. Starting with an in-
dividual antenna having a radiation pattern given by A,the result o f combining
it with similar antennas is obtained by multiplying A by a suitable array factor,
thus obtaining an A' for the group. The group may then be treated as a single
source of radiation. The result of combining the group with similar groups, or,
for instance, of placing the group above ground, is obtained by multiplying A'
by another of the array factors given.
The expressions given here assume negligible mutual coupling between in-
dividual antennas. When coupling is not negligible, the expressions apply only
if the feeding is adjusted to overcome the coupling and thus produce resultant
currents that are of the amplitude and relative phases indicated.
* Data arranged by Newbern Smith and Marcella Phillips, Central Radio Propagation
Laboratory, National Bureau of Standards.
(continued)
A A
sin (m sin e)
m radiators
(general case)
A
sin ti sin e)
cos sin e
A= (2
C O ~e
) for horizontal dipole
being fed more current than the outer ones. Figure 19 shows the configuration
and general expression for such an array. I n this case the configuration
is made for a vertical stack of loop antennas in order to obtain single-lobe
directivity in the vertical plane. If such an array were desired in the horizontal
plane, say n dipoles end to end, with the specified current distribution the
expression would be
The term binomial results from the fact that the current intensity in the SUC-
cessive array elements is in accordance with the binomial expansion (1 I)''-', +
where n is the number of elements.
(continued)
T A B L E 453.-DIELECTRIC C O N S T A N T O F N O N P O L A R GASESlM
(continued)
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
439
T A B L E 454.-DIELECTRIC C O N S T A N T A N D LOSS T A N G E N T O F D I E L E C T R I C
M A T E R I A L S (continued)
Part 2.-Liquids
Upper
greensand Surface Fibrous loam ...... 37 2.7 3.4 4.0 5.0 80 49
1 Brown, sandy clay.. 19 2.2 2.4 2.4 3.8 39 19
2 Brown sand ........ 15 1.8 2.0 2.1 3.3 33 19
Upper
lias ..... Surface Fibrous loam ...... 28 .85 .95 .1 1.6 48 30
1 Sandy loam ........ 16 .34 .34 .40 .61 20 17
2 Brown sand ........ 14 29 29 .33 .46 20 14
5 Sand and sandstone.. 8.5 .075 .090 .12 .22 14 9
Boulder
clay .... Surface Fibrous loam ...... 38 .55 .65 .75 1.1 50 20
2 Clay and loam ..... 19 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.7 60 21
3 Dark grit and clay.. 18 .60 .70 .so 1.2 50 19
Smith-Rose, Journ. Inst. Electr. Eng., London, vol. 75, p. 221, 1934.
P a r t 1.-Inorganic substances
Electric Electric
dipole dipole
moment moment
1x10-= 1x10-"
Substance esu Substance esu
Ammonia ..... . ............... 1.46 .
Nitric oxide . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .1
.
Argon . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . .O Nitrogen . . ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .O
.
Arsine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 . .
Nitrogen dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Boron fluoride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .O .. .
Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .O
.
Deuterium chloride . . . . . . . . .. . 1.089 .. .
Phosphine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
Helium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .O .
Potassium chloride . . . . . 6.3 . .. .. .
Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .O Silane, SiH, .................. .O
Hydrogen fluoride . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.91 Sodium iodide ................ 4.9
Hydrogen iodide . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .38 . .
Sulfur dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.7
..
Krypton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .O . . .. .
Water . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.84
Neon . . . . . . . . . , . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. .O . . . . ..
Xenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .O
Electric Electric
dipole dipole
moment moment
1x10-u 1x10-"
Substance esu Substance csu
Phosgene CCLO .
Ethyl chloride CtH,CI . . . . . . . . . 2.00
(carbonyl chloride) . . . . . . . . . 1.18 . Ethyl fluoride CzH,F . . . . . . . . . . 1.92
Thiophosgene CCLS . . . . . . . . . . .28 . Ethyl iodide C,HJ . . . . .. .. .. . . 1.87
Carbon tetrachloride CCI, . . . . . . .O Nitroethane C2H,NOs . . . . . . . . . 3.70
Chloroform CHCI, . . . . . . .. . . . . 1.02 Ethane CZH, . ................. .O
Hydrogen cyanide CHN ....... 2.94 Ethyl alcohol CzH,O ....... .... 1.68
Formaldehyde CHzO .. . . . . . . . . . 2.27 Methyl sulfone CzH40zS. . . . . . 4.41 .
Formic acid CH2O2 . . . . . . .. . . . , 1.51 Dimethylamine CzHIN . . . . . . . . . .99
Methyl bromide CHaBr ........ 1.79 Cyanogen CtNz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .O
Methyl chloride CHIC1 .. ... ... 1.86 Propene (propylene) C3H4 , . . . . . .35
Methyl iodide C H d . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.64 Acetone C3H,0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.85
Formamide C H 3 N 0 ........... 3.22 Methyl acetate CaHaOz .. ..... .. 1.67
Nitromethane CH,NO, . . . . . . . . . 3.49 Ethyl ether C,HloO ............ 1.14
Methane CH, ................. .O .
Ethyl sulfide CeHiaS . . . . . . . . . 1.51 .
Methyl alcohol CH.0 . . . . . . . . . . 1.69 Diethyl carbonate C.nHiaOs . . . . . 1.06 .
Carbon monoxide CO . . . . . . . . . . .11 Bromobenzene C4H5Br . . . . . . . . 1.74
Carbon dioxide CO, . . . . . . . . . . . . .O Chlorobenzene GH,CI . . . . . . . . . 1.69
Carbon disulfide CS, . . . . . . . . . . . .O Fluorobenzene C4HoF . . . . . . . . . . 1.57
Acetylene C2Hz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .O Nitrobenzene C6HsNOz . . .. . . . . 4.23
Ethylene G H , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .O Benzene C.H4 . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .O
Acetaldehyde C,H,O . . . . . . . . . . 2.71 Phenol CaHsO ................ 1.40
.
Acetic acid CzH,Oz . . . . . . . . . . . 1.73 Aniline CaHIN ................ 1.48
Ethyl bromide C2H,Br .... ..... 1.96 . . ..
Toluene C7Hs . . . . . .. .. . . . . .37
has been found useful (Austin-Cohen; Austin ; Espenschied, Anderson, and Bailey), where
F = received field intensity, in p vinz
h = effective height of transmitting antenna, in km
I = transmitting antenna current, in amp
0 = transmission distance, in radians
d = transmission distance, in km
X = wavelength, in km
Values of a and x were found t o vary somewhat.
Since theoretical justification for the Austin-Cohen value of x = f has been given by
Watson (Proc. Roy. SOC.London, A, vol. 95, p. 546, 1919), data furnished by the above
observers have been reevaluated, assuming validity of the relationship
--ad
and the resulting values of a presented in the accompanying table, together with their rela-
tive weights estimated from the number of observations used in their determination.
a varies notably with frequency, time of day, and the type of ground along the trans-
mission path, and less definitely with season, solar activity, and the location of the trans-
mission path. The values presented here a r e for conditions where the entire transmission
path, at the height of the ionospheric reflecting layer, lies in daylight or in darkness. For
conditions of sunrise or sunset on the transmission path, a has generally been found to lie
between day and night values, but under certain circumstances, t o far exceed these values.
Transmission path
Day Night Transmitter Receiver Observations
f . kc a weight a weight Ground location location by
12.8 .59X10-'97 Sea water Bordeaux, France Washington, D. C. Austin
17.13 .66 112 .32X10- 48 " Rocky Point, N . Y. New Southport, Espenchied
Andersoh, Bailey
England
22.9 1.49 59 Land San Diego, Calif. Washington, D. C. Austin
23.4 1.01 97 Sea water Nauen, Germany Washington, D. C. Austin
24.05 .61 93 .25 7 " Leafield, England Belfast, Maine Espenchied
Andersoh, Bailey
Local time
June * Equinox
of day: 00 04 08 12 16 20 00 04 08 12 16 20
Sunspot number = 0 Sunspot number =0
Latitude
N.80” 7.5 9.7 11.3 11.8 11.3 9.7 8.2 10.0 8.6
40 13.6 16.2 13.6 11.7 14.4 12.2
0 12.3 15.6 12.3 13.2 16.8 13.0
40 8.3 12.0 8.3 11.4 14.2 11.9
s.80 7.3 8.7 7.5
Sunspot number = 125 Sunspot number = 125
N.80” 9.8 11.2 13.4 14.0 13.4 11.2 8.9 10.3 8.7
40 17.4 20.2 17.4 15.1 18.6 14.7
0 16.3 20.8 16.3 17.0 21.3 16.4
40 10.7 15.4 10.7 13.5 16.8 13.3
s.80 8.3 9.6 8.1
For December, use reversed latitudes.
Freq.
Ivlc 50 k m 100 k m 150 km
.5 1.o .96 .90
2 1.o .77 .72
10 .71 .46 .33
50 .025 .0050 .0016
200 ,00075 __ --
Freq.
Mc 5 km 10 km 1 5 km 25 km 50 km 100 km 150 km
.I 1.00 1.oo 1.o 1.o 1.o .90 .87
.5 .98 .93 .90 .73 .68 .48 .35
2.0 50 .30 .2 1 ,095 ,049 .018 ,0092
10 .026 ,011 .0072 ,0036 ,0018 ,00054 .00020
50 .0030 ,0015 ,0096 .00040 ,00017 __ __
300 .00046 .00021 ,00013
Freq.
h k 5 km 10 km 15 km 25 km 50 km 100 km 150 km
1- 1.0
. -99 -9.5 .92 .85 .73 .64
.5 .64 .45 .35 .22 .096 ,038 ,022
2.0 .056 ,027 ,018 .010 ,0050 ,0018 .00093
10 0059 .0030 ,0019 ,0011 00048 ,00013 _-
50 ,0012 ,00055 ,00036 ,00022 __ __ __
100 .00080 .00026 ,00016 __ __ __ __
Values of ionospheric critical freqcencies and virtual reflection heights for all iono-
spheric layers ( E , F,,F,. E.) observed at a large number of stations are regularly dis-
tributed by the Central Radio Propagation Laboratory of the National Bureau of Stand-
ards to lahoratories cooperating i n ionospheric research. The values presented in Tables
458 and 461 are synthesized from the trends of these data. Values are not given here for
the F , and E , layers since their trends are much less accurately estahlished than those of
the E and F2 layers.
Tahle 458 presents E-layer maximum usahle frequencies for a transmission distance of
2,000 km, the maximum practical distance for 1-hop transmission by means of E-layer
reflection.
Table 461 presents Fz-layer ordinary-wave critical frequencies, and maximum usahle
frequencies for a transmission distance of 4.000 km, the maximum practical distance for
1-hop transmission by means of P2-layer reflection.
153 Norton, K. A.. T h e calculation of ground wave ficld intensity over a finitely conductins spherical
earth, Proc. Inst. Radio Eng., December 1941 ; V a n der Pol. Balth, and Rremmer, H., Philos. Mag..
vol. 24, p. 141, 1937; vol. 24, p. 825, supi)lement. Novemher 1 9 3 7 .
(rontiitzlcd)
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
T A B L E 459.-TRANSMISSION FACTORS (concluded) 445
Latitudes and local times are those of the ionospheric reflection points. The Fz-layer
zones ( W , I , and E ) are those chosen for practical description of longitude effect by the
International Radio Conference of April-May 1944. The W and E zones are centered on
70"W. and 1lO"E.longitude, respectively; the two I zones a r e intermediate between these.
Values are presented for sunspot numbers of 0 and 125. Since both critical frequencies
and maximum usable frequencics show approximately linear variation with sunspot num-
ber, values for any other sunspot number, X, may be obtained by interpolation.
[World-wide charts of predicted M U F , three months in advance, for both E and Fz
layers, are regularly published in Central Radio Propagation Laboratory Series D
reports, "Basic Radira Propagation Prediction."]
E - L a y e r o r d i n a r y - w a v e c r i t i c a l frequencies.-These may be obtained by dividing
the E-layer 2,000 km M I J F by 4.78, since the minimum virtual height of reflection is
nearly constant for this layer.
E x t r a o r d i n a r y - w a v e c r i t i c a l f r e q u e n c i e s , f" (or zero-distance IMUF).-The or-
dinary-wave critical frequency ,'f the extraordinary-wave critical frequency f", and the
gyrofrequency f h are related by the equation
(f")'= (f" -+ fh) f"
The gyrofrequency, fh, varies with the intensity of the earth's magnetic field, H , and is
given by
e H
f h = S
where e and m are, respectively, the electronic (or ionic) charge and mass, c the velocity
of light in free space, and H is given in gauss.
Ion density.-The number of ions per cm3 at the reflection point may be obtained from
the value of the ordinary-wave critical frequency, f " , by the equation
N=- 7rm 1
ez (f")'
where m and e are, respectively, the ionic mass and charge.
M i n i m u m v i r t u a l h e i g h t s of reflection.-The maximum usable frequency at any
transmission (except for those nearly equal to zero) is equal to
M U l ; = f " sec 9
where 9 is the angle of incidence of the wave upcn the ionospheric reflecting layer.
9 is approximately given by
sin f 8
9 = tan-'
+
1 ( h / R )- cos f 8 '
where 8 is the angular distance of the transmission path, h the virtual height of reflection,
and R the radius of the earth. (Cf. Smith, N., Proc. Inst. Radio Eng., May 1939, p. 232.)
M a x i m u m usable f r e q u e n c i e s f o r o t h e r t r a n s m i s s i o n distances.-These may be
obtained from the M U F of Table 461 by using the factors and procedure presented in
Table 462.
S k i p distances.-The M U I ; for a given distance is the frequency for which that dis-
tance is the skip distance.
T A B L E 460.-ATTENUATION OF M I C R O W A V E S BY W A T E R VAPOR I N T H E
A T M O S P H E R E (in d b / k m )
Measured at 45°C a t atmospheric pressure
Lati-
tude
Tune
Ah------
F2-4000
f"Fz MUF
Local time of day: 00
Sent.
F2-4000
f"F2 MUF
E zone
Dec.
FI-4000
f ° F 2 ML'F
Sunspot number = 0
- June
F2-4000
f ° F 2 MUF
Time: 12
Sevt.
Fs-4000
f"F2 MUF
4.4
Dec.
f"F2 MUF
Sunspot number = 0
15.4 3.7 13.4
N.80" 4.1 14.2 3.9 13.9 3.4 12.6 4.2 13.9
40 4.18 13.9 3.8 12.9 2.9 9.6 5.8 19.0 6.1 21.4 6.8 24.7
0 3.5 11.4 4.0 14.7 4.9 16.5 9.0 25.6 8.6 24.7 8.2 24.5
40 2.7 9.2 3.0 10.3 4.3 14.7 5.0 18.8 5.6 19.5 5.9 19.4
S. 80 2.4 8.8 2.8 9.9 3.9 13.5 3.3 11.9 3.6 12.9 4.5 14.9
Sunspot number = 125 Sunspot number = 125
N.80" 5.2 16.3 6.1 18.8 5.6 17.8 5.4 16.0 6.7 21.2 5.4 17.6
40 8.6 24.9 7.0 21.3 3.5 10.8 9.0 25.6 11.4 35.3 11.1 36.4
0 8.8 27.0 10.9 38.8 8.2 25.9 14.0 32.7 15.5 38.8 12.7 30.2
40 4.1 12.8 5.9 18.2 8.2 24.7 10.8 36.4 10.5 34.1 8.3 22.7
S.80 4.4 13.8 5.4 17.5 5.4 16.5 6.0 19.8 6.2 19.8 6.2 17.6
Local time of day : 04 Sunspot number = 0 Time: 16 Sunspot number = 0
N.80" 3.9 13.0 3.6 12.9 3.0 10.8 4.5 14.8 4.5 15.9 3.9 14.2
40 3.7 11.8 3.7 12.3 2.9 9.9 5.6 18.2 5.6 20.0 5.0 18.3
0 2.3 8.1 2.3 8.5 3.0 9.9 8.4 24.2 9.0 27.0 8.6 28.1
40 2.9 10.1 2.0 6.9 2.6 8.9 5.0 18.2 5.1 18.3 5.9 19.9
S.80 2.4 8.5 2.5 8.7 3.8 13.3 3.0 10.9 3.7 12.7 4.3 14.3
Sunspot number = 125 Sunspot number = 125
N.80" 5.2 15.4 5.5 17.5 4.4 14.0 5.6 16.3 6.5 20.0 5.4 17.3
40 8.0 23.3 6.3 18.8 3.6 10.9 9.0 26.5 10.9 33.2 8.8 28.8
0 4.9 15.3 7.2 23.5 6.2 20.0 14.0 34.0 16.2 41.2 12.2 29.6
40 4.1 12.8 4.6 14.1 6.0 17.8 10.4 35.3 9.8 32.3 8.2 25.9
S. 80 4.1 12.9 5.2 16.5 5.6 16.5 5.4 17.4 6.7 21.9 6.0 17.3
Local time of day : 08 Sunspot number = 0 Time: 20 Sunspot number = 0
N.80" 4.0 13.0 4.0 14.3 3.4 12.5 4.2 14.3 4.4 15.8 3.7 13.3
40 5.8 19.4 5.7 20.9 5.2 19.4 5.5 18.8 5.1 18.2 2.7 9.6
0 7.4 22.5 7.8 25.3 6.7 20.6 4.5 14.7 8.2 25.9 7.2 23.5
40 3.9 14.1 4.3 15.9 5.0 17.4 2.7 9.6 4.0 13.9 5.4 19.4
S. 80 2.4 8.8 3.4 11.8 4.3 14.7 2.5 9.3 3.3 11.4 4.4 14.9
Sunspot number = 125 Sunspot number = 125
N.80" 5.3 15.4 6.7 21.2 5.0 15.8 5.5 16.7 6.6 20.8 5.2 16.7
40 9.4 28.2 10.0 33.2 8.2 29.4 8.6 26.0 8.0 25.9 4.3 14.1
0 12.7 35.5 13.5 38.2 12.0 34.7 11.0 28.2 14.0 34.2 10.0 25.9
40 7.5 26.0 8.1 28.1 7.4 21.4 5.5 17.6 7.9 24.7 8.4 25.9
S. 80 4.3 13.6 5.9 19.3 6.2 17.6 4.4 13.9 6.3 20.6 6.0 17.6
I zone
Local time of day : 00 Sunspot number = 0 Time: 12 Sunspot number = 0
N.80" 3.9 13.6 3.6 12.9 2.7 9.8 4.0 13.5 3.7 13.2 3.4 12.5
40 3.8 12.9 3.0 10.1 3.0 9.8 5.2 17.2 5.5 19.4 6.8 25.9
0 5.2 16.9 6.3 23.3 5.0 16.5 6.2 17.6 6.5 18.8 7.8 22.9
40 2.9 9.8 2.6 8.9 5.4 17.9 4.7 17.9 5.2 18.3 6.6 21.9
S. 80 2.4 8.8 2.8 9.9 3.9 13.5 3.3 11.9 3.6 12.9 4.5 14.9
Sunspot number = 125 Sunspot number = 125
N.80" 5.2 16.9 5.8 18.2 4.8 15.3 5.3 15.6 5.9 18.7 5.4 17.3
40 6.4 18.6 5.0 15.3 3.3 10.3 7.9 21.9 10.2 31.9 11.0 37.7
0 9.0 28.2 10.0 32.8 10.0 31.8 10.4 24.8 11.0 28.6 10.9 25.6
40 4.1 12.7 5.8 18.2 8.4 24.7 11.5 38.7 10.8 34.7 9.4 26.5
S. 80 4.4 13.8 5.4 17.5 5.4 16.5 6.0 19.8 6.2 19.8 6.2 17.6
(continued)
Lati-
tude
-
T A B L E 461.-FgLAYER
June
F2-4000
f"F2 MUF
Local time of day: 04
Sept.
Ff "2F -z 4M0 U0F0 --GiG
Dec.
f"Fz MUF
Sunspot number = O
-
CRITICAL FREQUENCIES AND M A X I M U M USABLE
FREQUENCIES FOR 4,000-km TRANSMISSION DISTANCE IIN Mc (continued)
June
Fs-4000
f"F2 MUF
Time: 16
7
Sent.
-
Fz-4000
f"Fz MUF
h
Dec.
y J L ,
F2-4000
f"Fz MUF
Sunspot number = 0
N.80" 3.7 12.8 3.4 12.2 2.7 9.9 4.0 13.2 3.6 12.6 3.4 12.1
40 3.1 10.7 2.9 9.9 2.9 10.0 5.2 17.0 5.5 19.8 5.6 20.6
0 3.2 11.0 3.0 11.6 3.3 10.3 6.8 19.8 8.2 24.6 9.4 30.0
40 2.8 9.6 2.2 7.5 3.5 11.9 4.6 17.2 4.8 17.0 6.4 21.8
S. 80 2.4 8.5 2.5. 8.7 3.8 13.3 3.0 10.9 3.7 12.7 4.3 14.3
Sunspot number = 125 Sunspot number = 125
N.80" 4.8 15.4 5.7 17.4 3.9 12.2 5.2 15.6 5.9 18.8 5.2 16.6
40 5.3 15.3 4.6 14.2 3.4 10.6 7.8 22.6 9.7 30.6 9.8 33.9
0 6.9 21.8 5.4 17.6 7.2 22.9 10.8 26.8 12.5 31.8 12.4 35.0
40 4.0 12.5 4.2 12.6 6.2 18.5 10.0 33.5 10.4 33.5 9.2 27.3
S.80 4.1 12.9 5.2 16.5 5.6 16.5 5.4 17.4 6.7 21.9 6.0 17.3
Local time of day : 08 Sunspot number = 0 Time: 20 Sunspot number = 0
N.80" 3.9 12.8 3.6 13.2 3.0 10.9 3.8 13.2 3.6 12.8 3.1 11.5
40 4.8 16.5 5.0 18.8 5.0 18.8 5.2 17.9 3.6 12.9 2.7 8.8
0 6.2 18.6 5.6 17.9 7.4 22.9 6.0 20.8 7.0 21.6 7.6 24.9
40 3.5 12.9 4.3 15.9 5.6 19.4 2.7 9.5 3.4 11.8 6.7 22.2
S. 80 2.4 8.8 3.4 11.8 4.3 14.7 2.5 9.3 3.3 11.4 4.4 14.9
Sunspot number = 125 Sunspot number = 125
N.80" 5.1 15.0 5.9 18.8 4.3 13.5 5.1 16.0 5.8 18.3 4.9 15.5
40 7.6 21.2 8.6 28.8 7.8 29.4 7.5 21.4 6.7 21.6 3.7 12.7
0 8.9 24.9 11.6 33.0 10.3 29.3 9.4 23.4 10.2 25.9 10.5 27.0
40 7.7 26.5 8.6 29.4 8.8 25.6 5.4 17.6 7.4 24.3 9.2 26.8
S. 80 4.3 13.6 5.9 19.3 6.2 17.6 4.4 13.9 6.3 20.6 6.0 17.6
W zone
Local time of day : 00 Sunspot number = 0 T i m e : 12 Sunspot number = 0
N.80" 3.9 13.6 3.6 12.9 2.7 9.8 4.0 13.5 3.7 13.2 3.4 12.5
40 3.0 10.5 2.0 6.8 2.3 7.8 5.2 16.8 5.2 18.6 6.5 24.5
0 4.4 14.6 5.5 20.6 3.6 12.0 7.6 21.8 10.6 30.3 8.6 26.5
40 2.3 7.9 3.4 11.8 5.0 16.5 5.0 18.9 6.7 24.1 8.4 28.1
S. 80 3.0 10.8 3.2 11.3 4.2 14.8 3.4 12.5 3.6 12.8 4.6 15.0
Sunspot number = 125 Sunspot number = 125
N.80" 5.2 16.9 5.8 18.2 4.8 15.3 5.3 15.6 5.9 18.7 5.4 17.3
40 6.6 20.6 5.6 17.0 4.6 14.5 7.1 20.8 9.3 29.3 12.3 40.3
0 10.5 31.8 12.2 39.2 9.0 28.3 11.7 28.2 14.9 37.0 14.1 33.3
40 3.4 10.6 7.2 22.6 9.9 29.3 11.0 37.6 13.9 44.7 12.1 33.9
S.80 5.1 16.3 6.2 20.0 5.9 17.5 5.7 18.3 7.6 24.7 7.0 19.8
Local time of day : 04 Sunspot number = 0 Time: 16 Sunspot number = 0
N.80" 3.7 12.8 3.4 12.2 2.7 9.9 4.0 13.2 3.6 12.6 3.4 12.1
40 2.1 6.8 1.7 5.8 2.6 8.9 5.2 17.2 5.3 19.0 5.7 21.0
0 3.2 11.0 3.5 12.8 2.3 7.8 9.2 26.9 10.2 31.5 8.6 27.3
40 2.0 6.8 2.9 10.0 4.7 15.9 4.4 16.5 5.0 18.5 7.2 24.5
S. 80 2.9 10.5 2.5 8.9 4.2 14.6 3.2 11.8 3.8 13.3 4.5 14.9
Sunspot number = 125 Sunspot number = 125
N.80" 4.8 15.4 5.7 17.4 3.9 12.2 5.2 15.6 5.9 18.8 5.2 16.6
40 4.9 15.6 4.1 12.5 4.4 13.6 7.4 21.8 9.3 28.8 11.2 36.3
0 7.0 22.1 6.2 21.5 4.9 14.5 11.8 29.4 14.0 37.5 13.8 34.3
40 3.2 9.9 5.8 17.6 9.4 27.6 8.5 30.0 11.4 37.4 11.0 32.9
S. 80 4.6 14.7 5.2 16.7 5.6 16.7 5.2 16.6 6.9 22.2 6.5 18.7
(continued)
T A B L E 462.-FACTORS F O R O B T A I N I N G F,-LAYER M U F , A N D C O M B I N E D
E, F,-LAYER M U F A T O T H E R D I S T A N C E S , F R O M F,-4,000 k m M U F A N D
E-2,000 k m M U F
Distance Distance
km F~WE-E,FI FiornFrFp km F-E-E,F, Florn~r~z
200 .25 .35 2200 ... .79
400 .36 .36 2400 ... .83
600 .48 .38 2600 ... .86
800 .62 .41 2800 ... .90
1000 .72 .46 3000 ... .92
1200 .82 .51 3200 ... .95
141K) 88 57 3400 ... .97
i 600 .95 .63 3600 ... .98
1800 .98 69 3800 ... .99
2000 1.oo .74 4000 ... 1.oo
Wavelength (cm)
Rate of rainfall
(.m m / h r )
I ,
1.25 3 5 10
2.46 .................. .193 db/km .049 .004 .0007
6.0 (moderate) ....... .615 .192 .012 .0017
22.6 (heavy) .......... 2.40 .728 .053 .0070
43.1 (cloudburst) ..... 6.17 1.64 .165 .016
Adapted from article by L. Goldstein in Summary Technical Report of the National Defense
Research Committee, Committee on Propagation, vol. 2, p. 164, published by Academic Press.
T A B L E 464.-ATTENUATION O F M I L L I M E T E R W A V E S BY ATMOSPHERIC
O X Y G E N (db/km) lJB
Source
Cygnus .........
Cygnus A .......
20"O'"
1 9 59
a 6
+43-
+41°41'
Reported by LW
Hey, Parsons, Phillips'
Boltona
Remarks
Approx. position; X - 5m.
Uncertainty of position about 1'.
Observed on 100 Mc/s.
Cygnus ......... 19h58m478f10" +41'41'+7' Bolton and Stanleyf Observed on 100, 60, 85, 200
Mc/s.
Cygnus ......... 19h56"'.5 +3 9' 50' Ryle and Smithd Observed on 80 Mc/s.
Cygnus ......... 2 0 30 4-38" Hey, Parsons, Phillips g Observed on 64 Mc/s; position
very uncertain.
Ursa Major ...... 12 18.2 +58'00 Ryle and Srnithd Observed on 80 Mc/s.
Taurus A ....... 5 13 +28O Bolton. Angular width < 30" ; uncertainty
of position about 1'. Observed
on 100 Mc/s.
Taurus A ....... 51'31"'00s~30" + Z Z ' O l ' Bolton, Stanley, Sleeb Intensity measured a t 100 Mc/s.
Taurus A ....... 5 31 20 +.30 +22'02'+.8' Bolton, Stanley Observed on 100 Mc/s.
Cassiopeia ....... 23"17"'.5 +58°10' Ryle and Smithd Observed on 80 Mc/s.
+46'11'
+57 14
Obsered on 8 0 Mc/s.
Ryle
Ryle
Coma Berenices A . 12 04 f20'30' Bolton a Angular width < 15'; uncertainty
of position about .'1 Observed
on 100 Mc/s.
Hercules A ...... 1 6 21 +15 Bolton a Angular width < '1 ; uncertainty
of position about 1'. Observed
on 100 Mc/s.
Virgo A ......... 121'28"'06"k378 f 1 2 " 4 1 ' ~ 1 0 ' Bolton, Stanley, Sleeb Intensity measured at 100 Mc/s.
Centaurus A ..... 13 22 20 k 6 0 -42'37'+.8' Bolton, Stanley, Sleeb Intensity measured at 100 Mc/s.
-
ls7
Prepared by C. R. Burrows.
For references, see p. 450.
(continued)
SMlTHSONlAN PHYSlCAL TABLES
S319Vl lV'31SAHd NVINOSHIIWS
45 1
TABLES 466-494.-MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
T A B L E 466.-DEFINITIONS *,
BASIC EQUATIONS, A N D
G E N E R A L DISCUSSION
+
B , flux density (magnetic) induction, = @/A = 4rZ H ; unit the gauss, maxwell per
cm.
Diamagnetic substances, p< 1, K negative. Most diamagnetic substance known is Bi, P =
.998 K = - 14)<10-'.
Ferromagnetic substances, p very large, K very large : Fe, Ni, Co, Heusler's alloy (see
Table 476), magnetite and a few alloys of Mn. p for Heusler's alloy, 90 to 100 for B =
2,200; for Si sheet steel 350 to 5,300.
H , field strength, = No. of lines of force crossing unit area in normal direction ; unit =
gauss = one line per unit area.
Hall effect (galvanomagnetic difference of potential), Ettinghausen effect (galvano-
magnetic difference of temperature), Nernst effect (thermomagnetic difference of poten-
tial) and the Leduc effect (thermomagnetic difference of temperature), see Tables 519
and 521.
Hysteresis is work done in taking a cm' of the magnetic material through a magnetic
cycle = $H d l = (1/4r)J'HdB. Steinmetz's empirical formula gives a close approximation
to the hysteresis loss; it is aB" where B is the max. induction and a is a constant (see
Table 482). The retentivity ( B , ) is the value of B when the magnetizing force is reduced
to zero. The reversed field necessary to reduce the magnetism to zero is called the coercive
force ( H e ) .
I , intensity of magnetization or pole strength per unit area, = M/V = m/A where A is
cross section of uniformly magnetized pole face, and V is the volume of the magnet.
47rnf/A = 4 r 1 = No. of lines of force leaving unit area of pole.
J , specific intensity of magnetism, = Z / p where p = density, g/cm'.
J A , JM, similarly atomic and molecular intensity of magnetization.
K , susceptibility ; permeability relates to effect of iron core on magnetic field strength
of coil; if effect be considered on iron core, which becomes a magnet of pole strength m
and intensity of magnetism I , then the ratio I / H = ( p - 1)/47r is the magnetic suscepti-
bility per unit volume and is a measure of the magnetizing effect of a magnetic field on the
+
material placed in the field. p = 47r~ 1.
M, magnetic moment = ml, where 1 is length between poles of magnet.
Magneto-strictive phenomena :
Joule effect: Mechanical change in length when specimen is subjected to a magnetic
field. With increasing field strength, iron and some iron alloys show first a small incre-
ment A l / l = (7 to 35) X lo", then a decrement, and for H = 1600. A l / l may amount to
-(6 to 8) X 10". Cast cobalt with increasing field first decreases, Al/l = - 8 X lo-', H =
+
150, then increases in length, A l / l = 5 X lo", H = 2,000 ; annealed cobalt steadily con-
tracts, A1 11 = - 25 X lo-", H = 2000. Ni rapidly then slowly contracts, AI/l = - 30 X
lo-", H = 100 ; -35 X lo", H = 300 ; -36 X lo-", H = 2,000. A transverse field generally
gives a reciprocal effect.
Villari effect; really a reciprocal Joule effect. The susceptibility of an iron wire is in-
creased by stretching when the magnetism is below a certain value, but diminished when
above that value.
Wiedemann effect : The lower end of a vertical wire, magnetized longitudinally, when
a current is passed through it, if free, twists in a certain direction, depending upon circum-
stances. A reciprocal effect is observed in that when a rod of soft iron, exposed to longi-
tudinal magnetizing force, is twisted, its magnetism is reduced.
p, magnetic permeability, = B / H . Strength of field in air-filled solenoid = H = (4r/!0)
ni in gausses, i in amperes, n, number of turns per cm length. If iron filled, induction
increased, i.e., No. of lines of force per unit area, B , passing through coil is greater than
H;p=B/H.
Paramagnetic substances, P> 1, very small but positive, K = lo-' to lo-": oxygen, espe-
cially a t low temperatures, salts of Fe, Ni, Mn, many metallic elements. (See Table 486.)
Paramagnetic substances show no retentivity or hysteresis effect. Susceptibility inde-
pendent of field strength. The specific susceptibility for both para- and diamagnetic sub-
stances is independent of field strength.
+
9, magnetic flux, = 4rm H A for magnet placed in field of strength H (axis parallel
to field). Unit, the maxwell.
Unit pole is of such strength that it will repel another unit pole with a force of one
dyne ; at unit distance in free space, 47r lines of force radiate from it. m, pole strength ;
4 r m lines of force radiate from pole of strength m.
x, specific susceptibility (per unit mass) = K / P = J / H .
X A , atomic susceptibility, = x x (atomic weight) ; X M = molecular susceptibility.
Values of B 2000 4000 6000 8000 10,000 12.000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000
Annealed Norway iron. . H A1 1.15 1.60 2.18 3.06 4.45 7.25 23.5 116. -
p 2470 3480 3750 3670 3270 2700 1930 680 150 -
Cast semi-steel . . . . . . . . .H 2.00 2.90 4.30 6.46 9.82 15.1 24.9 50.5 135. 325.
p 1000 1380 1400 1240 1020 795 563 317 133 62.
Machinery steel . .. ... .. H
I.L
5.0 8.8 13.1 18.6 25.8 35.8 50.5 76.0
400 455 460 430 390 340 280 210
142.
127
-
-
Very pure iron . . . . . . .H 3.30 4.48 6.35 9.10 13.0 18.9 28.8 47.0 103. 240.
as received
... ..~~~ ~- } u 606
.. 893
.. . 945
.. ~ 880 770 635 486 340 175
.. . 83
Annealed in va&o} . . . .H .46 .60 .80 1.02 1.36 2.00 3.20 11.3 72.0 194.
from 900°C /.G 4350 6670 7500 7840 7250 6000 4380 1420 250 103
As received.. . . . .. . . . .. . . . HVn,, 150, Bmas 18,900, B , 7,650, H, 2.8.
After annealing ......... .. Hmaz 150, B,,, 19,500, Ha .53
Values of B 2000 4000 6000 8000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18.000 20,000
Dynamo steel . . . . . . . . . .H 1.00 1.10 1.43 .ZOO 3.10 4.95 9.20 34.0 114. -
p 2000 3640 4200 4000 3220 2420 1520 470 158 -
Ordinary trans-
former steel } . .. . . . . 1.1H 3340
.60 .87 1.10
4600 5450
1.48 2.28 3.85 10.9 43.0
5400 4380 3120 1280 372
149.
121
-
-
High silicon trans-
former steel } ""':4000 5720 6670
.50 .70 .90 1.28 1.99 3.60 9.80 47.4
6250 5020 3340 1430 338
165.
109
-
-
5
-I
I
0
v)
TABLE 470.-TYPICAL DATA F O R MAGNETIC MATERlALS15'"
z
b
2 Part 1.-High-permeability materials
01
z Satura- Resis-
r
0 Approximate Typical Permeability Maxi- ation Hyster- Coer- tivity
I-b *
percent composition heat B=at 20 perme-
mum flux
density esis t force
loss, Wh cive H
$ C crohm-
Mi- Den-
sity,
treatment
Material Form Fe Ni Co Mo Other "C gausses ability B . gausses ergs/cms oersteds cm g/cms
.
Cold roiled steel . . . . .Sheet 98.5 - 950 Anneal 180 2,000 21,000 - 1.8 10 7.88
.
Iron . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .Sheet 200 5,000 21,500 1 .o
Purified iron . . . . . . . . .Sheet
.
4% Silicon-iron . . . . .Sheet
99.91
99.95
96
-
-
-
950 Anneal
1480 Hz + 880
800 Anneal
5.000
'500
180.000
7;OOO
21.500
19;700
"E
3,500
.05
.5
10
10
60
7.88
7.88
7.65
Grain oriented* . . ..Sheet 97 - 800 Anneal 1,500 30,000 20,000 - .15 47 7.67
45 Permalloy . . . . . . . .Sheet 54.7 45 1050 Anneal 2,500 25,000 16,000 1,200 .3 45 8.17
45 Permalloyt . . . . . . .Sheet 54.7 45 1200 HZAnneal 4,000 50,000 16,000 - .07 45 8.17
.
Hipernik . . . . . . . . . . .Sheet 50 50 1200 Hi Anneal 4,500 70,000 16,000 220 .05 50 8.25
.
Monimax . . . . . . . . . . .Sheet -
-
-
- -
1125 Hz Anneal 2,000 35,000 15,000 -
-
.1 80 8.27
Sinimax . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sheet - 1125 Hz Anneal 3,000 35,000 11,000 - 90 -
78 Permalloy . . . . . . . .Sheet 21.2 78.5 - .3 Mn 1050 + 600 Q** 8.000 1OO.OOO 10.700 200 .05 16 8.60
4-79 Permalloy . . . . . .Sheet
.
Mu metal . . . . . . . . . . .Sheet
16.7
18
79
75
4 .3Mn +
1100 Q
- 2 C r , 5 C u 1175 H2
20,000
20,000
lO0;OOO
100,000
81700
6,500
200
-
-05
.05
55
62
8.72
8.58
Supermalloy . . . . . . . . . Sheet 15.7 79 5 .3Mn 1300 H2 Q+ 100,000 800,000 8,000 - .002 60 8.77
Permendur . . . . . . . . . .Sheet 49.7 - - .3 Mn 800 Anneal 800 5,000 24,500 12,000 2.0 7 8.3
2V Permendur . . . . . . .Sheet 49 - - 2v 800 Anneal 800 4,500 24,000 6,000 2.0 26 8.2
.
Hiperco . . . . . . . . . . . . Sheet 64 - - Cr 850 Anneal 650 10,000 24,200 - 1.o 25 8.0
Insulated
2-81 Permalloy ..... powder 17 81 - 2 - 650 Anneal 125 130 8,000 - <LO loe 7.8
Insulated
Carbonyl iron ...... powder 99.9 - - - - - I
55 132 - - - - 7.86
Sintered
Ferroxcube I11 . . . . . powder MnFez04+ZnFe10, - - 1,000 1,500 2,500 - .I 10' 5.0
m a Compiled by R. A. Cbegwidden, Bell Telephone System Monogr. B-1605, Metal Progress, vol. 54, p. 705, 1948.
Properties in direction of rolling. t Similar properties for Nicaloi, 4750 alloy, Carpenter 49, Armco 48. $ At saturation. ** Q, quench or controlled cooling.
(cotttinued)
R
G,
v)
f
I
zz
D T A B L E 470.-TYPICAL D A T A FOR M A G N E T I C M A T E R I A L S (concluded)
2
-s
I
-0
Part 2.-Permanent magnet alloys
d
r Magnetizing Coercive Residual Energy
Percent force force induction
-I
>
m Material
composition
(remainder Fe)
Heat treatmett
(temperature, C)
Hmoz.
oersteds
HO B.
oersteds gausses
gA%:.
X 10“
Me$od of
fabrication t
Mechan.ical Weight
m
r Properties $ Ib/in.s
Carbon steel . .. . . . . . . . . . . 1 Mn, 0.9 C
QaQ : 300 50 10,000 .20 HR, M , P H,S .280
v)
Tungsten steel . . . . . . . . . .. 5 W, 0.3 Mn, 0.7 C 300 70 10,300 .32 HR,M,P H, S .292
Chromium steel . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 Cr, 0.9 C, 0.3 Mn 830 300 65 9,700 .30 HR,M,P H,S .280
17% Cobalt steel . . . . . . . . . 17 Co, 0.75 C, 2.5 Cr, 8 W - 1,000 150 9,500 .65 HR,M,P H. S -
36% Cobalt steel . . . . . . . . . 36 Co, 0.7 C, 4 Cr, 5 W Q 950 1,000 240 9,500 .97 HR.M. P H; S .296
Remalloy or Comol . . . . . . . 17 Mo, 12 Co Q 1200, B700 1,000 250 10,500 1.1 HR;M:P H .295
Indalloy (sintered) . . . . . . . - Mo, - Co - - 1,OOO 240 9,000 .9 HR,M,P H .290
Alnico I . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 12 At, 20 Ni, 5 Co A 1200, B 700 2,000 440 7,200 1.4 C, G H, B .249
Alnico I1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 At, 17 Ni, 2.5 Co, 6 Cu A 1200, B 600 2,000 550 7,200 1.6 C, G H, B .256
Alnico I1 (sintered) . ... 10A1, 17 Ni, 2.5C0, 6Cu A 1300 2,000 520 6,900 1.4 Sn G H .249
Alnico IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 At, 28 Ni, 5 Co Q 1200, B 650 3,000 700 5,500 1.3 Sn; C, G H .253
Alnico V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Al, 14 Ni, 24 Co, 3 Cu A F 1300, B600 2,000 550 12,500 4.5 C, G H, B .264
- - 3,000 750 10,OOO 3.5 C, G H, €3 .268
- - 3,000 950 5,800 1.5 C, G H. B .26
B 600 1,000 300 8,800 1.0 C,CR,M,P D’ .295
CW+B600 2,000 510 10,OOO 3.5 C,CR,M, P D 292
CW+B600 2,400 550 5,400 1.5 C, CR, M, P D, M .311
. . . . 50 Cu, 21 Ni, 29 Co - - 3,200 660 3,400 30 C,CR,M, P D.M .300
Vectolite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 FetOs, 44 Fe30r, 26 C20, - - 3,000 1,000 1,600 .60 Sn, G W .I13
Silmanal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.8 Ag, 8.8 Mn, 4.4 A1 - - 20,000 6,000 550 .075 C, CR, M, P D. M .325
Platinum-cobalt . . . . . . . . . . 77 Pt, 23 Co Q 1200, B 650 15,000 3,600 5,900 6.5 C,CR,M D’ -
Hyflux . . . ... .. . . . _ ... . .. Fine powder - - 2,000 390 6,600 .97 - - .176
*Value given is intrinsic H c .
CR-Cold rolled or drawn. M-Machined.*
uenched in oil or water. A-Air cooled. B-Baked. F-Cooled in magnetic field.
‘E;pMust he ground. P-Punched. C-Cast. Sn-Sintered.
CW-Cold worked. t HR-Hot rolled or forged,
$ M-Hard. B-Brittle. S-Strong. D-Ductile. M-Malleable. W-Weak.
T A B L E 471.-MAGNETIC PROPERTIES O F SO-ME ALLOYS * 455
B & H MEASURED IN cgs U N I T S
~ ~
Induction data
Values of B 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
Carbon steel ..............H 33 50 61 72 93 155 290 6 0 0 -
.9 C, .5 Mn, .2 Si, Bal F e . . p 60 80 98 111 108 77 48 27
Chrome ..................H 32 48 61 75 100 175 - - -
Bar, 3.5 Cr, 0.9 C. ......... p 63 83 98 107 100 69 - - -
Chrbme ..................H 30 44 52.5 62 75 155 235 - -
Sheet, 5.75 Cr, 1.25 C . . .... p 67 91 114 129 133 104 60 - -
Chrome ..................H 36 47.5 64 80 122 - - - -
Sheet, 5.75 Cr, 10 C . . ...... p 56 84 94 100 82 - - - -
Tungsten steel ............H 35 52.5 63 70 81.5 115 195 195 500
0.6 C, 5 W, 0.5 Mn, 0.2 Si.. p 57 76 95 114 123 104 72 72 32
Cobalt .................... H 140 203 240 269 313 413 649 - -
Bar, 36 Co, 3.5 Cr, 3.0 W . . . p 14 20 25 30 32 29 22 - -
Coma1 1 ..................H 134 201 237 258 290
369 651 1355 2571
12 Co, 17 Mo, Bal Fe ...... p 14.9 19.9 25.3 31 34.5
32.5 21.5 11.8 7
Alnico 1 ..................H 280 400 478 582 910 1820 -
12 Al, 20 Ni, 5 Co, Bal F e . . p 7.1 10.0 12.6 13.8 11.0 6.6 -
Alnico 2 ..................H 360 560 668 785 1020 1680 -
Cast, 10 Al, 17 Ni, 12.5 Co.. p 5.6 7.1 9.0 10.2 9.8 7.1 -
Alnico 2 ................ . . H 340 515 605 760 1200 1800 -
Sintered, 10 Al, 17 Ni.. .... p 5.9 7.8 9.9 10.5 8.3 6.7 -
Alnico 3 ..................H 305 473 565 698 1035 2000 -
12 Al, 2.5 Ni, Bal Fe.. ..... p 6.6 8.5 10.6 11.5 9.7 6.0 -
Up to 5/8x5/8" cross section
Alnico 3 .................. H 279 395 478 575 940 1910 -
Cast, 12 Al, 25 Ni, Bal Fe.. p 7.2 10.1 12.5 13.9 10.6 6.3 -
5/8x5/8" cross section and over
Alnico 4 ................. . H 500 850 1075 1350 1890 - -
Cast, and sintered ......... p 4.0 4.7 5.6 5.9 5.3 - -
12 Al, 28 Ni, 5 Co, Bal Fe
Alnico 5 ..................H 468 560 580 580 598 640 945
Cast, 8 Al, 14 Ni, 24 Co,
3 Cu, Bal Fe ............p 4.3 7.1 10.3 13.8 16.7 18.8 148
Alnico 6 ..................H 430 675 770 845 940 1110 1700
Cast, 8 Al, 15 Ni, 24 Co,
3Cu, 1.25 Ti, Bal Fe.. . . . . p 4.7 5.9 7.8 9.5 10.6 10.8 8.2
Alnico 12 ................. H 610 1000 1300 1600 2000 3000 -
Cast, 6 Al, 18 Ni, 35 Co,
8 Ti, Bal Fe ............. p 3.3 4.0 4.6 5.0 5.0 4.8 -
Cunife ................... .H 530 645 845 - - - -
Under .155" dia. 60 Cu,
20 Ni, Bal Fe ......... p 3.8 6.2 7.1 - - - -
Cunico .................. .H 590 1000 1630 3200 - - -
50 Cu, 21 Ni, 29 Co. ....... p 3.4 4.0 3.7 2.5 - - -
Vectolite ................ .H 1110 2050 3700 - - - -
30 Fe201, 44 Fer04,
26 CoaOi ............... p 1.8 2.0 1.7 - - - -
Silmanal .................. Maximum p 1.111
Much of the data on magnetism was corrected by W. E. Ruder, of the General Electric Co.
Professor Ewing has investigated the effects of very intense fields on the induction in iron and
others metals. The results show that the intensity of magnetization does not increase much in
iron after the field has reached a n intensity of 1000 cgs units, the increase of induction above this
being almost the same as if the iron were not there, that is to say, d B / d H is practically unity.
For hard steels, and particularly mangapese steels, much higher forces are required t o produce
saturation. Hadfield's manganese steel seems to have nearly constant susceptibility up to a
magnetizing force of 10,000. The following tables, taken from Ewing's papers, illustrate the
effects of strong fields on iron and steel. T h e results for nickel and cobalt do not differ greatly
from those given above.
T A B L E 475.-EFFECT O F T E M P E R A T U R E ON P E R M E A B I L I T Y O F
N I C K E L - I R O N A L L O Y (47-50 Ni) 1%
B (gausses) at
Maximum maximum Permeability
Test B (gausses) at permeability permeability (B/H)
Temp. 'F 30 H (oersteds) (B/H) (B/H) at 100 gausses
390 11500 79000 4600 8000
190 11850 59000 4400 7000
80 12000 49000 4700 6100
32 12000 44000 5200 5600
- 42 12200 34000 6000 4500
-100 12300 30000 7000 4200
1% Hicks, Laurence C., Nickel-iron alloys for magnetic circuits, Electrical Manufacturing, January
1946.
1 - - 265 265
2 100 700 350
3 - - - - 1625 542
5 10050 2010 1525 300 750 150
~~. 3000 600
10 12550 1255 9000 900 1650 165 5000 500
20 14550 727 11500 575 5875 294 6000 300
30 15200 507 12650 422 9875 329 6500 217
40
.. 15800 395 13300 332 11600 290 7100 177
50 16ooo 320 13x00
.._.. 276 12000 240 7350 149
70 16360 234 14350 205 13400 191 7900 113
100 16800 168 14900 149 14500 145 8500 85
150 17400 116 15700 105 15800 105 9500 63
200 17950 90 16100 80 16100 80 10190 51
r
Steel a t 0°C
I
.
Steel at 100°C
,
H St I$ B LL H S I B 5
100 165.0 1283 16240 162.4 100 165.0 1278 16170 161.7
200 181.0 1408 17900 89.5 200 180.0 1395 17730 88.6
400 193.0 1500 19250 48.1 400 191.0 1480 19000 47.5
700 199.5 1552 20210 28.9 700 197.0 1527 19890 28.4
1000 203.5 1583 20900 20.9 1000 199.0 1543 20380 20.4
1200 205.0 1595 21240 17.7 1500 203.0 1573 21270 14.2
3750* 212.0 1650 24470 6.5 3000 205.0 1593 23020 7.7
5000 208.0 1612 25260 5.1
The results in this and other tables for forces above 1200 were obtained from a small piece of the
metal rovided with a polished mirror surface and placed with its polished face normal to the lines of
force getween the poles of a powerful electromagnet. Th; induction was then inferred from the rotation
of thk plane of a polarized ray of red light reflected normally from the surface. (See Kerr's Constants,
Tables 516 517 520.)
t Magnelic mLment per grain. :! Magnetic moment per cma.
T A B L E 480.-ENERGY LOSSES I N T R A N S F O R M E R S T E E L S
D. C. Hysteresis data
From Bmaz= 10.000 rrausses
Thickness Ha Br Hm.Z
Grade in. oersteds gausses oersteds HcXBr
Transformer 52 .... . .. .0140 -.20 4800 2.03 960
Transformer 58 . . .. .. . ,0140 -.24 5050 1.94 1210
Transformer 65 .. . ... . .0140 -.31 5200 2.16 1610
Transformer 72 .., .... ,0140 -.42 6200 2.19 2610
Transformer 72 . . .. . . . ,0185 -.43 5050 2.58 2170
Transformer 72 . . .. . . . .0250 --.SO 5300 2.72 2650
Dynamo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,0140 -.51 6650 2.30 3400
Dynamo . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .O 185 -.53 5500 2.85 2920
Dynamo . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .0250 -.59 5750 2.87 3400
Motor . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .0140 -.55 6350 3.33 3500
Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,0185 -.58 6700 2.80 3890
Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .0250 -.63 6900 2.99 4350
Electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,0140 -.62 7700 2.52 4770
Electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0285 -.61 8100 2.16 4950
Electrical . . . ... . . . . . . . .0250 -.68 8250 2.26 5610
Armature .. .. . . . . . . . .. ,0140 -.64 8350 2.30 5350
Armature . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,0185 -.68 8300 2.20 5650
Armature . . . . . . .. . .. . . ,0250 -.72 8230 2.26 5940
T A B L E 481.-ENERGY LOSSES IN T R A N S F O R M E R S T E E L S
a c core losses
Watts/lb for 60 cycle at 10,000 gausses
Eddy
Thickness current
Designation in. Gage loss Hysteresis Total
Transformer 52 . . .. . .. ,0134 29 .149 .345 494
Transformer 58 . . . . . . . ,0137 29 .163 .38S .548
Transformer 65 . . . . . .. ,0136 29 .I93 .426 .619
Transformer 72 .. . . . . . .0136 29 .205 .450 .675
..
Dynamo . . . . . . . . . . . . .0137 29 218 .572 .790
Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,0140 29 245 .709 ,954
Electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,0137 29 262 352 1.114
Armature . . . . . . . ... . . ,0139 29 .486 .741 1.227
Oriented C . R. strio. . . . .0140 29 .164 236 .40
Value of
Kind of material Description of specimen a
Iron ................. Norway iron . . . . . . . ................. .00227
................. Wrought bar . . . . . . ,00326
................. Commercial ferrotype plate .00548
Annealed .00458
......... Thin tin plate ...... ,00286
................. Medium-thickness tin .00425
Steel . . . . . . . . ......... Soft galvanized wire ,00349
................. Annealed cast steel . ,00848
......... ........ Soft annealed cast st ,00457
......... ........ Very soft annealed cast steel.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,00318
. . . . . . . . . ........ Same as 8 tempered in cold water.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02792
......... ........ Tool stzel glass hard-tempered in water ,07476
. . . . . . . . . ........ tempered in oil ....................... ,02670
. . . . . . . . ......... " "
annealed ............................. .01899
......... .......
................
......... .......
Cast iron . . . . . ........
. . . . . ........
1 Same as 12, 13, and 14, after having been subjected
to an alternating m. m. f. of from 4
Gray
"
cast iron
I' "
-
ampere turns for demagnetization .....
.................................
containing i"/o aluminum . . . . . . . . .
000 .
... I
,06130
.02700
.01445
.01300
.01365
..... ........ " '1 "
.01459
1 A square rod 6 cm2 section and 6.5 cm long,
Magnetite ............the Tilly Foster mines, Brewsters, Putnam County, ,02348
Nickel ...............
1New York, stated to be a very pure sample
............ ,0122
............... F Ewing's
2 e Z Z
experiments ...................... ,0156
............... Hardened, also from Ewing's experiments ... .0385
I
Cobalt Rod containing about 2'70 of iron, also calculated
................ from ,0120
Ewing's experiments by Steinmetz .........
Consisted of thin needle-like chips obtained by
milling grooves about 8 mm wide across a pile of
thin sheets clamped together. About 30% by vol-
Iron filings ........... ume of the specimen was iron.
1st experiment, continuous cyclic variation of m. m. .0457
f. 180 cycles per second .........................
2d experiment, 114 cycles per second . . ... ,0396
3d " 79-91 cycles per second ... ,0373
Nickel alloy .......... Permalloy .......................... ... ,0001
Hipernik ...................................... ,00015
Electrical sheet ........ Silicon steel 4.5'7 Si ............... ,00046
Silicon steel 4.5% Si . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ooO51
Silicon steel 4.4% Si ............................ .OW56
Silicon steel 3.5'70 Si ............................ ,00065
Silicon steel 2.5'70 si . . . .00081
Silicon steel 1.0% Si ... .OOOS8
Silicon steel 0.5% Si ... .001
Low carbon sheet ........ ,003
Cast steel annealed ............................. ,005
Cast iron annealed .............................. .012
The relation deduced by Curie that x = C / T , where C is a constant and T the absolute
temperature, holds for some paramagnetic substances over the ranges given in the follow-
ing table. Many paramagnetic substances do not obey the law. See the following table.
T A B L E 484.-TEMPERATURE E F F E C T ( " C ) ON S U S C E P T I B I L I T Y O F
DIAMAGNETIC E L E MENTS *
No effect:
B Cryst. 400 to 1200" P white Se - Sb -170t050~
C +
Diamond, 170 to200" S Crvst. ; p i k
Zn -170 to 300"
Br -170 to 18"
Zr Cryst. -170 to 500"
Cs
Hg
and Au
+
-39 to 350"
C "Sugar" carbon
Si Cryst. As - Cd -170 to 300" Pb 327to600"
Increase with rise i n temperature:
Be - C Diamond, 200 to 1200" I -170to114"
B Cryst. + 170 to 400" Ag - H g -170 to -30"
Decrease with rise in temperature:
C Amorphous Gd -179to30' I n -I70to15O0 TI -
C Ceylon graphite
cu -
Ge
Zr
-170 to 900"
500to1200'
Sb
Te
+
-
+
50 to 631" Pb -170 to 327"
Bi -170 to 268"
Zn + 300 to700" Cd 300to700" I + +
114 to 200"
T A B L E 485.-TEMPERATURE E F F E C T ( " C ) ON S U S C E P T I B I L I T Y OF
PARAMAGNETIC E L E M ENTS
No effect:
Li - K -170 to 150" Cr -170to500" W -
Na -170to97" Ca -170 to 18" Mn -170 to 250" 0 s -
A1 657 to 1100" V -170to500" Rb -
Increase with rise in temperature:
T i -40 to 1100"
V 500to 1100"
Cr 500 to 1100"
Mo -170 to 1200"
Ru
Rh
+ 550-to 1200" Ba -170 to 18"
Ir and T h
Decrease with rise in temperature:
(0) - T i -180 to -40" Ni 350to800" Pd and T a
AS -170 to 657" M n 250 to 1015" Co above 1150" Pt and U
Mg - (Fe) - Nb -170 to 400" Rare earth metals
T A B L E 488.-lNCREASE O F RESISTANCE O F N I C K E L D U E T O A
TRANSVERSE MAGNETIC FIELD, EXPRESSED AS yo O F
RESISTANCE A T O°C AND H = O
T A B L E 4 8 9 . P H A N G E O F RESISTANCE O F VARIOUS M E T A L S I N A
TRANSVERSE MAGNETIC F I E L D
(Room temperature)
1
Different specimens show
Copper . . . . . . . + ,004 very divers'e results,
Silver . . . . . . . . + .004 Iron . . . . . . . . usually an increase in
Gold . . . . . . . . . + ,003 weak fields, a decrease
Tin . . . . . . . . . . + .002 .. in strong.
Palladium ... . + ,001 Nickel steel . Aljoys behave similarly to
Platinum . . . . . + .0005 iron.
Electrical sheets
Electro- Good Poor
l.ytic cast cast Cast Silicon
iron steel steel Steel iron O r dinar y steel
C ,024 ,044 .56 .99 3.11 .036 .036
Chemical composi- si ,004 ,004 .18 .I0 3.27
tion in percent Mn ,008 .40 .29 .40 .56
,008 ,044 .076 .04 1.05
,001 .027 ,035 .07 .06
1.51 7.1 16.7 11.4
Coercive force . . . . . . .. 1.371 (44.3) (52.4) C4.61 11.301 [.77]
Residual B . . . . . . .. . . . { 11400
I10800
10600 10500
I 110001 (10500)
13000
(7500)
5100
[5350 [94001 [9850]
1850 3550 700 375 240
Maximum permeability { 114400 I148001 (170) (110) I600 [32701 [6130]
19200 18800 17400 16700 10400
B for H = 150 ........ { I189001 I191001 (15400) (11700) I110001 [182001 [175501
21620 21420 20600 19800 16400
1 saturation.. . . . {
4 ~ for I216301 I214201 (20200) (18000) I168001 r205001 [192601
B racke ts indicate annealing a t 800OC in vacuum.
Parentheses indicate hardening by quenching f r o m cherry-red
Chemical analysis
I Marnetic Dronerties
Specific
electri- Energy dis-
cal resist- hlaxj- Residual Cper.. Demag- sipated per
Description of Total Manga. Phos- ance mum in. induc- cive netizing cycle
specimen Temper carbon nese Sulfur Silicon phorus x 100 duction tion force force ergs
Wrought iron ............. Annf.aled - - - 13.78 18251 7248 2.30 - 13356
Malleable Fast iron.. ....... - - - 32.54 12408 7479 8.80 - 34742
Gray cast iron ............. - - - - 105.60 10783 3928 3.80 - 13037
Bessemer steel . . . . . . . . . . . . - ,045 ,200 .030 No,;ie ,040 10.50 18196 7860 2.96 - 17137
Whit%orth m,i)d steel. ...... AnyFaled ,090 ,153 ,016 ,042 10.80 19840 7080 1.63 I
10289
....... ,320 .438 .017 ,042 ,035 14.46 18736 9840 6.73 - 40 120
‘( ‘1
....... 13.90 18796 11040 11.00 - 65786
“ “
....... Annealed ,890 .165 ,005 .081 .019 15.59 16120 10740 8.26 - 42366
“ ‘I
.......{Oil-hard-
ened 16.95 16120 8736 19.38 I
99401
Hadfield’s manganese steel - 1.005 12.360 .038 ,204 ,070 65.54 310 - - -
Manganese steel ........... As forged .674 4.730 .023 .608 .078 53.68 4623 2202 23.50 37.13 34567
<
“ ........... Annealed <
39.28 10578 5848 33.86 46.10 113963
“ .{
.......... Oil-hard-
ened
<
55.56 4769 2158 27.64 40.29 41941
,L
‘‘ ........... As forged 1.298 8.740 ,024 .094 .072 69.93 747 - - - -
‘ ........... Annealed 63.16 1985 540 24.50 50.39 15474
“ {
........... Oil-hard-
ened
, It ‘ I‘ “
70.66 733 - - -
Silicon steel ............... As forged .685
‘ .694 “
3.438 ,123 61.63 15148 11073 9.49 12.60 45740
I‘ “
............... Annealed ,I
6 1.85 14701 8149 7.80 10.74 36485
(continued) E2
-
ln
P
4
i
TABLE 493.-COMPOSITION AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES O F IRON AND S T E E L
(concluded)
0
ln
z Chemical analysis
P
2 < * properties
Magnetic
Specific 7
I
0
electri- Energy dis-
< cal resist. Max!- Residual Coer. Demag- sipated
2 Description of Total Manga. Phos- ance mum in- induc- cive netizing per cycle
0
D
I
- specimen Temper. carbon nese Sulphur Silicon phorus x 108 duction tion force force ergs
+
D
W
Silicon steel ............... {yA;Frd- .685 .694 .024 3.438 .123 61.95 14696 8084 12.75 17.14 59619
r-
m
ln Chrome steel ............a As forged .532
' .393 .020 220 ,041 20.16 15778 9318 12.24 13.87 61439
1' "
............a Annealed 19.42 14848 7570 8.98 12.24 42425
'' I'
............a { TLLFrd-
27.08 13964 8595 38.15 48.45 169455
'I " ............b As forged .687 .028 .134 ,043 17.91 14680 7568 18.40 22.03 85944
'1 .I
.......... . . bAnnealed 18.49 13233 6489 15.40 19.79 64842
'I 1' .......... ..b{ Oil-hard-
ened 30.35 12868 7891 40.80 56.70 167050
TunEsten st:el ...........c As forged 1.357 .036 Nye .043 ,047 22.49 15718 10144 15.71 17.75 78568
...........c Annealed 22.50 16498 11008 15.30 16.93 80315
Hardened
" ...........c.; in cold ' 22.74 - - - - -
water
Hardened
" ........... c / in tepid 22.49 15610 9482 30.10 34.70 149500
water
'' (French). . d { ~ ~ ~ ~ r d .511 - .625 None ,021 .028 36.04 14480 8643 47.07 64.46 216864
'' ...........e Very hard ,855 .312 - .151 .089 44.27 12133 6818 51.20 70.69 197660
Gray cast iron ............ f - 3.455 ,173 ,042 2.044 .151 114.0 9148 3161 13.67 17.03 39789
Mottled ca$ 5' :". ........g - 2.581 .610 .lo5 1.476 .435 62.86 10546 5108 12.24 - 41072
White .......... - -
2.036 .386 ,467 .764 .458 56.61 9342 5554 12.24
-
20.40 36383
-
Spiegeleisen .............. 4.510 7.970 Trace .502 ,128 105.20 385 77 -
Silicon steel .............. Annealed 4.5 65 10000 6500 3.5
C. R. silicon steel (oriented). Annealed .03 3.25 5G 15000 10750 2.9
Ingot iron ...............h Hot rolled .01 .01 15 19400 5500 2.9
H2 annealed .o 1 15 19400 loo00 1.5
Other substances present-a .621 Cr, b 1.195 Cr, c 4.649 W, d 3.444 W, e 2.353 W, f 2.064 graphetic carbon, g 1.447 graphetic carbon, h 99.75 Fe.
T A B L E 494.-DEMAGNETIZING FACTORS FOR RODS 467
H = true intensity of magnetizing field, H' = intensity of applied field, Z = intensity of magnet-
ization, H = H' - NI.
Shuddemagen says: The demagnetizing factor is not a constant, falling for highest values of
I to about 1/7 the value when unsaturated; for values of B (=H +
4 s I) less than 1000, N is
approximately constant; using a solenoid wound on an insulating tube, or a tube of split brass,
the reversal method gives values for N which are considerably lower than those given by the
step-by-step method; if the solenoid is wound on a thick brass tube, the two methods practically
agree.
Values of K X 10' are given where B is determined by the step method and H = H' - KB.
Values of N X 10'
Cvlinder
Ballistic step method
Shuddemagen for range of'
Ratio Dubois practical constancy
of Magneto- Values of K X 10'
length Uniform metric Diameter r ~
For a given time and place, the field is completely described by specifying the values of
three magnetic elements, provided they include one from the group D , X , Y, and one from
the group, I , Z , F . The ways in which the magnetic elements are interrelated may be
seen from figure 20 and the formulas below. The formulas in the right-hand group are
ZENITH
t
,/'
obtained from the others by differentiation; they are useful when dealing with small incre-
ments, such as those which describe annual and daily changes and minor local anomalies
of the geomagnetic field. The formulas pertaining to values of AD and AI are expressed
in minutes of arc.
X = H cos D AX = cos D AH - H sin D sin 1' AD
Y = H sin D A Y = sin D AH +
H cos D sin 1' AD
Y=XtanD AF = cos I 4 H sin I AZ +
H = V W AI =
H A Z - Z AH
H = FcosI H Z sect I sin 1'
Z= H t a n I
Z = F sin I
F=VH'+Z2
A2 = t a n l AH + H sec2 I AI sin 1'
F= VX'+ Yz+Z'
. Prepared by E. H. Vestine, Carneaie Institution of Washington, and David G. Knapp, U. S. Coast
and Geodetic Survey.
1m For references, see bibliography following Table 511, p. 501.
(copitinued)
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
469
TABLE 495.-ELEMENTS OF T H E EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD (concluded)
For purposes of mathematical analysis, it is convenient to recognize that the magnetic
intensity or field strength (like other vector fields) is derivable from a scalar function or
potential. If V be the potential corresponding to the geomagnetic field, we may write
I; = - grad V ,
whence any of the magnetic elements may be expressed as functions of the potential.
In polar coordinates ( r , 8, A ) with origin at the earth's center, we have
v = a n=l
z
00
{ (r/a)" T"" + (a/r)n+' }
Tn' = v" + V ' ,
where a denotes the earth's mean radius (6.37 X 10'cm) (see Table 827).
m
T. z
m=O
(9."' cos m A + h." sin m A) p." (0).
Here 0 is the colatitude and A the east longitude, and the affixes e and i refer to portions
respectively of external and internal origin. The function
where
Z(21t - 1)
Magnetic surveys of portions of the earth have been made by means of observations at
many thousands of stations, the elcments usually observed being D , H , and I . Such sur-
veys are repeated in part every few years in populated areas, and at intervals of one or
more decades in most areas, because of a substantial and usually unpredictable change in
the earth's field known as geomagnetic secular change. These changes are most accurately
measured at fixed magnetic observatories to the number of about one hundred. The U. S.
Coast and Geodetic Survey operates magnetic observatories at Cheltenham, Md. ; Tucson,
Ariz.; Sitka, Alaska; Honolulu, T. H.; and San Juan, P. R. Other nations conduct
similar measurements.
Magnetic surveys by airplane will no doubt be commonplace in future years.
The part of the earth's field having external origin does not exceed a few percent, and
its existence has never been inditated with much certainty hy the spherical harmonic
analyses. If the distinction between contributions of external and internal origin in the
first formula is disregarded, the accompanying tables give the values of the principal har-
monic terms at various epochs.
The magnetic moment of the earth as given by the centered dipole approximation for
1922 was 8.04 x 10'' cgs. The axis of this dipole intersects the earth's surface at points
called the geomagnetic (axis) poles, located in 1922 a t latitude 78?5 N., and longitude
270?0 E.; and at latitude 78?5 S., and longitude 111" E. In comparison with these cur-
rently adopted values, the analysis of Vestine and Lange for 1945 shows only slight change
that may have taken place since 1922.
The dipole part of the earth's field diminishes with height h approximately as (1 - 3h/a).
Values for 1945 have been estimated in tabulation to heights as great as h = 5000 km for
spherical harmonic terms up to degree six.?
The magnetic north and south poles of popular interest are those defined by H = 0, or
by I = 2 90". As H changes with time, owinq to secular change, these poles must move
with time, except in the unlikely event that the lines of zero change of X and Y both
happen to pass through the poles. There are a principal north magnetic pole and a princi-
pal south magnetic pole, which undergo substantial change in position with time. I n addi-
tion there are undoubtedly local (secondary) magnetic poles near each principal pole. These
secondary poles occur only in pairs. Of each pair, one pole has the character of a poten-
tial focus (like the corresponding principal pole), while the other is a "false pole" or node
of the equipotential lines. The secondary poles do not individually undergo large-scale
migration, since they are associated with localized magnetic materials in the earth's crust.
These occur when such materials succeed in reducing the changing value of H to zero, as
the principal migrates.
The principal north and south magnetic poles are not diametrically opposite, each being
about 2,300 km from the antipodes of the other.
t See bibliography, reference g. p. 501.
Source Epoch g10 91' hi' gzo 92' h2' 922 h22
Gauss .... ... ..... . .. 1835 -3235 -311 +625 + 51 +292 + 12- 2 +I57
Erman-Petersen . . . . . 1829 -3201 -284 +60l - 8 +257 - 4 - 14 +146
Adams .............. 1845 -3219 -278 +578 + 9 +284 - 10 +
4 +I35
A-dams ...... ........ 1880 -3168 -243 +603 - 49 +297 - 75 +
61 +I49
Fritsche . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1885 -3164 -241 +591 - 35 +286 - 75 +
68 +I42
Schmidt .. . ... ....... 1885 -3168 -222 +595 - 50 +278 - 71 +
65 +I49
Dyson and Frirner.. . . 1922 -3095 -226 +592 - 89 +299 -124 +I44 84 +
Afanasieva . . . . . . . . . . 1945 -3032 -229 +590 -125 +288 -146 +I50 48 +
Vestine and Lange.. . . 1945 -3057 -211 +581 -127 $296 -166 +I64 54 +
T A B L E 497.-SPHERICAL H A R M O N I C C O E F F I C I E N T S OF T H E A V E R A G E
A N N U A L S E CUL AR V A R I A T I O N E X P R E S S E D I N U N I T S O F lo-& cgs
Source Epoch 9
1' 91' hi' az0 92' hzl 92 h2'
Dyson-Schmidt ....... 1922-1885 +20 - 1 -10- 1 +6 -14 +21 -18
Bartels .... ........... 19220-1902 +42 -9 +I2 - 7 $8 -25 +I3 -8
Carlheim-Gyllenskold .. 1920-1902 0 +I3 +4 0 -4 -12 +I3 -17
1912.5 +25 + 1 -7 -7 -1 -9 +24 -17
Vestine and Lange ..... 1922.5
1932.5
+28
+23
+
+ 4 - 7 -10
1 - 5 -14
+I
+I
-14
-18
+I7
+10
-17
-14
1942.5 +9 + 2 + 1 -18 0 -20 + 2 -14
North West
Date or lati- lon i
eDoch tude tuL- Observer Authority
0 1 0 ,
T A B L E 500.-DIP OR I N C L I N A T I O N , U N I T E D S T A T E S
This table gives for the epoch January 1, 1950, smoothed values of the magnetic dip, I, cor-
responding to the longitudes, A, west of Greenwich in the heading and the north latitudes, %, in
the first column. The remarks about smoothing, in Table 502, apply to this table as well.
+\A 65" 70" 75" 80" 85" 90" 95" 100" 105' 1100 1150 120" 1250
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21 ... ... 54.7 ... ... ...... ...
23 ... ... 57.0 56.3 55.o 5i.i 52.7 si.4 50.i ...... ...
25 ... ... 59.2 58.5 57.6 56.6 55.2 53.9 52.6 51:4 50.3 ...
27 ... 61.1 60.8 59.9 58.8 57.6 56.3 55.0 53.7 52.6 si.6 ...
29 ... 62.9 63.0 62.8 62.0 61.0 59.8 58.5 57.2 56.0 54.8 53.8 ...
31 ... 64.5 64.8 64.7 63.9 63.0 61.8 60.6 59.4 58.2 57.0 55.9 ...
33 ... 66.2 66.5 66.5 65.9 64.9 63.8 62.6 61.5 60.4 59.0 58.0 ...
35 ... 67.8 68.2 68.2 67.7 66.8 65.8 64.7 63.6 62.4 61.1 60.0 ...
37 ... 69.4 69.9 69.9 69.5 68.6 67.6 66.6 65.5 64.4 63.0 61.8 ...
39 ... 70.7 71.3 71.4 71.1 70.4 69.4 68.5 67.4 66.2 64.9 63.6 62.7
41 72.0 72.6 72.8 72.6 72.0 71.2 70.2 69.2 68.0 66.7 65.4 64.3
43 72.3 73.2 73.9 74.2 74.0 73.6 72.5 71.9 70.9 69.6 68.4 67.1 65.9
45 73.4 74.4 75.2 75.6 75.5 75.0 74.4 73.6 72.6 71.3 70.0 68.8 67.5
47 74.4 75.6 76.3 76.8 76.9 76.6 75.9 75.1 74.1 72.8 71.6 70.4 69.2
49 75.5 76.6 77.4 78.0 78.4 78.1 77.3 76.5 75.5 74.4 73.0 71.9 70.7
T A B L E 501.-SECULAR C H A N G E O F DI'P, U N I T E D S T A T E S
Smoothed values of the magnetic dip for the indicated places for January 1 of the years stated.
The degrees are given in the third colunin and in the succeeding column. The remarks about
smoothing, in Table 502, apply to this table as well.
Lat. Long. 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 Lat. Long. 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950
25" 80" 55' 179' 202' 214' 213' 210 12'
25
25
90 53
100 51
i8s
162
zio 2%
176 178
2i6
176
Zis
173
43 is
43 90 73
so 76
39
80
43
i46s so
40
74
33
31 80 62 137 154 166 164 161 43 100 71 67 69 70 63 56
31 90 60 163 178 185 181 178 43 110 69 50 50 51 45 39
31 100 58 153 162 165 161 157 43 120 67 20 16 18 14 7
31 110 57 72 77 77 75 71 47 70 75 49 46 49 44 36
37 80 68 102 113 122 118 114 17 80 76 61 60 62 57 50
37 90 67 92 101 108 102 97 49 90 78 23 22 21 15 7
37 100 65 98 104 107 101 96 49 100 76 46 45 43 37 31
37 110 63 89 91 93 88 82 49 110 74 35 32 31 26 21
37 120 61 61 59 62 57 51 49 120 71 68 62 62 58 53
Locality Lat. Long. 1920 1930 1940 1950 Locality I.at. Long. 1920 1930 1940 1950
At sea 44’ 68’ 13’W 319’ 357’ 377’ 377’ Mexico 28” 100’ 8 E 112’ 127‘ 142’ 135’
Maine 46 68 16 W 269 299 312 307 Tex. 30 100 9 E 75 85 98 92
Canada 48 68 19 W 241 263 269 258 Tex. 32 100 9 E 98 103 114 108
A t sea 40 72 6 W 311 356 382 387
Conn. 42 72 7 W 355 400 425 426 Tex. 34 100 in E 63 63 69 63
N. H. 44 72 9 W 349 392 413 410 Okla. 36 100 10 E 89 82 83 76
Kans. 38 100 11 E 52 38 35 25
Canada 46 72 11 W 357 393 409 401 Kans. 40 100 11 E 74 52 47 34
At sea 34 76 Ot 260 283 298 306 Nehr. 42 100 11 E 99 71 62 46
N. C. 36 76 0 W 324 351 366 372 S. Dak. 44 100 11 E 129 94 79 59
Md. 38 76 1 W 333 367 382 385
Pa. 40 76 2 W 350 389 403 404 N. n a k . 46 100 12 E 105 63 40 16
Pa. 42 76 3 W 376 420 434 432 N. Dak. 48 100 12 E 143 94 64 34
Tex. 30 104 10 E 91 100 110 100
N. Y. 44 76 5 W 357 402 415 409 Tex. 32 104 11 E 65 69 76 66
At sea 26 80 0 E 72 77 75 59 N. Mex. 34 104 11 E 98 97 100 YO
At sea 28 80 0 E 39 40 37 25 N. Mex. 36 104 12 E 72 66 65 52
At sea 30 80 Ot 4* 0 3 11
At sea 32 80 Ot 33 43 46 51 Cola. 38 104 13 E 45 33 26 12
s. c. 34 80 Ot 81 96 98 101 Colo. 40 104 13 E 78 60 49 31
Nebr. 42 104 13 E 118 94 79 58
N. c. 36 80 Ot 132 153 157 157 S. Dak. 44 104 14 E 107 76 57 31
Va. 38 80 Ot 191 218 221 219 N. Dak. 46 104 15 E 98 61 37 6
Pa. 40 80 Ot 255 289 293 288 N. Dak. 48 104 15 E 154 110 79 44
Pa. 42 80 0 W 326 365 371 365
Canada 44 80 1 W 352 396 403 394 Mexico 30 108 11 E 95 100 108 95
Fla. 30 84 2 E 28 31 39 35 N. Mex. 32 108 12 E 74 75 79 65
N. Mex. 34 108 12 E 111 109 109 95
Ga. 32 84 1 E 62 59 66 66 N. Mex. 36 108 13 E 90 84 80 63
Ga. 34 84 1E 32 23 30 32 Colo. 38 108 14 E 69 59 51 32
Tenn. 36 84 0 E 59 44 50 54 Colo. 40 108 15 E 56 40 26 5
KY. 38 84 Ot 18* 5 0 6’
Ohio 40 84 Ot 24 55 52 44 wyo. 42 108 15 E 111 90 73 47
Mich. 42 84 Ot 77 114 113 105 wyo. 44 108 16 E 113 86 66 35
Mont. 46 108 17 E 114 81 56 21
Mich. 44 84 Ot 141 183 187 178 Mont. 48 108 18 E 117 78 47 8
Mich. 46 84 Ot 212 260 270 263 Ariz. 32 112 12 E 125 125 126 112
Ala. 30 88 4 E 42 50 64 64 Ariz. 34 112 13 E 107 104 103 86
Ala. 32 88 4 E 28 30 42 44
Ala. 34 88 4 E 12 7 18 22 Ark. 36 112 14 E 91 84 78 60
Tenn. 36 88 3 E 54 42 53 58 Utah 38 112 15 E 80 70 60 39
Utah 40 112 16 E 76 62 49 25
Ind. 38 88 3 E 34 14 23 29 Utah 42 112 17 E 79 61 44 16
Ill. 40 88 2 E 70 41 47 52 Idaho 44 112 18 E 84 61 41 9
Ill. 42 88 2 E 41 6 8 12 Mont. 46 112 19 E 96 67 41 5
Wis. 44 88 1 E 70 28 25 27
Mich. 46 88 0 E 87 37 28 26 Mont. 48 112 19 E 163 129 99 59
Mich. 48 88 Ot 35’ 20 35 42 Mexico 32 116 12 E 164 162 163 148
Calif. 34 116 13 E 151 146 144 128
La. 30 92 6 E 47 57 74 74 Calif. 36 116 14 E 141 134 128 109
La. 32 92 6 E 44 49 64 66 Nev. 38 116 15 E 137 127 118 97
Ark. 34 92 6 E 39 37 51 55 Nev. 40 116 16 E 138 126 113 89
Ark. 36 92 6 E 40 29 38 42
Ma. 38 92 6 E 39 20 27 29 Nev. 42 116 17 E 140 124 109 81
Ma. 40 92 6 E 34 8 12 12 Idaho 44 116 18 E 152 133 114 83
Idaho 46 116 19 E 168 143 120 85
Iowa 42 92 5 E 87 52 50 49 Mont. 48 116 21 E 119 90 61 23
Minn. 44 92 5 E 76 35 28 22 At sea 34 120 13 E 189 184 180 163
Minn. 46 92 4 E 128 79 64 53 Calif. 36 120 14 E 184 ‘177 171 152
Minn. 48 92 4 E 116 60 37 21
At sea 28 96 7 E 85 101 119 115 Calif. 38 120 15 E 182 1/2 163 143
Tex. 30 96 7 E 96 107 123 121 Calif. 40 120 16 E 180 168 156 13.2
Calif. 42 120 17 E 184 169 154 129
Tex. 32 96 8 E 48 54 67 66 Oreg. 44 120 18 E 200 181 163 135
Okla. 34 96 8 E 61 61 70 69 Wash 46 120 19 E 213 192 172 140
Okla. 36 96 8 E 75 66 71 69 Wash. 48 120 21 E 168 142 116 80
I<ans. 38 96 9 E 27 10 12 9
Kans. 40 96 9 E 38 13 12 6 At sea 38 124 15 E 213 202 194 175
Iowa 42 96 9 E 48 16 11 2 Calif. 40 124 16 E 211 199 187 167
Calif. 42 124 17 E 215 201 187 164
Minn. 44 96 8 E 120 81 70 57 Oreg. 44 124 18 E 229 212 194 170
Minn. 46 96 8 E 134 88 69 50 Orex. 46 124 19 E 241 222 203 175
Minn. 48 96 8 E 154 100 71 48 Wash. 48 124 20 E 256 234 210 179
-
* East declination. t Values on this line are west, except those marked (*).
+\' 65" 70" 75" 80' 85" 90" 95." 100" 105' 110" 115' 120' 125"
21' ...... 267 .....................
23 ...... 262 .26? .274 ,282 288 293 296 .........
25 ...... 254 ,259 266 273 ,278 ,284 288 ,290 290 ......
27 ...... ,246 ,251 ,257 264 ,270 ,276 280 ,282 ,282 282 ...
29 ... 232 236 241 ,247 .254 260 266 ,271 273 274 276 ...
31 ... 222 226 2 31 237 244 250 ,257 ,262 265 267 269 ...
33 ... 212 215 220 225 ,232 ,239 246 252 256 259 261 ...
35 ... 202 ,204 208 213 220 ,227 234 241 ,246 250 253 ...
37 ... .192 .193 .196 ,201 20: ,214 ,222 229 236 240 244 ...
39 ... .181 .181 .184 .188 .194 201 ,210 ,217 ,224 230 234 238
41 ... .171 .170 .171 .176 .181 ,188 .196 ,204 212 219 ,224 230
43 .165 .161 .160 .160 ,162 .167 ,174 .182 ,191 200 207 ,214 219
45 .156 .151 ,148 .148 ,149 .153 .160 .168 .177 .186 .195 ,202 208
47 .145 .140 .137 .135 .135 .140 .146 .154 ,164 ,174 .182 .190 .197
49 .134 .129 .126 .123 ,122 .126 .133 .140 .150 .160 .170 ,178 .185
Lat. Long. 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 Lat. Long. 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950
25" 80" .2653 .2612 .2589 .2586 .2587 43" 70" .1627 ,1613 . l a 1 ,1608 .1613
25 90 .2801 .2761 ,2741 2735 .2731 43 80 .1621 ,1604 .1589 .1595 .1598
25 100 .2908 .2878 .2861 .2851 ,2843 43 90 .1693 .1675 .1664 .1671 .1671
31 80 .2361 .2325 .2303 ,2304 .2306 43 100 .1838 .1822 .1814 .1820 .1820
31 90 .2494 ,2461 .2442 .2441 .2438 43 110 .2015 .ZOO2 .1W4 .1997 .1996
31 100 .2622 .2595 .2578 .2573 .2567 43 120 .2154 .2143 .2135 .2136 .2136
31 110 ,2698 ,2677 .2662 2656 .2648 47 70 .1405 ,1398 .1389 .1398 .1403
37 80 2003 .1974 ,1954 .1958 .1960 47 80 .1362 .1352 .1342 .1350 ,1353
37 90 .2111 .2084 .2068 .2071 .2070 49 90 .1256 .1249 .1243 .1253 .1255
37 100 ,2262 ,2239 .2226 .2227 .2223 49 100 .1406 .1398 .1394 .1403 .1405
37 110 2389 ,2372 .2361 .2359 .2355 49 110 .1601 .1592 .1587 .1594 .1597
37 120 ,2473 .24a .2449 .2446 .2442 49 120 ,1783 .1775 .1771 ,1775 .1777
4\' 65' 70" 75" 80" 85" 90' 95" 100" 10.5' 110' 115' 120" 125'
21" . . . ... .378 ... ... ... ... ... .. . ...
23 ... ... .402 .399 .39i .389 .3iS .36i .is4 ... ...
25 . . . ... .425 .422 .419 .414 .401 ,390 ,376 .362 ,348 ... ...
27 . .. ... .445 ,448 ,442 .435 ,426 .413 ,399 .383 .368 .356 ...
29 . .. .454 .463 .468 .465 .458 .447 .434 .421 .404 .389 .376 ...
31 ... .465 .480 .488 .484 .478 ,467 .456 ,442 .427 .411 .398 . ..
33 .. . .480 ,494 SO5 SO3 .495 ,487 .477 .464 ,449 .432 ,418 .. .
35 ... .493 ,511 .552 .520 .513 SO5 SO5 .485 .471 .453 .437 ...
37 ... SO9 .526 .536 .536 .529 ,521 ,514 SO2 .491 .473 .456 ...
39 ... S18 .536 .545 ,548 .545 .536 .531 .521 SO9 .491 .473 .461
41 ,527 .544 .557 ,559 2158 .55 1 .546 .536 .524 SO9 .490 ,476
43 .sii ,534 .554 .566 .569 .566 s63 .558 .ssi .538 .523 so6 .490
45 .521 ,541 .561 .573 .575 .576 ,572 .571 .564 .550 .536 ,521 ,503
47 .521 .546 .563 .578 .583 335 .583 .581 .576 ,559 ,548 ,533 .518
49 ,518 .542 .565 .581 .595 .596 .591 .586 .581 ,570 .556 .543 ,527
Lat. Long. 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 Lat , Lona. 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950
25" 80" .4243 .4240 .4236 .4228 .4222 43 70" S417 S382 S370 ,5365 .5343
25 90 .4174 .4171 .4162 .4148 .4139 43 80 .5754 S719 ,5698 S687 ,5660
25 100 .3959 .3952 .3933 .3914 .3896 43 90 S771 S734 ,5715 .5702 ,5659
31 80 .4902 .4889 .4887 .4881 .4875 43 S618 5579
31 90 .4835 .4823 .4810 .4794 .4778 43 110 S486 S451 S434 S413 5381
31 100 .4644 .4624 .4603 .4582 .4559 43 120 ,5158 S115 S104 SO85 5061
31 110 .4351 .4332 .4307 .4292 .4268 47 70 S559 S511 S496 S498 5464
37 80 -541s
._ .. ~38 9 ~ 3 7 8 S370 S356 47 80 S907 5356 5328 S824 .5784
37 90 S368 .5341 S332 S312 S287 49 90 .6110 .6067 .6029 .6024 ,5964
37 100 ,5236 SO7 S189 S167 S137 49 100 S979 ,5937 ,5905 ,5897 3360
37 110 SO05 .4977 .4961 .4938 .4908 49 110 3306 S754 S729 S722 ,5701
37 120 .4654 .4623 .4612 .4591 .4564 49 120 S531 S474 S461 ,5452 5431
65" 70" 75" 80" 85" 90" 95" 100" 105' 110" 115" 120' 125"
21" , .. ... .463 ... .. . .. . . ..
23 ... ... .4so .is0 ,477 .iSi ,475 ,469 .46i .. . ... .. .
25 .,. ... ,495 .495 ,496 .496 ,489 .482 ,473 ,464 .453 ... . ..
27 ,.. ... ,508 .514 ,512 ,509 ,504 .497 ,487 .476 .464 .454 . ..
29 . .. .510 .520 ,526 .526 .524 .518 ,509 ,501 .488 .476 ,466 . ..
31 ... .515 .530 .539 ,539 ,536 .530 ,523 ,514 .502 ,490 .480 . ..
33 ... .525 .539 ,550 ,552 .547 .543 ,536 .528 ,517 SO3 .493 . ..
35 . .. ,533 S O .562 ,562 .558 ,535 ,549 ,541 ,531 S18 SO5 .. .
37 ... .544 .561 .570 .572 ,568 ,564 .560 .552 .544 ,530 .518 ...
39 ... ,549 .566 .575 .579 .578 .572 ,571 ,564 .556 .542 ,528 ,519
41 .554 .570 ,582 ,586 336 ,582 ,580 .574 .566 ,554 .539 ,529
43 ,543 .558 ,576 .588 ,591 .590 ,589 .587 333 .574 ,563 2149 .537
45 .543 .562 .581 .592 .594 5% .594 .595 ,591 .581 .571 559 .545
47 .541 .564 .580 .594 ,599 .601 .601 .602 .599 33.5 .577 .565 .554
49 ,535 .557 ,579 ,594 .607 .609 ,606 ,603 ,600 .592 .581 .572 .559
Lat. Long. 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 Lat. Long. 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950
25" 80" ,5004 ,4980 .4964 ,4956 ,4951 43" 70" ,5656 ,5619 ,5604 S601 .558!
25 90 SO26 SO02 .4984 ,4968 .4959 43 80 ,5978 S940 S915 ,5907 3381
25 100 .4912 .4889 ,4864 ,4843 .4823 43 90 .6014 S974 S952 S942 S901
31 80 S441 S414 S402 ,5398 ,5393 43 100 ,5985 S944 S923 S906 ,5869
31 90 S441 S415 S394 ,5380 S364 43 110 ,5845 3307 ,5788 ,5770 S740
31 100 ,5332 S303 ,5276 9 5 5 ,5232 43 120 ,5589 S545 ,5532 S516 S493
31 110 ,5120 SO92 SO64 ,5047 SO23 47 70 ,5734 ,5686 S669 S673 342
37 80 S773 ,5739 S722 ,5716 ,5703 47 80 ,6062 ,6010 S981 S979 S940
37 90 .5768 S733 S719 S701 S677 49 90 .6237 .6194 ,6156 ,6153 ,6095
37 100 S703 S668 S647 ,5626 ,5597 49 100 .6142 .6099 .6067 ,6061 .6026
37 110 .5546 S513 ,5494 ,5473 ,5444 49 110 ,6022 ,5970 ,5945 ,5940 S920
37 120 S271 S237 S222 ,5202 S176 49 120 ,5812 ,5754 ,5741 ,5734 S715
Components of intensity
r __ - * ~~
1930
-21"43!8
-34
-4
33.2
07.7
+76"5315
+78 17.9
11726
10576
11567
10890
8710
11537
-4340
-5998
- 833
+SO352
+51063
51699
52147
....
D 1942 -2 ~ 10.6
~. ~ +77 25:s 11244 11236 - 427 +SO424 51662
W
r
m 1944 - 1 54.3 +77 28.4 11213 11207 - 373 +SO647 51698
v, Petsamo ... .. +69 32 31 15 1933 +5 46.2 +77 25.5 11341 11284 1-1140 +SO838 52088
. . . . . . . . . . . . +69 18 14 25 1934 -5 42 +76 08 12233 12172 -1215 +49555 5 1042
Godhavn .... ............ +69 14 306 29 1930 -57 41.1 +81 34.7 8227 4398 -6953 +55564 56 170
1938 -55 28.0 +81 34.5 8174 4634 -6734 +55193 55795
King Point ................
Gjohavn ...................
+69 07
+68 37
221 52
264 07
1906
1905
+42
-6
25
06
+81
+89
51.6
17.3
8448
750
6237
746
+5698
- 80
+ 59061 59662
+60434 60439
Sodankyla ................. +67 22 26 39 1930 +2 36.5 +76 04.0 12207 12194 f 556 +49202 50693
1942 + 4 25.1 +76 32.2 11882 11847 f 915 +49630 51033
Kandalaksha ...................... +67 09 32 26 1932 +76 11.7 12318 12233 +I444
1933) 44'0 +SO118 51609
Wellen ........................... +66 10 190 10 1939 +15 41.2 +75 37.2 13707 13196 1-3706 +53460 55189
1941 (+15 37.5 +75 36.7 13720 13213 +3695 +53478 55210)
Angmagssalik ..................... +65 37 322 22 1933 -39 52.9 +78 18.1 10705 8215 -6864 $51699 527%
College . . .................... $64 52 212 10 1942 (+29 52.4 +77 11.2 12582 10910 +6267 $55323 56736)
1944 (+29 46.J +77 11.9 12587 10926 $6249 +55395 56807)
Bowdoin Harbor (Baffin Island). . . . . $64 24 282 08 :;} -52 12.1 +85 29.2 4722 2894 -3731 +59824 60010
Chesterfield Inlet .................. +63 20 269 18 }:;i -12 36.1 +86 23.4 3834 3742 - 836 +60762 60883
Fort Rae ......................... +62 50 243 56 :;} +37 30.7 $82 39.0 7734 6135 +4709 +59956 60453
Srednikan ......................... +62 26 152 19 1939 - 9 04.1 +73 24.1 16147 15945 -2545 +54169 56524
1945 (- 9 14.8 +73 09.9 16393 16180 -2634 +54179 56605)
Dombh ................. .... $62 05 9 06 1940 (- 7 08 +73 36.4 13900 13792 -1726 +47250 49252)
1946 (- 6 16 $73 44.6 13837 13754 -1510 +47450 49426)
Yakutsk .......................... $62 01 129 43 1940 -17 08.0 .... 14500 13857 -4272 ....
1945 (-17 36.4 14524 13844 -4393 ....
Julianehaab ....................... +60 43 313 58 1933 -43 20.8 +77 3i.i 11616. 8447 -7973 +52989 54247
(covtinued)
T A B LE 510.-MEAN A N N U A L VALUES OF M A G N E T I C E L E M E N T S A T OBSERVATORIES (continued)
Components of intensity
-
ln
2
0
D
2
Latitude
(f= N , Longitude Declination Inclination
Horizontal
H
North
X
East
Y
Vertical
Z
Totai
F
V
Observatory - =S) east Year D I Y Y Y Y Y
5 Meanook ....................... +54"37' 246"40' 1920 +27"38!6 +77"5316 12923 11445 +5996 +60246 61617
!L? 1942 +25 33.6 +77 51.8 12729 11482 +5492 +59188 60541
0
D He1 ............................. +54 36 18 48 1934 - 2 35.5 +68 25.2 17553 17535 - 794 +44384 47729
l-
Neufahrwasser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +54 25 18 39 1903 - 7 13 .... .... .... ....
+44i6i
~
g Barth ........................... +54 22 12 45 1903 - 9 52.9 +67 37.6 18261 17990 -3134 47974
Wustrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . +54 21 12 24 1903 -10 08 .... .... .... .... .... ....
vI Rostock .............. +54 06 12 08 1903 -10 08 .... .... .... ....
Stonyhurst . . . . . . . . . . . +53 51 357 32 1920 -15 52.9 +68 43.5 17303 16640 -4734 +44429 47679
1943 -11 30.5 +68 54.5 17166 16820 -3425 +44504 47699
Wingst ......................... +53 45 9 04 1939 - 5 59.1 +68
+68 21.2
12.0 17636 17540 -1839 +44092 47488
1946 - 4 59.7 17601 17534 -1532 +44347 47712
Stettin-Zabelsdorf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +53 27 14 34 1901 - 8 43 .... .... .... ....
Witteveen ........................ +52 49 6 40 1940 - 7 09.2 +67 39:2 17959 17820 -2236 +43686 47233
1946 - 6 14.7 +67 45.0 17946 17840 -1952 +43867 47396
Zuy (new site of Irkutsk) . . . . . . . . . . +52 28 104 02 1899 + 2 08.8 +70 27.8 19948 19934 + 747 +56220 59654
1930
1945
(+ 0 17.7
(- 0 47.7
+71
+71
21.5
34.4
19019
19028
19019
19026
+
- 264
98 +56380
+57109
59500)
60196)
Potsdam (succeeding Berlin) +52 23 13 04 1899 -10 00.7 +66 25.7 18818 18531 -3271 +43133 47060
1920 - 7 29.4 +66 33.5 18606 18447 -2425 +42912 46772
1927 - 6 09.1 +66 44.0 18489 18383 -1981 +43002 46809
The Potsdam Observatory was set up in 1889 but electric-tram disturbances beginning in 1906 forced transfer of registration t o Seddin, which,
in turn, for the same reason had to be transferred in 1932 t o Niemegk.
Seddin ............................ +52 17 13 01 1920 - 7 31.2 +66 30.6 18645 18485 -2440 +4289y 46776
1931 - 5 28.9 +66 49.8 18450 18365 -1762 +43106 46888
Irkutsk (old site) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $52 16 104 16 1910 + 1 47.0 +70 36.0 19824 19814 + 617 +56293 59682
1920 + 1 02.8 +70 51.9 19458 19455 + 355 +56081 59360
Swide; ........................... +52 07 21 15 1930 - 1 57.3 +67 01.1 18476 18465 - 630 +43565 47310
1943 -0 16.7 .... .... .... ....
DeBilt (succeeding Utrecht) ........ +52 06 5 11 1930 - 9 26.3 +67 00.4 18282 18034 -2998 +43084 46801
1938 -8 04.6 +67 09.3 18226 18045 -2561 +43263 46945
Kiemegk (succeeding Seddin). ...... +52 04 12 40 1940 -4 09.6 +67 00.1 18434 18386 -1337 +43431 47182
1944 (- 3 38.1 .... 18411 18374 -1167 .... . . . .)
(continued)
v) T A B L E 510.-MEAN A N N U A L V A L U E S OF M A G N E T I C E L E M E N T S A T OB SER VA TOR IES (continued)
5
4
I Components of intensity
VI
0
z Latitude Horizontal
H
North
X
East
Y
Vertical
Z
Totai
F
D
z (f= N , Longitude Declination Inclination
P
Observatory - =S) east Year D I Y Y Y Y Y
5 Valencia Cahirciveen ....... +51"56' 349"45' 1930 -17"27!6 +67"59!8 17813 16992 -5345 +44081 47546
z? 1937 -16 11.7 +67 58.0 17802 17096 -4965 $43987 47453
c)
D Nizhnedevitsk....... 38 22 1935 + 5 33.6 +67 34.7 18588 18501 $1801 +45060 48743
I-
+ 1940 + 5 54.0 .... 18472 18374 +1899 .... ....
g Bochum .......................... $51 29 7 14 1934 - 7 52.4 .... .... .... ....
E Kew ................ 359 41 1910 -16 03.2 +66 58.7 18503 17781 -5117 +43546 47313
v)
1924 -13 45.1 +66 56.5 18392 17865 -4372 +43205 46957
Greenwich ..... 0 00 1920 -14 08.6 +66 53.6 18450 17890 -4510 $43250 47020
1925 -13 09.9 +66 51.4 18410 17930 -4190 +43080 46850
Abinger (succeeding Greenwich). ... +51 11 359 37 1940 -10 43.0 +66 43.9 18533 18210 -3446 $43099 46915
1946 - 9 51.1 +66 45.4 18469 18295 -3177 +43235 47054
Uccle (Brussels) ....... . . . . +SO 48 4 21 1910 -13 22.2 +66 00.8 19028 18512 -4400 $42764 46807
1941 - 8 02.4 .... .... .... .... .... ....
Hermsdorf ........................ +SO 46 16 14 1927 - 4 29.3 .... .... .... .... .... ....
1929 - 4 10.6 .... .... .... .... ....
Tellnitz ........................... +SO 44 13 58 1934 - 4 42.5 .... .... .... .... ....
Beuthen .......................... +SO 21 18 55 1911 - 5 48.0 .... .... .... ....
Manhay (succeeding Uccle) ......... +SO 18 5 41 1942 - 7 06.6 +65 54.6 19106 18959 -2365 +42733 46810
Beuthen-Miklow .................. $50 09 18 54 1932 - 2 28.0 .... .... .... ....
Falmouth ......................... +SO 09 354 55 1899 -18 32.7 +66 48.7 18663 17694 -5936 $43569 47398
1912 -17 24.2 +66 26.6 18799 17938 -5623 +43118 47038
Prague ........................... $50 05 14 25 1899 - 9 11.9 .... 19926 19670 -3185 .... ....
1926 - 5 27.7 .... .... .... .... ....
CraFow ....... .............. $50 94 19 58 1913 - 5 03.3 $64 'G.4 .... .... ....
Janow ........ .............. +49 54 23 44 1933 + 0 06.4 +64 50.9 20110 20110 +"3i +42830 47316
St. Helier (Jers .............. $49 12 357 54 1899 -17 03.7 +65 49.4 .... .... .... .... ....
1907 +16 27.4 +65 34.5 .... .... .... .... ....
Parc St. Muir
(superseded by Val Joyeux) 2 30 1900 -14 45.4 $64 53.5 19738 19087 -5028 $42120 46515
Val Joyeux
(succeeding P a r c St. M u i r ) . ...... $49 49 2 01 1930 -10 59.3 $64 42.0 1%31 19271 -3742 +41529 45936
1936 - 9 56.7 +64 45.4 19647 19351 -3393 $41668 46067
Vienna (Auhof) .................. +48 13 16 14 1940 - 2 35.6 +63 48.9 20473 20452 - 926 +41634 46395
1942 - 2 20.9 +63. 52.5 20467 20450 - 839 +41732 46481
(continued) E2
T A B L E 510.-MEAN A N N U A L V A L U E S O F M A G N E T I C E L E M E N T S A T OB SER VA TOR IES (continued)
Components of intensity
Latitude Horizontal North East Vertical Totai
(+= N , Longitude Declination Inclination H X Y Z F
Observatory - = S) east Year D I Y Y Y Y 7
Maisach ......................... +48"12' ll"15' 1927 - 6'5215 +63"32!5 20314 20168 -2432 +40813 45593
1932 - 5 59.3 +63 39.8 20299 20188 -2118 +41005 45754
Furstenfeldbruck .................. +48 10 11 17 1944 - 4 13.6 $63 57.7 20314 20259 -1497 +41578 46275
Munich ........................... +48 09 11 36 1910 - 9 31.5 +63 08.4 20638 20353 -3415 +40750 45678
1920 - 8 03.8 .... .... .... .... ....
1926 - 6 54.7 .... .... .... ....
Kremsmiinster .................... +48 03 14 08 1904 - 9 02.4 +63 02.3 20730 20475 -3257 +4075i 45721
Chambon-la-Foret
(Succeeding Val Joyeux) ......... +48 01 2 16 1936 - 9 28.9 +64 11.3 20011 19737 -3296 +41374 45959
1946 - 8 01.0 +64 15.6 20085 19889 -2801 +41658 46247
O'Gyalla (Pesth) ................. +47 52 18 12 1910 - 6 34.5 +62 31.2 21076 20937 -2413 +40521 45674
1918 - 5 21.1 .... 20917 20826 -1951 .... ....
O'Gyalla (Stari Dila). ............. +47 52 18 11 1937 (- 2 16.8) .... .... .... ....
Nantes ........................... +47 15 358 27 1940 -10 26.2 +63 41:5 20299 19963 -3677 +41058 45802
1947 - 9 25.3 +63 42.3 20383 20 108 -3337 +41250 46011
Toyohara ......................... +46 58 142 45 1940 - 9 18.2 +60 41.1 25067 24737 -4052 51199
Toyohara (new site) ............... +46 57 142 45 1944 - 9 29.5 +60 37.9 25191 24846 -4154 51365
Stepanovka (succeeding Odessa). ... +46 47 30 53 1938 + 0 35.4 +62 55.0 21413 21412 + 220 +41875 47032
Otomari .......................... +46 39 142 46 1941 - 9 03.6 .... .... .... ....
Odessa ............................ +46 26 30 46 1923 - 1 52.9 +63 i'i.9 21267 21256 - 698 +42098 47165
1925 - 1 36.4 +63 18.9 21213 21205 - 595 +42206 47237
Pola .............................. +44 52 13 51 1899 - 9 31.7 +60 22.5 22120 21815 -3662 +38899 44748
1922 - 6 25.3 +60 19.3 22049 21911 -2466 +38690 44532
Castellaccio ....................... +44 26 8 56 1940 - 6 07.2 +60 18.3 22137 22011 -2360 +38818 44686
1943 - 5 43.2 22196 22086 -22 12 ....
Agincourt ........................ +43 47 280 44 1940 - 7 32.3 $74 si.5 15290 15158 -2006 +56503 58535
1942 - 7 31.4 $74 50.0 15303 15171 -2004 +56460 58497
Nice ............................. +43 43 7 16 1899 -12 04.0 +60 11.7 22390 21895 -4681 +39087 45046
Toulouse ......................... +43 37 1 28 1900 -14 17.7 +60 55.4 21913 21235 -541 1 +39408 45091
1905 -13 59.7 +60 52.1 22013 21360 -5324 +39498 45218
Mai-Tun (succeeding Vladivostok) . . +43 15 132 20 1941 - 8 40.9 +58 57.7 26826 26519 -4049 +44579 52028
1944 - 8 43.9 +58 55.6 16913 2660 1 -4086 +44662 52144
Perpignan ......................... +42 42 2 53 1899 -13 42.5 +60 00.0 224 18 21779 -5313 +38829 44836
1910 -12 44.8 .... .... .... .... .... ....
(continued)
VI
T A B L E 510.-MEAN A N N U A L V A L U E S O F M A G N E T I C E L E M E N T S A T OB SER VA TOR IES (continued)
Components of intensity
i; Latitude Horizontal North East Vertical Total
2
(f = N . Longitude Declination Inclination H X Y z F
-0 Observatory .- = S) east Year D I Y Y Y Y 7
I
k?
Dusheti (succeeding Karsani) ....... +42"05' 44'42' 1940 + 4"56!2 +59"2113 24142 24052 +2078 +40749 47364
1945 (+ 5 00.8 +59 36.9 24135 24043 +2109 +41161 47715)
Karsani (succeeding Tiflis).. ....... $41 50
Tiflis (succeeded by Karsani) ....... +41 43
44 42 1934 + 4 26.0
+ 2 11.0
+58 41.2 24570 24496 $1899
+
$40390 47276
2 44 48 1899 +55 52.1 25614 25599 976 +37785 45652
m
r 1905 + 2 41.6 +56 02.8 25451 25423 + 1196 +37799 45569
c: Keles (succeeding Tashkent) ........ +41 25 69 12 1936 + 5 23.5 +60 11.9 25359 25247 $2383 +44276 51024
1945 (+ 5 03.2 +60 20.7 25537 25438 +2249 +44854 51614)
Tashkent .........................
Capodimonte ......................
+41 20
+40 52
69 18
14 15
1900
1899
+6 02.0 +57 34.0 26780
24105
26632
23791
$2815
-3880
+42171
+36304
49956
43578
- 9 15.8 +56 25.0
1921 .... +56 11.8 .... .... .... ....
Tortosa (Ebro) ................... +40 49 0 30 1905 -13 56.9 +58 07.6 23230 22545 -5600 +37359 43993
1947 (- 7 56.1 +57 14.8 23724 23497 -3275 +36879 43851)
Coimbra .......................... +40 12 351 35 1899 -17 24.2 +59 28.9 22724 21684 -6797 +38549 44748
1940 -12 34.0 +57 30.7 23368 22808 -5084 +36463 43308
1944 -12 02.3 23449 22933 -4891 ....
Baldwin .......................... +38 47 264 50 1901 + 8 21.9 +68 34.5 21931 21698 +3190 +55890 60038
Cheltenham *) ..................... +38 44
1909 + 8 34.0 +68 50.2 21644 21403 + 3224 +55908 59951
283 10 1901 - 5 05.0 +70 21.6 20 194 20115 -1789 +56586 60081
1930 - 6 56.0 +71 08.4 18583 18447 -2243 +54402 57448
1941 (- 7 04.8 +71 22.9 18176 18037 -240 +53953 56932)
1947 (- 7 04.3 +71 18.4 18221 18082 -2243 +53852 56851)
Lisbon ............................ +38 43 350 51 1900 -17 17.5 +57 55.6 23518 22455 -6990 +37530 44290
Athens ........................... +37 59 23 42 1900 - 5 42.3 +52 07.7 26063 25934 -259 1 +33514 42455
1908 - 4 53.0 +52 11.7 26197 26102 -2230 +33613 42616
San Miguel (Ponta Delgada). ...... +37 46 334 21 1911 -19 56.0 +60 59.1 22993 21615 -7839 +41456 47405
1947 -16 58.3 +58 47.4 23830 22792 -6956 +39333 45989
Zinsen ............................ +37 30 126 38 1918 - 5 41.1 +53 16 29978 29831 -2970 +40170 50123
1941 - 6 17.0 +53 11.0 30167 29986 -3302 +40301 50341
Sail Fernando ..................... +36 28 353 48 1899 -16 02.8 +55 16.6 24594 23636 -6978 +35487 43176
1930 -12 32.8 +53 29.9 25072 24473 -5447 +33881 42149
1946 -10 30.4 +52 48.8 25525 25097 -4654 +33644 42231
Kakioka (succeeding Tokyo) ........ +36 14 140 11 1913 - 5 10.1 +49 30.9 29749 29628 -2680 +34851 45822
1947 - 6 13.0 +49 29.3 29916 29741 -3239 +35014 46054
(CfJ%tinUt?d) e
In
3
=i T A B L E 510.-MEAN A N N U A L V A L U E S O F M A G N E T I C E L E M E N T S A T OB SER VA TOR IES (continued)
I
In
0
Components of intensity
z
z
D Latitude Horizontal North East Vertical Total
(+ = N , Longitude Declination Inclination H X Y Z F
-0
<
I Observatory - = S) east Year D I Y Y Y 7 7
z0 Tsirigtao .......................... +36"04' 120"1 9 I908 - 3"43I6 +52"21!5 30766 30701 -2000 +39890 50376
? 1930 - 4 32.8 +52 06.6 30868 30771 -2447 +39667 50262
1936 (- 4 37.6 +52 06.1 30935 30834 -2495 +39741 50361)
-I
D
W
Tokyo ............................ +35 41 139 45 1899 - 4 33.7 +49 02.7 29856 29761 -2374 +34400 45549
r 1912 - 5 03.4 +48 53.7 29996 29879
-. -. . -2644 . +34379 45625
m
In
Ksara ............................ +33 49 35 53 1940 + 1 59.9 +48 21.2 28668 28651 +lo00 +32236 43139
1945 + 2 09.4 +48 36.1 28780 28760 +lo83 +32646 43521
Tuscon'' ......................... $32 15 249 10 1920 +13 48.0 +59 27.9 26894 26117 +6416 +45594 52935
1940 +13 48.2 (+59 40.6 26136 25381 +6236 +44684 51766)
1947 (+l3 35.3 +59 36.2 26034 25305 +6117 +44380 51452)
Lukiapang (succeeding Zikawei) . . . . +31 19 121 02 1908 - 2 56.2 +45 35.2 33173 33129 -1700 +33879 47416
1933 - 3 35.4 +45 23.7 33329 33263 -2087 +33791 47462
Zikawei .......................... +31 12 121 26 1899 - 2 20.3 +45 47.6 32825 32798 -1339 +33747 47078
1908 - 2 35.4 +45 35.4 33078 33044 -1495 +33766 47268
Z6-si. ............................. +31 06 121 11 1920 - 3 10.7 +45 38.4 33066 33016 -1833 +33813 47293
1940 - 3 25.7 $45 29.7 33372 33312 -1995 +33954 47609
1947 (- 3 26.8 +45 27.3 33588 33527 -2019 t34125 47882)
Dehra Dun ....................... +30 19 78 03 1910 + 2 31.9 +43 54.8 33257 33225 +1469 +32019 46165
1930 + 1 11.9 +45 34.5 32963 32956 + 689 +33631 47091
1937 + 0 51.6 +45 39.9 33223 33219 + 499 +34003 47539
Helwan ........................... +29 52 31 20 1920 - 1 23.7 +41 12.8 29956 29947 - 730 +26236 39821
1930 - 0 14.0 +41 43.0 30078 30078 - 122 +26814 40295
1940 + 0 27.8 +42 09.5 30438 30438 + 246 +a560 41061
1944 + 0 40.1 +42 20.2 30572 30570 + 357 +27854 41358
Taihoku .......................... +25 02 121 31 1940 - 2 09.4 .... .... .... .... .... ....
Minarnitori Shirna ................. +24 17 153 58 1941 + 0 15.3 .... ....
Tamarasset ....................... +E 48 5 32 1938 - 7 33.1 +29 '3i.s 3i924 +3ik;47 -4 196 +18084 36690
1940 - 7 21.5 +29 24.0 32013 +31749 -4100 +18039 36746
Barrackpore ...................... +22 46 8 22 1910
1914
+ 0 55.5
+ 0 32.2
+30
+30
42.2
58.9
37329
37403
37324
37401
++ 603
350
+22168
+22459
43415
43628
Au Tau (succeeding Hongkong) .... +22 27 114 03 1930 - 0 43.6 +30 37.3 37485 37482 - 475 +22187 43559
1939 - 0 38.0 +30 24.8 37705 37703 - 417 +22133 43721
Hongkong (superseded by Au Tau). . +22 18 114 10 1900 + 0 18.5 +31 24.7 36728 36727 + 198 +22430 43036
1928 - 0 33.3 +30 36.3 37319 37317 - 361 +22075 43359
(continued)
T A B L E 510.-MEAN A N N U A L V A L U E S OF M A G N ETIC E L E M E N T S A T OBSERVATORIES (continued)
Components of intensity
2
t I
Horizontal North
Components of intensity
East Vertical Total
P
2 (+= N ,
Latitude
Longitude Declination Inclination H X Y z F
V
<
Observatory - =S) east Year D I Y Y YY 7
I
Batavia-Buitenzorg ................ From magnetograph records at Buitenzorg (Latitude - 6"35', longitude 106'47') reduced to Batavia ; recording
K
-IP
at Batavia discontinued April 1, 1899, because of electric-car disturbances.
- 6"11' 106"49' 1902 + 1'0214 -30"20!2 36717 36711 + 666 -21487 42542
-4
P
r
0) 1926 + 0 51.6 -32 09.6 36826 36822 + 553 -23154 43500
D Batavia-Kuyper ................... From magnetograph records at Kuyper (Latitude - 6" 02', longitude 106"44') reduced to Batavia ; in a letter
dated November 15, 1941, the Director of the Observatory stated that the published values of 1928-35 (see
Preface of "Report on magnetic observations in Batavia," 58B, 1935) are subject to correction because of pre-
vious errors in the scale-values and that revised values will be supplied later.
- 6 11 106 49 1940 + 1 20.3 -32 32.0 37035 37025 + 865 -23624 43928
1944 (+ 1 31.1 -32 31.6 37145 37133 + 984 -23689 44055)
Dar-es-Salaam .................... - 6 49 39 18 1898 - 8 18.1 -36 56.8 28966 28662 -4182 -21875 36244
St. Paul de Loanda ................. - 8 49 13 13 1910 -16 12.3 -35 32.2 20125 19325 -5616 -14374 24732
1918 -15 03.5 -36 04.2 19917 .... .... .... ....
Elisabethville ..................... -11 40 27 28 1933 - 9 32.1 -46 01.3 23801 23472 -3943 -24665 34276
1945 - 8 55.4 -46 53.9 23286 23004 -3612 -24883 34079
Huancayo ......................... -12 03 284 40 1922 + 8 07.6 + 0 37.5 29735 29436 +4203 + 324 29737
1944 + 6 34.8 + 2 10.3 29367 29174 +3365 + 1114 29388
1946 + 6 26.7
I ~
+ 2 06.6 29259 29074 +3284 + 1078 29279
Samoa, Apia ...................... -13 48 188 14 1930 +10 34.2 -30 07.9 35195 34598 +6456 -20428 40694
1940 +10 54.5 -30 38.1 34868 34238 +6598 -20650 40524
- 1946 +11 14.0 -30 38.5 34839 34172 +6787 -20683 40493
Tanarive .......................... -18 55 47 32 1910 - 9 01.3 -53 58.9 22585 22306 -3542 -31065 38407
1941 - 9 38.5 -53 54.3 21082 20784 -3531 -28916 35785
Mauritius* ........................ -20 06 57 33 1899 - 9 32.9 -54 16.8 23854 23524 -3957 -33171 40857
1930 -12 05.5 -52 39.6- 22697 22193 -4753 -29750 37420
1940 -13 58.9 -53 06.9 22419 21755 -5417 -29876 37352
1945 -14 51.5 -53 23.1 22389 21640 -5741 -30131 37539
LaQuiaca ........................ -23 07 294 25 1920 + 6 03.3 -12 39.6 2621
__.~ 26472
_ +2808 - 5979 27284
1933 + 4 16.7 -12 21.2 26223 26150 +1956 - 5743 26845
Vassouras (succeeding Rio de Janeiro) -22 24 316 21 1915 -10 28.1 -14 44.1 24700 24289 -4488 - 6496 25540
1942 -13 58.8 -18 57.8 23683 22982 -5721 - 8138 25042
1944 -14 12.7 -19 22.2 23563 22842 -5785 - 8284 24977
(continued)
T A B L E 510.-MEAN A N N U A L V A L U E S O F M A G N E T I C E L E M E N T S A T OB SER VA TOR IES (continued)
-a
z
0
D
2
Part 1.-Geomagnetic latitudes of points on the earth in various geographic latitudes and longitudes
I
-D G O - Geographic east longitude in degrees
graphic A
..
2 latitude
+88"
' 0
79
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170
77
180
78
79 78 78 78 77 77 77 77 77 77 76 77 77 77 77 77
79 78 77 76 75 75 74 74 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 74 75 75
78 76 75 74 73 71 71 70 69 69 69 69 69 69 70 70 70 71 72
75 74 72 71 69 68 67 66 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 66 67 68 69
73 71 69 67 66 64 63 62 62 61 61 61 61 61 61 62 63 64 65
69 67 65 64 62 61 60 58 58 57 57 57 57 57 57 58 59 60 62
66 64 62 60 58 57 56 55 54 53 53 53 53 53 54 54 55 57 58
62 60 58 56 55 53 52 51 50 49 49 49 49 49 50 50 52 53 54
58 56 55 53 51 49 48 47 46 45 45 45 45 45 46 47 48 49 51
55 53 51 49 47 45 44 43 42 41 41 41 41 41 42 43 44 45 47
51 49 47 45 43 42 40 39 38 37 37 37 37 37 38 39 40 41 43
49 47 45 43 41 40 38 37 36 35 35 35 35 35 36 37 38 39 41
47 45 43 41 39 38 36 35 34 33 33 33 33 33 34 35 36 37 39
45 43 41 39 37 36 34 33 32 31 31 31 31 31 32 33 34 35 37
43 41 39 37 35 34 32 31 30 29 29 29 29 29 30 31 32 33 35
41 39 37 35 34 32 30 29 28 27 27 27 27 27 28 29 30 31 33
39 37 35 33 32 30 28 27 26 25 25 25 25 25 26 27 28 30 31
37 35 33 31 30 28 26 25 24 23 23 23 23 23 24 25 26 28 29
35 33 31 30 28 26 24 23 22 21 21 21 21 21 22 23 24 26 27
33 32 30 28 26 24 22 21 20 19 19 19 19 19 20 21 22 24 25
32 30 28 26 24 22 20 19 18 17 17 17 17 17 18 19 20 22 23
30 28 26 24 22 20 18 17 16 15 15 15 15 15 16 17 18 20 21
28 26 24 22 20 18 17 15 14 13 13 13 13 13 14 15 16 18 I9
26 24 22 20 18 16 15 13 12 11 11 11 11 11 12 13 14 16 18
24 22 20 18 16 14 13 11 10 9 9 9 9 9 10 11 12 14 16
22 20 I8 16 14 12 11 9 8 7 7 7 7 7 8 9 10 12 14
20 18 16 14 12 10 9 7 6 5 5 5 5 5 6 7 8 10 12
18 16 14 12 10 8 7 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 6 8 10
16 14 12 10 8 6 5 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 6 8
14 12 10 8 6 4 3 1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 1 2 4 6
+ = North latitude, - = south latitudes. P
%
+
(con timed)
ul TABLE 5 1 1 . 4 E O M A G N E T I C COORDINATES O F POSITION ON T H E E A R T H R E F E R R E D T O T H E GEOMAGNETIC A X I S P O L E
?i
s O F 1922, FOR P O I N T S I N VARIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS (continued) 2
e Geo-,
graphrc
Geographic east longitude in degrees
A
latitude ' 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
S + 8" 12 10 8 6 4 2 1 -1 -2 - 3 -3 -3 - 3 -3 -2 -1 0 2 4
G + 6 10 8 6 4 2 0 -1 -3 -4 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -4 -3 -2 0 2
c + 4 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -3 -5 -6 -7 -7 -7 - 7 -7 -6 -5 -4 -2 0
I
-
4
+ 2 6 5 2 0 -2 -4 -5 -7 -8 -9 -9 - 9 -9 -9 -8 -7 -6 -4 -2
P 0 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -7 -9 -10 -11 -11 -11 -11 -11 -10 -9 -8 -6 -4
?
m
ul -2 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -9 -11 -12 -13 -13 -13 -13 -13 -12 -11 -9 -8 - 6
-4 0 - 2 -4 -6 -8 -9 -11 -13 -14 -15 -15 -15 -15 -15 -14 -13 -11 -10 -8
-6 -2 - 4 -6 -8 -10 -11 -13 -15 -16 -17 -17 -17 -17 -17 -16 -15 -13 -12 -10
-8 -4 - 6 -8 -10 -12 -13 -15 -17 -18 -19 -19 -19 -19 -19 -18 -17 -15 -14 -12
-10 -6 - 8 -10 -12 -14 -15 -17 -19 -20 -21 -21 -21 -21 -21 -20 -19 -17 -16 -14
-12 -8 -10 -12 -14 -15 -17 -19 -21. -22 -23 -23 -23 -23 -23 -22 -21 -19 -18 -16
-14 -10 -12 -14 -16 -17 -19 -21 -23 -24 -25 -25 -25 -25 -25 -24 -23 -21 -20 -18
-16 -12 -14 -15 -17 -19 -21 -23 -24 -2.6 -27 -27 -27 -27 -27 -26 -25 -23 -22 -20
-18 -14 -15 -17 -19 -21 -23 -25 -26 -28 -29 -29 -29 -29 -29 -28 -27 -25 -24 -22
-20 -16 -17 -19 -21 -23 -25 -n -28 -30 -31 -31 -31 -31 -31 -30 -29 -27 -26 -24
-24 -19 -21 -23 -25 -27 -29 -31 -32 -34 -35 -35 -35 -35 -35 -34 -33 -31 -29 -28
-28 -23 -25 -27 -29 -31 -33 -35 -36 -38 -39 -39 -39 -39 -39 -38 -37 -35 -33 -32
-32 -27 -29 -31 -33 -35 -37 -39 -40 -42 -43 -43 -43 -43 -43 -42 -41 -39 -37 -35
-36 -31 -33 -35 -37 -39 -41 -43 -44 -46 -47 -47 -47 -47 -47 -46 -45 -43 -41 -39
-4u -35 -37 -39 -41 -43 -45 -47 -48 -50 -51 -51 -51 -51 -51 -50 -48 -47 -45 -43
-44 -39 -41 -43 -45 -47 -49 -50 -52 -53 -55 -55 -55 -55 -55 -54 -52 -51 -49 -47
-48 -43 -45 -47 -49 -50 -52 -54 -56 -57 -58 -59 -59 -59 -59 -58 -56 -55 -53 -51
-52 -47 -48 -50 -52 -54 -56 -58 -60 -61 -62 -63 -63 -63 -63 -62 -60 -58 -57 -55
-56 -51 -52 -54 -56 -58 -60 -62 -64 -65 -66 -67 -67 -67 -67 -65 -64 -62 -60 -58
-60 -54 -56 -58 -60 -62 -64 -66 -67 -69 -70 -71 -71 -71 -71 -69 -68 -66 -64 -62
-64 -58 -60 -62 -63 -65 -67 -69 -71 -73 -74 -75 -75 -75 -74 -73 -72 -70 -68 -66
-68 -62 -63 -65 -67 -69 -71 -73 -75 -77 -78 -79 -79 -79 -78 -77 -75 -73 -71 -69
-72 -65 -67 -69 -70 -72 -74 -76 -78 -80 -82 -83 -83 -83 -&? -80 -78 -76 -75 -73
-76 -69 -70 -72 -73 -75 -77 -79 -81 -83 -85 -86 -87 -87 -85 -83 -81 -79 -77 -75
-80 -72 -73 -75 -76 -77 -79 -81 -82 -84 -86 -87 -88 -88 -86 -84 -83 -81 -79 -78
-84 -75 -76 -77 -78 -79 -80 -81 -82 -83 -84 -84 -84 -84 -84 -83 -82 -81 -80 -79
-88 -78 -78 -78 -79 -79 -79 -80 -80 -80 -80 -80 -80 -80 -80 -80 -80 -80 -79 -79
(continued)
vI T A B L E 511.-GEOMAGNETIC COORDINATES O F P O S I T I O N O N T H E E A R T H R E F E R R E D T O T H E GEOMAGNETIC A X I S P O L E
2
I O F 1922, FOR P O I N T S I N V A R I O U S GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS (continued)
2 Geo-. Geographic east longitude in degrees
graphic I A
~~
latitude' 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360
78 78 79 79 79 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 79 79
76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 84 84 84 84 83 82 81 80 79
73 75 76 77 79 81 82 84 86 87 88 88 86 85 83 81 79 78
70 72 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 86 87 87 85 83 81 79 77 75
67 69 70 72 74 76 79 80 82 83 83 83 82 80 78 76 75 73
63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 78 79 79 79 78 77 75 73 71 69
60 62 63 65 67 69 71 73 74 75 75 75 74 73 72 70 68 66
56 58 60 62 64 66 67 69 70 71 71 71 71 69 68 66 64 62
52 54 56 58 60 62 64 65 66 67 67 67 67 65 64 62 60 58
48 50 52 54 56 58 60 61 62 63 63 63 63 62 60 58 57 55
45 47 49 50 52 54 56 57 58 59 59 59 59 58 56 55 53 51
43 45 47 49 51 52 54 55 57 57 57 57 57 56 54 53 51 49
41 43 45 47 49 50 52 53 55 55 55 55 55 54 52 51 49 47
39 41 43 45 47 48 50 51 53 53 53 53 53 52 50 49 47 45
37 39 41 43 45 47 48 50 51 51 51 51 51 50 48 47 45 43
35 37 39 41 43 45 46 48 49 49 49 49 49 48 46 45 43 41
33 35 37 39 41 43 44 46 47 47 47 47 47 46 45 43 41 39
31 33 35 37 39 41 42 44 45 45 45 45 45 44 43 41 39 37
29 31 33 35 37 39 40 42 43 43 43 43 43 42 41 39 37 35
27 29 31 33 35 37 38 40 41 41 41 41 41 40 39 37 35 33
25 27 29 31 33 35 36 38 39 39 39 39 39 38 37 35 33 32
23 25 27 29 31 33 34 36 37 37 37 37 37 36 35 33 31 30
21 23 25 27 29 31 32 34 35 35 35 35 35 34 33 31 29 28
19 21 23 25 27 29 30 32 33 33 33 33 33 32 31 29 28 26
17 19 21 23 25 27 28 30 31 31 31 31 31 30 29 27 26 24
15 17 19 21 23 25 26 28 29 29 29 29 29 28 27 25 24 22
14 15 17 19 21 23 24 26 27 27 27 27 27 26 25 23 22 20
12 14 16 17 19 21 23 24 25 25 25 25 25 24 23 21 20 18
10 12 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 23 23 23 23 22 21 19 18 16
8 10 12 14 15 17 19 20 21 21 21 21 21 20 19 17 16 14
(continued)
u) TABLE 5 1 1 . 4 E O M A G N E T I C COORDINATES O F PO SITIO N ON THE E A R T H R EFER R ED T O THE GEOMAGNETIC A X I S P O L E $
5
I
O F 1922, FOR P O I N T S I N VA R IO U S GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS (continued) a
cn
z
0
5
ceq
graphic
Geographic east longitude in degrees
1
P latitude* '190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360
I
0
<
++ 68" 6
4
8
6
10
8
12
10
13
11
15
13
17
15
18
16
19
17
19
17
19
17
19
17
19
17
18
16
17
15
15
13
14
12
12
10
2 + 4 2 4 6 8 9 11 13 14 15 15 15 I5 15 14 13 11 10 8
r
D
4
D
m
I-
+: -2
0 2
0
4
2
6
4
8
6
9
7
11
9
12
10
13
11
13
11
13
11
13
11
13
11
12
10
11
9
9
8
8
6
6
4
cn
m -2 -4 -2 0 2 4 5 7 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 7 6 4 2
-4 - 6 -4 - 2 0 2 3 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 6 5 4 2 0
-6 -8 -ti - 4 -2 0 1 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 3 2 0 -2
-8 - 10 -8 - 6 -4 -2 -1 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 0 -2 -4
-10 -12 -10 - 8 -6 -4 -3 -1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 -1 -2 -4 -6
-12 -14 -12 -10 -8 -7 -5 -3 -2 -1 -1 - 1 -1 - 1 - 2 -3 - 4 -6 - 8
-14 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -7 -5 -4 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -4 - 5 -6 -8 -10
-16 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -9 -7 -6 -5 -5 - 5 -5 -5 -6 -7 -8 -10 -12
-18 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -11 -9 -8 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -8 -9 -10 -12 -14
-20 -22 -20 -18 -16 -14 -13 -11 -10 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -10 -11 -12 -14 - 16
-24 -26 -24 -22 -20 -18 -17 -15 -14 -13 -13 -13 -13 -13 -14 -15 -16 -18 -19
-28 -30 -28 -26 -24 -22 -20 -19 -18 -17 -17 -17 -17 -17 -18 -19 -20 -22 -23
-32 -33 -3 1 -30 -28 -26 -24 -23 -22 -21 -2 1 -21 -21 -21 -22 -23 -24 -26 -27
-36 -37 -35 -33 -32 -30 -28 -27 -26 -25 -25 -25 -25 -25 -26 -27 -28 -30 -3 1
-40 -41 -39 -37 -35 -34 -32 -3 1 -30 -29 -29 -29 -29 -29 -30 -31 -32 -33 -35
-44 -45 -43 -41 -39 -38 -36 -35 -34 -33 -33 -33 -33 -33 -34 -35 -36 -37 -39
-48 -49 -47 -45 -43 -42 -40 -39 -38 -37 -37 -37 -37 -37 -38 -39 -40 -41 -43
-52 -53 -51 -49 -47 -45 -44 -43 -42 -41 -41 -4 1 -41 -41 -42 -43 -44 -45 -47
-56 -56 -55 -53 -51 -49 -48 -47 -46 -45 -45 -45 -45 -45 -46 -47 -48 -49 -51
-a -60 -58 -56 -55 -53 -52 -51 -50 -49 -49 -49 -49 -49 -50 -50 -52 -53 -54
-64 -64 -62 -60 -58 -57 -56 -55 -54 -53 -53 -53 -53 -53 -54 -54 -55 -57 -58
-68 -69 -67 -65 -64 -62 -61 -60 -58 -58 -57 -57 -57 -57 -57 -58 -59 -60 -62
-72 -71 -69 -67 -66 -64 -63 -62 -62 -61 -61 -61 -61 -61 -61 -62 -63 -64 -65
-76 -74 -72 -71 -69 -68 -67 -66 -65 -65 -65 -65 -65 -65 -65 -66 -67 -68 -69
-84 -76 -75 -74 -73 -71 -71 -70 -69 -69 -69 -69 -69 -69 -69 -70 -70 -71 -72
-84 -78 -77 -76 -75 -75 -74 -74 -73 -73 -73 -73 -73 -73 -73 -73 -74 -75 -75
-88 - 79 -78 -78 -78 -77 -77 -77 - 77 -77 -77 -76 -77 -77 -77 -77 -77 -77 -78
(con thrued)
v, T A B L E 511.-GEOMAGNETIC COORDINATES O F POSITION ON THE E A R T H R E F E R R E D T O T H E GEOMAGNETIC A X I S POLE
:
I
0
v)
O F 1922, FOR P O I N T S I N VARIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS (continued)
z
h
Part 2.-Geomagnetic longitudes of points on the earth in various geographic latitudes and longitudes
I
W Geo- Geographic east longitude in degrees
3- graphic
latitude 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
A
90 100 120 130 150 160 170 180
,
110 140
: 4-88"
+84
:I70 170 170 170 171 172 173 174 175 177 178 180 181 183 184 186 187 188
+ 149 150 152 154 157 160 163 166 169 173 176 180 183 187 190 193 197 200
+80 I30 134 138 142 147 151 156 161 165 170 175 180 184 189 194 198 203 208
fi +76 116 122 128 134 140 146 151 157 163 168 174 179 185 191 1% 202 208 213
4-72 106 113 121 128 135 141 148 154 160 167 173 179 186 192 198 205 21 1 217
99 107 116 123 131 138 145 152 159 166 173 179 186 193 200 207 214 221
93 103 111 120 128 135 143 150 158 165 172 179 186 194 20 1 208 216 223
89 99 108 117 125 133 141 149 157 164 172 179 187 194 202 210 217 225
87 96 106 115 123 131 140 148 156 164 171 179 187 195 203 211 219 227
84 94 103 112 121 130 138 147 155 163 171 179 187 195 204 212 220 :228
82 92 102 111 120 129 137 146 154 162 171 179 187 196 204 213 221 230
81 91 101 110 119 128 137 145 154 162 171 179 188 196 205 213 222 230
80 90 100 109 118 127 136 145 153 162 171 179 188 196 205 213 222 231
80 90 99 109 118 127 136 144 153 162 171 179 188 196 205 214 223 231
79 89 99 108 117 126 135 144 153 162 170 179 188 197 205 214 223 232
78 88 98 107 117 126 135 144 153 161 170 179 188 197 206 214 223 232
77 88 97 107 116 125 134 143 152 161 170 179 188 197 206 215 224 233
77 87 97 106 116 125 134 143 152 161 170 179 188 197 206 215 224 233
76 86 96 106 115 124 134 143 152 161 170 179 188 197 206 215 225 234
76 86 96 105 115 124 133 142 152 161 170 179 188 197 207 216 225 234
75 85 95 105 114 124 133 142 151 161 170 179 188 198 207 216 225 235
75 85 95 104 114 123 133 142 151 161 170 179 188 198 207 216 226 235
74 84 94 104 113 123 132 142 151 160 170 179 188 198 207 217 226 235
74 84 94 103 113 122 132 141 151 160 170 179 188 198 207 217 226 236
73 83 93 103 112 122 132 141 151 160 170 179 189 198 208 217 227 236
73 83 93 102 112 122 131 141 150 160 169 179 189 198 208 217 227 236
72 82 92 102 112 121 131 141 150 160 169 179 189 198 208 218 227 237
72 82 92 102 111 121 131 140 150 160 169 179 189 198 208 218 227 237
72 82 91 101 111 121 130 140 150 159 169 179 189 199 208 218 228 237
71 81 91 101 111 120 130 140 150 159 169 179 189 199 209 218 228 238
(continued)
T A B L E 511.-GEOMAGNETIC COORDINATES OF P O S I T I O N O N THE E A R T H R E F E R R E D T O THE G E O M A G N E T I C A X I S P O L E
O F 1922, FOR P O I N T S IN V A R I O U S GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS (continued)
Geo- Geographic east longitude in degrees
A
graphic <
latiiude 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
++ 68" 71
71
81
80
91
90
100
100
110
110
120
120
130
129
139
139
149
149
159
159
169
169
179
179
189
189
199
199
209
209
219
219
228
229
238
238
+ 4 70 80 90 100 109 119 129 139 149 159 169 179 189 199 209 219 229 239
+ 2 70 80 89 99 109 119 129 139 149 159 169 179 189 199 209 219 229 239
0 69 79 89 99 109 119 128 138 148 159 169 179 189 199 210 220 230 240
-2 69 79 89 98 108 118 128 138 148 158 169 179 189 199 210 220 230 240
-4 69 78 88 98 108 118 128 138 148 158 169 179 189 200 210 220 230 240
-6 68 78 88 98 107 117 128 138 148 158 169 179 189 200 210 220 230 241
-8 68 78 87 97 107 117 127 137 148 158 168 179 189 200 210 221 231 241
-10 68 77 87 97 107 117 127 137 147 158 168 179 190 200 211 221 231 241
-12 67 77 87 96 106 116 126 137 147 158 168 179 190 200 211 221 231 242
-14 67 76 86 % 106 116 126 136 147 157 168 179 190 200 211 221 232 242
-16 66 76 86 96 105 116 126 136 147 157 168 179 190 201 211 222 232 242
-18 66 76 85 95 105 115 125 136 146 157 168 179 190 201 211 222 232 243
-20 66 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 146 157 168 179 190 201 212 222 233 243
-24 65 74 84 94 104 114 124 135 146 156 168 179 190 20 1 212 223 234 244
-28 64 73 83 93 103 113 123 134 145 156 167 179 190 202 213 224 235 245
-32 63 72 82 92 102 112 122 133 144 156 167 179 191 202 213 225 235 246
-36 62 71 81 91 100 111 121 132 143 155 167 179 191 203 214 226 237 247
-40 61 70 80 89 99 109 120 131 143 154 167 179 191 203 215 227 238 248
-44 60 69 78 88 98 108 119 130 142 154 166 179 191 204 216 228 239 250
-48 58 67 77 86 96 106 117 128 140 153 166 179 192 205 217 229 24 1 252
-52 57 66 74 84 94 104 115 126 139 151 165 179 192 206 219 231 243 254
-56 55 64 73 82 92 102 112 124 137 150 164 179 193 207 22 1 233 245 256
-60 53 62 70 79 88 .99 109 121 134 148 163 178 194 209 223 236 248 259
-64 51 59 67 76 85 95 105 117 130 145 161 178 196 212 227 241 253 263
-68 48 55 63 71 80 89 99 111 124 140 158 178 198 217 233 247 259 270
-72 44 51 58 65 73 81 90 101 114 130 151 177 204 226 243 256 268 277
-76 39 45 51 57 63 70 77 84 95 108 131 175 223 249 263 273 281 289
-80 32 37 41 45 49 53 56 59 61 59 49 7 316 302 299 300 303 306
-84 23 25 28 30 31 32 31 30 26 20 12 1 350 341 335 331 329
-88 9 9 10 10 10 9 9 8 6 4 2 0 358 356 354 353 352
(coatinued)
V) T A B L E 511.-GEOMAGNETIC COORDINATES OF P O S I T I O N ON T H E E A R T H R E F E R R E D T O T H E GEOMAGNETIC A X I S P O L E
5
I
O F 1922, FOR P O I N T S I N VARIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS (continued)
Geo- Geographic east longitude in degrees
5 graphic 7 ~
g latitude 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360
189 189 190 190 190 189 189 188 186 184 182 180 178 176 174 173 172 171 170
203 205 208 210 211 212 211 210 206 200 192 181 170 161 155 151 149 148 149
212 217 22 1 225 229 233 236 239 241 239 229 187 136 122 I19 120 123 126 130
219 225 231 237 243 250 257 264 275 288 311 355 43 69 83 93 101 109 116
224 231 238 245 253 261 270 281 294 310 331 357 24 46 63 76 88 97 106
228 235 243 25 1 260 269 279 291 304 320 338 358 18 37 53 67 79 89 99
231 239 247 256 265 275 285 297 310 325 341 358 16 32 47 61 73 84 93
233 242 250 259 268 279 289 301 314 328 343 358 14 29 43 56 68 79 89
235 244 253 262 272 282 292 304 317 330 344 359 13 27 41 53 65 76 87
237 246 254 264 274 284 295 306 319 331 345 359 12 26 39 51 63 74 84
238 247 257 266 276 286 297 308 320 333 346 359 12 25 37 49 61 72 82
239 248 258 267 277 287 298 309 321 333 346 359 11 24 37 49 60 71 81
240 249 258 268 278 288 299 310 322 334 346 359 11 24 36 48 59 70 80
240 250 259 269 278 289 299 311 322 334 346 359 11 24 36 47 58 69 80
241 250 260 269 279 289 300 311 323 334 347 359 11 23 35 47 58 68 79
242 25 1 260 270 280 290 301 312 323 335 347 359 11 23 35 46 57 68 78
242 25 1 261 271 280 291 301 312 323 335 347 359 11 23 34 46 57 67 77
243 252 26 1 27 1 281 29 1 302 313 324 335 347 359 11 22 34 45 56 67 77
243 252 262 272 282 292 302 313 324 336 347 359 11 22 33 45 55 66 76
243 253 263 272 282 292 303 314 325 336 347 359 10 22 33 44 55 66 76
244 253 263 273 283 293 303 314 325 336 347 359 10 22 33 44 55 65 75
244 254 263 273 283 293 304 314 325 336 348 359 10 21 33 43 54 65 75
245 254 264 274 284 294 304 315 326 336 348 359 10 21 32 43 54 64 74
245 255 264 274 284 294 305 315 326 337 348 359 10 21 32 43 53 64 74
246 255 265 275 285 295 305 315 326 337 348 359 10 21 32 42 53 63 73
246 256 265 275 285 295 305 316 326 337 348 359 10 21 31 42 53 63 73
246 256 266 276 285 296 306 316 327 337 348 359 10 21 31 42 52 62 72
247 256 266 276 286 296 306 316 327 337 348 359 10 20 31 41 52 62 72
247 257 267 276 286 2% 306 317 327 338 348 359 10 20 31 41 51 62 72
248 257 267 277 287 297 307 317 327 338 348 359 10 20 31 41 51 61
71 P
\o
(conhared) W
e5
v)
2
c
D
TA BL E 511.-GEOMAGNETIC COORDINATES O F POSITION ON T H E E A R T H R E F E R R E D T O T H E GEOMAGNETIC AXIS POLE
OF 1922, FOR P O I N T S I N VARIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS (concluded)
-I
La
-
rn cro- Geoaraohic
_ . east longitude in degrees
gr&ic 7
v) latitude* 150 190 200 21G 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360
-64_ . _. -
27.1 -28.1
__ _291
_ ._. .m
300 ___ .?is
_._.__ 323 ___
3.30 338
. . ~34s 352
.. ~
359 6 14 21
~~
28 36 43 51
-68 279 287 296 303 311 318 325 332 339 346 353 359 6 i3 20 27 34 41 48
-72 286 293 301 308 315 321 328 334 340 347 353 359 6 12 18 25 31 37 44
-76 296 302 308 314 320 326 331 337 343 348 354 359 5 11 16 22 28 33 39
-80 310 314 318 322 327 331 336 341 345 350 355 360 4 9 14 18 23 28 32
-84 329 330 332 334 337 340 343 346 349 353 356 360 3 7 10 13 17 20 23
-88 350 350 350 350 351 352 353 354 355 357 358 360 1 3 4 6 7 8 9
BIBLIOGRAPHY: a, Chapman, S., and Bartels, J., Geomagnetism vols. 1 and 2 Oxford, 1940. b Flcming J. A., ed., Terrestrial magnetism and electricity, Physics
of the earth series, vol. 8, McGraw-Hill New York 1939. c, Lud; Albert K., aAd Herbert Howe, H.,’ Magnetiim of the earth U.S. Coast and Geodetlc Survey, SeriaZ
663 Washington 1Y45. d. Drel, Sakuel A,, MLgnetic declination’in the United States 1945 idem Serial 664. 1946. e, beel, Samuel A, and Herbert Howe, H..
United States magnetic tables and magnetic charts for 1945, idem, Serial 667, 1948. f, Vestin;, E. H., Laporte, L.,Lange, I., Cqoper, C., and Hendrix, W. C., Descrip-
tion of the earth’s main magnetic field and its secular change 1905-1945, Carnegie Inst. Washington Puhl. No. 578, 1947. g Vestine E. H. Lange I. Laporte L. and
Scott, W. E., The geomagnetlc field, its description and analysis. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. No. 580, 1947. h ’ Macht, ’H. G . , ‘Das erdm;gnetisch ’Fe16 der
Polargebiete. Zeitschr. Meteorol., vol. 1. pp. 259.297 1947. I. Elsasser, W. M., Phys. Rev., vol. 60, p. 876, 1941; ;ol. 69, p. 106, 1946; vo?. 70. p. 202, 1946.
j, Bullard,, E. C., The magnetic field within the e a r t i , Proc. Roy.,Soc. London, A, vol. 197, p. 433, 1949. k, Blackett, P. M. S., Nature, vo!. 159. p. 658, 1947. (Gives
recent review, theories of earth’s field.) I, Journal of Geophysical Research vol. 56, p. 283 1951 Baltimore. m Nippoldt, A,, Prussla-Meteorologrshes Institut,
Bericht uber die Tatigkeit des Preuss. Met. Inst. im Jahre 1929: Veriioffentlichuhgen Nr. 372, p. 137, 1530. n, Wasser~all,Terr. Mag., vol. 44, p. 263, 1939. 0, Aus-
tralian Antarctic Research (B.A.N.Z.A.R.) Expedition 1929-31 (D. Mawson, ed.), Reports,- Ser. A, vol. 4, p. 1, Adelaide, 1944. p, Terr. Mag., vol. 48, pp. 97-108,
171-182 and 237.242, 1943: vol. 49, pp. 47-52, 109-118, 199.205, and 267-269. 1944; and vol. 33, p. 199.240. 1945.
Se; (a) above for sunspot numbers and international character-figures C, 1890-1937: also (4 for C, 1905-1942; geomagnetic indices C and K for 1940-1947 are given
in H. F. Johnston W. E. Scott, and Ella Balsam, Internat. Union Geod. and Geophys., Terr. Mag. Electr., Bull. Nos. 12 and 12a, Washington, 1948. For current values, see
( l ) , Forecasts of keomagnetic activity, .National Bureau of Standards.
World isomagnetic charts are issued by U.S. Hydrographic Office: for the United States and possessions, by U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.
502
T A B L E BlP.--MAGNETIC A N D ELECTRIC DATA FOR S U N A N D E A R T H
(Chapman, Cosmical magnetic phenomena, Nature, vol. 124, p. 19, 1929.)
Sun's magnetic field too small to be measured by direct effects on earth; measured by
Zeeman effect on spectrum lines.
Earth's magnetic axis inclined 12" to rotation axis.
Earth's field rotates at same speed as nearly rigid earth.
Earth : Polar intensity of field j gauss.
Sun : Intense local fields frequent, 3000 gauss. The magnetic field of spots reverses each
cycle (Proc. Astron SOC.Pacific, vol. 41, p. 136, 1929). The polarity of leading spot in a
bipolar group in the Northern Hemisphere is opposite that in the Southern Hemisphere-
.
relationship reverses each new sunspot cycle . complete magnetic cycle is double sun-
spot cycle.
Specific resistances : Earth Sun (Chapman, loc. cit.)
Heaviside layer, 10" Reversing layer, 3 X 10"
Dry earth, 10" to 10'' Photosphere, lo8,T , 10000°K.
Sea water, 2 x 10" Center, 3 x 108, T , 4 x 10'
200-600 m deep, 3 X 10"
Further characteristics of spots : (Milne, Monthly Notices, Roy. Astion. SOC.,vol. 90,
p. 487, 1930.) Umbra (dark center), 800 (very small) to 80,000 km across: penumbra
may reach 240,000 km. Generally short-lived. A few last several (3) rotations, very
rarely 6 ; one in 1840, 18 months. Most occur in 2 belts 5" to 40" N. and S. latitudes,
often occur in pairs (see above). Umbra temperature 4000" K. Evershed gives velocity of
outburst from spot 2 km/sec.
where c is a constant depending on the substance used, 1 the length of the path
through the substance, H the intensity of the component of the magnetic field
in the direction of the path of the beam, r the index of refraction, and A the
wavelength of the light in air. If H be different, at different parts of the path,
1H is to be taken as the integral of the variation of magnetic potential between
the two ends of the medium. Calling this difference of potential v, we may
write 6 = Av, where A is constant for the same substance, kept under the
same physical conditions, when the one kind of light is used. The constant A
has been called “Verdet’s constant,’’ and a number of values of it are given in
Tables 514-517. For variation with temperature the following formula is
given by Bichat :
R = R, ( 1 - 0.00104t - 0.000014tZ),
which has been used to reduce some of the results given in the table to the
temperature corresponding to a given measured density. For change of wave-
length the following approximate formula, given by Verdet and Becquerel,
may be used :
T A B L E 514.-VERDET'S CONSTANT
Part 1.-Solids
Verdet's
constant
Suhstance Formula Wavelength in min
B
Amber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .589 .0095
Blende . . . . .......... . ... ... ................ ZnS ' 2234
Diamond ..... .. ... ... .. . .. ........ ......... C I'
.0127
Lead borate ... ............ .... .... ......... PbBzO, .0600
Selenium . .. ... ... ............ ..... ... ...... Se .687 .4625
.
Sodium borate . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NaJ3,0, .589 ,0170
Ziqueline (Cuprite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cu20 .687 5908
Fluorite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CaF, .2534 .05989
.3655 ,02526
.4358 .01717
.4916 .01329
.589 .00897
1.oo .00300
2.50 .00049
3.00 .00030
Glass :
Jena, medium phosphate crn ....................... ..... .589 .0161
heavy crown, 01143.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0220
light flint, 0451 .... .... ... ... .... . . ... ... ... . 'I
.0317
heavy fli;it, 0500 ........ ............ .......... .0608
S163 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "
.0888
Zeiss, ultra;yiolet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,313 .0674
...................................... .405 .0369
...................................... .436 .0311
Quartz, along axis, i.e., plate cut 1 to axis . . . . SiOa .2194 .1587
.2573 .1079
.3609 .04617
.4800 .02574
S892 .01664
.6439 .01368
Rock salt . ....... ... .................. ...... NaCl ,2599 ,2708
.3100 .1561
.4046 .0775
.4916 .0483
.6708 ,0245
1.oo .01050
2.00 .00262
4.00 .00069
Sugar, cane: along axis IIA .................. CiaHz,On .451 .0122
.540 .0076
.626. .0066
axis IIA' ................. - .451 .0129
.540 .0084
.626 .0075
Sylvite ... . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . KCl ,4358 .0534
S461 .0316
.6708 .02012
.90 .01051
1.20 .00608
2.00 .00207
4.00 .0w54
(continued)
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
T A B L E 514.-VERDET'S C O N S T A N T (concluded) 505
Part 2.-Liquids (for = 0.589 p )
Density Verdet's
Chemical in g per constant Temp.
Substance formula cm3 in min "C
Acetone ........................... C3HsO -7947 .0113
. ~ _ . 20
Acids : Formic ..................... CHzOz 112273 .0105 15
Acetic ...................... CsH,Oz 1.0561 .0105 21
Hydrochloric ............... HCI 1.2072 .0224 15
Hydrobromic ............... HBr 1.7859 .0343
Hydroiodic ................. HI '
Nitric ....................... HNOa 13
Alcohols : Methyl .................. CHaOH 20'
Ethyl ................... CzHsOH '
Benzene ........................... CsHe .8786 .0297
Bromides : Methyl .................. CH3Br 1.7331 .0205 0
Ethyl ................... CzHsBr 1.4486 .0183 15
Carbon bisulfide .................... csz 1.26 ,0420 18
Chlorides : Carbon ................. CCI, 1.60 .0321 15
Chloroform ............. CHCL 1.4823 .0164 20
Ethyl .................. CzHECI .9169 .0138 6
Iodides : Methyl .................... CHaI 2.2832 .0336 15
Ethyl ..................... CzHsI 1.9417 .0296 '
Nitrates : Methyl ................... CHaO * NO, 1.2157 .0078 '
Ethyl .................... CzHsO. NO, 1.1149 .0091 "
The de Mallemann values are from numerous papers in Comptes Rendus, 1929 to date
(See in particular R. de Mallemann, F. Suhner, and J. Grange, C. R., vol. 232, p. 1094,
1915. See also P. Gabiano Ann. d. Physique, vol. 10, p. 68, 1933.). The Ingersoll values
are from an O N R preliminary report (October 1952). The probable error of the de Malle-
mann and the Ingersoll values is of the order of 1 percent. The dispersion of the rotation
for most gases, except oxygen, is roughly as the inverse square of the wavelength.
Verdet's
cpnstant
Substance Pressure Temp. in m m
Atmospheric air ....................... 6.83 X lo-'
Carbon dioxide ........................
Carbon disulfide .......................
Atmospheric
74 cmHg
Ordjnary
70°C
13.00
23.49
::
Ethylene ............................. Atmospheric Ordinary 34.48 "
Nitrogen ............................. 6.92 "
Nitrous oxide ......................... 16.90 "
Oxygen ..............................
Suffur dio'Tide ........................ - 1'
6.28
31.39
"
"
........................ 246cmHg 20°C 38.40 "
Field
Mirror cgs .41~ .44p ,481~ .52p .56& ,601~ .64p .66p
Iron ................ 21,500 -25 -.26 -28 -.31 -.36 -.42 -.44 -.45
Cobalt .............. 20,000 -.36 -.35 -.34 -.35 -.35 -.35 -.35 -.36
Nickel .............. 19,000 -.16 -.15 -.13 -.13 -.14 -.14 -.14 -.14
Steel ............... 19,200 -27 -28 -.31 -.35 -.38 -.40 -.44 -.45
Invar ............... 19,8CO -22 -.23 -24 -23 -23 -22 -.23 -23
Magnetite .......... 16,400 -.07 -.02 +.04 +.06 +.08 +.06 +.04 +.03
T A B L E 52l.-VARIATION OF H A L L CONSTANT W I T H T H E T E M P E R A T U R E
Bismuth Antimony
r r
H -iwc -900 -23" +1i.s0 +loo0 H -186°C -79" +Zl.S' +58"
1000 62.2 28.0 17.0 13.3 7.28 1750 ,263 ,249 .217
2000 55.0 25.0 16.0 12.7 7.17 3960 ,252 ,243 211
3000 49.7 22.9 15.1 12.1 7.06 6160 ,245 235 ,209 ,203
4000 45.8 21.5 14.3 11.5 6.95
5000 42.6 20.2 13.6 11.0 6.84
6000 40.1 18.9 12.9 10.6 6.72
Bismuth
' H +14.5'C +104' 125' 1890 zizo z w 259" 269" 270"
890 5.28 2.57 2.12 1.42 1.24 1.11 .97 .83 .77*
* Melting point.
The X-ray unit as originally used referred to the measurement of x-wavelengths using a
cClcite crystal. Such results are in error by a factor of 1.00203.
OPTICAL GLASS
T A B L E 523.-CHA R A C T E R l S T l C S O F A M E R ICAN-M A D € OPT1C A L GLASSES IB0
Crown glasses-crown (CO), light barium crown (LBC), dense barium crown (DBC).
extra dense barium crown (EDBC)
Name ................. C -BL LBC -BL DBC -CG DBC -CG DBC -CG EDBC -BL
Type .................. 518/596 573/568 612/595 620/603 638/555 617/539
f i ~ ............... 1.51750 1.57250 1.61160 1.62030 1.63840 1.61700
no' ............... 1.52886 1.58538 1.6246 1.6332 1.6532 1.63171
............. 1.52393 1.57962 1.61880 1.62750 1.64650 1.62511
nc ................ 1.51524 1.56954 1.60852 1.61722 1.63500 1.61367
Y ................ 59.6 56.8 59.5 60.3 55.5 53.9
Flint glasses-crown flint (CF), light flint ( L F ) , short flint (SF), extra light flint ( E L F ) ,
light barium flint (LBF), barium flint (BF), dense barium flint (DBF),
dense flint ( D F ) , extra dense flint ( E D F )
............. CF-BL LBF-BL BF-BL DBF-BL DBF-CG ELF-BL
............. 526/546 548/537 570/481 617/385 670/472 541/475
XD ............... 1.52560 1.54770 1.57040 1.61700 1.66990 1.54140
no' ............... 1.53793 1.56081 1.58575 1.63811 1.6882 1.55618
t~i+................ 1.53239 1.55491 1.57880 1.62843 1.67990 1.54949
nc ................ 1.52277 1.54471 1.56695 1.61242 1.66572 1.53809
Y ................ 54.6 53.7 48.1 38.5 47.2 47.5
Name
Type
........... E 559/455
..................
LF-BL SF-CG
613/442
LF-BL
575/429
DF-BL
596/397
EDF-BL
751/277
...............
1.55850 1.61300 1.57510 1.59560 1.75060
lza' ................
1.57447 1.6308 1.59263 1.61538 1.78716
W F ................ 1.56722 1.62280 1.58464 1.60632 1.77009
nc ................ 1.55495 1.60893 1.57122 1.59130 1.74302
Y ................ 45.5 44.2 42.9 39.7 27.7
Adapted from data from Bausch & Lomb ( B L ) and Corning Glass Works (CG). F . A. Molby,
West Virginia University assisted in selecting and arranging these data. For reference see Molby,
Journ. Opt. SOC.Amer., k . 39, p. 600, 1949.
Composition (batch) ....Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent
50, ............. 68.8 66.3 63.4 71.9 70.2 68.3 58.8 45.2 47.4 38.25 38.3 37.3 37.8 65.j
PbO ............. .2 .2 1.4 10.0
BaO ............. 19.9 28.7 30.0 42.85 42.8 44.8 44.2 .2
BzOa ............. 8.5 12.5 13.0 5.0 1.5 1.5 3.8 6.2 4.9 6.7 10.7 4.4 11.35
NazO ............. 7.8 7.5 14.7 14.0 14.0 2.8 1.4 .9 .2 13.2
KZO .............. 14.7 12.0 6.2 5.0 2.5 2.5 10.3 7.0 7.0 .4 5.6
A S 2 0 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 .5 .4 .3 .3 .3 .4 .4 .3 .3 .2
sbzoa ............ 1.2 1.2 1.2 .7 .5 .2 .2 .7 .2 1.8
ZnO ............. 1.2 4.1 7.5 7.5 4.2 5.6 3.6
Be0 ............. 2.0 2.3
SrO .............. 10.0
Li20 ............. 5.0
CaO ............. 2.2 9.4 11.3 2.3 4.5 3.6
c1 ................ .7 .7
so. .............. .5 .5
A1202 ............ 3.0 4.9 2.9 4.9
ZrO. ............. 25
Data furnished by L . W . Tilton. National Bureau of Standards.
(continued
In
I
+
I
Lo
0
T A B L E 526.-TRANSMISSION O F O P T I C A L GLASS
Thickness 10 mm, reflection deducted *
BSC BSC C LBC DBC DBC CF BF DF EDF
-1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -3 -1 -1 -2 -3
Cut-off in mp .... 300 296 301 306 328 320 310 316 326 350
T at 360 mp.. ..
900 76.0 84.0 47.5 22.0 82.5 97.0 94.0 72.5 6.5
380 m f i . .. . 98.0 95.0 97.2 92.5 96.8 98.5 99.0 98.0 84.5 47.0
400 m p . . .. 99.5 99.5 99.3 99.5 99.5 99.4 99.5 99.5 90.5 70.0
460 m f i . .. . 99.5 99.5 99.3 99.5 99.5 99.4 99.5 99.5 97.0 96.2
500 m p . . .. 99.5 99.5 99.3 99.5 99.5 99.4 99.5 99.5 98.9 99.3
800 m p . . .. 99.5 98.5 99.3 99.2 99.4 99.4 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5
1000 m p . . .. 99.5 94.5 99.3 97.2 96.6 99.4 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5
2000 m p . . .. 88.8 85.0 95.0 90.5 65.0 80.5 70.0 88.5 99.5 99.5
3000 m p . . .. .5 .O 17.5 .6 .O .O .9 .9 6.0 3.0
Cut-off in mp. .. . 3200 3000 4000 3200 2900 2850 3350 3250 3500 4100
Abbreviated from a list of results of measurements on freshly polished samples of Bausch & Lomb glasses.
Data supplied by the Bausch & Lomb Optical Co.
T A B L E 528.-INDEX OF R E F R A C T I O N OF GLASSES M A D E B Y S C H O T T A N D
GENOESSEN, J E N A
The following constants are for glasses made by Schott and Genoessen, Jena : nA, nc, % D , n ~ no,
,
are the indices of refraction in air for A = 0 . 7 6 8 2 ~C~ = 0.6563p, D = 0.5893, F = 0.4861, G' =
0.4341, Y = ( n - ~ l)/(nB - a,).
T A B L E 529.-CHANGE O F I N D I C E S O F R E F R A C T I O N FOR l ° C I N U N I T S O F T H E
F I F T H DECIMAL PLACE
Mean -An
No. and designation temp C D F GI
-
n
I00
S 57 Heavy silicate flint.. .... 58.8" 1.204 1.447 2.090 2.810 .0166
0 154 Light silicate flint. ...... 58.4 225 ,261 .334 .407 .0078
0 327 Baryt flint light.. ....... 58.3 -.008 .014 .080 .137 .0079
0 225 Light phosphate crown.. . 58.1 -202 -.190 -.168 -.142 .0049
Coefficient of transmission, a
U nit t = 1 dm ' .375& 3908 ,4008 ,4348 ,4368 ,4558 ,4778 .503p .580p ,6778
0 340, Ordinary light flint. ...... .388 .456 .614 .569 .680 334 ,880 ,880 378 .939
0 102, Heavy sili;ate f l i p . . ...... - ,025 .463 SO2 .566 .663 .700 ,782 3 2 8 .794
0 93,Ordi?ary ', ........ - - - - .714 307 .899 371 .903 .943
0 203, crown.. ..... 333 .583 .695 .667 ,806 322 .860 372 .872 ,903
0 598, (Crown) ................ - - _ - .797 .770 .771 .776 318 .860
Unit t = 1 cm 0.78 0.958 1.18 1.48 1.78 2.08 2.38 2.58 2.7p 2.98 3.lp
S 204, Borate crown ............ 1.00 .99 .94 .90 .85 .81 .69 .43 .29 .18
S 179, Medium phosphate crown. - .98 .95 .90 .84 .67 .49 .87 .18 - -
0 1143, Dense borosilicate crown. . .98 - .97 - .95 .93 .90 .84 .71 .47 .n
0 1092, Crown .................. .99 .96 .95 .99 .% .91 22 .71 .60 .48 29
0 1151, " .................. .98 - .99 .99 .98 .94 .% .79I - .45
..7s .32
0 451, Light fli$ ............... 1.00 .99 - .98 .95 .92 .84 .78 .54 .34
0 469, H y y ,I ............... 1.00 .98 - .99 .98 .98 .97 .XI .66 .so
0 500, ............... 1.00 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 .99 .92 .74 .53
S 163, " " ............... 1.00 .98 - .99 - .99 -- .94 .78 .60
Part 2
R is reflection factor yellow light for two surfaces. Values of transmission are for 1 mm
thickness. Ordinary figures refer to wavelengths in p, .281 to .775, black-faced infrared.
Glass Density .281 .302 ,334 ,366 ,436 .480 ,546 .578 ,644 .700 ,775
durability R .850 .so 1.15 1.30 1.60 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00
U G I 2.77 .oo .17 .69 .85 .oo .oo .oo .oo .oo .o 1 .34
% .911 22 .ll .05 .04 .03 .04 .06 .11 .15 .19 .17
B G 1 2.50 .04 .40 .93 .97 .86 .44 .04 .05 .01 .51 .94
3 .915 .97 .93 .76 58 .40 .50 59 .69 .74 .75 55
B G 4 2.41- .oo .oo .04 .74 37 .53 .01 .o1 .oo .07 .13
5 .921 .12 .11 .13 .12 .14 21 .45 59 .63 .45 .40
B G 10 2.60 .oo .oo .14 .64 .93 .95 .94 .88 .75 .62 .42
% .916 .31 25 26 31 .47 .55 .56 58 .55 .47 A6
V G l 2.93 .oo .oo .oo .oo .02 .47 .77 .56 .12 .06
.69
.04
55
2 .905 .05 .09 .18 27 .47 .65 .71 .76 .77
G G 2 2.58 .oo .oo .oo .64 .99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.oo 1.oo
3 .916 1.00 1.oo 1.00 1-00 1.oo .99 .99 .98 .94 84 .70
G G 4 2.73 .oo .oo .03 .01 .67 .92 .97 .96 .94 .96 .99
2 .913 .99 .99 .99 .99 .99 99 .99 .98 .94 .85 .64
G G 11 2.54 .oo .oo .oo .oo .o1 .24 .99 .99 .99 .99 .98
2 .913 .97 .96 .96 .99 .96 .97 .97 .95 .91 .82 .66
R G 2 2.74 .oo .oo .oo .ooi .oo .oo .oo .oo .92 .98 .98
2 .913 .98 .98 .98 .98 .98 .98 .97 .95 .92 81 .65
R G 5 2.74 .oo .oo .oo .00 .oo .oo .oo .oo .02 .96 .98
2 .913 .98 98 .99 -99
... .99 .99 .98 97 .92 .79 58
N G 5 2.42 .oo .oo .oo .29 .59 .63 .66 .68 .70 .70 .65
1 .919 .61 -59 .61 .65 .73 .78 -78 .76 .69 58 .40
U G 1 dark purple (uv., extreme red). B G 1 blue (uv.. extreme red),. B G 4 blue ( ir.) . B G 10, light blue
green, ir. absorption. V G 1 yellow-green. G G 2 colorless, uv. absor tion G G 4 almost colorless, strong UV.
absorption. G G 1 1 dark yellow for contract filters. R G 2 pure red. I! G 5 dark red. N G 5 light neutral.
OPTICAL CRYSTALS
Not so many years ago physicists had to depend upon natural crystals for their various
optical instruments. Now, owing to a great deal of work in this field, it has been found
possible to grow artificial crystals of various materials for this purpose. Data on some of
these artificial crystals are given in the following tables and the spectral transmission of
some of them is shown in figure 26.
Size grown
Type of I Refer-
Material crystal Diameter Length WeiKht Transmission ranne Uses ence
Sodium chloride (NaCl)?. . . . .. cubic 190 mm 125 mm 13 k g .2 to lSp, practical, Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectro-
-4D 8.5 to 15p scopy, as lens elements for uv. and ir. a, b
F Potassium chloride (KCI)S.. .. cubic 190 125 16 .38 to 21p About the same as NaCl c, d
rn
UI Silver chloride (AgCl) ........ cubic 95 125 4.5 Infrared to 30p Windows and prisms for uv. and ir. spectro- e
(optical)# SCOPY
Calcium fluoride (&Fa) 11 .. . .. cubic 125 100 5.0 .125 to 9.op Windows and prisms uv., v., and ir. Lens c,f
parts
Potassium bromide (KBr)T.. ..
cubic 190 125 16 Practical, 15 to 25p Prisms and lenses for far infrared b, c, e
.
Potassium iodide (K1)T.. . . . . cubic 190 125 16 Long wavelength in- Prisms and windows for far infrared d, h
frared, trans. 2 cm
thickness, 50% at
32.8~
Lithium fluoride (LiF)I.. ... .. cubic 150 120 6 Practical, 1to 5.0p Windows and prisms for uv. and ir., and as b,g
lens components
Thallium bromide-iodide . ... . . cubic 125 87.5 6.8 20 to 37p Prisms and windows, ir., lens parts e, i
(KR S-5) 7
Barium fluoride (BaF,) . .. . .. . cubic 125 100 6.0 upto 12p Infrared windows, prisms
Cesium bromide (CsBr) ... . . .. cubic 190 125 35 to 42p Windows, prisms
Potassium iodide (KI) .. . . .. .. cubic 190 126 16 Scintillation
(thallium activated) counters
Sodium iodide (Na I ) . . . . . .. .. cubic 190 125 16 Scintillation
(thallium activated) counters
These crystals were grown by the Harshaw Chemical Company, Cleveland, Ohio, and t h e data were furnished by H. C. Kremers of that company. For index of refrac-
tion see: t Table 534. t Table 536. 5 Table 538. I1 Table 539.- 1 Part 2- of thts &ble. T:
K_RS--5 con&s Of about 42 percent TiBr-and 58 percect TII. -
References: a. Gore. R. C., et al., Journ. Opl:. Sac. Amer vol. 37 23 1947. b, Kremers, H. C., Journ. Ind. Ong. Chem., vol. 32 p. 1478 1940 and Journ. Upt.
SOC. Amer vol. 3 p 337 1947. c, Harrison, G. R. Lord R:’C and’l!kfbburow J. R. Practical s ectroscopy Prentice-Hall Inc. Nbw York’ 1948: d, Sawyer,
K. A.. Ex&imen;al ’swcthscoov. Prentice-Hall. Inc.. h e w $ark. 1’9’44. e. Plyler. ’E. K.,’Nat. Bur. {tandards journ. Res., v d . 41,’p. 125, 194b. f, Stockbarger,
1. Ovt. Sac. Amer., Val. 39. D. 731. 1949. g, Wright,
.. Nat. Bur. Stand-
(continued)
516
TABLE 531.-SOME A R T I F I C I A L OPTICAL CRYSTALS (concluded)
Part 2
Index of refraction
Material ' A 1st sample 2d sample Reference
KBr .. ... . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .486p 1.57181 1.57194 c, b, e
.589 1.55986 1.55997
.656 1.55503 1.55524
to infrared (1-101~)
. 1.54 to 1.53
. .. ......... . ...... .. . .. . .. . . .. . . ..
. I
KI ' f l ~ nD d, h
1.68755 1.6670 z588
to infrared (1-2Op) 1.64, 1.62
It
LiF . . .. . . . . .... .. . .. .. . . . .. ..... .. . .. .4861 1.394810 f 2 x lo-' b, g
3393 1.392057
.6563 1.390862
Thallium bromide-iodide (KRS-5)**. ... Na3, 2.629; la, 2.45; 4p, 2.4; i, e
lop, 2.39; 35p, 2.30
n, - 1
y=- Specjfic
No. and type of Jena glass n,, for D nF - nc nF - nc gravity
0 225 Light phosphate crown. .. 1.5159 ,00737 70.0 .00485 .00515 .00407 2.58
0 802 Borosilicate crown . . . . .. 1.4967 0765 64.9 0504 0534 0423 2.38
U V 3109 Ultraviolet crown . .. . 1.5035 0781 64.4 0514 0546 0432 2.41
0 227 Barium-silicate crown . 1.5399 0909 59.4 0582 0639 0514 2.73
0 114 Soft silicate crown.. . . 1.5151 0910 56.6 0577 0642 0521 2.55
0 608 High-dispersion crown .. 1.5149 0943 54.6 0595 0666 0543 2.60
UV 3248 Ultraviolet flint . . . . .. 1.5332 0964 55.4 0611 0680 0553 2.75
0 381 High-dispersion crown 1.5262 1026 51.3 0644 0727 0596 2.70
0 602Baryt light flint.. .. . . . 1.5676 1072 53.0 0675 0759 0618 3.12
.
S 389 Borate flint , .. . . . . . . .. 1.5686 1102 51.6 0712 0775 0629 2.83
726 Extra light flint.. . . . . . .. 1.5398 1142 47.3 071 1 0810 0669 2.87
154 Ordinary liEht flint.. . . .. 1.5710 1327 43.0 0819 0943 0791 3.16
184 "
.... 1.5900 1438 41.1 0882 1022 0861 3.28
"
. .. ... . .
748 Barvt flint . . . .. . . .
0 102 Heavy flint . . . . . . .
1.6235
1.6489
1599
1919
39.1
33.8
0965
1152
1142
1372
0965
1180
3.67
3.87
0 41 " ............ 1.7174 2434 29.5 1439 1749 1521
~.~~ 4.49
0 165 " " .. .
. .. .. . ... 1.7541 2743 27.5 1607 i 974 1730 4.78
S386Heavy flint ............ 1.9170 4289 21.4 2451 3109 2808 6.01
S 57Heaviest flint .......... 1.9626 4882 19.7 2767 3547 3252 6.33
FIG.26.--Spectral transmission of a number of infrared materials. Curves : 1, Fluorite, CaFz, 1 cm thick. 2, Rocksalt, NaCl, 1 cm. 3, Sil-
vite, KCI, l cm. 4, KBr, l cm. 5, Crystal quartz, S O z , l cm. 6, Fused S O z , 1 cm. 7, Thallium bromide, K R S J , 4 mm thick. Taken from
Baird Associates, Engineering Research Development Laboratories, Rep. W-44-009 Eng. 473, 1949.
wl
C-L
v
518 T A B L E 5 3 3 . 4 N D E X O F R E F R A C T I O N O F Q U A R T Z (SiO,), 15"Cmm.
Wavelength Wayelength
in air at 15" no nr n In air at 15" no nc n
mu Quartz Quartz Vitreous mfi Quartz Quartz Vitreous
185.467 1.67578 1168997 1.57436 533.85 1.546799 1.555996 1.46067
193.583 1.65999 1.67343 1.55999 579.066 1.544667 1.553791 ....
202.55 1.64557 1.65842 1.54727 589.29 1.544246 1.553355 1.45845
214.439 1.63039 1.64262 1.53386 643.847 1.542288 1.551332 1.45674
226.503 1.61818 1.62992 1.52308
~ . ~ . 667.815
~ ~ 1.541553 1.550573 ....
250.329 1.60032 i.61139 1.50745 706.520 1.540488 1.549472 1.45517
274.867 1.58752 1.59813 1.49617 794.763 1.538478 1.547392 1.45340
303.412 1.576955 1.58720 1.48594 1000.00 1.53503 1.54381 ....
340.365 1.56747 1.577385 1.47867 1200.00 1.53232 1.54098
396.848 1.55813
~.~~~ 1.56772 1.47061 1400.00 1.52972 1.53826 ....
....
~
la* Sosman, Robt. B., The properties of silica, p. 591, Chemical Catalog Co., NewYork, 1927.
T A B L E 534.-lNDEX O F R E F R A C T I O N O F ROCK S A L T IN A I R
At 18°C1Bp
A(&) n A(&) n .. .
h(U) n
18.2 . . . . . . 1.409 22.2 .. . ... 1.374 26.7 .. . . . . 1.300
18.8 ...... 1.401 23.1 .. .. . . 1.363 27.2 . . . .. . 1.275
19.7 . . . . . . 1.398 24.1 .. . . .. 1.352 28.2 .. . . . . 1.254
20.4 . . . . . . 1.389 24.9 .. .... 1.336 28.8 ...... 1.226
21.1 .. .. . . 1.379 25.7 . . . . .. 1.317
T A B L E 536.-lNDEX O F R E F R A C T I O N O F P O T A S S I U M B R O M I D E * (22'C)
Prepared by Stephens, Plyler, Rodney, and Spindler, National Bureau of Standards, March 1952.
T A B L E 537.-INDEX O F R E F R A C T I O N O F N I T R O S O - D I M E T H Y L - A N I L I N E (WOOD)
A n x n x n h U A n
.497 2.140 .525 1.945 .584 1.815 .636 1.647 .713 1.718
SO0 2.114 .536 1.909 .602 1.7% .647 1.758 .730 1.713
SO6 2.074 .546 1.879 .611 1.783 .659 1.750 .749 1.709
SO8 2.025 .557 1.857 .620 1.778 .669 1.743 .763 1.697
516 1.985 .569 1.834 .627 1.769 .696 1.723
Prepared by Leroy W . Tilton, Earle K. Plyler, and Robert E. Stephens, National Bureau of Standards.
T A B L E 539.-INDEX O F R E F R A C T I O N O F F L U O R I T E (CaF,) I N A I R
Part 1
Part 2laS
Change o f index o f refraction of fluorite for 1°C in units of the 5th decimal place
C line, -1.220; D, -1.206; F, -1.170; G, -1.142.
Schonrock, Zeitschr. Instrumentenkunde, vol. 4 0 , p. 94, 1920; vol. 41, p. 104, 1921.
.-2
e,
B Index of refraction fur the Fraunhofer lines
--
R 6 a B C D E b F C
Index of refraction
Spectrum Ordinary Extraordinary
Crystal line ray ray
Ammonium arseniate NH4H2AsO, ............... D 1.5766 1.5217
B e n d (C,HKO)2 .............................. D 1.6588 1.6784
Corundum, A1203, sapphire, ruby ................. D 1.769 1.760
Ice at -8°C .................................... D 1.308 1.313
I' " " 'I
.................................... Li 1.297 1.304
Ivory ......................................... D 1.539 1.541
Potas:ium arseniate KH,AsO,. .................. F 1.5762 1.5252
" "
' ................... D 1.5674 1.5179
1'
' ................... c 1.5632 1.5146
Socljum arseniate NasAsO,. 12HBO. .............. D 1.457 1.466
nitrate NaNOa ......................... D 1.586 1.336
" phosphate NaaPO1.12H20 ............... D 1.447 1.453
Nickel sulfate NiSO,;fH,O.. ................... F 1.5173 1.4930
' ' ..................... D 1.5109 1.4873
..................... c 1.5078 1.4844
Strychnine sulfate .............................. D 1.614 1.599
Mineral
Biaxial positive minerals
Formula
Stercorite ........ NazO*(NH. ).O P.O.*9H. 0 .
.
"a
1.439
Index of rei'raction
np
1.441
7
9
1.469
Aluminite .......
AlzOa*S01.9HaO 1.459 1.464 1.470
Tridymite ........ SiOz 1.469 1.470 1.473
Thenardite ....... NazO.SOa 1.464 1.474 1.485
Carnallite ........ KC1 .MgCI. .6 H z 0 1.466 1.475 1.494
Alunogen ........ ALOa.3SOs*16Hz0 1.474 1.476 1.483
Melanterite ...... FeO.SOs.7HaO 1.471 1.478 1.486
Natrolite ........ NazO.AI~Os*3SiOz*2H~O 1.480 1.482 1.493
Arcanite ......... KzO'SOa 1.494 1.495 1.497
Struvite ......... (NH,)zO.2MgO* P205-12Hz0 1.495 1.496 1.500
Heulandite ....... Ca0~Al2Os-6SiOZ.3H20 1.498 1.499 1.505
Thomsonite ...... (Naz. C a ) 0 ~ A 1 2 0 a ~ 2 S i 0 z ~ 3 H z 0 1.497 1.503 1.525
Harmotome ......
(Kz. Ba)O.A120a.SSiOa.5HzO 1.503 1.505 1.508
.
Petalite ......... Li20 AL03*8SiOa 1.504 1.510 1.516
Monetite ......... 2Ca0.PzOs*Hz0 1.515 1.518 1.525
Newberyite ...... 2MgO.PaOa.7HzO 1.514 1.519 1.533
Gypsum ......... C a 0 . S 0 3 * 2 H z 0 1.520 1.523 1.530
Mascagnite ...... (NH,)20.SOa 1.521 1.523 1.533
Albite ........... "Ab" = Naz0.AlzOa.6SiOz 1.525 1.529 1.536
Hydromagnesite ..
4Mg0.3COz*4HzO 1.527 1.530 1.540
.
Wavellite ........ 3AI.O.*2PzO. 12(H20. 2HF) 1.525 i.534 1.552
Kieserite ........ M g 0 . S 0 3 . H z 0 1.523 1.535 1.586
Copiapite ........ 2FezOs.5SOa. 18Hz0 1.530 1.550 1.592
Whewellite ...... CaO-Cz03-Hz0 1.491 1.555 1.650
Variscite ........ AlzOa .Pa08 4HzO . 1.551 1.558 1.582
Labradorite ...... AbzAn3 1.559 1.563 1.568
Gibbsite ......... A120s*3Hz0 1.566 1.566 1.587
Wagnerite ....... 3Mg0.P206-MgF2 1.569 1.570 1.582
Anhydrite ....... CaO*SOa 1.571 1.576 1.614
Colemanite ...... 2Ca0.3B~O3.5H~O 1.586 1.592 1.614
Fremontite ....... N a z 0 * A 1 ~ 0 ~ - P(HzO.
~ 0 6 *2HF) 1.594 1.603 1.615
Vivianite ........ 3FeOsP20.. 8 H z 0 1.579 1.603 1.633
Pectolite ......... NaaO *4CaO.6SiO2 H2O . 1.595 1.604 1.633
Calamine ........ 2ZnO*SiOz.H20 1.614 1.617 1.636
Chondrodite .....
4Mg0.Si02*Mg(F,OH)2 1.604 1.617 1.636
Turquoise ....... C U O . ~ A ~ ~ O ~ * ~ P Z O ~ . ~ H ~1.610 O 1.620 1.650
...
Topaz ........... 2AIOF.Si02
~
Index of refraction
7
Spectrum
Crystal line flu "B 9
Ammonium oxalate, (NH,)zC20,*HZ0.. .... D 1.4381 1.5475 1.5950
Ammonium acid tartrate,
(NH,)H(C,H,Oa) ...................... D 1.5188 1.5614 1.5910
Ammonium tartrate, (NH,)zC,HiOa., ...... D - 1.581 -
Antipyrin, CuHlzNOz ..................... D 1.5697 1.6935 1.7324
Citric acid, C E H ~ O T - H ..................
~O. D 1.4932 1.4977 1.5089
Codein, Cl,Hz1N03*H~0.................. D 1.5390 1.5435
Mag::sium carbonate, MgCO3.3H20....... D 1.495 1.501 1.526
sulfate, MgSOI*7Hz0 ......... D 1.432 1.455 1.461
....................... Cd, 226p 1.4990 1.5266 1.5326
....................... H, .65& 1.4307 1.4532 1.4584
Potassium bichromate, KzC1-207 ............ D 1.7202 1.7380 1.8197
" chymate, K2Cr04 ............. D - 1.7254 -
' ........................
nitrate, KNOI .................
red 1.6873 1.722 1.7305
D 1.3346 1.5056 1SO64
sulfate. KZS 0, ................. F 1.4976 1.4992 1SO29
........................
"
D 1.4932 1.4946 1.4980
........................ C 1.4911 1.4928 1.4959
Racemic acid, GHeOa.Hz0. ............... yellow - 1.526
Resorcin, CeHeOZ ........................ D - 1.555 -
Sodium bichromate, NazCrzO7-2H20. ....... D 1.6610 1.6994 1.7510
-
" acid tartrate, NaH(C,H,Oe) -2H20.. red - 1.5332
Sugar (cane), C,zHtzOll. .................. TI 1.5422 i.568~ 1.5734
............................ D 1.5397 1.5667 1.5716
............................. Li 1.5379 1.5639 1.5693
Tartaric acid, C'HaOa (right-), ............ D 1.4953 1.5353 1.6046
Zinc sulfate, Z n S 0 4 . 7 H z 0 . ................ F 1.4620 1.4860 1.4897
" 1'
.............................. D 1.4568 1.4801 1.4836
I'
..............................
1'
C 1.4544 1.4776 1.4812
*Types of glass in class 1 or 2 are not likely to stain even when used a s exposed surfaces in tropical climates.
Glasses in class 5 are liable to stain when exposed to rain, moisture condensation, or fingerprints in any climate.
Other glasses are intermediate in stain resistance.
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
530
TABLE 551.-lNDEX OF REFRACTION O F SOME LIQUIDS RELATIVE TO AIR
.
Indices of refraction
0.397r 0.4341 0.4861 0.589fi 0.656~
Substance Density H G' F D C
Acetaldehyde. C H 3 C H 0 ......... .780 20 . 1.3394 1.3359 1.3316 1.3298
Acetone. CH3COCH3 ............ .791 20 . 1.3678 1.3639 1.3593 1.3573
Aniline. CsHs.*NHz .............. 1.022 20 . 1.6204 1.6041 1.5863 1.5793
Alcohol. methyl. CH3.OH ........ .794 20
. ethyl. CzH5.0H ........ .808
.................... .800 20
0
1.3399
.
.
1.3362 1.3331
1.3773 1.3739
1.3700 1.3666
1.3290 1.3277
1.3695 1.3677
1.3618 1.3605
. .
" dnldt ..............
n-propyl C3H7.0H ...... .804 20
Benzene CaHa .................. .880 20
- 20 .
.
--.0004 -4004
1.3938 1.3901
-.0004 -.0004
1.3854 1.3834
. CsHa dn/dt ............ . 20
Bromnaphthalene. CloHiBr ....... 1.487 20
.
.
1.7289
1.5236 1.5132
--.OW7 -.om
1.7041 1.6819
1.5012 1.4965
-.0006 --.o006
1.6582 1.6495
Carbon .
disulfide CS, ............ 1.293 0 1.7175 1.6920 1.6688 1.6433 1.6336
.
"
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.263 20
tetrachloride. CCl. ....... 1.591 20
Chinolin. CoH7N ................ 1.090 20
1.6994
.
.
1.6748 1.6523
1.4729 1.4676
1.6679 1.6470
1.6276 1.6182
1.4607 1.4579
1.6245 1.6161
Chloral. CC13.CH0 ............. 1.512 20 . 1.4679 1.4624 1.4557 1.4530
Chloroform. CHCL ............. 1.489 20 1.463 1.458 1.4530 1.4467 1.4443
Decane. CloHz2 ...................728 14.9 . 1.4200 1.4160 1.4108 1.4088
.
Ether. ethyl. C,H~*O.C.Hs. . . . . . . .715 20
dn/dt ............. . 20
Ethyl nitrate. C 2 H 5 * O - N 0 3...... 1.109 20
.
.
.
1.3607 1.3576
--.0006 --.0006
1.395 1.392
1.3538 1.3515
--.0006 -.0006
1.3853 1.3830
Formic acid. H*CO,H ............ 1.219 20 . 1.3804 1.3764 1.3714 1.3693
Glycerine. C3H803............... 1.260 20 . 1.4828 1.4784 1.4730 1.4706
Hexane. CH3(CHz).CH3 ... !. . . . . .660 20 . 1.3836 1.3799 1.3754 1.3734
Hexylene. CH3(CH,)3CH.CHz . . . .679 23.3 . 1.4059 1.4007 1.3945 1.3920
.
Methylene iodide CH.1. ........... 3.318 20
dn/dt .......... . 20
Naphthalene. CloH8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .962 98.4
1.8027
.
.
-
-
1.7692
- -BOO7
1.6031
i.7417
-.0007
1.7320
-.0006
1.5823 1.5746
Nicotine. GOHI.N. ............... 1.012 22.4 . 1.5439 - 1.5239 1.5198
Octane. CHs(CHz)aCH3 . . . . . . . . . .707 15.1 . 1.4097 1.4046 i14007 1.3987
Oil. almond ...................... 92 0 . - 1.4847 1.4782 1.4755
anj;e seed ...................99 15.1 1.6084 - 1.5743 1.5572 1.5508
........................ 99 21.4 . - 1.5647 1.5475 1.5410
bitter almond ............... 1.05 20 . 1.5775 1.5623 - 1.5391
cassia ...................... - 10 1.7039 - 1.6389 1.6104 1.6007
....................... - 22.5 1.6985 - 1.6314 1.6026 1.5930
cinnamon .................. 1.05 23.5 . - 1.6508 1.6188 1.6077
olive ....................... .92 0 . - 1.4825 1.4763 1.4738
rock ....................... . 0 . - 1.4644 1.4573 1.4545
turpentine .................. .87 10.6 1.4939 - 1.4817 1.4744 1.4715
................... .87 20.7 1.4913 - 1.4793 1.4721 1.4692
Pentane. CH3(CH&CH3 ......... .625 15.7 . 1.3645 1.3610 1.3581 1.3570
Phenol. CeHsOH ................ .060 40.6 . 1.5684 1.5558 1.5425 15369
.......................... 02 1 82.7 . - 1.5356 - 1.5174
Styrene. CeH5CH.CHz . . . . . . . . . . .910 16.6 . 1.5816 1.5659 1.5485 1.5419
Thymol. CloH1.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982 . - . - 1.5386 - 1.5228
Toluene. CH3.CaHs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 20 . 1.5170 1.5070 1.4955 1.4911
Water. HzO .................... - 20 1.3435 1.3404 1.3372 1.3330 1.3312
. 0
' ..........................
.......................... . 40
1.3444
1.3411
1.3413 1.3380
1.3380 1.3349
1.3338 1.3319
1.3307 1.3290
.......................... . 80 1.3332 1.3302 1.3270 1.3230 1.3213
g mp' Y
c-
c
E N
(
crr,
CI
cv
U U U
.687/1 B 1.3328 1.3342 - 1.3382 .516/1 - 1.3368 1.3385 - I
.656 C .3335 .3348 1.3365 .3391 .so0 - .3374 .3383 1.3386 1.3404
.617 - .3343 .3365 .3381 .3410 .486 F .3377 - - .3408
.594 - .3354 .3373 .3393 .3426 .480 - .3381 .3395 .3398 .a413
.589 D .3353 .3372 - .3426 .464 - .3397 .3402 .3414 3423
.568 - .3362 .3387 .3412 .3445 .447 - .3407 .3421 .3426 3439
.553 - .3366 .3395 .3417 .3438
- .434 - .3417 - - 3452
.527 E .3363 - - .423 - .3431 .3442 .3457 3468
.522 - .3362 .3377 .3388 - - - - - - T
F ~ ~ .Vacup F ~ ~ . Vacup
nuencv
~, correction (Iuency
. . correction
Wave- Dry air Vacuo per for in air Wave- D r y air Vacuo per for in air
(n - 1) correction A length, ( n - 1) correction cm X
length,
A
ang-
x 107 for x in air
cm
1 x
ang-
x 107 for A inair
15°C (nX - X)
-'
X
stroms 76cmHg add in air subtract strorns 76cmHa add in air subtract
2000 3256 .651 50,000 16.27 5500 277 1 1.524 18,181 5.04
2100 3188 ,670 47,619 15.18 5600 2769 1.551 17,857 4.94
2200 3132 ,689 45,454 14.23 5700 2768 1.578 17,543 4.85
2300 3086 ,710 43,478 13.41 5800 2766 1.604 17,241 4.77
2400 3047 .731 41,666 12.69 5900 2765 1.631 16,949 4.68
2500 3014 ,754 40,000 12.05 6000 2763 1.658 16,666 4.60
2600 2986 ,776 38,461 I 1.48 6100 2762 1.685 16,393 4.53
2700 2962 ,800 37,037 10.97 6200 2761 1.712 16,129 4.45
2800 2941 324 35,714 10.50 6300 2760 1.739 15,873 4.38
BOO 2923 ,848 34,482 10.08 6400 2759 1.766 15,625 4.31
3000 2907 .872 33,333 9.69 6500 2758 1.792 15,384 4.24
3100 2893 397 32,258 9.33 6600 2757 1.819 15,151 4.18
3200 2880 ,922 31,250 9.00 6700 2756 1.846 14,925 4.11
3300 2869 .947 30,303 8.69 6800 2755 1.873 14,705 4.05
3400 2859 .972 29,411 8.41 6900 2754 1.900 14,492 3.99
3500 2850 .998 28,571 8.14 7000 2753 1.927 14,285 3.93
3600 2842 1.023 27,777 7.89 7100 2752 1.954 14,084 3.88
3700 2835 1.049 27,027 7.66 7200 275 1 1.981 13,888 3.82
3800 2829 1.075 26,315 7.44 7300 2751 2.008 13,698 3.77
3900 2823 1.101 25,641 7.24 7400 2750 2.035 13,513 3.72
4000 2817 1.127 25,000 7.04 7500 2749 2.062 13,333 3.66
4100 2812 1.153 24,390 6.86 7600 2749 2.089 13,157 3.62
4200 2808 1.179 23,809 6.68 7700 2748 2.116 12,987 3.57
4300 2803 1.205 23,255 6.52 7800 2748 2.143 12,820 3.52
4400 2799 1.232 22,727 6.36 7900 2747 2.170 12,658 3.48
4500 27% 1.258 22,222 6.21 8000 2746 2.197 12,500 3.43
4600 2792 1.284 21,739 6.07 8100 2746 2.224 12,345 3.39
4700 2789 1.311 21,276 5.93 8250 2745 2.265 12,121 3.33
4800 2786 1.338 20,833 5.80 8500 2744 2.332 11,764 3.23
4900 2784 1.364 20,406 5.68 8750 2743 2.400 11,428 3.13
5000 2781 1.391 20,000 5.56 9000 2742 2.468 11,111 3.05
5100 2779 1.417 19,607 5.45 9250 2741 2.536 10,810 2.96
5200 2777 1.444 19,230 5.34 9500 2740 2.604 10,526 2.88
5300 2775 1.471 18,867 5.23 9750 2740 2.671 10,256 2.81
5400 2773 1.497 18,518 5.13 10000 2739 2.739 10,000 2.74
(n - 1 ) 1 0 s (n - 1 ) 105
Wave- Wave- ,
length Air 0 N H length Air 0 M H
fi P
.4861 2951 2734 .3012 .1406 ,4360 2971 .2743 C O ~ .1418
S461 2936 2717 2998 .1397 S462 .2937 2704 .4506 .1397
S790 ,2930 2710 - .1393 .6709 2918 .2683 .4471 .1385
.6563 2919 2698 2982 .1387 6.709 .2881 .2643 .4804 .1361
8.678 2888 .2650 .4579 .136l
Coefficient Thermal
Young's of thermal conductivitY Softening
tilass Composition
Density modulus expansion cat Specific points
"C
Electric Dielectric
resistance t constant
g/cma kg/mmz cgs cmsec'C heat
Fused quartz .................... SiOz 2.20 7100 5.5~10-~ .0033 .18 1660 10.48 4.1
Pyrex (7740) ................... SO,, 80: Bz03,14 2.35 6900 32x10-' ,0027 2.5 775 6.6 4.5
NazO,4 : AIZO3,2
Vycor (7900) ................... S O 2 ,96: B,O,, 3: 2.18 6800 8x10-T .0022 ... 1500 8.1 3.8
other oxides
Lead glass ...................... S O z ,68 : PbO. 15 : 4.26 5400 91x10-' ... ... 580 9.7 9.5
NazOJ,10 : KzO,6 :
CaO, 1
Soda lime glass.. ................ SiO,, 72: NazO, 15: 2.47 6900 92XW ... . .. 695 5.1 7.2
CaO, 9 : MgO, 3 :
AlzOz, 1
T A B L E 558.-NARROW B A N D PASS F I L T E R S *
. Corning Glass Works. t Second max at 2.55 with transmission at 5.0 percent
at ,605 with transmission at 1.0 percent.
$ Second max
T A B L E 559.-TRANSPARENCY OF WATER
---
Values of a in I = ; t in cm ; lo,I, intensity before and after transmission through dis-
tilled water at 20°C; wavelength X in p.
~
b c d d e
-7 v
x a x a x a x a x a
.1829 4.7 .20 .08 .40 .00080 .54 ,00044 .70 .0058
.I854 1.11 .24 .0135 .42 .00061 .58 .00084 .75 .028
.I862 .86 .28 .0077 .44 ,00046 .60 ,00197 .80 ,024
.1878 .48 .30 .0064 .48 ,00037 .62 ,00265 .85 ,027
.1916 .20 .34 .0028 .SO ,00038 .64 ,00292 .90 .06
.I935 .I2 .38 .0013 .52 .00040 .68 ,00406 .95 .3
l a b , Tsukamoto, K. Rev. d’Optique, vol. 7 89 1929. c Dawson L. H., and Hulburt, E. O . , Journ.
Opt. Soc. Amer., vol. ’24, p. 175, 1934. d,’€f;lbirt, E. O . , Jburn. Opt). Soc. Amer., vol. 35, p. 698, 1945.
e, Collins, J. R., Phys. Rev., vol. 26, p. 771, 1925.
Adapted from data furnished by J. W . Forrest, Bausch & Lomb Optical Co.
t t = 2.0 mm.
Wavelengths p
Thickness , 7
Glass mm .60 .61 .62 .63 .64 .65 .66 .67 .68 .70 .72 .74 .76
Jena 4512 ..... .... 2.93 .. .. 1.8 25.0 57.0 67.4 72.3 75.5 78.5 80.5 81.0 81.5
Iena 2745.. . . . . . . 3.2 .. .8 2:s 6.5 10.5 13.8 18.0 22.3 26.0 33.5 39.5 44.5 47.5
Corning high trans-
mission red:
150 percent.. . 5 .1 4.7 38.5 64.3 72.2 76.5 79.3 80.8 87.5 80.8 78.5 77.0 75.0
50 percent.. . 5 .. .. .1 5.5 44.5 66.5 74.2 76.5 77.8 77.5 76.3 75.5 74.1
28 percent.. 6 . .. .. . . . . 2.0 24.0 67.0 73.8 76.8 76.2 75.1 73.2 71.8
T A B L E 562.-THE E F F E C T I V E W A V E L E N G T H A, O F C O R N I N G 50-PERCENT
R E D P Y R O M E T E R G L A S S * 5 mm T H I C K FOR SOME T E M P E R A T U R E
I N T E R V A L S 188
Temperature Temperature
interval A. interval x.
1300-1 700”K ,6602~ 1827-1300°K .6601p
1300-2100 .6599 1827-1500 .6598
1300-2500 .6596 1827-2100 .6593
1300-2900 ,6594 1827-2500 ,6589
1300-3300 .6592 1827-2900 .6587
2300-1300 .6596 1827-3300 .6585
2300-3300 ,6581 1827-3600 .6584
Air a t sea level (Washington), 400 m practically no absorption h > .3p; < .28p about that
due to molecular scattering. Air transmission reduced by 1/100: 22 km at .28p; 5 a t 2%; 0.57 at
.22p; 20 km a t ,205~.
Atmospheric transparency for ultraviolet
Wavelength, p . . . . . . . .29 .30 .31 .32 .33 .34 .35 .37 .39 .41 .43 .45
Percent transmitted . . 0 .9 9. 20. 27. 33. 38. 46. 51. 56. 60. 64.
T A B L E 564.-TRANSMISSION O F D Y E S T U F F SOLUTIONS OF
“A DJ U S T E D” CO NC E NT R A T I0 N S *
The table gives the percentage transmittances (column 5 ) at various wavelengths, of the
dye solutions, dissolved or buffered as indicated in the third column. All solutions are ad-
justed to that concentration which gives unit density (10-percent transmittance) at the
wavelength of maximum absorption, except for those solutions (marked * in column 4)
that have the maximum absorption in the ultraviolet range. The wavelength of maximum
absorption is given in column 2. In column 3 is given the serial number of the dye as
listed and described in the Colour Index of the British Society of Dyers and Colorists
(1924). Dyes having no Colour Index number are listed by the “prototype number”
(abbreviated Pr.) of the 1949 Technical Manual and Year Book of the American Associa-
tion of Textile Chemists and Colorists, p. 147. The names assigned to the dyes are not the
names used by the individual American manufacturers but are older names assigned by
the Year Book to each Colour Index number, p. 237; or to the “foreign prototype,” p. 261.
I n column 4, A stands for acid buffer ( g H =4.6), K for alkaline buffer (pH=9.3).
In this column, E stands for ethanol (ethyl alcohol) used as solvent, and Bz for benzene.
Where A or K are used, the solvent was water. N stands for “no buffer,” with water as
solvent.
In some cases two or more sets of transmissions correspond to a given Colour Index
number and name. For example, C.I. No. 326 corresponds to 62 dyestuffs listed as on the
American market in 1939, and these may be classified as of several distinct types of Benzo
Fast Scarlets and Benzo Fast Qranges. In less striking cases, the different types result
from uncontrollable variations i i manufacture. In such cases, the transmissions should be
considered as representative rather than as specifications of the dye. No manufacturer
would guarantee the transmissions within a narrow range, though all data are accurate
measurements on actual representatives of a t least one manufacturer’s products. Trans-
missions vary somewhat with the exact gH of the buffer and with the characteristics of
the instrument used for measurement, especially with the slit width. The present data
obtained with the General Electric recording spectrophotometer, which has a 10-micron
slit width.
From the data of the table, approximate data for stronger solutions, whose transmission
a t the wavelength of maximum absorption is only 1 percent, may be readily obtained by
means of a table of squares. Such solutions are twice as concentrated as those of the table.
Their transmissions at any given wavelength are approximately the squares of the tabu-
lated transmissions. These relations depend on the validity of Beer’s Law for the solution
in question.
Data furnished by I. H. Godlove, General Aniline & Film Corporation.
(continued)
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
T A B L E 564.-TRANS M ISSl O N O F D Y E S T U F F SO LUTl O N S O F “ADJUSTED” CON C E N T R AT1 O N S (continued)
Wavelength (microns)
C.I. No . Buffer
.40 .42 .44 .46 .48 .50 .52 .54 .56 .58 .60 .62 .64 .66 .68 .70
or Transmittances (oercent)
Name h Max . Or
Pr No . .
Primuline .................... 343 812 N* 0 4 21 49 73 87 92 95 96 97 97 98 98 99 99 99
Celliton Fast Yellow G ........ 356 P r . 242 E* 3 7 15 36 70 90 96 98 99 99 99 100 100 100 100 100
Milling Yellow 0 ............. 373 Pr . 139 A* 2 7 14 29 56 78 91 96 97 98 98 98 99 99 99 99
Amido Azo Toluol ............ 379 17 BZ* 0 3 18 35 53 72 88 96 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Milling Orange .............. 380 274 A* 2 7 14 24 40 61 80 92 97 98 99 99 99 99 99 99
Diamine Green G ............. 383 594 K 4 8 12 18 29 40 44 39 29 19 12 10 10 12 29 65
(615.
647)
Diamine Catechine G .......... 389 Pr . 69 K* 6 8 13 20 30 41 51 60 68 76 84 89 93 95 96 97
Naphthol Yellow S ............ 391 10 A* 11 10 12 30 70 94 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Supramine Yellow 3GL ........
(;g) P r . 474 A* 3 6 18 49 82 96 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Mikado Yellow ............... 392 622 K* 3 6 18 50 82 94 98 98 99 99 99 99 99 100 100 100
Chrysophenine ............... 392 365 K* 5 8 12 20 37 62 79 86 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 85
Fastusol Yellow W G .......... 394 P r . 99 K* 1 4 20 57 90 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 99
Mikado Yellow .............. 397 622 K* 4 6 17 47 78 92 97 98 99 99 99 99 100 100 100 99
Diamine Fast Orange EG ...... 408 P r . 72 K 10 11 16 24 36 53 71 86 94 98 99 99 99 99 100 100
Benzo Chrome Brown G ...... 408 Pr . 365 K 10 11 13 17 24 32 42 53 65 77 87 92 95 97 98 99
Thioflavine T ................ 410 815 N 11 12 35 82 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Sun Yellow .................. 410 620 N 11 11 20 41 70 89 96 98 99 99 99 99 100 100 100 100
Sun Yellow .................. 413 620 K 11 10 17 33 57 75 86 93 97 99 99 100 100 100 100 100
Sulphon Orange G ............ 414 Pr . 186 A 11 10 13 16 15 17 24 40 74 94 99 100 100 100 100 100
Fastusol Orange LGGL ....... 415 Pr . 276 K 11 10 13 19 29 46 68 86 95 98 98 99 99 99 99 99
Azosol Fast Yellow CGG ...... 426 .
Pr 215 E 17 10 12 30 69 95 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Resorcin Brown .............. 428 234 A 13 10 10 14 24 39 59 79 91 96 99 99 100 100 100 100
Benzo Fast Brown 3GL ....... 430 Pr. 28 K 12 10 10 13 18 26 38 53 68 79 87 92 94 95 % 97
Auramine .................... 431 655 A 29 12 12 35 80 97 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Euchrysine 2G ............... 434 797 A 30 14 11 28 72 94 98 99 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100
Pryazol Orange .............. 443 653 K 15 ii io iz 22 45 Si 91 97 99 99 100 100 100 100 100
Celliton Fast Brown 3R ....... 445 Pr . 230 E 23 13 10 11 16 24 37 55 72 85 93 97 99 99 99 100
Benzamine Brown 3G0 ........ 447 596 K 10 10 10 10 15 24 39 58 74 84 90 94 96 97 98 98
Trisulfon Brown B ............ 450 561 K 12 22 28 32 38 46 56 68 78 86
(continued) g
I”
T A B L E 564.-TRANSMISSION O F D Y E S T U F F SOLUTIONS OF “ADJUSTED” C O N C E N T R A T I O N S (continued) x!
6
<
.40 .42 .44 .46 .48 .50
Wavelength (microns)
.52 .54 .56 .58 .60 .62 .64 .66 .68 .70
-.
C.I. No. Buffer
OK or Transmittances (percent)
Name X Max . Pr. No . solvent r------ 7
.40 .42 .44 .46 .48 .50 .52 .54 .56 .58 .60 .62 .64 .66 .68 .70
.
-
D
z C.I. N o Buffer
or or Transmittances (percent)
. .
0
<
x Name A M a x. Pr N o solvent h
v
2 Eosine G .................... 517 768 A 93 92 88 74 46 27 11 74 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Z
, Fast Red B .................. 518 88 A 61 59 53 39 22 13 10 15 26 46 74 92 98 100 100 100
+ Oxamine Brilliant Red B ...... 518 P r . 393 K 47 44 41 32 20 12 10 15 34 66 86 95 98 99 100 100
D
w Sudan Red BB ............... 519 P r . 182 Bz 46 45 39 31 20 13 10 13 28 70 94 98 99 99 100 100
r
g Diamine Scarlet B ............ 522 382 K 26 34 43 37 23 13 10 13 25 54 84 96 98 100 100 100
(<400)
Amaranth ................... 523’
~ 184 A 63 59 52 40 23 13 10 13 25 56 89 98 100 100 100 100
Supra Light Rubine BL ....... 523 P r . 188 A 57 59 56 46 29 16 10 14 22 43 72 91 97 99 99 99
(<400)
Erythrosine Bluish ........... 527 773 A 92 90 88 79 57 36 13 28 80 97 99 99 99 99 99 99
Azosol Brilliant Red B ........ 531 P r . 363 E 58 50 40 33 31 31 16 15 42 70 95 99 100 100 100 100
(492?)
Celliton Fast Pink B .......... 531 P r . 234 E 88 83 71 51 33 20 12 12 15 29 79 96 98 99 99 99
(;;I
Phloxine B .................. 778 N 95 94 93 85 68 42 25 12 67 99 100 100 100 100 100 100
Palatine Fast ................ 535 P r . 394 A 53 48 43 40 30 19 13 10 12 23 69 92 96 96 96 96
Claret BN ................. (562)
Fuchaine .................... 538 677 A 92 83 65 47 34 28 18 10 35 78 94 98 99 99 99 99
Formyl Violet S4B ............ 543 698 N % 97 96 93 82 58 25 10 15 26 35 58 81 95 99 100
Brilliant Benzo ............... 546 P r . 35 K 69 71 71 62 46 29 17 10 12 21 32 51 72 87 95 98
Violet B .................. (<400)
Rose Beneale B ............... S48 779 A 93 91 90 84 69 45 28 14 30 93 100 100 100 100 100 100
Azosol F i s t Red 3B ........... 548 P r . 213 E 84 86 87 84 70 47 26 12 18 66 92 97 99 100 100 100
(<400)
Methylene Violet ............. 551 842 N 92 85 75 65 51 33 18 11 11 27 66 91 98 99 99 100
Anthraquinone Violet ......... 551 1080 A 79 74 60 45 32 22 15 11 10 14 24 44 68 85 95 98
Rhodamine B ................ 553 749 A 92 93 96 95 84 63 40 19 15 75 98 99 99 100 100 100
(<400)
Sulpho Rhodamine B .......... 562 748 A 92 93 96 94 84 66 40 24 10 41 93 99 100 100 100 100
(<400)
Brilliant Sky Blue 5G . . . . . . . . . . 564’ 710 A 82 85 84 77 62 41 23 13 I0 11 16 26 38 51 63 72
(<400)
(continrrcd)
VI
T A BL E 564.-TRANSMl6SlON O F D Y E S T U F F S OLU TI ON S O F “ A D JU S TE D ’ CONCENTRATIONS (continued)
Wavelength (microns)
r.40 .42 .44 .46 .48 .SO .52 .54 .56 .58 .60 .62 .64 .66 .68 .70
C.I. No. Buffer
Or or Transmittances (percent)
Name A Max. Pr. No. solvent.-, v
Benzo Azurine G............. 565 502 K 69 67 69 64 53 38 24 14 10 12 19 28 37 53 70 84
(422)
New Blue R .................. 566 909 A 70 64 60 57 46 31 19 13 10 12 20 30 56 85 95 97
Neolan Black W A . . .......... 566 Pr. 143 A 21 23 26 28 29 27 20 14 10 11 12 19 38 62 82 91
1<400)
_.._,
Benzo Blue RW ..............
~
568 512 K 70 68 66 64 53 41 27 16 11 11 15 22 30 45 64 81
Sulphon Acid Blue R ......... 570 208 A 81 80 73 63 52 39 25 15 11 11 16 29 51 72 87 94
Supramine Black B R . . ....... 570 Pr. 189 A 25 28 27 24 22 22 19 13 10 11 14 20 28 39 55 72
Benzo Fast Black L . . ........
Methyl Violet B. .............
(<2
583
Pr. 24
680
K
A
42
98
35
97
30
92
27
83
25
67
24
48
20
30
14
20
11
15
10
10
13
17
19
55
29
86
44
95
63
98
80
99
Nigrosine P ................. 583 865 A 35 34 33 29 25 20 16 13 11 10 11 13 16 21 26 32
Methyl Violet B .............. 585 680 A 97 96 92 83 68 50 31 20 15 10 16 52 86 96 99 100
Diamine Fast Blue F F B . . .... 586 Pr. 71 K 73 72 69 62 54 45 34 22 14 10 12 20 30 41 55 69
(<400)
Benzo Blue BB ............... 587 406 K 72 71 70 67 59 47 32 20 13 10 11 23 51 78 90 95
Crystal Violet ............... 590 681 A 99 99 96 90 88 61 39 24 19 12 13 46 83 97 99 100
Ethyl Violet ................. 592 682 A 98 97 % 93 84 66 43 23 16 13 11 36 75 92 98 99
Crystal Violet A P X . . ......... 592 681 A 98 97 95 89 78 60 39 24 19 13 13 44 82 95 99 100
Alizarine Sky Blue B . ........ 594 1088 A 50 65 82 85 75 61 44 28 18 11 10 11 15 31 61 84
Chlorazol Dark Green.. ....... 600 583 K 17 20 22 27 34 37 34 25 16 12 10 12 17
Victoria
... Blue B Base.. .......
~-
(<g) 729 E 88 95 95 94 91 84 70 47 24 13 10 12 20
30
44
53 74
72 89
Benzo Sky Blue .............. 603 520 K 78 76 74 71 65 56 43 29 18 12 10 11 18 40 70 89
Fastusol Gray LVGL ......... 605 Pr. 379 K 41 41 37 35 31 26 22 18 14 11 10 11 14 19 26 34
Benzo Green 2B .............. Pr. 29 K 21 24 28 32 36 42 42 36 25 15 10 11 15 24 42 68
Indigetin IA .................. 608‘ 1180 A 90 88 86 85 85 80 68 48 30 18 11 13 34 69 91 97
Palatine Fast Blue B N . . ...... 612 Pr. 318 A 43 51 55 54 53 47 34 23 13 11 11 11 31 66 88 95
(573.
(continued)
ln
5
-
I TABLE 564.-TRANSMIdSION O F DYESTUFF SOLUTIONS O F "ADJUSTED" CONCENTRATIONS (continued)
In
f Wavelength (microns)
z
W C.I. No. Buffer
' .40 .42 .44 .46 .48 .50 .52 .54
A
1078 A 24 23 35 55 69 68 57 41 28 18 11 10 10 13 30 59
T A B L E 568.-bNFRARED T R A N S M I S S I O N OF VARIOUS
SUBSTANCES (percent) Irn
Thallium
bromide-
Magne- P?tas- iodide
Lead slum sturn Silver Thallium ( 5 W I . Thallium Ceaium
Thick- chloride oxide chloride chloride bromide 4% Br) chloride Sapphire
.. bromide
, *
6 .47 6 6 6 8 6 1.17 7
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 71.5
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 77.8
1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 79.8
2 .. 88 .. 73 .. .. .. 86.5 82.0
3 .. 87 .. 76 .. .. .. 89.0 82.0
4 .. 89 .. 77 .. .. .. 89.2 82.0
5 .. 90 .. 79 .. .. .. 82.5 82.0
6 .. 89 .. 80 .. .. .. 50.0 82.0
7 .. 84 .. 80 .. .. .. 4.0 83.0
8 .. 78 .. 80 .. .. .. .. 83.0
10 .. 11 .. 80 .. .. .. .. 83.5
12 .. .. .. 80 .. .. .. .. 84.0
14
iB
82
82
..
..
..
..
80
82
.... ..
.... ..
..
..
..
84.5
85.0
18 80 .. 87 82 .. .. .. 85.0
20 77 .. 72 78 .. .. .. .. 85.0
22 69 .. 37 62 61 .. 57 .. 85.0
24 52 .. 12 46 61 .. 38 .. 84.0
26 19 .. .. 27 60 66 18 .. 84.0
28
30
*.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
57
50
62
61
6
..
..
..
83.0
83.0
32
34
..
..
..
..
..
..
.... 39
33
58
54
..
..
..
..
83.0
82.0
36 .. .. .. .. 26 51 .. .. 80.0
38 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 76.0
Data from E. K. Plyler, Nat. Bur. Standards, Journ. Res., vol. 41, 1948, and E. K. Plyler, National
Bureau of Standards, private communication. Cesium bromide data by 8;K.125,Plyler and F. A. Phelps.
T A B L E 5 7 0 . 4 N F R A R E D T R A N S M I S S I O N O F GASES (percent) lm
lop thickness 83 22 19 00 35 42 44
Soot on lacquer.. ....
Opaque to visible 25 22 67 53 60 67 60
Quartz, fused .......
lo+ thickness 86 02 01 03 51 55 68
Glass ...............3p thickness 93 07 12 14 48 51 56
Cellouhane ..........
25s thickness 33 04 04 01 20 25 26
MgO- ...............Deposit from burning
Mg ribbon 88 86 04 02 90 93 87
ZnO ................ Deposit from Zn arc 99 80 15 05 93 79 80
SWTHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
548 T A B L E 572.-INFRARED R E F L E C T I O N OF SOLIDS (percent)
+
i
Silver covered with MgO coating ..............................
ZnO coating ..............................
Optical black ..............................
Gold foil blackened with bismuth.. ..............................
KBr 1.5p CaFl deposited by evaporation.. .....................
08
01
31
>19
10
91
52
..
..
..
+
KI 1 . 5 ~CaF2 deposited by evaporation.. ...................... 13
T A B L E 573.-ABSORPTION O F V A R I O U S M A T E R I A L S U S E D FOR
B L A C K E N I N G R E C E I V E R S FOR MEASURIING R A D I A T I O N O F
DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS
Soot from a candle, acetylene, or camphor flame has been used and was found by Pfund
to be very good to wavelengths about 1 . 2 ~ ;beyond this to longer wavelengths the soot
becomes transparent until at about 1lp, for a film about as thick as will work satisfactorily,
it transmits about 50 percent of the incident radiation.
Very finely powdered metal such as zinc (4 parts Zn and 1 part Sb) and platinum were
found to be very good. Even for wavelengths of about 14p the Zn powder absorbed over
98 percent of the radiation and out to 51p the absorption was about 85 percent.
For longer wavelengths powdered NaCI, KBr, TICS, and some other salts were found to
be very good, as shown in the table.
The figures given in the table for radiation absorption are relative, those with the highest
values being the blackest. For instance, India ink and tellurium powder are the best
absorbers for radiation shorter than 5p while for longer wavelengths than 5Op powdered
glasses and CuSO, are probably the more nearly black.
The absorptive power is an integrated effect over the entire far infrared. Litharge,
powdered glass, white lead, copper sulfide, celestite, and red phosphorus were the best
absorbers beyond 50p. A very thin coat of the absorbing material in most cases was an
inefficient absorber of the extreme infrared waves. A very poor absorbing material in
most cases such as copper or platinum will absorb if the surface is sufficiently rough.
For radiometers, the absorbing material is better when mixed with turpentine and
alcohol and painted on the vanes. For thermocouples, the absorbing material is better if it
is mixed with lacquer. Sixty-fold sensitiveness and better steadiness comes from evacua-
tion.
The high absorption of glass in the near infrared suggests its use as a source of radiation.
Two P t wires separated by 4 mm and covered with glass were heated by an electric cur-
rent ; the hot portion of the glass between the wires served as a source of extreme infrared
radiation. A convenient method of filtering out the near infrared is to grind the windows
with emery so that the pits are about 4p deep. The apparatus may be adjusted with visible
light by covering the rough surface with turpentine.
Radiation Radiation
absorbed for abnorbed for
Suhstance h<Sp x>s0!4 Substance X<5# x>5o/.l
Litharge .............. 10.8 4.3 Silver sulfide .......... 12.8 4.4
Ground glass ........... 11.9 4.7 Copper sulfate crystals
Powdered glass ... 11.7 5.0 from solution ........ 15.0 4.1
White lead 2 Pb Wellsbach mantle
CO,.Pb(OH)z ....... 14.9 4.9 material ............. 8.9 31
White lead in lacquer.. . 14.3 4.4 Platinum black ........ 18.2 4.4
Red phosphorus . . . . . . . . 18.3 5.0 Tartaric acid and
Red phosphorus from sugar ............... 16.0 3.9
a match box.. ........ 17.7 5.1 Talc .................. 12.5 3.8
Cefestite, powdered Water glass ........... 12.1 3.7
SrSO. .............. 14.7 4.6 Tellurium, powdered ... 19.2 33
Brucite, powdered India ink .............. 18.8 3.8
M g ( 0 H ) s ........... 11.4 4.2 Lacquer ............... 8.6 3.0
Angelsite, powdered Castor.oil .............. 8.8 28
PbSO, .............. 14.2 4.2 Glycerine .............. 11.2 3.1
Copper sulfide . 17.1 5.2 Turpentine ............ 8.1 .2
Copper oxide .......... 13.8 4.4 Clean receiver ......... 2.9 .2
Cartwright Phys Rev. vol 35 415, 1930; Pfund, Rev. Sci. Instr., vol. 1, p. 397, 1930, and
Journ. Opt. Soc: Arne;., vo1.’23, p. 3 > e 1933.
ShllTHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
549
TABLES 574-592.-REFLECTION AND ABSORPTION OF
RADIATION
According to Fresnel, the amount of light reflected by the surface of a trans-
1 sin2 ( i - r )
+ }
tan2 ( i - r )
parent medium = 3 ( A B ) = - + {
2 sin2 (i + r ) tan2 (i r )
;4
. is ttir
+
T A B L E 575.-RADIATION R E F L E C T E D W H E N n = 1.55
___ --
A-B"
i
0
r
,
A B dA t dB t t(A +B) A+B
Angle of observation 0" 1' 3' 5" 10" 15" 30" 45" 60"
Magnesium carbonate block.. . . . .. .88 - - .88 .88 .87 .83 .72 .68
Magnesium oxide ............... .80 - - .80 .80 .80 .77 .75 .66
Matt photographic paper ......... .78 - - .78 .78 .78 .78 .76
.72
White blotter ... .. ... .. .. .. ... . .76 . - - .76 .76 .76 .73 .70
.67
.
Pot opal, ground. . . . ... . , . . . . . , . .69 .69 .69 .69 .69 .69 .68 .66
.64
Flashed opal, not ground.. . .. . . . . 11.3 11.3 11.3 .31 .22 21 2 0 2 0 .18
Glass, fine ground.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 2 9 .29 .29 2 7 2 0 .14 .13 .12
Glass, coarse ground . . . . . . . . .. . . . 2 3 2 2 21 2 0 .19 .16 .ll .ll .12
Matt varnish on foil.. . .. .. . . . . .. .83 - .78 .72 .62 .49 2 8 .21 .16
Mirror with ground face ......... 4.9 - - 4.55 3.86 3.03 .78 .42 .35
The following figures, taken from Fowle, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 58, No. 8, in-
dicate the amount of energy scattered on each side of the directly reflected beam from a
silvered mirror; the energy at the center of the reflected beam was taken as 1OO,OOO, and
the angle of incidence was about 3".
Angle of reflection, 3" 2 . . . . 0' .. 8' 10' 15' 20' 30' 45' 60' 100'
Energy .... .................. 100,000 600 244 146 107 66 33 22 11
Wavelength of max. energy of Nernst lamp used as source about 2p.
'7' Cohlentz, Stair, Nat. Bur. Standards Journ. Res., vol. 4, p. 189, 1930,
.. ..
Wavelength in p . . . . . . . . . . .. . .05 .lo .15 .2O .25 .30 .35 .40 .SO .60
$G electroplated ................. .. .. .. .. 40 44 51 53 56 (6J)
vac. fused ... . .. . . .
.. . .. ... .. . .. .. . . .. 48 42 45 52 62
Ag (min. 7%, 33p) ............... .. .. .. .. 30 16 71 88 92 (94)
Stellite (Co, Cr, Mo) ............ .. .. .. .. 46 49 55 60 64 (68)
Stainless steel, 13% Cr. .. . . . . . ..... .. .. .. 40 47 52 56 59 (60)
Cobalt .......................... .. .. .. .. 43 46 52 58 62 (67)
. . ..
Speculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 41 50 56 60 (aj
Beryllium (98.7%) .............. 46 53 6i 79 84 87 .. ..
.
Chromium on steel.. . ... .. . .. ... 69 63 65 71 78 82 86 88 .. ..
'"Coblentz, Stair, Nat. Bur. Standards Journ. Res., vol. 2, p. 343, 1929.
.60* 3 - 27 52 26 74 70 84 86 82 86 85 86 88 85 76 68
.95' 4 24 45 - 41 - - 88 - 86 - 84 93 89 79 72
-
-'
4.4 14 15 33 51 30 34 41 21 47 8 16 22 23 29 11 -
8.8 13 - 526 4 1 1 520 7 3 2 4 510 4 - -
24.0 6 4 8 1 0 910 7 6 1 0 5 9 6 5 7 9 - -
' Nonmonocheomatic means from Coblentz.
A surface of plate glass, ground uniformly with the finest emery and then silvered used at an angle
of 75", reflected 90 percent at 4 ~ approached
. 100 for longer waves only 10 at l p iess than 5 in the
visible red and approached 0 for shorter waves. Similar results we& obtained with'a late of rock salt
for transmitted energy when roughened merely by breathing on it. In both cases the iner the surface.
the more suddenly it cuts off the short waves.
.251 - 67.0 35.8 29.9 37.8 - 32.9 25.9 33.8 38.8 - 34.1
.288 - 70.6 37.1 37.7 42.7 - 35.0 24.3 38.8 34.0 - 21.2
.305 - 72.2 37.2 41.7 44.2 - 37.2 25.3 39.8 31.8 - 9.1
.316 - - - - - - - - - _ _ 4.2
.326 - 75.5 39.3 - 45.2 - 40.3 24.9 41.4 28.6 - 14.6
.338 - - - - 46.5 - - - - - - 55.5
,357 - 81.2 43.3 51.0 48.8 - 45.0 27.3 43.4 27.9 - 74.5
.385 - 83.9 44.3 53.1 49.6 - 47.8 28.6 45.4 27.1 - 81.4
.420 - 83.3 47.2 56.4 56.6 - 51.9 32.7 51.8 29.3 - 86.6
.450 85.7 83.4 49.2 60.0 59.4 48.8 54.4 37.0 54.7 33.1 - 90.5
SO0 86.6 83.3 49.3 63.2 60.8 53.3 54.8 43.7 58.4 47.0 - 91.3
.550 88.2 82.7 48.3 64.0 62.6 59.5 54.9 47.7 61.1 74.0 - 92.7
.6Qo 88.1 83.0 47.5 64.3 64.9 83.5 55.4 71.8 64.2 84.4 - 92.6
.650 89.1 82.7 51.5 65.4 66.6 89.0 56.4 80.0 66.5 88.9 - 94.7
.700 89.6 83.3 54.9 66.8 68.8 90.7 57.6 83.1 69.0 92.3 - 95.4
300 - 84.3 63.1 - 69.6 - 58.0 88.6 70.3 94.9 - 96.8
1.0 - 84.1 69.8 70.5 72.0 - 63.1 90.1 72.9 - - 97.0
1.5 - 85.1 79.1 75.0 78.6 - 70.8 93.8 77.7 97.3 - 98.2
2.0 - 86.7 82.3 80.4 83.5 - 76.7 95.5 80.6 96.8 91.0 97.8
3.0 - 87.4 85.4 86.2 88.7 - 83.0 97.1 88.8 - 93.7 98.1
4.0 - 88.7 87.1 88.5 91.1 - 87.8 97.3 91.5 96.9 95.7 98.5
5.0 - 89.0 87.3 89.1 94.4 - 89.0 97.9 93.5 97.0 95.9 98.1
7.0 - 90.0 88.6 90.1 94.3 - 92.9 98.3 95.5 98.3 97.0 98.5
9.3 - 90.6 90.3 92.2 95.6 - 92.9 98.4 95.4 98.0 97.8 98.7
11.0 - 90.7 90.2 92.9 95.9 - 94.0 98.4 95.6 98.3 96.6 98.8
14.0 - 92.2 90.3 93.6 97.2 - 96.0 97.9 96.4 97.9 - 98.3
CONCRETE TILES
SLATES
Dark gray : smooth ........................ 09 .11 .11 .11 .11 .10
fairly rough ...................10 .11 .10 .09 .10 .10
rough ......................... 09 .10 .11 .11 .10 .10
Greenish gray : rough ...................... 16 .11 .12 .13 .12 .13
Mauve ................................... 14 .16 .13 .10 .14 .13
Blue gray ................................ 20 .16 .13 .12 .13 .15
Silver gray (Norwegian) ..................22 .21 .21 .19 .21 .20
OT HE R ROOFING MATERIALS
BRICKS
Gault : cream ............................. 74 .69 .64 .43 .64 .61
Stock : light fawn .......................... 56 .47 .38 .19 .44 .39
Fletton : light portion ....................... 67 .61 .57 .35 sa .52
dark portion ...................... 54 .46 .37 .15 .41 .37
Wire cut: red ............................. 56 .48 .41 .15 .44 .39
Sand-lime : red ............. .37 .30 .11 .32 .30
Mottled purple ............. .26 22 .15 .23 .23
Stafford: blue ..... ................... 21 .12 .11 .08 .11 .12
Lime-clay (French) ....................... 57 .63 .52 .29. .54 .49
Percentage reflection
Iceland Rock Fluo-
Wavelength spar Marble salt Sylvite KBr KI rite Glass Water Alcohol
X=82p* ...... - - 25.8 36.0 82.6 29.6 19.7 - 9.6 -
A=108pt ..... 47.1 43.8 20.3 19.3 31.1 35.5 20.2 19.2 11.6 1.6
Percentage transparency
Uncorrected for reflections
Thicknegs
precipi-
Trans- Thick- tabje Trans-
Solid Thickness parency Liquid ness liquid parency
Paraffin ............ 3.03 57.0 Benzene ....... 1.00 - 56.8
Mica ............... .055 16.6 Ethyl alcohol .. ,158 - 7.9
Hard rubber ........ .40 39.0 Ethyl ether ... .158 - 37.1
Quartz 11 axis.. ...... 2.00 62.6 Water ........ .029 - 25.8
Quartz, amorph ..... 3.85 0 Water ........ .044 - 13.6
Rock salt ........... .21 21.5
Fluorite ............ .59 5.3 Vapors :
Diamond ............ 1.26 45.3 Alcohol ..... 2.00 .023 88
Quartz 1 axis ....... 2.00 81.3 Ether ....... 2.00 .350 33.5
“ ‘I “ ....... 4.03 66.4 Benzene . . . . . 2.00 ,063 100
‘I “ “ ....... 7.26 49.8 Water ...... 4.00 .2 1 19.6
I‘ “ ‘I
....... 11.74 35.5 co, .......... 2.00 - 100
“ “ “
....... 14.66 29.0
Restrahlung from KBr. t Isolated with quartz lens.
Candle
Black Black lampblack,
silk paper,, bl ac
O r qpaner,
ue cardboard 10 cm2 = 1.8
Method and wavelength ,025 mm thick .llmm thick .4 mm thick mg
Spectrometer ........... 5 0 0 0 .5
4 .9 0 0 8.6
6 1.7 0 0 16.0
12 8.2 1.4 0 37.6
Fluorite “reststrahlen” ... 26 24.2 32 0 76.7
Rock salt “reststrahlen” . . 52 46.0 15.1 0 91.3
Quartz lens isolation. .... 108 61.5 33.5 1.6 91.5
T A B L E 587.-RELATlVE R E F L E C T I V I T Y O F S N O W , SAND, A N D O T H E R
M A T E R I A L S 1’3
White
Main: Florida Crushed Plaster White Sodium $ Sodium cotton
sand sand t quartz Snow of parls paper carbonate chloride cloth 5
.3 to .4p ... 8 15 40 35 40 8 14 38 26
.4 to .8p ... 25 40 50 40 53 30 28 49 42
.8 to 2.6p ... 33 50 53 15 60 30 35 54 40
2.6 to 7p .... 31 30 28 18 63 15 18 55 20
7p ........... 48 .. .. 26 .. .. .. .. ..
111 Hulburt. Journ. Opt. SOC.Amer.. vol. 17. p. 23, 1928.
Yellow-white grains of many kinds. t Very white. $ Anhydrous. 9 Handkerchief.
.60 3.2 25. 52. 84. 82. 89. 15. 1.8 14. 30.
.95 3.4 1.3 1.1 .6 1.3 1.1 88. 86. 75. 93. 21.
4.4 3.2 1.3 .9 .8 1.2 1.4 51. 21. 8. 18. 29. 3.7
8.8 3.8 1.3 1.2 1.6 2.1 26. 2. 3. 5. 11. 2.7 12.
24.0 4.4 3.0 4.0 2.1 5.7 4.2 10. 6. 5. 7.
Filter
Number of Crystal mm paraffin Wayelength Frequency
reflections mirrors (fn each case) In P in .- /cm
4 ...... Quartz 1 cm KCI 20.7 483
3 ...... Fluorite 5 mm KCI 23 435
1 . . . . . . Metal
2 ...... Fluorite 3 mm KBr 27.3 366
4 ...... Calcite 29.4 340
3 ...... Fluorite .4 mm quartz 32.8 305
1 ...... Metal 1.2 mm K B r
3 ...... Aragonite .4 mm quartz 41 * 244
1 ...... Metal
4 ...... Wac1 2 mm,'quartz 52 192
4 ...... KCl ' 63 159
4 ...... KBr 83 120
4 ...... KI "
' 94 106
4 ...... TlBr 117 85
4 ...... TI1 "
152 66
Magnesium oxide 22.5 444
?Strong, Phys. Rev., vol. 38, p. 1818, 1931.
The use of a paraffin win4ow about 3 mm thick stops the short wavelength restrahlung of quartz at
8 . 7 ~and of calcite at 6.7~. Weak reflection at 418.
- A = 2ofi
/ c m = 500
25
400
334
300
50
200
663
150
100
100
15Op
661
R o y h br;?ss................. 67 70 78 83 92 96 100
................. 24 33 42 58 68 81 99
'I I'
................. 12 14 17 21 25 40 82
Galena ...................... 31 30 21 51 73 76 76
Zincite ...................... 50 35 18 21 18 20 15
p magnesia, fused.. ........... 80 60 34 30 30 30 30
Stibnite ..................... 21 20 4 39 48 52 39
Sphalerite ................... 10 15 29 20 19 18 17
Corundum ...................
Cuprite ...................... (2) :; 26
47
31
42
29
41
24
42
22
46
.For reference, see footnote 174, p. 5 5 5 .
KBr
-
..........................
x = 20p
/cm= 500
25
400
61
334
300
46
50
200
3
663
150
..
100
100
..
15Op
664
..
K1 ............................ 83 76 12 .. .. ..
Amorphous SiOz ............. 3 27 64 63 62 70 87
CCI, liquid ................... );;( 63 50 74 74 );;( ..
KCI ........................ 97 96 93 80 ..
.For reference, see footnote 174, p. 555.
Values obtained at the National Bureau of Standards for the rotation of sucrose are given below.
Light Rot A Light Rot A
source Rot X = 5461 A Cal2? source Rot X = 5461 "x" *
Li 6708 .644 50.45 Cd 4678 1.403 109.9
Cd 6438 .711 55.70 Hg 4358 1.644 128.8
Na 5892.5 .84922 66.529 A g 4208 1.786 139.9
Hg 5780 .8854 69.36 Hg 4047 1.95 152.8
Hg 5461 1.oooo 78.342
Ag 5209 1.108 86.80
Cd 5086 1.167 9 1.43
Cd 4800 1.323 103.65
Degrees per dm. The above values are for a near normal solution, i.e., approximately 26 g of sucrose per
100 cma.
The surfaces of some of the samples were not perfect so that the corresponding values have less weight. The
followin more recent values are given for tungsten and stellite, an exceedingly hard and untarnishable alloy
of Co, Er, Mo, Mn. and Fe (C. Si, S, P ).
Wavelength, .IS .SO .75 1.00 2.00
Tungsten,
p,
- -2 0 _.30 .SO .52
3.00 4.00 5.00
,576 ,900 ,943 ,948 .953
9.00
-
Stellite, .32 .42 .50 .64 .67 ,689 ,747 ,793 .825 ,848 ,880
k = t a n 24 (1 -cot );*
sin 5 tan
and n = (1 + k')*
7 (1 + 4c o w .
(continued)
Metal x n k R Metal x n k R
B I(
A1 * .589 1.44 5.32 83 Ni * 275 1.09 1.16 24
Sb * .589 3.04 4.94 70 .441 1.16 1.23 25
Bi t t white 2.26 - - .589 1.30 1.97 43
Cd * 5.01 85 Rh * .579 1.54 4.67 78
Cr *
Nb *
,589
.579
.579
1.13
2.97
1.80
4.85
2.11
70
41
Se * .400
.490
2.94
3.12
2.31
1.49
44
35
Au t 257 .92 1.14 28 .589 2.93 .45 25
.441 1.18 1.85 42 .760 2.60 .06 20
.589
.~ .47 2.83 82 Si * .589 4.18 .09 38
I crys .589 3.34 .57 30 1.25 3.67 .08 33
I r '* .579 2.13 4.87 75 2.25 3.53 .08 31
Fe 8 257 1.01 .88 16 N a (liq) .589 .004 2.61 99
.441 1.28 1.37 28 Ta * ,579 2.05 2.31 44
.589 1.51 1.63 33 Sn * .589 1.48 5.25 82
339
.. ~
2.01 3.48 62 W* .579 2.76 2.71 49
,589 .37 4.42 93 V* ,579 3.03 3.51 58
,579 2.49 3.89 64 Zn * ,257 .55 .61 20
.326 .68 2.26 66 .441 .93 3.19 73
.441 1.01 3.42 74 .589 1.93 4.66 74
.589 1.62 4.41 75 ,668 2.62 5.08 73
Percent iodides 00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Index of refraction.. . . . . 1.683 1.700 1.725 1.756 1.794 1.840 1.897 1.968 2.050
Any proportions of piperine rosin form a homogeneous fusion which cools to a trans-
parent resinous mass. On account of the strong dispersion of piperine the refractive indices
of minerals apparently matched with those of mixtures rich in this constituent are 0.005
to 0.01 too low. T o correct this error a screen made of a thin film of 7 percent antimony
iodide and 93 percent piperine should be used over the eyepiece. Any amber-colored rosin
in lumps is suitable.
U U n
n-Heptane 1.39 Eugenol 1.54 Quinaldine 1.61
Octylene 1.41 Nitrobenzene 1.55 Iodobenzene 1.62
Cyclohexane 1.44 Anethole 1.56 a-Chloronaphthalene 1.63
d-Limonene 1.47 o-Toluidine 1.57 a-Bromonaphthalene 1.66
p-Xylene 1.50 o-Bromophenol 1.58 a-Iodonaphthalene 1.69
Chlorobenzene 1.53 Bromoform 1.59 Methylene iodide 1.75
- - -
3.0 2.0 I.o 0.0 1.0
Log exposure (mcs)
D =log (g)
E x p o s u r e (E).--E = It (expressed in meter-candle seconds). I = illumination (meter-
candles, mc) incident on the photographic material during exposure, t = exposure time in
seconds.
Gamma (y).-Gamma is defined as the tangent of the angle alpha (a) (fig. 27) which
the straight-line part of the characteristic curve makes with the log-exposure axis.
Gamma infinity ( y m ) . - - y ~ is defined as the limiting value to which gamma a p
proaches as development time is increased.
T i m e of development f o r t h e half g a m m a infinity (tY = -yJ2).-A convenient
practical specification of development rate of significance in comparing developers.
T i m e of development for g a m m a of unity ( t Y = l.O).-A convenient practical speci-
fication of development rate of significance in comparing photographic materials. Compari-
sons must be confined to materials in the same developer.
Inertia (i).-i =the value of exposure where the straight-line portion of the character-
istic curve (fig. 27) extended cuts the log E axis.
Speed (S,).--S,=I/E, where E is the exposure corresponding to point B on the
D-log E curve in figure 27. This point is located in the following manner : A log exposure
range of 1.50, represented in the figure by the distance along the log exposure axis between
B and D, is selected in a region where the slope of the curve at the low end of the range is
0.30 of the average slope over the entire range. When the slope, or tangent of angle a, is
0.30 of the tangent of angle b, the point B , a t the low end of the exposure range, represents
the exposure value (E) from which the speed of the material is derived.
The material on photography was prepared by L. A. Jones, of the Eastman Kodak Co.
Reciprozal
inertia Speed
Material Developer ,
y t,=ym/a t,= 1.0 (S4) (So)
Motion-picture films
Fast panchromatic ............ B 1.30 10.2 21.5 2300 400
Medium-speed panchromatic ... B 1.70 9.8 13.0 1700 250
Fine-grain panchromatic ...... B 2.00 10.8 10.8 600 100
Positive (regular) ............ C 3.35 1.5 .9 25 ...
Positive ( fine-grain) .......... C 4.30 1.4 .7 5 ...
Sheet films and plates
Fast panchromatic ............ A 1.45 2.6 5.2 2500 500
Fast orthochromatic .......... A 1.50 2.o 4.2 1700 400
Medium-speed panchromatic . . A 1.50 3.6 6.3 840 200
Medium-speed orthochromatic. . A 1.25 2.7 9.9 850 200
Blue-sensitive ................ A 1.35 2.7 5.7 430 100
T A B L E 606.-RESOLVING P O WE R A N D EDGE GR A D I E N T V A LU E S
''l
Part 1.-Definitions
Resolving power (I?).-The resolving power of a photographic material is broadly
defined as the ability to record fine detail distinguishably. Any quantitative evaluation de-
pends on the type of detail, and for convenience parallel lines separated by spaces whose
width is equal to the common width of the lines are almost universally used?'" Values are
usually given as the number of lines per millimeter that can be resolved visually under
adequate magnification.
Resolving power increases with increasing exposure to a maximum and then decreases,
It is relatively unaffected by the type of developer, although developers that markedly
reduce the grain size improve resolution. As the development time increases from zero,
resolving power rises rapidly to a maximum, decreases slightly, and then remains sensibly
constant for all practical development times. It increases in a roughly exponential manner
as the contrast in the test object increases from zero, becoming substantially constant for
contrasts exceeding about 1OO:l. Its dependence on wavelength is less well known, but in
general it increases as wavelength decreases because of the increasing opacity of the emul-
sion. Although resolving power tends to increase as granularity decreases, this is by no
means always the case. The values given in Table 608 apply when the ratio of brightness
of the light to the dark lines is 1000: 1 and the test object is photographed with an espe-
cially well-corrected f/5 lens in tungsten light with the optimum exposure : the materials
were developed for practical times in the developer for which the data are given in
Table 604.
As thus specified, resolving power is a threshold phenomenon and is not a criterion of
the clearness with which gross details will be reproduced. Furthermore, it is of questionable
value when the image is to be scanned with a physical photometer because the effect of
granularity depends upon the design of the instrument.
Edge gradient (G).-The appearance of sharpness produced by a photographic image
probably depends, among other factors, upon the rate of change of density across the edge
of the image with distance measured normal to the boundary. The curve of density vs
distance resembles the H and D curve, and its gradient, called edge gradient to distinguish
it from the gradient of the H and D curve, passes through a maximum with respect to
distance. The values of this maximum for the respective materials in density units per
micron are given in Table 608. These values were determined with a test object consisting
of an extremely sharp, clear line in an opaque background on a high-resolution plate. This
test object was pressed firmly against the sample with a contact liquid between and the
combination was exposed to light from an f/5 lens. The resulting image was scanned with
a physical microphotometer having a comparatively narrow slit.
The determinants of edge gradient have been less studied than have the determinants
of resolving power, but it is known that the maximum gradient has a maximum with
respect to exposure. It would be expected that the maximum gradient would increase in
gamma, but present knowledge indicates that it increases less rapidly. The dependence
on wavelength has not been studied with modern techniques, but older studies indicate that
gradient increases with decreasing wavelength. The values in Table 608 are for y ~ / 2
and tungsten light at the optimum exposure.
Both resolving power and edge gradient are inherent properties of the emulsion and are
relatively inflexible. It is possible to improve them by bathing the material in dye that
absorbs the light to which the emulsion is sensitive, but this is rarely p r a c t i d because of
the concomitant reduction in speed.
1m Mces, C. E. K., The theory of the photographic process, chap. 21, Macmillan, 1942.
"eMees, C. E. K., Proc. Roy. SOC.London, vol. 83, p. 10. 1909.
(contittucd)
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
565
T A B L E 606.-RESOLVING POWER A N D EDGE GRADIENT VALUES
(concluded)
Part 2.-Values
Edge
Resolving gradient
Material power (X 10-9
Motion-picture films :
Fast panchromatic ................................... 95 8
Medium-speed panchromatic .......................... 100 9
Fine-grain panchromatic ............................. 100 10
Positive (regular) ................................... 105 18
Positive (fine-grain) ................................. 130 22
Professional sheet films :
Fast panchromatic ................................... 85 11
Fast orthochromatic ................................. 100 10
Medium-speed panchromatic .......................... 75 10
Medium-speed orthochromatic ........................ 75 11
Blue-sensitive ....................................... 90 10
Amateur roll films :
Fast panchromatic ................................... 95 10
Fast orthochromatic ................................. 100 11
Fine-grain panchromatic ............................. 105 12
Process films and plates :
Panchromatic film ................................... 125 22
Orthochromate film ................................. 130 23
Blue-sensitive plates ................................. 110 18
High resolution plates :........................... .approx. 2,500 *
* This value was obtained by direct exposure to a line interference pattern. With conventiqnal meth-
ods of measurement, the value is limited by the optical system rather than by the characteristics of the
emulsion.
- . eticiencv.
PhotonraDhic . . Er"
Color /
temperature Blue Ortho-
Source rating sensitive chromatic Panchromatic
Sun ................................... 100
Zenith blue sky.. ....................... 700
Carbon arc, white flame.. ................ 440
Mercury arc, H-1....................... 135
Mercury arc, H-4 ....................... 225
Mercury arc, H-6 ....................... 340
Fluorescent, standard warm white. ....... 70
Fluorescent, daylight ................... 125
Incandescent tungsten ............... 2848" 40
Argon glow lamp. ...................... 21,000
E v = relative photographic efficiency of source evaluated on basis of equal visual intensities.
4
*_---- -.'.
_.--_/--
'. '.
I ,
400 500 600 700 BOO 900 I( 0
WAVELENGTH IN MILLIMICRONS
A 3000 4000 sow 6000 7000 8000 9000 too00 11ow 12000
CLASS
2
M
L
R
K
N
U
F
E
C
B
0
1
G
-
J
0
A 30W 4000 Sow 6OOO 7000 BOO0 po00 IMXX) 11000 12ow
TOTAL sENstrtvtry
SPECTRAL REGION F O R WHICH CLASS IS ESPECIALLY VALUABLE
*CLASS 0 REPRESENTS UNUODIFIEO SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY OF SILVER HALIDE
I
0
<
I? T A B L E 609.-NUCLEAR TRACK P L A T E SPECIFICATIONS
c-
I-
4
D
Nuclear track plates are designed to register the paths of charged particles. The choice of plate depends up011 the type of particle to be studied.
Nuclear emulsions in general have about the same chemical composition and therefore have fairly uniform stopping power characteristics. The types
of nuclear track plates can be divided broadly into four classes, depending upon the purposes for which they are to be used. A general classification
of such emulsions for use in nuclear research is listed in the table. The emulsions are classified under the headings, A, B, C, and D, in terms of
the maximum energy particle that they are capable of registering.
A B C* D
Nuclear particles a-particles 200 Mev a-particles 400 Mev a-particles of any energy Nuclear fission fragments
recorded Protons 10 Mev Protons 50 Mev Protons 750 Mev of high ionizing power
Deuterons 20 Mev Deuterons 100 Mev Deuterons 1500 Mev
Electrons .05 Mev nmesons 110 Mev
p mesons 85 Mev
Electrons .4 Mev
Sensitivity to light LOW Moderate High Very low
Emulsion thicknesses 25, 50, and loop 10, 50, 100, 150, and 2OOp 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 20 and 5Op
available and 2OOp
Percent weight of 81 81 81 65
AgBr in dry
emulsion
Specially fast hatches of the general type of plate can he made that register singly charged particles at the minimum of the ionization curve and thus will register
particles of any energy value whatsoever.
568
TABLES 610-625A.-STANDARD WAVELENGTHS 177-102 AND
S E R I E S RELATIONS I N ATOMIC SPECTRA *
P r i m a r y standard of wavelength.-The red radiation, 6438.4696 A,
emitted by a cadmium lamp of Michelson type was first chosen in 1907 by the
International Union for Cooperation in Solar Research 177 as a primary stand-
ard of wavelength and definition of the angstrom as a unit of wavelength meas-
urement. This primary standard was adopted in 1922 by the International As-
tronomical Union and in 1927 by the International Committee on Weights
and Measures179with the statement that the wavelength of this radiation is
6438.4696 x l P o meters when the light is propagated in dry air at 15°C
(hydrogen thermometer) at a pressure of 760 mmHg, gravity being 980.665
cm/sec2.
Specifications for the standard cadmium lamp were last revised in 1935 ; I8O
they designate that the lamp must be Michelson H-type with internal elec-
trodes, excited with continuous or alternating current of industrial frequency,
maintained at a temperature near 300°C (never exceeding 320°C) and contain
air under a pressure between 0.7 and 1.O mmHg at that temperature. The con-
striction must not be less than 2 mm diameter and the current must not exceed
7 milliamps/mm2.
A summary of nine directly measured values of the wavelength of the red
radiation of cadmium in terms of the meter has been given by H. Barrel1 181
as in Table 612.
1TT-182 For footnotes 177-192, see p. 578.
* Data furnished and arranged by W. F. Meggers, National Bureau of Standards.
T A B L E 610.-PRELIMINARY V A L U E S O F Hg'" W A V E L E N G T H S
I N ANGSTROMS
T A B L E 611.-NEON SECONDARY S T A N D A R D W A V E L E N G T H S
I N ANGSTROMS
Differences
Corrected from mean
and adjusted
Date of Original values in Parts per
determination Observers values normal air 10-10 m 106
1892-93 Michelson and Benoit 6438.4722 6438.4691 -.0005 -.08
(B.I.P.M.)
1905-06 Benoit, Fabry and Perot 6438.4696 6438.4703 +.0007 +.I1
(B.I.P.M.)
1927 Watanabe and Imaizumi 6438.4685 6438.4682 -.0014 -.22
(Tokvo)
1933 Sears and-Barrel1 6438.4711 6438.4713 +.0017 +.26
(N.P.L.)
1933 Kosters and Lampe 6438.4672 6438.4689 -.0007 -.11
(P.T.R.)
1934-35 Sears and Barrel1 6438.4709 6438.4709 +.0013 +.20
(N.P.L.)
1934-35 Kosters and Lampe 6438.4685 6438.4690 -.0006 -.09
(P.T.R.)
1937 Kosters and Lampe 6438.4700 6438.4700 +.0004 +.06
(P.T.R.)
1940 Romanova. Varlich. Kar- 6438.4677 6438.4687 -.0009 -.14
tashev. and Batarchukova
(Leningrad)
Mean 6438.4696 2.0009 2.14
The values originally reported (column 3) are corrected (column 4) to take account of
subsequent conclusions (a) regardiag the values to be attributed to the standards of length
employed, and adjusted (b), so far as the available information permits, to uniform stand-
ard conditions of dry air at 15°C and 760 mmHg pressure, containing 0.03 percent CO,.
The statistical mean deviation associated with the average value of 6438.4696 X lo-" m
derived from these nine determinations amounts to & 0.0010 X lo-'' m.
The recent production of purer monochromatic radiation (than the cadmium red line)
suggests that eventually another wavelength from a single heavy isotype of even mass
number may be adopted as the primary standard of length. Thus, since 1945 many milli-
grams of Hg'" have been made by transmutation of gold in chain-reacting uranium piles.
Electrodeless lamps containing Hgle8have been made and distributed by the National
Bureau of Standards. When excited by ultra-high frequency (> 100 megacycles) and
water cooled these lamps emit with high intensity ideally sharp mercury lines. Preliminary
measurements, relative to Cd 6438.4696 A, of the yellow and green lines of Hg'= have
been reported by the National Bureau of Standards, by the National Physical Labora-
tory, and by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, as in Table 610.
For reference, see p. 578.
la*
Numher of
electrons S Term multiplicities
1 Doublets
2 Singlets, triplets
3 Doublets, quartets
4 Singlets, triplets, quintets
5 Doublets, quartets, sextets
6 Singlets, triplets, quintets, septets
7 Doublets, quartets, sextets, octets
etc.
Neon and krypton secondary standards are used extensively for interference measure-
ments in metrology and spectroscopy, but their spectral range and distribution does not
make them generally suitable for wavelength measurements by interpolation in prismatic
or in grating spectra. For the latter purpose a system of secondary standards should con-
sist of lines of comparable intensity distributed as uniformly as possible throughout the
entire range of wavelengths commonly observed in optical spectra. An approach to such
a system is found in the internationally adopted secondary standards derived from the
spectrum of the iron arc. The source for iron secondary standards is specifiedm as the
"Pfund arc operated between 110 and 250 volts, with 5 amperes or less, at a length of
12-15 millimeters used over a central zone at right angles to the axis of the arc, not to
exceed 1.0-1.5 millimeters in width, and with an iron rod 6-7 millimeters diameter as the
upper pole and a bead of oxide of iron as the lower pole. As the secondary standards to the
red of 6000 A are all stable lines, and as the exposures with the above-mentioned arc
may b5,rather long, it is recommended that the 6 mm, 6 ampere arc be retained for this
region.
The list of iron secondary standards adopted by the International Astronomical Union
consists of 306 7-figure values ranging from 2447.708 to 6677.933 A, thus covering a little
more than one octave.
Internal evidence from the combination principle as well as the agreement between inde-
pendent observers indicates that the average probable error in these standards is 20.001. A.
Preliminary values of long-wave iron lines (6750.158 to 10216.351 A ) have been
suggested.m
Additional ultraviolet iron lines (2100.794 to 3383.980 A) have been suggested 188 and
only one or two confirmatory observations are required to extend the secondary standards
over a range of more than two octaves.
m-188For references, see p. 578.
Values of J for -
*
Terms kinglets Doublets Triplets Quartets Quintets Sextets
s o 1/2 1 3/2 2 5/2
P 1 1/2,3/2 0 1 2 1/2.3/2,5/2 1 2 3 3/2,5/2,7/2
D 2 3/2,5/2 1 2 3 1/2,3/2,5/2,7/2 0 1 2 3 4 1/2,3/2,5/2,7/2,9/2
F 3 5/2,7/2 2 3 4 3/2,5/2,7/2,9/2 12 3 4 5 1/2,3/2,5/2,7/2,9/2,11/2
G 4 7/2,9/2 3 4 5 5/2,7/2,9/2,11/2 2 3 4 56 3/2,5/2,7/2,9/2,11/2,13/2
etc.
df
ff "G,
etc.
(cotititiited)
{E; T i +
letter fication wavelength intensity letter fication wavelength intensity
Y Atm 8987.65 10 G 4307.912 6
2-4 xi! 8806.775 14 4307.747
4226.740
3
20d
%a ca+ 8662.170 23 Ca
%a
2-1
Ca
Ca
++ 8542.144
8498.062
25
20
It
H
Ha
Ca+
4101.748
3968.492
405
700
z Atm 8226.962 (20) K
L
Ca+
F e
3933.682
3820.436
lo00
25
A Atm Oa 7593.695* 10 ~.
4
a Atm 7184.526 8 ;I i Fe 3727.634
B Atm O2 6867.187 * 4 A’ Fe 3581.209 30
C H. 0 Fe 3441.019 15
a
6562.808
Atm 0, 6276.607*
40
2d
P Ti+ 3361.193 8
7N
Q Fe 3286.772
DI Sa 5895.940 20 CCa+ 3181.276 3
R +
[!##
Da Na 5889.973 30 ICa 3179.342 5d?
{;: +
Di 5875.650 t 3 143.996 2
5875.618 t r 3143.764 4
E
Ca 5270.388
5270.268
4
3 S
l i:{ 3 101.895
3101.574
3
4s
5269.550 8D Fe 3100.682 3
bi
ba
br
{Z+
Mg 5183.619
5172.698
5169.050
5168.908
30
20
4
3
S
2
S Fe
3100.325
3099.987
3099.896
3047.614
4x
3
3
35
bd
F
{Eg
HB
5167.508
5167.328
4861.342
5
15
30
T
I Fe 3021.077
3020.656
3020.490
30
40
20
J! H, 4340.475 20N t Fe Xi 2994.436 40
Band lines due to molecular oxygen in the earth’s ntmosphere. The wavelength of the first line of
the hand is recorded here.
t 1.ahoratory wavelengths listed. H e IiEes are conspicuous ,in the spectrum of the chromosphere.
$ Rowland assigns the index letter “g to this line.
R E F E R E S C E S F O R STASD.\RD IVAVELESGTHS
’“Trans Int. Union Coop. S o h i Res. vol. 2 p. 142, 1907.
“BTrans. Int. Astron. Union vol. 1
159 Pro&
6. 35. (922.
Verhaux Comiti IAt. Poi& et Mesures, Ser. 2, rol. 12, p. 67 , 1927.
Ihid., vol. 17, p. 91, 1935.
‘81Proc. Roy. Soc. London vol A186 164, 1946.
m* Journ. Opt. SOC.Amer.,’ vol: 38, p:
964 1949.
?; 1948; vol. 40, p. 545, 1950. Comptes Rendus, vol. 228, p.
1611 Trans.’ Int. Astron. Union, vol. 5, p. 86, 1935.
1M Ihid vol. 5, p. 87, 1935.
Ie-3 Ihid:’ vol 1, p. 36 1922.
1sa Ihid.’ vol’ 3 p 86’ 1928. vol. 4 p. 234, 1932; \ol. 6, p. 79, 1938.
i.
Ihid.: vol: 5: 84, 1935’; vol. i, p. 146, 1949.
Ihid., vol. 6, p. 80, 1938.
Ihid., vol. I , p. 41, 1922; vol. 2, p. 42, 1925.
1MPhys Rev vol 47 653, 1935.
-1 Trans. Ini.’Asiron.’ bnion. vol. 3, p. 93, 1928; vol. 6, p. 90, 1938.
laz Philos. Trans., vol. 177, p. 457, 1886.
guished between sharp, principal, and diffuse terms; the initial letters s, p. and d survive
in spectroscopic notation today. To distinquish between successive terms of a series.
cardinal numbers (n) were prefixed to the literal symbols, and to distinguish between the
components of doublet and triplet terms numerical subscripts were arbitrarily attached.
Thus the wave numbers of the yellow doublet of sodium were represented symbolically:
u = 1s - 2p1,2. More than 30 years passed before these arbitrary symbols could be given
any atomic interpretation.
The concept of atomic energy levels was first clearly stated in 1913 by S. Bohr who
postulated (1) that stationary atomic states exist, and (2) that the frequency of atomic
radiation is proportional to the difference between two atomic energy states, hu = (El -
E d , the proportionality factor being Planck's constant, h . By 1919 the accumulation of
singlet, doublet, and triplet terms found in arc and spark spectra barely sufficed to suggest
two general laws of spectral structures: ( 1 ) the alternation law which states that even and
odd multiplicities alternate in successive columns of the periodic chart of the atoms, and
(2) the displacement law which states that the spectrum of an ionized atom resembles
that of the preceding atom but the analogous lines are displaced toward higher frequencies.
Term multiplicities of atoms or ions are thus determined solely by the number of electrons
in the atoms, whereas the atomic charge controls the position of the spectrum. These two
facts suggested that electrons and protons were involved in the exegesis of atomic spectra.
The more complex spectra rtsisted all attempts a t interpretation until 1922 when M. A.
CatalPn deliberately set out to discover a new or more general principle in spectral struc-
ture. H e found in the arc spectra of chromium and manganese terms having five or six
levels which combined to produce groups of lines that he called multiplets. I n a few
years thousands of terms were found in atomic and ionic spectra, and contemporaneously
the present quantum theory of ztomic encrgy levels was developed. As a result of these
developments the arbitrary symbols that empirical spectroscopy devised for the yellow
doublet of sodium were replaced by the following :
u = 3 =sw- 3 =PO$$, I$$
Each and every item of this spectroscopic notation now has definite physical meaning in
terms of a vector model of the Rutherford-Bohr atom which is assumed to consist of a
minute but massive nucleus (composed of protons and neutrons) with one or more elec-
trons circulating about it. The normal number of electrons in any atom is equal to the
atomic number, Z : identical with the number of protons in its nucleus.
Spectral lines result from changes in atomic energies defined by the positions of one or
more optical electrons in successive shells and by their orbital and axial momenta, each
of which is associated with an appropriate quantum number. In general, the first large
change in atomic energy occurs when an electron jumps from its normal shell, represented
by the principal quantum number n, to another shell. These principal quantum numbers
identify the successive shells of the periodic system and serve as coefficients to the spectral
term symbols S,P, D, F , etc. If an electron is moved from its lowest value of n to n =a
the atom is ionized, and the voltage necessary to remove this electron is called the ionization
potential. This ionization energy is expressed in wave number (cm-') or in electron volts
(ev) as in Tables 623 and 624. Increasing atomic energies are exhibited in absorption
spectra, decreasing energies in emission spectra.
After that due to a change in n, the next largest change in atomic energy is usually
one associated with orbital angular momentum symbolized by an azimuthal quantum
number 1 having integral values 0, 1, 2, 3, - - - corresponding respectively to the empirical
term symbols S , P , D, F , - - -. Electrons with l = O are called s-electrons, those with
1 = 1, #-electrons, etc. These four 1 values and the first seven n values suffice to describe
the normal electron configurations of all possible atoms and ions. When two or more
optical electrons are present, their individual orbital momenta 11. 12 ---are added vec-
torially to form a resultant L which is restricted by quantum theory to integral values
+
ranging in the case of two electrons from lI 12 to I ll - 1, I. The types of spectral terms
resulting from various simple configurations of electrons are shown in Table 621.
Electrons L Terms
ss 0 S
1 P
o i 2 S P D
1 2 3 P n F
0 1 2 3 4 S P E F G
1 2 3 4 5 P D F G H
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 S P D F G H l
(continued)
T A B L E 622.-TERMS FROM E Q U I V A L E N T E LE C TR ON S
The actual types and multiplicities of terms arising from various configurations of
optical electrons depend on whether the electrons are equivalent or nonequivalent, that is,
have the same or different values of ~t and 1. I n any atom the maximum number of equiva-
lent electrons is 2(2I+ I) , and no shell can contain more than two s electrons (?), six P
electrons (PO)), ten d electrons (SO)or fourteen f electrons (f"). In simple cases the
spectral terms arising from nonequivalent electrons may be obtained from the L values
of Table 621 and the S values of Table 613, as shown in Table 616.
When the optical electrons are equivalent, the Pauli exclusion principle introduces sim-
plifications, some of which are evident by comparing Tables 616 and 622.
An important consequence of the Pauli principle is that closed shells, in which the maxi-
mum number of equivalent electrons is present, have L = 0 and S= 0 and therefore
may be ignored in deriving the terms given by any electron configuration. Furthermore,
any subgroup that lacks one or more electrons to fill the group behaves spectroscopically
as if the lacking electrons were present, except that the terms are, in general, regular
(smallest J level has least energy) when the group is less than half filled but inverted when
more than half filled.
Each configuration (excluding single eiectrons and closed shells) yields many energy
states, and the object of swctrum analysis is to determine (1) the numerical values of the
energy levels, ( 2 ) the quantum numbek that characterize them, and (3) the electron con-
figurations from which they arise. The wave number of each observed spectral line meas-
ures the energy difference between two quantized states of an atom or ion, but, because
the same level can in general combine with many others, the number of levels is usually
much smaller than the number of classified lines. The combining properties of atomic
energy levels are governed by simple rules. Thus all terms or levels of a given atom fall
into two groups of different parity called even and odd according as the arithmetical sum
of the I values of the optical electrons is even or odd (distinguished by the sign and by
level value in italics), and normally spectral lines are permitted only when terms of dif-
ferent parity combine. Furthermore, an overwhelming majority of the transitions between
atomic energy levels obey the following rules :
AR= 0
AL= f l
AJ = 0, 2 1, excepting 0 to 0.
I n complex spectra, especially of heavy elements, intersystem combinations are observed
for AR = & 2, & 4. Likewise, transitions for AL = 0 give strong multiplets, and transi-
tions for which AL = & 2, & 3 are observed but usually only faintly. Violations of theA/
rule are extremely rare. Assignment of L values and electron configurations to energy
levels implicitly assumes that LS coupling or interaction exists among the individual vec-
tors. This means that the individual 1 vectors are strongly coupled to produce resultant L
values of different energies, and the individual s vectors are also strongly coupled to pro-
duce resultant S values. These L and S resultants are then less strongly coupled with each
other to produce resultant J values. Other types of coupling such as J J or JL are some-
times met with and in such cases L loses all or most of its significance. Also when the
levels of two like-parity configurations overlap or dovetail, it is practically impossible to
distinguish the two configurations or choose the levels that belong to each. However, be-
cause LS coupling holds for all the higher elements, predominates in many others, and is
either accurately or approximately valid for the ground states of all atoms and ions, it is
basic for the standardized notation for spectral terms. Thus, any atomic energy level or
spectral term is symbolically represented by four quantities. (1) its principal quantum
number ?L written as a coefficient of the term-type symbol ; (2) its type-S, P, D, F , etc.-
where the capital letters stand for azimuthal quantum numbers or orbital angular momenta
L = 0, 1,2,3, etc., respectively ; (3) its inner quantum number or total angular momentum
+ +
J = L S , written as a subscript to the term-type symbol ; and (4) its multiplicity num-
ber, R = 2 s 1, written as a superior prefix t o the term-type symbol. In addition the
parity, if the sum of p and f electrons is odd, is indicated by the sign attached like an
exponent to the term-type symbol.
For any given spectrum in which energy levels have been established, and in which
LS coupling exists, it is possible to assign notation as well as electron configuration without
ambiguity. Relative values of J are readily determined from the combining properties of
the levels and the selection rule, AJ = 0 2 1. In terms of odd multiplicity the absolute
value of J is fixed by the absence of the transition 0 to 0 which is forbidden. I n other cases
the absolute value of J can often be deduced from the sum rule (the sum of the intensities
of all the lines of a multiplet that belong to the same initial or final state is proportional to
+
the statistical weight 2J 1 of the initial or final state respectively), or from the interval
rule (the interval between two successive components, J and J +
1, of a polyfold term
is proportional to J + 1). The most decisive determination of J and L (excepting singlet
terms) results from the observation of completely resolved Zeeman patterns since an ex-
+
ternal magnetic field causes each energy level to be split into 2J 1 sublevels and the
splitting factors indicate L values.
It is a consequence of atomic structure that long series of spectral terms of the same
parity, L, S, I , but increasing n, are observed only in one-electron spectra, as for example
to n = 79 in the first spectrum of sodium. Five- six- or seven-electrons provide so many
configurations and competing levels that it is often exceedingly difficult to detect the
second or any higher members of a spectral series.
Quantum principles having thus specified the various spectral terms arising from cer-
tain electrons, it became possible in 1925 to determine from identified terms the electron
configurations of all atoms and ions. By 1950 the ground states of 82 species of neutral
atoms and 75 singly ionized atoms had been uniquely determined from spectral structure.
Besides disclosing the ground level and normal electron configuration of each atom or
ion, the discovery of series relations in atomic spectra has given exact values for many
ionization potentials which measure the forces with which the optical electrons are bound
to atoms and ions. Furthermore, since the most intense radiations are usually associated
with the largest L and J values of low-lying levels, the analysis of spectra has aided in
selecting the strongest spectral lines characteristic of atoms and ions. I n general, the
strongest lines result from s@p electron transitions, but do not necessarily end on the
ground state. Because these data are of great importance in spectroscopy, atomic physics,
chemistry, and astrophysics, they are collected for neutral atoms in Table 623 and for
singly ionized atoms in Table 624.'"
For more detailed discussions of atomic spectra and complete compilations of atomic energy levels,
see the list of references, page 585.
Normal Ionization
Period Neutral electron Ground potential Strongest
n atom configuration level volts line, A
1 1 H 1's 2so 1,4 13.595 1215.66
2 He 1s2 'So 24.580 584.33
2 3 Li 2s' ?SO% 5.390 6707.85
4 Be 2.P 'So 9.320 2348.61
5B 2s2 2p' 2P00*,4 8.296 2497.73
6 C 2 2 2p2 'Po 11.264 1657.01
7 N z S 2 2p3 'Sols 14.54 1134.98
8 0 2 9 2p4 3P2 13.614 1302.19
9 F 2s22p5 ZPOlX,j 17.418 954.80
10 Ne 2s22pe 'So 21.559 735.89
3 11 Na 3s' 2so.A 5.138 5889.95
12 Mg 3s2 'So 7.644 2852.13
13 A1 3 3 3p' 2P00.A 5.984 396 1.53
14 Si 3 2 3p2 8Po 8.149 2516.12
15 P 3s23p3 4SOl',4 10.55 1774.94
16 S 3s' 3p4 3P2 10.357 1807.31
17 C1 3 2 3p5 2P013,4 13.01 1347.2
18 A 3 2 3pe 'So 15.755 1048.22
4 19 K 4s' 2sow 4:339 7664.91
20 ca 42 'So 6.111 4226.73
21 s c 3 6 4s2 2D1.A 6.538 5671.80
22 Ti 3d24s' 'Fz 61818 4981.73
23 V 3 842 'F~H 6.743 4379.24
24 Cr 3 8 4s' ?S3 6.74 4254.35
25 Mn 3d64s2 S W 7.432 4030.76
26 Fe 3 8 4s2 'D4 7.868 3581.20
27 Co 3 6 4s' 'F4w 7.862 3453.50
28 Ni 3dR4s' 'F4 7.633 3414.76
29 Cu 3B4.8 2soo.A 7.724 3247.54
30 Zn 49 'So 9.931 2138.56
31 Ga 4s' 4p' 2POOW 6.00 4172.06
32 Ge 4s24p= 'Po 7.88 265 1.18
33 As 4 2 4p3 'SO'% 9.81 1890.43
34 Se 4 2 4p' 'Pa 9.750 1960.91
35 Br 4s24p5 2P01W 11.84 1488.4
36 Kr 4 2 4pe 'So 13.996 1235.82
5 37 Rb 5s'. 'Sou 4.176 7800.23
-38 S r 59 'So 5.692 4607.33
39 Y 4d' 5s2 'D1s 6.377 5466.47
40 Zr 4d25s' 'Fz 6.835 4687.80
41 Nb 4d45.8 'Do% 6.881 4058.94
42 Mo 4d" 5s' 5 3 7.131 3798.25
43 Tc 4 8 5s2 eSlW 7.23 3636.10
44 Ru 4 6 5Sl "6 7.365 3498.94
45 Rh 4ds 5s' '
F4 u 7.461 3434.89
46 Pd 46O 'So 8.33 3404.58
47 Ag 5s' 2Sas 7.574 3280.68
48 Cd 5s2 'So 8.991 2288.02
(continued)
...
Normal Ionization
Period Ionized electron Ground potential Strongest
n atom configuration level volts line, A
1 1 H' ... ... 54.403 30j.78
2 He+ 1s' =SO%
2 3 Li' 1sz 'So 75.6193 1.99.26
4 Be+ 2s' %O% 18.206 3130.42
5 R' 2s2 'So 25.149 1362.46
6 C+ 2s' 2p' ZP0O% 24.376 1335.71
7 N+ 2s' 2pz JPO 29.605 1085.74
8 0' 2s' 2pJ 'So1% 35.146 834.47
9 F' 2sz 2p4 34.98 606.81
10 N e + 2s' 2p' 'POllA 41.07 460.73
3 11 Na' 2s' 2po 'So 47.29 372.07
12 Mg' 3s' ZSO% 15.03 2795.53
13 A l + 3s' S
'O 18.823 1670.81
14 Si' 3sz 3p' ZPOOlA 16.34 1817.0
15 P ' 3s' 3p' JPo 19.65 1542.32
16 S ' 3s' 3pJ 4S01% 23.4 1259.53
17 Cl+ 3sz3p4 JPZ 23.80 1071.05
18 A + 3s' 3p6 2POl% 27.62 919.78
4 19 K ' 3s' 3po 'So 31.81 600.77
20 Ca' 4s' 5 0 % 11.87 3933.67
21 s c + 3 6 4s' 'Di 12.80 3613.84
22 Ti+ 3d24s' 'F1u 13.57 3349.41
23 V + 3d4 'Do 14.65 3093.11
24 Cr' 3d' as*% 16.49 2835.63
25 M n + 3d' 4s' 3 3 15.64 2576.10
26 F e + 3 8 4s' QL)4% 16.18 2382.04
27 Co' 3ds 'F4 17.05 2286.14
28 N i Y 38 'DZH 18.15 2216.47
29 CU' 3d" 'So 20.29 2135.98
30 Z n + 4s' =SOH 17.96 2025 51
31 Ga' 43 'SO 20.51 1414.44
32 Ge+ 4s' 4p 'POOW 15.93 1649.26
33 As' 4 2 4p' 8Po 20.2 1266.36
34 Se' 4s' 4p3 'SO'lh 21.5 1192.29
35 B r + 4s24p: JP2 21.6 1015.42
36 K r + 4s24p 'Po'% 24.56 917.43
5 37 R b + 4s' 4p0 S
'O 27.5 741.4
38 S r + 5s' 3 0 % 11.026 4077.71
39 Y + 5sz 'So 12.233 3710.29
$0 Z r + 4d' 5s' 'F1% 12.916 3391.98
41 N b + 4d4 'Do 13.895 3094.18
42 Mo+ 4d6 eszw ... 2816.15
43 Tc+ 4d' 5s' 7SS ... 2543.24
44 Ru' 48 'F4% ... 2402.72
45 Rh' 4d8 'F4 ... 2334.77
46 P d + 4d8 ZD2% 19.9 2296.53
47 Ag: 4d" S
'O 21.5 2246.41
48 Cd 5s' %OH 16.90 2144.38
49 I n + 52 ' S O 18.86 1586.4
50 S n ' 5s' 5p; ZPOO% 14.6 2152.22
51 S b + 5s' 5 p 8Po 19 1606.98
52 Te' 5s' 5p' 4S'# 21.5 1161.52
53 I + 5s25p4 aPz 19.0 1233.97
54 Xe' 5s' 5p" ZPOl% 21.2 1100.42
(continued)
67 Ho+
68 Er+ ... ... ... ...
69 T m + 4y6s' 'F", 1,3 ... 38i8.02
70 Yb+ 4P6.Y' 'Sow 2 12.10 3694.20
71 Lu+ 66 'So 1,3 14.7 2615.43
72 Hf+ 5 6 63 'Dl% 2,4 14.9 2641.41
73 Ta+ 5 8 6s' "1 1,3,5 ... 2685.17
74 w + 5d' 6s' "Do% 4,6 ... 2204.49
75+Re + 5 8 6s' 'SS 5,7 ... ...
76 O s +
ii Ir+
...
...
...
...
... ...
...
...
78 P t + 58 *Da% i;i 18.54 iiii.09
79 Au+ 56O 'So 1 20.5 1740.47
6s' =so% 2,4 18.751 1649.%
66 'So 193 20.42 1908.64
8 82 Pb+ 6 6 6p' 'POL?% 3 4 15.03 1726.75
83 Bi+ 6s'6p' 'Po 16.7 1902.41
84 Po+ ... ... ... ... ...
85
86
At+
Rn+
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
87 Fr+ ... ... ... ...
7 88 Ra+ 7s' 'SOW 2 10.14 38ii.42
89 Ac+ 76 'So 1,3 ...
90 T h + w 7s' 'Fl % 2,4 ... 4019.14
91 P a + ... ... ... ...
92 U + 5 f 7s' 4~o,% 4, 6 ... 3ii6.29
93 N p + ... ...
...
... ... ...
94 P u + ... ... ,.. ...
95 A m + ... ... ... ... ...
...
96 Cm+ ... ... ... ...
97 B k + ... ... ... ... ...
98 Cf ... ... ... ... ...
References for series relations in atomic spectra: Meggers, W: F.. Journ. Opt. SOC. Amer., vol. 31,
44 1941. vol 31 p. 606 1941 Pauling L., and Goudsmrt S. The structure of line spectra,
kcG;aw-Hiil Book c o . , N e i York, 1930. White H. E. Intrdduchon to atomic spectra McGraw-
Hill Book Co., New York, 1934. Herzberg, G., Atomic ipectra and atomic structure, Dov'er Publiea-
tions, New York, 1944. Condon E U and Shortley G. H., The theory of atomic s ectra, Macmillan
Co New York 1935 Bacher 'R.' F "and Goudsmh S., Atomic energy states, dcGraw-Hill Book
Co:: New York: 1932: Moore,'C. E.:' Atomic energ; levels, Nat. Bur. Standards Circ. 467, vol. 1.
1949; vol. 2, 1952.
mi +ma
is the reduced mass of the molecule with ml and r n ~the masses of
the two atoms, and re is the internuclear distance in the equilibrium position. The product
pr.' is the moment of inertia of the molecule; in other words, B e , apart from universal
constants, is the reciprocal moment of inertia.
Each electronic state of a diatomic molecule is characterized by a certain set of values for
. .
the vibrational and rotational constants w e , w.xs, . . , , Do, re, B e , a., . . These con-
stants have been determined for a large number of diatomic molecules in various electronic
states from the analysis of band spectra. A comprehensive and up-to-date table may be
found in "Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure. I. Spectra of Diatomic Molecules,"
by G. Herzberg (Van Nostrand. New York, 1950). The following table is an excerpt
from the compilation just mentioned, but brought up to date, 1953. Here only the constants
w e , Doo,and re for the ground states are listed and the type of the ground state is given.
From re the rotational constant B , can be obtained according to the formula (5) given
above. Do0 corresponds to dissociation into normal atoms. The values are given in ev
(electron-volts) where 1 ev corresponds to 8068.3 cm-'. The numbers on the element sym-
bols give the mass numbers of the isotopic species to which the constants refer.' When no
mass number is given the data refer to the ordinary isotopic mixture. With the exception
of the hydrogen molecule in each case only the data for one isotopic species are listed.
More detailed explanation of the underlying theory, the methods of determination of
these constants and references for each individual molecule may be found in the book
already quoted.
.Prepared by G. Herrberg, National Research Council of Canada.
*+
421.2
CoH' n=4 (1890) 11.5421
COO" * (850)
C"P= '
Z 1239.67 (6.9) 1.562
CrO" * +
898.8 4.4
C"S" 'I: + 1285.1 (7.8) 1.534
csam 'Z.+ 41.990 .45
CPBr
CPCl
'
'
Z
Z+
+
(185)
Luo'B 841.66 (5.3)
MgZ4Br" 373.8 43.35
MgP'CI" )(;+
: 465.4 (3.2)
Mg"F'' '2 + 717.6 (4.2) 11.751
Mg"H' 2Z +
1495.7 42.49 1.7306
(Mgl'H') + '2 + 1695.3 (2.1) 1.649
MgP ('2 7 L3121
(contiwed)
SrBP
1123.7
216.5
{E:
(2.8)
1.4933
The atmosphere, with a total mass of about 5.3 x 1021g (about one-mil-
lionth the mass of the earth), extends 7,000-60,OOO miles above sea level (de-
pending upon the definition of the top) and for purposes of discussion may be
divided into several regions or layers. From sea level up to about 10-15 km
(the troposphere), about the next 30 km above this (the stratosphere), and
the entire region above this (i.e., above about 40 km) is spoken of as the upper
atmosphere. At heights above 80 km in the upper atmosphere strong ioniza-
tion is found and thus this region is called the ionosphere. Again the iono-
sphere may be divided into three or four layers ; first, the E layer (about 100
km) moderately ionized ; next the F , layer (at about 200 km) more strongly
ionized; the F , layer (about 300 kin) much more strongly ionized. Above
this, there is some recent evidence indicating an additional ionized region,
the G layer (400-700 km).
The following tables give some characteristics of the atmosphere as a
function of the height above sea level.
Molecular
Gas weight Percent per volume
Nitrogen ....................... 28 78.09
Oxygen ........................ 32 20.95
Argon .......................... 40 .93 100.00
Carbon dioxide .................. 44 .02 - .04
Neon ........................... 20.2 18 x lo-'
Helium ......................... 4 5.3 x 10-4
Krypton ........................ 83 1.1 x lo-'
Hydrogen ...................... 2 .5 x 10-4
Xenon .......................... 130 .08 x 10-4
Ozone .......................... 48 .02 x increasing with altitude
Radon .......................... 222 7 X lo-", decreasing with altitude
Water vapor .................... 18 .2 - 4, variable
1
9' Regener, F The structure and composition of the stratosphere, No. 509, Headquarters Air Materiel
Command, W&t Field, Dayton, Ohio, April 1946.
Molecular Mo!ecular
Altitude Composition, weight of Altitude Composition weight of
km 1 percent volume mixture, M km 1 percent volume mixture, M
0 21 Oz,78 N,, .93 A 28.9 120 30.5 0,69.5 N , 24.35
50 18 0,,82 Ns 28.66 300 30.5 0,69.5 Nz 24.35
83 18 02,82 Nz 28.66 ( F z layer)
led Grimminger, G., Analysis of temperature, pressure and density of the atmosphere extending to
extreme altitudes, p. 18, Rand Corporation, November 1948.
Pressure Density
Altitude
Meters inHg Ib/fts’
kdm*
Temkerature
C
0 760.0 29.921 1.2255 .07650 15:0
1000 674.1 26.54
-- - 1.1120
- ____ .n6942 8.5
2000 596.2 23.47 1.0068 106286 + 2.0
3000 525.8 20.70 .9094 .05678 - 4.5
4000 462.3 18.20 3193 .05115 -11.0
5000 405.1 15.95 .7363 .04597 -17.5
6000 353.8 13.93 .6598 .04119 -24.0
7000 307.9 12.12 396 .03681 -30.5
8000 266.9 10.51 S252 .03279 -37.0
9000 230.4 9.07 .4664 .02912 -43.5
10000 198.2 7.80 .4127 .02577 -50.0
11000 169.7 6.68 .3614 .02256 -55.0
12000 145.0 5.71 .3090 .01929 -55.0
13000 124.0 4.88 .2642 .om9 -55.0
14000 106.0 4.17 .2259 .01410 -550
15000 90.6 3.57 .1931 .01206 -55.0
2
I
0
v)
Height, h
km mi
?mi)
K
Atomic
oxygen
Atomic
nitrogen
Latitude 45", pa = 1014 mb, pa = 1.223 X 10" g/cm3
1000 621.4 732.04 2500 14.57 85.43 2.03x 10.' 1.88X lo-' 14.26 1.93X105 8.01)<107 2.41X10-'
1500 932.0 642.07 2500 10.92 89.06 1.loxlo-, 1.67 X 14.19 2.31 x 1O-Io 1.58xlO-'' 6.73x lo5 1.93X 10' 8.36X10' 2.31x10-'
2000 1234 567.73 2500 8.397 91.54 4.84%in+ 1.13X10'' 14.11 2.96)<10-11 2 . 0 1 ~ 1 0 -8.62K10'
~~ 1.94)<105 6.52X1O0 2.97X10-'
4000 2485 370.01 3.392 89.32 3.887' 3.402 9.14 9 . 7 5 lo-''
~ 4 . 2 9 ~ 1 0 -2.84xio2
~ 2.41 X 10' 1.98x 10" 1.22x lo-'
6000 3728 260.i i 2500 S616 26.86 23.13 49.44 1.76 2 . 5 8 ~ 1 0 - ~2.18)<10-=
' 7.52x 10 ~ 7.49X101' 7.32X104
5 . 4 8 105
10,000 6214 148.58 2500 3 . 3 8 10-3
~ .3451 13.12 86.53 1.12 1.58x lo-" 8 . 5 2 101" ~ 4.61X10 6.87~ lo5 1 2 2 x 1 0 ~5~6 2 x i 0 - ~
20,000 12,427 57.28 2500 4.85%10-' 1.20X10" 3.847 96.23 1.04 9.82x lo-% 4.90~10-" 2.86)<10 7.14X1O5 1.96X1013 3.64X104
30,000 18,641 30.12 2500 2.47% 10" 9.12Xio-6 2.152 97.85 1.02 7.90~10-~'3.94)<10-" 2 . 3 3 ~ 1 0 7 . 1 9 ~ 1 02.41X10"
~ 2.98X104
40,000 24,855 18.53 2500 4.52x lo-' 2.10x10-' 1.541 98.46 1.02 7.11 x 10"' 3.49); lo-" 2.08x10 7.20x lo5 2 . 7 1 ~ 1 0 ' 2.66x10-'
~
50,000 31,068 12.54 2500 1.51Xlo-' 8.11x10-e 1.241 98.76 1.02 6.60~ 10-15 3 . 2 3 lo-"
~ 1.93X10 7.21 X 10' 2.92X 10" 2.47X 10"
60,000 37,282 9.05 2500 7.02x 10-o 3.92x10-' 1.067 98.93 1.02 6 . 2 7 10-15
~ 3.06x lo-" 133x10 7.22xlO' 3.08x 10" 2.34x lo-'
70,000 43,496 6.83 2500 3.99x 10" 2 . 5 6 lo-'~ .9536 99.05 1.02 6.03x lo-'' 2.94~10-" 1.76x10 7.22X105 3 . 2 0 ~ 1 02.26x10-'
~~
Part 2.-Values
h
of the logarithms o f - f o r values of h between 80 and 800
760
Values from 8 to 80 may be got by subtracting 1 from the characteristic, and from 0.8 to
8 by subtracting 2 from the characteristic, and sc on.
h
Values of log -
760
h 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
80 i.02228 i.02767 i.03300 i.03826 1.04347 1.04861 1.05368 i.05871 1.06367 1.06858
90 .07343 .07823 .08297 .08767 .09231 .09691 .I0146 .lo596 .I1041 .11482
loo. 1.11919 i.rz351 i . i n 7 9 i.13202 i.13622 i.14038 i.14449 1.14857 i.15261' 1.15661
110 .I6058 .I6451 .16840 .I7226 .I7609 .17988 ,18364 .I8737 .19107 .I9473
120 .I9837 20197 ,20555 20909 21261 ,21611 21956 22299 22640 22978
130 23313 23646 .23976 .24304 24629 24952 .25273 25591 25907 ,26220
140 26531 26841 27147 27452 .27755 .28055 28354 28650 .28945 29237
150 i.29528 1.29816 i.30103 i.30388 1.30671 i.30952 i.31231 i.31509 1.31784 1.32058
160 .32331 .32601 .32870 .33137 .33403 .33667 .33929 .34190 .34450 .34707
170 .34964 .35218 .35471 .35723 .35974 .36222 .36470 .36716 .36961 .37204
180 .37446 .37686 .37926 .38164 .38400 .38636 .38870 .39128 .39334 .39565
190 .39794 .40022 .40249 .40474 .40699 .40922 .41144 .41365 .41585 .41804
200 1.42022 1.42238 i.42454 1.42668 i.42882 1.43094 i.43305 1.43516 1.43725 1.43933
210 ~ 4 1 4 1 -44347 . 4 4 w -447.57 .449m .45162 .45364 .4.5565 .45764 .45963
220 :46iBi 148358 :46554 :4$iib %543 147i37 147329 14752i i477i2 i47902
230 .48091 .48280 .48467 .48654 .48840 ,49025 ,49210 .49393 .49576 .49758
240 .49940 ,50120 .SO300 .50479 .SO658 .SO835 .51012 .51188 .51364 .51539
'"The tables on densities and humidities have been adapted from the sixth edition of the Smithsonian
Meteorological Tables, which see for more extensive data.
(continued)
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
597
T A B L E 631.-RELATIVE D E N S I T Y O F M O I S T A I R FO R D I F F E R E N T
P R E S S U R E S A N D H U M I D I T I E S (continued)
Part 2.-Values
h for values of h between 80 and 800
of the logarithms of -
760
(concluded)
A
Values of log -
760
h r 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
750 1.99425 1.99483 i.99540 1.99598 1.99656 i.99713 1.99771 i.wm i.99886 1.99942
760 .OOOOO .00057 .00114 .00171 .00228 ,00285 .00342 .00398 ,00455 .00511
770 .00568 .00624 .00680 .00737 .00793 .00849 .00905 .00961 .01017 ,01072
780 .01128 .01184 .01239 .01295 .01350 .01406 .01461 .01516 .01571 .01626
790 .01681 .01736 .01791 .01846 .01901 .01955 .02010 .02064 .02119 ,02173
T A B L E 632.-DENSITY O F M O I S T AIR, V A L U E S O F 0 . 3 7 8 ~
h
This table gives the humidity term 0.378p, which occurs in the equation 6 = 6o -=
B - 0.378p 760
80 for the calculation of the density of air containing aqueous vapor at pres-
760
sure p ; 80 is the density of dry air at normal temperature and barometric pressure, B the
observed barometric pressure, and h = B - 0.378p, the pressure corrected for humidity.
h
For values of -, see Table 631. Temperatures are in degrees centigrade, and pressures
760
in mmHg.
P P P
Vapor Vapor Vapor
Dew pressure new pressure Dew pressure
point (ice) 0.378p point (water) 0.378p point (water) 0.378p
OC mmHg mmHg "C mmHg mmHg "C mmHg mmHg
-50 .029 .o1 0 4.58 1.73 30 31.86 12.0
-45 .054 .02 1 4.92 i.86 31 33.74 12.8
-40 .096 .04 2 5.29 2.00 32 35.70 13.5
-35 .169 .06 3 5.68 2.15 33 37.78 14.3
-30 .288 .ll 4 6.10 2.31 34 39.95 15.1
-25 .480 .18 5 6.54 42.23 16.0
24 .530 .20 6 7.01 44.62 16.9
23 .585 .22 7 7.51 47.13 17.8
22 .646 .24 8 8.04 49.76 18.8
21 .712 .n 9 8.61 52.51 19.8
-20 .783 .30 10 9.21 3 48 40 55.40 20.9
19 362 .33 11 9.85 3.72 41 58.42 22.1
18 .947 .36 12 10.52 3.98 42 61.58 23.3
17 1.041 .39 13 11.24 4.25 43 64.89 24.5
16 1.142 .43 14 11.99 4.53 44 68.35 25.8
-15 1.252 .47 15 12.79 4.84 45 71.97 27.2
14 1.373 .52 16 13.64 5.16 46 75.75 28.6
13 1.503 .57 17 14.54 5.50 47 79.70 30.1
12 1.644 .62 18 15.49 5.85 48 83.83 31.7
11 1.798 .68 19 16.49 6.23 49 88.14 33.3
-10 1.964 .74 20 17.55 6.63 50 92.6 35.0
9 2.144 .81 21 18.66 7.06 51 97.3 36.8
8 2.340 .88 22 19.84 7.50 52 102.3 38.6
7 2.550 .% 23 21.09 7.97 53 107.3 40.6
6 2.778 1.05 24 22.40 8.47 54 112.7 42.6
- 5 3.025 1.14 25 23.78 8.99 55 118.2 44.7
4 3.291 1.24 26 25.24 9.54 56 124.0 46.9
3 3.578 1.35 27 26.77 10.12 57 130.0 49.1
2 3.887 1.47 28 28.38 10.73 58 136.3 51.5
1 4.220 iio 29 30.08 11.37 59 142.8 54.0
0 4.580 1.73 30 31.86 12.04 60 149.6 56.5
-
The relative humidity and vapor pressure of aqueous vapor of moist air in equilibrium
conditions above aqueous solutions of sulfuric acid are given below.
74 72 70 68 66 64 62 60 58 56 54 52 50 48
mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
1" .50 .48 .47 .46 .44 .43 .42 .40 .39 .38 .36 .35 .34 .32
2 .98 .96 .93 .90 .88 .85 .82 .80 .77 .75 .72 .69 .67 .64
..
3 1.47 1.43 1.39 1.35 1.32 1.28 1.24 1.20 1.15 1.12 1.08 1.04 1.03 .96
4 1.97 1.91 1.86 1.81 1.75 1.70 1.65 1.60 1.54 1.49 1.44 1.38 1.33 1.28
5 2.46 2.39 2.32 2.26 2.19 2.13 2.06 1.99 1.93 1.86 1.80 1.73 1.66 1.60
6 2.95 2.87 2.79 2.71 2.63 2.55 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.24 2.16 2.08 2.00 1.92
7 3.45 3.36 3.26 3.17 3.08 2.99 289 2.80 2.71 2.61 2.52 2.43 2.33 2.24
8 3.95 3.84 3.73 3.63 3.53 3.42 3.31 3.20 3.10 2.99 2.88 2.78 2.67 2.56
9 4.44 4.32 4.21 4.09 3.97 3.85 3.73 3.61 3.49 3.37 3.25 3.13 3.00 2.88
10 4.94 4.81 4.68 4.54 4.41 4.28 4.14 4.01 3.88 3.74 3.6i 3.48 3.34 3.21
11 5.44 5.30 5.15 5.00 4.86 4.71 4.56 4.42 4.27 4.12 3.97 3.83 3.68 3.53
12
~~ 5.94 5.78 5.62 5.46 5.30 5.14 4.98 4.82 4.66 4.50 4.34 4.18 4.02 3.85
13 6.45 6.27 6.10 5.92 5.75 5.57 5.40 5.23 5.05 4.88 4.70 4.53 4.36 4.18
14 6.95 6.76 6.58 6.39 6.20 6.01 5.83 5.64 5.45 5.26 5.07 4.88 4.70 4.51
15 7.46 7.26 7.06 6.85 6.65 6.45 6.25 6.05 5.85 5.64 5.44 5.24 5.04 4.84
16 7.96 7.75 7.54 7.32 7.11 6.89 6.68 6.46 6.24 6.03 5.81 5.60 5.38 5.17
17 8.47 8.24 8.02 7.79 7.56 7.33 7.10 6.87 6.64 6.41 6.18 5.95 5.72 5.50
Temp 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-60 .0081 ,0371 .0062 .0054 .047 . .0041 .0035 .0030 .0026 .0023
-50 .0295 .0261 .0222 .0203 .0178 .0157 .0138 .0121 .0106 .0094
-40 .0962 .0858 .0766 .0681 .0607 .0540 .0479 .0425 .0377 .0333
-30 2855 2560 2308 2075 .1865 .1675 .1502 .1337 ,1205 .lo78
-20 .7740 .7030 .6380 ,5780 ,5240 .4790 .4290 .3880 .3500 .3160
-10 1.945 1.783 1.630 1.486 1.359 1.239 1.130 1.029 .9360 ,8510
0 4.580 4.219 3.880 3.565 3.280 3.010 2.765 2.531 2.322 2.128
Temp 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-10 2.148 1.983 1.832 1.690 1.556 1.434 1.319 1.215 1.109 1025
0 4.580 4.260 3.968 3.672 3.410 3.160 2.930 2.712 2.510 2.321
Temp 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
0 4.580 4.615 4.648 4.685 4.712 4.750 4.784 4.820 4.855 4.888
1 4.922 4.960 4.998 5.030 5.065 5.105 5.140 5.175 5.212 5.250
2 5.289 5.328 5.365 5.404 5.442 5.482 4.525 5.566 5.602 5.642
3 5.680 5.720 5.761 5.801 5.842 5.885 5.930 5.972 6.014 6.055
4 6.095 6.139 6.182 6.125 6.270 6.314 6.358 6.401 6.445 6.490
5 6.535 6.582 6.535 6.679 6.724 6.770 6.816 6.862 6.910 6.960
G 7.01.0 7.058 7.106 7.155 7.204 7.254 7.306 7.356 7.408 7.460
7 7.509 7.560 7.613 7.666 7.720 7.772 7.823 7.875 7.929 7.984
8 8.039 8.095 8.149 8.205 8.260 8.315 8.370 8.425 8.482 8.542
9 8.605 8.670 8.726 8.782 8.838 8.900 8.960 9.020 9.080 9.140
10 9.200 9.263 9.325 9.390 9.455 9.520 9.580 9.645 9.707 9.770
11 9.835 9.901 9.965 10.032 10.100 10.170 10.240 10.308 10.375 10.445
12 10.518 10.580 10.655 i0.7is io.790 10.858 10.928 11.ooo 11.075 11.150
13 11.225 11.300 11.375 11.750 11.525 11.600 11.677 11.755 11.829 11.905
14 11.980 12.060 12.140 12.217 12.295 12.375 12.455 12.538 12.620 12.698
15 12.776 12.860 12.945 13.025 13.110 13.195 13.280 13.365 13.450 13.540
16 13.625 13.710 13.801 13.895 13.985 14.075 14.165 14.255 14.345 i4.440
17 14.530 14.620 14.710 14.800 14.895 14.990 15.085 15.172 15.270 15.375
18 15.460 15.560 15.660 15.760 15.960 15.960 16.060 16.160 16.260 16.360
19 16.460 16.570 16.680 16.790 16.900 17.000 17.100 17.210 17.315 17.425
20 17.525 17.635 17.745 17.855 17.965 18.080 18.195 18.310 18.425 18.540
21 18.650 18.765 18.880 19.000 19.110 19.225 19.345 19.460 19.580 19.700
22 19.820 19.940 20.060 20.185 20.310 20.430 20.580 20.690 20.800 20.930
23 21.050 21.190 21.320 21.450 21.580 21.710 21.840 21.970 2.100 22.230
24 22.365 22.500 22.630 22.763 22.905 23.050 23.190 23.310 23.450 23.600
25 23.750 23.900 24.030 24.200 24.345 24.490 24.640 24.790 24.935 25.080
Temp 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
20 17.53 18.65 21.05 22.37 23.75 25.21 26.74 28.32 30.03
30 31.82 33.70 37.71 39.15 42.20 44.60 47.04 49.70 52.45
40 55.30 58.35 64.85 68.30 71.90 75.65 79.55 83:OO 88.00
50 92.50 97.25 107.1 113.0 118.0 123.9 129.9 136.2 142.6
60 149.4 171.7 179.4 187.6 196.1 205.0 214.1 223.8
265.9 275.2 289.1 301.5 314.2 327.3 340.9
80 355.2 369.7 384.8 400.6 416.5 439.8 450.8 468.6
.. . 487.0 506.0
-...
90 525.5 546.5 567.0 588.5 610.8 634.0 658.0 682.0 707:0 733.0
100 767.0 786.5 815.5 845.0 875.1 906.0 937.8 970.5 1004.2 1038.8
(cuntiikued)
T:mp
c o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-20 1.074 .988 .909 .836 .768 .705 346 .592 .542 ,496
-10 2.358 2.186 2.026 1.876 1.736 1.605 1.483 1.369 1.264 1.165
- 0 4.847 4.523 4.217 3.930 3.660 3.407 3.169 2.946 2.737 2.541
+ 0 4.847 5.192
10.01
5.559
10.66
5.947
11.35
6.360
12.07
6.797
12.83
7.260
13.63
7.750
14.84
8.270
15.37
8.819
16.21
+10 9.399
+20 17.30 18.34 19.43 20.58 21.78 23.05 24.38 25.78 27.24 28.78
+30 30.38 32.07 33.83 35.68 37.61 39.63 41.76 43.96 46.26 48.67
For higher temperatures see Table 166.
Tym
F O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-20 .219 .208 ,198 .188 .179 .170 .161 .153 .146 .138
-10 .355 .339 .323 .308 .293 ,280 .266 .254 .242 .230
-0 .563 .540 .5 17 .492 .469 .448 .428 .408 ,390 .372
+ O .563 .587 .614 .642 .671 .701 .732 .768 .799 .834
+ 10
+20
370
1.318
.908
1.375
.947
1.431
.~
.988
1.488
1.030
1.548
1.074
1.612
i.ii9
1.676
1.166
1.746
1.215
1.815
1.265
1.886
1.961 2.038 2.118 2.200 2.285 2.375 2.466 2.558 2.656 2.755
2.862 2.970 3.081 3.195 3.315 3.438 3.563 3.691 3.822 3.965
+50 4.105 4.256 4.410 4.565 4.722 4.890 5.060 5.235 5.420 5.608
+60 5.805 6.000 6.195 6.410 6.628 6.855 7.080 7.317 7.560 7.810
++70
80
8.060
11.06
8.325
11.40
8.600
11.76
8.880
12.12
9.165
12.50
9.460
12.87
9.765
13.27
10.075
13.70
10.390
14.09
10.720
14.52
+90 14.96 15.41 15.98 16.34 16.84 17.32 17.82 18.34 18.90 19.39
+loo 19.96 20.55 21.15 21.75 22.35 23.05 23.65 24.32 24.98 25.68
+I10 26.35 27.12 27.90 28.62 29.40 30.20 3 1.OO 3 1.85 32.68 33.55
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
602
TABLE 638.-RELATIVE H U M I D I T Y FOR VARIOUS PRESSURES AND
DRY-BU L B TEMPERATURES
Vertical argument is the observed vapor pressure which may be computed from the
wet-bulb and dry-bulb readings through Tables 634 or 640. The horizontal argument is
the observed air temperature (dry-bulb reading).
Vapor
pressure- (
mmHg 0 -1
.25 6 7
-2
7
--
-3
8
-4
8 9
-5
Air temperatures, dry bulb, 0C
-6
10
-7
10 11
-8 -9
13 15
-10-11
15
-12-13
15 16
-
-14
17
-
-15
18 28
-20
SO 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 23 26 28 29 31 34 37 55
.75 17 19 20 22 24 25 27 29 32 34 37 40 43 46 50 54 81
1.00 23 25 27 29 32 34 36 39 42 45 49 53 57 61 67 72 ..
1.25 29 31 33 36 39 42 45 48 52 56 60 65 70 76 82 87 .:
1.50 35 37 40 43 46 49 53 57 61 67 71 77 83 90 97 .. ..
1.75 40 43 46 48 53 57 62 66 71 77 82 87 92 98 .. ..
2.00 45 48 52 56 60 65 70 75 81 87 94 .. . .
.. .. mmHg 97 .. ..
00 -1 -2 -3"
..
2.25 51 54 59 63 68 73 79 84 91 98
2.50 56 60 65 70 75 81 88 94 100 .. .. .. 3.50 78 84 90 97
2.75 61 66 71 76 81 87 . . ..
94 .. .. .. 3.75 84 90 96 ..
3.00 67 72 78 83 88 94 .. ..
99 . . . . . . 4.00 90 96 * . ..
3.25 72 78 84 90 96 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.25 96 .. .. ..
3.50 78 84 90 97 . . . . .. .. . . .. . . 4.50 m .. ..
Vapor Air temperatures, dry bulb, O C
pressure 7
mmHg ' 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
.5 12 11 11 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3
1.0 24 23 21 20 18 ii 16 15 14 13 13 12 11 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7
1.5 35 33 31 29 27 25 23 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 ii i i 16 10
2.0 46 43 40 37 35 32 30 28 27 25 23 22 21 20 18 17 16 15 14 13 12
2.5
~~ 56 52 48 45 42 39 36 34 32 30 28 26 25 23 22 21 19 18 17 16 15
3.0 67 63 58 54 50 47 44 41 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 25 23 22 20 19 18
3.5 78 73 68 63 59 55 52 48 45 43 40 38 35 33 31 29 28 26 24 23 22
4.0 91 85 79 74 69 65 61 57 53 50 47 44 41 39 37 35 32 30 29 27 25
4.5 99 93 87 81 76 71 67 62 58 55 52 49 46 43 40 38 36 33 31 29 28
5.0 .. .. 95 89 83 78 73 68 64 60 56 53 50 47 44 41 39 36 34 32 31
5.5 .. .. .. 96 91 86 81 75 70 66 62 58 55 51 48 45 42 40 37 35 33
6.0 .. .. .. .. 1w 94 88 82 76 72 68 64 60 56 53 50 46 43 40 38 36
6.5 .. .. .. .. .. 99 93 89 83 78 72 68 64 60 56 52 49 46 44 41 39
7.0 .. .. .. .. .. 1M 94 88 82 77 72 68 64 60 56 52 49 47 44 42
7.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 1w 94 88 83 77 73 68 65 61 57 54 51 48 46
8.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100 94 88 83 77 73 68 65 61 57 54 51 48
8.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 98 92 86 si 76 72 68 63 60 57 53 51
9.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 97 91 86 81 76 72 67 64 60 56 53
9.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 97 91 85 80 75 71 67 63 59 56
10.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 95 89 84 79 74 70 66 62 59
11.o .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. 96 92 87 82 77 72 67 64
12.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 94 89 84 79 74 70
13.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 96 90 85 80
14.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ., .. .. .. .. 98 93 88
15.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 97 91
16.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1w 92
17.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 98
mmHg 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 46
9 53 50 47 44 41 39 37 35 33 31 29 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18
10 59 56 52 50 47 44 42 40 37 35 34 32 30 28 27 26 24 23 22 21 20
11 64 61 57 53 50 48 45 43 41 38 36 35 33 31 29 28 26 25 24 23 22
12 70 66 62 59 56 53 50 47 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 31 29 28 26 25 24
13 75 71 67 63 60 57 53 50 48 45 43 41 38 36 35 33 32 30 28 27 26
14 81 76 72 68 64 61 57 54 51 49 46 44 41 39 37 35 33 32 30 29 27
15 86 82 77 72 68 ti5 61 56 54 52 49 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 Ji Z9
16 92 87 77
.. 73 69 65 62 58
.. 55
~. 52
.~ 49 47 45 42 40 38 36 34 33 31
17 iw 92 82 77 73 69 65 62 58 55 52 49 47 45 42 40 38 36 34 33
18 .. 100 86 82 77 73 69 65 62 58 55 52 50 47 45 42 40 38 36 35
19 .. .. 99 93 86 81 77 73 69 65 61 58 55 52 50 47 45 42 40 38 36
20
-. .. .. .. 96 90 85 80 76 72 68 65 61 58 55 52 50 47 45 42 40 38
21 .. .. .. 99 94 89 84 79 75. 72 68
~ ._ 64 61 58 55 52 49 47 44 42 40
22 .. 98 93 88 83 79 75 71 67 63 60 57 54 51 49 46 44 42
23 .. .. 97 92 87 82 78 74 70 66 62 59 57 54 51 48 46 44
24 .. .. .. .. .. 96 90 85 81 77 73 69 65 62 59 56 53 50 48 46
25 .. .. .. .. .. .. 100 94 89 84 79 75 71 68 64 61 SS 55 5i SO 4s
26 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 97 92 87 83 78 74 70 67 63 60 57 54 52 49
27
28
..
..
..
..
..
..
. . . . 96 Gi
. . . . 99 94
Si
89
sz85 78 73 69 65
82 77 71 68
62
64
59
61
56 53 51
58 55 53
29 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 97 92 87 83 78 74 70 67 63 60 57 54
30 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 95 90 85 81 77 73 70 66 62 59 56
31 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 98 93 88 83 79 75 71 68 64 61 58
32 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 95 90 86 81 77 73 69 66 63 60
33 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 98 95 89 85 80 76 72 69 65 62
34 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. 98 93 88 84 79 75 72 68 65
35
.. .. .. . , .. .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. 100 95 89 85 81 77 73 69 66
36 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 97 91 86 82 78 74 70 67
37 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 98 94 89 84 80 76 72 69
38 ..
.I
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
96 91 86 82 78 74 70
39 .. .. .. .. ,. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 98 93 88 84 80 76 72
40
41
..
..
..
..
..
..
......
..
..
..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. ..
.. ioo 95
.. .. .. 97
90
92
86
88
82 38 74
83 80 76
42
43
..
..
..
..
..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. .. .. ..
. . .. .. .... .. .. ..
. . .. .. ..
.. ..
.. ..
icm 94
97
90
92
85 83
87
81 77
79
44 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 99 94 90 85 81
45 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. 96 91 86 82
46 .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 98 93 88 84
47 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 95.. 90 86
48 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
97 92 88
49 .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 99 94 89
50 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 96 91
51 .. .. .. .. . . .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 98 92
52 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. . .. .. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 99 94
53 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 97
54 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 98
55 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1w
t - t1
tl = 00 2" 4' 6
' 8' 10" 12" 14' 16" 18' 20' Differ-
ence
Corrections
for B 0. i'rin
per cmHg ,013 ,026 .040 ,053 .966 .079 .092 .lo6 .119 ,132 t - tl
-10 1.96 -97
.. . - - - ,050
-9 2.14 1.15 .16 - - Example .050
-8 2.34 1.35 .35 - -
t=17.2; ti: = 10.0; B = 74.5 cmHg
-7 255 1.56 .66 - - ,050
.050
-6
-5
-4
2.78
3.02
3.29
1.78
2.03
2.29
.79
1.03
i.29
-
.03
.29
-
-
-
t - t i = 7.2
From table : 6.17 - 12 x 0.050 = 5.57
For B, 1.5 x .048
Hence p
= .07
= 5.64
::::
.050
-3 3.58 2.58 1.58 .58 - .050
-2 3.89 2.89 1.89 .88 - - - - ,050
-1 4.22 3.22 2.22 1.21 .21 - - _ .050
0 4.58 3.58 2.57
~. 1.57 .57 - - _ - _ .050
1 4.92 3.92 2.92 1.91 .91 - - - - - .050
2 5.29 4.29 3.28 2.27 1.27 .26 - - - _ .050
3 5.68 4.68 3.67 2.66 1.66 .65 - - _ _ .oso
4 6.10 5.09 4.08 3.07 2.07 1.06 .05 - - - ,050
5 6.54 5.53 4.52 3.51 2.51 1.50 .49 - - _ ,050
6 7.01 6.00 3.98 2.97 1.96 .95 - - - .oso
7 7.51 6.50 4.48 3.47 2.46 1.45 .43 - - - .050
8 8.04 7.03 5.01 4 00 2.98 1.97 .96 - - - .050
9 8.61 7.60 5.57 4.56 3.54 2.53 1.52 .50 - - .050
10 9 5 8.20 7.18 6.17 5.15 4.14 3.12 2.11 1.09 .08 - .050
11 9.85 8.83 7.81 6.80 5.78 4.77 3.75 2.73 1.72 .70 - .051
1210.52 9.50 8.49 7.47 6.45 5.44 4.42 3.40 2.38 1.37 .35 .051
1311.24 10.22 9.20 8.18 7.16 6.14 5.13 4.11 3.09 2.07 1.05 .051
1411.99 10.97 9.95 8.93 7.91 6.90 5.88 4.86 3.84 2.82 1.80 .051
1512.79 11.77 10.75 9.73 8.71 7.69 6.67 5.65 4.63 3.61 2.59 .051
1613.64 12.62 11.60 10.58 9.95 8.53 7.51 6.49 5.47 4.45 3.43 .051
1714.54 13.52 12.49 11.47 10.45 9.42 8.40 7.38 6.36 5.33 4.31 .051
1815.49 14.46 13.44 12.42 11.39 10.37 9.34 8.32 7.30 6.27 5.25 .051
1916.49 15.46 14.44 13.41 12.39 11.36 10.34 9.31 8.29 7.26 6.24 .051
20 17.55 i6.52 is.50 14.47 13.44 12.42 11.39 10.36 9.34 8.31 7.29 .051
21 18.66 17.64 16.61 15.58 14.56 13.53 12.50 11.47 10.45 9.42 8.39 .nsi
22 19.84 18.82 17.79 16.76 15.73 14.70 13.67 12.64 11.62 10.59 10.57 .05l
23 21.09 20.06 19.03 18.00 16.97 15.94 14.91 13.88 12.85 11.82 10.79 ,051
24 22.40 21.37 20.34 19.31 18.27 17.24 16.21 15.18 14.15 13.12 12.09 .051
25 23.78 22.75 21.71 20.68 19.65 18.62 17.59 16.56 15.52 14.49 13.46 .052
26 25.24 24.20 23.17 22.14 21.10 20.07 19.04 18.00 16.97 15.94 14.90 .052
27 26.77 25.73 24.70 23.66 22.63 21.60 20.56 19.53 18.49 17.46 16.42 .052
28 28.38 27.34 26.31 25.27 24.24 23.20 22.17 21.13 20.10 19.06 18.02 ,052
29 30.08 29.04 28.00 26.97 25.93 24.89 23.86 22.82 21.78 20.75 19.71 .052
30 31.86 30.82 29.78 28.75 27.71 26.67 25.63 24.60 23.56 22.52 21.48 ,052
31 33.74 32.70 31.66 30.62 29.58 28.54 27.50 26.46 25.42 24.38 23.34 ,052
32 35.70 34.66 33.62 32.58 31.54 30.50 29.46 28.42 27.38 26.34 25.30 .052
33 37.78 36.73 35.69 34.65 33.61 32.57 31.53 30.49 29.44 28.40 27.36 .osz
34 39.95 38.90 37.86 36.82 35.78 34.73 33.69 32.65 31.61 30.57 29.52 ,052
35 42.23 41.18 40.14 39.10 3805 37.01 35.97 34.92 33.88 32.83 31.79 .052
_.44.62
36 43.57 42.53 41.48 40.44 39.40 38.35 37.31 36.26 35.22 34.17 .052
37 47:i3 4h.m 45.04 43.99 42.94 41.90 40.85 39.81 38.76 37.71 36.67 .052
38 49.76 48X 47.66 46.61 45.57 44.52 43.47 42.43 41.38 40.33 39.29 .052
39 52.51 51.46 50.41 49.37 48.32 47.27 46.22 45.17 44.12 43.08 42.03 ,052
40 55.40 54.35 53.30 52.25 51.20 50.15 49.10 48.05 47.00 45.95 44.00 .052
The tables on the barometer have been adapted from the Smithsonian Meteorological Tables, sixth
edition.
Diameter of tube in mm
Height of r
meniscus 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
mm
1.6 214 245 280 318 356 444 492 541
1.8 244 281 320 362 407 507 560 616
2.0 278 319 362 409 460 571 631 694
2.2 313 358 406 459 515 63I 704 776
2.4 350 400 454 511 573 708 781 859
2.6 291 338 388 444 503 565 633 782 862 948
.The height of the barometer is affected by the relative thermal expansion of the mercury and the
glass, in the case of instruments graduated on the glass tube and by the relative expansion of the
mercury and the metallic enclosing case, usually of brass, in t i e case of instruments graduated on the
brass case. This relative expansion is practically proportional to the first ower of the temperature.
The above tables of values of the coefficient of relative expansion will be f a u n a t o give corrections almost
identical with those given in the International Meteorolocical Tables. The numbers tabulated under a
are the values of a in the equation H t = H I ' - a (t' - t ) where H I is the height at the standard tem-
perature Ht' the observed height at the temperature t' and a (t' -t ) the correction for temperature.
The stan'dard temperature IS 0°C for the metric system a'nd 28:s F for the English system. The English
barometer is correct for the temperature of melting ice at a temperature of approximately 28.5 F. because
of the fact that the brass scale is graduated so as to be standard at 6Z°F, while mercury has the standard
density at 32-F.
EXAMPLE.-Abarometer having a brass scale gave H = 765 mm at 25°C; required, the corresponding
reading at 0°C. Here the value of a is the mean of .1235 and 1251, o r .1243; .'. a (t' - t ) y.1243 x
25 = 3.11. Hence Ho= 765 - 3.11 = 761.89.
Nom.-Although a is here given to three and sometimes to four significant figures, it is seldom
worth while to use more than the nearest two-figure number. I n fact, all barometers have not the same
values for a, and when great accuracy is wanted the proper coefficients have to be determined hy
experiment.
sea level g1 - g 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
meters
100 .031 Correction in mmHg to be sub- .02 .02 .02 - -
200 .062 tracted for height above sea level .04 .05 .05 - -
300 .093 in first column and barometer read- .07 .07 .07 - -
400 .123 ing in the top line. .09 .10 .10 - -
500 .I54 - - - - - - . l l .12 .13 - -
600 .I85 - - - - - .12 .13 .14 - - -
700 .216 - - - - - .14 .15 .16 - - -
800 .247 - - - - - .16 .18 .19 - - -
900 ,278 - - - - - .18 .20 .22 - - -
1000 .309 - - - .18 .19 .20 22 .24 - - -
1100 .339 - - - .19 .21 .22 .24 - -
1200 .370 - - - .2 1 .23 .24 .26 - -
1300 .401 - - - .22 .24 .26 .29 - -
1400 .432 - - - .24 .26 .28 .31 - -
1500 .463 - - .24 .26 .28 .30 .33 - -
1600 .494 - - .25 .28 .30 .32 - - -
1700 .525 - - .27 .30 .32 .34 - - - - -
1800 .555 - - .28 .31 .34 .36 - - ,020 .0463 15000
1900 .586 - - .30 .33 .36 .39 - - ,019 .0447 14500
2000 .617 - .28 .31 .34 .38 .41 - .021 .019 .0432 14000
2100 .648 - .30 .33 .36 .40 .021 .018 .0416 13500
2200 .679 - .31 .35 .38 .4 1 - - .020 .017 .0401 13000
2300 .710 - .32 .36 .40 .43 - .021 .019 .017 .03% 12500
2400 .740 - .34 .38 .42 .45 - .021 .018 .016 .0370 12000
2500 .771 .31 .35 .39 .43 .47 - .020 .018 .015 .0355 11500
2600 ,802 .33 .37 .41 - - ,021 ,019 .017 .015 .0339 11000
2700 .833 .34 .38 .42 - - .020 .018 .016 .014 .0324 10500
2800 264 .35 .40 .44 - - .019 .017 .015 .013 .0308 10000
2900 .895 .36 .41 .46 - .020 .018 .016 .Ol5 ,013 ,0293 9500
3000 .926 .38 .42 .47 - .019 .017 .016 .014 ,012 .0278 9000
3100 .957 .39 .44 - - .018 ,016 .015 .013 - .0262 8500
3200 .988 .40 .46 - - .017 .015 .014 .012 - .0247 8000
3300 1.019 .42 .47 - .017 .016 .014 .013 - - .0231 7500
3400 1.049 .43 .48 7 .016 .015 ,013 ,012 - - ,0216 7000
3500 1.080 .44 .49 - .015 .014 .012 .011 - - .0200 6500
3600 1.111 .45 - - .014 .013 .011 - - - .OM 6000
3700 1.142 .46 - - .013 .012 .011 - - - .0170 5500
3800 1.173 .48 - .012 .011 .011 .010 - - - .0154 5000
3900 1.204 .49 - ,011 .010 .010 .0139 4500
4000 1.235 .so - .010 .009 ,009 .0123 4000
- - - .008 .008 .007 .007 Corrections in in. to .0092 3000
- - .006 .005 .005 .004 - be subtracted for height .0062 2000
- - ,003 .003 .003 - - above sea level in last .0031 1000
column and barometer
reading in bottom line.
feet
30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 gl- g Height
" above
Observed height o t harometer in inches sea level
Lati-
tude 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720 740 760 780
mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
0 -1.39 -1.45 -1.50 -1.55 -1.61 -1.66 -1.71 -1.77 -1.82 -1.87 -1.93 -1.98 -2.04 -2.09
5 -1.37 -1.42 -1.48 -1.53 -1.58 -1.64 - 1.69 -1.74 -1.79 -1.85 -1.90 -1.95 -2.00 -2.06
6 1.36 1.42 1.47 1.52 1.57 1.63 1.68 1.73 1.78 1.83 1.89 1.94 1.99 2.04
7 1.35 1.40 1.46 1.51 1.56 1.61 1.66 1.72 1.77 1.82 1.87 1.92 1.98 2.03
8 1.34 1.39 1.44 1.49 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.91 1.96 2.01
9 1.33 1.38 1.43 1.48 1.53 1.58 1.63 1.68 1.73 1.78 1.84 1.89 1.94 1.99
10 -1.31 -1.36 -1.41 -1.46 -1.51 -1.56 - 1.61 -1.66 -1.71 -1.76 -1.81 -1.86 -1.92 -1.97
11 1.29 1.34 1.39 1.44 1.49 1.54 1.59 1.64 1.69 1.74 1.79 1.84 1.89 1.94
12 1.27 1.32 1.37 1.42 1.47 1.52 1.57 1.62 1.67 1.72 1.76 1.81 1.86 1.91
13 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.54 1.59 1.64 1.69 1.74 1.78 1.83 1.88
14 1.23 1.28 1.33 1.38 1.42 1.47 1.52 1.56 1.61 1.66 1.71 1.75 1.80 1.85
15 -1.21 -1.26 -1.30 -1.35 -1.40 -1.44 - 1.49 -1.54 -1.58 -1.63 -1.67 -1.72 -1.77 -1.81
16 1.19 1.23 1.28 1.32 1.37 1.41 1.46 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.64 1.69 1.73 1.78
17 1.16 1.20 1.25 1.29 1.34 1.38 1.43 1.47 1.52 1.56 1.60 1.65 1.69 1.74
18 1.13 1.18 1.22 126 1.31 1.35 1.39 1.44 1.48 1.52 1.57 1.61 1.65 1.70
19 1.10 1.15 1.19 1.23 1.27 1.32 1.36 1.40 1.44 1.48 1.53 1.57 1.61 1.65
20 -1.07 -1.11 -1.16 -1.20 -1.24 -1.28 - 1.32 -1.36 -1.40 -1.44 -1.49 -1.53 -1.57 -1.61
21 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.20 1.24 1.28 1.32 1.36 1.40 1.44 1.48 1.52 1.56
22 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.13 1.16 1.20 1.24 1.28 1.32 1.36 1.40 1.44 1.48 1.51
23 .98 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.13 1.16 1.20 1.24 1.28 1.31 1.35 1.39 1.43 1.46
24 .94 .98 1.01 1.05 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.19 1.23 1.27 1.30 1.34 1.37 1.41
25 - .90 - .94 - .97 -1.01 -1.04 -1.08 - 1.11-1.15 -1.18 -1.22 -1.25 -1.29 -1.32 -1.36
26 .87 .90 .93 .97 1.00 1.03 1.07 1.10 1.13 1.17 1.20 1.23 1.27 1.30
27 .83 .86 .89 .92 .96 .99 1.02 1.05 1.08 1.12 1.15 1.18 1.21 1.24
28 .79 .82 .85 .88 .91 .94 .97 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.12 1.15 1.18
29 .75 .78 .81 .84 .86 .89 .92 .95 .98 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.10 1.12
30 - .71 - .74 - .76 - .79 - .82 - .85 - .87 - .90 - .93 - .95 - .98 -1.01 -1.04 -1.06
31 .67 .69 .72 .74 .77 .SO .82 8.5 .87 .90 .92 .95 .98 1.OO
32 .62 .65 .67 .70 .72 .74 .77 .79 .82 .84 .86 189 .91 .94
33 .58 .60 .63 .65 .67 .69 .72 .74 .76 .78 .SO .83 .85 .87
34 .54 .56 .58 .60 .62 .64 .66 .68 .70 .72 .74 .76 .79 .81
35 - .49 - .51- .53 - .55 - .57 - .59 - .61- .63 - .64 - .66 - .68 - .70 - .72 .74
36 .45 .46 .48 .SO .52 .53 .55 .57 .58 .60 .62 .64 .65 .67
37 .40 .42 .43 .45 .46 .48 .49 .51 .52 .54 .56 .57 .59 .60
38 .36 .37 .38 .40 .41 .42 .44 .45 .46 .48 .49 .5 1 .52 .53
39 .31 .32 .33 .34 .36 .37 .38 .39 .40 .42 .43 .44 .45 .46
40 - 2 6 - 2 7 - 2 8 - 2 9 - .30 - .31- .32 - .33 - .34 - .35 - .36 - .37 - .38 - .39
41 .2 1 22 23 24 25 26 26 27 28 29 .30 .30 .31 .32
42 .17 .I7
.~ -18 .19 .19 20 21
~ ~21 22
~~ 22 23 2.~4 24
. ~~ 2.~5.
43 .12 .12 .I3 .13 .14 .I4 .15 .15 .16 .16 .16 .17 .I7 .18
44 .07 .07 .OS .08 .08 .08 .09 .09 .09 .10 .10 .10 .I0 .ll
45 - .02 - .02 - .03 - .03 - .03 - .03 - .03 - .03 - .03 - .03 - .03 - .03 - .03 - .04
.980.665 cm sec-2
(continued)
Lati- 19
tude 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Inch Inch Inch Inch In-h Inch Inch Inch Inch Inch Inch Inch
0 --.051 -.054 --.056 -.059 --.062 --.064 --.067 -.070 -.072 -.075 -.078 -.080
5 -.050 -.053 --.055 -.058 -.061 -063 -.066 -.069 -.071 --.074 -.077 -.079
6 .050 .052 .055 .058 .060 .063 .066 .068 .071 .073 .076 .079
7 .049 .052 .055 ,057 .060 .062 .065 .068 ,070 .073 .075 .078
8 .049 .052 .054 .057 .059 ,062 .064 .067 .070 .072 .075 .077
9 .048 .051 ,054 .056 .059 .061 .064 .066 ,069 .071 .074 .076
10 -.048 --.0.50
... --.053 --.055
.... --.0.58 --.060
.~~ --.063 -.066 -.068 -.071 -.073
~~~ -.076
11 .047 ,050 .052 .055 ,057 ,060 .062 .065 .067 .070 .072 .075
12 .047 .049 .05 1 .054 .056 .059 ,061 .064 .066 .069 .071 .074
13 .036 .048 .051 .053 .055 .058 .060 .063 .065 .068 .070 .072
14 ,045 .047 .050 .052 .055 ,057 .059 .062 .064 .066 .069 .071
15 -.044 -.047 --.049 -.051 --.053 -.056 -.058 --.060 --.063 -.065 -.067 -.070
16 .043 .046 .048 .OSO ,052 ,055 .057 .059 .062 .064 .066 .068
17 .042 .045 .047 .049 .051 .053 ,056 .058 ,060 .062 .065 .067
18 .041 .044 .046 .048 .050 .052 ,054 .057 ,059 .061 .063 .065
19 .040 .042 .045 .047 ,049 .05 1 .053 ,055 ,057 .059 .062 .064
20 -.039 -.041 --.043 -.045 -.047 -.050 -.052 -.054 -.056 -.058 -.060 -.062
21 .038 .040 .042 .034 .046 .048 .050 .052 .054 .056 .058 .060
22 .037 .039 .041 .043 ,045 .047 ,049 .050 .052 .054 .056 .058
23 .036 .038 .039 .041 .043 .045 .047 .049 .05 1 .053 .054 .056
24 .034 .036 ,038 .040 .042 .043 .045 .047 .049 .051 .052 .054
25 --.033 -.035 -.037 --.038 -.040 -.042 --.043 --.045 -.047 -.049 --.050 --.052
26 .032 ,033 .035 .037 .038 ,040 .042 .043 .045 .047 .048 .050
27 .030 .032 ,033 .035 .037 .038 .040 .041 .043 .045 .046 .048
28 .029 .030 .032 .033 .035 .036 .038 .039 .041 .043 .044 .046
29 .027 ,029 .030 ,032 .033 .035 .036 ,037 .039 .040 .042 .043
30 -.026 -.On -.029 -.030 -.031 -.033 --.034 -.035 -.037 -.038 -.OM --.041
31 .024 .026 .027 ,028 .030 ,031 ,032 .033 .035 .036 .037 .038
32 .023 .024 .025 .026 .028 .029 .030 .031 ,032 .034 ,035 .036
33 .021 .022 .023 .025 .026 .027 ,028 ,029 .030 .031 .032 .034
34 .020 ,021 .022 .023 .024 ,025 .026 .027 .028 .029 .030 .031
35 -.018 -.019 -.020 --.021 -.022 -.023 -.024 -.025 -.026 -.On -.027 --.028
36 .016 .017 .018 .019 .020 .021 ,022 .022 .023 .024 .025 .026
37 .O 15 .O 15 .O 16 .O 17 .018 .019 .019 .020 .021 .022 .022 .023
38 .013 .014 .014 .015 .016 ,016 .017 .018 .018 .019 .020 .020
39 .011 ,012 ,012 .013 .014 .014 .015 .015 .016 .017 .017 .018
40 --.010 -.010 --.011 -.011 -.012 --.012 -.013 -.013 --.014 -.014 -.015 -.015
41 .008 .008 .009 ,009 .009 .010 .010 .011 .011 .012 .012 .012
42 .006 .006 .007 .007 .007 .008 .008 .008 .009 .009 .009 .010
43 .004 .005 .005 .005 .005 .005 .006 .006 .006 .006 .007 .007
44 .003 .003 ,003 .003 .003 .003 .003 .004 .004 .004 .004 .004
45 -.001 -.001 -.001 -.001 -.001 --.001 -.001 0,01 -.001 -.001 -.001 -.001
. 32.17 in. sec-2
(continued)
67 .034 .036 .038 .039 .041 .043 .045 .047 .048 .050 .052 .054
68 .035 .037 .039 .041 .043 .045 .046 .048 .050 .052 .054 .056
69 .036 .038 .040 .042 .044 .046 .048 .050 .052 .054 .056 .058
70 .038 .040 .042 .044 .046 .048 .050 .052 .053 .055 .057 .059
71 +.039 +.041 +.043 +.045 +.047 +.049 +.051 +.053 +.055 +.057 +.059 + M I
72 .040 .042 .044 .046 .048 .050 .052 .054 .057 .059 .061 .063
73 .041 .043 .045 .047 .049 .052 .054 .056 .058 .060 .062 .064
74 .042 .044 .046 .048 .051 .053 .055 .057 .059 .062 .064 .066
75 .043 .045 .047 .049 .052 .054 .056 .058 .061 .063 .065 .067
76 +.OM +.046 +.048 +.050 +.053 +.055
+.057 +.MO +.062 +.064 .066 .069
77 .044 .047 .049 .051 .054 .056 .058 .061 .063 .065 .068 .070
78 .045 .047 .050 .052 .055 .057 .059 .062 .064 .066 .069 .071
79 .046 .048 .051 .053 .055 .058 .060 .063 .065 .067 .070 .072
80 .046 .049 .051 .054 .056 .059 .061 .063 .066 .068 .071 .073
81 +.047 +.049 +.052 +.054 +.057 +.059 +.062 +.064
.060 .062 .065 .067 .070
+
.067 +.069 +.072 +.074
.072 .075
82 .047 .050 .052 .055 .057
83 .048 .050 .053 .056 .058 .06 1 .063 .066 .068 .071 .073 .076
84 .048 .051 .053 .056 .059 .061 .064 .066 .069 .071 .074 .076
85 .049 .051 .054 .056 .059 .061 .064 .067 .069 .072 .074 .077
90 +.049 +.052 +.055 +.057 +.060 +
.062 +.065 +.068 +.070 +.073 +.075 +.078
VALUES OF C
I
t(to+t) c
..
English measures
Log
\
c 1 (to+ t)
Metric measures
C Log c'
"F Feet "C Meters
10 49928 4.69834 -10 15360 4.18639
15 50511 .70339 -8 15488 .19000
-6 i56i6 .i9357
20 51094 4.70837 - 4 15744 .19712
25 51677 .71330 -2 15872 .20063
30 52261 4.71818 0 16000 4.20412
35
40
52844
53428
.72300
4.72777
+: 6
16128
16256
16384
.20758
.21101
.21442
45 54011 .73248 8 16512 .21780
50 54595 4.73715 10 16640 4.22115
55 55 178 .74177 .22448
.22778
60 55761 4.74633 .23106
65 56344 .75085 .23431
70 56927 4.75532 20 17280 4.23754
75 57511 .75975 22
__ 17408 .24075
24 i7536 :24393
80 58094 4.76413 26 17664 .24709
85 58677 .76847 28 17792 .25022
90 59260 4.77276 30
~~ 17920 4.25334
95 59844 .77702 32 ko48 .25643
34 18176 .25950
100 60427 4.78123 36 18304 .26255
T A B L E 651.-lONIC EQUILIBRIIUM I N T H E A T M O S P H E R E
+
Equilibrium for atmospheric ionization occurs when q = a d qlNon q2Nn, where n+
and N are the number of pairs of small and large ions of one sign and N Othe number of
uncharged nuclei ; a, vl, T ~ are, coefficients of recombination of small ions with small ions,
with uncharged nuclei, and with large ions. If for both small and large ions the positive
and negative are equally abundant, then hi,/N = qZ/ql, When n / N B 2 4 a , the equilib-
rium-condition is expressed by q = pn ; p is designated the diminution-constant ; 1/p = 8
is the "average life" of a small ion in air which contains an abundance of large ions; 8
varies inversely as N .
a: 1.6 X lo-' cm:[sec
'I1 : 5 x lo-#
6 x lo-' '*
e
82.
Over land,
Average, 30 sec
Extremes, 10 to 60 sec
Over sea, 230 sec
N : Over land, 500 to 50,000 ions/cms
Aitken nuclei, number per cm8:
Over open country,-up to 10'
Over midocean, about 800
In free air,
Altitude 1km 6,000 5 km 50
3 k m 200 8.5kmabout5
Radioactive
matter in the
earth's crust
B rays 0.1
Y rays 3.0
Penetrating
radiation 1.5
Total 9.55
At sea:
Penetrating
radiation 1.5 '
'I
( ? ) .07
Total 2.2 '6
The sign and magnitude of surface values are exceedingly variable from place to place.
Just ri few years ago it was held that the universe was made up of 92 ele-
ments and that probably these elements were made of two elementary particles.
While most of these 92 elements had been identified and their properties
studied, there were several that had not been identified and thus very little
was known directly about their properties.
As a result of a great amount of study and investigation, during the past
few years the number of known elementary particles has been extended to
seven or eight (see Table 720), and all the elements missing from the periodic
table (see Table 658) have been identified and some of their properties
studied.1g9 In addition to this, the number of elements has been extended to
five or six beyond uranium and some of the properties of these elements have
been studied. (See Table 658.)
It is now generally considered that the elements are made up of electrons,
protons, and neutrons. Each element now has three designations : the name ;
the atomic number, 2 , i.e., the charge on the atomic nucleus and the mass nuni-
her, A,which is the number of protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus
of the atom and extends from 1 for hydrogen (or the neutron) to 246 for the
isotope of californium. This mass number is not too definite since, in many
cases, several atoms have isotopes of the same mass number.
Atoms of number greater than 83 and certain isotopes of eight atoms of
lower atomic number, are unstable in that they break down into other isotopes,
i.e., they are radioactive. (See Table 732.) There are in all about 1,220
different isotopeslggthat have been identified and have had some of their
properties studied. Of these only 274 are stable. A number of atoms
( 2 = 43, 61, 85, 93, 94, 95, 96) are so unstable that they are not now found
on the earth. Two of the isotopes, A = 5, and 8, have so short a life that it is
almost impossible to detect them. A radioactive material with a life shorter
than about sec and longer than about 10 l4 years will be unobservable
as such.
The values given for certain physical dimensions of molecules, atoms, or
nuclei depend upon the definition of the particular dimension and the method
used in its calculation. Diameters may be calculated from Van der Waal's
equation, from viscosity, and from certain force relations. Some values are the
results of assuming the atom or nucleus to be a sphere. While these various
methods give results that do not differ too much, neither are the results in
good enough agreement for one to feel that the answer is final. The following
tables give some results of physical dimension obtained by various means of
calculation.
Seaborg and Perlman, Rev. Mod. Phys., vol. 20, p. 585, 1948.
188
mBethe, H. A,, Elementary nuclear theory, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1947. Reprinted
by permission.
Element
Actinium ........ Ac
Symbol
At
No
89
Atomic
weight
227
.. Element
Molybdenum ..... Mo
Symbol
At
No
42
Atomic
weight
95.95
Aluminum ....... A1 13 26.98 Neodymium ...... Nd 60 144.27
Americium ....... Am 95 [2431 Neon ............ Ne 10 20.183
Antimony ........ Sb 51 121.76 Neptunium ...... NP 93 [2371
Argon ........... A 18 39.944 Nickel ........... Ni 28 58.69
Arsenic .......... As 33 74.91 Niobium ......... Nb 41 92.91
Astatine ......... At 85 [2101 Nitrogen ........ N 7 14.008
Barium .......... Ba 56 137.36 Osmium ......... 0 s 76 190.2
Berkelium ....... Br 97 U451 Oxygen ......... 0 8 16
Beryllium ........ Be 4 9.013 Palladium ....... Pd 46 105.7
Bismuth ......... Bi 83 209.00 Phosphorus ...... P 15 30.975
Boron ........... B 5 10.82 Platinum ........ Pt 78 195.23
Bromine ......... Br 35 79.916 Plutonium ....... P u 94 12421
Cadmium ........ Cd 48 112.41 Polonium ........ P o 84 210
Calcium ......... Ca 20 40.08 Potassium ....... K 19 39.100
Californium .....
Cf 98 12463 Praseodymium ... Pr 59 140.92
Carbon .......... C 6 12.010 Promethium ..... Pm 61 [1451
Cerium .......... Ce 58 140.13 Protactinium ..... P a 91 231
Cesium .......... Cs 55 132.91 Radium ......... R a 88 226.05
Chlorine ......... C1 17 35.457 Radon ........... Rn 86 m
Chromium ....... Cr 24 52.01 Rhenium ......... Re 75 186.31
Cobalt ........... Co 27 58.94 Rhodium ........ Rh 45 102.91
Copper .......... Cu 29 63.54 Rubidium ........ Rb 37 85.48
Curium ........... Cm % r2433 Ruthenium ....... Ru 44 101.7
Dysprosium ......
Dy 66 162.46 Samarium ....... Sm 62 150.43
Erbium .......... E r 68 167.2 Scandium . . . . . . . . Sc 21 44.%
Europium ........ Eu 63 152.0 Selenium ........ Se 34 78.96
Fluorine ......... F 9 19.00 Silicon .......... Si 14 28.06
Francium ........ F r 87 12231 Silver ........... 47 107.880
Gadolinium ......
Gd
Gallium .......... Ga
64
31
156.9
69.72
Sodium ..........
Strontium ....... Sr
AN", 11
38
22.997
87.63
Germanium ...... Ge 32 72.60 Sulfur ........... S 16 32.066 t
Gold ............Au 79 197.2 Tantalum ........ T a 73 180.88
Hafnium ........Hf 72 178.6 Technetium ...... T c 43 [991
Helium .......... H e 2 4.003 Tellurium ........ T e 52 127.61
Holmium ........Ho 67 164.94 Terbium ......... T b 65 159.2
Hydrogen ........ H 1 1.0080 Thallium ........ TI 81 201.39
Indium .......... In 49 114.76 Thorium ......... T h 90 232.12
Iodine ........... I 53 126.91 Tliulium ......... Tm 69 169.4
Iridium .......... Ir 77 193.1 Tin ............. Sn 50 118.70
Iron ............. Fe 26 55.85 Titanium ........ T i 22 47.90
Krypton ......... Kr 36 83.80 Tungsten ........ W 74 183.92
Lanthanum ...... La 57 138.92 Uranium ........ U 92 238.07
Lead ............ Pb 82 207.21 Vanadium ....... V 23 50.95
Lithium ......... Li 3 6.940 Xenon ........... Xe 131.3
Lutetium ........ Lu
Magnesium ...... Mg
71
12
174.99
24.32
Ytterbium ....... Yb
Yttrium ......... Y
%
39
173 0 1
88.92
Manganese ...... Mn 25 54.93 Zinc ............. Zn 30 65.38
Mercury ......... H g 80 200.61 Zirconium ....... Zr 40 91.22
.
Y W i c h e r s Edward Journ. Amer . Chem Sac vol . 74. p . 2447 1952 .
A value &en in brackets denotes the mass ';umber of the isdtope of longest known half life .
t Because of natural variations in the relative abundance of the isotopes of sulfur, the atomic weight of this
element has a range of k.003.
V 37Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 T c 44Ru
101.7 45Rh
102.91 46Pd
106.7
85.48 87.63 88.92 91.22 92.91 95.95 [991
47 Ag 48 Cd 49 I n 50 S n 51 Sb 52 T e 53 I 54 Xe
107.880 112.41 114.76 118.70 121.61 127.61 126.91 131.3
VI 57 La
73 Ta 74 w 75 Re 760s 771r 78Pt
55 c s
132.91 56 Ba
137.36 138.92
58 to 71 72 Hf
178.6 180.88 183.92 186.31 190.2 193.1 195.23
Rare earths
79 Au 80 H g 81 TI 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 P o 85 At 86 Rn
197.2 200.61 204.39 207.21 209.00 210 12101 222
VII 87Fr 88 Ra 89 Ac
223 226.05 227
90-103
Actinide rare
earths t
ax Meggers, W. P., Science, vol. 105, p. 514, 1947; G. T. Seaborg, private communication.
Rare earths:
57La 58Ce 59 P r 60 Nd 61 P m 6 2 S m 63Eu 64Gd 67Ho 68Er 6 9 T m 70Yb 71 Lu
138.92 140.13 140.92 144.27 11471 150.43 152.0 156.9 I%.? I%.? ;
164.94 167.2 169.4 173.04 174.99
t Actinide rare earths:
90Th 91 Pa 92U 93 Np 94Pu 95 Am 96Cm 97Bk 98Cf
232.12 231 238.17
622
T A B L E 658.-ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS O F T H E ELEMENTS,
NORMAL STATES *
K L M N
d A- 0
-
Is 2s 2P 3s 3P 3d' 45 4p 4d 55
1H 1
2 He 2
3 Li 2 1
4 Be 2 2
SB 2 2 1
6 C 2 2 2
7 N 2 2 3
8 0 2 2 4
9 F 2 2 5
10 Ne 2 2 6
11 Na 2 2 6 1
12 Mg 2 2 6 2
13 A1 2 2 6 2 1
14 Si 2 2 6 2 2
15 P 2 2 6 2 3
16 S 2 2 6 2 4
17 C1 2 2 6 2 5
18 A 2 2 6 2 6
19 K 2 2 6 2 6 1
20 Ca 2 2 6 2 6 2
21 s c 2 2 6 2 6 1 2
22 Ti 2 2 6 2 6 2 2
23 V 2 2 6 2 6 3 2
24 Cr 2 2 6 2 6 5 1
25 Mn 2 2 6 2 6 5 2
26 Fe 2 2 6 2 6 6 2
27 Co 2 2 6 2 6 7 2
28 Ni 2 2 6 2 6 8 2
29 Cu 2 2 6 2 6 10 1
30 Zn 2 2 6 2 6 10 2
31 Ga 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 1
32 Ge 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 2
33 As 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 3
34 Se 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 4
35 Br 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 5
36 Kr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6
37 Rb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1
38 S r 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 2
39 Y 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1 2
40 Zr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 2 2
41 Nb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 4 1
42 Mo 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 5 1
43 Tc 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 5
44 Ru 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 7
45 Rh 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 8
46 Pd 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10
See column 3, Table 623. G. T. Seaborg, private communication.
(continued)
47 Ag
48 Cd
49 In
T A B L E 658.-ELECTRON
K
1s
2
2
2
A
2s
2
2
2
L
2;
6
6
6
)
5,
2
2
2
M
L
6
6
6
C O N F I G U R A T I O N S O F THE E L E M E N T S ,
N O R M A L S T A T E S (concluded)
3P 3d
10
10
10
,
'45
2
2
2
4€5
6
6
6
N
n
4d
10
10
10
4f'
h
5s
1
2
2
0
5P
1
5d 5f
-
6s
P
6p 6d 7s
50 Sn 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 2
51 Sb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 3
52 Te 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 4
531 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 5
54 Xe 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6
55 c s 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 1
56 Ba 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 2
57 La 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 1 2
58 Ce 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 2 6 2
59 P r 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 3 2 6 2
60 Nd 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 4 2 6 2
61 Pm 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 5 2 6 2
62 Sm 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 6 2 6 2
63 Eu 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 7 2 6 2
64 Gd 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 7 2 6 1 2
65 Tb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 9 2 6
6 2 6 10 2 6 10 10 2 6
6 2 6 10 2 6 10 11 2 6
6 2 6 10 2 6 10 12 2 6
6 2 6 10 2 6 10 13 2 6
6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6
6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 1
6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 2
6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 3
6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 4
75 Re 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 5
76 0 s 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 6
77 Ir 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 7
78 P t 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 9
79 Au 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 1
80 H g 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2
81 TI 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 1
82 Pb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 2
83 Bi 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 3
84 Po 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 4
85 A; 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 5
86 Rn 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 6
87 F r 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 6 1
88 Ra 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 6 2
89 Ac 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 6 1 2
90Th 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 6 2 2
91 Pa 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 2 6 1 2
92U 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 3 2 6 1 2
93 Np 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 4 2 6 1 2
94 Pu 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 5 2 6 1 2
95 Am 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 6 2 6 1 2
96 Cm 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 7 2 6 1 2
97 Bk 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 8 2 6 1 2
98 Cf 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 9 2 6 1 2
-
T A B L E 659.-RADll, I N ANGSTROM U N I T S , O F T H E E L E C T R O N I C ORBITS
O F LIGHTER ELEMENTS
K L M N
7-
EIem ent Is 2s 2P 3s 3P 3d 45 4P
H .53
He .30
Li .20 1.50
Be .143 1.19
B .112 .88 .85
C .090 .67 .66
N .080 .56 .53
0 .069 .48 .45
F .061 .41 .38
Ne .055 .37 .32
Na .050 .32 .28 1.55
Mg .046 .30 .25 1.32
A1 .042 .27 .23 1.16 1.21
Si .040 .24 .21 .98 1.06
P .037 .23 .19 .88 .92
S .035 .21 .18 .78 .82
C1 .032 .20 .16 .72 .75
A .031 .19 .155 .66 .67
K .029 .18 .145 .60 .63 2.02
Ca .028 .16 .133 .55 .58 2.03
sc .026 .16 .127 .52 .54 .61 1.80
Ti .025 .150 .122 .48 .so .55 1.66
V .024 .143 .117 .46 .47 .49 1.52
Cr .023 .138 .112 .43 .44 .45 1.41
Mn .022 .133 .lo6 .40 .41 .42 1.31
Fe .021 .127 .lo1 .39 .39 .39 1.22
co .020 .122 .O% .37 .37 .36 1.14
Ni .019 .117 .090 .35 .36 .34 1.07
cu .019 .112 .085 .34 .34 .32 1.03
Zn .018 .lo6 .081 .32 .32 .30 .97
Ga .017 .lo3 .078 .31 .31 .28 .92 1.13
Ge .017 .lo0 .076 .30 .30 .27 .88 1.06
As .016 .097 .073 .29 .29 .25 34 1.01
Se .016 .095 .071 .28 .28 .24 .81 .95
Br .015 .092 .069 .27 .27 .23 .76 .90
Kr .015 .ow .067 .25 .25 .22 .74 36
PQP Slater, J. C., Introduction to chemical physics, 1939. Courtesy of McCraw-Hill Book Co.
T A B L E 661.-ABUNDANCE OF E L E M E N T S IN OUR P L A N E T G I V E N IN
PERCENTAGE BY W E I G H T *
Lithosphere, t Lithosphere, t
Earth hydrosphere, Earth hydrosphere,
Element crust Earth atmosphere Element crust Earth atmosphere
0 46.6 24.4 49.38 P ... .17 .12
C ... .07
C1 ... .05
H ... .04
q
Y
a
Disk
No. lines **
He
Neutral atoms
B
3
e
A
c
1-
x
--
A
s
2
E
spot
No. lines
;
S
c
.-C
x
c
8
3
-
Singly ionized atoms
Disk
? a 5 5 B 5 G 3 Gi
1 Ht 9 40 251
2 He11 1 5 5
3 LiI 2 -3 3
4 Be1 2 -3
5 BS Be 11 2 1
6 CI 41 7 12 10
7 NI 8 6 -1 -2
8 01 12 1 5 1
9 FZ
11 Na1 21 6 30 70?
12 Mg1 55 4 (200) 30 Mg 11 12 2 (1000)
13 A11 22 5 20 25
14 SiI 156 29 (8): 12
15 PI 6 1 Si 11 4 2 2
16 SI 31 10 8 2
19 KI 4 3 12 20
20 CaI 108 21 20 40
21 SCI 43 14 2 15 1 7 Ca 11 25 1000
22 Ti1 687 264 7 134 2 10 s c I1 57 26 6
23 VI 272 133 4 53 2 8 T i 11 255 ii9 12
24 C ~ I 776 305 10 23 12 v I1 160 103 5
25 Mn1 185 73 7 1 12 Cr 11 216 133 6
26 FeI 4164 877 40 2 35 Mn 11 16 11 6
27 COI 501 209 6 7 6 Fe 11 371 140 6
28 Ni1 617 180 25 9 c o I1 6 7 0
29 CUI 14 3 10 7 Ni 11 13 8 3
30 Znr 9 3 3 1
31 Gar 1 1 1 2
32 GeI 5 3
37 Rbr 1 -3 1 4
38 Srl 13 2 1 6 3 Sr 11 8 2 9
39 YI 17 10 0 12 1 3
40 ZrI 59 41 0 41 3
41 NbI 4 2 -1
42 MOI 8 6 -2
44 RUI 15 5 -1
45 RhI 8 3 -2 Rh II? 3 2 -2
46 PdI 8 7 0
47 Ag1 3 0
48 Cdr 1 -1
49 In1 1 -2 -1
50 Snr 2 2 -2
51 SbI 1 1 -3 N
56 BaI 1 1 Ba 11 6 3 8
- PreDared by Charlotte E. Moore. National Bureau of Standards.
The sources used are as follows:
2935A-3062A. Babcock, H. D., Moore, C. E., and Coffeen, M. F., Astrophys. Journ., vol. 107, p. 287, 1948
(Mount Wilson Contr. No. 745).
3062A-6600A.. St. John, C. C., and othem, Revised Rowland Table, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 396,
1928, with unpuhlished corrections and revisions hy C. E. Moore (September 1949).
6600.\--13495A Bahcock H. D and Moore C. E:. Carnegie InSt. Washington Puhl. 579, 1947.
T h e counts inc<uded alsd the r i i c ultime of‘ Mg I ’(2852A): the ultimate lines of Mg I I (2795A, 280ZA)
and the strong Si I line a t 2881A. These lines,. ,among others, have been identified in the ultravio1e.t solaf spec-
trum photographed from a V-2 rocket. Intensities in parentheses are quoted from the paper on this subiect hy
Durand E Oherly J. and Tousey, R., Astrophys. Journ., vol. 109, p. 1, 1919. (See also Hopfield, J. J.,
and Clharman H. 6.. P iys. ’ Rev vol. 73, p. 877, 1948.)
For lines of’H and H e see Meizel, D. H., Lick Obs. Puhl. 17, p. 1, 1931; Mitchell, S. A., Astrophys. Journ.,
vol. 105, p. 1. 1947.
**These counts refer to lines not present in disk spectrum. t Lines of H and H e are prominent in the
spectrum of the chromosphere. t B and F are identified only from their presence in compounds (see P a r t 2).
(conti1ttred)
No. lines
'7G&-- ' NO. lines
r-+
57 L a 1 1 -2 N La 11 44 20 1
58 Ce11 106 81 0
59 Pr II 11 16 -1
60 NdIr 74 72 1
62 SmrI 82 63 0
63 EUI 2 -1 Eu II 10 4 1
64 Gd 11 29 20 0
65 T b II? 2 2 -1
66 Dy11 29 25 1
68 Er II 2 -1
69 Tmn? 6 5 -1
70 YbI 2 0 1 Yb 11 2 3)
71 Lu 117 1 4 -3
72 HfI 1 1 -3 Hf II 13 5 -1
73 TaI? 3 -2
74 WI 13 8 -1 -1
76 OSI 2 4? 0 1 -1
77 IrI 2 4 -2
78 PtI 3 2
79 Aur 1 -3 -2
82 Pbr 2 -2
90 ThI 1 -1
OH Mg H sc 0 CH Mg 0 Y O
NH C! A1 O ? Cn Ca H Mg F
0, TI 0 Zr 0 Si H BH Sr F
Babcock, H. D., Astrophys. Journ., vol. 102, p. 154, 1945 (Mount Wilson Contr. No. 708).
T A B L E 665.-ABUNDANCES OF L I G H T E L E M E N T S I N E A R L Y T Y P E STARS
The table gives the number of atoms per 1000 atoms oxygen fcr 7 Scorpii, spectrum
dBo,": 10 Lacertae, 0 ; 2oQ; y Pegasi, B2.5 IV,?O";mean for 8 B-stars, weighted mean by
Aller,m the last 3 columns from letters to the editor, 1950. : less certain.
Density Density
in clouds in clouds
Gas atoms/cma Detection Gas atoms/cma Detection
Hydrogen 10 Emission lines Titanium 10" t Absorption lines
Oxygen .01 Emission lines Nitrogen ... N emission, CN ab-
Carbon .003 Molecular absorp- sorption lines
tion lines Potassium t Absorption lines
Calcium 2)<10-' Absorption lines Sulfur ... Emission lines
Sodium 4)<101s Absorption lines CH lo-' t Absorption lines
Iron ... Absorption lines CN lo-@t Absorption lines
Mean gas density. .... .3>(lo-'' g/cma
The interstellar gas is strongly concentrated in clouds as evidenced by the multiplicity of
interstellar absorption lines. Stromgren suggests density between clouds is about 1% of that
in clouds.
Pre ared by B Donn
*10Acfarns, Astripbys. Journ., vol. 109, 1949; Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific, vol. 60, p. 354, 1948; Dunham, Proc.
Amer. Philos. Soc. vol. 81, p. 277, 1939. Ledoux, Pop. Astr.. vol. 49, p. 513, 1941. Stromgren, Astrophys.
Journ., vol. 108, p."242, 1948. Struve, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 31, p. 217, 1941; Astrophys. Journ.,
vol. 89. p. 517, 1939.
t Values for apparently abnormally dense cloud.
Solid grains :
Uniform region, abs 0.5 m/kpc.. ................................. 10-2"g/cma
Large cloud, abs 1 mag (10 m/kpc) .............................. lo-= g/cma
Dense condensation, abs 5-10 m (1000 m/kpc) ..................... lo-" g/cma
Mean density, gas and grains. ..................................... 3)<10-Ug/cmS
Oort limit (Max density, stars plus diffuse matter). ................. 6)<10-%g/cma
Mean space density of stellar matter.. ............................. 3)<10-" g/cm8
Prepared by B. Donn.
21' Greenstein, Harvard Circ. 422, 1938. Spitzer, Astrophys. Journ.. vol. 93 p 369 1941. Van de
Hulst, Rech. Astron. del'Obs. d'utrecht, vol. 11, pt. 1, 1946, pt. 2, 1949. Schal;n, PLbl. of Uppsala
Oliservatory, 1930 on. Oort. Astron. Inst. Netherlands Bull. No. 283, 1932.
Colloidal science originally dealt with that large field of small particles, but
now it has been extended to cover also those materials that are small in one or
two of the three dimensions. Thus, this field now includes chain molecules
and films as well as the fine particles.
The diameters of atoms range from 2 to 3 A (angstroms) while diameters
of ordinary inorganic molecules extend from about 7 to 10 A. Organic mole-
cules are much larger and their dimensions may extend to 20 A or larger.
It is sometimes stated that colloid particles range in diameter from 20 A to a
much larger value but it must be remembered that it is difficult to fix such
dimensions.
Many of the properties of colloids are due to their relatively very great sur-
face as compared with their volumes. Some of the newer experimental tools,
i.e., ultracentrifuges, X-rays, and the electron microscopes, have been a great
help in studying these particles and their reactions. Several tables follow that
give properties and characteristics of colloids and colloidal particles.
The movement varies inversely as the size of the psrticles; in water, particles of
diameter greater than 4p show no perceptible movement; when smaller than .lp, lively
movement begins, while at lOmp the trajectories amount to up to 20mp.
Dust Diameter, cm
Milk powder (by evaporation of fine spray) ..................... 1.4XlO-'- .7X10-'
Fine powder (300 mesh) e.g., cement.. .......................... lXlO-'- .7X10-'
Smelter fumes ................................................ lXlO-'-- 1X10-6
Atmosphere, fog particles. ..................................... 1.4X 10-'-3.5X lo-'
Cement kiln flue dust. ......................................... 6XlO-'- .8X10-'
mist from concentrators.. ............................... l.lX10~'--1.6X10~'
NH.Cl fumes ................................................ lXIO-'- lXlO-'
Oil smoke .................................................... lXIO-'- 5X10-'
Resin smoke .................................................. lXlO-'- 1x10"
Tobacco smoke ............................................... 1.5X10-5- 1x10"
Alexander, J., Colloid chemistry, vol. 2, Chemical Publishing Co. Used by permission.
. .
2mNeurath. Journ. Amer . Cbem SOC.,vol 61. p. 1841. 1939 .
T A B L E 672.-lNFLUENCE O F P A R T I C L E S I Z E U P O N S O L U B I L I T Y *I4
Size of
particles
Material /I Solubility at 25°C
CaSO, ............. 2.0 ..................................... 2.085 g per liter *
.3 ..................................... 2.476 g per liter
B a S 0 4 ............. 1.8 ..................................... 2.29 mg per liter *
.1 ..................................... 4.15 mg per liter
H g O ............... Coarse red powder ....................... 50 mg per liter *
Very fine yellowish powder ............... 150 mg per liter
214 Thomas. Arthur W., Colloid chemistry. McCraw-Hill Book Co., 1934. Used by permission of the
author. .
These are the permanent saturated solutions The more concentrated solutions. obtained from con-
tact with the more finely ground particles. slowly revert to the normally saturated solutions and the
.
particles grow to 2 p in size
Dispersive
Fuller's Bone power
Substance earth charcoal Kaolin percent
Amylene ............................. 57.1 ... 78.8 1.54
Water ............................... 30.2 18.5 ... 2.82
Acetone .............................. 27.3 19.3 ... 1.72
Methyl alcohol ........................ 21.8 17.6 27.6 1.60
Ethyl acetate ......................... 18.5 16.5 ... 1.05
Ethyl alcohol ......................... 17.2 16.5 24.5 ...
Aniline ............................... 13.4 ... ... ...
Amy1 alcohol ......................... 10.9 10.6 20.4 ...
Ethyl ether ........................... 10.5 ... ... .90
Chloroform ........................... 8.4 14.0 15.7 36
Benzene .............................. 4.6 11.1 9.9 .39
Carbon disulfide ...................... 4.6 8.4 9.9 ...
Carbon tetrachloride ................... 4.2 13.9 9.4 .27
Hexane .............................. 3:9 8.9 7.2 .22
.
For reference. see footnote 214. p 631 .
T A B L E 674.-EFFECT O F A C T I V A T I O N ON T H E ADSORBING P O W E R
O F CHARCOAL zls
Adsorption Granular
Substance tested mg CClr/(g C) density Physical character
Ironwood ............................. 22 .96 Fibrous. hard
Primary ironwood charcoal ............. 30 .89 Hard
Activated ironwood charcoal ............ 1160 .72 Hard. friable. granular
Commercial wood charcoal .............. 11 .46 Firm. fibrous
Highest activated wood charcoal * ...... 1480 .30 Soft. friable
Cocoanut shell ........................ 18 1.20 Hard
Primary cocoanut charcoal ............. 47 .96 Hard
Activated cocoanut charcoal ............. 630 .84 Hard
Lignite semi-coke ..................... 30 1.09 Firm
Good activated lignite charcoal .......... 640 .89 Firm
Highest activated lignite charcoal * ..... 2715 .31 Friable. grmular
2'6 Weiser. H . B., Colloid chemistry. 2d ed., John Wiley & Sons. Inc., 1949 . Reprinted by permission.
Further activation reduces the granules to a fine powder.
' For .
reference. see footnote 215. above
Argon ............ 3636 1504 4180 Carbon dioxide .... 7300 2540 6100
Nitrogen ......... 3686 1250 Ammonia ........ 7200 5000 7120
Carbon monoxide.. 3416 1410 37is
218 Lewis, Squires, and Broughton, Industrial chemistry of colloidal and amorphous materials, Macmillan
Co., 1942. Used by permission of the publishers.
Intermolecular Intermolecular
Covalent bonds cohesion Covalent bonds cohesion
-C C- 123 >C=O *. H-N< 10-16 +C-N< 59 -COOR:ROOC- 6
>C=O H-0-
.. HOCt
* * 7-10 54 -HC=O :O=CH- 5
>C = C< 100 +C-H 14 +C-S-
+C-C+ 59 HZO .. H-0-H 5 -S-S- 64 -a: c1- 3
+C - 0- 70 -NOz:OzN- 7 +Si-Sit 42 -CH3:H3C- 2
Intermolecular
Covalent bonds cohesion
+Si-0- 90 0 2 :0 2 2
Ionic bonds -0-:-0- 1.6
Na', C1- (dry) 128 -CHZ- :-CH2- 1.0
-NH3+. -COO- 4.5 Hz :Hz .25
in water
For the energy per atom, divide these values by the Avogadro number, 6.023 X lorn.
Pauling, Linus. The nature of the chemical bond. Used by permission of the author.
Propa- Propa-
Ignition gation Ignition gation
temper- temper- temper- temper-
Dust ature ature Dust ature ature
Sugar ................ 540 805 Cork ................. 630 1000
Dextrin .............. 540 940 Rice ................. 630 970
Starch ............... 640 1035 Mustard .............. 680 1050
Cocoa ................ 620 970 Wheat elevator . . . . . . . . . . . (1295)
995 Oat and corn elevator . . . . . (995)
Flour ................ 630 (1265) Oat hull ................. (1020)
'For .
reference. see footnote 214. p 631 .
T A B L E 680.-LOWER EXPLOSIVE LI M I TS *
Milligrams per liter of air
Induc- Induc-
Glowing tion Glowing tion
Dust Pt wire Arc spark Dust Pt wire Arc spark
Starch .......... 7.0 10.3 13.7 Sugar .......... 10.3 17.2 34.4
Corn elevator .... 10.3 10.3 13.7 Aluminum ...... 7.0 7.0 13.7
Wheat elevator .. 10.3 10.3 ... Coal ............ 17.2 24.1 No
Sulfur .......... 7.0 13.7 13.7 ignition
Stable in the
Protein Source OH range of
Amandin .................... Almonds ............................. 4.3 to 10.0
Bence-Jones ................. Pathological urine ..................... 3.5 to 7.5
Edestin ...................... Hempseed ............................ 5.5 to 9.7
Egg albumin ................. Hens' eggs ........................... 4.0 to 9.0
Erythrocruorin .............. Blood of Areiiicola marina .............. 2.6 to 8.0
Erythrocruorin .............. Blood of Lumbricus terrestris ........... 2.6 to 10.0
Excelsin ..................... Brazil nuts ............................ 5.5 to 10.0
Hemocyanin .................Blood of Helix p m t i a ................. 4.5 to 7.4
CO-hemoglobin ..............Horse blood hemoglobin plus CO ....... 6.0 to 9.05
Insulin ...................... Beef pancreas ......................... 4.5 to 7.0
Legumin .................... Vetch ................................ 5.0 to 9.0
Phycocyan ...................Ceramium rubrum .................... 1.5 to 8.0
Serum albumin .............. Horse blood .......................... 4.0 to 9.0
Serum globulin .............. Horse blood .......................... 4.0 to 8.0
2'0 Dushman, Saul, T h e scientific foundations of vacuum technique, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1949. Reprinted
by permission.
' Layer of thorium on tungsten.
T A B L E 686.-P H O T O E L E C T R IC E F F E C T
A negative charged body loses its charge under the influence of ultraviolet radiation
because of the escape of negative electrons freed by the absorption of the energy of the
radiation. The radiation must have a wavelength shorter than some limiting value XO
characteristic of the metal. The emission of these electrons, unlike that from hot bodies,
is independent of the temperature. The relation between the maximum velocity u of the
expelled electron and the frequency v of the radiation is (+)ntd = hv - P (Einstein's y u a -
tion) where h is Planck's constant (6.62 X erg sec), hv, the energy of a "quanta, P,
the work which must be done by the electron in overcoming surface forces. (f)ni?3 is the
maximum kinetic energy the electron may have after escape. Richardson identifies the P
of Einstein's formula with the +e of electron emission of Table 683. The minimum fre-
quency Yn (corresponding to maximum wavelength An) at which the photoelectric effect
can be observed is determined by hv = P. P applies to a single electron, whereas w applies
to 96,500 coulombs (6.02 X 10" electrons) ; therefore zc.?= N P = .00399~nergs. = (12.4 +
X IO-')An volts.
Photo-
electric
and Photo- Single-
Contact Thermionic contact electric line Adjusted
Metal (Henning) (Langmuir) (Millikan) (Richardson) spectra mean
Tungsten ........... - 4.52 - - - 4.52
Platinum ........... - - - 4.3 - 4.4?
Tantalum ........... - 4.31 - - - 4.3
Molybdenum ........ - 4.3 1 - 4.3
Carbon ............. - 4.14 - 4.1
Silver .............. 4.05 - - 4.1
Cppper ............. (4.0) - - 4.0
Bismuth ............ - - - 3.7
Tin ................ 3.23 - - 3.8
Iron ................ 3.86 3.2 i - 3.7
Zinc ................ 3.46 - 4.04 3.4
Thorium ........... - 3.36 - 3.4
Aluminum .......... 3.06 - - 2.8 - 3.0
Magnesium ......... 2.63 - - 3.2 4.35 2.7
Titanium ........... - 2.4i - 2.4
Lithium ............ - - 2.35 - 1.85 2.35
Sodium ............. - - 1.82 2.1 2.11 1.82
Ag Cu Fe Brass Sn Zn Al Mg
Contact potential with Ag.. ... 0 .05 .I9 21 .27 .59 .99 1.42
Relative photosensitiveness .... 50 60 65 45 70 80 500 1000
Pi Fe Cu Au Ag Al Mg Zn Ph Sn
SiO, ...... +2.22 +1.99 +1.60 +1.60 +1.42 +.93 +.93 +.45 +.I6 - .30
Glass ..... +1.15 +1.15 + .58 + .58 + .58 +.14 +.14 -.29 -.60 -1.14
Cu Cr Ta Mo Ni
W ............................ +.08 +.11 -.38 -.21 -.17
From the equation w = R T log (NAINB),where w is the work necessary per gram-
molecule when electrons pass through a surface barrier separating concentrations N A and
NB of electrons, it can be shown that the Volta potential difference between two metals
should be
1
~ i - ~ z = - { ~ z - ~ i
F
+ w2-WI
R T I o ~ ( N A / N B )=) ~ = 4 2 - 4 1
(see Table 686 for significance of symbols), since the number of free electrons in different
metals per unit volume is so nearly the same that R T log (NAINB)may be neglected.
The contact potentials may thus be calculated from photoelectric phenomena. They are in-
dependent of the temperature. The following table gives a summary of values of @ in volts
obtained from the various phenomena where an electron is torn from the attraction of
some surface. In the case of ionization potentials the work necessary to take an electron
from an atom of metal vapor is only approximately equal to that needed to separate it
from a solid metal surface.
Metal Ag Cu Bi Sn Fe Zn Mg Li Na
er .................. +.80 +.34 +.20 -.lo -.43 -.76 -1.55 -3.03 -2.73
+-e&-3.7 ........ -40 +.04 +.20 -20 -.43 -.46 - .55 -1.65 - .85
3. The number of molecules per cm8 for different temperatures and pressures
T("K) Pwb Pmm n T' P&b P mm n
273.16 1.0133)<106 760 2.687X10" 298.16 1.333X10' 1 3.240X10'"
298.16 " " 2.462X10'D 273.16 1.000 7.50~ 2.653~
273.16 1.333 X108 1 3.536XlO" 298.16 " 2.430x 10"
Prepared by Saul Dushman, General Electric Co. T h e formulae and calculations in this section a r e
based on a more comprehensive discussion in chapter 1 of his "Scientific Foundations of Vacuum Tech-
nique" (John Wiley 8: Sons, New York, 1949).
T A B L E 691.-MEAN F R E E P A T H S , L, M O L E C U L A R D I A M E T E R S , 6, A N D
R E L A T E D D A T A FOR W A T E R A N D M E R C U R Y V A P O R S *
P a r t 2 of this table gives values of f. and of y for a series of values of c. The third
column gives values of A y , which is the fraction of the total number that have values of c
between that given in the same horizontal row and that in the preceding row.
From the relation for f. we obtain the relation for the probability that a molecule pos-
sesses the translational energy E. Let x = E / ( k T ) where x is a dimensionless quantity.
Then
fi = 2 ~ (exp 3- .-)
and the average kinetic energy is E,. I(3/2)k7
where k = Boltzmann constant
x
= 1.3805 lo-'' erg deg-' K
The last two columns in Part 2, below, give values of fa for a series of values of X .
C f. Y AY .? f=
0 0 0 0
.2 .0867 m.59 .0059 .1 .3229
.3 .1856 .0193 .0134 .2 -4131
. ~.~
.5 .4393 .0812 .0619 .5 .4839
.7 .6775 ,1939 .I127 .7 .4688
1.o .8302 .4276 .2337 1.o .4152
1.3 .7036 .6634 .2358 1.4 .3294
1.6 .4464 3369 .1735 1.8 .2502
1.8 .2862 9096 .0727 2.2 .1855
2.0 .1652 .9540 .0444 2.5 .1464
2.2 .0867 .9784 .0244 3.0 .0973
2.5 .0275 .9941 .0157 3.5 .0637
3.0 .0025 1 - 4.2X 4.0 .0413
4.0 4.1X10" 1 - 5.1X10" 5.0 .0170
5.0 7.8X 10-l0 1 - 7.9X1O-l1 6.0 .0069
1 0 4 x wn
Gas or
vapor fit 10"m 10'0p10 '0°C 25°C ' 10-17~~ 10-%1' 1OSG, 102G:
Hz 2.016 .3347 .8878 16.93 17.70 11.23 14.97 .3759 5012
He 4.003 .6646 1.7631 12.01 12.56 7.969 10.63 5297 .7062
CH, 16.04 2.663 7.063 6.005 6.273 3.981 5.308 1.060 1.414
NH3 17.03 2.827 7.498 5.829 6.089 3.865 5.152 1.092 1.456
HzO 18.02 2.992 7.936 5.665 5.919 3.756 5.007 1.124 1.498
Ne 20.18 3.351 8.886 5.355 5.594 3.550 4.733 1.190 1.586
co 28.01 4.651 12.34 4.543 4.746 3.012 4.0 16 1.402 1.868
Nz 28.02 4.652 12.34 4.542 4.745 3.011 4.015 1.402 1.868
Air 28.98** 4.811 12.77 4.468 4.668 2.962 3.950 1.425 1.900
0 2 32.00 5.313 14.09 4.252 4.442 2.819 3.758 1.497 1.996
A 39.94 6.631 17.59 3.805 3.976 2.523 3.363 1.675 2.230
coz 44.01 7.308 19.38 3.624 3.787 2.403 3.204 1.756 2.342
CHJCI 50.49 8.383 22.23 3.385 3.356 2.244 2.991 1.881 2.508
so, 64.06 10.64 28.21 3.004 3.139 1.992 2.656 2.118 2.825
CIZ 70.91 11.77 31.23 2.856 2.984 1.893 2.524 2.229 2.973
Kr 83.7 13.90 36.85 2.629 2.747 1.743 2.324 2.422 3.229
GHio 100.2 16.63 44.12 2.403 2.510 1.593 2.123 2.650 3.533
Xe 131.3 21.80 57.82 2.099 2.193 1.392 1.856 3.034 4.044
CCI, 153.8 25.54 67.72 1.939 2.026 1.286 1.714 3.283 4.377
Hg + 200.6 33.31 (88.33) 1.698 1.774 (1.126 1.501 3.750 4.998)
C C
Root mPan square Average
Gas velocities. N T P velocities, N T P
. . .
Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.38)<10'cm/sec 16.93X10' cm/sec
.
Helium . , . . . . . . . . . . . . .'.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 13.11 12.08
Water vapor ................................ 6.15 5.65
. . . .
Neon . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.84 5.38
Carbon monoxide ........................... 4.93 4.54
Nitrogen . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.93 4.54
.
Ethylene . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.93 4.54
Nitric oxide ................................ 4.76 4.38
Oxygen . .. .. . .. ... ... . ... ..... ...... ....
. .. . 4.61 4.25
Argon ..................................... 4.13 3.80
. ..
Carbon dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.93 3.62
Nitrous oxide . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.93 3.62
.. . ..
Krypton . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . 2.86 2.63
Xenon ...................................... 2.28 2.10
Mercury vapor .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. .... .. . . ... 1.84 1.70
Air ........................................ 4.85 4.47
Ammonia . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.33 5.82
Z%I- Newman and Searle, The general properties of matter, Edward Arnold & Co., London.
and q = O.499pv0L
when q = coefficient of viscosity
p = density of gas at given pressure and temperature
Unit of q is the poise= g cm-' sec-'
Hence
and
where qo = value at T o .q = value at T and c' is known as the Sutherland constant. For
short ranges of temperature, the expoiicntiul relation is used, of the form
(7T/V0) = ( T / T , ) " (7)
In Tables 691 and 696, which give values of L, 6 and related data for a number of gases
and vapors,
q15= coefficient of viscosity at 15°C
70 = " "0°C
and 725 = " " 25°C
Gas:
Characteristic Hz He Ne Air 0 2 A COZ Kr Xe
X - .69 .64 .67 .79 31 .86 .95 .85 .92
10‘x718 t 87 1 1943 3095 1796 2003 2196 1448 243 1 2236
107x~00 839 1878 2986 i 722 1918 2097 1377 2372 2129
1 0 ~ ~ 892~ ~ ~i986 0 3166 1845 2059 2261 1496 2502 2308
lO’XL,~’ t 8.39 13.32 9.44 4.54 4.81 4.71 2.95 3.69 2.64
11.04 17.53 12.42 5.98 6.33 6.20 3.88 4.85 3.47
1o*xL,O’ 9.3 1 14.72 10.45 5.09 5.40 5.31 3.34 4.06 2.98
10ex~,07~ 12.26 19.36 13.75 6.69 7.10 6.67 4.40 5.34 3.93
108x6 2.75 2.18 2.60 3.74 3.64 3.67 4.65 4.15 4.91
c 84.4 80 56 112 125 142 254 188 252
15.22 24.16 17.12 8.24 8.71 8.54 5.34 6.69 4.78
14.45 7.16 1.68 6.98 6.26 5.70 8.61 6.48 5.71
2
u
? Radius
neqative 2
0
F Radius
neyative 2
al
F Radius
negative
t* Radius
negative
u ion V ion V ion B ion
1H -1 (1.27);2.08 14 Si -4 (1.98); 2.71 3 2 G e -4 2.72 50 Sn -4 (2.15); 8.94
6C -4 2.60 15 P -3 2.12 33 A~ -3 2.28 51 Sb -3 2.46
7N -3 1.71 If, S -2 1.74-1.84 34 S e -2 1.91-1.98 5 2 Te -2 2.03-2.81
8 0 -2 1.32-1.40 17C1 -1 1.81 35 B r -1 1.96-1.96 53 I -1 2.16-2.20
9 F -1 1.33-1.86 82 P b -4 2.16
Gas
.
Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oxygen .....................
.
Carbon dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .
.. .
.
.
..
-
COEFFICIENTS O F GASEOUS IONS A T N T P
,028
,025
,023
,029
.123
Dry gas
.043
.0396
.026
,0414
.I90
*Tables 698-700 and 702 prepared by J. D. Cobine. General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y.
v
.032
.0288
.0245
...
.I28
.035
Moist gas
.0358
.0255
.142
...
mCoh~ne, J. D., Gaseous conductors, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co. Used by permission of the
publishers.
Gases D ** mt Gases D ** mt
.
A - He . . . . . . . . . .. .706 ... Hz - CO . . . . . . . . . . . .651 1.75
Air- Cot ......... .134 ... Hz - COz . . . . . . . . . . .534 1.75
.
Air - 0, . . . . . . . . . . .I78 ... Hz - Nz . . . . . . . . . . . . .674 1.75
CO - COz . . . . . . .. . .136 2.00 H: - NZ0 . . . . . . . . . . .535 1.75
CO - HzO . .. . . . . . . .642 ... Hz - 0 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . .679 1.75
..
CO - Oz . . . . . . . . . .I83 1.75 H 2 0- Air . . . . . . . . . .220 1.75
COZ- Air , . . . . . . . . .134 ... Hg - Air . . . . . . . . . . ,112 ...
COz - HzO . . . . . . . . .528 ... 0 2 - Air . .. . . . . .. .. ,178 1.75
He - A . . . . . . . . . . .. .641 1.75 .
Oz - H2 . . . . . . . . . . . .722 ...
H t - Air . . . . . . . . . . . .661 1.75 0: - CO . . . . . . . . . . .I85 1.75
Oz - CO, . . . . . . . . . . .136 2.00
Ion He Ne A Kr Xe
Gas t . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. 20.1 5.85 1.81 .88 .61
Li .......................... 24.2 11.87 4.68 3.72 2.84
Na . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 22.7 8.16 3.03 2.20 1.69
K- .......... ... .. ............ 21.5 7.51 2.64 1.86 1.35
Rb . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . .. . . . . .. . 20.1 6.75 2.24 1.49 1.03
Cs .......................... 18.4 6.10 2.10 1.33 .91
Gas
Air (dry) ....................
(E .1)
.000585
t K.-
2.2
K
1.6
.+
A (pure) .................... .00056 206.0 1.81
c1z .......................... .... .74 .74
CCI. ........................ .0030 .31 .30
co ......................... .00070 1.14 1.10
CO. (dry) ................... .00098 .98 .84
Hz .......................... .00028 8.15 5.9
H1 (pure) ................... .... 7900.0 13.8
HC1 ......................... .0046 .62 .53
H z O (at 100°C) .............. .... .95 1.1
HzS ......................... .0040 .56 .62
H e .......................... .000074 6.3 5.09
He (pure) ................... .... 500.0 21.4
Hg in H e .................... .... ... 13.4
Hg in Nz ..................... ... 2.02
K r .......................... .0007685 ... .94
Nz .......................... .00058 1.84 1.27
biz (pure) .................... 145.0 2.51
N HZ ........................ .0072 .66
~~
.56
N H J in Nz.................... .... ... 3.06
NzO ........................ .00113 .90 .82
Ne .......................... .0001231 ... 5.64
0 2 .......................... .00051 1.8 1.31
so2 ......................... .0095 .41 .41
K = K o p o / p . where PO is the gas density at NTP and p is the density at which K is desired .
0.235 (7)
ml+m t
K=
(P/PO)(€ 1)oMo -
.
where m l = mass of ion m2= mass of gas particle. e = dielectric constant. ( E
. -
1 ) q is calculated for
N T P . , M = molecular &eight of gas Values of mobility in this table may not be absolute. but are of
orienting value .
** For reference. see footnote 221. 644.
t International Critical Tables; Tabris Annuelles Internationales de Constants .
Cross section in I in cm
Substance cm2 X 10'8 (length) x 108
Palmitic acid Cl,H31COOH............................ 24 19.6
Stearic acid CllH3,COOH ............................. 24 21.8
Cerotic a.cid C,,H,,COOH. . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 25 29.0
Oleic acid C,:H33COOH. ............. ........... 48 10.8
Linoleic acid Cl1HslCOOH.. .......................... 47 10.7
Linolenic acid CI7H2,COOH........................... 66 7.6
Ricinoleic acid CIIHXZ(OH)COOH., ................... 90 5.8
Cetyl alcohol CjeH3,0H ............. 21 21.9
Myricyl alcohol C30He10 ............. 29 35.2
Cetyl palmitate C15H3,COOCleH33.. .................... 21 44.0
Tristearin (ClnH,502)3C,H5.... ............. 69 23.7
Trielaidin (C18H3302),C,H, .... ............. 137 11.9
Triolein (ClaH330~)sC3H5...... ............... 145 11.2
Castor oil (C17H:42(OH)COO)3C ............... 280 5.7
Linseed oil (C,7H31C00)3C3H5. ........................ 143 11.0
~~~ ~~
T A B L E 706.-VOLUMES O F I N E R T GAS A T O M S *
Volume
from Volume
Gas
ionrc
radius b
- b
volume
of
liquid
Neon ................................. 3.33 17.1 5.1 16.7
Argon ................................ 8.6 32.2 3.8 28.1
Krypton .............................. 12.5 39.7 3.2 38.9
Xenon ................................ 18.8 50.8 2.7 47.5
Zincblende structure
CuCl ........ 2.34 2.30 422 ZnTe ....... 2.64 2.65
CuBr ...... 2.46 2.45 504 CdS ......... 2.52 2.50 1750
CuI ......... 2.62 2.70 605 CdSe ........ 2.62 2.60
BeS ......... 2.10 2.10 CdTe ....... 2.80 2.80
BeSe ........ 2.18 2.20 HgS ........ 2.53 2.50
BeTe ....... 2.43 2.40 .
HgSe .... .. 2.62 2.60
ZnS ........ 2.35 2.35 1800 HgTe ....... 2.79 2.80
ZnSe ....... 2.45 2.45
Wurtzite structure (first distance is that to neighbor along axis. second to three neighbors in
same layer)
NHiF ...... 2.63,2.76 2.75 ZnS ......... 2.36,2.36 2.35 1850
B e 0 ........ 1.64,1.60 1.65 2570 CdS ........ 2.52,2.56 2.50 1750
ZnO ........ 1.94,2.04 1.90 CdSe ....... 2.63,2.64 2.60
'For .
reference. see footnote 203. p 624.
Be++ Li'
.20 .80
Mg" Na' F- O--
.70 1.05 1.30 1.45
Cat+ K' CI- S-- Zn++ CU'
.95 1.35 1.80 1.90 .45 .so
Sr++ Rb+ Br- Se-- Cd" Ag'
1.15 1.50 1.95 2.00 .a 1.oo
Ba++ CS' I- Te-- Hg++
1.30 1.75 2.20 2.20 .60
NH.'
1.45
T A B L E 703.-CRYSTAL S T R U C T U R E A N D I N T E R A T O M I C D I S T A N C E S FOR
M E T A L S (Angstroms) **
Abbreviations : b.c., body-centered cubic ; f.c., face-centered cubic ; hex, hexagonal ; di,
diamond ; *, other structures.
At BS A B A B A B A B A B A B
KI ... ... ... ... ... 1.67 - 4.34 - 2.73 - ._
94. - 1.73 - 1.28 - .60 -
Ca I ... ... ... ... ... 3.59 5.28 6.11 3.37 4.23 1.44 1.49 1.92 2.20 1.45 1.58 .a1 .81
sc I ... ... ... ... ... 2.97 5.13 5.73 6.56 3.56 4.62 1.96 1.96 2.30
Ti I ... ... ... ... ... 3.38 6.02 6.13 6.83 3.66 4.87 1.51 1.73 2.10 2.38 1.65 .90
VI ... ... ... ... ... 4.23 6.80 6.48 7.06 3.68 5.03 1.53 1.65 2.14 2.43 .90
... ... ... ... ... 2.38 8.25 6.76 7.29 3.87 5.15 1.53 1.66 2.19 2.49 1.53 .85
Cr I
Mn I
Fe I
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
... 4.05
5.32
7.04
7.09
7.27
7.43
7.90
4.03
4.03
5.15
5.50
1.55
1.55
1.64
1.66
2.24
2.30
2.54
2.59
1.73 .90
co I ... ... ... ... ... 4.45 7.85 7.43 8.28 3.89 5.35 1.54 1.65 2.31 2.62
Ni I ... ... ... ... ... 5.81 8.65 7.61 8.67 4.09 5.48 1.56 1.65 2.35 2.67 1.59 .87
.86 .92
.89
cu I ... ... ... ... ... - 10.44
-_
7.72 9.05 3.94 5.61 1.53
- 1.65
1.66 2.38
- 2.74
2.71 1.60
-
1.73
-
Zn I ... ... ... ... ... -
...
9.39 - 5.39 1.80 .92
Ga I ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ...
6.00 1.69 2.92 .94
Ge I ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ...
7.88 1.87 3.24 2.09 1.02
As I ... ... ... ... ... ...
9.81 2.03 3.53 2.28
Se I ... ... ... ... ...
...
... ...
9.75 1.89 3.78 2.41 1.03
Br I ... ... ... ...
... ...
11.84 3.98 2.59
Krr ... ... ... ... ... 14.00 2.00 4.08 2.70 1.13
A.
. B A B A B A B
Rb I ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1.78 - 4.18 - 2.62 - .99 -
Sr I ... ... ... ...
...
...
...
... ...
...
...
...
3.44 5.69 3.37 3.92 1.39
1
'I ... ... ...
... ...
...
... ...
3.89 5.27 6.16 6.63 3.96 4.78 1.86
Zr I ... ...
...
... ...
... ...
4.58 6.35 6.67 6 95 4.34 5.12 2.00
Nb I ... ... ... ... ... 5.36 6.77 6.92 4.04 4.99
222 Moore Charlotte E. and Russell Henry Norris Nat. Bur. Standards Journ. Res., vol. 48 p. 61 1952.
' A , Lidin, K., .\rk f: Fys. (Stocdholm), vol. 1. b. 260, 1949. B , Finkelnburg, W., and d e r n F: Phys. Rev., vol. 77, p. 303, 1950.
t A , limit is lowest level of configuration 3d"-1 (K I -C u I ) , 4d"-1 (Rb I - Nh I ) in the singly ;onLed atom. See column 6, Table 623. X B , limit is lowest of configu-
$!
ration 3d"-2 4s (K I - Cu I), 4dn-2 5s (Rb I - Nb I) in the singly ionized atom.
650 TABLE 711.-GREATEST BINDI,NG ENERGY O F A N ELECTRON-
SINGLY-IONIZED ATOMS t *
Element is 2s 2p 3s 3P 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s Sp 5d
H e 11 54.40 13.60 13.60 6.04 6.04 6.04 3.40 3.40 3.40 2.18 2.18 2.18
Li 11 75.62 16.61 14.35 6.86 6.27 6.05 3.73 3.49 3.40 2.34 2.22 2.18
Be 11 .... 18.21 14.25 7.27 6.25 6.05 3.89 3.49 3.40 2.42 2.22 2.18
B II .... 25.15 20.52 9.06 7.30 6.48 4.53 3.89 3.57 2.73 2.26
c I1 .... .... 24.38 9.93 8.05 6.33 4.89 4.23 3.54 2.89 2.65 2.25
N 11 .... .... 29.61 11.15 9.20 6.49 5.24 4.55 3.62 3.05 2.25
0 I1 .... .... 35.15 12.19 9.87 6.48 5.57 4.68 3.60 3.20 2.80 2.27
F II .... .... 34.98 13.08 9.86 6.33 5.81 4.40 3.49
Ne 11 .... .... 41.07 13.91 10.55 6.47 6.12 3.60
Na II .... .... 47.29 14.45 10.95 6.32 6.20 3.47 3.50
Mg 11 .... ........ 15.03 10.61 6.17 6.38 5.04 3.47 3.53 2.95 2.21
Al 11 .... ........ 18.82 14.19 6.98 7.51 5.76 3.77 3.94 3.24 2.36
Si 11 .... ........ .... 16.34 6.51 8.22 6.28 3.82 4.20 3.47 2.41
P I1 .... ........ .... 19.65 6.81 8.92 6.86 4.16 4.36 2.41
~~
s I1 .... ........ .... 23.4 9.75 9.82 7.85 4.57 4:78 3.06
CI I1 .... ........ .... 23.80 10.13 10.43 7.86 4.63 4.93 2.75
A 11 .... ........ .... 27.62 11.22 10.98 8.40 4.85 5.11 4.05 2.28
K 11 .... ........ .... 31.81 11.55 11.67 9.10 5.11 5.46
Ca 11 .... ........ .... .... 10.18 11.87 8.75 4.82 5.40 4.36 2.85
sc I1 .... . . . . . . . . .... .... 12.20 12.80 9.56 5.42 5.66
Ti 11 .... . . . . . . . . .... .... 13.46 13.57 9.91 5.53 5.87
v I1 .... . . . . . . . . .... .... 14.65 14.33 10.36 5.67
Cr 11 .... . . . . . . . . .... .... 16.49 15.01 10.69 5.76
6.24
Mn 11 .... . . . . . . . . .... .... 13.86 15.64 10.88 5.78
6.39 4.991 3.25
Fe 11 .... . . . . . . . . .... .... 15.95 16.18 11.41 5.91
6.53 5.35
c o I1 .... ........ .... .... 17.05 16.64 11.45 6.64
Ni 11 .... ........ .... 18.15 17.11 11.76 6.77
c u I1 .... ........ .... .... 20.29 17.57 12.05 6.09 6.90 5.40 3.39
Zn 11 .... ........ .... .... .... 17.96 11.95 5.95 7.00 5.39 3.34
Ga 11 .... ........ .... .... .... 20.51 14.64 7.16 7.75 5.83 3.51
Ge 11 .... ........ .... .... ........ 15.93 5.91 8.20 6.14 3.52
As II .... ........ .... .... ........ 20.2 9.2 10.4 8.4
Se 11 .... ........ .... .... ........ 21.5 9.70 7.50 4.36
Br 11 .... ........ .... ........ 21.6 7.65 9.94 7.37 4.32
Kr 11 .... ........ .... .... ........ 24.56 8.95 10.58 7.% 4.63
R b II .... ........ .... .... 27.50 10.97 8.38 4.67
Sr II .... ........ .... .... .. .... 9.22 11.03 8.09 4.42
Y I1 .... ........ .... .... . . . . . . . . .... 11.40 12.29 9.15 5.14
Zr 11 ........ .... .... . . . . . . . . .... 13.71 14.03 10.56 4.87
N b 11 ........ ....................................
See column 6 Table 623.
t For referenc;. see footnote 222. p . 649.
.D
kgcal
,D
electron kgcal
.D D
electron
Substance mole volts
re
A Substance mole volts 7
Hz ........ 103 4.454 .75 CO . . . . . . . 223 9.6 1.13
C H ....... 81 3.5 1.12 Cz ........ 128 5.6 1.31
N H ....... 97 4.2 1.08 CI, ........ 57 2.47 1.98
O H ....... 102 4.4 .96 Brz ....... 46 1.96 2.28
HCI ...... 102 4.40 1.27 I2 ......... 36 1.53 2.66
NO ....... 123 5.3 1.15 Li, ........ 26 1.14 2.67
Oz ........ 117 5.09 1.20 Naz ....... 18 .76 3.07
N, ........ 170 7.35 1.09 Kz ........ 12 .51 3.91
Nuclear physics may be divided into three fields : radioactivity, cosmic rays,
and artificial disintegration. The third division-artificial disintegration-is
today the most active single experimental (and theoretical) problem of the
physicist. This new branch of physics has introduced a number of terms,
some of which are defined in Table 716. There is hardly a major physical
laboratory that does not have at least one of the devices listed in Table 718 for
producing high-energy particles of one kind or another.
The study of nuclear physics started more than 50 years ago with the dis-
covery of radioactivity. This was a study of natural disintegration up to about
1919 when Rutherford produced and studied artificial disintegration by bom-
barding nitrogen with swift =-particles from RaC'. However, he had to depend
upon nature for the high-speed particles that he used. The value of the speed
and energy of the a-rays from natural radioactive materials (Table 732)
shows the nature of the particles then available. It was not until about 10
years later that a start was made on the development of the various devices
for producing the regulated high-speed and high-energy particles listed in
Table 718.
By bombarding different materials with one of the high-speed particles
produced by various devices it has been found possible to produce one or more
radioactive isotopes of each of the 92 elements and, in addition, to produce 6
elements beyond uranium-each with a number of isotopes.* There are now
9 or 10 known fundamental particles (Table 720), 5 or 6 of which are used
in the bombardment of isotopes for the production of new reactions. Some
examples of reactions thus brought about by the use of different ones of these
high-speed particles together with the minimum energy of the particles neces-
sary to produce the reactions are given in Table 726.
The relative masses of the isotopes vary from 1.0081374 for H' to about
242.14152 for Cmzrz. The actual mass in grams for H1is 1.67339 x
grams, and thus the mass, in grams, of any atom may be determined from its
atomic weight. The mass of the neutron is 1.67473 x g. The radius of
a nucleus, r, is given approximately by 1.4 x lO-lSAllS cm, A being the atomic
mass number. These values give for the density of the nucleus about 1014
g/cm3 (see Table 872). The atomic weight, the magnetic moment, and the
spin of a number of isotopes are given in Table 719.
* For reference, see footnote 199, p. 618.
(at velocity v ) =
v1 -P'
-
The mass m of a fast-moving particle depends upon its velocity v , thus, m
mo
where p = v/c. The kinetic energy of a particle
moving with a velocity near that of light
KE moc2 (V l 1- p z - 1)
~
or
m=mo+-
KE
C2
Some calculated results of the above relations are shown in Table 713. This
theory, together with nuclear physics, shows that each moving particle has a
wavelength that is given thus: the wavelength, A = h/mv for a particle of
mass m with a velocity v. (See Table 722.)
+q
M e = ___Mo c = velocity of light. (See Table 714.)
27'
Quadrupole
Atomic Magnetic moment **
Z Element Isotope mass moment 9 (10-2' cm2)I
0 n 1 1.008977 -1.91280 3-9
1 H 1 1.0081374 +2.79254 Z O ......
2 2.0147 19 + .85735229 +.002766*25
3 3.016971 +2.978624228 ......
2 He 3 3.01695 1 (-)2.12741423 ......
4 4.0039 10 ...... ......
3 Li 6 6.0 17043 + .82189 2 4 I <9x 1 0 - 4 I
7
8
7.018242
8.025031
+3.25586 211
......
+(.02) -t2
......
4 Be 7 7.0 19169 ...... ......
8 8.007916 ...... ......
9 9.015098 (-).7849XI*-t5
10 10.016774 ...... .....
5 B 9 9.016246 .. .. .. ...... ......
10 10.016173 +1.8004 &7 +.06&4
11 ...... +2.68858 2 2 8 +.0322
6 C 12 12.003900 ...... ......
13 13.007554 + ,70225 2 1 4 ......
14 14.007733 ...... ......
7 N 13 13.009941 ...... ......
14 14.007565 + ,40365 2 3 +.02
15 ...... - ,28299 2 3 ......
8 0 16 ...... ......
17 17.004515 ...... I <.021
18 ...... ...... 1<4X10dl
9 F 19 19.004486 +2.6285 27 ......
123 References and other footnotes at end of table, p. 663. Superior letters (a, 0 , etc) refer to authorities cited
in footnote.
The masses have been derived as outlined by Stern.d The mass of the a-particle is assumed
to be 4.00389 mass units and the mass of Pbm is 206.04519 mass units. The masses of thallium,
lead, and bismuth isotopes are determined from the following neutron binding energies (in MeV) :
TIm ..... 6.5220.03 Pbm .... 8.15 k0.05 Pbm . . . . 3.87k0.05
TI" .....7.4820.15 Pbm .... 6.719*0.016 Bim . . . . . 7.44k0.05
Tlm .....6.3020.03 Pbm . . . . 7.38 k0.008 Biz'' . . . . . 4.6220.015
The decay energies are taken from a paper by W a p s t r a " except for two corrections. The
decay energy of RaZ3 is taken to be 170 Kev higher than that given by Wapstra as was assumed
by Stern. Also, it is assumed that the decay of Razz' is 700 Kev, and the masses based on this
assumption are in parentheses. A few other disintegration energies not given by Wapstra were
taken from Perlman, et al.'
Nuclear Nuclear
z A M-A Spin 0 magnetons 0 Z A M-A Spin g magnetons 0
Z23References: a, Tollestrup, Fowler, and Lauritsen, Phys. Rev. vol. 78 p. 372 1950. 11, n e t h e H. A.
Elementary nuclear theory. John Wilev & Sons, Inc., 1947; Rasetti,' F.. Elements oi nuclear physics. Prentice-
Hall. Inc.. 1936; Poss, H. L., Phys. Rev.. vol. 75. D. 600, 1949. c , Harvey. J. A.. Bull. Amer. ,Phys. Soc.,
vol. 25, D. U4, 1950. d. Stern. M. 0.. Rev. Mod. Phys.. Anril 19.49. e, W a p s t r a , A. H.. Phvslca, vol. 16,
p. 33, 1950. f , Perlman, I., Ghiorso, A., a n d Seaborg, G. T. Phys. Rev., vol. 77, p. 26 1950; Kinsey R . B..
et al., Phys. Rev.. vol. 78, p. 77 1950; also private communications; Hanson. et al.. Phys.' Rev., vol. 76,'p. 578,
1949. K, Ramsey, Norman, Lxperimental nuclear physics (forthcominpl, John Wileu & S r n s . Inc.
Note added in proof, 1953.-Because of recent mass measurements, the mass of PI, should be taken as
206.03859. All mass values should be lowered 0.00660 mass units. See Stone, Martin O., Rep. Univ. California
Radiation Lab., Ap:iI 1952.
I = spin. Quadrupole moment = -0.4. t (10-24 cmr). $ Radioactive series. P Prepared by
J. A. Harvey, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (see footnote 223, above, reference c).
Magnetic
moment
Mass Spin Charge (nuclear
(9) (W (esu) magnetons)
Electron, negative (negatron) e - . .. 9.1066X10~2R 1/2 -4.8025X10-10 ....
Electron, positive (positron) e + .. . 9.1066X10~28 ... +4.8025x lo-'' ....
Proton, p ....................... 1.6725X10-2' 1/2 +4.8025X10-10 2.7926
Neutron, II. ...................... 1.6747x10-" none -1.9135
Deuteron, d ..................... 3.34486XIO-*' 'I
1 2 +4.8025X10-'" ,8565
a-particle ....................... 6.6442X10-2' none +9.6050X10-10 0
Rest mass
(electron Spin Charge Mean life Mode of Mode of
Name Symhol mass) (20 esu (set) decay capture
++-meson p+ 209 1/2 +4.8025x10-10 2.15)<10-6 pt+e++2v ......
p--meson p- 209 1/2 -4.8025X10-10 2.15XlO-' p---+e-+Zv p-+P+n.+ y
r+-meson r+ 275 Oor 1 +4.8025X10-'0 2.96XlO-* r'-w++v
rI-meson r- 275 Oor 1 -4.8025X10-'0 2.96x 10.' r-+fi-+v r-+p-W
r -meson ro 265 0 0 <5x lo-" r"+Zr ......
photon$ Y 0 integral 0 ...... ...... ......
neutrino v <.005 1/2 0 ...... ...... ......
.P r q n r e d by E. E. Salpeter and W . K. H. Wolfgang.
quantum). hv: Y: value (A = . 6 p ) = 3.310X10-'* ergs.
t Not fundamental. t The photon (radiation
0 = h / ( m4 1
De Broglie
Velocity Energy wavelengths
Particle Mass in g cm/sec ergs A
Slow electron .............9.1 xlO-= 1 4.5 x10-m 7.3X108
I-volt-electron ............9.1 xlO-= 5.9 XI07 1.G XIO-'~ 12.
100-volt-electron .......... 9.1 xIO-" 5.9 X108 1.6 ~ 1 0 - ~ O 1.2
10,000-volt-electron ........ 9.2 X ~ O - ~ ~ 5.0 x l o e 1.6 x10-8 .12
HImolecule at 200°C.. ..... 3.3 x10-= 2.4 x10" 9.5 x10-14 .82
100-volt proton ............ 1.67 lo-"x 1.38 10' x 1.6 x10-0 .029
100-volt a-particle ......... 5.6 xlO-" 6.94x 10" 1.6 XlO-'* ,0143
a-particle from radium. .... 6.6 xlO-" 2.1 XIOO 1.45xlo-' 6.6x lo-'
22 rifle bullet .............. 1.9 32.000 9.5 X108 1.1 x lo-=
Golf ball .................. 45 3,000 2.0 X108 4.9x10-"
Baseball .................. 140 2,500 4.4 x108 1.9x lo-"
.pl Stranathan, J. D., The particles of modern physics, Blakiston Co., 1942. Used by permission of
the publishers.
Reaction Temnerature:
iOXl0' 15x10' 17.5XlOe 20X10° 25x10' 30XlO'
H1+H1-+H2+e+ 6~1010yr 1.2XlO"Jyr 6X10gyr 4XlOayr 2X109yr 1XlO'Yr
H2+Hl-+He3+y 15 sec 2 sec 1 sec .5 sec .2 sec .1 sec
HeS+He'+Be'+y ,;X,l;yr 1.5XlOgyr 1.2X108yr 1.5X107yr 5X106yr SXl(rYr
Be'-+Li'-c- 70 days 70 days 70 days 70 days 70 days
Ti7+H+He'+He' 10 hr 50 min 50 sec 15 sec 2 sec .4 sec
Mean l i f e o f hydrogen 6XlO'Oyr 3X10Dyr 1.5X108yr lXIODYr 5X10'Yr 3X10*Yr
Energy production in
ergs/ ( g sec) .75 40 80 120 250 400
Reaction Temperature:
10x10~ 15x100 17.5X100 20x100 25x100 30X10'
C1z+H1-+N13+y 2XlODyr 1XlOayr 6XlO'yr 7XlOSyr 200 y r 15 Y'.
NlJ-+C'3+e+ 10 min 10 min 1 0 mln 10 min 10 min 10 min
C'"+H'-+N"+y <5X108yr <2.5X106yr 51.5XlO'yr <1.5XlOSyr 5 5 0 yr 5 3 yr
Relative alnmdances of N": C'2: C'3: N'" at a temperature of 17.5X100 "K a r e in the approximate ratios of
5,000: 200: 50: 1.
Note that the energy-production for the carbon cycle increases much more rapidly with tem-
perature than for the proton-proton cycle. At very "low" temperatures (<lo7 "K) the proton-
proton reactions are the only ones of importance. ?'he net result at these te6peratures is the for-
mation of He3 and a positron out of three H' nuclei, since the reaction between He' and He' is
then too slow to be important. In Table 724 the reaction times of a few other nuclear reactions
are given merely to show the rapid increase of the reaction time with increasing charge of the
interacting nuclei especially a t lower temperatures. None of the reactions listed in Table 724 are
of importance as sources of stellar energy.
~~
All mean reaction times are proportions1 to the density p of the stellar material and to
CII, the percentage by weight of hydrogen (except the reactions in which one of the collid-
ing nuclei is He' instead of H' in which case Cne replaces Crr). The figures in the above
tahles are for CW= 67 percent, Crl. = 30 percent, and for p = 160 g/cm3. T h e calculations
of Christy and O'Reilly* for the interior of the sun give these values for Crl, Crr, and p as
well as a concentration of 1.5 percent for carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen combined and of
1.5 percent for all other elements combined. Their calculations predict a temperature of
about 17X lo" "K i n the interior of the sun. The mean life of all the hydrogen now present
and the total energy production due to the proton-proton cycle and the carbon cycle are
also given in Table 723. For the carbon cycle the mean life of hydrogen and the enerqy
production depend on the concentration of the isotopes of carbon and nitrogen. These ele-
ments play the role of a "catalyst" controlling the speed of the reaction and are reproduced
at the end of each cycle. The figures in Part 2 of Tahle 723 are for a concentration of 1
percent by weight for N".
* For reference, see footnote 225 above.
Neutron bombardment
- 2.320 Mev - 9.57 Mev
2.6
- 2 8 Mev
.60
.764
- 2.9 - .so
6.69 -15.6
4.785 - 2.31
1.98 - 1.63 1.73
2.79 - 7.43 - 4.10
.22 -18.68 .626
.20 - 3.94 -11.43
- 6.66 - 9.97
Proton bombardment
5.53 Mev ,558 3.00
4.021 8.70 4.92
- 1.645 - 5.2 1.92
17.21 1.146 'I4 7.56
17.28 8.57 2.96
559 - 2.762 8.113
6.49 15.96 3.84
- 1.84 2.455
2.125 Mev
Deuteron bombardment
Li*(d,a) He' 22.23 Mev 8.03 Mev 5.99 Mev
Lie(d,n) Bee 3.54 13.78 13.50
Lin(d,p)Li7 5.012 .4 8.57
LP(d,n) Be7 3.34 7:09 5.1
Li'(d,a)He' 22.29 4.53 - 4.36
Li7(d,p) Lie - .193 4.52 6.16
LP(d,a)He" 14.3 2.726 7.62
B'"(d,a) Bes,Bes a 17.81 - .279 3.07
B lo( d,p ) B 11,B" a 9.24 5.10
B"'(d,n)C'' 6.53
a-ray bombardment
Bes(a,a')Besfn - 1.63 Mev LiT(a,n)B'o,B'O - 2.78 Mev Bes(a,a')BeO. - 1.63 Mev
Bes(a,a')Bee - 1.63 Blo( a,d) C'2 1.44 B"(a,n) N14 .28
Bee(a,a')HeB
'Bee(a,a')%a n
LiO(a,p)Bea
++ -
a- 2.4
- 1.58
2.12
B'O(a,p)C'S,C''
B'o(a,n) N18
%e~(a,n)CIZ,CIZ
4.14
1.18
5.75
B''(a,p) C"
C'2(a,n) 0 1 6
.88
- 8.4
PnHornyak, W. F., and Lauritsen, T., Rev. Mod. Phys., vol. 20, p. 191, 1948; Phys. Rev., vol. 78,
p. 372, 1950.
ma McElhinney, J., Hanson, A. 0..Becker, R. A,, Duffield, R. B., and Diven, B. C., Phys. Rev., vol. 75,
p. 542, 1949.
The heavier elements, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, and Cf may be produced by artificial trans-
formation of U, followed by radioactive breakdown. A few examples follow :
ozu= + O d -+
Cross section
in units of
10-2' cmy Density
times relative of Atomic Mean
Radioactive isotope material Half-life weight of free path Yields
isotope abundance g/cmS in hours material cm mc/hr
H3 10-7 1 1.1~105 9 7 x 10' 10-7
Be" ,0086 1.85 2.4X1010 9 570 7 x lo-*
1.7 1.6 4x10' 30 12 2x10-s
.4 .97 14.8 23 60 1100
.23 2.2 343 31 60 45
.066 .86 12.4 39 680 120
Ca'5 .012 1.54 3650 40 2220 .12
Fe5' .oo1 4.86 1110 56 7000 .1
ZIP .26 7.14 6000 65 65 4.5
As'" 4.6 5.7 26.8 75 2.86 1300
BrH2 1.12 3.12 34 80 22.8 1300
Rb" .52 1.53 469 85 106 20
Sr" .0041 2.6 1770 88 8000 .I
Ag"' 1.1 10.5 5400 108 .41 200
IIPm 2.74 7.3 1150 115 5.7 150
Taloz 20.6 16.6 2800 181 .48 680
Biz10 .015 9.8 120 209 1420 6
Revised by J. L. Rhodes. For reference, see footnote 226, p. 667.
T A B L E 730.-THE M E C H A N I C A L E F F E C T S OF R A D I A T I O N 230
7500x104)
3750~10-~
Visible radiation Disturbs outermost
electrons 7700
Stellar
atmosphere
25ox Disturb inner 115,000
X-rays Stellar
lo-* electrons interiors
5x10-0 Strip off all or nearly Central
Soft y-rays all electrons regions of
10-9 dense stars
4x10-" y-rays of RaB Disturb nuclear 720,000,000 ?
arrangements
5><10-11 Hardest y-rays ...... 5 8 x 10'
4.5x10-" ? Building of H e atom 64x10'
out of H
2X10-12 Highly penetrating Disintegrates nuclei 15x 10'0
1.3x lo-" ? Annihilation or creation 22x10"
of proton and accom-
panying electron
T A B L E 731.-UNITS FOR T H E R A T E O F R A D I O A C T I V E D I S I N T E G R A T I O N
The curie, the adopted unit of the rate of radioactive decay, is defined as the number of
disintegrations of 1 gram of radium (3.61)(10") in 1 second. As a working value for the
curie the National Bureau of Standards some years ago adopted the value 3.700X10"
disintegrations per second.
The rutherford (abbreviated r d ) = 10" disintegrations per second, has been suggested
as a smaller working standard. Then, 1 millirutherford ( m r d ) = 10' disintegrations per
second and 1 microrutherford ( p r d ) = 1 disintegration per second.
The rate of disintegration of an isotope that emits gamma-rays may be determined by a
measure of the 7-ray emission in roentgens.
A committee of the National Research Council recommended that the curie be defined
as 3.70X10'0 disintegrations per second; the rutherford ( r d ) as just given. For quantita-
tive comparison of radioactive sources emitting gamma-rays, for which disintegration
rates cannot be determined, the roentgen per hour at 1 meter (rhm) is recommended.
Physics Today. vol. 3, p. 5 , 1950.
(confkiued)
B
G,
B
P
T A B L E 732.-NATURAL R A D I O A C T I V E M A T E R I A L S (concluded)
Energy of radiation
in &lev
2 Atomic Radioactive Decay
m
r
number Material Isotope name Half-life constant Radiation a or Y End product
rn
v)
84 Polonium 218 Radium A 3.1 min 2 2 min-' a 6.0 ... 82 RaB 214
P- 85 At 218
83 Bismuth 210 Radium E 5 d .14 d-' P- 1.2 ... 84 Po 210
a 4.8 ... 81 TI 206
83 Bismuth 21 1 Actinium C 2.16 min .32 m i d a 6.6 ... 81 AcC" 207
P- 84 AcC' 211
83 Bismuth 212 Thorium C 60.5 min 1.14x10~*
min-' a 6.1 ... 81 ThC" 208
P- 84 ThC' 212
83 Bismuth 214 Radium C 19.7 min 3.5x10-' min-' a 5.5 1.8 81 RaC" 210
P- 3.1 ... 84 RaC' 214
82 Lead 210 Radium D 22 yr 3.2y 10.' yr-' P-;Y .026 .045 83 R a E 210
82 Lead 211 Actinium B 36.1 rnin 1.92><10-'min-' P-;Y 1.o .8 83 AcC 211
82 Lead 212
~._ Thorium B 10.6 hr 6.5X 10-' hr-' P-;Y .36 ... 83 T h C 212
82 Lead 214 Radium B 26.8 min 2.59x10-* min-' P-;Y .65 ... 83 RaC 214
81 Thallium 207 Actinium C" 4.76 min ,145 min-' P'; Y 1.5 ... 82 Pb 207
81 Thallium 208 Thorium C" 3.1 min 2 2 m/nP P-;Y 1.75 2.6 82 Pb 208
81 Thallium 210 Radium C" 1.32 min .52 mm-' P- 1.8 ... 82 RaD 210
75 Rhenium 187 Rhenium 4 X 10" yr 1.7X10-'3 yr-' P- .04 ... 76 0 s 187
71 Lutetium 176 Lutetium 7.3XlO'O yr 9 . 5 x lo-'* yr-' P-;Y .2 1 26 72 Hf 176
62 Samarium 152 Samarium l.OX10"yr 6.9x 10-'syr" a 2.1 ... 60 Nd 148
60 Neodymium 150 Neodymium -5X 10" vr 1.4XlO-" yr-' P- .01 ... 61 P m 150
37 Rubidium 87 Rubidium 6.3X 10" yr 1.1x lo-" yr" P- ; Y ; e- .15 .1 38 S r 87
19 Potassium 40 Potassium 1.6XlO'yr 4.3>(10-'O yr-' 8-;Y 1.7 1.5 20 Ca 40
675
T A B L E 733.-THE ORIGINAL N A M E S OF C E R T A I N RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS *
Radioactive Radioactive
name Element and isotope name Element and isotope
Actinium 89 Actinium 227 " D 82 Lead210
Actinium A 84 Polonium 215 Rad)m E 83 Bismuth 210
" B 82 Lead 211 F 84 Polonium 210
" c
~~
. At ti.mes the prefix cca was used to designate the element following certain elements either in the periodic
table or in radioactive series. t At one time all these materials were called Emanation, i.e., RaEm, AcEm,
ThEm.
T o be sure, any trace of such members of this family would no longer be found in the
earth.
Almost all the isotopes of this family are artificial products and are not now found in the earth.
2q2 Sergi, Emilio, and Helmholtz, A. C., Rev. Mod. Phys., vol. 21, p. 271, 1949.
(continued)
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
ln T A B L E 734.-THE F O U R R A D I O A C T I V E F A M I L I E S (continued) %
P a r t 1.-Thorium series (4 n)
6
5 -
z
D Decay Energy of radiation
Atomic Radioactive Rays and end T constant in Mev
number Element Isotope name product (half period) X sec-1 a or B Y
90 Thorium 232 Thorium a MsTh 1 1.39X 10" yr 1.58x10-'8 4.0 -
88 Radium 228 Mesothorium 1 p- MsTh 2 6.7 yr 3 . 2 8 lo-"
~ .05 -
89 Actinium 228 Mesothorium 2 p - , ~ RaTh 6.13 hi- 3.14~10-5 1.5 -
90 Thorium 228 Radiothorium a,y ThX 1.90 yr 1.16x 10.' 5.4 -
88 Radium 224 Thorium X a Tn 3.64 days 2.2ox10-0 5.7 -
86 Radon 220 Thoron a ThA 54.5 sec 1.27x10-* 6.3 -
84 Polonium 216 Thorium A a ThB .158 sec 4.4 6.8 -
82 Lead 212 Thorium B F,-Y T h C 10.6 hr 1.8 ~ 1 0 - 3 .36 -
83 Bismuth 212 Thorium C a ThC" 60.5 min 1.91~10-~ 6.1 -
p-,y ThC'
84 Polonium 212 Thorium C' a ThD 3XlO-'sec 2.3 x10-* 8.8 -
81 Thallium 208 Thorium C" F,T T h D 3.10 min 3.72x 1.7 2.6
82 Lead 208 Thorium D Stable
P a r t 2.-Neptunium series (4 n + 1)
Decay Energy of radiation
.\tomic Rays and end T constant in Mev
number Element Isotope product (half period) X sec-1 a or 8 Y
94 Plutonium t 241 p- Am -10 yr 2.2 X W D .01-.02 -
a U
95 Americium 241 a,T NP 500 y r 4.40x lo-" 5.46 .06
92 Uranium 237 P, c - , y NP 6.7 days 1.20x lod .23 .2
93 Neptunium 237 a Pa 2.6x 10' yr 8.4 x 1 0 - ~ ~ 4.7 -
91 Protactinium 233 p-97, c- c' 27.4 days 2.93~ .4 .3
92 Uranium 233 a, y, c- Th 1.63X103yyr 1.34x lo-'' 4.8 .3
90 Thorium 229 a Ra 7000 yr 3.1 ><lo-'' 5. -
88 Radium 225 6- Ac 14.8 days 5.4 NO-7 .2 -
89 Actinium 225 a Fr 10 days 8.0 xlO-' 5.8 -
t Not isolated from ores, artificially produced by bombarding uranium with a-particles.
(contintred)
v)
5
I
T A B L E 734.-THE F O U R R A D I O A C T I V E F A M I L I E S (continued)
0
v) Decoy Energy of radiation
zDz Atomic
number Element Isotope
Rays and end
product
T
(half period)
X sec-'
constant
a or ,9
in hIev
Y
87 Francium 22 1 a At 5 min 2.3 X I O - ~ 6.31 -
V
<
I 85 Astatine 217 a Bi .021 sec 33. 7.0 -
2 83 Bismuth 213 p- Po 46 min 2.5 x 1 0 1.3 -
0
r
D a TI 5.8 -
84 Polonium 213 a Pb 4.2x10-' scc 1.6 K10" 8.4 -
-I
D
m 81 Thallium 209 p- Pb 2.2 min 5.2 1.8 -
-Irn 82 Lead 209 j3- Bi 3.3 hr 5.8 xlO-' .70 -
v) 83 Bismuth 209 Stable
P a r t 3.-Uranium series (4 + 2)
Decav Energy of rodintion
Atomic Radioactive Rays and end T constaiit in >lev
number Element Isotope name product (half period) X sec-' a or ,9 7
92 Uranium 238 Uranium I a UX 1 4.5XIO"yr 4.9 XlO.'fi 4.2 -
90 Thorium 234 Uranium XI 6-97 ux 2 24.1 days 3.3 x10-' .15 .09
I.T. UZ
91 Protactinium 234 m Uranium X2 1.14 min 1.01K 10.: 2.0 .8
91 234 Uranium Z 6.7 hr 1.o .70
92 Uranium 234 Uranium I1 2% 10; yr 4.7 -
90 Thorium 230 Ionium 8.0X 10' yr 4.7 -
88 Radium 226 Radium 1620 y r 4.8 .19
86 Radon 222 Emanation 3.825 days 2.10XlO-~ 5.5 -
84 Polonium 218 Radium A a RaR 3.05 min 3.S5x lo-? 6.0 -
p- Ac .65 -
82 Lead 214 Radium B p- RaC 26.8 min 4.3 Xlo-' 5.4 1.8
83 Bismuth 214 Radium C a,y RaC" 19.7 min 5.85x10-' 3.1 -
p- RaC'
84 Polonium 214 Radium C' a RaD 1.5X lo-' sec 4.5 X lo3 7.7 -
81 Thallium 210 Radium C" 6- RaD 1.32 min 9.8 ~ 1 0 . ' 1.80 -
82 Lead 210 Radium D F,-Y R a E 22 pr 1.0 x10-0 .025 .05
83 Bismuth 210 Radium E @- RaF 5.0 days 1.6 x10-0 1.17 -
84 Polonium 210 Radium F a,y RaG 138 days 5.35x10-s 5.3 .77
82 Lead 206 Radium G Stable
(uranium lead)
(continued) %
u
T B L E 734.-THE F O U R R A D I O A C T I V E F A M I L I E S (concluded)
P a r t 4.-Actinium series ( 4 + 3)
Decay Energy of radiation
.4tomic Radioactive Rays and end T constant in hIev
number Element Isotope name product (half period) A sec-' a or B Y
92 Uraniuni 235 Actinouranium a,y UY 8 X 10" yr 3.1 xlO-" 4.6 .16
90 Thorium 23 1 Uranium Y P-,7 , 0- Pa 25.6 hr 7.52 X lo-' .2 .04
91 Protactinium 23 1 Protactinium a.7 Ac 3.4x 10' yr 6.5 X ~ O - ' ~ 5.0 .3
89 Actinium 227 Actinium @- RdAc 4.9 .04
a AcK 21.7 y r 1.01x lo-"
90 Thorium 227 Radioactitiium a,y AcX 18.6 days 4.3 x10-' 6.0 -
87 Francium 223 Actinium K F,-r AcX 21 inin 5.5 x10-4 1.2 .1
88 Radium 223 Actinium X a,y An 11.2 days 7.2 x10-7 5.7 -
86 Radon 219 Act inon a AcA 3.9 sec .17S 6.8 -
84 Polonium 215 Actinium A a AcB 1.8XW sec 3.9 X10' 7.4 -
P- At
85 Astatine 215 Astatine a AcC sec 6.9 XIOx 8. -
82 Lead 21 1 Actinium B F,y AcC 36 niin 3.2 Xlo-' 1.5 .8
83 Bismuth 211 Actinium C @-,r AcC' 2.2 min 5.2 x10-3 6.6 -
a A d ." _
~ _
84 Polonium 211 Actinium C' a AcD 5X10-3 sec 1.4 X102 7.4 -
81 Thallium 207 Actinium C" P-,Y AcD 4.8 min 2.4 x10-3 1.5 -
82 Lead 207 Actinium D Stable
679
T A B L E 735.-VARIATIONS I N T H E ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION O F C O M M O N L E A D *
Relative isotope abundances
Source of lead Locality Geological age ‘ 204 206 207 208
. .
Galena . . . . . .Great Bear Lake, Canada. . . Pre-Cambrian . . . . . . 1.000 15.93 15.30 35.3
Galena . . . . . . .Broken Hill, N.S.W . . . . . . . Pre-Cambrian . . . . . . . 1.000 16.07 15.40 35.5
Cerussite . . . . .Broken Hill, N.S.W. . . . . . . Pre-Cambrian . . . . . . . 1.ooo 15.92 15.30 35.3
1.000 15.93 15.28 35.2
Galena . . . . . . .Yancey Co., N. C . . . . . . . . . .Late pre-Cambrian . . 1.000 18.43 15.61 38.2
..
Galena . . . .. Nassau, Germany . . . . . . . . .Carboniferous . . . . . . . 1.000 i8.10 15.57 37.85
. ..
Cerussite . . . . Eifel, Germany . . . . . . . . . . Carboniferous . . . . . . . 1.000 18.20 15.46 37.7
Galena I . . . . . .Joplin, Mo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Late Carboniferous . . 1.000 21.65 15.88 40.8
Galena I1 . . . . .Joplin, Mo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Late Carboniferous .. 1.ooo 21.60 15.73 40.3
1.ooo 21.65 15.75 40.45
.
Galena . . . . . . Metalline Falls, Wash. . . . . . Late Cretaceous . . . . . 1.000 19.30 15.73 39.5
.
Cerussite . . . .Wallace, Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . Late Cretaceous . . . . . 1.om 15.98 15.08 35.07
1.Ooo 16.10 15.13 35.45
Wulfenite and
Vanadinite . .Tucson Mts.. Arizona. . . . . .Miocene . . . . . . . . . . . 1.000 18.40 15.53 38.1
..
Galena . . . . . Saxony, Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.000 17.34 15.47 37.45
1.000 17.38 15.44 37.3
T A B L E 736.-LEAD R A T I O S OF S E L E C T E D R A D I O A C T I V E M I N E R A L S *
Age ratio in
Mineral Locality Geologic age loe years
Samarskite . . . . . . Glastonbury, Conn. . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . , .Pre-Triassic . . . . . . . . . . . . , . 270
Pitchblende . . . . . . Jachymov, Bohemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Late-Paleozoic . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Thorite . . . . . . . . . .Brevig, Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... Permian ( ? ) . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 230
Kolm . . . .. . .. .. .Gullhogen, Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
.Latest Cambrian . . . . . . . . . . 400
.
Broggerite . . .. . Karlhus, Raade, Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . Pre-Cambrian . . . . . . . . . . . . 900
Cleve.ite . . . . . . . . . Aust-agder, Arendal, Norway. . . . . . . . Pre-Cambrian . . . . . . . . .. .. 1000
Uraninite . . . . . . . . Keystone, S. Dak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pre-Cambrian . . . . . . . . . . . . 1500
Uraninite . . . . . . . . Sinyaya, Pala, Carelia, Russia. . . . . . . Prc-Cambrian . . . . . . . . . . . . 1850
’ For reference, see footnote 45, p. 136.
$g
8%
’5$ g
c
‘5
Energy of &ray
line +ahsofption
energy In
Energy
of ?-ray
E’
g% 5 .-
’C
6
Energy of 8-rav
line +ahsoytion
energy in
Energy
of y-ray
Mev Mev Mev M ev
1 V.S. I- I .0?52+ ,0158 ,0410 23 m. LI .2446+.0158 .2604
2 S. I II .0259+.0152 ,0411 18 V.S. K .1915+.0875 2790
3 m. LIII .0278+.0133 .0411 25 m.s. LI .2640+.0158 .2798
4 V.S. MI .0369+ ,0038 ,0407 20 S. K .2042+.0875 .2917
5 m. M” +
,0380 ,0025 ,0406 26 m.s. LI :256+ 0158 ,2914
6 S. Nr .0398+.0009 ,0407 29 V.S. K .4281+.0875 S156
7 m. N I or 0 .0404+.0001 .0405 30 V.S. LI .5025+.0158 S183
8 f. K .0577+.0875 ,1452 31 m.f. MI .5 150+.0038 .5188
13 f. LI .1283+.0158 ,1441 30 V.S. K .5025+.0875 ,5900
12 m.s. K .1231+.0875 2106 33 m.s. Ll .5729+.0158 S887
19 m.f. I I .1954+.0158 ,2112 35 m.f. K .6990+.0875 ,786
14 ms. K .1458+.0875 .2333 36 f. LI .770 +.0158 .786
21
16
m.f. Ll +
.2165 .O 158 ,2323 40 S. K 2.558 +.0875 2.646
ms. K .I661+.0875 .2536 41 m. LI 2i63.5 +.0158 2.651
22 f. LI .2369+.0158 ,2527 42 f. MI 2.646 +.0034 2.649
17 m. K .1706+ .0875 ,2581
’” Rutherford, E., Chadwick, J., and Ellis. C. D., Radiation from radioactive substances, Cambridge Univer-
sity Press, 1930.
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
680
T A B L E 738.-ALPHA-RAY SPECTRA O F SOME N A T U R A L R A D I O A C T I V E
MATERIALS
It is sometimes stated that all alpha-particles from any one source are emitted with the same
energy or velocity. This is in the main true for most of the particles but careful measurements
have shown that this is not always the case. For some time it was known that occasionally an
alpha-particle had a range much longer than average, which, of course, means a high initial
velocity.
-
Energy
Mean Disinte- differences
ranpe Velocity a-ray gration from main Relative
Atomic Element in air, (cm/sec) energy energy group number of
No. and isotope a-ray cm x lo-" Mev Mev Mev particles
92 Uranium 238 2.92 1.420 4.20 4.28 .... ....
(Uranium I)
Uranium 234 3.5 1.515 4.76 4.85 .... ....
(Uranium 11)
91 Protactinium 231 3.8 1.553 5.01 5.11
90 Thorium 232 2.90 1.390 4.00 4.75 .. ...
Thorium 230 3 1.500 4.66 4.67 .... ....
(Ionium)
Thorium 228 .... 1.6150 5.418 5.517 0 5
(Radiothorium) .... 1.6020 5.335 5.431 ,086 1
Thorium 227 .... 1.7063 6.049 6.159 0 80
(Radioactinium) .... 1.7021 6.019 6.127 .32 15
.... 1.6979 5.990 6.097 .62 100
.... 1.6948 5.986 6.075 .84 15
.... 1.6885 5.924 6.030 1.29 5
.... 1.6806 5.870 5.975 1.84 10
.... 1.6729 5.817 5.921 2.38 5
.... 1.6558 5.766 5.869 .290 80
.... 1.6627 5.744 5.847 .312 15
.... 1.6589 5.719 5.822 .337 60
.... 1.6524 5.674 5.776 .383 10
88 Radium 226 3.5 1.520 4.793 4.879 0 ....
3.4
....
1.492 4.612 4.695 .184 ....
Radium 224 1.653 5.681 5.786 .... ....
(Thorium X)
Radium 223 .... 1.6589 5.719 5.823 0 6
(Actinium X ) 1.6424 5.607 5.709 .114 4
.... 1.6316 5.533 5.634 ,186 1
86 Radon 222 4.3 1.626 5.486 5.58867 .... ....
(Emanation)
Radon 220 4.967 1.7387 6.2872 6.3995 .... ....
(Thoron)
Radon 219 5.655 1.8117 6.824 6.953 0 10
(Actinon) (5.308) 1.7763 6.561 6.683 ,270 1
5.147 1.7593 6.436 6.556 .397 1
84 Polonium 218 4.9 1.700 6.00024 6.11239 ....
(Radium A )
Polonium 216 5.601 1.8054 6.774 6.9038 .... ....
6.420 1.8824 7.368 7.508 .... ....
6.870 1.9220 7.68300 7.82934 0 loe
7.755 1.9550 8.280 8.437 ,608 .43
.... 2.0729 8.941 9.112 1.283 (.45)
9.00 2.0876 9.068 9.242 1.412 22
.... 2.1157 9.315 9.493 1.663 .38
.... 2.1356 9.492 9.673 1.844 1.35
.... 2.1543 9.660 9.844 2.015 .35
.... 2.1678 9.781 9.968 2.138 1.06
.... 2.1817 9.908 10.097 2.268 .36
.... 2.2001 10.077 10.269 2.439 1.67
.... 2.2079 10.149 10.342 2.513 .38
.... 2.2274 10.329 10.526 2.697 1.12
11.47 2.2466 10.509 10.709 2.880 23
Polonium 213 3.805 1.59715 5.3006 5.4033 .... ....
T A B L E 7 3 9 . 4 H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F S O M E HIGH-SPEED A L P H A - P A R T I C L E S
F R O M N A T U R A L R A D I O A C T I V E SOURCES *
-
t
For reference see footnote 199, p. 618.
Approximatel;, from curve.
Temperature "C . . . . . . . .-I27 -101 -65 -56 -10 +I7 +49 +73 +lo0 +lo4 (crit)
Vapor pressure ......... .9 5 76 100 500 1000 2000 3000 4500 4745
2.94 Rasetti, Franco, Elements of nuclear physics. Copyright 1936 by PrenticeHall, Inc., New York.
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
T A B L E 744.-ANALYSIS O F THE BETA-RAY S P E C T R U M O F R A D I O A C T I N I U M
( T H O R I U M 227) *
$3
L
g% 5
'g2 ,z
.s
i;
Energy of @-ray
line 4-absorption Energy
energy
Mev
of y-ray
Mev
i:
zo B
x
.-c
5 .=
'6
.-
6
Energy of @-ray
line+ absorption
energy
Mev
Energy
of y-ray
Mev
1 20 Lr +
.O 125 .O 192 .0317 26 40 Lr .0813+.0192 .lo05
3 20 LIrI .0160+.0154 .0314 29 30 MI .0965+.0048 .lo13
6 15 Mr .0262+.0048 .0310 30 30 NI .0990+.0012 .lo02
7 10 MII .0271+.0044 .0315 18 100 K .0454+.1035 .1489
9 15 Mv .0290+.0031 .0321 35 80 Lr .1305+.0192 .1497
10 30 NI .0299+.0012 .0311 36 30 MI .1445+.0048 .1493
11 20 Nvr .0305+.0003 .0308 28 50 K .0936+.1035 .1971
12 15 .. ,0320 .0320 38 30 Lr .1753+.0192 .1945
4 50 LI .0246+.0192 .0438 40 20 MI .1899+.0048 .1947
5 20 LII .0255+.0185 .0440 37 60 K .1501+.lo35 .2536
8 25 LIII .0281+.0154 ,0435 46 40 LI .2348+.0192 2540
16 10 MI .0388+.0048 .0436 47 30 MI .2488+.0048 2536
14 40 Lr .0340+.0192 ,0532 39 60 K .1796+.1035 2831
19 20 MI .0486+.0048 .0534 48 20 LI .2618+.0192 2810
17 90 LI +
,0425 .O 192 .0617 41
49
50
20
K
Lr
.1976+.1035
.2800+.0192
.3011
2992
20 70 611 .0567+.0048 .0615
21 50 Nr .0598+.0012 .0610
For reference, see footnote 233, p. 679.
T A B L E 745.-ANALYSIS O F BETA-RAY S P E C T R U M O F M E S O T H O R I U M 2
( A C T I N I U M 228) *
.-cx Energy of @-ray Energy of @.ray
g ;: +
line allsorption
energy
Energy
of y-ray
+
line ahsorption
energy
Energy
of y-ray
5 6 Mev Mev Mev M ev
1 100 Lr .0381+.0204 .0585 18 6 Mr .1782+.0052 .1834
2 85 LIII .0416+.0162 .0578 16 18 K .1406+.1092 2498
3 65 MI .0523+.0052 .0584 20 8 LI .2291+.0204 2495
4 45 Nr .0566+.0013 .0579 19 16 K .2099+.1092 .319
5 6 Lr .0593+.0204 .0797 21 6 Lr ,299+.0204 .319
6 4 LrIr .0631+.0162 .0793 22 2 Nr .318 +.001 .319
The M and N lines would be masked exactly 23 8 K .352 +.lo9 .461
by the intense lines 8 and 9. 24 4 Lr .442 +.020 .462
11 35 Lr .1093+.0204 ,1297 25 2 Mr .458 +.005 .463
12 25 LiIr .1129+.0162 ,1291 26 6 K ,804+.lo9 .913
13 22 MI .1245+.0052 .1297 28 2 LI .897 +.020 .917
14 6 Nr .1279+.0013 .1292 27 3 K ,861 +.lo9 .970
8 50 K .0749+.1092 .1841 29 2 Lr .949 t . 0 2 0 .969
17 20 Lr .1644+.0204 .1848
~~ ~
Apparent Apparent
difference difference
of disinterration Energy of of disintep-ration Enerp-y of
Transitions energy of a - r a y ohserved Transitions energy of a - r a y ohserved
between groups of y-rav between groups of ?-ray
levels ThC f r o m ThC" levels ThC from ThC"
L. , - ~.
I>, ,040 ,040 L,. - L2
. ,433 .432
1-3 - L , .328 ,327 L, - I., ,452 .451
L, - L1 ,473 ,471 1-4 - L, ,145 ...
1.; - L, ,492 ... L, - L , ,164 ...
L , - L2 ,288 ,287 1.5 - L, ,019 ...
* For refereme. see fuotnate 2 2 5 . p. 666.
Wavelength
A C A1 c11 Az Pb
.1 .15 .16 .36 1.4 3.8
.2 .16 .28 1.5 5.6 4.9
.3 .19 .47 4.3 17. 14.
.4 .25 1.1 9.8 38. 31.
.5 .35 2.0 19. 71. 54.
It Y Conversion hv Conversion
(Mev) A.4 oliserved (Mev) h .-I oliserved
y-rays of y-rays of
89 Actinium 228-90 Thorium 228 84 Polonium 210-82 Lead 206
(MsThx) (RaTh) (RaF) (RaG)
.0581 213 LILI~IMINI ,202 . ,062 K '
,0795 .156 LIMIII ,798 ,0156 K
.1294 .096 LiLriiM~Ni 1.068 ,0116 K
,1841 .067 K LIMI y-rays of
,2497 .050 K Li 83 Bismuth 211-81 Thallium 207
.319 .039 KLrNr (Ad) (AcC")
.338 ,037 observed in 7-rays of
Jexternnl 84 Polonium 211-82 Lead 207
.408 .030 \photoeffect (AcC') (AcD)
.462 ,027 K LiMr .354 ,035 K LIMI
,915 ,0135 KLi ,460 .027 K LI
,970 ,0128 K Li .480 ,026 KLr
y-rays of y-rays of
90 Thorium 227-88 Radium 223 83 Bismuth 214-84 Polonium 214
(RdAc) (AcX) (RaC) ( RaC')
,0315 .390 LiL~iiMiMiiNvi ,6067 ,020s K L I M I N
.0437 .284 LILIIL~~~MI ,766 .0162 K
.0533 .237 Lidlr ,933 ,0133 K
.0614 ,207 LiMrNi 1.120 ,0112 K L I M I
.lo07 .123 L~MINI 1.238 ,0100 K L r
,1493 .083 KLiMr 1.379 ,0090 K ~-
.1954 ,063 K LiMi 1.414 ,0088 K L i M r
,253 ,049 K LIMI 1.761 ,0071 K L I
282 .044 K Li 2.198 ,0056 K L
.300 ,041 K LI y-rays of
y-rays of 82 Lead 212-83 Bismuth 212
88 Radium 223-86 Radon 219 (ThB) (ThC)
(AcX) (An) ,1147 .0108 LrLiiMrNi
.1435 .086 K LIM~ ,1757 ,0071 K
,153 .081 K L~MINI ,2379 ,0052 K L I L I I L I ~ ~ M I N I
.157 ,079 K LIM~ ,2494 ,0049 K
,200 .062 K Li .2990 ,0041 K L I M I
,269 ,046 K LI y-rays of
a w nf
vr - r--,- -- 83 Bismuth 212-84 Polonium 212
90 Thorium 228-88 Radium 224 (TcC) (ThC')
(RaTh) (ThX) ,726 ,0171 K
,0848 .146 LiMi 1.623 ,0076 K
,0881 .141 LIM~ 1.882 .0066 K
. 88 Radium
v-ravs of
--<- -~
226-86 Radon 222
v-ravs of
' 8f Bismuth 212+81 Thallium 208
.169 ,066 K I*rMi (ThC) ( T h C" )
y-rays of ,399 ,0036 LrLrrLirrMr A411NrO
82 Lead 210+83 Bismuth 210 ,287 ,0043 K L I
(Ran) (RaE) ,298 ,0042 K
,0472 ,026 LILI~LII~MINI ,327 ,0039 K
y-rays of ,432 ,0287 Ii
91 Protactinium 231-89 Actinium 227 .451 427.5 IC
,0949 .0130 LiL~iiMr .471 .0263 k.
,294 .042 K LiMi .617 ,0201 K
.323 .038 K LiMi y-rays of
y-rays of 84 Polonium 212-82 Lead 208
82 Lead 214-83 Bismuth 214 (ThC') (ThD)
(RaB) ( RaC ) 2765 ,045 K L~LIII
.0529 ,0235 L I L I I I . I I I M I M I IiiiNiO
M ,5100 .0243 K L i M i
,2406 .052 KCiiMr ,5523 ,0224 K L I M I
,2571 ,048 K LI 2.620 .0047 K L I M I
.2937 ,042 KLi
.3499 .035 K L~MINI
'For reference, see footnote 234, p. 684
(continued)
Material a b
......... 12. .75 x loe
1.1 “
......................... 56. 3.6 “
......................... 66. 4.2 I‘
.40 46.5 .. -
.SO 79.0 .942 la.
.548 100. .95 1085.
.60 127.7 .98 2045.
.80 340.4
~ ~
T A B L E 759.-X-RAY PRODUCTION
Quantity of X-rays emitted by a tungsten-target tube per kilowatt of energy in
cathode-ray beam.*
Roentgens ( r )
Power in total Effective per second at
X-rays from wavelength 1 meter from
focal spot (unfiltered) target
watts angstrom units (unfiltered)
2.5 .56 1.2
3.5 .40 .62
100 S.
_. .28 .34
200 10. .14 .39
500 25. .056 1.1
1000 48. .028 2.1
2000 95. .014 4.0
Clark,, George L., Applied X-rays, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1940. Used by permission
of the publishers.
*Compiled by A. H. Compton.
Position
Region of maximum
Material A A
Fluorspar ........................................... 3640-2400 2840
Fluorspar and iron spar ............................... 3900-2310 2800
Scheelite (Ca tungstate) ............................... 4800-3750 4330
Zinc sulfide .......................................... 5090-4120 4500
K platinocyanide ..................................... 4900-4120 4500
Ba platinocyanide .................................... 5090-4420 4800
Ca platinocyanide .................................... 5090-4550 4800
U NH, fluoride.. ..................................... 4400-3800 4100
X-ray tube glass.. .................................... 5090-3000 3750
Mo 42 A g 47 S n 50 w 74 Au 79 Pb 82
KK 375 545 595 1870 2230 2570
KL 50 70 90 330 395 476
KK/KL 7.5 7.8 6.6 5.65 5.65 5.40
7'4 (10-n) 13.3 11.0 8.90 3.19 2.57 2.37
. For reference, see footnote 236, p. 692.
Kilovolts .............. 50 75 100 150 200 250 400 500 1000 2000
Lead thickness, mm.. ... .1 .3 .4 .7 1.0 1.3 3.0 7 32 50
~ ~ ~
i?m National Bureau of Standards Handbook 41, Medical X-ray protection up to two million volts.
T A B L E 766A.-X-RAY DOSAGE U N I T S
The international unit of quantity or dose of X-rays (and gamma-rays), one roentgen,
r, is obtained from that X-ray (or gamma-ray) energy which, when the secondary electrons
are fully utilized and secondary radiation from the walls of the chamber avoided, under
standard 'conditions 0°C and 760 mmHg, produces in a cubic centimeter of atmospheric
air such a degree of conductivity that the quantity of electricity, measured at saturation,
equals 1 esu.
The National Bureau of Standards Handbook 41 on X-ray protection gives as the per-
missible dosage rate 0.3 r per week. On the basis of a 48-hour week of uniform exposure
the permissible dosage rate is 0.00625 r per hr (6.25 m r per hr).
This booklet also gives safety rules for operating X-ray equipment and the thickness of
lead or concrete necessary for protection against X-ray tubes operated at various intensities.
T A B L E 769.-DISTANCE PROTECTION *
Direct-current potentials require the order of 10 percent greater thickness than those given here for
pulsating potential.
t For reference, see footnote 237, p. 693.
T A B L E 7 7 6 . F H A R A C T E R l S T l C E M I S S I O N W A V E L E N G T H S (A). K SERIES *
Element r(i32) a 82 ax a2
24 Cr ........ 2.0667 (as) ' 2.0806 .... 2.28503 2.28891
26 Fe ........ 1.74O80(85) 1.753013 1.75646 1.932076 1.936012
28 Ni ........ 1.48561 1.49705 .... 1.65450 1.65835
29 cu ........ 1.37824 1.38935 .... 1.53739 1.54123
42 Mo ....... .61%98 ,630978 .631543 .707831 .712105
45 Rh ....... .533% .54449 .54509 ,61202 ,61637
47 Ag ........ .486030 .49m .49665 .55828 .56267
74 W .17899 t .18397 .18477 20860 .21341
78 Pt .I5887 .16370 .. .18523 .19004
Siegbahn
Sommerfeld
transition
4 Be 115.7
5 B 67.71
6 C 44.54
7 N 31.557
8 0 23.567
9 F 18.275
11 Na 11.885 11.594
12 Mg 9.869 9.539
13 A1 8.3205 7.965
14 Si 7.1 1106 6.7545
15 P 6.1425 5.7921
16 S 5.3637 5.3613 5.0211
17 C1 4.7212 4.7182 4.3942
19 K 3.73707 3.73368 3.4468
20 Ca 3.35495 3.35169 3.0834
21 sc 3.02840 3.02503 2.7739
22 Ti 2.74681 2.74317 2.5090
23 V 2.50213 2.49835 2.2797
24 Cr 2.28891 2.28503 2.0806
25 Mn 2.10 149 2.09751 1.90620
26 Fe 1.936012 1.932076 1.753013
27 Co 1.78919 1.78529 1.61744
28 Ni 1.65835 1.65450 1.47905 48.561
29 c u 1.541232 1.537395 1.38935 .37824
30 Zn 1.43603 1.43217 1.29255 28107
31 Ga 1.34087 1.33715 1.20520 .1938
32 Ge 1.25521 1.25130 1.12671 .11459
33 As 1.17743 1.17344 1.05510 .04281
34 Se 1.10652 1.10248 .99013 .97791
35 Br 1.04166 1.03759 .93087 .91853
36 Kr .9821 .9781 A767 3643
37 Rb .92776 92364 32749 .82696 31476
38 Sr .87761 .87345 .78183 .78130 .76921
39 Y 233132 .82712 .73972 .73919 .72713
40 Zr .7885 1 .78430 .70083 ,70028 .68850
41 Nb .74889 .74465 .66496 .66438 ,65280
42 Mo .712105 .707831 .631543 .630978 .619698
43 Tc .675 .672 .601
44 Ru .64606 .64174 .57193 .57131 .56051
45 Rh .61637 ,61202 .54509 .54449 .533%
46 Pd .58863 .58427 .52009 9947 50918
47 Ag .56267 .55828 .49665 .4960 1 .48603
48 Cd .53832 .53390 .47471 .47408 .*4m
49 In .5 1548 3106 .45423 .45358 .44408
50 Sn .49402 .48957 .43495 .43430 .42499
51 Sb .47387 .46931 .41623 40710
52 Te .45491 .45037 .39926 .39037
53 I .43703 .43249 .38292 .38315 .37471
54 Xe .417 .360
55 cs .40411 .39959 .35436 .35360 .34516
56 Ba .38899 .38443 .34089 .34022 .33222
57 La .37466 .37004 .32809 .32726 .31966
58 Ce .36110 .35647 .31572 .31501 .30770
59 P r .34805 .34340 .30439 .30360 .2%25
. ~ .
60 Nd .33595 .33125 .29351 .29275 .28573
62 Sm .31302 .30833 .27325 .27250 .26575
63 Eu .30265 .29790 .26386 .26307 .25645
This criterion cannot he strictly applied to the K a line from 4 Be to 9 F, nor to the K & line from
11 Na to 29 Cu as reported in this table.
zm Compton, A. H., and Allison, S. K., X-rays in theory and experiment, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc.,
New York, 1935. Courtesy of the publishers.
General Electric Company Benson-type X-ray tube Westinghouse Corporation WL-355 tube
Self- Self-
Effective Full wave Half wave rectified Effective Full wave Half wave rectified
focal area kv+ ma kv* ma kv" ma focal area kv ma kv ma kv ma
Stationary target : 1 second Stationary target : 1 second
1.5 mmz 110 20 110 15 .. 1.5 mm' 2770 2025 1520
3.7 110 60 95 50 ... 2.1 4830 3410 2570
5.2 90 150 100 100 78 i00 2.6 6500 4730 3400
1/60 second 3.0 7680 5915 4150
5.2 72 500 ... ... ... ... 4.2 11900 9650 6870
104 350 . .. . .. ... ... 1/60 second
Rotating target: 1 second 4.2 25000 ... ...
80 280 ... ... ... ...
1/60 second
80 540 ... ... ... ...
Peak kilovolts.
~~~ ~
(contirmcd)
SMlTHSONlAN PHYSICAL TABLES
700
T A B L E 780.-WAVELENGTHS OF T H E M O R E P R O M I N E N T L-GROUP L I N E S
IN ANGSTROMS (concluded)
Siegbahn a1
a
a
B
A
2
Sommerfeld
transition L111-Mv LIiMV L I i N V L1I.NIV
80 Hg 1.24951 1.23863 1.04652 1.03770 .8946
81 T1 1.21626 1.20493 1.01299 1.00822 ,86571
82 Pb 1.18408 1.17258 .98083 .98083 .83801
83 Bi' 1.15301 1.14150 .95002 .95324 ,81143
90 Th ,96585 .95405 .76356 .79192 .65176
91 Pa .9427 .9309 .7407 .7721 .6325
92 U .92062 .90874 ,71851 .75307 .61359
Transition 73 Ta 74 W 75 Re 76 0 s 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 A u 81 TI 82 Pb 83 Bi 90 Th 92 U
MIIOIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 2.613 .... 2.440
MINIII .... 5.163 . . . . . . . . .... 4.45i 4.iSi i.86.i 3.732 2.938
4.005 2.745
MIINIV 5.558 5.342 .... 4.944 4.770 4.590 4.424 4.110 3.964 3.829 3.006 2.813
MIIIOV ..... . . . . . . . . 4.859 4.682 4.514 4.207 4.063 3.926 3.124 2.941
MIIIOI . 5.620 ........ ........ ....
4.235 4.0% . . . . 3.114
MIINI ... ....... .... 3.322
r' ........ .... i.ic00 4.650 4.506 3.661 3.463
MIIINV 6.299
. . . .6.076
... 5.iis 5.670 5.490 5.309 s.ij5 4.815 4.665 4.522 3.672 3.473
MIIINW 6.340 6.121 5.919 5.712 5.529 5.346 5.175 4.855 4.705 4.560 3.710 3.514
MIVOII 7.083 6.794 . . . . . . . . .... 4.813 3.804 3.570
B' 6.984 6.718 .... 6.233 6.009 5.796 5.595 5.20 5.045 4.881 3.924 3.698
MIVNVI 7.008 6.743 6.491 6.254 6.025 5.8168 5.612 5.239 5.065 4.899 3.934 3.708
h!VOIII ........ ....... . . . . 5.975 5.755
a 7201 6932
.............. 6440 6215 5.997 5794 5.416 5.239
a' 7.219 6.948 .... 61459 6% 6:oii 5:Sii 5.433 5.256 5.087 4.112 3.886
MVNVII 7.237 6.969 6.715 6.477 6.249 6.034 5.828 5.450 5.274 5.108 4.130 3.902
MVNVI . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.262 6.045 5.842 5.461 5.288 5.119 4.143 3.916
MIIINI 7.596 7.346 . . . . . . . . 6.653 6.442 6.241 5.870 5.694 5.526 4.554 4.322
MIVNIII .... 8.559 8.222 .... 7.629 7.356 7.086 .... 6.371 6.149 4.901 4.615
MVNI~I 9.297 8.943 8.612 8.293 8.002 7.722 7.451 6.960 6.726 6.508 5.229 4.937
MIVNII 9.311 8.977 8.646 8.344 8.048 7.774 7.507 7.017 6.788 6.571 5.329 5.040
. ~~
E. Lindberg, Dissertation, Uppsala (1931). I n addition to the values listed here, measurements have been
made in the range from Ce 58 to 72 H f . The wavelengths may be found in the dissertation, or in Siegbahn,
Spektroskopie der Rthtgenstrahlen (1931). For reference, see footnote 238, p. 697.
0
v) K LI =I1 4 1 1 MI MI1 MI11 MIV MV Longer wavelengths
3 1 H
t
D
2 He 504.29
I
V 3 Li
2 4 Be .... 1329.89
P
0 5B 64.3
r 6C 43.5
4
D 7N 31.1
W
r
m
v)
8 0 23.5
9 F 18.0
10 Ne .... 255.77 i; 2.4 i;4.9
11 Na
12 Mg 9.4962 .... ... 1621.48
13 A1 7.9356 .... 181
14 Si 6.7310 .... 126
15 P 5.7749 .... 96.4
16 S 5.0088 .... 75.7
17 Ci 4.3838 60.9
18 A 3.8657 50.1 124.03 78.0 'E 6.8
19 K 3.4310 NI
20 Ca 3.0643 .... 35.63 ... .. .. .... 2028.20
21 s c 2.7517
22 Ti 2.4912 27.29
23 V 2.2630
24 Cr 2.0659
25 Mn 1.8916
26 Fe 1.7394
27 co 1.6040
28 Ni 1.4839
29 Cu 1.3774 .. 12.9 13.15 Nl
30 Zn 1.2805 .. .... .... .., 708.18 722.08 1319.84
31 Ga 1.1902
32 Ge 1.1164
33 As 1.04263
34 Se .97773
For reference. see footnote 238, p. 697.
(continued)
u
T A B L E '83.-CRITICAL ABSOR PTION W A V E L E N G T H S IN A N GSTR OMS (co tinued) 0
N
K LI =I1
LIII MI mi1 mi11 MIV MV Longer wavelengths
35 Br .91809 NII NIII
36 Kr A6372 .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 845.42 855.63
37 Rb ,81410 5.9854 .... 6.8413 Or
38 Sr ,76837 5.5713 6.1621 6.3620 2177.46
39 Y .7255 5.2216 5.7373 5.9444
40 Zr ,68738 4.8574 5.3659
41 Nb .65 158 4.5717 ....
42 Mo .61848 4.2897 4.7120
43 Tc
44 Ru .5584 .... 4.1648 4.3577
NIV
45 Rh .53303 3.61860 3.9340 4.1212 N V
46 Pd .50795 3.4206 3.7512 3.9005 .... .... .... .... .... 1412.92 1487.30
47 Ag .48448 3.2474 3.5067 3.6908 .... .... .... 30.82 31.14 N" Nvr 01
48 Cd .46313 3.0773 3.3192 3.4963 .... .... .... 28.13 678.28 705.23 1378.57
49 In ,44298 2.9194 3.1395 3.3155
50 Sn .42394 2.7696 2.9723 3.1493 .... .... .... 24.28
51 Sb .40609 2.6317 2.8219 2.9907
52 Te
53 I
.38926
,37344
2.5039
2.3839
2.6793
2.5475
2.8457
2.7139 .,.. .... .... 19.66 { 011, 111
1022.13
54 Xe .35777 2.2691 2.4241 2.5872 .... .... .... .... ....
55 c s .34404 2.1605 2.3073 2.4678 PI
56 Ba .33070 2.0620 2.1993 2.3568 15.56 15.89 2379.29
57 La .31814 1.9689 2.0989 2.2537
58 Ce .30626 1.8856 2 0067 2.1579
59 P r .2951 1.808 1.9197 2.0727
60 Nd 28458 1.7317 1.8391 1.9907
61 P m
62 Sm ,2644 1.5954 1.6991 1.8408
63 Eu .2548 1.5333 1.6228 1.7717
64 Gd .2462 1.4740 1.5587 1.7062
65 T b .2376 1.4181 1.4981 1.6453
66 Dy .2301 1.3648 1.4414 1.5870
67 Ho .22264 1.3146 1.3869 1.5322
68 Er .... 1.2660 1.3349 1.4796
69 T m .2085 1.21% 1.2849 1.4299
70 Yb .2016 1.1764 1.2381 1.38264
71 Lu .1951 1.1362 1.1945 1.3377
(continued)
T A B L E 7 8 3 . 4 R I T I C A L ABSORPTION W A V E L E N G T H S IN ANGSTROMS (concluded)
-I
Er K LI =I1 LIII MI MI1 MI11 MIV Mv Longer wavelengths
C: 72 Hf .1901 1.097 1.1515 1.2930
73 Ta .I836 1.057 1.1102 1.2517
74 w .17822 1.Om5 1.0713 1.2116 4.365 4.800 5.427 6.487 6.702
75 Re .1735 .9873 1.0354 1.1755
76 0s .16755 .9558 .9998 1.1390 4.037 4.412 5.027 5.975 6.194
77 Ir .16209 .9223 .9654 1.1038 .... 4.270 4.851 5.754 5.961
78 Pt .15770 A914 .9321 1.0710 3.603 3.738 4.676 5.544 5.746
79 Au .15320 23622 .9009 1.0382 3.742 4.085 4.508 5.330 5.529 OIV ov P I
80 Hg .14893 .8342 .8708 1.0075 .... .... 4.340 5.139 5.331 742.22 835.47 1187.95
81 T1 .14441 .SO72 .8419 .9778 .... .... 4.184 4.936 5.136
82 Pb .14049 .7812 .8143 .9492 .... .... 4.034 4.747 4.945
83 Bi .13678 .7559 .7878 .9221 .... .... 3.893 4.568 4.762
84 Po
85 At PIX, I11
86 Rn .... .... .... .... .... .... 1153.52
87 Fr
88 Ra .... .... .670 .802
89 Ac
90 Th .I1270 .6039 .6293 .7600 2.388 2.571 3.062 3.550 3.722
91 Pa
92 u .I0658 .5680 ,5913 .7208 2.228 2.385 2.877 2.327 3.491
____.
u)
5 TABLE 784.-CALCULATED MASS ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS 298
1
I
0 K series
-z
v)
t
I 1-
Material ,010 ,020 .040 .080 .15 .25 .40 .80 1.50 2.50 4.00 6.00
Q
-
I
<
Z
1 Hydrogen
2 Helium
3 Lithium
.1134
.0571
.0494
.1577
.0794
.0687
,2083
.lo49
.0910
.2628
.1325
,1147
,3081
,1553
.1347
,3366
.1702
.I489
.3559
.I841
.1660
,3854
.2171
2417
,4318
.3657
,6731
,5916
.9970
2.4945
1.2080
3.4658
9.644i
3.1420
11.194
~~
31.927
~
-4
4 Beryllium .0506 .0705 .0933 .I 176 ,1389 .1560 .1838 ,3552 1.3939 5.7894 22.972 76.193
g 5 Boron ,0528 ,0734 ,0973 ,1228 .1455 .I662 206 1 .4864 2.2131 9.5170 37.995 125.84
E 6 Carbon .0571 .0794 .I052 .I331 .1592 ,1884 .2588 ,8119 4.2565 18.768 74.928 246.27
7 Nitrogen .0571 .0794 ,1053 .I335 ,1621 ,2013 .3111 1.2266 6.9494 30.958 123.19 401.64
8 Oxygen ,0571 .0795 .lo55 ,1342 .I659 .2189 .3827 1.7915 10.591 47.288 186.85 601.92
9 Fluorine .0541 .0753 .loo0 ,1278 ,1619 ,2292 .4513 2.3963 14.512 64.669 253.16 803.50
10 Neon ,0566 .0788 ,1047 .1347 .1757 .2686 S896 3.4280 21.036 93.298 361.06 1125.3
11 Sodium ,0546 ,0760 .lo12 ,1312 .I771 ,2938 ,7092 4.4007 27.180 119.74 457.04 1393.5
12 Magnesium .0563 ,0784 .I046 .I367 .I920 .3461 .9060 5.8930 36.469 159.30 598.22 1775.8
13 Aluminum ,0551 .0767 .lo24 ,1353 .1985 ,3882 1.0876 7.3182 45.240 195.61 720.70 2072.3
14 Silicon ,0570 .0794 .lo62 ,1417 ,2167 .4532 1.3335 9.1794 56.745 244.02 889.43 2507.0
15 Phosphorus .0553 .0771 .lo34 .I399 ,2255 ,5096 1.5725 11.052 68.006 288.75 1037.1 2766.9
16 Sulfur .0570 .0795 .I069 ,1470 ,2506 ,6082 1.9568 13.914 85.069 355.96 1230.5
17 Chlorine .0548 .0765 .lo31 ,1442 2607 .6754 2.2446 16.105 97.676 402.03 1343.4
18 Argon .0515 .0719 .0973 S388 .2664 ,7318 2.4967 18.014 108.25 437.17
19 Potassium .0555 .0776 .lo54 .I537 .3131 ,9065 3.1592 22.859 135.88 537.16
20 Calcium ,0570 ,0798 ,1088 ,1623 ,3512 1.0651 3.7759 27.341 160.57 619.41
22 Titanium ,0525 ,0736 ,1014 .1593 ,3871 1.2683 4.6098 33.257 189.78 689.33
24 Chromium ,0528 .0741 .lo34 .1720 ,4664 1.6220 5.9875 42.804 235.77
26 Iron .0533 ,0750 ,1061 .1880 S634 2.0502 7.6376 53.860 284.05
28 Nickel .0546 ,0771 ,1110 ,2101 .6888 2.5938 9.7000 67.243
29 Copper ,0523 .0739 ,1073 .2102 ,7180 2.7412 10.265 70.389
30 Zinc .0526 ,0745 .lo92 ,2215 ,7862 3.0375 11.376 77.110 360.33
32 Germanium ,0506 .0719 .lo77 2342 3909 3.5078 13.113 86.581
34 Selenium .0494 ,0706 ,1082 2527 1.0204 4.0731 15.161 97.059
35 Bromine .0503 ,0721 .1118 ,2703 1.1212 4.4985 16.696 105.02
36 Krypton .0494 ,0710 ,1116 ,2794 1.1875 4.7850 17.698 109.22
37 Rubidium .0498 .0717 A142 .2959 1.2866 5.2015 19.160 115.74
38 Strontium .0499 .0721 ,1164 .3121 1.3520 5.6184 20.609 121.84
-
2"'8 Private communication from John A. Victoreen, T h e Victoreen Instrument Co., Cleveland, Ohio.
(contirrued)
T A B L E 784.-CALCULATED MA SS A B SOR PTION C O E F F I C I E N T S (concluded)
K series
::
0
Material ,010 .020 ,040 .080 .15 2 5 .40 .80 1.50 2.50 4.00 6.00
2 42 Molybdenum .0505 .0740 ,1269 .3873 1.8412 7.4923 26.879
7 46 Palladium .0500 .0743 ,1364 .4680 2.3331 9.4481 32.893
C: 47 Silver .0505 .0755 .1411 .497 1 2.5023 10.110 34.886
50 Tin .0490 .0743 .1466 S581 2.8718 1 1.493 38,467
52 Tellurium .0475 .0728 ,1492 .5950 3.0958 12.287 40.150
53 Iodine .0488 .0752 .1570 .6397 3.3434 13.207
54 Xenon ,0481 .0746 .1587 .6606 3.4660 13.621
56 Barium .0478 .0750 .1661 .7190 3.7952 14.743
58 Cerium .0486 .0762 .1685 7332 3.8080 14.536
60 Neodymium .0490 .0778 .1785 .7959 4.1654 15.620
65 Terbium .0485 .0798 2 0 13 ,9689 5.0766
73 Tantalum .0488 .0858 2508 1.3152 6.7235
74 Tungsten .0488 .0865 2575 1.3614 6.9253
78 Platinum .0490 .0903 2878 1.5647 7.7673
79 Gold .0493 .0917 ,2973 1.6253 8.0105
80 Mercury .0493 .0925 ,3049 1.6759 8.1957
82 Lead .0492 .0944 .3210 1.7806
83 Bismuth .0496 .O% 1 .3320 1.8491 8.5986
90 Thorium .0488 .0964 .3406 1.8609
92 Uranium .0490 .0992 .3612 1.9814
Air .0570 .0793 ,1052 .1337 .1643 2123 .3561 1.5759 9.1109 40.027 154.59
Water .0634 .0882 .1170 .I486 ,1819 2321 .3801 1.6341 9.4547 42.061 166.08 534.90
Nylon .0624 .0869 .1151 .1457 .-. ..
-1747 -2084 2921 .9573 5.0960 22.460 89.240 291.00
Polyethylene ,0651 .OW6 .I201 .I517 .1806 .2097 2733 .7506 3.7066 16.155 64.330 211.31
Polystyrene .a614 ,0854 .1133 .1431 .l708 .1999 .2666 .7788 3.9958 17.358 69.209 277.40
706 T A B L E S 785-793.-FISSION
Artificial disintegration is generally considered in two parts : the first when
the bombarded atom suffers a change not greater than the loss (or gain) of an
alpha particle, and the second when the change in the bombarded atom is much
greater-the bombarded atom being at times split into two nearly equal parts.
This latter is called fission : the former, artificial disintegration. Fission was at
first brought about by bombardment with neutrons but it can be caused by
bombardment by almost any particle with the proper energy (see Table 726).
This effect can be produced in a number of isotopes of the heavier atoms such
as Np, U, Pa, Th, Pb, Sn, Eu, and Ni. Some other atoms such as Bi, Rb, TI,
Hg, Au, Pt, W, and many others show no fission; at least if such an effect
exists it is less than 1/1000 that of Th. There are a great many products of
fission as shown by a paper by scientists of the Plutonium One
example of fission is
92U235 $- on1+ 4oZr97 52Te137 +
+ on1 + on1
There is a considerable release of energy when fission takes place. Complete
data are not available but such as are available give values of about 200 Mev
per fission per atom of the heavier elements. (See Table 790.) It is also to
be noted that there are two neutrons given as a result of the above reaction ;
thus, it is self-sustaining.
"O Journ. Amer. Chem. SOC.,vol. 68, p. 2411, 1946.
T A B L E 785.-FISSION DATA *
Target substance 02u=6 mPuz^p
Compound nucleus .................. ozU2" e3Pu240
Threshold energy for fast neutron fis-
sion, in Mev.. .................... 0 0
Energy released per fission, in Mev.. . 200
I
I
Energy of fission neutrons, in Mev.. . <3.5_
(Ave 1)
Average number of neutrons released
per fission ....................... 2.3 Estimated to be same as for w U ' ~
(2 to 3.5)
Average number of neutrons released
per thermal neutron absorbed, q.. .. 1.4
T A B L E 786.-FISSION THRESHOLDS *
V
s&? -
O C
2
V
c"l
gz
-
0
..
.oc u3
t e
i: Threshold energy g.2
25
*'
%
;
22
Threshold energy %.z M5
s E' for
exciting fission V
V exciting
forfission 2
V ; $2
o o ThZs2 5.402.22 Mev y 5.08*.15 Mev Y
mThm 1.10-f.05 n 1.0 2 . 1 n
u1Pa2p -1 n <O slow n
s1Paw3 <6.9 P <6.9 P
slPaw -8 d -8 d
.LJ- 5.18-C.27 Y 5.31rt.27 Y
s2um 5.3 12.25 Y s4Pu2'0 <O slow n
dJ= <O slow n
~
Revised by J. L. Rhodes, University of Pennsylvania. For reference, see footnote 226, p. 667.
T A B L E 788.-THE C R I T I C A L E N E R G Y FOR F I S S I O N *
The experimental values of the critical energy for fission of a number of isotopes have
been determined by Koch, McElhinney, and Gasteiger *" who give the following photo-
'fission threshold energies. (The work of Shoupp and Hill '" on the fast neutron fission
energies for Thza2and U" was used for the values given for ThW and UwO.)
T A B L E 789.-HALF-LIVES F OR S P O N T A N E O U S F I S S I O N '"
These half-lives are calculated on the basis of a half-life of 10l6 years for Urn
Element
Half-life Z A Half-life
10l6years MPU'" . . ... 8.0x 10'' years
, . . . . . 1.4X10" MPurj0 .. . . . 1.3X10"
. . . . . 7.62 loi3 W P u z m .. . .. 1.6X1011
..... 6.8 x 10" 05AmU3 . . . . 6.6x 10"
..... 7.7x 1014 osAmZ'l ' . . . . 1.4X1010
Energy released
Energy released in subsequent
Original Two products on division beta decay
2WNia1 ,,Si". 31 -11 Mev 2 Mev
~OSn"' Mn", SU 10 12
eaEr'a' 94 13
aPbm 4,Nb103,104 120 32
B2UZ3" 4,,Pd11u, 200 31
3
+3
$2 * m
$.
::
b
E.5 E.5 E.5 E.9 M
;
9
z ,Ex uy
'h
z$-
...
Xu
2 2
v uO
G
-
0
u
.-
r:
.-;:
x u
L 22
.- 2:
Gal
v
C uf
s6" g5 25 ClC
m" 2
mc
z'
x c
m
2"
u
a'-
ClC
'Revised by J. L. Rhodes, University of Pennsylvania. For reference, see footnote 226, p. 667.
Ceornnjinetic latitude
r -
30 39- 5'0
Energy falling per sec un each cmz of the atmosphere.. 1x10" 1.7X10° 3 2 XIOo
Tota l number of ions formed per sec below each cm2
of the upper surface of the atm o sp h er e.. . . . . . . . . . . . 3x10' 54x10' 7.4 X10'
Low energy limit of oncoming particles imposed by the
earth's magnetic field.. ........................... 15X10" 8x10" 2x10''
Average energy per particle striking the atm o sp h er e.. 3x10'' 1.6X10"' .88X10'0
Probable number of particles striking each cm2 of outer
surface of the atmosphere per m i n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 6.5 21.8
.-U
u
0
..
c
"
m
-0
.-
-.-
0
0
U
%
0 *
I. q:
%
2.2 c)xg
'C tQ-.
<$
" 6 2 -z>
Location $1 p g &;;
Saskatwn ..... 60" 1.4 2.36 San Antonio ... 38" 6.7 1.81
Omaha ........ 51" 2.9 2.25 Madras ....... 3" 17.0 .94
-
Total intensity H a r d component S o f t comoonent
P, n
Omni- Lati- bmni- Lati- bmni- Lati-
direc- tude direc- tude direc- tude
tional Vertical effect tional Vertical effect tional Vertical effect
Altitude
meters atm
narticle
^ _ _ -
seccms
particle
seccmzw
per-
cent
-~
particle particle
seccm2 seccmp w
per-
cent
~
particle particle
see cm2 sec cm2 w
per-
cent
0 1.000 ,020 ,015 10 ,013 .009 10 ,007 .006 10
2,000 .784 ,035 .025 15 .018 ,012 15 ,017 .013 15
4,500 .570 .I0 .07 25 .03 .020 25 .07 .05 25
10,000 .261 .7 .3 45 .10 .05 30 .6 .25 30
16,100 .lo0 1.5 .5 75 .25 .08 ? 1.25 .42 80
30,000 .0115 .5 .15 85 .4 .13 .06 .02
a 0 .3 .1 90 ? ?
?
? ? ? ;?
w = solid angle.
T A B L E 799.-SOME COSMIC-RAY D A T A
Our galaxy:
Total number of stars... .................................. 30x10;
Average mass of stars.. ................................... 2x10 q4
Total mass of galaxy ..................................... 3.27X10 g
Total volume ............................................ 1 P cm3
Diameter (disk) ......................................... 5x10" cni
Average mass density.. ................................... 3X10-" 8 cm-'
Total mass energy. ....................................... 2.95X10 ergs
Total kinetic energy ...................................... 1.6x1OBDergs
Average mass-energy-density ............................. 3X 10- erg cm4
Average kinetic energy-density
-. ............................ 1.6X 10" erg cm"
Universe :
Mass density ............................................ 3)<10-= g cm4
Mass-energy-density ..................................... 3)(10-' erg cm-a
Radiant-energy-density ................................... 6 x lo-'' erg cmd
Cosmic ray energy-density ................................ 1.7XlO-" erg cm4
A t earth's surface (top of atmosphere) :
Total radiant energy from all stars.. ....................... 1.78)(10a erg cm-' sec-'
Total radiant energy density (our galaxy).. ................ 5.8x10-" erg cmd
Total. radiant energy (sun directly overhead)*. .............. 1.2~10"erg cm-' sec-'
Cosmic ray energy ....................................... 3.8X10-' erg' cm-* sec-'
Cosmic ray energy-density.. ............................... erg cm-'
Astrophysical data.
T A B L E 8 0 1 . 4 O M P O S I T I O N O F COSMIC R A D I A T I O N A T G E O M A G N E T I C
L A T I T U D E 30" a
'
~
Gravity. cm/seca
.
The following table is abridged from the table of Principal Facts in U S. Coast and Geodetic
Survey Special Publication No . 244. Pendulum Gravity Data in the United States. The observed
values depend on relative determinations and on an adopted value of 980.118 for the Commerce
Building Base in Washington. D . C .
There are also given two types of gravity anomalies . The free-air anomaly is the difference
between the observed value of gravity and the theoretical values of gravity for the latitude of the
station corrected for the elevation of the station . The isostatic anomaly is the difference between
the observed values of gravity and the theoretical value of gravity for the latitude of the station
corrected for the elevation of the station. topography and isostatic compensation in the earth's
crust to a depth of 113.7 kilometers.
Calculated from Table 802 by the formula 1 = g/2. For each 100 ft of elevation subtract
0.000953 cm or 0.000375 in. or 0.0000313 ft. This table could also have been computed by either
of the following formulas derived from the gravity formula a t the top of Table 802.
I = 0.990961 ( 1 + 0.0052884 sinx@ - 0.0000059 sill' 2 @ ) meters.
I = 0.990961 + .0052406 sin' @ - 0.0000058 sin2 2 @, meters.
1 = 39.014135 ( 1 + 0.0052884 sin2@ - 0.0000059 sin22 6 )inches.
+
I = 39.014135 0.2063214 sin' @ - 0.0002302 sin' 2 @, inches.
S M I T H W I A N PHYSICAL TABLES
718 T A B L E 807.-SOME PLACES O F ANOMALOUS GRAVITY
The departures are from values of gravity normally expected, from Table 802.
Departure
Elevation Gravity from values
Latitude Longitude meters * cm/sec2 of table Place
$9'2918 N 155"34!8 W 3970 978.096 +698 Mauna Loa
19 42.2 N 155 27.9 W 2030 978.504 +495 Kalaieha
19 25.4 N 155 15.7 W 1211 978.673 +428 Kilavea
23 47.0 N 166 12.5 W 2 979.201 +315 East Island
32 21 N 6440 W 2 979.806 +282 St. Georges
37 30.0 N 2 45.0 W 858 979.669 +265 Baza
38 06.7 N 3 04.5 W 805 979.792 +248 Villacarrillo
42 55.8 N 0 08 E 2877 979.779 +224 Pic du Midi
37 11.0 N 3 36.0 W 669 979.669 +206 Granada
45 50 N 652 E 4807 979.401 f 180 Mont Blanc
45 57.5 N
45 59.5 N
67 53.6 N
7 48.9 E
7 42.7 E
13 02.0 E
2797
2582
19
980.019
980.080
982.622
%
+I42
Betempshiitte
Schwarzsee
Sorvaagen
33 48.5 N 74 33.3 E 3338 978.752 +133 Korag
51 48 N 10 37 E 1140 981.O 15 +129 Brocken
35 44.5 N 15 39.5 E - 460 979.926 +118 Mediterranean Sea
40 38 N 17 57 E 16 980.337 + 107 Brindisi
23 06.1 N
42 08 N
46 21.9 N
74 58.5 W
41 42 E
9 07.6 E
2
3
1030
978.941
980.317
980.374
zl;
- 61
Clarence Town
Poti
Augio
56 08.0 N 91 18.0 E 339 981.435 - 70 Kosulka
8 14 S 30 35 E 783 977.835 - 78 Moliro
30 19.5 N 78 03.4 E 683 979.063 - 89 Dehra Dun
50 30.2 N 116 03.4 W 828 980.767 -100 Invermere
1 50 N 31 19 E 623 977.753 -109 Butiaba
750 S 120 48 E -5140 978.024 -121 Java Sea
5 12 N 94 12 E -2555 977.962 -129 Indian Ocean
40 26 N 50 00 E 57 980.065 -136 Surachany
848 S 128 26 E -2120 978.019 -151 Timor Sea
26 41.8 N 88 24.8 E 118 978.887 -166 Siliguri
2 09 N 126 59 E -2200 977.877 -179 Celebes Sea
10 17 N 126 41 E -8740 978.013 -200 Philippine Sea
0 29 S 125 59 E -2390 977.833 -216 Celebes Sea
536 S 131 08 E -7330 977.843 -255 Banda Sea
19 32 N 6646 W -8040 978.284 -341 Atlantic Ocean
~
Heiskanen W., Catalogne of the isostaticall reduced gravity stations, Helsinki, 1939,
For sea stations. the depth is recorded in t l i s column; the observations were made in submarines
and reduced to sea level.
T A B L E 809.-AT MOSP H E R I C T R A N S M I SS I 0 N CO E F F l C I E N T S
Montezuma, Table Mt., Miami,
Wave. Chile Calif. Fla.
length &
P High Low High Low High Low'
.34 .620 .568 .605 .552 .5I2 .464
.35 .656 ,600 .641 .585 .541 .492
.36 .687 .630 ,672 .615 .567 .519
.37 .714 .657 .701
.~ .643 .593 .545
.38 .738 .681 .726 .668 .617 .57I
.39 .759 .703 .749 .692 .642 ,595
.40 .778 .722 .769 .712 ,662 .615
.45 .848 .792 .840 .783 .755 ,709
.50 .890 .838 ,883 .831 .818 ,763
.55 .900 .849 .890 .838 .850 .788
.60 .913 .863 ,905 .854
.65 .936 .884 .933 .880
.70 .963 .924 ,961 .922
.75 ,972 .936 .970 .934
.80 .980 ,945 .978 .943
-8.5 .984
.- .9S2
.. _ _ ,983 ,950 '954 ,917
.90 .985 .956 .984 .954 .957 ,922
.95 .986 .957 .985 .956 .960 .925
1.oo .987 .958 .986 -957
... ,962 ,928
1.25 .989 .960 .989 .959 .. - .
-964 ,933
1.50 .994 .965 .994 .968 ,969 ,942
1.75 .997 .970 .997 ,970 ,973 ,946
2.00 .996 .975 996 ,974 ,969 .945
2.25 .988 .970 .987 .965 .955 ,930
High transmissions are for every clear day and low precipitable water, 2 mm for Monte-
zuma and Table Mt., and 3.5 mm for Miami.
Low transmissions are for very hazy days and high precipitable water, 10 mm for Monte-
zuma and Table Mt., and 25 mm for Miami.
Transmission coefficients in the rang-e .70 - 2.25 A are all smooth-curve values drawn over
the tops of the water-vapor bands.
Unit air mass.
SMITHSONIAN PHVSICAL TABLES
720
T A B L E 8lO.-THE SOLAR CONSTANT, M O N T H L Y A N D Y E A R L Y M E A N S *
Yearly
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct Nov Dec. mean
1920 1.945 1.950 1.953
21 1.957 1.955 1.949 1.947 1.950 I .939 1.950 1.943 1.950 55 57 52 1.950
22 47 46 36 30 30 18 14 21 17 25 26 24 28
23 42 29 32 31 36 28 36 34 53 45 44 43 38
24 44 41 47 42 50 52 51 46 47 52 53 50 48
25 46 55 50 50 48 48 49 47 49 48 46 48 49
26 45 38 40 38 40 41 42 46 43 38 36 37 40
27 39 39 40 44 43 46 44 43 48 42 46 44 43
28 41 42 46 44 48 49 43 42 42 43 46 47 44
29 48 41 41 43 43 37 41 39 40 39 43 46 42
1930 44 44 43 42 47 50 50 49 46 46 48 52 47
31 48 46 47 46 51 47 48 47 49 47 45 46 47
32 45 39 39 41 39 42 44 41 41 39 39 46 41
33 50 48 42 40 41 43 46 43 49 49 50 50 46
34 48 45 47 43 44 48 47 44 48 51 51 50 47
35 48 45 47 46 47 47 47 49 45 47 50 51 47
36 47 46 44 46 47 49 47 47 48 49 52 51 48
37 49 48 43 41 43 47 44 46 48 46 48 51 46
38 47 46 48 44 44 43 44 45 46 49 52 51 47
39 47 42 44 43 42 41 42 40 46 44 51 47 44
1940 47 45 43 48 48 48 49 47 49 46 45 49 47
41 48 48 50 47 51 48 52 50 48 50 49 51 49
42 49 48 43 45 47 48 48 45 44 44 48 44 46
43 42 44 43 45 46 51 48 49 47 46 43 48 46
44 48 52 44 44 46 44 45 43 40 43 46 46 45
45 39 46 44 48 47 44 47 41 42 42 47 43 44
46 46 39 38 46 53 52 51 48 50 48 53 54 48
47 53 49 45 49 50 51 47 49 47 52 53 54 50
48 51 53 49 51 52 56 57 53 56 52 56 55 53
49 55 56 47 49 51 44 49 49 47 50 52 54 50
1950 56 49 47 45 49 49 47 50 47 52 51 49 49
1951 50 52 55 43 40 44 46 48 47 47 42 46 46
1952 45 41 36 44 46 47 40 43 42 43 40 47 43
T A B L E 811.-AIR MASSES
T h e transmission, both total and spectral, of the atmosphere depends upon several vary-
ing factors besides the actual air masses, that is, the length of the path of the rays in the
atmosphere ; thus, corrections must always be determined for different tests.
Values of the transmission of the atmosphere for any position of the sun except when it
is directly overhead are calculated from measurement when the sun is in the zenith, i.e.,
em= eoamwhen em is the intensity of the radiation at air mass m, eo the intensity for the
sun in the zenith, and a the transmission for unit air mass. m is unity when the sun is in
the zenith and approximately equals the secant of the zenith distance for the other positions.
Besides values derived from the pure secant formula, the table contains those derived
from various other more complex formulas, taking into account the curvature of the earth,
refraction, etc. The most recent is that of Bemporad.
Zenith dist 00 200 40° 60° 700 750 800 850 880
Secant 1.00 1.064 1.305 2.000 2.924 3.864 5.76 11.47 28.7
Forbes 1.00 1.065 1.306 1.995 2.902 3.809 5.57 10.22 18.9
i3oueuer 1.00 1.064 1.305 1.990 2.900 3.805 5.56 10.20 19.0
LapLce 1.00 -- -- 1.993 2.899 -- 5.56 10.20 18.8
Bemporad 1.00 -- -- 1.995 2.904 -- 5.60 10.39 19.8
fi 0 1 2 3 4 . 5 1 2 3 4 5
.OO to .400 .151 .070 .036 ,018 .OlO .005 .094 .061 .041 .028 ,019
,400 to ,770 ,925 ,740 .591 .476 .386 ,314 .813 ,734 .664 .603 .549
,770 to 4, ,874 .606 .517 .450 .398 .359 .742 ,695 .657 .630 ,608
.OO to" 1.950 1.416 1.144 .944 .794 .678 1.649 1.490 1.362 1.261 1.176
Average clear day a t Miami, Fla. (sea level) precipitable water about 2.00 cm.
Average clear day at Montezuma, Chile (altitude 9,000 feet) precipitable water 0.25 cm.
T A B L E 813.-SPECTRAL D I S T R I B U T I O N O F SOLA R R A D I A T I O N O U T S I D E
THE A T M O S P H E R E
On the bases of the Smithsonian and other observations, Moon"' in 1940 proposed a
spectral solar-radiation curve at normal incidence outside the atmosphere a t the mean solar
distance and also a like curve for solar radiation a t the earth's surface for air mass 2
(Table 815). More recently a rocket observation'662 has given a direct measurement (at
55 km) of the ultraviolet spectrum of the sun at wavelengths below 0 . 3 4 ~ . Since less
than 1 percent of atmospheric ozone is above this level, this observation should be closely
representative of ultraviolet solar radiation at wavelengths above 0.22 p at the top of the
atmosphere. Moon's values for wavelengths above 0 . 3 3 ~and data from the rocket observa-
tion for wavelengths below 0 . 3 3 ~were used in constructing the table.
(c0nti;zzued)
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
722
T A B L E 8 1 3 . 4 P E C T R A L D I S T R I B U T I O N OF SOLAR R A D I A T I O N O U T S I D E
T H E A T M O S P H E R E (concluded)
Part 2.-Energy distribution of solar radiation outside the atmosphere
T A B L E 814.-DISTRIBUTION O F I N T E N S I T Y (RADIATION)
O V E R SOLAR DISC
Fraction of radius
Wave-*
length
c .oo .30 .so .60 .70 .80 .90 .95 ,975
.3149 1.000 .959 .857 .760 .721 .607 ,446 ,337 251
.3518 1.000 .977 .895 .841 .785 .679 ,524 .407 ,328
.3665 1.OOO .980 ,881 .841 .787 .703 ,546 .437 ,359
.4030 1.000 .959 ,877 .859 .767 .664 .533 ,423 .346
.4487 1.OOO .977 .912 ,859 .804 .720 .594 .500 ,389
S186 1.OOO .975 ,929 .877 .832 .759 .644 .551 .466
S485 1.000 .967 .919 ,884 .832 .756 .650 .565 ,487
.6151 1.000 .980 .936 .900 .853 .790 .687 .600 ,528
.6980 1.000 .983 .946 .916 ,644 ,574
.8384 1O
. OO .984 .952 .926 ,695 ,640
.9920 1.OOO .987 .957 .933 .727 ,670
1.1973 1.000 .988 .965 .944 ,758 .702
1.5397 1.OOO 993 .973 ,960 .811 .763
1.7093 1.000 .994 .980 .967 .832 ,786
2.0664 1.000 .994 .980 .970 .955 .929 ,888 .849 .811
2.2870 1O
. OO .995 .980 .968 .953 .931 ,891 ,850 ,814
3.5 1.ooo .996 .988 .980 .969 .952 .928 .902 ,875
8.3 1.000 .998 99.2 .990 .986 .977 ,960 .942 .928
10.2 1.000 .998 994 .991 .988 .982 .966 .953 .946
*Values .3149 through .4487c from Cavanaggia and Chalonge Ann. d'Astrophys., vol. 9, p. 143,
1946: ,5186 through 10.2 fi from Pierce, McMath, Goldberg. and Mohler, Astrophys. Journ., vol. 112,
p. 289, 1950.
A x x x
microns A' microns J, microns JA microns JA
UVQ. Q UVQ Q
watt min cal watt min cal
Month month-' cm-2 month-' cm-2 Month month-' cm-2 month-' cm-2
Jan. .......... ,112 4,982 July .......... 1.091 15,239
Feb. .......... 209 6,987 Aug. ......... 1.012 14,470
Mar. ......... .466 10,847 Sept. ......... .72 1 11,158
Apr. ......... .692 12,916 Oct. . . . . . . . . . . .406 8,767
May ......... 390 15,203 Nov. ......... .177 6,085
June ......... 1.108 16,019 Dec. ......... .087 4,690
T A B L E 817.-DURATION O F SUNSHINE *
A prox
decKnation
o f s u n : -23"27' -15" -10" -5" 0' +5" +lo" +15O +20" f23'27'
Approx Feh. 9 Feb. 23 Mar. 8 Mar. 21 Apr. 3 Apr. 16 May 1 May20 June 21
date: Dec. 22 Nov. 3 Oct. 19 Oct. 6 Sept. 23 Sept. 10 Aug. 28 Aug. 13 July 24
Latitudehm h m h m h m h m h m h , m h m h m h m
0" 12 07 12 07 12 07 12 07 12 07 12 07 12 06 12 06 12 07 12 07
10" 11 32 11 45 11 53 12 00 12 07 12 14 12 21 12 29 12 37 12 43
20" 10 55 11 23 11 38 11 52 12 07 12 22 12 37 12 53 13 08 13 21
30" 10 12 10 58 11 21 11 44 12 08 12 31 12 54 13 19 13 45 14 05
40" 9 20 10 26 11 01 11 35 12 09 12 43 13 16 13 53 14 32 15 01
50" 8 04 9 43 10 35 11 23 12 12 12 59 13 47 14 39 15 37 16 23
55" 7 10 9 15 10 16 11 14 12 12 13 11 14 08 15 11 16 24 17 23
60" 5 52 8 36 9 53 11 03 12 15 13 25 14 35 15 54 17 30 18 53
65" 3 34 7 42 9 21 10 50 12 17 13 45 15 14 16 58 19 16 22 03
70" 6 14 8 32 10 29 12 21 14 14 16 13 18 44
80" 3 10 8 46 12. 38 16 44
Prepared by G. M. Clemence U. S. Naval Observatory. F o r more extensive tables, see "Tables of Sunrise,
Sunset, and Twilight," Supplemint to the American Ephemeris, 1946.
T A B L E 818.-RELATIVE DI S T RI BUT I I ON I N N O R M A L S P E C T R U M O F S U N L I G H T
AND SKY LIGHT A T MOUNT WILSON
Zenith distance about 50"
This table is abstracted in modified form from the Annals of the Smithsonian Astrophysical
Observatory. The observations, which were visual, made on October 17, 1906, probably represent
the most ideal sky conditions on Mount Wilson.
C D b F
Place in spectrum ( p ) ......... .422 .457 ,491 .566 ,614 .660
Intensity sunlight ............. 186 232 227 211 191 166
Intensity sky light.. .......... 1194 986 701 395 231 174
Ratio at Mount Wilson ........ 642 425 309 187 121 105 102 143 246 316
Ratio computed by Rayleigh.. . - - - - - - 102 164 258 328
Ratio observed by Rayleigh. . . . - - - - - - 102 168 291 369
- -
T O T A L O N HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL PLANESm
*
Direct sunlight
Ihd Ipd ,L---
Skylight
~ I$ Ip;
Total
Solar Air
altitude mass ft -c f t -c ft --c
h m & & /-
3 15.36 19.6 374 256 587 277 961
5 10.39 100 1150 325 746 425 1900
7 7.77 252 2050 395 848 647 2900
10 5.60 590 3350 49 1 953 1080 4300
15 3.82 1310 4910 629 1070 1940 5980
20 2.90 2130 5860 750 1140 2880 7000
25 2.36 2980 6J90 856 1180 3840 7570
30 2.00 3820 6620 945 1210 4760 7830
35 1.74 4650 6640 1020 1220 5670 7860
40 1.55 5440 6490 1090 1220 6530 7710
45 1.41 6170 6170 1160 1220 7330 7390
50 1.30 6850 5750 1210 1200 8060 6950
55 1.22 7450 5220 1270 1180 8720 6400
60 1.15 8000 4620 1310 1150 9310 5770
65 1.10 8470 3950 1350 1090 9820 5040
70 1.06 8860 3230 1390 1020 10250 4250
75 1.04 9160 2450 1420 930 10580 3380
80 1.02 9380 1650 1440 834 10820 2480
85 1.01 9510 833 1460 728 10970 1560
90 1.oo 9570 00 1480 615 11050 615
J
Motion of Relative mean vertical intensity -
the, sun Ao
in Latitude north
Date
longi-
tude
7
Oo 100 200 30° 400
A
500 600 70° SOo 900
\ -
A
Ao
Jan. 1 0: 99 .303 265 .220 .169 .117 .066 .018 1.0335
Feb. 1 3 1.54 ,312 .282 .244 .200 .150 .lo0 ,048 .006 1.0288
Mar. 1 59.14 .320 ,303 279 .245 .204 .158 ,108 .056 .013 1.0173
Apr. 1 89.70 ,317 ,319 .312 ,295 .269 235 .195 .148 ,101 .082 1.0009
May 1 119.29 ,303 ,318 .330 ,329 .320 .302 .278 .253 255 .259 .9841
June 1 149.82 .287 .315 .334 .345 .349 .345 ,337 .344 ,360 .366 .9714
July 1 179.39 ,283 ,312 ,333 .347 .352 .351 ,345 .356 .373 .379 .9666
Aug. 1 209.94 .294 ,316 ,330 .334 .330 ,318 .300 ,282 .295 ,300 .9709
Sept. 1 240.50 .310 .318 ,316 ,305 ,285 ,256 ,220 .180 .139 ,140 .9828
Oct. 1 270.07 ,317 .308 ,289 ,261 .225 ,183 .135 .084 ,065 .9995
Nov. 1 300.63 ,312 286 ,251 .211 .164 .114 .063 .018 1.0164
Dec. 1 330.19 .304 .267 ,224 ,175 .124 .072 ,024 1.0288
Year . . ,305 .301 ,289 .268 241 .209 .173 .144 .133 .126
Average annual solar energy received per square dekameter of horizontal surface in kilowatt
hours. U. S. : Lincoln, 160,906; Mount Weather, 148,824 ; Washington, 145,403 ; New York,
106,460; Chicago, 97,856. Other countries : Toronto, 139,523; Johannesburg, 175,696 ; Davos
Platz, 174,043 ; South Kensington, 78,569 ; Stockholm, 79,267.
Mean temperatures of a few selected American stations, also of one station of very high and
two of very low temperature, and one of very great and one of very small range of temperature.
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
1 Hebron-Rama (Labr.). -20.7 -20.9 -15.6 - 6 9 +
+ i 3 i-10.9
.2 + 45c 7 6 + 8.0
+ 17.6
+ 4.5 - .8 - 6.2 -16.2 - 5.2
+ +
2 Winnipeg (Canada) . . -21.6-18.8-11.0 +17:i +lS:G +11.6 4.1 - 7.6-15.7 .6
.
3 Montreal (Canada) . . -10.9 - 9.1 - 4.3
+
+
+
4.8 +12.6 f18.3 +20.5 +19.3 +14.7 + 7 8 -
+
2-
f 2 0 . 6 16.9 + i i 3 + 4:8-
7 1 + 5.s
.:S + 92
4 Boston . . . . . . . . . . . .. . - 2.8 - 2.2 1.2 7.3 +13.6 +19.1 +21.8
5 Chicago . . . . . . _ _ _ _ . . - 2.9 + 1.2 + 7.9 +13.4
-. 4.8 +19.7 +22.2 +21.6 +17.9 +11.1 + 3.6- 1.5 + 9.1
6 Denver . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 2.1 + . I + 3.8 + 8.3 +13.6 f19.1 +22.1 +21.2 +16.6 +10.3 + 3.3 .O + 9.7
7 Washinqton . . . . . . . . . + .7 + 2.1 + 5.2 +11.7 1-17.7 f22.9 +24.9 +23.7 f19.9 +13.4 + 6.9 +2.3 f 1 2 . 6
8 Pikes Peak .......... -16.4 -15.6 -13.4 -10.4 - 5.3 + +
.4 4.5 + 3.6 - .3 - 5.8 -1 1.8 -14.4 - 7.1
.
9 St. Louis . . . . . . . . . . . - +13.4 +18.8 f24.0 +26.0 +24.9 +20.8 +14.2 + 6.4 +2.0 f 1 3 . 1
10 San Francisco . . . . . . . 1 +12.6 t 1 3 . 7 +14.7 +14.6 f14.8 +15.8 f15.2 +13.5 +10.3 +13.2
11 Yuma .............. f21.0 +25.1 +29.4 f 3 3 . 1 +32.6 +29.1 +22.8 +16.6 +13.3 f 2 2 . 3
12 New Orleans . . . . . ... 1-20.6 t 2 3 . 7 +26.8 +27.9 +27.5 +25.7 +21.0 +15.9 +13.1 +20.4
..
13 Massaua . . . . . . . . . . +29.0 +31.1 +33.5 +34.8 +34.7 +33.3 +31.7 +29.0 +27.0 +30.3
14 Ft. Conger (Greenl'd). -25.3 -10.0 + +
.4 2.8 + 1.0 - 9.0 -22.7 -30.9 -33.4 -20.0
1 5 Verkhoyansk . . . . . . . . -13.7 + 2.0 +12.3 + 1 5 . 5 f10.1 + 2.5 -15.0 -37.8 -47.0 -16.7
16 Batavia ............. f25.3 f 2 5 . 4 1 2 5 . 8 +26.3 +26.4 f 2 6 . 0 f25.7 +25.9 +26.3 +26.4 +26.2 +25.6 +25.9
Sunspot number = !i (10 X number of groups and single spots observed total number +
of spots in groups and single spots). k depends on observer and telescope, equaling unity
for Wolf with 3-in. telescope and power of 64. Wolf's numbers a r e closely proportional
to spotted area on sun, 100 corresponds to about 1/600 of visible disk covered (umbras
and penumbras). Periodicity : successive outbursts about 11 years apart, extremes 7.3
years and 17.1 years. See references for daily and monthly values.
Smoothed monthly numbers are formed from monthly means of observed number by
weighting the sixth months preceding and following 1, all 11 intervening months 2.
Smoothed monthly sunspot numbers, annual means
Maximum and minimum values for period in boldface
Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1750 83.1 52.2 45.9 28.9 13.5 9.3 12.2 31.9 47.2 54.5
1760 64.7 80.2 60.1 48.5 36.7 21.4 14.2 35.9 66.8 103.4
1770 98.5 86.7 65.7 39.7 27.5 8.8 21.7 92.2 151.3 123.4
1780 89.2 66.5 38.7 22.5 10.3 26.7 81.2 128.2 133.3 117.0
1790 90.6 67.6 59.8 47.3 38.5 24.0 15.6 6.5 4.6 6.9
1800 15.0 33.7 44.1 43.0 46.8 42.5 27.3 11.6 7.6 3.1
1810 .O 1.7 4.5 12.1 15.5 35.1 46.1 39.8 30.0 23.4
1820 16.6 6.6 4.0 2.6 8.3 16.9 35.3 51.6 62.1 67.1
1830 67.2 50.5 26.3 9.4 13.3 59.1 121.1 137.0 103.4 83.4
1840 61.9 38.5 23.0 13.2 17.7 38.4 59.7 97.3 125.0 95.4
1850 69.8 63.2 52.8 38.6 21.0 7.7 5.2 23.0 56.3 90.3
1860 94.5 77.7 61.1 45.4 45.2 31.4 14.7 8.8 36.9 78.6
1870 131.8 113.8 99.7 67.9 43.1 18.9 11.7 11.0 3.9 7.7
1880 31.6 54.4 58.1 65.4 63.3 51.3 25.1 12.6 7.0 6.3
1890 8.4 37.7 70.0 83.7 79.1 61.5 43.1 28.1 24.6 13.8
1900 8.8 3.4 5.7 23.0 44.1 58.7 60.3 56.0 51.2 40.6
1910 21.0 6.5 3.4 2.2 11.8 46.4 59.1 96.2 83.1 65.5
1920 36.9 27.0 13.0 6.3 16.8 43.7 66.5 70.0 74.5 62.0
1930 38.8 21.1 12.1 5.9 9.4 36.5 79.6 113.2 103.9 89.6
1940 66.8 50.5 30.3 15.3 11.1 36.4 91.7 145.6 141.2 134.7
1950 83.9 69.4
* Prepared hy .411an 1;. Cook 11.
2ss Astron. Mitt. Zurich No. 115. 1935. Tljurn. Gronh:,s. R e s . . vol. 54. p. 317. 1 9 4 9 ; Wnldmeier, M..
Ast:o,n. Mitt Zurich; Ter;. Mae.; J o u r n . ' Geophys. Res.. Trans. Tnt. Astron. ,I.nion Quart. Bull. Solar
Activity : American Sunspot Numlier Rerluctions, Central Radio Propagation Laboratory, National
n u r e a u of Standards.
Reflectors
(60-inch mirrors and larger)
Hale Telescope, Palomar Mountain, Calif., U. S. A.. ........................ 200-inch
Hooker Telescope, Mount Wilson, Calif., U. S. A.. ........................... 100-inch
MacDonald Observatory, Mount Locke, Tex., U. S. A.. ....................... 82-inch
Radcliffe Observatory, Pretoria, South Africa. .............................. 76-inch
David Dunlap Observatory, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada. ................ 74-inch
Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, Victoria, B. C., Canada.. ............... 72-inch
Perkins Observatory, Delaware, Ohio. U. S. A.. ............................. 69-inch
Wyeth Reflector, Harvard 3bservatory, Oak Ridge, Mass., U. S. A ............ 61-inch
Southern Station of the Harvard Observatory, Bloemfontein, South Africa.. ... 60-inch
Mount Wilson Observatory, Mount Wilson, Calif., U. S. A... ................. 60-inch
Cordoba Observatory, Bosque Alegre, Argentina. ............................ 60-inch
Refractors
(30-inch lenses and larger)
Yerkes Observatory, Williams Bay, Wis., U. S. A ............................ 40-inch
Lick Observatory, Mount Hamilton, Calif., U. S. A.. ......................... 36-inch
Astrophysical Section, Observatory of Paris, Mundon, France. ................ 33-inch
Allegheny Observatory, Pittsburgh, Pa,, U. S. A.. ............................ 30-inch
University of Paris Observatory, Nice, France. ............................... 30-inch
Schmidt-type telescopes
(of large aperture)
48-inch correction plate, 72-inch mirror, Palomar Observatory, .Calif., U. S. A.
24-inch correction plate, 36-inch mirror (Burrell Telescope), Warner & Swasey Observa-
tory, Case Institute of Technology, Cleveland, Ohio, U. S. A.
24-inch correcting plate, 33-inch mirror (Jewett Telescope) Harvard Observatory, Oak
Ridge, Mass., U. S. A.
T A B L E 826.-APPROXIMATE EQUATION OF T I M E **
The equation of time in this table is to be added algebraically to local apparent solar time to
obtain local mean solar time.
Accurate values of the equation of time may be obtained from the American Ephemeris and
Nautical Almanac.
+
cos 6 sin t =
Delaunay's y = sin 1/2 I = 0.04488716 (Brown).
cos h sin A }
cos 6 cos t = cos @ sin h sin cos h cos A given h, A, @
T o find the calendar for any year of the Christian Era, first find the Dominical letter for the
pear in the upper section of the table. Two letters are given for leap years ; the first is to be used
for January and February, the second for the other months. I n the lower section of the table,
find the column in which the Dominical letter for the year is in the same line with the month
f o r which the calendar is desired ; this column gives the days of the week that are to be used with
the month.
E.g., in the table of Dominical Letters ,ve find that the letter for 1951 is G ; in the line with
July, this letter occurs in the first column; hence July 4, 1951, is Wednesday.
Prepared by G . hf. Clemence, U. S. Naval Observatory. t On and before 1582, Oct. 4 only. $On
and after 1582, Oct. 15 only.
A.D. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
0 1721057 1757582 1794107 1830632 1867 157 1903682 1940207 1976732 2013257 2049782
4 1722518 17 59043 1795568 1832093 1868618 1905143 1941668 1978193 2014718 2051243
8 1723979 1760504 1797029 1833554 1870079 1906604 1943129 1979654 2016179 2052704
12 1725440 1761965 1798490 1835015 1871540 1908065 1944590 1981115 2017640 2054165
16 1726901 1763426 1799951 1836476 187300 1 1909526 1946051 1982576 2019101 2055626
20 1728362 1764887 180 14 12 1837937 1874462 19 10987 1947512 1984037 2020562 2057087
24 1729823 1766348 1802873 1839398 1.875923 1912448 1948973 1985498 2022023 2058548
28 173 1284 1767809 1804334 1840859 1877384 1913909 1950434 1986959 2023484 2060009
32 1732745 1769270 1805795 1842320 1878845 10 15370 195 1895 1988420 2024945 2061470
36 1734206 1770731 1807256 1843781 1880306 191683 1 1953356 1989881 2026406 2062931
40 1735667 1772192 1808717 1845242 1881767 1918292 1954817 1991342 2027867 2064392
44 1737128 1773653 1810178 1846703 1883228 1919753 1956278 1992803 2029328 2065853
48 1738589 1775114 1811639 1848164 1884689 1921214 1957739 1994264 2030789 2067314
52 1740050 1776575 1813100 1849625 1886150 1922675 1959200 1995725 2032250 2068775
56 1741511 1778036 1814561 1851086 1887611 1924136 1960661 1997186 2033711 2070236
60 1742972 1779497 1816022 1852547 1889072 1925597 1962122 1998647 2035172 2071697
64 1744433 1780958 1817483 1854008 1890533 1927058 1963583 2000108 2036633 2073158
68 1745894 1782419 1818944 1855469 1891994 1928519 1965044 2001569 2038094 2074619
72 1747355 1783880 1820405 1856930 1893455 1929980 1966505 2003030 2039555 2076080
76 1748816 1785341 182 1866 1858391 1894916 1931441 1967966 2004491 204 1016 2077541
80 1750277 1786802 1823327 1859852 1896377 1932902 1969427 2005952 2042477 2079002
84 1751738 1788263 1824788 18613 13 1897838 1934363 1970888 2007413 2043938 2080463
88 1753199 1789724 1826249 1862774 1899299 1935824 1972349 2008874 2045399 2081924
92 1754660 1791185 1827710 1864235 1900760 1937285 1973810 2010335 2046860 2083385
96 1756121 1792646 1829171 1865696 1902221 1938746 1975271 2011796 2048321 2084846
AD 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900
0 2086307 2122832 2159357 2195882 2232407 2268932 2305447 234197 1t 2378495t 2415019t
4 2087768 2124293 2160818 2197343 2233868 2270393 2306908 2343432 2379956 2416480
8 2089229 2125754 2162279 2198804 2235329 2271854 1308369 2344893 2381417 24 17941
12 2090690 2127215 2163740 2200265 2236790 2273315 2309830 2346354 2382878 2419402
16 20921 5 1 2128676 2165201 2201726 2238251 2274776 2311291 2347815 2384339 2420863
20 2093 6 12 2130137 2166662 2203187 2239712 2276237 2312752 2349276 2385800 2422324
24 2095073 213 1598 2168123 2204648 2241173 2277698 2314213 2350737 2387261 2423785
28 2096534 2133059 2169584 2206109 2242634 2279159 2315674 2352198 2388722 2425246
32 2097995 2134520 2171045 2207570 2244095 2280620 2317135 2353659 2390183 2426707
36 2099456 2135981 2172506 2209031 2245556 2282081 2318596 2355120 239 1644 2428168
40 2100917 2137442 2173967 22 10492 2247017 2283542 2320057 2356581 2393105 2429629
44 2102378 2138903 2175428 2211953 2248478 2285003 2321 5 18 2358042 2394566 2431090
48 2103839 2140364 2 176889 2213414 2249939 2286464 2322979 2359503 2396027 2432551
52 2105300 2141825 2178350 2214875 2251400 2287925 2324440 2360964 2397488 2434012
56 2106761 2143286 2179811 22 16336 2252861 2289386 2325901 2362425 2398949 2435473
60 2108222 2144747 2181272 2217797 2254322 2290847 2327362 2363886 2400410 24 369 34
64 2109683 2146208 2182733 2219258 2255783 2292308 2328823 2365347 2401871 2438395
68 21 11144 2147669 2184194 2220719 2257244 2293769 2330284 2366808 2403332 2439856
72 2112605 2149130 2185655 2222180 2258705 2295230 2331745 2368269 2404793 2441317
76 2114066 2150591 2187116 2223641 2260166 2296691 2333206 2369730 2406254 2442778
80 2115527 2152052 2188577 2225102 2261627 2298152$ 2334667 2371191 2407715 2444239
84 2116988 2153513 2190038 2226563 2263088 22996035 2336128 2372652 2409176 2445700
88 2118449 2154974 2191499 2228024 2264549 2301064 2337589 2374113 2410637 2447161
92 2119910 2156435 2192960 2229485 2266010 2302525 2339050 2375574 2412098 2448622
96 2121371 2157896 2194421 2230946 2267471 2303986 2340511 2377035 2413559 2450083
2000 2451544 2020 2458849 2040 2466154 2060 2473459 2080 2480764
2004 2453005 2024 2460310 2044 2467615 2064 2474920 2084 2482225
2008 2454466 2028 2461771 2048 2469076 2068 2476381 2088 2483686
2012 2455927 2032 2463232 2052 2470537 2072 2477842 2092 2485147
2016 2457388 2036 2464693 2056 2471998 2076 2479303 2096 2486608
Days to be added to reduce to the beginning of each month: For dates from 1582 October 15
to 1583 December 31, inclusive, Gregorian Calendar, dimitzish all numbers in this table by 10.
I n 1700, 1800, and 1900, Gregorian Calendar, f o r January 0 use the number 1 instead of the
tabular value 0, and for February 0 use 32 instead of 31.
Year Jan. 0 Feb. 0 Mar. 0 Apr.0 May 0 June 0 JULY 0 Aug. 0 Sept. 0 Oct. 0 Nov. 0 Dec. 0
0 0 31 60 91 121 152 182 213 244 274 305 335
i 366 397 425 456 486 517 547 578 609 639 670 700
2 731 762 790 821 851 882 912 943 974 1004 1035 1065
3 1096 1127 1155 1186 1216 1247 1277 1308 1339 1369 1400 1430
T A B L E 832.-PLA N E T A RY T E M P E R A T U R ES
Calculated
7,4-----
Measured A B
Mercury (sunlit side). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690” K 445” K 631” K
Veilus (dark side). . . . . . 250 __ __
(bright side) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 327 464
E a r t h (mean) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 277 392
Moon (center of illuminated hemisphere) 400 277 392
M a r s (warmest portions). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~~~ 285 222 316
~~.
Jupiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 122 273
Saturn . . . . . . . .. 120 90 128
Uranus . . . . . . . . . ......................... less than 90 63 89
Neptune ....................................... __ 51 72
~
All temperatures a r e given on the absolute scale. T o change to centigrade, slihtract 273.
T h e column headed “measured” presents values determined by Coblentz and Lampland,
and by Pettit and Nicholson. T& column headed “A” gives black sphere temperatures;
“B” gives these multiplied by d 2 or the calculated maximum temperatures of the center
of the illuminated hemisphere of atmosphereless black planets. T h e observed values lie,
a s expected, between A and B in nearly -.zry case.
Sidereal period
Mean distance to Sun vI
Mean Tropical Inclina. Eccen.
Body A I. km days years tinn tricity
Mercury . . . . . . _ . . . . . .387 57.9 t 87.97 .241 7:004 ,2056
Venus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,723 108.1 224.70 ,615 3.a94
~.
E a r t h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.000 149.5 365.26 1.000 ,000
M a r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.524 227.8 686.98 1.881 1.850
Jupiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.203 777.8 4332.58 1 1.862 1.306
Saturn . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.539 1426.1 10759.20 29.458 2.490
Uranus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.191 2869.1 30685.9 1 84.015 ,773
Neptune . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.071 4495.6 60187.60 164.788 1.774 ,0086
Pluto . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . 39.457 5898.9 90469.27 247.697 17:143 .2485
I
log 6 (M) + 10 +
Ion 6 ( M ) 10
M Phot Visual M Phot Visual
- 6.0
- 5.0
2.10
3.07
1.63
2.77
+ 5.0
+ 6.0
7.35
7.49
7.40
7.45
- 4.0 3.65 3.58 + 7.0 7.53 7.45
- 3.0
- 2.0
4.25
4.75
4.12
4.71
+
+ 8.0
9.0
7.46
7.49
7.55
7.75
- 1.0 5.07 5.32 +10.0 7.64 7.84
.O 5.68 5.98 +11.0 7.81 7.99
+ 1.0 6.34 6.59 +12.0 7.97 8.02
+ 2.0 6.77 6.71 +13.0 8.01 8.05
+ 3.0 6.86 6.98 $14.0 8.06 ...
+ 4.0 7.19 7.29
Prepared by S. W . McCuskey. Case Institute of Technology.
p68van Rhijn, Groningen Puhl. No. 47, 1936.
where
+
D = 0.1083 d2 0.6917 d 0.75 +
D = log diameter (feet)
d = log depth (feet)
Examples :
Observed Calculated
Diameter depth depth
Shell crater ........................ 10 ft 3 ft+ 2.20 ft
Arizona meteorite crater.. ........... 4150 ft 700 ft (originally) 732 ft
Lunar crater Moretus .............. 77 mi 14,600 ft 16,900 ft
Relationship between diameter of crater and rim height above ground level for terrestrial ex-
plosion craters, terrestrial meteoritic craters, and lunar craters.
where
E = -0.097 D' +1.542 D - 1.841
E = log rim height (feet)
D = log diameter (feet)
Examples :
Observed Calculated
Diameter rim height rim height
Shell crater ........................ 10 ft .4 ft -c .40 ft
Arizona meteorite crater. ............ 4150 ft 165 ft (Dast erosion 295 ft
neglected)
Lunar crater Cleomedes ............. 80 mi 5200 ft 5830 ft
Present Original
Diameter de th denth Present
(ft) (8, (ft) rim height Discovered
American craters :
Arizona ......................... 4150 570 700 165 1891
Odessa 1, near Odessa, Tex ........ 550 14 130 12 1921
Odessa 2 ........................ 70 shallow 17 0 1921
At least one other small crater
identified nearby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ..
Brenham crater (near Brenham,
Kans., also called Haviland
crater) ........................ 56x36 shallow >10 0 1933
Chuhb (Quebec) ................. 24 mi filled-ice-covered lake 550 1950
Sohth American craters : Pits known
Campo del Cielo, Argentine ; many since 1576
craters ........................ 20 to 254 ... ... ...
Australian craters :
Henbury 1, near Henbury cattle
station ........................ 75 shallow ... 0 1930
2 ................................ 90 shallow ... 0 1930
3 .................. . . . . . . . . . 135 18
... 2
... 4
... 12
... high
high 1930
... ... 1930
low 1930
... 1930
12 ............................... 60 ... ... 12 1930
13 ............................... 30 3 10 low 1930
Boxhole crater, 200 miles N. E. of
Henbury ...................... 600 50 ... ... 1937
Dalgaranga crater ................ 230 16 ... prominent 1923
.Prepared hy R. B . Baldwin. Oliver Machinrry Co., Grand Rapids, Mich.
(continued)
The 1947 meteorite probably disintegrated high i n the air. The 1908 meteorite exploded vio-
lently either just before striking the ground or immediately after a ricochet. All others seem to
have struck the ground, penetrated a short distance, and then exploded.
I t will be noticed that there is a tendency for several craters to be formed simultaneously as if
the meteorites traveled in clusters.
Only authenticated craters are here listed. Possible or doubtful c a w have been omitted.
T A B L E 837.-A L B E DOS
Photo-
Visual Color graphic
Object m <I U P 4 albedo index albedo
Moon ........... -12.66 + .29 2740 ,104 ,694 .072 + .75 .059
Mercury . . . . . . . . - 2.20 - .14 3.34 .080 .72 .058 +1.00 ,038
Venus . . . . . . . . . . . - 5.12 -4.41 8.50 ,630 1.20 .76 + .62 .70
Mars . . . . . . . . . . . . - 1.88 -1.39 4.60 ,133 1.11 ,148 +1.00 .088
Jupiter . . . . . . . . . . - 2.53 -9.23 95.19 .424 1.2: .51 + .67 .45
Saturn .......... + .76 -8.80 78.95 .416 1.2: SO + .90 .36
Uranus .......... + 5.55 -7.17 32.4 ,548 1.2: .66 + .42 .73
Neptune . . . . . . . . . + 7.80 -6.91 29.7 ,514 1.2: .62 + .42 .68
Pluto . . . . . . . . . . . . +14.74 -1.17 4.0 .I46 1.1: .I6 + .67 .14
Table compiled hy 11. L. Harris on the basis of measures by G. Miiller and E. S. King
antl reduced to the Iiiternational Photovisual System. Long-period variations of the outer
planets have been suspected by W. Recker "!' hut a r e suhjzct to confirmation.
The albedo, according to Rond. is defined as follows: Let a sphere .'? be exposed to
I)arallcl light. Then its alhetlo is the ratio of the whole amount reflected from S to the
whole amount of light incident 011 it." In the above table, rrz = the stellar magnitude at
nieau opposition: = magnitude it would have at full phase and unit distance from earth
and sun ; u = assumed mean semidiameter at unit distance ; p = ratio of observed bright-
ness at full phase to that of a flat disk of sanlc size and same position, illuminated and
vicwcd normally antl rcflectiiig all the incitlent light according to Lanihert's law ; 9 depends
on law of variation of light with phasc ; albetlo = pq.
Albedo of the earth : 0.39.'"'
?m3 Itecker, W . , Astrrrn. Nnchs.. vol. 277. 1,. 65. 1949.
2oa Il:inJnn, .\nn. S l r a s l m u r ~ vol.
. 3, lit. 3, 11. 168, 1937.
where a is the polar semi-axis and p = f (a, Y ) , the density. If the earth were a homoge-
neous sphere its moment of inertia would be 0.4 M r 2 and density 4.6.
(3) The known flattening of the earth from geodetic data is 1/297. If the earth were
homogeneous the flattening would be larger. These should be sufficient t o give a unique
density distribution but, as Lambert of the Coast and Geodetic Survey pointed out, a
distribution satisfying condition (2) also satisfies condition (3).
(4) T h e last boundary condition results by comparing the elastic behavior at various
depths with the known elastic constants of rocks. Time-distance curves of earthquake ini-
pulses enable one to calculate the velocities of the compressional, V,, and distortional, V,.
waves at various depths in the earth. Assuming isotropy there are simple relations between
K , R, E (moduli of compression, rigidity, Young’s respectively), u (Poisson’s ratio), V ,
and, V s such that if the density and any two of them are known the others can be had. The
Variation in elastic constants for different rocks is small but sufficient to permit discrimina-
tion when compared with the elastic properties a t different depths computed by means of
the eauations
The uncertainties result from extrapolating low pressure and temperature laboratory data
to high pressures and temperatures.
Whence we deduce: “granitic” material to a depth of 10 to 30 k m ; below this the rock
is denser, about 3.0, and corresponds to a basalt or gabbro. A t about 45 km depth a dis-
continuity occurs ; the change in elastic properties corresponds with a transition to peri-
dotite, density 3.4. From this depth to 1,600 km the variation is uniform, the density in-
creasing slowly with pressure. From 1,600 to 2,900 km the earthquake velocities remain
somewhat constant and could be accounted for by a slow addition of iron and nickel t o the
material, the density changing from 3.4 to 9.0. Below 2,900 km V, begins t o decrease
slightly and the assumption is that this core consists of’ nickel-iron with a density at the
center of about 10.7.
__
.m 3.0 Basaltic
60 3.4 Peridotitic
120 3.5
400 3.75
800 4.0 .30
1200 4.25 .47
1700 4.4 .h8
2000 5.8 .84
1.135
1.5 Transition layer
1.7
2.8 Ni-Fe core
3.1
’Compiled by R. W. Goranson.
(continued)
T A B L E 840.-BULK M O D U L I O F ROCK-FORMING M I N E R A L S *
The bulk modulus, K , of a compact holocrystalline rock can be obtained with a fair
degree of accuracy except for low pres’sures by adding the proportionate bulk moduli of
the constituent minerals.
Pressure, P , and K X lo-’ are in bars.
Pressure in hars
Mineral ‘ 1 2,000 10,000
Feldspar : Orthoclase .............................. ,527 ,538 .603
Oligoclase, AbTRAnD2 ..................... .582 ,592 .641
Labradorite, AbrBAnsz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,654 ,671 .758
Pyroxene : Orthorhombic ......................... 1.00 1.oo 1.oo
DioDside .............................. .935 ,935 .935
Augite ................................ .981 .981 .981
Hornblende : Actinolite ............................ .769 .769 .769
Mica : Phlogopite ................................. .431 .451 .516
Quartz ...........................................
~~
+ Compiled by R . W. Goranson.
T A B L E 842.-AGE O F E A R T H , MOON, A N D S T R A T A
The age of the earth is probably from (1.3 t o 3) x lo8 years (radioactive data). Its
liquefaction was probably complete within 5,000 years, solidification within 15,000 years
from start. The age of the earth'5 crust may be taken as roughly 2,000 million years.
Ages of geologic strata
.
Late Oligocene . . . . . . . .
Cretaceous ( ? ) . . .
Permian-Carboniferous .
37,000,000 yr
59,000,000
204,000,000 "
. Late pre-Cambrian ( ? ) . 587,000,000 yr
Upper pre-Cambrian . . . 640,000,000 .
Middle P r e c a m b r i a n . . 987,000,000 to
Permian to Devonian.. . 239,000,000 t o
374,000,000 y r Lower pre-Cambrian ... 1,800,000,000 .
1,087,000,000 yr
Date
*
tude
Beeinnine
Lati- Longi-
tude
"Noon"
tude tude
'Lati-.
tude
End
tude
Maximum
duration
June 30, 1954.. . . . . . . . . . +42" -I- 99" +62" 4- 5" +26" -74" 2" 40'
October 2, 1959. . . . . . . . .
July 20, 1963. . . . . . . . . . .
+42
+4:
+ 72
-143
+23
+62
+ 6
+I26
+
+33
7 -56
+44
3
1
..
..
March 7, 1970.. ........ - +149 +25 + 88 +55 +23 3 ..
..
February 26, 1979. . . . . . . +47 +I40 +61 -t 77 +77 +34 3
m* Menzel, D. H . , Our Sun, p. 260, Harvard Univ. Press, 1949. T'sed by permission
FIG.31.-Curves showing the paths of solar eclipses during the twentieth century.
'This table, after Boss, gives the numher of stars in his catalox hrighter than 6"'.S which have proper
niotions between given limits. For reference, see footnote 272, p. 746.
The following paragraphs are reprinted from F. Hoyle, “Some Recent Researches in
Solar Physics,” p. 36, Cambridge Lniversity Press, 1949.t
Flares a r e a particular class of bright reversal characterized by sudden commence-
ments. T h e properties of flares a r e :
( a ) They are roughly classified in order of increasing importance as 1, 2, 3, and 3 +.
The area of the flare, seen in projection against the solar disk, is, at present, used as the
criterion of importance. Flares of class 3 +
are rare, occurring on an average only once
or twice per year. A t the other extreme, flares oi class 1 occur every few hours during
periods of marked solar activity.
(b) The effective line width in H a at peak intensity varies between 1.75 A and 16 A .
being approximately proportional to the importance of the flare. If p , H y show lesser
widths, but the data for these are somewhat meager.
( c ) The contour of the bright emission is iieur!y symmetrical about the normal position
of H a and is independent of the position of the flare upon the disk (there is invariably a
greater extension in the red wicg than in the blue wing, which increases with the impor-
tance of the flare, reaching 0.7 A for those of the greatest intensity). Doppler displace-
ments of the contour indicating large-scale turbulence of the emitting material in the line
of sight have not been observed in excess of -C- 10 km/sec.
( d ) , Flares are associated with sunspots, and i n particular with complicated spot groups.
The size of a sunspot, however, is not always a criterion of flare activity, some large spots
being relatively inactive. The emitting material is mainly situated either in the reversing
layer or the lower chromosphere. and the emission occurs i n a region with fixed position
relative to the position of the spot group. The areas of flares projected on the solar disk
vary from a few hundred millionths up to the values exceeding 10,000 millionths of the
area of the disk. The duration of a flare is usually of the order of an hour or less, but
lifetimes > 5 hours occasionally occur.
( e ) Flares are strongly correlated with a number of terrestrial effects. Radio fadeouts,
due to increased ionization in the U-layer, occur simultaneously with the visible appearance
of intense flares. Great magnetic storms are associated with flares of classes 3 and 3 +.
The magnetic disturbances commence about 26 hours after the appearance of the flare,
and are most marked when the flare is near the center of the disk. Finally, there is a
growing body of evidence that the sun emits exceptionally high intensities in the radio
meter wave-band during flares.
Prepared by Edith J. Tebo, Harvard College Observatory. t Used with permission of the author.
A ))I
A cm-1 Intensity Identification sec-1 EP IP f
3 328 30 039 i~n 488 3.72 589
3 388.1 29 507 16 87 5.96 325
3 454.1 28 943 2.3 ........
3 601.0 27 762 2.1 Ni XVI 3s23p 'P1sh ; 'PH 193 3.44 455
3 642.9 27 443 .. Ni XI11 3s' 3p4'D, - PI 18 5.82 350
3 800.8 26 303 ..
.. ........ ... ...
3 986.9 25 075 .7 F e XI 3s23p' ID' - 3P, 9.5 4.68 261
4 086.3 24 465 1.0 Ca XI11 2s22p' 'PI - 3Pz 319 3.03 655
4 231.4 23 626 2.6 Ni XI1 3s' 3p''Pah -'P1% 237 2.93 318
4 311 23 190 .. . .. .. ... ... ... ...
4 359 22 935 .. ? A XIV2sZ2p 'PI, --'Psh 108 2.84 682
4 567 21 890 1.1 ........ ...
5 116.03 19 541.0 4.3 2.2 Ni XI11 3s'3p"P1 - 'P, 2.42 isi jso
5 302.86 18 852.5 100 100 Fe XIV 3s23p 'Pl,h - 'Px 60 2.34 355
5 536 18 059 .... A X ~ s ' ~ ~ " P I ~ - ~ '106
P~I~ 2.24 42 1
5 694.42 17 556.2 1.2 ? Ca XV 2s2Z~''P4- Po 95 2.18 814
6 374.51 15 683.2 8.i 18 - 69 1.94
I.
233
6 701.83 14 917.2 5.4 2.0 Ni XV 3s23~3i'1''-'Pu 57 1.85 422
7 059.62 14 161.2 2.2 Fe XV 3s 3p 'P,-'P, ... 31.7 390
7 891.94 12 667.7 13 Fe XI 3 ~ ' 3 p ' ~ P ~ - ~ P ~44 1.57 26 1
8 024.21 12 458.9 .5 Ni XV 3 ~ ' 3 p ' ~ P ~ - ' P ~ 22 3.39 422
10 746.80 9 302.5 55 Fe XI11 3s' ~D"P,- 'PO 14 1.15 325
10 797.95 9 258.5 35 Fe XI11 3s23 2 'Pi - 'PI 9.7 2.30 325
~
A Classification
Excitation
potential
+
7027
- 7662
H I
4340.5 2 *S, P - 5 ' S , P, D 13.0 34 40
4861.3 2 'S, P -4 'S, P, D 12.7 100 100
6562.8 2 'S, P - 3 ' S , P, D 12.0 580 500
He I
3888.6 2s ' S - 3p 'P 22.9 <13 <25
4471.5 2~ 'P - 4d 'D 23.6 6 5
5015.7 2s ' S - 3p 'P 23.0 54 ...
5875.6 2p 'P - 3d 'D 23.0 50 30
6678.1 2p 'P - 3d 'D 23.0 8 6
H e I1
4541.6 4 'S,P,D,F-9 'S,P,D,F,G 53.5 4 3
4685.8 3 ' S , P, D - 4 'S, P, D, F 50.8 39 60
5411.6 4 'S,,P, D, F - 7 ' S , P, D, F, G 53.1 25 10
c I1
4267.2 3d 'D-4f 'F 20.9 3 1
N I1
5755.0 [2pZ1D-2p2'S1 4.0 30 ...
6548.4 [Zp' 'PI - 2p' 'Dl 1.9 150 5+:
6583.9 [2p2'P2 - 2p' 'D1 1.9 260 102
01
6300.2 12p' 'PZ- 2p' 'D1 2.0 50 1
0 I1
3726.2 [2pz'S-22p"ZD~hl 3.3 20 8
3729.1 [2p' 'S - 2p8' D z ~ l 3.3 11 5
7319.0 r2p82~pU - 2p3'PI 5.0 P ...
7330.4 r2pa2- ~ ~2p32~1
~~ 5.0 P ...
0 I11
4363.2 [2p2'D-22p2'S1 5.3 23 19
4959.5 [2p2'P, - 2p2'Dl 2.5 430 350
5007.6 [2p2'P, - 2p' 'D1 2.5 1200 1000
Ne I11
3868.7 [2p' 'P, - 2p' 'D1 3.2 95 80
3967.5 t2p' 'PI - 2p"DI 3.2 24 <80
Ne I V
4714.1 7.7 << 6 <: 10
4719.7 7.7 ... ...
Ne V
3345.8 12p2'PI - 2p2'Dl 3.8 43 P
3425.8 I2p''P2 - 2p' 'Dl 3.8 109 P
s I1
4068.5 3.0 <8 <3
4076.5 3.0 5 .5
6717.3 1.8 5
6731.5 1.8 1 9
A IV
4711.4 2.6 <6 <10
4740.3 2.6 10 10
Fe XI 4.7 << 95 <<80
3871.9 t3p"Pi - 3p"DI
The above table, containing most of the strongest and/or imrmrtant lines under nebular
conditions, is taken from a more complete list.'"'" The brackets t I about a.classification
indicate a forbidden transition. These wavelengths are in all cases except Ne 111 and
Ne V the values calculated from series analyses of the ions concerned. The last two
columns give the observed intensities in the objects NGC 7027 and 7662. P indicates the
line is present but out of the range covered by the observations and intensity estimates;
< represents a blend with a line classified otherwise, transition indicated probably an
appreciable contributor ; G is also a blend with a line classified otherwise, transition
indicated probably is not a n appreciable contributor.
* Prepared hy Edith J. Teho. Harvard College Observatory.
209Bowen, I. S., and Wyse. A. B.. 1,ick 01,s. null., vol. 19, p. 1, 1939.
for some of the supergalaxies. The most conspicuous is the Coma-Virgo cloud A , a stream
of several hundred bright spiral, spheroidal, and irregular galaxies, about lo’ light-years
distant ; its greatest length about one-half this. One of the richest and most distinct super-
galaxies is in Centaurus.
Number
brighter Percent
than in
Principal spectral lines 6.25, galactic
Class (absorption unless otherwise stated) Example mag region
P Gaseous nebulae. Emission lines and .... ....
bands of H , H e I and 11, and 0 11.
W Wolf-Rayet objects divided into two y Velorum 5 100
sequences: carbon, WC, have emis-
sion lines attributed to H e I and 11,
C 11, 111, and IV, and 0 11, 111, IV.
V, and V I ; nitrogen sequence, WN,
have emission lines attributed to H e
I and 11, and N 111, IV, and V.
0 Lines of H. H e I and 11, 0 I1 and 111, 5 Puppis 20 100
and N I1 and 111.
B Xeutral H and He, N 11, and 0 11, c Orionis 696 82
and a few ionized lines of metals.
A H series at maximum, Ca I1 ( H and Sirius 1885 66
K), and weak ionized metallic lines.
F Ca I1 ( H and K) strong, H lines Canopus 720 57
fainter, metallic lines more abundant.
G H lines faint, Ca I1 ( H and K) strong, The sun 609 58
many fine metallic lines.
K Ca I1 ( H and K) very strong, many Arcturus 1719 56
neutral metallic lines. Spectrum
faint in the violet.
M Molecular bands of TiO, lines of Ca I Antares 457 54
and 11, and other metals. Long-pe-
riod variables have emission H lines.
S ZrO bands and metallic lines. Long- r;, Gruis 0 ....
period variables have emission H
lines.
R Bands of C,, CN, and C H ; many me- BD 0 63
tallic lines. -10”5057
N Bands of C2, CN, and C H ; very little 19 Pisciym 8 87
violet light.
Q Novae. Rapid spectral changes from .... ....
early supergiant type near maxi-
mum, through nebular stage, and
finally to a Wolf-Rayet type.
For description of classification of Wolf-Rayet stars see reference, footnote 274. The “galactic
region” here means the zone between galactic latitudes f 30”, and including half the area of the
heavens. 96 percent of the stars of known spectra belong to classes A , F, G, K, 99.7 percent
including B and iM (Innes, 1919). Henry Draper Catalog, 9 vols., i918-24, and H. D. Extension,
2 vols., 1925-49, givc positions, magnitudes, and spectra of nearly 360,000 stars. See also Yale
Zone Catalogs, and the Bergedorf and Potsdam Spectral-Durchmusterungen.
* Prepared by M. W. Mayall, Harvard College Observatory.
m3Trans. Int. >\stron. Union, vol. 7 , p. 408, 1950.
n*Trans. Int. Astron. Union, vol. 6 , p. 248, 1938.
9.5 to 10.4 1 16 12 24 38 9
Photographic
magnitude ( B 0 to B 5) ( B 6 to A 4 ) ( A 5 to F 4) ( F 5 to C 4) (C 5 to K 4) (K5 to Mc)
8.5 to 9.5 2 31 16 24 24 3
9.5 to 10.5 1 24 16 31 26 3
10.5 to 11.5 1 17 13 40 27 3
11.5 to 12.5 0 10 13 47 26 3
12.5 to 13.5 0: 3: 10 : 58 : 26 : 2:
The data are taken from the publications of the Harvard, McCormick, and Bergedorf Observ-
atories. The discontinuity in trend appearing between the visual and photographic groupings is
in the sense to be expected. Ninety-nine pcrcent of the stars brighter than magnitude 8.5 belong
to the six classes listed; less than one percent have spectra of classes P, W R , 0 , R, N , S, and
Peculiar, and such stars are even more uncommon among the fainter groupings.
Among stars brighter than sixth magnitude the percentages of dwarfs are as follows (6pik
et at.) :
F5 F8 GO G5 KO K2 K5 M
75 60 50 15 5 3 2 0
A limited sampling in the Milky Way yields the following percentages of dwarfs among
fainter stars (Nassau and McCrae) :
Photographic
magnitude F 8 to C 2c5 G 8 to K 3
8 to 10 75 23 7
10 to 11 77 31 8
11 to 12 82 42 10
I n higher galactic latitudes the percentages of dwarfs are higher ; thus in latitudes 31" to 90"
dwarfs constitute about 17 percent of the K 0 and K 2 stars of visual magnitude 10.4 (Janssen
and Vyssotsky). Among the MO and M 8 stars of all latitudes between visual magnitudes 8.5
and 10.5 3 percent are dwarfs (Dyer and Vyssotsky).
Prepared by A. N. Vyssotsky, University of Virginia.
Distance
Modulus t (corrected Diameter
Member Type
&
Ohs Corr
for
lat effect) Mpg
+ -
Apparent Linear
Our galaxy ......... Sb 24 kpc
M 31 ..... ........ . S B 22.4 21.8 231 kpc -17.9 3.2" 12.9
L M C .............. I 17.1 16.7 22 -15.9 12" 4.6
M 33 . . . . .. . . . .. . . . S C 22.3 21.9 239 -14.9 62' 4.3
S M C .............. I 17.3 17.0 25 -14.5 8" 3.6
M 32 .. . . . .. . . . .. . . k 2 22.4 21.8 23 1 -12.9 ... ..
Fornax system . . . . . . E 21.0 : 20.8 : 142 : -11.9: 50' 2.1 :
NGC 205 ..........
NGC 6822 . .. .. ...
.
.. ;
5P 22.4
21.6
21.8
21.0
231
161
-11.5
-10.8
15!8
20
1.1
.94
IC 1613 ... ......... I 22.0 21.8 225 -10.8 17' 1.1
Sculptor system , . . . . E 19.4 19.2 69 -10.6 45' .90
NGC 185 ...... ..... El 22.4-C 21.5-C 204C -10.6 i415 .86
NGC 147 ........... E 22.42 21.52 2042 -10.3 1411 .83
ms Baade Walter Astrophys. Journ. vol. 100, p. 150. 1944.
t Modulds in steilar magnitude is m'- M = 5 (log d - l ) , where d is distance in parsecs and M is
absolute magnitude.
Spectrum B A F G K M
Visual Galactic latitude 00 to So
magnitude
< 6.0 4.5 6.0 1.7 2.1 3.5 1.3
6.0 to- 7.0 6.3 15 3.4 3.0 12 2.6
7.0 to 8.25 19 76 14 21 54 14
8.5 to 9.4 46 190 85 96 200 57
9.5 t o 10.4 a2 610 240 310 490 150
PhotogFaphic
magnitude
9.5 to 10.5 38 510 150 220 180 19
10.5 t o 11.5 87 970 430 720 460 42
11.5 to 12.5 100 1390 1200 1960 940 140
Visual Galactic latitude 600 to
magnitude
< 6.0 .
'
d
?
2.6
6.0 to- 7.0 0 3.8
7.0 to 8.25 0 7.4
8.5 to 9.4 0 X
9.5 to 10.4 0 8 20 170 210 16
Photographic
magnitude
9.5 t o 10.5 0 9 32 120 75 9
10.5 to 11.5 0 10 27 290 160 12
11.5 t o 12.5 .9 14 34 680 270 26
The data are taken from the publications of the Harvard, McCormick, and Bergedorf
Observatories. The spectral groupings are the same as in the preceding table. Absorp-
tion accounts for the apparent discrepancy in low latitudes between the numbers of early
type stars in the last line of the visual magnitudes and those in the first line of the photo-
graphic magnitudes.
A measure of apparent galactic concentration may be found from the ratios of the star
numbers in low latitudes t o those in high latitudes. W e obtain the figures given in P a r t 2 :
Visual
magnitude B A F G K M
< 6.0 22 2.8 2.3 2.1 1.2 1.9
6.0 to 7.0 .. 4.0 1.9 1.2 1.5 3.7
7.0 to 8.25 .. 10 1.5 1.3 1.7 2.2
8.5 to 9.4 24 4.2 1.2 2.7
9.5 to 10.4 76 12 1.8 2.3 9
Photographic
magnitude
9.5 to 10.5 .. 56 4.8 1.8 2.4 2.1
10.5 to 11.5 .. 97 16 2.5 2.9 3.5
11.5 t o 12.5 .. 99 35 2.9 3.5 5.5
These tabular values have been obtained by combining and smoothing the secular paral-
laxes derived at Groningen and McCormick together with mean parallaxes for fainter
stars derived a t Leiden. To obtain annual parallaxes from secular parallaxes a solar veloc-
ity of 19 kilometers per second has been assumed. Similarly the Leiden figures rest on cer-
tain assumptions as to the peculiar motions of faint stars. Recent studies of the space
motions of stars more than 500 parsecs from the plane of the galaxy indicate that the annual
parallaxes listed here may well be systematically too large for stars fainter than tenth
magnitude in the higher latitudes.
Some idea of the dependence of the mean parallaxes on the spectral type may he gained
from P a r t 2. H e r e the probable error of a secular parallax is approximately 0'.'001.
T A B L E 856.-SPECTRUM C L A S S E S A N D T E M P E R A T U R E S OF S T A R S *
b r
Observed
H e a t Water-cell H e a t index
-
T e m p e r a t u r e hy several methods, " K
a Cen A
K A 1950 Dec
h m
. . . . . . . . 14 36.2-60"38
mu
.3
SP
dG 3
P
N
.755
M
4.7
.
/L
3.68
8
281'
V d
.22
a Cen B ........ 14 36.2-60 38 1.7 dK2 .755 6.1 3.68 281 .22
a Cen C . . . . . . . . 14 26.3-62 29 11.5 dM : .778 16.0 3.85 282 ....
+4: 3561 . . . , .... 17 55.4+ 4 33 9.4 dM5 .544 13.1 10.26 356 -110
W 359 . . . . . . . . . . 10 54.1+ 7 19 13.8 dM6 .402 16.8 4.70 235 +13
L 726-8 A ...... 1 36.4-18 13 12.4 tlM 6r .4 : : 15.4 3.38 80
L 726-8 F, . . . . . . 1 36.4-18 13
+36: 2147 A t . . . 11 00.6+36 18
a C M a A . . . . . . . 6 42.9-16 39
12.9
7.5
-1.6
dM 6e
dM 2
A0
.4 . :
.390
.378
15.9
10.5
1.3
3.38
4.78
132
80
187
203
+30
5
- 8
::
a C M a B ....... 6 42.9-16 39 8.5 F .378 11.4 1.32 203 - 8
R 154 . . . . . . . . . . . 18 46.7-23 54 10.5 dM 5 .354 13.2 .74 106 0
R 248 ........... 23 39.4+43 55 12.2 dM 6 .318 14.7 1.82 176 .81
e E r i . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 30.6-
61 Cyg A . . . . . . . 21 04.7+38 30
61 Cyg B . . . . . . . 21 04.7+38 30
9 38 3.8
5.6
6.3
dk' 2
dK5
dK7
.301
.298
.298
6.2
8.0
8.7
.97
5.21
5.21
271
52
52
t.64 ;:
T Cet . . . . . . . . . . . 1 41.7-16 12 3.6 dG 7 .298 6.0 1.92 296 .16
a CMi A ....... 7 36.7+ 5 21 .5 dF 4 .294 2.8 1.25 214 - 4
a CMi B ........ 7 36.7+ 5 21 10.8 .294 13.1 1.25 214 - 4
L 789-6 ......... 22 35.7-15 36 12.3 dM 6 .293 14.6 3.27 46 .60
e Ind . . . . . . . . . . . 21 59.6-57 00 4.7 tlh' 5 .288 7.0 4.69 123 .40
R 128 .......... 11 45.1+ 1 07 11.0 dM 5 .288 13.3 1.39 153 .12
+59: 1914 A . . . . 18 42.2+59 33 8.9 dM 3 .285 11.2 2.28 324 + 2
+59: 1915 B . . . . 18 42.2+59 33 9.7 dM 4 .285 12.0 2.28 324 + 2
+43: 44 A t ..... 0 15.4+43 44 8.1 dM 3 .279 10.3 2.90 82 + 8
+43: 44 B . . . . . . 0 15.4+43 44 10.8 sdM 4c .279 13.0 2.90 82 + 8
-36: 9694 . . . . . . . 23 02.6-36 09 7.3 dM 1 .277 9.5 6.91 79 +10
-44: 612 ........ 5 109.7-45 :00 9.0 sdM 0 .262 11.1 8.74 131 +242
+ 5 : 1668 ....... 7 24.7+ 5 28 10.1 dM 5 262 12.2 3.76 171 +27
-39: 8920 . . . . . . . 21 14.3-39 04 6.6 dMO .257 8.8 3.46 251
+56: 2783 A .... 22 26.6+57 26
+5G: 2783 B . . . . 22 26.6+57 26
9.8
11.2
dM 4
dM 6
.256
.256
11.8
13.2
.86
.86
246
246
31
.24
R 614 AB ..... 6 26.8- 2 46 11.6 d M 6e .256 13.6 1.00 131 +25:
-12: 4523 ....... 16 27.5-12 32 9.9 dM 4 .253 11.9 1.18 182 .18
vMa 1 . . . . . . . . . . 0 46.6+ 5 10 12.3 I1 F .245 14.2 2.98 155 +238
W 424 A ....... 12 30.8+ 9 18 12.7 diM 7 .225 14.5 1.80 279 - 5
W 424 B . . . . . . . . 12 30.8+ 9 18 12.7 dM 7 .225 14.5 1.80 279 - 5
C0-46: 11540 . . . 17 24.9-46 51 9.7 dM 3 .224 11.5 1.04 147
-37 : 9435 . . . . . . . 0 02.5-37 36
+68: 946 . . . . . . . . 17 36.7+68 23
+SO: 1725 . . . . . . . 10 08.3+49 42
8.5
92
6.7
dM 3
dM 3
dK8
.222
.218
.218
10.2
10.8
8.4
6.07
1.31
1.45
113
197
249
+
.
.27
;;
-49: 11439 . . . . . . 21 30.3-49 14 9.0 dM 2 .212 10.6 .81 185 ....
-15: 6290 . . . . . . . 22 50.7-14 31 10.2 dill 5 .2 11 11.8 1.11 123 +10
CO-44: 11909 . . . 17 33.4-44 16 10.5 dhl 5 .210 12.1 1.1s 217 ....
a Aql . . . . . . . . . . . 19 48.3+ 8 44 .9 A4 .206 2.5 .66 55 .26
L 145-141 . . . . . . . 11 42.7-64 34 12.1 I )A .204 13.6 2.68 97
+43 : 4305 . . . . . . . 22 44.7+44 05 10.1 dM 5 .203 11.6 .86 237
02 E r i A
02 E r i B
. . . . . . . . 4 13.0- 7 44
. . . . . . . . 4 13.0- 7 44
4.5
9.4
dK 0
DA
.200
.200
6.0
10.9
4.08
4.08
213
213
22
.42
CP Eri C . . . . . . . . 4 13.0- 7 44 11.1 d i l l 5r .200 12.6 4.08 213 .42
Grwf79: 3888 . . . 11 45.4+78 58 11.0 dM 4 .200 12.5 .87 57 -120
T h e stars have been designated by their R I1 or C P D numbers and only if neither of these
was available. by their Cordoba Durchmusterung numbers : for very faint stars the discoverer's
numbers have had to be used . p = parallax. p = proper motion. 17% = magnitude. M = absolute
magnitude. Vrn..= radial velocity. S p = spectrum. 8 =position angle.
* Prepared by W . I.uyten. LJniversity of Minnesota . t These stars have invisible companions .
where a is the semimajor axis of the relative orbit, expressed in astronomical units, P the
period in years ; the masses are referred to the sun's mass as unit. For the majority of these
binaries the mass-ratio is known, thus permitting a determination of the masses of the
individual component.
~~
Many of the data were taken from the reference given in footnote 277. The spectra, magni-
tudes, radii, parallaxes, and densities have been revised for some of the stars. Th e letters A and
D denote the brighter and fainter components, respectively, of binary stars.
Apparent (visual) magnitude is denoted by mu, spectral class by Sp, parallax in seconds of arc,
p , absolute (visual) magnitude by Mu, radius in terms of the sun by R, apparent diameter in
seconds of arc by d, mass in terms of the sun by p, and density by p (in g/cm*).
Prepared hy Edith J. Teho Harvard College Observatory.
m Russell, Dugan, and StewArt, htronomy, p. 740, Ginn & Co., 1926. Used by permission.
The bolometric corrections ( R C) given in the table are added algebraically to visual
magnitudes. From tables by G. P. Kuiper,"' slightly revised for 0 and B stars by same
author. The (effective) temperature, Te, scale of the 0 and early B stars is still to be re-
garded as provisional. The corrections for 0, - Fo stars are based on the stellar tem-
perature scale and on theoretical spectral-energy curves. For F,-MM, stars they are
based on radiometric observations by Pettit and Nicholson.
Giants Supergiants
Main seq Main seq ( M = 0) ( M = -4)
Jc JI n
Type ' BC Te Type BC T, ' BC Te RC T.'
0 5 -5.3 : 100,000 : F0 .o 6500 .o 6500 .o 6500
0 6 -4.8 70,000 : F2 - .04 6100 - .04 6100 - .04 6100
0 7 -4.3 50,000 F5 - .04 6100 - .08 5850 - .12 5720
0 8 -3.9 41,600 F8 - .05 6050 - .17 5500 - .28 5150
0 9 -3.5 35,000 GO - .06 6000 - 25 5240 - .42 4830
BO -3.0 28,500 G2 - .07 5900 - .31 5070 - .52 4650
ni -2.8 26,300 G5 - .10 5770 - .39 4880 - .65 4480
B2 -2.5 23,000 G8 - .I0 5770 - .47 4720 - .so 4330
B3 -2.3 21,000 I< 0 - .ll 5740 - .54 4620 - .93 4240
B4 -2.1 19,300 K2 - .15 5580 - .72 4420 -1.20 4060
B5 -1.9 17,800 K3 - .31 5070 - .89 4260 -1.35 3940
B6 -1.6 15,600 I< 4 - .55 4600 -1.11 4120 -1.56 3780
B7 -1.4 14,300 K5 - .85 4300 -1.35 3940 -1.86 3590
B8 -1.2 13,100 K6 -1.14 4100 f . . . ....
B9 - .9 11,600 MO -1.43 3880 -1.55 3800 -2.2 3420
A0 - .7 10,700 44 1 -1.70 3700 -1.72 3680 -2.6 3230
A1 - .6 10,150 M2 -2.03 3540 -1.95 3560 -3.0 : 3060
A2 - .5 9,600 M3 -2.4 : 3320 -2.26 3390 -3.6 : 2840 :
A3 - .4 9,000 M 4 -2.7 : 3180 -2.72 3160 ....
A5 - .3 8,500 44 5 -3.1 : 3020 -3.4 : 2920 :
A7 - .2 7,900
FO - .o 6,500
T A B L E 862A.-R U S S E L L - H E RTZSP R U N G D I A G R A M *
Absolute magnitudes (ordinates) of 3,915 stars of different spectrum types (abscissae)
determined by the spectroscopic method by W. S. Adams and his associates (courtesy of
Mount Wilson Observatory, 1932). The diagram shows distinctly the division of types
G, and later, into giants (high-luminosity stars) and dwarfs (low-luminosity) with few
intermediate stars. The curve simulates the mirror image of the figure 7, and with the
addition of much new material confirms fully that first drawn by Russell in 1913.
The majority of the stars may be divided into dwarfs, giants, and supergiants (a few
stars do appear to have luminosities intermediate between these classifications). The
luminosity of the dwarfs decreases reqularly with advancing spectral type (reduced sur-
face temperature); it drops abruptly for the coolest. Among the giants the luminosity
decreases until about class F 5 and then increases with decreasing temperature at least as
far as the early subdivisions of class M. For supergiants, the luminosity does not appear
to change appreciably with spectral class.
In the diagram, the concentration into vertical columns is purely an effect of rough
snectral classification. Most of the stars on this diagram belong to Population Type I
(Table 874). The white dwarfs occupy the lower left corner (Table 872).
Kuiper ~ 7 ' has more recently derived the empirical mass luminosity relation for (1) the
visual binaries. (2) some selected spectroscopic binaries, and (3) Trumpler's massive stars
in clusters. His diagram is reproduced in figure 33. Morgan, Keenan, and Kellman 2M
have presented a preliminary calibration of their luminosity classes in terms of visual ab-
solute magnitudes, which includes B stars 2s well as subclasses (intermediates between
giants and dwarfs and between giants and supergiants).
Prepared by Edith J. Tebo, Harvard College Observatory.
Astrophys. Journ. vol. 88 p. 472 1938.
An atlas of stella; spectra', p. 34,' University of Chicago Press, 1943.
Ratio N o s . Ratio
successive Nos. at
magnitudes 0" & 90'
-
,-
.Ap-. I i.__
m +90' +40" +ZOO +loo 0' -10' -20" --40" -90" +90" 0" -90" +90" -90"
5.0 8.15 8.24 8.37 8.49 8.77 8.658.50 8.25 8.07 4.1 5.0
6.0 8.59 8.72 8.85 8.95 9.22 9.108.94 8.71 8.62 2.8 2.8 3.5 4.3 4.0
7.0 9.02 9.18 9.31 9.41 9.64 9.519.35 9.16 9.08 2.7 2.6 2.9 4.1 3.6
8.0 9.44 9.62 9.77 9.87 .09 9.939.79 9.60 9.50 2.6 2.8 2.6 4.5 3.9
9.0 9.86 .05 2 1 .33 .55 .37 23 .04 9.92 2.6 2.9 2.6 4.9 4.3
10.0 2 5 .47 .65 .77 1.02 .82.67 .47 .32 2.5 3.0 2.5 5.9 5.0
11.0 .63 .87 1.08 1.21 1.49 1.261.11 .89 .72 2.4 3.0 2.5 7.2 5.9
12.0 1.01 1.26 1.50 1.64 1.95 1.701.54 1.29 1.12 2.4 2.9 2.5 8.7 6.8
i3.n
. . . . . .1.38 1.63
..... . . . .1.9~)
. 2.05 2.39 2.141.95 i.08 1.48 2.3 2.8 2.3 in 8.1
14.0 1.70 1.97 2.28 2.45 2.82 2 3 2.34 2.03 i.78 2.1 2.7 2.0 ij 11
15.0 1.98 2.30 2.66 2.85 3.22 2.99 2.72 2.34 2.02 1.9 2.5 1.7 17 16
16.0 2.26 2.61 3.02 3.25 3.60 3.39 3.07 2.64 2.26 1.9 2.4 1.7 22 22
17.0 2.53 2.90 3.36 3.64 3.96 3.76 3.40 2.92 2.48 1.9 2.3 1.7 27 30
18.0 2.79 3.15 3.67 3.97 4.32 4.10 3.68 3.18 2.70 1.8 2.3 1.7 34 42
19.0 1.6 2.0
20.0 Seares.. .. 1.5 1.9
21.0 1.4 1.9
T A B L E 864.-STARS OF L A R G E PROPER M O T I O N *
This tahle derived from van Rhijn's counts (Tahle 7 of reference 281) shows that t o photo-
graphic magnitude 18.0 the total of starlight received is equivalent t o 652 stars of photographic
magnitude 1.0. If all the remaining stars a r e included, the equivalent addition is only 48 lst-mag-
nitude stars, giving a total of 700, equal to ahout a hundredth part of full moonlight. T h e corre-
sponding total of stars of visual magnitude 1.0 would he ahout 1,320, which agrees reasonably
well with the equivalent total of 1,440 stars (zenith) found hy van Rhijn from direct measure-
ment of the visual brightness of the s k y ; or 1,074 stars outside the earth's atmosphere. Density
of stellar radiation = 0.8 X erg/cm'. Cosmic radiation density = 1.3 X erg/cm3 (near
the e a rth).
T h e number of stars in each magnitude interval is still increasing rapidly at in = 18, but the
run in the iiumhers in the second coluinn of the tahle indicates t h at somewhere ahout w z = 30
the numhers hegin to decrease and eventually to approach zero as the limit of the stellar system
is reached. T h e extrapolated total number of stars in the system 'given by different investiga-
tions ranges from 30 to 100 billion. Th e great inherent uncertainty of this total is f u r t h er in-
creased by the unknown influence of interstellar ahsorption.
Practically all the stars visihle to the naked eye lie within 1,000 parsecs of the sun, and most
of them a r e more than 100 parsecs distant. In the vicinity of the sun, the majority of the stars
lie within 200 or 300 parsecs of the galactic plane; hut along this plane the star-filled region
extends far beyond 1,000 parsecs in d l directions, and may reach 30,000 parsecs in t h e g r eat
southern star clouds (Shapley).
* P r e p a r e d hy F. 1%. S e a r e s , M o u n t Wilson Ohservatory.
T A B L E 866.-BRIGHT OR W E L L - O B S E R V E D N O V A E *
t
-.
- 2
m
..
.*
m
I WOWl
*I0 o, ,,I I/? '0 2 5 '0 20 y1 w
"All
T A B L E 867.-CLASSIFlCATlON OF NEBULAE
Symbol e . 8.
I Galactic nebulae- A Planetaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P N.G.C. 7662
B Diffuse ...................... L)
(1) Predqfninantly luminous. DL N.G.C. 6618
(2) obscure . DO Barnard 92
(3) Conspicuously mixed . . . DLO N.G.C. 7023
(2) Spirals
( a ) Normal spirals . . . . . S
(1) Early . . . . . . . . . Sa N.G.C. 4594
(2) Intermediate . . . Sb 2841
' I
T A B L E 869.-NONGALACTIC NEBULAE
Some 400 considered. Distribution of magnitudes appears uniform throughout sequence.
For each stage in the sequence the total magnitude ( M T ) is related to the max diameter
( d ) by the formula: M T = C-5 log d. When minor diameter is used, C approx constant
throughout sequence ( C = 10.1). Mean absolute visual magnitude -15.2. The statistical
+
expression for distance in parsecs is log I1 = 4.04 0.2 M T . Masses appear to be of the
order of 2.6 X 10" X our sun's. Apparently nebulae as far as measured are distributed
uniformly in space, one to 10" parsecs3 or 1.5 x lo-'' in cgs units.
Corresponding radius of curvature of the finite universe of general relativity is of order
of 2.7 X 10" parsecs, about 600 times the distance at which normal nebulae can be detected
with the Mount Wilson ]@-inch reflector.
minima, irrespective of principal and secondary) range from 16‘S (SX Centauri) to 73’
(R. Scuti). Galactic distribution suggests Population I. Only 60 stars can be safely
assigned to this group.
E x p l o s i v e stars.--li Gentiiiorzim stars. Typical variable : U Geminorum (8”.8 -
14”.0 ; average cycle 97‘). Characterized by long permanence at minimum light, interrupted
by brief, sudden explosions which bring the star almost always t o the same maximum mag-
nitude; the time between explosions might vary as from 1 to 4 for an individual star, but
the average length of cycles over long periods of time are constant for each star. Average
cycle length ranges from 13” ( A B Draconis) to 340’ ( A W Geminorum). A few stars
undergo temporary spells of continuous, irregular fluctuations. The amplitude increases
from 3 magnitudes for short-cycle stars to 5 magnitudes for long-cycle stars. Spectra are
of early type and peculiar ; hydrogen lines in emission at minimum in absorption a t mnxi-
mum galactic concentration low for short-cycle variables, greater for long-cycle ones.
Group numbers about 70 stars.
2 Camelopardalis stars. Typical variable : 2 Camelopardalis (10”’.5 - 13“.3 ; average
cycle 22”.1). Similar to the preceding, but with shorter minima and smaller amplitudes;
erratic variation is the rule rather than the exception : Less than a dozen stars are known
of this type.
Novae, repeating novae, and novaelike stars. Novae a r e stars that suddenly blaze up
with startling rapidity and then gradually fade out again. For data on bright or well-
observed novae see Table 866. A repeating (or recurrent) nova, such as T Pyx, has
several outbursts, any one of which would have identified it as a nova. A novalike star,
e.g., 2 Andromeda, from time to time shows novalike characteristics with the formation
of a shell spectrum and displaced absorption lines and later emission lines. Nebular lines
are often associated with these objects.
E r r a t i c variables.-R Coronae Borealis stars. Supergiants with G and R spectra and
an abnormal abundance of carbon i n their atmospheres. For long periods of time (often
years) the light remains constant at maximum. At entirely irregular intervals the light
is dimmed, probably by a carbon veil, with resulting fluctuations which may reach 9 or 10
magnitudes. Typical stars : R Coronae Borealis (variable from 5”.8 to lSm.O), RY Sagit-
tarii (variable from S”I.9 to 15”’.0 and probably fainter). Only 23 stars are known to
belong to this type.
Variables assorintrd z&th nchulosities. Stars in gaseous nebulae of the diffuse or of the
cometary type, or even in dark nebulae, often show erratic variations with various ampli-
tudes and speeds. At least three subtypes are indicated, typified by the following stars:
T Orionis (9“’.6 - 11”.9 ; rapid ; often constant at maximum) ; R Monocerotis (10”’- 14” :
slow) ; R W Aurigae (9”I.O - 13”’.5; very rapid, no constant light at any time). About 200
stars can be attributed to one or the other of these groups.
P Cyg~iiand Be Stars. These early-type giants are normally quiescent, but occasionally
some of them undergo slow fluctuations of moderate amplitude (1” - 4“) which last over
a series of years. Typical : P Cygni (3”’ - 6”), active in the 17th century ; 7 Cassiopeiae
(lm.6- 3”.0), active after 1936.
T A B L E 873.-LOW-DENSITY STARS, G I A N T S *
Visual Density Radius Mass
Star Type ahs mag sun = 1 sun= 1 sun= 1
a Orionis . . . . . . . . . . . . . cM 2 -4.0 3 x 10.' 480 (35)
a Scorpii A ........... cM2 -3.5 5x10-' 380 (22)
p Pegasi .............. gM3 -1.0 1.5x 160 ( 6)
a T a u r i ............... gK5 - .4 1.4x 70 ( 5)
Mount
Wilson 1950
type Star Boss Vis mag A
h
cB 0 e Ori 1370 1.8 5 73; - l"14'
3;
dB 3
: K
q
q
Ori
Ori
Aur
1435
1301
1204
2.2
3.4
3.3
5 45.4
5 22.0
5 03.0
- 9 41
- 2 26
+41 10
cB 5 7 CMa 1934 2.4 7 22.7 -29 12
; 58
3cB 6
7
B
Per
Her
Ori
838
4162
1250
3.1
3.9
.3
3 39.4
16 18.2
5 12.8
+47 38
+46 26
- 8 15
p 1304 1.8 5 23.1 +28 34
,2; 9" a
Tau
Peg 5944
5048
2.6
3.O
23 02.3
19 43.4
+14 56
+45 00
.9A 0 6 CYg
dA 1 a Lyr 4722 .1 18 35.2 +38 44
cA2 a CYg 5320 1.3 20 39.7 +45 06
dA2 a CMa 1732 1.6 6 42.9 -16 39
gA 5 p Tri 482 3.1 2 06.6 +34 45
d'4 5 p Ari 428 2.7 1 51.9 +20 34
% ;
.9F 2
Y Roo
y Vir
p Cas
3722
3307
12
3.0
2.9
2.4
14 30.1
12 39.1
0 06.5
+38 42
- 1 11
+58 52
dF 3 a CMi 2008 .5 7 36.7 + 5 21
cF5 a Per 772 1.9 3 20.7 +49 41
Df 5 y Ser 4055 3.9 15 54.1 +15 49
cF8 7 CYg 5229 2.3 20 20.4 +40 06
gF 8 e Hya 2354 3.5 8 44.1 + h 36
dF 8 p Vir 3105 3.8 I1 48.1 + 2 03
dG 0 6 Tri 514 5.4 2 14.0 +34 00
gG 1 a Aur 1246 .2 5 13.0 +45 57
cG 2 GC 10756 2099 4.4 7 54.7 -22 45
sG 5 Y Hya 3449 3.3 13 16.2 -22 55
dG 5 K Cet 752 5.0 3 16.7 + 3 11
cG 8 e Gem 1717 3.3 6 40.8 +25 11
.9K 0 a Boo 3662 .2 14 13.4 +19 27
dKO 70 Oph 4571 4.3 18 02.9 f 2 31
cK5 5 CYg 5431 3.9 21 03.1 +43 44
sK 5 a Tau 1077 1.1 4 33.0 +16 25
dK6 61 Cyg A 5433 5.6 20 04.7 +38 30
dM 0 61 Cyg B 5434 6.3 20- 04.7 +38 30
.9M 0 p And 259 2.4 1 06.9 +35 21
cM 1 a Sco 4193 1.2 16 26.3 -26 19
cM 2 a Ori 1468 .9 5 52.5 + 7 24
sM 2 a Cet 69 1 2.8 2 59.7 + 3 54
dM 2 GC15183 2935 7.6 11 A +36 18
cM 5 a Her 4373 3.6 17 12.4 +14 27
.df 5 56 Leo 2915 6.0 10 53.4 + 6 27
dM 5 GC %3 .... 9.2 15 16.9 - 7 32
Because interstellar matter is far from being in thermodynamic equilibrium, the tempera-
ture of space will depend on the measuring process used.
The direction of the a-axis is called the direction of the preferential motion; the two
opposite points on the sky at the extremities of this axis are called the vertices. The
a-axis for any group of stars is always nearly parallel to the plane of the galaxy. In the
case of most groups of stars fainter than eighth magnitude, it appears that the a-axis is
directed approximately toward the galactic center a t longitude 325: Among stars brighter
than sixth magnitude the direction deviates from the direction of the galactic center toward
greater longitudes and the deviation is most marked in the case of the A stars, for which
the longitude of the vertex is close to 350: In every case the c-axis is directed toward
some point close to the galactic pole. The asymmetry referred to above characterizes
the distribution of the components parallel t o the 6-axis. I t is relatively slight when the
dispersions are small as with the A stars, but becomes very pronounced in the case of
groups with large dispersions, there being practically no large motions in the direction of
the galactic rotation (longitude 55").
The last column in the table contains the product of the mean stellar mass (in terms of
the sun's mass) and the square of the dispersion along the c-axis. This quantity (analo-
gous to kinetic energy) is practically constant for the various groups of the main sequence
but is much larger for the giant branch.
The dispersions of velocities for the B stars, the c stars, and the Cepheids are of the
order of 10 km/sec and difficult to determine accurately. For long-period variables the
dispersions average about 50 km/sec and for the cluster-type variables 90 km/sec.
A general card catalog of radial velocities is kept at Mount Wilson Observatory. I t
now contains approximately 14,000 entries and will be published in the near future. The
proper motions of all stars brighter than magnitude 7.0 and of many fainter stars may be
found in the Albany General Catalog. The Transactions of the Yale Observatory contain
the proper motions of many thousands of stars down t o magnitude 9.5 and north of
declination -30" and two catalogs of the Cape Observatory contain 40,000 proper motions
in the zone -40" to -52:
* Prepared by A. N. Vyssotsky, University of Virginia.
288Astron. Journ., vol. 53. p. 94, 1948.
.
Apex
Vis Rad vel Vel
Star mag Spec Par km/sec 1 ba kmjsec
20 C 1321 ..... 10.8 dG 1 ?005 -178 163" -29" 699
20 C 879 ...... 10.2 dG 2 .008 -138 190 +13 546
H D 134439 . . . . . 9.4 dG 2 .040 +295 273 - 3 521
H D 104800 . . . . . 9.3 dG 0 .006 4- 11 286 -17 488
H D 111980 . . . . . 8.3 dl: 6 .009 +144 296 -26 472
H D 177095 .....
H D 160693 . . . . .
9.4
8.4
dG 3
dF8
.009
.011
++ 78
40
246
299
-6
+1;
433
432
H D 224618 . . . . . 9.0 dG 6 .014 . 44 178 . 388
18 C 560 . . . . . . .007
H D 179626 . . . . .
H D 6755 .......
8.9
9.3
7.8
dA 8
dF4
dG 0
.007
.018
+338
.
-325
71
187
264
248
++ 1070 380
358
352
H D 64090 . . . . . . 8.2 sdC 0 .038 -242 294 -15 345
20 C 825 . . . . . . 10.2 sdA 4p .009 -164 289 -18 324
H D 230409 ..... 10.0 dG 4 .009 . 19 288 -1 316
H D 222766 . . . . . 9.7 dG 4 .009 . 98 188 + 1 307
18 C 3002 . . . . . 8.4 dK 0 .023 . 26 162 -10 304
H D 103095 . . . . . 6.5 sdG 5 .108 . 98 299 -12 296
18 C 2348 ..... 9.1 dl; 1 .008 -240 23 1 + 2 276
H D 113083 ..... 8.2 dF4 .014 +227 242 +18 275
H D 33793 . . . . . . 9.2 sdK 2 .262 +242 243 -8 273
20 C 58 . . . . . . . 12.3 sdF 3 .243 +263 97 -66 264
H D 134113 . . . . . 8.7 dF8 .009 . 60 197 +2 1 263
H D 193901 ..... 8.2 dl.' 5 .027 -179 34 1 -13 258
18 C 756 ...... 9.2 dF8 .031 -191 307 +I2 243
H D 5223 . . . . . . . 8.8 R3 .019 -234 275 +41 235
H D 148816 ..... 7.4 dF7 .029 . 52 256 -16 223
H D 219175 ..... 8.3 dF5 .011 . 32 173 -13 223
H 1) 102158 ..... 8.0 dG 0 .014 162 +21 221
H D 74000 ...... 9.4 dF5 .005 $2:; 238 +13 215
H D 25329 . . . . . . 8.6 dKO .047 .30 229 214
H D 140283 ..... 7.3 sdA 5 p .033 -170 179 2! 214
H D 219962 .....
H D 219617 .....
6.4
9.0
gK1
shA 8p
.006
.030
+
+ 6
23 161
293
-10
-6
210
202
. Revised by H . E . Wilson Mount Wilson Observatory ..
*m Micraika. G., Astron . dachs., vol . 271. p . 265. 1940
Radial
Proper velocities
Star Mag Spec A (1950) D motion km/sec
h m
CD -29"2277 ..... 11.5 sdl; 6 5 26.9 -29"56' "4 1 +540
V X Her . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 5 A6 16 28.5 +18 28 .05 -390
H D 209621 ........ 8.8 R3 22 02.1 +20 48 .0 1 -381
T U Per ........... 1 2 . 1 ~ A5 3 05.4 t 5 3 00 .05 -380
GC 24145 .......... 6.9 A4 17 44.6 +25 46 .06 -362
GC 5108 . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 dA 8 4 11.6 +22 14 .54 +338
AR Her ........... 1 0 . 4 ~ A5 15 59.0 +47 04 .. -335
sz Gem ........... 1 1 5 A6 7 50.8 +19 24 .. +330
H D 6755 .......... 7.8
1 dl: 5 1 06.5 +61 17 .62 -325
AC +25"67928 ..... 10.6 sdF 0 20 22.6 +24 54 -319
GC 20393 . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 sdC 9 15 07.5 -16 13 3.69 +306
20 c 993 ......... 11.5 sdG 1 16 26.8 +44 48 .74 -301
S Lib . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . 5 ~ M 2e 15 18.5 -20 13 .05 +294
GC 20394 .......... 9.4 sdG 2 15 07.5 -16 08 3.68 +292
S Car . . . . . . . . . . . 6 . 9 ~ K 9e 10 07.8 -61 18 .12 +289
BD +30"2611 . . . . . . 8.8 dG 2 15 04.8 +30 13 .02 -279
20 C 491 . . . . . . . . . 11.4
BD +72"94 . . . . . . . . 10.1
sdC 6 8 47.8 + 7 49 .67 +276
sdF 2 1 42.9 +73 13 .25 -266
20 C 58 .......... 12.3 sdF 3 0 46.5 + 5 10 2.98 +263
20 C: 1263 ........ 13.4 sdM 1 21 07.1 +59 33 2.14 -260
AC +64"4188 . . . . . . 12.8 sdA 8 13 17.7 +64 26 .33 +252
20 c 1206 . . . . . . . . 8.5 dF 5 20 23.8 + 9 18 .56 -247
Luy Ye 24 . . . . . . . . . 12.5 dM 0 21 26.7 +11 58 .57 -247
H D 6833 . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 dG 5 1 06.8 +54 28 .05 -244
GC 6369 . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 dK2 5 09.7 -45 00 8.72 +242
H D 64090 . . . . . . . . . 8.2 dF8 7 50.4 +30 46 1.98 -240
18 C 2348 ........ 9.1 dF1 17 36.1 +18 35 1.35 -240
R Z L y r ........... 1 1 . 9 ~ A2 18 41.8 +32 45 .03 -240
HD 5223 .......... 8.8 R3 0 51.6 +23 48 .14 -234
R D -17"484 ....... 9.4 r: 1 2 29.1 -17 13 .43 +233
GC 17670 . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 dF 4 12 58.8 -27 06 .55 +226
LPM 661 . . . . . . . . . . 11 0 sdF 8 17 53.2 -16 23 .60 -216
H D 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 SJIG2P 0 02.8 + 8 30 26 -213
H D 74000 . . . . . . . . . 9.4 dA 9 8 38.5 -16 09 .63 +204
R Pic ............ 6 . 7 ~ M Oe 4 44.8 -49 20 .05 +204
-~
. .
Star
Period
days 2
Lm
SP 1 SP 2
Ri
( i n 0) (in
R?
0) (ifb) (i,M6, Ref 180
(coirtiitued)
~~
Astrophys. Journ. vol. 105, p. 217, -1917. 6 , Kopal, Astrophys. Journ., vol. 93, p. 92, 1941. x. Joy,
Astronhvs. Tourn..' vol. 71. n. 336. 1930. v. Pierce. Astron. Tourn.. vol. 48. 0. 113. 1939. z. Piotrowski.
As!rophks. sourn.; vol. 1 0 8 , ' ~ . 510, 1918; Sm.ith. Astrophys. JoGrn., v d . 108. p. '504, 1948. a 1, McDiarmid;
Princeton Contr. No. No, 7, 1924. t) 1, Wood, Astrophys. Journ., vol. 110, p. 465, 1949. c 1, Fracastaro,
Arcetri Pulil.. v h . 55, 37, 1937. d 1, Sahade and Cesco, Astrophys. Journ., vol. 102, p. 128, 1945.
e 1. Baker, Laws Bull., &.31, 1921.
Astrophys. Journ. vol. 106, p. 255, 1947.
f 1, Wachmann.
Wachmann, Astron. Journ., vol. 259, p. 323, 1936. g 1, Struve,
h 1, Gaposchkin. Astrophys. Journ., vol. 104, p. 376, 1946. 946.
Joy, AstrophGs. Journ., vbl.
Ii I , JOY, vol. 64, p. 293, 1926. 1 1, Sitterly, Princetonn Contr..
Contr., No. 11,-1930.
11, 1930. k 1.
k1.
Wood, Princeton Contr.. No. 21. 1946. 1946 11. Huffer. Astroohvs. Tourn.. vol. 79. n. 369. 1934.. m 1. GaDosch-
kin H a r v a r d Bull. Nb. 907 '1938. n 1,' Gaposchkin, Asirop,ys. Journ., voi., 104, p. 370 1946. . p 1,
E d e n , iktrophys. journ., vof. 108. p. 15. 1948. q 1, Plant, ISS. Leiden, 1939. r 1 Fowier Astrophys.
p r n . , vol. 52, p. 261, 1920. s 1, Chang, .\strophys. Journ., vol. 107, p. 96, 1948. t i, Kuipe;, Astrophys.
ourn., vol. 88, p. 456, 1938.
t!r
' A8 2.93 1.28 ,010
'a Geminorum . . . . . . 2.0 A3 9.21 .SO 1.42 .... ...
+ a2 Gem . . . . . . . . . ... 340 y r .43 .... ...
:::: { -..j
'
a
...
Y Y Gem . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 M1 .81 .OO { ...
...
V Puppis . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 B1 1.45 .OO i:;"6 { %: ...
{ ::: ::; ...
W Ursae Majoris . . . 8.3 F8 .33 .oo ...
...
a Virginis . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 B2 4.01 .1O !:;: { :::: ...
1 ...
e Aquilae . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 8 9 17.12 .61 { 1;:; { :$ ...
Y Cygni . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 09 3.00 .14 ...
...
Prepared by 0. Struve, University of California, Berkeley.
Lick Obs. Bull. No. 521, 1949.
t System of Castor.
(continued)
Diameter
Galactic & Distance
%
*r- Ayg L inear No. (kilo-
NGC RA (1900) Dec Long Lat pc star s parsecs)
h m
663 . . . . . . . . 1 39.2 +60"44' 98" .4" 11 5.8 80 1.8
869 . . . . . . . . 2 12 +56 41 102.5 - 3.1 36 15.7 ... 1.5
884 . . . . . . . . 2 15.4 +56 39 103 - 3.1 36 15.7 ... 1.5
Pleiades . . . 3 41 +23 48 134.5 -22.3 .. .. ... .15
Hyades . . . . 4 14 +15 23 147 -22.6 .. .. .. .04
1960 . . . . . . . 5 29.5 +34 04 143 + 2.4 12 3.5 60 1.0
2099 . . . . . . . 5 45.8 +32 31 145 + 4.5 20 5.8 150 1.0
2632 . . . . . . . 8 34.3 +20 20 173.5 +34.0 .. .. ... .15
Me1 111 . . . . 12 20 ;t26 40 200 +85.4 .. .. ... .07
6705 . . . . . . . 18 45.7 - 6 23 355 - 4.2 10 3.8 200 1.30
7654 . . . . . . . 23 19.8 +61 03 80.5 + .5 12 4.9 120 1.40
~3 S t a r clusters, p. 228, McCraw-Hill, 1930.
Dist
Vis Max to
mag Distance rA A center
Stars No. limit k pc km/sec km sec-' kpc-1 10 kpc Source 2(15
... ..
1 l Y
T A B L E 884.-TRANSMISSION O F L I G H T T H R O U G H SPACE *
The obscuring matter in space is too irregularly distributed to be described by a mean
extinction coefficient for the galaxy. For bright Milky Way regions a minimum value of
0.2 m/kpc has been found.n4
Photoelectric measurements by Stebbins and Whitford indicate that the wavelength
dependence of the interstellar extinction is essentially the same throughout the galaxy.
Their results are given with the table. See references to Oort and Strohrneier for
possibility of variations in bright and obscured regions.
An unknown constant must be added to these values to give the actual extinction. T h e
scale has been adjusted arbitrarily to give 1 mag differential extinction between h 4200
and 10,300.
A value of 4 for the ratio of total photographic absorption to international color excess
IR = Arrm/(Alroo - A,,,,) I is obtained by extrapolation of the above table to l/X = 0.
Most observational determinations are between 3 and 5."O
Light from distant stars shows polarization up to 5 percent, approximately proportional
to reddening. Plane of polarization variable hut generally perpendicular t o galactic plane."'
P r e p a r e d Iiy B. Donn, H a r v a r d University. t P r e l i m i n a r y values, c u r r e n t l y u n d e r investigation
by W h i t f o r d .
.. Stebbins, Huffer, a n d W h i t f o r d , Astrophys. Journ., vol. 96, p. 209, 1939; Bok, Pop. Astron., vol.
5.2. p. 261, 1Y44.
2 Stehhins a n d W h i t f o r d , Astrophys. Journ., vol. 98, p. 323, 1943; W h i t f o r d . Astrophys. Journ.,
'
8
vol. 107, p. 102, 1948.
O o r t , A n n . d'Astrophys., vol. 1, p. 91, 1938.
28Q Strohmeier Zeitschr. Astrophys. vol. 1 7 p. 83 1939.
90 Greenstein,' Astrophys. Journ., &I. 87, p.' 151, i 9 3 8 ; O o r t , Bull. Astron. Inst. Netherlands, vol. 8,
p. 308, 1938; Stelihins. ilstrophys. J o u r n . , vol. 90, p. 209, 1939; v a n R h i j n , Groningen Puhl. 51, 1916;
W e a v e r Astrophys. Jourii. vol. 110 p. 190 1949.
801 Hail, Science, vol. 106, p. 166,' 1949; H i l t n e r , Science. vol. 109, p. 165, 1949, Astrophys. Journ.,
1949.
The land surface is of various elevations above sea level, the mean being about 840 m,
while the average depth of the three great oceans and adjacent seas is about 3800 m (Table
886). The highest elevation and the lowest elevation in each continent are given in P a r t 2.
T A B L E 886.-SEA-WAVE H E I G H T I N F E E T FOR V A R I O U S W I N D V E L O C m l E S
AND DURATIONS
Wind
duration
in hours 10 20
Wind velocity in knots
30
n
40 50
- 60
6 2 5 10 14 20 25
12 2 7 13 20 30 35
24 2 9 17 30 40 55
48 2 10 22 35 45 70
Waves consistently higher than the values given are not found because stronger winds
blow the tops of the waves off. Isolated waves up to 80 feet are due to the addition of two
or more crests.
One of the longest swell periods recorded was 23 seconds. Accordinq to the relations
given, its length in deep water would equal 2,650 feet, and its velocity 69 knots. A 28-second
swell has been recorded near Cape of Good Hope. Its length must have been almost
three-quarters of a mile and its speed 84 knots.
T A B L E 887.-APPROXIMATE H E I G H T O F S W E L L I N F E E T A T VARIOUS
DISTANCES F R O M T H E STORM AREA
5 2 1 .5 -
Mean
Area Volume depth
10" km2 108 kma m
82.441 323.613 3.926
165.246 707.555 4;282
73.443 291.030 3,963
321.130 1.322.198 4,117
14.090 16.980 1;205
American Mediterranean ........... 4.319 9.573 2.216
2.966 4.238 11429
8.143 9.873 1,212
29.518 40.664 1.378
................................ ,422 .023 55
1.232 ,158 128
.438 .215 491
,239 ,006 25
2.331 ,402 172
31.849 41.066 1,289
,575 .054 94
.......................... .075 ,004 54
.lo3 ,006 60
.238 ,030 127
,798 .694 870
2.268 3.259 ,437
1.528 1.279 838
1.008 1.361 ,350
......... 1.249 .235 188
Gulf of Californ ......... .162 .132 813
,075 .005 70
8.079 7.059 874
39.928 48.i25 1,205
106.463 354.679 3,332
179.679 723.699 4,028
74.917 291.945 3,897
361.059 1,370,323 3,795
FIG. 34.-Osomotic pressure, vapor pressure, of sea water, relative to that of pure
water, freezing point, and temperature of maximum density as functions of chlorinity
and salinity.
Wavelength (c)
T y p e of water .46 .48 ,515 .53 ,565 .60 .66
.....................
P u r e water 98.5 98.5 98.2 97.9 96.8 88.3 75.9
highest .......... 96.4 97.5 96.6 96.3 92.9 81.8 ...
...
{
Oceanic water highest ..........
average .........
91.8
85.1
average ......... 80.0
92.7
85.7
79.4
92.5
86.7
82.6
91.8
86.9
84.5
89.8
84.5
...
75.9
71.6
68.7
...
62.0
.......... 64.7 71.6 75.9 76.4 ... 64.6 53.6
lowest .......... 60.0 63.5 67.1 70.6 ... 61.4 46.7
T A B L E 892.-COMPOSITION OF SEA W A T E R *
The major ions present (over 99.9 percent of dissolved solids) are given in the table
for Cl= 19.00 o/oo.
T A B L E 893.-GEOCHEMISTRY O F T H E OCEANS
The oceans contain about 5 x 10" metric tons of dissolved solids. The amount in tons
of any element can be estimated by multiplying the values in Table 894 by 1.42 X 10".
Rivers each year add about 2.7 X 10" metric tons.
mg/ku mu/ku
Element CI = 19.00 o / o o Element CI = 19.00 O / m
I f a large swell or an earthquake wave approaches a shoreline great damage may be done
before the energy of the moving water is absorbed.
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES
778 T A B L E 897.-OCEAN CURRENTS
The permanent currents of the Ocean are maintained by differential heat and cooling
and by the indirect effects of the wind. They may extend to depths as great as 1,000 m
and their speed is usually less than 50 cm/sec. In the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio, speeds
may exceed 250 cm/sec. Volume transparents of the large current systems exceed 50
million tons/sec.
Wind-driven currents induced by the drag of the wind are generally shallow, less than
100 m, flow with speeds about 2 percent of wind, and deviate about 30" from the wind
direction, to the right in the Northerti Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern
Hemisphere.
Tidal currents follow elliptical orbits during each tidal cycle. Motion probably extends
to the bottom. In restricted coastal channels the currents are reversing and sometimes
exceed 250 cm/sec.
WAVES A T S E A *
Whenever the wind blows over the water, the surface is formed into waves which grow
under the influence of the wind and form a most irregular surface known a s a sea. Such
waves traveling out from a storm area are called swells. As waves break near the shore
surfs are formed.
Waves may also he formed by earthquakes, fault movements, submarine landslides, or
volcanic eruptions beneath the sea.
The height of a wave, H , is the vertical distance from crest t o trough. The length, L,
is the horizontal distance between adjacent crests. The wave period, P , is the time interval
between passage of successive crests at a fixed point. The velocity, V , of a wave is the
speed with which the wave travels along the sea surface.
The following relations hold for depths greater than one-quarter wavelength with good
approximation :
L=5P', V=3P
where the wavelength, L , is in feet, the period, P , in seconds, and the velocity, V , in knots.
The waves move along the surface of the water hut the water, on the other hand, advances
very little-about one percent only of the wave velocity.
The height of the sea is determined by three factors :
Wind velocity, average speed of wind over fetch.
Fetch, distance over wind blows.
Wind duration, how long the wind blows.
Tables 886 and 898 show the wave heights for some conditions.
* Ahstracted from an article prepared for the Encyclopedia Britannica, by Walter Munk, Scripps
Institute of Oceanography. Used by permission.
From observations, Spencer Jones (Monthly Notices, Roy. Astron. SOC.,vol. 99, p. 541,
19.39) deduces as the best value of the apparent solar acceleration 2S"/(century)'. Lunar
theory predicts 12.0"/(century)2 leaving part attributable t o tidal friction IO"/(century)*.
Estimates of tidal friction losses (Jeffreys, Philos. Trans., A , vol. 221, p. 239, 1920) :
... .6X10::
Irish Sea . . . . . erg/sec So. China S e a . . -XlO:: erg/sec .
Hudson Str. . . .ZXlO:: er,!sec
Eng. Channel 1.1 " Okhotsk Sea . . . . 4 " Hudson Bay . . . -
North Sea ..... 1.7 " Bering Sea .... 15.0 " " Fox Strait ..... 1.4 " "
. .
I'
Yellow Sea . . . . 1.1 " " Malacca Str. . . 1.1 " '' Bay Fundy . . . .4 " "
Other contributions are small. Total for spring tides 22 X 10'' erg/sec. 1.1 X 10" erg/sec
average, corresponding to about 7" secular acceleration per century per century. If 52
is earth's angular velocity of rotation, dO/dt = - 2.5 X 10-"/sec2. O = 7.3 X lo-' rad./sec.
S2 changes by lo-' of its amount in 3 X 10" sec or 10' years. The day should have
lengthened by 1 sec in 120,000 years.
The fluctuations in the earth's rate of rotation indicated by astronomical evidence are
of a quite greater order of magnitude. Moreover the changes vary in sign whereas fric-
tional effects should not. The observations come from deviations of the sun and moon
frcm their gravitational orbits, the transits of Mercury, and eclipses of Jupiter's satellites.
Changes in the speed of rotation of the earth rotation seem the only explanation. This
may be due to shifts of matter within or on the earth. The following figure by Brown
indicates that in 1928 the earth was about 25 sec ahead of its average rotational motion
during the last three centuries. The greatest apparent change in the loss or gain of one
sec in a whole year. (1 part in 30,000,000.)
Tidal friction should make the earth rotate more slowly and the moon recede from the
earth. The rate of dissipation of energy by friction is about 1.4 X 10" erg/sec. The earth's
rotation from this cause should have slowed by 4 hours during geologic time. The moon
should continue to recede until its period of revolution and that of the earth's rotation are
equal to 47 of our present days. The moon should then gradually approach the earth,
ultimately coming within Roche's limit (about twice the earth's radius) breaking up
possibly into a ring like Saturn's.
W J Jeffreys. The earth, Macmillan, 192Y; Innes. Changes in the length of the day, Scientia, vol. 42,
p. 69. 1917. llrown Nature vol. 119 p. 200 1927. Jo lrn. Roy. Astron. SOC. Canada, vol. 24. p. 177,
1930. Keviied by 6. M. Cl&mence. U. S. Naval Observatory.
S M I T H M N I A N PHYSICAL TABLES
T A B L E 9 0 1 . 4 E NE R A L C O N V E R S I O N F A C T O R S
787
Index terms Links
Acoustics, Continued
room type 317
sound type 317
Actinium 228
Beta-ray spectrum 685
Activity (power) 4
Adsorption, heats of 632 633
charcoal 632 633
Aeronautics 337
air flow 337 349
compressible 348
force, parameters 337 343
illustrations 349
isentropic 348
formulas 348
normal-shock 348
formulas 348
oblique-shock 348
parameters (force) and Mach numbers 350 352
speed vs. pressure 338
supersonic 348
types 339 349
vs. Mach number 349 352
vs. Reynolds number 349
bodies moving through a liquid 337
forces on 337
angle of attack 339
aspect ratio 339
depends upon 337
for air: attitude to wind 337
center of pressure 339
drag coefficient 339 340 342
lift coefficient 339
Mach number 337 340
and flow paramcters 342 350
pressure, dynamic 338
vs. air speeds 358
Reynolds number 337
critical 341
shape of body 337
speed 338
surface, roughness 337
turbulence of air 337
sample bodies:
airfoils 353
air flow around 352
angle of attack 352
Mach number 352
Reynolds number 352
surface roughness 352 353
flow parameters 353
788
Index terms Links
Aeronautics, Continued
vs. Mach number 353
force coefficients 353
illustrations 352
cylinders, nonrotating 340
drag coefficient 340 341
aspect ratio 340
Mach number 340 341 342
Reynolds number 340 341
inclination of axis to wind direction 341
flat plates, thin 339
force coefficients 339
angle of attack 339
drag 339 340
lift 339
Mach number 340
Reynolds number 340
local skin friction 343 345
moment thickness 344
skin friction 343
laminar flow 343 344
Reynolds number 343
turbulent flow 343 344
miscellaneous bodies 343
drag coefficient 343
Reynolds number 343
various bodies 343
forces on 343
spheres 341
drag coefficient 341
Mach number 342
Reynolds number 342
forces on 342
pressure coefficient 342
Reynolds number 341
critical 341
sphere size 341
standard atmosphere for 345
basis of 345
characteristics of 347
extension of 347
properties 347
ratio specific heats 345 348
velocity of sound in 347
viscosity 347
kinematic 347
Age, earth 741
moon 741
radioactive materials 679
strata 741
universe 710
789
Index terms Links
Air (see also Atmosphere) 592
aqueous vapor, pressure in atmosphere 599
sea-level 605
composition, ground level 592
up to F2 layer 592
compressibility 265
density of moist air 596 597 598
dry, thermal properties 269 270
effects on weighing 69
corrections 69
flow (see under Aeronautics) 337
compressible 348
heat capacity 163
height 592
humidity, relative 602
determination 602 603 604
dry-bulb temperature 604
maintenance 599
various vapor pressures 601
wet and dry temperature 604
index of refraction 532
infrared transmission 546
Joule-Thomson effect in 278
mass 592 720
different values 720
with direction of sight 720
moist:
density, calculated 596
relative 598
transmission 546
saturated water vapor 600
pressure 600
weight 601
sound, speed in 306 594
thermal conductivity 142
thermal properties 270
dry 269 270
transmission of radiation 538 546
components 538
ultraviolet 538
viscosity, kinematic 345
weight 592
Albedos (see Astronomy) 737
Alcohol: compressibility 282
Density, mixtures with water 302
melting point, with pressure 118
vapor pressure 370
viscosity 320
Alloys: alnico 454
aluminum 192 220
Babbitt 226
790
Index terms Links
Alloys: alnico, Continued
brazing 223
carboloy 224
conductivity, electrical 390 391
super 394
thermal 138
copper 198
density 293
Heusler 458
latent heat of fusion 165
low melting point 125 225
composition 125 225
magnetic 458
alnico 454
Heusler 458
permalloy 453
silmanal 454
superpermalloy 453
melting points 125
low 125
miscellaneous 217
resistivity 384
soldering 223
special purpose 220
thermal emf vs. lead 379
thermal expansion 149
invar 221
low expansion 221
special purpose 220
Alnico 454
Alpha particles (see also Radioactivity) 664 672 680
charge 50
characteristics 672 680 681
high-speed, artificial radioactive sources 682
natural radioactive sources 681
ionization 672
mass 49
range in air 672 684
relative stopping power of selected
substances 684
velocity 672
Alpha-ray spectra, artificial radioactive
substances 682
natural radioactive substances 681
Altitude, by barometer 613
Aluminum: alloys, properties 192
atomic weight 619
boiling point 117
conductivity 404
mechanical properties 192
melting point 117
791
Index terms Links
Aluminum: alloys, properties, Continued
oxide 162
solder 223
wire 414
Alums 521
index refraction 521
American candle (see Photometry) 94
after 1948 94
Ammonia: compressibility 266
hydrolysis 399
latent heat of vaporization 167
pressure variation 167
liquid, density 178
heat content 162 178
latent heat 178
pressure variation 167
pressure effects 167
properties 178
specific heats 178
thermal properties 162
Ampere 20
Ampere-turn units 18
Amu 21
Angle 4
Angstrom 4 63
Angular acceleration 4
Angular momentum 4
Angular velocity 4
earth 729
Antenna arrays 434
Antifreeze solutions 135
Aphelon 729
API scale 290
Apostilb 93
Apothecary mass unit 63 64 66
Aqueous solutions 300-305
density 300 -305
diffusion into water 354
Arcs (see under name of)
Area 4
Argon: compressibility 264
melting point vs. pressure 117 118
parameters 117
volume-pressure 118
Artificial disintegration 653 669 706
bombardment 669 670
alpha-ray 669
deuteron 669
neutron 667 669
photonuclear 669
products 669
792
Index terms Links
Artificial disintegration, Continued
proton 669
interesting results 652 669
methods of producing elements beyond
uranium 670
parts 706
pile yields 670
results of 666 667 668 669 670
Artificial radioactivity 667
slow-neutron-produced 667
Asbestos, thermal conductivity 139
Astronomical units 729
Astronomy 728
albedos 737
planets 737
calendars 728 732 733
equation of time 728
Julian day 733
perpetual 732
clouds of Magellan 746
constellation abbreviations 743
craters 736
lunar 736
terrestrial 736
data, miscellaneous 729
day (see also under Definitions) 729
definitions 729
change of 780
earth 734 741
age 741
strata 741
diameter 729
dimensions 729 734
distance, to moon 730
to sun 730
interior, characteristics 739
density 739
with depth 739
elastic constants 740
rocks 740 741
pressure 739
temperature 727
velocity, earthquake waves 739 740
mass 729
orbit 729 734
physical data 729
precession for 50 years 738
quake waves 739
velocity in ocean 777
rigidity 740
rotation 729 780
793
Index terms Links
Astronomy, Continued
variation 780
satellites 734
strata 741
temperature 734
various places 726
velocity, earthquake waves 739
viscosity 729
galaxies, local family 748
our galaxy 713 770
center 770
rotation 770
stars, mass 713
number 713
interstellar space 771
matter 629 771
temperature 763
Magellanic clouds 746
moon (see also Moon) 741
nebulae (see also under stars), classification 758
nebulae lines 745
novae, well observed 757
orbits, planets 734
planets 734
albedos 737
distance to sun 730
orbits 734
period 734
physical data 734
satellites 735
orbits 735
temperature 734
precession for 50 years 738
rotation, earth 780
our galaxy 770
stars 771
Russell-Hertzsprunging diagram 754
Satellites, orbits 735
physical data 734 735
planets 735
solar constant 719
variation 720
solar corona, emission lines 744
solar eclipses 742
solar flares 743
solar motion, elements of 731
stars:
binary mass of, within 10 parsec of sun 752
spectroscopic 768
spectroscopic eclipsing 767
visual 761
794
Index terms Links
Astronomy, Continued
brighter than magnitude m 756
Cepheids 760
period-luminosity curve 744
clusters, classification 769
galactic 769
globular 769
properties 769
concentration 749
near sun 751
constellations, abbreviations 743
near sun 751
degenerate 762
diameters 753
dwarfs 762 763
degenerate 762
density 762
white 762
equivalent light from 757
explosive 761
first magnitude 752
galactic concentration 749
magnitude 749
galaxies 746 748
local family 748
our galaxy 770
center 770
rotation 770
stars, number 770
giants 762
low density 762
magnitude 730
absolute 730
bolometric 754
first, and brightness 752
per cubic parsec 735
number and brightness 756
near sun 735
per square degree 756
photographic 735 749
radiometric 730
reduction to visual 754
spectrum type 753
visual, absolute 753
to bolometric 754
mass, total our galaxy 713
mass-luminosity 758
masses, binaries 752
motion of 764
large 756
velocities 765
795
Index terms Links
Astronomy, Continued
near sun 751 752
masses 752
nebulae, brightness 757
classification 758
nongalactic 759
variables with 760
novae 757
brightness 757
well observed 757
characteristics 757
classification 758
Milky Way 746
nongalactic 759
number of 757
and galactic latitude 756
and light 757
and magnitude 756
log. No. per sqnare degree 756
near sun 735 751 752
per cubic parsec 735
our galaxy 713
universe 713
various classes 748
within 5 parsec of sun 751
within 10 parsec of sun 752
of large proper motion 756
parallax, mean annual 750
magnitude 10 750
rotation of 771
Russell-Hertzsprung diagram 754
spectrum classes 748 750 753
galactic concentration 749
proper motion 742
temperatures 750
and diameters 753
visual magnitude 753
spectrum types 753
magnitude 750 753 754
temperatures 750
and diameter 753
variables: Be stars 761
classification 760
Cepheids 760
period-luminosity curve 744
erratic 760
explosive 760
general characteristics 760
long period 760
luminosity curve 744
nebulosities 761
796
Index terms Links
Astronomy, Continued
novae 761
repeating 761
pulsating 760
P Cygni 761
red 760
RV Tauri 760
semi-irregular red 760
semiregular 760
temperature 750
with large radial velocities 766
Z Camelopardalis 761
stellar (see stars)
stellar diameters 753
stellar radiation measurements 759
stellar spectra: classes 748 750 753
dwarf 762 763
galactic concentration 749
luminosity classification 747
percentage various classes 748
proper motion 742
related characteristics 746
systems 746
brighter stars 746
clouds of Magellan 746
Milky Way 746
supergalaxies 746
temperature 753 754
types and magnitudes 753
strata, age 741
sun (see Sun), eclipses 742
telescopes, largest in use 728
temperature, interstellar space 763
time, calendars 732 733
equation 728
transmission of light through space 771
Astrophysics 728
Atmosphere (see also Air) 592
aqueous vapor 599
pressure, sea level 605
characteristics, above F2 layer 595
up to F2 layer 594
density, above F2 layer 595
up to F2 layer 594
vs. height, 594 595
electricity (see Lightning) 614
extent of 592
humidity 596
maintenance 599
pressure 602
relative, dry-bulb temperature 602
797
Index terms Links
Atmosphere (see also Air), Continued
temperature 602
vapor pressure 602
wet-dry thermometer 604
ionic equilibrium 615
layers:
ionosphere 592
E layer 592
F1 layer 592
F2 layer 592
G layer 592
stratosphere 592
troposphere 592
upper atmosphere 592
mass 592
and solar altitude 725
path through (radiation) 720
potential gradient 614
pressure, above F2 layer 595
up to F2 layer 594
vs. height 594 595
regions 592
standard 4 47 345
basis 345
characteristics 347
above F2 layer 595
height 594 595
ratio specific heats 345 349
up to F2 layer 594
density 347
extension of 347
properties 347
stratosphere 592
temperature, above F2 layer 595
harmonic mean 346
up to F2 layer 594
vs. height 594 595
transmission of radiation 538 546
components 538
ultraviolet 538
with direction 720
troposphere 592
unit of pressure 4
viscosity 345 347
water-vapor pressure 600 605
saturated, weight 601
Atmospheric electricity 615
charge 615
rain 615
snow 615
space 615
798
Index terms Links
Atmospheric electricity, Continued
conductivity, air 615
current 614
density 614
ions 615
equilibrium 615
life of 615
mobility 617
rate of formation 615
lightning (see also Lightning) 614
potential gradient, air 614
Atom 653
angular momentum 579
Bohr 579
bomb 653
composition 618
data 582 618-624
diameters 643
elements 643
diffusion coefficient 644
gaseous ions 644
neutral gases 644
dimensions 618
effective radii 643
electric orbits 624
electron configuration 622
elements 622
neutral atoms 582
ionization potential 582
normal states 622
singly ionized 584
ionization potential 584
elementary particles 618 664
energy 579 653
heat, elements 160
ionized 584
singly 584
isotopes 654
mass 50 51
mass units 654
molecular data 618
names 620
foreign 620
obsolete 620
neutral, electron binding energy 649 650
spectroscopic properties 582
number 620
periodic system 621
radii 643
effective 643
radioactive 672 673
799
Index terms Links
Atom, Continued
specific heats 160
spectra (see also Series relations) 582
spectroscopic properties 582 583 584 585
neutral 582
singly ionized 584
susceptibility 451
volume (elements) 160
inert gas 646
weights 47 619
international 619
physical to chemical 47
units 47
Atomic (see Atom) 653
Attenuation coefficient, radio waves 442 443
Avogadro’s number 4 47 51 54
Avoirdupois 62 63 64 66
800
Index terms Links
Beta rays (see also Radioactivity), Continued
isotopes 683 684
spectrum: actinium 228 685
protactinium 685
thallium 679
thorium 227 685
Betatron 653 657
Binding energy of electron, neutral atoms 649 652 653
singly-ionized atoms 650
Blackbody 7 79 80
brightness 95 96
calculated values 81 82 85 95 104
changes due to changes in C2 86
precautions in using C1 80
constants (radiation) 80
value of c2 at different times 80
crova wavelength 96
efficiency of radiation 96
luminous 93
equations 7 79
Planck 7 79
Stefan-Boltzmann 7 80
Wien 79
displacement 80
laws 7 79
lumens/cm 93 96
lumens/watt 93 96
luminous efficiency 93
temperature 96
luminous intensity 93
spectral vs. temperature 95
mechanical equivalent of light 96
plane, lumens per unit 80
solid angle 80
radiant energy 79
calculated values: effect of change in
c2 86
short method 85
spectral 82
temperature 82
spectral intensity vs. temperature 95
spectral luminous intensity 95
standard radiator 79
symbols 79
total radiation 81
calculated values 81
Blackening receivers of radiation 548
Body moving through a liquid (see also under
Aeronautics) 337
Bohr atom 581
magnetic moment 49
801
Index terms Links
Bohr atom, Continued
magnetron 49 52 54
radius first orbit 51
Boiling points: elements 117
inorganic compounds 120
metals with pressure 119
organic compounds 122
pressure 119
salts in solution 131
rise in 133
water 133
pressure effect 118 169
rise of boiling point due to salts in
solution 133
Boltzmann’s constant 49 52 54 80
Bond energies 633
Bougie decimal 92
Brass, mechanical properties 195
Brazing alloys 223
brass 223
iron 223
steel 223
Brazing flux 223
Brightness 93
blackbody 94 96
blue and candlepower, various materials 104
candle 104
flames 104
fluorescent lamp 110
lamps, acetylene 104
filaments 104
molybdenum 103
moon 104
Nernst glower 104
oxides 104
sky 104
sun 104
tantalum 103
temperature 7
correction to true 100
materials 104
various illuminants 104
tungsten 102
units of 93
various materials 104
Welsbach mantle 104
Brinell hardness 187
British Imperial system of weights and measures 64
metric equivalents 64
British Thermal Unit, btu 7 21 60
Brix degrees 305
802
Index terms Links
Bronze, mechanical properties 197
Brownian movement 630
Btu 7 21 60
Building materials 229
brick masonry 231
strength 231
bricks: characteristics of 230
coefficient of expansion 152
water absorption 230
weighted average strength 230 231
characteristics 229
concrete: compressive and tensile strengths 230
elastic properties 230
strength 230
effect of quantity of mixing water 230
compressive, effect of entrained air 230
tensile 229
masonry mortars 229
reflection factor 553
stone: American 231
stiffness 231
ultimate strength 231
Bursts (cosmic ray) 653
c1 80
c2 80
at different times 80
Cadmium red line 569
lamp 568
Calendar, Julian day 733
perpetual 732
Calcite: density 48
grating space 48
molecular weight 48
ratio grating vs. Seigbahn 48
structural constant 48
Calcium fluoride 515
Calorie 7 21
international 8 60
Candle 93
foot- 91 94
international 94
meter 93
1948 94
old 92
spherical 93
Waidner-Burgess 94
color 94
Candlepower 93
distance 95
inverse square law 95
803
Index terms Links
Candlepower, Continued
disk 95
line 95
Capacitance 11
Capacity, electric 16
physical 60
Carat 4
metric 4
Carboloy, characteristics 224
Carbon 105
arc 105
light output 105
cycle 666
energy 666
lamps 104 105
untreated 105
Carbon dioxide, compressibility 265
Joule-Thompson effect 280
values of pv 285
Carcel unit 92
Castor oil, density 322
viscosity 322
Cathode rays (see also Electron) 653 691
constants for speed 690 691
impinge on matter 690
ionization 672
path 690
speed in matter 690
three headings 691
velocity 691
and voltage 691
voltage 691
Cells (batteries), composition 377
emf 377
standard 378
Celsius temperature scale 8
Centigrade temperature scale 8
Centipoise 318
Centistoke 321
Cgs 15
Chain (Gunter) 62
Chain reaction 653
Charcoal:
adsorbing power 632
activation 632
increased by treatment 632
heats of 632
gases 633
vapors 632
physical properties 632
types of 632
804
Index terms Links
Charge, electron 47
hydrogen atom 49
rain 615
snow 615
unit 10
Chemical composition, earth 626
meteors 626
sun (atmosphere) 627
Chemical energy data 185
Circular area 4
Circular functions 32
Circular inch 4
Coal 181
analysis 181
heats of combustion 181
Coefficient of thermal expansion 8
Colloids 630
bond energies 633
Brownian movement 630
charcoals, adsorbing power 632
effect of activation 632
heats of adsorption, gases 633
vapors 632
dimensions 630
dusts, explosion limits, lower 634
explosion pressures 634
ignition temperatures 634
particle size 630
propagation temperature 634
field 630
heat of sorption 632
particle size 630
dusts 630
influence of solubility 631
protein molecules 631
properties due to 630 631
solubility 631
proteins: characteristics 631
molecules 631
pH stability range 634
spreading coefficients, organic liquids 633
types 630
Color, equation 729
index 729
of light emitted by various sources 103
screens 535
temperature 8
blue brightness and candlepower,
various materials 104
illurninants 104
materials, various 103 104
805
Index terms Links
Color, equation, Continued
minus brightness temperature, carbon 104
Combustion, constants (some substances) 179
flame temperatures 179
heats of, carbon 179 180
carbon compounds 179
coals 181
gases 182
liquid fuels 181
miscellaneous compounds 180
peat 181
petroleum (crude) 182
various sources 182
solids 181
sugars 182
values, fuels 181
woods 181
Common units of measurement, spelling and
abbreviations 56
Compressibility: ammonia 266
carbon dioxide 261
compounds 286
crystals 287
elements 285
ether 282
gases 267
low temperature 264
under high pressure 265
glasses 288 289
liquids 282
mercury 282
metals, high pressure 286
petroleum oils 284
quartz 288
rocks 288
rubber 235 237
solids 283
sulfur dioxide 266
water 283
Compton effect 49 52 55
Concrete (see Building materials)
Conductance 11 12
electrolytic 397
temperature effects 397
Conduction (see also Thermal conduction): gases 115
heat across air space 114
high temperature 115
Conductivity (see also Resistivity): acid solutions 398
air 616
alloys 384 390
temperature coefficient 390
806
Index terms Links
Conductivity (see also Resistivity): acid solutions, Continued
bases, solutions 398
calculating 417
dielectrics 395
electrical 11 12
electrolytic solutions 397
molecular 398
temperature coefficient 397
equivalent vs. temperature 397
ions 399
separate 399
solutions: acids 400
bases 400
salts 400
glass 396
high-frequency 396
metals 384 389
molecular (specific) 398
nonconductors 428
oxides 395
plastics 239
pressure effects 388
rocks 395
salts (solutions) 398
soils 395 440
solids 395
solutions 397
specific molecular 398
super 394
alloys 394
compounds 394
metals 394
tellurium 380
temperature coefficient 390 391
tension effects 387
thermal (see Thermal conductivity)
Conductor, resistance of 11
Cones in eye (see also under Eye) 90
Constants: critical gases 276
mathematical 25
physical (see also Units) 47 51 54
Bearden and Watts 54
Birge 47
DuMond and Cohen 51
radiation 80
Constellations, abbreviations 743
Contact potentials: liquids 376
solids 376
various metals 379 380 381
Continents 772
area 772
807
Index terms Links
Continents, Continued
highest point 772
lowest point 772
Convection of heat 114
air 114
cooling by 112
gases 115
pressure 115
temperature 114 115
Conversion factors 2 57
Centigrade to Fahrenheit iv
dimensional formulas 2 58 59
Fahrenheit to Centigrade iv
formulae 57
methods of calculating 2 57
units: ampere turns to ordinary 18
area 60 781
atomic mass to MeV 54
British imperial to metric 67
capacity 60 62 781
changing 57
conduction of heat 137
density
API 290
Baumé 289
electrical equivalents 20
former 22
electricity 10 20 781
international to 1948 20
National Bureau of Standards to
international 20
three systems 20
energy 17 20 21
flow 781
molecular 618
gage pressure (lb./h.2) to atmosphere 267
gas laws 260 267
gaseous states (thermal) 268
general 781 785
gravitational 782
heat 58 784
flow 136
for different gradients 137
illumination 93 94
length 60
linear 60 782
magnetic quantities 16 18
mass 60
metric, to British 64 66
to U.S.A. 61 63
Mev to atomic mass 21 53 54
808
Index terms Links
Conversion factors, Continued
miscellaneous 63 781 785
molecular energy 618
paper measure 783
photometric 93 94 783
photometry 93
brightness 93
illumination 93
pressure 277 783
radiation 136
resistivity 784
speed 784
temperature 784
per area 784
thermal 784
time 784
U.S. customary to metric 61 62 63
volume 60 785
wavelength 509
weight 785
per volume 785
Cooling: by convection 112
by radiation 112
effect of pressure 112
platinum wire 113
Copper (see also under Wire) 198
alloys, properties 198
freezing point 72
high conductivity 404
mechanical properties 198
resistance standards 404
wire 208
annealed 208
characteristics 408 409 410 411 412 413 414
medium hard 208
ratio, ac-dc resistances 419
resistance, to compute 416
temperature coefficient 406
safe carrying capacity 416
soft 208
specification values 208
standard annealed 408
Core losses, electric steel sheets 456
Cosines 32
Cosmic rays 653 710
bursts 711
characteristics 711
top atmosphere 710
critical energy 712
composition
at geometric latitude 30° 713
809
Index terms Links
Cosmic rays, Continued
data 712
earth's magnetic field 710
energy 710
critical 712
total 712
entering atmosphere 712
hard component 711
ionization 710 711
intensity 710
50° geometric latitude 712
sea level 711
top atmosphere 710
meson 711
origin 710
penetration 711
variation with latitude 712
primary 710
characteristics 710
source 710
radiation, composition and latitude 712
earth's surface 712
our galaxy 713
universe 713
reaction, atmosphere 711
secondary 711
hard, characteristics 711
intensity and altitude 711
earth's surface (sea level) 711
latitude 710
soft 711
showers 711
soft component 711
source 710
stars 711
theories 710
total energy 710
variation, latitude 710
Cosmos 653
Cotangents 32 33 34 35 36
Cotton, thermal conductivity 139
Craters (see also Astronomy) 736
Critical constants: gases 276
light hydrocarbons 293
Cross section (particle) 653
fission products 709
fissionable nuclei 708
organic molecules 646
Crova wavelength 96
Cryostats, liquids for (noninflammable) 183
viscosity 183
810
Index terms Links
Crystals: artificial (optical) 515
biaxial 529
characteristics 515 529
compressibility 287
cubic 430
dielectric: constant 430
monoclinic 431
strength 430
index of refraction 516 518 525 529
temperature 520
infrared 516 523 527
transmission (spectral) 517 545
inversion 126
ionic, lattice spacing 647
radii 648
isotropic minerals 522
metals, interatomic distances 648
structure 648
optical 515 516 517 518 519 520 521
orthorhombic 430 432
phases 126
size 515
thermal expansion 152
transitions, reversible 126
pressure 126
transmission 517 545
range 515
spectra1 517
types 515
uniaxial 430
uses 515
Cubical expansion (thermal): elements 148
gases 154
leather 233
liquids 153
organic 153
water 153
Cubit 4
Curie (unit radioactive decay) 672
Curie constant for paramagnetic substances 461
Current, electric 12 20
effect on human body 375
Cyclotron 653 657
811
Index terms Links
Dalton 5
Data, experimental 1
treatment of 37 38 39 40
average deviation 37
errors 37
equations for: least squares solutions 38
linearly related quantities 38
quadratic and other related
quantities 39
indexes of precision 37
least squares: relations 37 38 39 40
solutions 39
terms, even 42
odd 42
tables 41 42 43
methods of averaging 37
modulus of precision 37
precision constants 37
average deviation 37
probable error 37 43
reciprocal 37
modulus of precision 37
relation of 37
standard deviation 37
Date, international line 729
Day (see Astronomy) 729
change of 780
De Broglie wavelength 653 665
Debye unit 441
various particles 441
Decibel 309
Declination 729
magnetic 468
Definitions: astronomy 729
atomic physics 653
blackbody 79
electric: 10
international units 20
1948 units 20
electromagnetic 10
gas laws 259
geomagnetism 468 469
geometric 4
heat 7
illumination 93
magnetic 10 451
magnetism 451
mechanical 4
nuclear 653
photography 562
photometry 93
812
Index terms Links
Definitions: astronomy, Continued
physical properties 187
radiation 79
temperature 9 70
viscosity 319
Degeneration (see Artificial disintegration)
Delaunay’s γ 729
Delta rays 653
Demagnetization factor for rods 467
Denier 242
Density 5 291
air 269 270
moist 598
alloys 293
API 290
aqueous solutions 300
alcohol, ethyl 302
methyl 304
cane sugar 304
Baumè and Brix degrees 305
sulfuric acid 304
Baumè scale 305
Brix 305
calcite 48
castor oil 322
critical 276
earth 48
variation with depth 739
elements 291
liquids 291
solids 291
ethyl-alcohol mixtures 302
gases (various units) 269
gasolene 322
glycero1-water 321
hydrocarbons 329
inorganic compounds 120
kerosene 295
leather 233
liquids 295
methyl alcohol and water solutions 304
cane sugar 304
sulfuric acid 304
mercury 299
and volume 299
minerals, artificial 294
natural 294
organic compounds 122
photographic 562
planets 734
plastics 238 239
813
Index terms Links
Density, Continued
reduction in air to vacuum 69
salts 531
satellites 734
solids, various 292
cgs 292
English 292
stars, high 753 762
low 753 762
sugar: Baumè degree 305
Brix 305
solutions 304 305
sulfuric acid and water solutions 304
sun 731
vapors 269
water 295 296
air-free 296
and volume 298
woods 246 258
Derivatives and integrals 23
Deuterium 653
Deuteron 653
Developers, photographic 563
Deviation in experimental data (see under Data),
average 37
standard 37
Diamagnetic elements, temperature effect 461
Diamagnetic substance 451
susceptibility 451
temperature effects 461
Diatomic constants 586
Diatomic molecules 586
energy: electronic 586
rotational 586
formula 586
vibrational 586
formula 586
level 589
states 586 589
molecular constants 587
Dielectric constant (specific inductive capacity) 10 423
air 423 424
pressure 422 424
alcohol 424
ceramics 437
crystals 437
clamped 430
free 430
elastomers 438
gases 423 424
liquefied 426
814
Index terms Links
Dielectric constant, Continued
nonpolar 436
pressure 424
temperature 423
glasses 427
guttapercha 427
ice 427
insulating materials 429
at radio frequencies 429
kerosene 425
liquids 425
formula 426
pressure 424
temperature 426
coefficient 426
wavelengths, long 426
loss tangent of dielectric materials 437
lucite 438
materials (various) 427 428
dielectric 437
oils 425 426
organic 425
pressure effects 424
silicone 438
soils 440
Vaseline 439
mica 427
minerals 428
nonconductors 428
radio-frequencies 429
paper 427
paraffin 427
plastics 437
quartz (fused) 428
quartz crystals 430
rochelle salt 431
rock salt 430
rocks 426
rubber 438
artificial 438
shellac 427 438
soils 440
solids 427
standard solutions 428
sulfur 430
unit 10 423 430
water 425
woods 438
Dielectric materials (dielectric constant and loss
tangent): amber 438
ceramics 437
815
Index terms Links
Dielectric materials: amber, Continued
crystals 437
frequency 437
glasses 437
guttapercha 438
liquids 439
inorganic 439
organic 439
lucite 438
nylon 437
oils 439
paraffin 438
plastics 437
rubber 438
shellac 438
solids 437
temperature 423
Vaseline 439
water 439
waxes 438
woods 438
Dielectric properties of nonconductors 428
Dielectric strength 421
air 421
electrodes 421
spacing 421 422
potential 421
pressure 422
voltage for spark: ac 421
voltage for spark: dc 421 422
materials (various) 423
glass 423
guttapercha 423
kerosene 422
voltage for spark 422
liquid air 423
mica 423
oils 423
paper 423
paraffin 423
rubber 423
unit 423
Diffusion: aqueous solutions into water 354
coefficients
gaseous ions 644
gases, neutral 644
constants, water vapor through leather 232
gases 356
ions, positive, mobility in noble gases 644
metals into metals 356
vapors 355 356
816
Index terms Links
Diffusivities for materials 143
Digit 5
Dimensional equations 2
examples 57
Dimensional formulas 2 58
use of 3
Dimensional formulas of units 2
derived 58
dynamical 58
electrical 59
fundamental 57
geometrical 58
heat 58
light 58
magnetic 59
mechanical 58
photometric 58
thermal 58
use of 57
Diopter 5
Dip: horizon 730
magnetic 468
Dipole moment 441
inorganic 441
organic 441
unit 441
Debye 441
Discharge in air 421
ac 421
dc 421
effect of electrode shape 421
effect of pressure 422
length of gap 421 422
voltage required 422
Disintegration, artificial 651 653 669
types 669
Disk source 95
Dispersion, glass 509
Displacement constant (Wien) 80
Displacement law (Wien) 79 80
Dominica1 letter 732
Dowmetal 220
Duralumin 220
Dusts (see under Colloids)
Dyestuffs, transmission of radiation 538
Dyne 5
817
Index terms Links
Earth, Continued
area 729 772
land 772
oceans and seas 772
atmosphere (see also Atmosphere) 592
characteristics 734 739
composition 625
constants, various 729 772
craters 738
density 48 739
vs. depth 739
depth, oceans 773
dimensions 729 772 773 774
distance to moon 729 730
distance to sun 729 730
earthquake waves, velocity 740
electrical data 502
elements, percent 625
elevation, mountains 772
energy, rotational 729
gravitation (see also Gravitation) 714
interior characteristics: density 739
elastic constants 739
pressure 739
land area 772
liquefaction 740
magnetic data 502
magnetism (see also under Geomagnetism) 470
mass 729
moment of inertia 739
oceans and seas 772
orbit 729
dimensions 729 774
eccentricity 729
general precession 729
obliquity 734
physical data 729 734
radius 729 734 772
equatorial 729 734
polar 729 734
rigidity 740
rotational energy 729
solidification 741
temperature: depth 726 727
oceans 774
surface 726
highest 726
lowest 726
selected stations 726
variation 726
velocity: in orbit 729
818
Index terms Links
Earth, Continued
rotation 729
volume 729
Earthquake waves (see also under Astronomy) 740
Effective wavelength, red pyrometer glass 537
Efficiency, lamps 105 110
Elastic limit 187
Electric arcs 105 109
capacity 18
current 11
effect on human body 375
dipole moment 441
field intensity 11 12
inductance 17
potential 11 12 20
difference 11
power 17
quantity 13
standards 13 19
surface density 11
units 10 15 16
definitions 10 15 20
1948 19
relative values, three systems 20
Electrical capacity 16
characteristics of materials 375 380
conductivity 12
alloys 390
metals 390
conversion factors 18 20
definitions 10 15 20
effect on human body 375
equivalents, former 22
fundamental standards 13 19
inductance 17
properties of insulating materials 429
resistivity, metals 393
sheets, magnetic properties 456 459
standards 10 20
steel sheets, core losses 456
units: ampere turn 18
basis of each 16
capacity 18
conversion factors 20
electromagnetic 10 20
electrostatic 10 20
unit quantity 10
former 22
international prior to 1948 16 19
new (1948) 19
absolute 19
819
Index terms Links
Electrical capacity, Continued
how maintained 19
relation to electromagnetic 20
relation to electrostatic 20
relation to international (prior to
1908) 20
old 22
practical 20
relation of three systems 20
Electricity:
atmospheric 614
constants 615
charge on rain 615
charge on snow 615
elements 615
ionic equilibrium 615
lightning 614
piezo 432
quantity 16 20
specific heat 379
thunderstorm 614
characteristics 614
unit quantity 10
Electrochemical equivalents 397
iodine 48
normal solutions 397
silver 48
Electrode potential 637
Electromagnetic properties 451
Electromagnetic systems 10 11 12 13
Electromagnetic units 10 451
definitions 10
difference of potential between metals in
solutions of salts 378
Electrolytes 397
solutions 397
vs. temperature 397
Electron 653 664
affinity, elements 636
angular momentum 580
atomic weight 49
binding energy 649 650
neutral atoms 649
singly-ionized atoms 650
charge 47 50 51 54
specific 47
configuration 622
neutral atoms 582
normal states 622
singly ionized atoms 584
emission 635
820
Index terms Links
Electron, Continued
carbon 635
equation 635
hot solids 635
materials, various 636
metals 635 636
temperature 635 636
photoelectric effect 636
potentials 637
contact (volta) 637
electrode 637
solids, hot 635
formula 635
energy levels 579
energy relations 651
energy-velocity 651
mass 651
mass-velocity relations 651
negatron 654
positron 654
shell 622 653
terms: from equivalent electrons 580 581
from nonequivalent electrons 580
velocity relations 651
volt 49 54 654
weight 50 51 54
work function 635
Electronic charge 47 51 54
orbits 624
Electrostatic capacity 12
definitions 11
generator 657
units 10
Electrostriction 427
Elementary particles 651 664
alpha particle 664
deuteron 664
electron 664
negative 664
positive 664
meson (several types) 664
neutrino 664
neutron 664
photon 664
proton 664
Elements:
atomic: heats 160
numbers 620
radii 643
volume 160
weights 619
821
Index terms Links
Elements, Continued
beyond uranium 623 651 663
production 670
binding energy: neutral atoms 649
singly-ionized atoms 650
boiling point 117
chemical: absorption wavelength 701
abundance: atmosphere 592 625
early type stars 628
earth 625
earth-meteorites 626
gases, interstellar space 629
matter, interstellar space 629
meteorites 626
nebulae 629
rare gases, cosmos 626
sun 627 628
sun’s atmosphere 626
universe 625
composition 618
compressibility 285
configuration 622
density 291
diameters 643
electrochemical equivalents 403
electron configuration 622
neutral atoms 582
normal states 622
radius of orbits 624
singly-ionized atoms 584
electron emission 635
emissivities 98
energy levels, x-ray 697
energy units 618 653
evaporation 363
hardness, relative 228
heat: capacities 155 157
evaporation 165
fusion 157
ionization potential: neutral atoms 582
singly-ionized atoms 584
isotopes 654 655
abundance 655
atomic mass 658
radioactive 655-663
K-wavelength series 697
L-wavelength series 698
latent heat of fusion 157
latent heat of vaporization 165
mass absorption 704
mechanical properties 189
822
Index terms Links
Elements, Continued
melting points 117
standards 9 117
number 1952 651
optical constants (metals) 558
periodic system 621
physical properties 189
Poisson’s ratio 227
radii, electronorbits 624
resistivity 384
temperature coefficient 384
specific heat 155 160
formula for 157
true 157
spectroscopic properties: neutral atoms 582
singly-ionized 584
symbols 117
thermal conductivity 138
thermal expansion: crystals 145
cubical 148
linear 145
vapor pressure 362 363
Emf (thermal), alloys vs. lead 379
alloys vs. platinum 381
aluminum vs. platinum 376
batteries 377
cadmium vs. platinum 383
low temperature 381
metals, in solution of salts 378
vs. platinum 381
vs. silver alloys 381
vs. zinc solutions 377
nickel, vs. copper 381
vs. platinum 389
platinum-rhodium vs. platinum 381 387
vs. lead 379
zinc vs. platinum 390
Emissivity 8 98
spectral 8 98
alloys 99
correction to brightness temperature 99
liquids 98
materials 98
metals and oxides 101
at melting point 98
out-gassed 99
molybdenum 103
solids 100 101 102
tantalum 103
tungsten 99 102
total: glass 100
823
Index terms Links
Emissivity, Continued
materials 100
metals 101
at low temperatures 101
oxides 101
relative 100
Emu 20
Energy 5 17 21
blackbody radiation 79 85 96
bond 633
conversion factors 20 21
cosmic ray 712
dissipation in cycle (magnetism) 460
electron-volt 49
levels 581
losses, magnetic 459 460
radiant 9 79
radiated by a number of radioactive materials 689
temperature for 1 ev 55
transformer steel (losses) 459
units 21 653 618
conversion factors 21 618
Enthalpy 8 270
Entropy 8 270
Equation of time 728
Erg 5
Erichsen value 187
Error, probable 37
Esu/emu 48
Ether, volume-pressure 283
Ethylene 265
Ettinghausen effect 507
Eutectic mixtures 130
Ev 618 653
Evaporation of metals 363
formulas 363
constants (various metals) 364
rate of 363
Expansion (thermal) 145
cubical 148
linear 145
Experimental data (see also under Data) 37 38 39 40
Explosives 183
analysis 184
chemical properties 184
ignition temperatures 183 634
physical properties 184
pressures 634
time of heating 183
Exponential formulas for mass absorption values,
elements 694
824
Index terms Links
Exponential functions 43
Exposure, photographic 562
Eye: as measuring instrument for radiation 87
blind spot 90
contrast sensibility 89
diameter of pupil 90
and flux density 90
distribution coefficients 91
glare sensibility 89
I.C.I. standard observer 90 91
distribution coefficients 91
instantaneous thresholds 88
luminosity factors 87
and brightness 88
macula lutea 90
minimum energy to produce sensation 89
miscellaneous data 90
physical properties 90
Purkinge effect 87
rate of adaptation 89
relative luminosity factors 87
various brightnesses 87 88 89
sensitivity 87 89
standard observer 90
distribution coefficients 91
thresholds 88
various field brightness 88
vision, persistence of 90
visual range for white light 92
Factorials 26
log of 26
Factors, conversion (see Conversion factors)
Fahrenheit temperature scale 8
conversion to Centigrade iv
Farad 20
Faraday 47 51 54
constant 47 54
Fathom 62
Ferromagnetic substances 451
Fibers:
artificial 243
acetate 244
glass 244
nylon 244
polyethylene 244
quartz 534
rayon 243
resin 243
characteristics 242
miscellaneous 244
825
Index terms Links
Fibers, Continued
natural 242
cotton 242
flax 242
hemp 242
jute 242
linen 242
ramie 242
silk 242
spider 242
wool 242
properties of 241 243
rope 245
various kinds 245
Filaments, incandescent, heat loss from 116
temperature 102 116
Filters (see also Color, screens), for obtaining
monochromatic x-rays 696
light 537
narrow spectrum region 536
Fine structure constant 49 51 54
First radiation constant 80
units 80
Fission 653 706
binding energy 707
cause 706
critical energy for 707
cross section of fissionable nuclei for
neutrons 708
cross section of fission products for thermal
neutrons 708
data 706
elements 706
energy 706
critical 707
released by 707
examples 706
neutron-binding energy of divided nucleus 707
produced 706
elements 706
products of long life 708
spontaneous, half-life 701
thresholds (Mev) 706
Fixed points, temperature scale, primary 71
secondary 72
Flame temperatures 179 182 183
Flash lamps 110
Flash tubes 111
Fluidity 5 318
Fluorescent lamps, characteristics of 110
Fluorescent powders, characteristics of 107
826
Index terms Links
Fluorite 515 520
Flux (see under type o f ) 93
Foot-candle 93
Foot-lambert 93
Foot-pound 5 21
Foot-poundal 5
Force 5
magnetic 18
Formulas (see under name of)
Fourier 144
Fraunhofer lines, wavelengths 577
Freezing mixtures 134
anti, for radiators 135
Freezing point, lowered by various salts in solution 131
water-prcssurc effect 118
Fresnel formula, reflection of light 549
Friction, different materials 336
interior, at low temperatures 227
Frictional electric series 375
Fuels (see also under Combustion) 180
coal 181
analysis 181
gas 182
gravity 182
heat values 180
liquid 181
gravity 181
petroleum 182
density 182
woods 181
analysis 181
Fundamental particles 664
alpha-particles 664
deuteron 664
electron 664
negatron 664
positron 664
meson: µ (charge +, - ) 664
Π (charge +, -, O ) 664
neutrino 664
neutron 664
photon 664
proton 664
Fundamental standards 1 13
maintenance of 14
primary 13
qualities of 13 14
secondary 13 14
selection of 1 2
standards of, international temperature scale 14 70
length 14
827
Index terms Links
Fundamental standards, Continued
mass 14
temperature 14
Celsius scale (Centigrade) 14
Fahrenheit 8
Kelvin scale 9
Reaumur 9
thermodynamic 9
time 14
Fundamental units (see under Units)
Fusion, latent heats of 157
alloys 165
metals 165
substances, various 165
828
Index terms Links
Gas, absorption by liquids, Continued
liquefied gases 426
nonpolar 436
variation, with pressure 424
with temperature 424
diffusion coefficient 356 644
neutral gases 644
energy 259
fuels 182
heat, absorption 633
capacity 164
combustion 182
helium 260 261
hydrogen 260 261 268
ideal gas state 638
ideal 261
in interstellar space 629
inert, atomic volume 646
infrared transmission 546
ions (see also Ions), diffusion coefficient 644
Joule-Thompson effect 278
kinetic theory 638
calculations 638
collision frequencies 641
discussion 638
incidences ratios of 640
mass 640
mean free path 641
molecular 640
diameters 638
energies 639
mass 640
mean free path 638
number 638
velocities 639 640
average 639
distribution law 639
pressure, units 638
laws 259
simple 259
value of R 259
different conditions 259
units 259
long-wavelength absorption 532
mean free path 641
mixtures 259
ignition temperature 186
mobility, of positive ions 644
of singly charged ions 645
mol 6 259
molecules:
829
Index terms Links
Gas, absorption by liquids, Continued
diameters 638 644
attractive spheres 644
Bragg 645
number per cm3 638
velocities 639
neon 262 264
perfect 261
volume 47 54
pressure 268
critical 276
high 260
temperature 263
Van der Waal’s equation 261
constants 262
volume 261
with vapors 260
properties 259
saturated 263
correcting factor 263
temperature, critical 276
thermal expansion 154
thermal properties 259
Van der Waal’s equation 261
constants of (imperfect gases) 262
velocity of sound in 306
Verdet’s constant 506
viscosity 331 642
liquefied gases 329
volume:
conversion 259 260
factor (Z) 260
correction factor 260
saturated gas 263
ideal gas 47 54
inert gas atoms 646
pressure relations 263 265
relative with pressure 263 264 265 266 267
weight 259
Gasoline, density 322
viscosity 322
Gauss 18
Gaussian system of units 15
Gem lamps, color temperature 104
General physical constants 46
discussion of 46
tables according to Bearden and Watts 54
Birge 47
Du Mond and Cohen 51
General precession 738
830
Index terms Links
Geographical data (see also under Astronomy and
Oceanography) 728 772
Geologic strata, ages 741
Geomagnetism 468
coordinates 468
north magnetic pole 470
position on earth 493
south magnetic pole 471
earth, asadipole 469
geomagnetic coordinates of position 493
magnetic-
axis 502
characteristics 502
data 502
dip in U.S.A. 471
disinclination, hourly departure
from normal 477 478
isogonic 472
secular change in U.S.A. 479
field, elements of 468
horizontal intensity (isodynamic) 474
inclination (isoclinic) 473
intensity, horizontal, U.S.A. 478
total, U.S.A. 480
vertical, U.S.A. 479 480
moment 470
pole (earth) 470 471
potential, Gauss coefficients 470
spherical harmonic coefficients 470
surveys 469
United States, dip or inclination 471
horizontal magnetic intensity 478
secular change of dip 471
secular change of horizontal
intensity 479
secular change of magnetic
declination 478
secular charge of total intensity 480
secular change of vertical
intensity 480
total magnetic intensity 480
vertical magnetic intensity 479
values of magnetic elements at
observatories 481
variations 469
world isoclinic lines 473
world isodynamic limes 474
horizontal intensity 474
total intensity 476
vertical intensity 475
world isogonic lines 472
831
Index terms Links
Geomagnetism, Continued
sun, magneticdata 502
Geometrical units 4
definitions 3 4
Geophysical data 739 740 741
Giga 5
Gilbert 18 22
Glass, compressibility 289
emissivity at low temperatures 100
optical 509
characteristics, American made 509
foreign made 514
National Bureau of Standards 510
coefficient of expansion 529
index of refraction 509
change with temperature 513
nu values 509
temperature 513
physical properties, special glasses 534
specific gravity 529
stain class 529
physical properties 529
transmission 512 514 535
red pyrometer, effective wavelength 537
transmission 537
reflection, Fresnel formula 549
resistivity 396
special, physical properties 534
stain 529
expansion 529
specific gravity 529
vessels, volume 68
viscosity 330
Glycerol-water 321
Gram 5
Gram-centimeter 5 21
Gram-mass 21
Gram-molecule 5
Gravitation 714
acceleration of gravity at different latitudes 714
free-air correction for altitude 714
log 714
United States 716
various world stations 715
anomalous gravity, some places of 718
constant 5 47
length of seconds pendulum 717
Gravity, specific 5
unit 5 729
API scale 290
Specific, Baumé scale 289
832
Index terms Links
Graybody 8
Gunter’s chain, length 62
Gyration, radius of 27
h 653
ħ or ħ 653
H-ray 653
Hall constant 507
variation with temperature 508
Hall effect 451
Hardness 187 227
Brinell 187
Relative, of elements 228
of plastics 239
of various materials 228
Poisson’s ratio 227
scale of 227
Shore scleroscope 188
Hearing (see also Sound), differential sensitivity 314
distribution of hearing losses (population) 315
sensitivity of the ear 314
Heat 7
atomic 160
of elements 160
capacity, gases 163
materials, various 157
vapors 163
combustion (see also Combustion, heats of) 179
conduction, across a i r spaces 114
at high temperatures (gases) 115
content, ammonia 162
steam 169
convection in air 114
at high temperature 115
definitions 7
dilution of H2SO4 186
dimensional formulas 2 57 58 59
entropy 8
steam 169
flow 136
conversion factors of units 136
different gradients 137
formation compounds 185
ions 186
index 730
latent 165
formula for 167
fusion 165
elements 165
materials, various 165
steam 175
833
Index terms Links
Heat, Continued
vaporization 166
elements 166
liquids 166
formulas 167
loss, effect of pressure 113
from incandescent filaments 116
from platinum wires 116
mechanical equivalent 8
neutralization 186
Peltier 383
radioactive materials 689 691
specific 155
elements 155
gases 163
liquids 161
mercury 161
solids 159
vapors 163
water 161
Thomson 383
units 7 8
values, fuels 181
Hefner unit 92
Height, determination by barometer 613
Helium:
abundance, early type stars 628
nebulae 629
sun’s atmosphere 627
universe 625
atomic numbers 620
atomic weights 47 619
boiling point 117
compressibility 264
high pressure 267
conductivity, thermal 142
density 269 291
critical 276
dielectric constant 436
electric dipole moment 441
electron configuration 582
expansion, thermal 154
heat, latent 166
heat capacity 163
index of refraction 533
ionization, energy for production of ion pair 711
isotopes 655
Joule-Thomson effect 278
magnetic susceptibility 462
melting point 117
molecular data 640
834
Index terms Links
Helium, Continued
diameter 644
velocities 640
molecules, number of 645
percent in air 592
physical properties 189
pressure, critical 276
resistivity, thermal 144
Rydberg constant 48 51 54
temperature, critical 276
Van der Waal’s constant 261 262
vapor pressure 360
velocity of sound in 306
viscosity 331
volume conversions 260
relative 261
Henry 17 20
Heusler magnetic alloys 451 458
High-energy particles 657
Horizon 730
dip 729
Horsepower 5
Horsepower-hour 5 21
Human body, electrical resistance of 375
Humidity 596
and density 597
relative, and vapor pressure 602 604
water-vapor pressure 605
at sea level 605
wet- and dry-bulb thermometer 602 604
Hydrocarbons, physical properties (light) 293
viscosity 329
Hydrogen:
abundance 625
early type stars 628
earth 625
interstellar space 629
meteorites 626
nebulae 629
sun 626 627
universe 625
atomic number 620
atomic weight 619
Bohr atom 579 622
boiling point 117
charge on one gram 49
combustion constant 179
compressibility 264
factor 264
high pressure 267
low temperature 264
835
Index terms Links
Hydrogen, Continued
cycle 666
De Broglie wavelength 665
density 276 291
critical 276
dielectric constant 423
doublet separation 55
electric dipole moment 441
electron configuration 582 584
heat, latent 166
heat capacity 163
heavy 54 653 655
index of refraction 533
ions, diffusion coefficient 644
ionization energy necessary for
production of ion pair 711
ionizing potential 53
mobility 644
isotopes 655
deuteron 653
triton 654
long-wave absorption 552
magnetic susceptibility 462
mass 50
relative to mass of proton 50
mass absorption coefficient 704
melting point 117
molecular, properties of 268
molecules, diameter 642 643
mass 640
mean free path 642
number of 645
rate of incidence 640
velocity 640
percent in air 592
physical properties 189
pressure, critical 276
radii of electronic orbit 624
Rydberg constant 48 54
Schrődinger constant 51 54
temperature, critical 276
thermal conductivity 142
thermal properties 268
thermal resistivity 144
Van der Waal’s constant 261 262
velocity of sound in 306
viscosity 642
volume, relative 261 264
with pressure 267
Hydrolysis, ammonium acetate 399
Hysteresis 451
Losses, Steinmetz constant 460
836
Index terms Links
Ice crystals, modifications of 119
Ice point 47 71
effect of pressure 119
Iceland spar 521 545
I.C.I. standard observer 90
distribution coefficients 91
Ignition temperature: dusts in air 634
gas mixtures 186
Illuminants (see also Lamps): brightness 104
brightness temperature 104
color temperature 104
photographic efficiency 565
Illumination 93
expressions 93
on surface 93
symbols 94
units, relative magnitudes 91
conversion factors 91 94
Impulse generator 657
Incandescent filaments, heat losses 116
Incandescent lamps (see also Lamps): efficiency
of, 1878 to date 105
efficiency of tungsten 106
miniature 107
photoflash 110
sealed-beam 108
temperature of tungsten 106
Inclination: magnetic (see also under
Geomagnetism) 471
moon’s orbit 735
Index of refraction: air 532
alums 521
crystals 515 529
artificial 515
fats 525 530
fluorite 520
calcium 520
lithium 521
gases 533
liquefied 525
glasses: change with temperature 513 520
foreign-made 513
nonsilica 512
Iceland spar 521 545
isotropic materials 522
monorefringent 522
liquefied gases 525
liquids 530
relative to air 530
lithium fluoride 521
media for determination with microscope 561
838
Index terms Links
Iceland spar, Continued
minerals, biaxial 526
monorefringent 522
uniaxial 524
nitroso-dimethyl-aniline 519
oils 525
plastics 240
potassium bromide 519
potassium chloride 519
formula 519
potassium iodide 516
quartz 518
reflection vs. 549
rock salt 518
formulas 518
silver chloride 520
silvite 519
solutions, acids, relative to air 531
salts, relative to air 531
thallium bromide-iodide 516
vapors 533
waxes 525
Inductance (electrical) 17
mutual 13
self- 13
standards 17
Inertia: moment of 27
photography 562
Infrared reflectivity: solids 548
tungsten 555
Infrared transmission 545
air, moist 546
crystals 545
gases 547
solids 547
various substances 546 547
Inorganic compounds: boiling point 120
density 120
melting point 120
solubility 357
and temperature 357
Insulating materials: electrical properties 429
values: of dielectric constant 429
of power factor 433
Integrals 23
Intensity: magnetic (see also under Geomagnetism) 478
of magnetization 12
Interior friction at low temperatures 227
International date line 729
International electrical units 16
Interstellar gases 629
839
Index terms Links
Interstellar matter 629
Interstellar temperature 763
Inverse square law (photometric), disk or source 95
Ionic crystals, lattice spacings 647
Ionic equilibrium, atmospheric 615
Ionic radii 648
Ionization: energy, production of ion pair 711
gamma rays 711
potentials, elements 582
neutral 582
singly ionized 584
water 399
Ions: equilibrium in atmosphere 615
equivalent conductivity 399
gaseous, diffusion coefficient 644
mobility, positive 644
singly charged 645
heat of formation 186
mobility, in noble gases 644
of singly charged 645
positive, mobilities 644
Iron: arc lines 571
magnetic properties 452 453 454 455 456
cast, in intense fields 464
in very weak fields 452
soft 458
mechanical properties 209
permeability 458
resistivity 384
spectral lines 571
Irradiancy 79
Isobar 653
Isomer 654
Isotope 654 655
abundance, relative 655
atomic weight 658
characteristics 655 658
gamma-ray energy 686 687
lead 679
life 667
magnetic moment 658
masses 658
nuclear magnetron 662
number 655
pile yields of 670
quadrupole moment 658
radioactivity: artificial 655
natural 655
number 655 658
spin 658
table of 655 658
840
Index terms Links
Jena glasses 513
Joule 5 20
Joule's equivalent 8 47
Joule-Thomson effect 278
air 278
argon 279
carbon dioxide 280
helium 278
mixtures, of helium arid argon 280
of helium and nitrogen 281
nitrogen 279
Julian day: calendar 733
number (days) 733
period 730
Jupiter 734
K. Boltzmann constant 49 52 54
K-wavelength series (see also under X-rays) 697
Kelvin temperature scale 9 14
Kerosene: density 295
dielectric constant 425
dielectric strength 422
discharge in 422
viscosity 322
Kerr constant 507
Kerr effect, dispersion 504 508
Kilodyne 5
Kilowatt-hour 21
Kinematic viscosity 318
Kinetic energy 6
Kinetic theory 638
mercury vapor: mean free paths 638
molecular diameters 638
molecular constants 640
molecular diameters 638 642
molecular distribution laws 639
molecular energies 639
molecular velocities 639 640
molecules:
gases: mean free path 638
molecular diameters 638
viscosity 642
masses 640
mean free path 641
number of 638
pressure 638
rate of evaporation 639
rate of incidence 639 640
velocities 640
Kundt's constant 506
841
Index terms Links
L series (see also under X-rays) 696
Lambert 93
Lamps (see also Illuminants):
arcs, carbon 105
mercury 109
automobile 107
carbon 105
carbon arcs 105
coiled-coil 106
color of light 111
CX 106
early (incandescent) 105
efficiencies 105
filaments, coiled-coil 106
temperature 106
flash tube 111
fluorescent 110
gem 105
incandescent (see Incandescent lamps)
large 106
mercury arcs 109
miniature 107
photoflash 110
photoflood 106
photographic 106
projection 106
sealed-beam (all glass) 108
small 107
street series 106
tungsten 106
characteristics 106
efficiency, 1968-1948 106
temperature 106
different types 106
efficiency 106
various 106
Langley 9
Latent heat 9 165
fusion 615
alloys 165
beeswax 165
ice 165 167
metals 165
vaporization 167
ammonia 167
liquid 167
elements 165
formulas 167
liquids 166
metals 165 366
substances, various 165
842
Index terms Links
Latent heat, Continued
total heat 167
Latitude variation 730
Lead: age ratios, radioactive materials 679
atomic weight 619
common, isotope variation 679
isotopes 657 662
composition, locality 679
protective thickness, X-rays 693 695
materials relative to 694
Least squares solutions 37-44
tables for 40-47
Leather: diffusion constant 232
density 233
elongation 232
physical properties and humidity 232 233
tensile strength 232
thermal conductivity 233
thermal expansion
cubic 233
types of 232
Leduc effect 507
Length, unit of, standard 14 60
Light: color, various sources 104
defined 87
definitions 93
filters, red pyrometer glass 537
mechanical equivalent 93
minimum 93
minimum energy for 89
polarization, rotation plane 557
quantity 94
reflected 549
scattering of 3
sources and source materials 102 103
characteristics 102 103
standards of intensity 92 94
symbols 94
transmission through space 771
velocity 47 51 54 80
visual range of white 92
white 96
year 731
Lightning 614
channel 614
diameter 614
constants 614
current 614
data 614
peaks 614
interval between 614
843
Index terms Links
Lightning, Continued
polarity 614
potential 614
cloud 614
gradient, air 614
beneath cloud 614
quantity of electricity discharged 614
single current peak 614
total stroke 614
strokes:
cloud to ground 614
polarity 614
potential gradient 614
energy 614
number strokes per mile2 614
number strokes per year 614
thunder 614
velocity 614
Light-year 730
Lime-alumina-silica compounds 130
eutectic mixture 130
melting point 130
transformation 130
Linear acceleration 6
Linear accelerator 657
Linear expansion: alloys 149
elements 145
materials, various 152
Linear measurements 62
Linear units 62 509
wavelength 509
Liquids: absorption of gases by 360
Combustion, heats of 181
compressibility 282
conductivity, thermal 143
contact difference of potential 376
cubical expansion, thermal 153
density 295
dielectric constant 424 425
pressure effect 424
temperature coefficient 426
expansion, thermal 153
fuels 181
index of refraction 530
latent heat of evaporization 166
magnetic susceptibility 462
media for determining refractive indices with
microscope 561
melting temperatures 118
vs. pressure 118
noninflammable, for cryostat 183
844
Index terms Links
Liquids: absorption of gases by, Continued
organic: spreading coefficient 633
vapor pressure 368
viscosity 323
potential difference vs. other materials 376
specific heat 161
surface tension 361
thermal conductivity 143
thermal expansion 153
vapor pressure 371
velocity of sound in 307
Verdet’s constant 505
viscosity 319 323 326 328
pressure effect 333
Liter 6 47 61
Liter-atm 21
Lithium fluoride, index refraction 515 520 521
Logarithms 28 29 30 31
Loschmidt number 6 49 51 54
Lubricants 335
for cutting tools 335
Lumen 93
Luminosity 93
factors 87 93
field brightnesses 88
Luminous efficiency 93
Luminous flux 93
Luminous intensity 93
spectral 95
Lunar craters 736
inequalities 730
Lunar node 730
Lunar orbits 735
Lunar parallax 730
Lunar parigee 730
Lunar solar precession 730
Lux 93
845
Index terms Links
Magnetic, Continued
Laduc 451 507
Nernst 451 507
Villari 451
Weidemann 451
field strength (intensity) 12 451
flux 12 451
Maxwell 18 451
force 12 451
hysteresis 451
energy lost 451 460
Steinmetz constant 460
induction 12 17 451
intensity 12 18 451
moment 12 451
permeability 451
and temperature 457 458
iron 453
steel 458 459
pole strength 12
unit pole 10 451
poles, of earth (see also under
Geomagnetism) 470 471
potential 12
properties of materials:
alloys 455
alnico 454 455
comal 455
Heusler 458
nickel-iron 457
nonmagnetic 458
permalloy 453
permanent magnet 454
composition 454
atomic susceptibility 451
basic equations 451
cobalt 457
composition 453
correction to ring specimens 464
demagnetization factor for rods 467
dissipation of energy 460
Steinmetz constant 460
earth (see under Geomagnetism) 470 502
electrical sheets 456
energy loss 460
high permeability 453
iron 452 457 458 464 465
annealed 452
cast 464
composition 465
intense field 464
846
Index terms Links
Magnetic, Continued
soft 452 458
temperature 461
very pure 452 453
weak fields 452
magnetite 457
metals 4.57
nickel-iron alloy 457
temperature 457
sheets (electrical) 456
core losses 456
steel 456
carbon 454
composition 465
electrical sheets 456
permeability 458
sheets 156
temperature 459 461
transformer 459
core loss (ac) 456
energy loss 459
tungsten steel 454
reluctance 12
susceptibility 13 18
atomic 451
materials 462
molecular 451
specific 451
temperature effects 461
units 16 18
Gauss 18
Gilbert 18
Maxwell 18
Oersted 18
pole 451
Magnetism (see also Magnetic): Curie constant 461
definitions 18 451
demagnetization factor for rods 467
diamagnetic substances 451 461
susceptibility vs. temperature 461
dissipation of energy 460
energy losses 460
ferromagnetic substances 451
hysteresis 451 460
Steinmetz constant 460
magnetic substances 451
moment 451
paramagnetic substances 451 461
susceptibility vs. temperature 461
quantity of 12
and resistance (see Resistance) 463 465
847
Index terms Links
Magnetism: Curie constant, Continued
resistance effects: bismuth 463
nickel 463
various metals 463
Steinmetz constant 460
susceptibility 462
vs. temperature 461
terrestrial (see under Geomagnetism) 468
Magnetization intensity 12 18
energy loss, various materials 460
specific: atomic 451
molecular 451
Steinmetz constant 460
Magnetizing force 12 451
Magnetomotive force 12 18
Magneton, Bohr 49 54 654
Magneto-optic rotation 503
definitions 503
Faraday effect 503
Verdet constant (see also Verdet constant) 504
Magneto-strictive effects: Joule 451
Villari 451
Weidemann 451
Magnets, permanent 454
Magnitudes (stellar): absolute 730
bolometric 759
Mass: electron 50
H1 50
H1 to electron 50
neutron 654 664
rest 654
standard 14 16
units of 14
Mass-energy ratio 654
Mass-velocity ratio 654
Mathematical tables: constants 25
derivatives 23
exponentials 43
factorials 26
log of 26
formulas: moment of inertia 27
radius of gyration 27
weights 27
integrals 23
least squares 42 43 44 45
logarithms 28 29 30 31
moment of inertia 27
radius of gyration 27
series 24
trigonometric functions 31-36
weights 27
848
Index terms Links
Maximum velocity 654
Maxwell 18 451
Mean free path 641
Measurements (see also Data): definitions 4
derived 2
two factors 1
units 1 2
choice of 1
Mechanical equivalent: definition 8 93
heat 8
light 93 94 96
Mechanical properties (see also Physical
properties) 187
Alloys, miscellaneons 217
special purpose 220
aluminum 192
Babbitt metal 226
brass 195
bronze 195
building materials (see also under Building
materials) 229
carboloy 224
concrete (see also under Building materials) 229
copper (see also Wire) 198
alloys 198
wire 208
hard-drawn 208
soft 208
definitions 187
elements 189
fibers (see also under Fibers) 241
artificial 243
miscellaneous 244
natural 242
quartz 534
ropes 245
iron 209
leather (see also Leathers)
masonic mortars (see also under Building
materials) 229
plastics 239
ropes 245
special-purpose alloys 220
steel 209
wire 215
experimental value 216
plow 215
rope 215
tungsten 225
white metal (Babbitt) 226
woods, hard 246
849
Index terms Links
Mechanical properties, Continued
soft 254
zinc 225
Mechanical units 4 187
Megabarye 6
Melting point: alcohol vs. pressure 118
argon, with pressure 117 118
compounds, inorganic 120
organic 122
effect of pressure 119
elements 117
inorganic compounds 120
lime-alumina-silica compounds 130
liquids, as a function of pressure 118
low-melting-point alloys 125 225
metals, mixtures 125
pressure 119
nitrogen, with pressure 118
organic compounds 122
salts in solution 131
standard 8 14 70 71 72 117
secondary 725
water 119
vs. pressure 118 119
Melting temperatures: elements 117
eutectic mixtures 130
lime-alumina-silica compounds 130
metals 72
standard 8 14
Meniscus, volume of mercury 606
Mercury:
arcs, characteristics 109
types 109
atomic: heat 160
radius 643
volume 160
weight 619
boiling point 117
pressure 119
compressibility 282
conductivity, super 394
critical points 276
density 48 177 299
and volume 299
diffusivity 143
electrochemical equivalents 403
electron configuration 582 583 622
entropy 177
evaporation 365
expansion, cubical 153
linear 147
850
Index terms Links
Mercury, Continued
freezing point 72
heat: content 177
latent fusion 165
vaporization 166
of formation of ions 186
specific 156 160 161
isotopes 657
magnetic susceptibility 462
mean free path 638
melting point 72 119
effect of pressure 334
meniscus, volume 606
molecular diameter 638
optical constants 560
planet 734
physical properties 177
pressure, columns 606
resistance 389
resistivity 385
pressure effect 389
specific gravity 48
specific heat 161
and temperature 299
surface tension 362
at solidifying point 362
temperature of equilibrium with vapor 72
thermal conductivity 138
thermal emf 378
thermal properties 177
thermal resistivity 144
thermometers: corrections 73
stem 73
vapor: mean free path 638
molecular diameter 638
pressure at low temperature 369
pressure vs. temperature 372
properties of 177
velocity of sound in 307
viscosity 328 331 332
effect of pressure 119
volume 299
and temperature 161
of glass vessel from weight of Hg 68
wavelength, Hg198 568
Meson 654 664
Mesotron 654
Metals: boiling points 119
compressibility 285 286
crystal structure 648
diffusion of, into metals 356
851
Index terms Links
Metals: boiling points, Continued
electrical conductivity 384 390
emf vs. platinum 376 381
emmissivities 98
evaporation 363 364 365 366 367
equations for 363
constants 363
rate of 363
friction, interior 227
interatomic distances 648
magnetic properties 453 457 458 459 460 461
melting temperature of mixtures 125
molten, viscosity 327
optical constants 558
reflecting factor 558 559 560
resistance, with pressure 388 389
effect of tension on 387
temperature, high and low 393
resistivity 384
rigidity 226
vs. temperature 227
superconductivity 394
thermal conductivity 138
vapor pressure 363
variation of volume with pressure 286
Meteorology (see also Air and Atmosphere) 592
Meteors, composition 626
Meter 6 61
candle 93
Metric slug 337
Metric system: conversion to British Imperial 64 66
conversion to U.S. 61
prefixes 782 783
values in British Imperial 64
Mev 21
Micro- 6 782
Micron 6 63
Microscope, media for determination of refractive
index 561
Mil 6 63
Mile 6 62
nautical 62
statute 6 62
Milky Way 746
pole 731
Milli- 6
Millilambert 93
Milliphot 93
Minerals: density 294
dielectric constant 428
electrical resistivity 395
852
Index terms Links
Minerals: density, Continued
index of refraction
biaxial 526
monorefringent 522
uniaxial 523
rock-forming, bulk moduli 740
specific heat 162
MKS system of units 15
Mobility of ions 644 645
Modulus of elasticity 6 189
Modulus of rupture 188
Mol (mole) 6
Molecular constants of diatomic molecules 586
energy 586
conversion factors 618
dissociation 586 587
electronic 586
rotational 586
states 587
characterized 586
designated 586
electronic 586
for ground state 587
intermolecular distances 586
equilibrium position 587
moment of inertia 586
Molecule 618 654
diameter 638 642 644 645
diatomic 586
constants 587
ground state 586 587
dimensions 631 644
evaporation 639
masses 640
mean free path 641
formula 641
number 638
of monolayer and equivalent volume 645
pressure 638
temperature 638
organic 646
cross section 646
length 646
pressure, gases (units) 638
protein 631
rates of incidence 639
velocity 639 640
formula 639
value 640
volume, inert gas atoms 646
Molybdenum, radiation and other properties 103
853
Index terms Links
Moment of inertia of various bodies 27
Momentum 6
Angular, of nucleus 654
Month 730
Moon: age 741
albedo 737
craters 736
dimensions 734
mass 734
orbit 735
eccentricity 729
general precession 730
inclination 730
parallactic 731
physical data 734
temperature 734
Mortars (see under Building materials)
Mountains 772
Musical instruments (see also under Sound) 310 311
peak power 310
Musical scales 312
Mutual inductance 13
854
Index terms Links
Nitrogen, abundance, Continued
heat, latent 166
heat capacity 163
index of refraction 533
ionization energy for production of ion pair 711
isotopes 655 658
Joule-Thomson effect 279
magnetic susceptibility 462
melting parameters 118
melting point 117
pressure 119
molecular diameter 643
molecular velocity 640
molecules, number of 638 642
percent in air 592
percent in atmosphere 592
physical properties 190
pressure, critical 276
solubility in water 358
temperature, critical 276
thermal properties (molecular) 272
Van der Waal’s constant 262
vapor pressure 360
at low temperatures 360
relations 119
velocity of sound in 306
Verdet’s constant 506
viscosity 331
volume, conversions 260
pressure relation 119
relative 261
Nitroso-dimethyl-anilene 519
Noise (see also Sound) 309
Novae (see also under Astronomy) 757
Nuclear physics 651
artificial disintegration 651
produced 651
binding energy 653
cosmic rays 653
definition of terms 653
fields 651
mass-energy 654
mass-velocity 654
particles 652
attraction 652
fundamental 664
high-energy, device for producing 657
mass 654
formulas 654
velocity and mass 654
radioactivity 654
855
Index terms Links
Nuclear reaction 665
barrier penetration 665
cycles, carbon 666
proton-proton 666
temperature 666
energy produccd 666
rates 666
stars 665
carbon cycle 666
proton-proton cycle 666
time required 666
Nucleon 652 654
Nucleus 654
mass 651
Nutation 730
constant 730
Nylon 244
856
Index terms Links
Optical constants, metals, Continued
effective wavelengths 97
emissivity 98
monochromatic screen 97
effective wavelengths 97
true temperature 97 99
wavelength used 97 537
Orbits, planets 734
Orchestral instruments, frequency range 311
Organic compounds, boiling point 122
density 122
liquids, dielectric constant 424 439
spreading coefficients 633
vapor pressure 368
melting point 122
solubility vs. temperature 358
Osmium filament, color temperature 104
Oxides, brightness 104
blue brightness 104
electrical resistivity 395
molten, viscosity 326
percentage emissivities 101
Oxygen, abundance 625
atomic weight 47 619
boiling point 117
combustion constant 179
compressibility 264
conductivity, thermal 142
density 48
critical 276
diameter 644
dielectric constant 436
diffusion, coefficient of 356
electric dipole moment 441
electrochemical equivalents 403
electron configuration 582 584 622
entropy 274
expansion, thermal 154
factor to ideal gas 48
heat capacity 163
index of refraction 533
ionization energy for production of ion pair 711
isotopes 655 658
magnetic susceptibility 462
melting point 117
molecular data 274
molecular diameter 644
molecular velocity 640
molecules, number of 642
percent in air 592
percent in atmosphere 592
857
Index terms Links
Oxygen, abundance, Continued
physical properties 190
point 71
pressure, critical 276
solubility in water 358
temperature, critical 276
thermal properties (molecular) 274
Van der Waal’s constant 262
vapor pressure 360
at low temperatures 360
velocity of sound in 306
Verdet’s constant 506
viscosity 331 642
volume, relative 261
volume conversions 260
858
Index terms Links
Peltier effect, Continued
metals vs. lead 380
nickel-copper 381
Peltier heats, pressure effects 382
Pendulum, length of seconds 717
vs. latitude 717
Pentane candle 92
Perihelion 731
Periodic system 621
Permalloy 453
Permeability 10 457
iron 457 458
nickel-iron 456
steel 458
Petroleum (see also Oil): combustion values 182
compressibility 284
density 284
thermal expansion 284
viscosity 284
pH 634
sea water 777
Phot 93
Photoelectric effect 636
equation 636
Photoflash Lamps, characteristics 110
Photographic materials 563
range of 566
Photography 562
characteristic curves 562 566
comparison of nuclear and optical emulsions 564
definitions 562
developers (formulas) 563
edge gradient values 564
formulas for developers 563
illuminants, relative photographic efficiency 565
lamps for 110 111
nuclear track plates 567
emulsions 567
nuclear 567
specification 567
optical emulsions 564
photoflash lamps 110
range of spectral sensitivity 566
resolving power 564
edge gradient 564
value 565
sensometric constants for type plates and
films 563
spectral sensitivity 566
films 566
range 566
859
Index terms Links
Photometric standards 92 94
candle 94
color temperature 94
international 92
low brightness 95
standard of 1948 94
units, definitions 93
obsolete 92
Waidncr-Burgess standard 94
color 94
value 94
Photometry 87
apostilb 93
apparent candlepower with distance 95
brightness 93
candle 93
Waidner and Burgess 94
conversion factors 94
definitions and units 93
equivalents 94
eye as measuring instrument 89
effect of color 90
Fechner law 90
foot-candle 91 93
flux, luminous 93 94
radiant 93 79
glare, effect on sensibility 89
illumination 93
light 57
lumen 93
luminosity factors 87
vs. field brightness 88
lux 91 93
mechanical equivalent of light 93
phot 93
photon 93
relation, instantaneous threshold to field
brightness 88 90
vs. field brightness 90
spherical candle 93
standards (see Photometric standards) 92 94
obsolete 92
Waidner-Burgess 94
stilb 93
symbols and definitions 94
units 93 94
Photon 93 654
Physical constants (see also under name of ) 20 46
relations 46
860
Index terms Links
Physical properties of materials (see also
Mechanical properties) 187
alloys: aluminum 192
Babbitt metal 226
bearing metal 226
beryllium 220
brass 195
brazing 223
bronze 195
carboloy 224
copper 198
Dow metal 220
hardness 187 224
iron 209
low expansion 221
low melting 225
magnetic 455
alnico 454 455
Heusler 458
permalloy 453
superpermalloy 453
mirror 222
miscellaneous 217
resistance 221
sealing to glass 220 221
soldering 223
special purpose 220
steel 209
stainless 213
tungsten 214 224
wire 215
strength with lightness 220
thermocouples 221 222
white metal bearing 226
aluminum 192
concrete (see under Building Materials)
copper 198
crystals 515 529
definitions: elastic limit 187
Ericksen values 187
hardness 187
Brinell 187
Shore sceleroscope 188
modulus of elasticity 188
Young’s 188
proportional limits 188
ultimate strength 188
compression 188
tension 188
elements 189
fibers (see Fibers)
861
Index terms Links
Physical properties of materials, Continued
glass 534
special 534
hardness 187
elements, relative 228
measuring 187
units 187
interior friction 227
iron 228
isolated tubular conductors 418
leather 232
light hydrocarbons 293
masonic mortars 229
plastics 239
optical 240
Poisson’s ratio 227
rigidity modulus 226
temperature effects 227
rope 245
rubber 234
artificial 236
compression 237
natural 235
rupture, modulus 188
steel 228
strength, ultimate 188
tungsten 225
wood 246
zinc 225
Pi (values) 6 25
Piezoelectricity 432
crystals 432
strain coefficient 432
unit 432
Pile yield of isotopes 670
Planck’s constant 49 51 54 79 80
Planck’s law 7 79
Planetary precession 731
Planets (see also under Astronomy) 734
orbits 734
physical data 734
satellites 735
temperature 734
Plastics, characteristics 239
dielectric constant 239
dielectric strength 239
elasticity 239
index refraction 240
optical 240
properties 240
specific gravity 239
862
Index terms Links
Plastics, characteristics, Continued
thermal conductivity 239
thermal expansion 239
Platinum, color temperature 103
cooling by radiation 116
emissivity 98
freezing point 72
thermocouples 75
Pluto 734
Poise 318
Poisson’s ratio 227
Polarized light, rotation of plane 557
various materials 557
Pole, Milky Way 731
North 470
South 471
Positron 651
Potassium bromide 515 516
Potassium chloride, index refraction 515
Potassium iodide 515 516
Potential difference, contact 376
alloys 379
aluminum vs. platinum 376
electrode 637
metals 376 378 380
in solution of salts 378
solids vs. liquids 376
voltaic cells 377
Potential excitation 745
Pound (see under name of)
Pound weight 6
Poundal 6
Power 6 17 22
factor 433
insulating materials 433
radio frequency 433
Precession 738
Pressure, boiling point 119
columns of mercury and water 606
conversion factors 267
freezing point of water 119
gases, critical 276
melting point 119
units of 4 638
Van der Waal’s equation 262
volume relation (see also Compressibility):
argon 118
compounds 286
gases 261
metals 286
nitrogen 119
863
Index terms Links
Pressure, boiling point, Continued
solids 286 287 288 289
Probable error 37
Propagation temperature, dust 634
Proportional limit 188
Proteins (see also Colloids) 631
Proton 50 654 664
mass 50
molecules 631
pH stability 634
synchrotron 657
Pyrometer, optical (see also Optica lpyrometer) 97
glass 537
Pyron 9
Quantity of electricity 10 11 20
Quantity of light 94
Quantum 21 89 654
Quartz, crystal 517 518
compressibility 287
dielectric constant 428 430
fibers, characteristics 534
fused 518
index of refraction 518
physical properties 534
relative, volume with pressure 289
resistivity 396
rotation of plane of polarized light 558
transparency 517 546
864
Index terms Links
Radian 6
Radiancy 79
Radiant energy 79
absorption (see also Absorption) 517 535 546
blackbody 79
constants 50 80
first (c1) 50 54 80
density 50
second (c2) 50 54 80
different values 80
definitions 79
Stefan-Boltzmann constant 50 52 80
Wien displacement constant 54 80
cooling by 112
definitions 79
density 50
flux 79 93 94
density 79
intensity of source 79
mechanical effects 671
nickel 101
reflection, formula 549
light 549
solar (see Solar radiation)
spectral 79
standard radiator (see also under Blackbody) 79
symbols 79
temperature 70
total, earth’s surface 713
our galaxy 713
universe 713
transmission, various substances 535
units 36
wavelength units 509
Radiation, alpha ray 653
beta ray 653
cathode 653
constants 50 54 80
cosmic 651 653 710
earth’s surface 713
electromagnetic (see Radiant energy)
extraterrestrial 449
gamma 653 672
mechanical effects 671
our galaxy 713
radioactivity 654 672
receivers 548
solar 721 723
over disk 722
spectral, outside atmosphere 721
sea level 723
865
Index terms Links
Radiation, alpha ray, Continued
universe 713
Radioactivity 654 672
actinium family 678
alpha rays 680
artificial 682
long life 667
slow neutron produced 667
atoms (natural) 672 680
number 672 680
beta rays (see also Beta rays) 672
breakdown: character 672
decay constant 673 675
rate 672
units of, Curie 672
Rutherford 672
danger from 686 689
range 686 689
disintegration 672
units for rate of 672
elements, number 672
emission characteristics 672
three rays 672
energy of 672
radiated 689
families (natural) 675
artificial additions 675
characteristics 675
actinium (4n+3) 678
neptunium (4n+1) 676
thorium (4n) 676
uranium (4n+2) 677
gamma rays (see also Gamma rays) 653 672
isotopes 672
characteristics 667
neutron produced 667
life
range for determination 618
materials 673 675
age 679
alpha-ray spectrum 680
beta-ray spectrum 683
energy emitted by 689
radium in equilibrium 691
isotopes 675
number 672
natural 673
characteristics 673
spectra 680
original names of 675
neptunium family 676
866
Index terms Links
Radioactivity, Continued
protection, distances 686 689 600
lead, thickness 690
other materials 684
radiation: alpha rays (see also Alpha rays) 672
beta rays (see also Beta rays) 672
gamma rays (see also Gamma rays) 672
ionization 672
radium in equilibrium 691
thorium family 676
uranium family 677
Radio propagation 434
antenna array 434
direction control 434
formula 435
pattern 434
attenuation 443
coefficient 442
constant 442
formulas 443
ground 444
low frequency 442
formula 442
oxygen (atm) 449
rain 449
sea water 444
water vapor 445
formulas 443
frequency: critical 444 445
different layers 448
high 446
low 442
maximum usable (muf): 445
2000 km, E-layer 448
4000 km, F2-layer 446
factors for calculating 448
F2-layer muf 448
other distances 448
path length layers 448
reflection 444
different layers 444
frequency 444
ion density 445
layers 445
minimum height 445
skip distance 445
Radio radiation 434
directivity 434
extraterrestrial 449
patterns 434
reflection 444
867
Index terms Links
Radio radiation, Continued
atmosphere layers 444
transmission 444
factors 444
over ground 444
bad 444
good 444
over sea water 444
Radium:
danger ranges for persons working with Ra 686 689 690
amounts of radium 690
emanation, vapor pressure (cmHg) 682
energy emitted by 1 g Ra in equilibrium 691
protection for 8 hours per day exposure 686
distance 686
thickness of lead 690
safe working distance 689
Radius: atomic 643 644
gyration 27
ionic 648
molecules 645
Range of particles 654
Rankin temperature scale 9
Rayon 243
Reaumur temperature scale 9
Receivers for radiation 548
blackening 548
Reflection factor: angle 549 550
building materials 553
diffuse 551 555
formula 549
long wavelengths 554 555
materials for 554 555 556
metals 550 552
ultraviolet 550
pigments, dry 551
powders 550 551
sand 554
snow 554
surfaces, with angle 550
tungsten 555
Refraction, index of (see also Index of Refraction) 509 532
Refractive indices with microscope 561
materials for 561
Reluctance 18
Resilience 6
Resistance (electric) 11
alternating to direct current 419
diameter wire for ratio 1.01 420
average pressure coefficients for metals 389
bismuth, temperature variation, transverse
868
Index terms Links
Resistance (electric), Continued
magnetic field 463
change of: metals, transverse magnetic field 463
nickel 463
high-frequency, conductors 417 418 419
calculation of 417 418
resistance ratio 418
temperature 393
human body 375
increase of, due to transverse magnetic field,
nickel 463
manganin, under pressure 389
mercury, under pressure 389
metals, effect of tension 387
pressure 388
nickel, magnetic field 463
of conductor 11
pressure coefficient 388 389
proximity factor 419
ratio, wire diameters, ac to dc resistances 419
skin effect 417
standard 16 19
annealed copper 404
temperature
high 393
low 393
tension 387
tubular conductors 418
frequency 418
variation with pressure (metals) 388
Resistivity (see also Conductivity) 12 13 19
alloys 384 390
aluminum 404
at high and low temperatures 393
copper 404
temperature coefficient 406
dielectrics (solid), surface 395
volume 395
elements 384 387
glass vs. temperature 396
mercury vs. pressure 389
metals 384
vs. pressure 388
vs. temperature 385
minerals, miscellaneous 395
oxides 395
plastics 239
pressure effect 388
rocks 395
sea water 396
soils 395
869
Index terms Links
Resistivity (see also Conductivity), Continued
solutions (electrolytic) 397
surface, solid dielectric 395
temperature: coefficient 384
low 393
thermal 44
volume, of solid dielectrics 395
water, natural 396
sea (high-frequency) 396
Resolving power (photography) 564
Rest mass 654
Restrahlung bands, various materials 555
Reverberation time 315
optimum 316
room type 317
Reynolds number 337
Rigidity modulus, number of materials 226
and temperature 227
Ring (magnetic) specimens, corrections for 464
Rock salt: index of refraction 518
transmission 517
Rocks: bulk modulus (rock forming materials) 740
dielectric constant 426
elastic constants 740 741
electrical ‘resistivity 395
specific heat 162
Rods, demagnetizing factor 467
Rope 245
fiber 245
wire 215
plow 215
specification 215
steel 215
values 215
Rotation of plane of polarized light 557
Rubber:
artificial 236
physical properties 236
comparison 237
compressibility 237
natural 235
physical properties 235
strength 235
Rupture, modulus 188
Rutherford 672
Rydberg constant 48
deuterium 48 51 54
helium 48 51
hydrogen 48 51 54
infinite mass 48 51 54
870
Index terms Links
Sackur-Tetrotle constant 52
Satellites (see also under Astronomy) 734 735
Saturn 735
Schrődinger constant 51 54
Screens (woven wire ) 188
Sealed-beam lamp 108
Seas, physical data (see also Oceans) 773
Sea water (see also Water ) 774
Second radiation constant 50 80
precaution for use 80
value 80
Seconds pendulum, length vs. latitude 717
Self-inductance 13
Series, mathematical 24
Series relations in atomic spectra 578
Bohr atom 579
energy levels, designations 579
J values 570 580
L values 579
quantum principle 581
Rydberg constant 578
S values 569
symbols 580
spectral designation 580 581
quantum principles 581
spectral levels 581
Pauli principle 580
spectral terms 579
means of identification 580
spectroscopic properties, neutral atoms 582
singly-ionized atoms 584
terms from electrons 579 580
wave numbers 578 579
Showers, cosmic rays 654
Siegbahn, wavelength scale 48 54
Silver chloride 520
Sines 32
Sky, illumination due to 725
Slug 6 337
metric 337
Snow reflection factors 554
Sodium carbonate 550
Sodium chloride 531 550
Solar constant 719
monthly means 720
1920-1952 720
yearly means 720
Solar corona 744
emission lines 744
flares 743
871
Index terms Links
Solar irradiation at sea level 723
latitude 725
monthly 720
Solar motion 731
elements 731
Solar parallax 731
Solar radiation 719
air masses 720
vs. sun’s elevation 720
atmospheric transmission 719
biological effective component 724
constant 720
corona emission 744
distribution over disk 722
flares 743
illumination 725
sky 725
sun 725
intensity 721 725
outside atmosphere 721
mean intensity 721
relative intensity 724
spectral distribution 724
Mount Wilson 724
outside earth’s atmosphere 721 722
sea level 723
sunlight, distribution over Mount Wilson 724
illumination due to 725
sunshine, duration 724
total 719
to earth 719
variation with time and latitude 725
Wolf’s sunspot number 727
Solder 223
flux 223
hard, for aluminum 223
for brass 223
for copper 223
for gold 223
for iron 223
soft, for brass 223
for copper 223
for gold 223
for iron 223
for lead 223
for zinc 223
Solids, compressibility 286
contact difference of potential 637
dielectric constant 427
electron emission 635 636
infrared reflection 548
872
Index terms Links
Solids, compressibility, Continued
infrared transmission 547
specific heat 155 156 157 158
velocity of sound in 306
Vcrdet’s constant 504
Solubility 357
gases in alcohol 360
gases in water (tcmperature variation) 358 360
inorganic salts (temperature variation) 357
organic salts (temperature variation) 358
organic solvents 359
pressure effect 359
vapors 360
alcohol 360
water 360
Solutions, density 300 301 302 303 304 305
molecular conductivity 398 399
Solvents, organic 359
boiling point 359
Sound (see also Acoustics) 309
acoustics, architectural 315
attenuation coefficient vs. humidity 316
reverberation time 315
and frequency 317
as function of volume 317
calculated 315
optimum 316
and volume of room 317
bel 309
consonants, frequency of occurrence 309
power, relative 309
decibel 309 314
ear sensitivity to: binaural 314
differential 314
frequency range 314
monaural 314
threshold 314
fundamental frequency, female voices 310
male voices 310
hearing acuity: and frequency 314
loss by groups 315
thresholds 314
levels, various locations 309
musical: power peak, various instruments 310
range frequency, orchestral instruments 311
scales 312
cent 312
equally tempered 312
frequency and piano key numbers 313
frequency ratios, two scales 312
intervals 312
873
Index terms Links
Sound, Continued
just 312
semitone 312
noise levels, various locations 309
pressure levels 309
pressure unit 309
sensitivity of ear 314
speech:
consonants 309
frequency of occurrence 309
relative power 309
power 309
men 310
women 310
pressure field around head 313
vowels, frequency of occurrence 309
relative power 309
resonance values 311
velocity:
in air 306
for various densities and
heights 594
in gases 306
in liquids 307
in sea water 307
in solids 306
in vapors 306
Spark in air, voltage required vs. distance 421 422 423
ac 421
dc 421
Specific gravity 291
API 290
Baumé scale 289
Specific heat 9 155
aluminum oxide 162
ammonia, liquid 162
saturated 162
at fusion 157
atomic 160
electricity 379
elements 155
formula for (true) 157
gas 163
ratio 164
hydrocarbons, light 293
liquids, various 161
materials, various 158
mercury 161
metals 157
minerals 162
rocks 162
874
Index terms Links
Specific heat, Continued
silicates 164
solids, various 158
true 157
temperature 157
vapor 163
water 161
Specific inductive capacity (see Dielectric constant) 11
Specific intensity of magnetization 461
Specific luminous radiation 93
Specific susceptibility 451
Spectra:
alpha ray 681
artificial 682
natural 680 681
atomic, series relations 578
energy state 581
beta ray 653
blackbody 95
Bohr atom 579
Catalán's analysis 579
Classes, stars 746 747 753
emissivities 8 98 99 100 101 102 103
energy levels 581
quantum numbers 579
rotation of electron 580
Rydberg constant 578
spinning electron 580
terms 579 580
symbols 579
X-rays 699
Spectral intensity 79 82 85
Spectral luminosity factors 87 90
Spectral luminous flux 93
Spectral luminous intensities 95
blackbody at various temperatures 95
brightness of blackbody 96
crova wavelength 96
mechanical equivalent of light 93 96
Spectral radiant energy 79
Spectral radiation 79
Spectral sensitivity (photographic) 566
Speech (see Sound)
Speed (photography) 562
Spherical candlepower 93
Spin 580
Spreading coefficient (see Colloids)
Square statute mile 62
Standard atmosphere 47 345 593
Standard observer, 1931 I.C.I. 90
Standard temperature 9 71
875
Index terms Links
Standard wavelengths 568
cadmium red line, value of 569
elements, prominent lines in simple spectra 575 577
extreme ultraviolet standards 571
Fraunhofer lines, wave lengths 577 578
preliminary values of mercury198 568
primary standard 568
cadmium 568
mercury 568
secondary standards 568 569 570 571
iron 571
krypton 570
neon 568
simple spectra, wavelengths and relative,
intensities 575 577
solar wavelengths 571 572
tertiary standards, iron 571
Standards, fundamental 13
Stars (see also under Astronomy) 728 746
Statahenry 20
Statampere 11 20
Statcoulomb 20
Statfarad 20
Statohm 20
Statute mile 63
Statvolt 11 20
Steam: saturated, properties 169 175
superheated, properties 176
Steel, composition of 465
high speed 224
magnetic properties 452 457
mechanical properties 209
permeability 457 458
stainless 213
transformer, energy losses 459
wire 215
specifications 215
wire rope 215
specifications 216
Stefan-Boltzmann constant 50 80
Stellar system (see also under Astronomy) 728 746
Steradiancy 79
Stilb 93
Stoke 321
Stone (see under Building materials)
Strain 7
Stress 7
Sugar, combustion values 182
Sugar solutions:
density 304
876
Index terms Links
Sugar solutions, Continued
Baumé degrees 305
Brix degrees 305
specific gravity 305
Sulfur dioxide 266
compressibility 266
Sun (see also under Solar): area 731
brightness 92
calculated 92
density 731
diameter 731
distance to earth 731
eclipses 1950-2000 742
electric data 502
illumination due to 725
magnetic data 502
mass 731
orbit 770
matter within 770
radiation 719 720 721 722 723 724 725
at sea level 723
biological effective 724
over surface 722
radius 731
shine, duration 724
latitude 724
time 724
spots 727
annual means 727
volume 731
Sun and sky illumination 725
Mount Wilson 724
Superconductivity 394
Surface tension 361
liquids 361 362
miscellaneous 361
metals at solidification point 362
salts in water 361
solutions of salt and water 361
various materials 362
water plus alcohol 361
Sylvite 519
Synchro-cyclotron 657
Synchroton 654 657
Tangents 32
Tantalum: physical properties 98 103
radiation characteristics 103
Telescopes, largest in use 728
Temperature 7
brightness 97
877
Index terms Links
Temperature, Continued
correction to true 99
variation with c2 86
color 8
and brightness 104
carbon 104
various substances 104
conversion tables iv
correction to true 99
corrections to mercury thermometer 72
critical (gas and vapors) 276
definition in different ranges 70
earth:
highest 726
lowest 726
selected stations 726
surface 726
variation with depth 727
electron volt, equivalent 21 54
fixed points: °C 1948 71
primary 71 72
gold point 71
ice point 47 71 72 73
oxygen point 71
silver point 71
steam point 71
sulfur point 71
secondary 70 72
flames 182 293
ice point 47 73
international temperature scale of 1927 70
and older scales 74
international temperature scale of 1948 71
and 1927 scale 74
interpretation for different ranges 74
Wien's equation 72
interstellar space 763
measurement 71 72 87 97
correction for emergent mercurial thread 72 73
old thermoelectric scales 74
planets 734
reduction to gas scale 73
reduction to thermodynamic scale 73
reference tables for thermocouples 75
scales 75
Celsius 8
Centigrade 8
Fahrenheit 8
gas to thermodynamic 73
international:
1927 70 71
878
Index terms Links
Temperature, Continued
1948 70 72
comparison with 1927 scale 71
Kelvin 9
old 74
radiant 9
Rankin 9
Reaumur 9
thermodynamic 9
secondary points (1948) 70 71
standard 71
standard fixed points (see also Fixed points) 8
thermocouple data 75
true 99
less brightness 99
various places (monthly means) 726
Wien equation, corresponding temperatures
on 1948 scale 72
Tenth-meter 7
Terrestrial magnetism (see Geomagnetism)
Thallium brome-iodide 515
Thermal capacitance 9
Thermal conduction vs. temperature 114
Thermal conductivity 9
alloys 138
cork 139
cotton 139
fireclay 141
fourier 144
various materials 144
gases 142
insulating materials 139
leather 233
liquids: as a function of pressure 143
organic 142
materials, various 136 139 141
metals 138
organic liquids 142
plastics 239
rocks, various 136 140
rubber 140
salt solutions 136
substances, various 136 141
water 142
salt solutions 136
woods 140
wool 140
Thermal emf (see Emf)
Thermal expansion, coefficient of 8 145
alloys 149
crystals 152
879
Index terms Links
Thermal expansion, coefficient of, Continued
cubical 148 153
elements 145
gases 154
leather 233
liquids 153
metals 145
miscellaneous materials 152
plastics 239
rubber 235
Thermal properties: gases 259
liquid ammonia 178
saturated steam 168 169 175
saturated water 168
superheated steam 176
Thermal resistivity in fouriers 144
Thermochemistry, various materials 185
heat of formation 186
Thermocouples, reference tables for 74 75 76 77 78
chromel-alumel, °F 78
iron-constantin, °C-°F 76 77
platinum to platinum 10 percent, °C-°F 75
Thermodynamic laws 9
Thermodynamic temperature 9 14
Thermodynamics 9
Thermoelectric effect 13 379
properties at low temperatures 381
vs. copper 379
vs. lead 379
alloys 379
metals 379
pressure effect 382
temperature 387
vs. platinum
alloys 381
aluminium 376
cadmium 383
376-390
metals
nickel 389
zinc 390
Thermomagnetic effects 508
Thermometry: correction for emergent thread 72
mercury thermometers 72
reduction, gas thermometer to thermodynamic
scale 73
corrections for various gas thermometers 73
Thomson effect, microvolt per degree 382
Thomson heats 382 383
pressure effects 382
temperature 383
880
Index terms Links
Thunderstorm electricity (see also Lightning) 614
Tides: height at various places 779
mean sea level 779
geodetic 779
geographic 779
neap 779
spring 779
Time, equation of 728
unit 14
Torque 7
Transformation: eutectic mixtures 130
lime-alumina-silica compounds 130
of units 1 57
Transformer rectifier 657
Transitions, crystals 126
Transmission of radiation:
air 538
components 538
moist 546
alum 545
atmospheric transparency for ultraviolet 538
cesium bromide 547
color screens 535
crystals 515 517
dyestuff solutions 538
gases 547
glass 512
Jena 514
lead chloride 547
optical 512
red pyrometer glass 537
effective wavelength 537
light filters: Bausch and Lomb 537
Corning glass 536
narrow band pass 536
spectral regions 536
Wratten 536
light through space 771
long wavelength 545 547
magnesium oxide 547
optical crystals 517 545
red pyrometer glass 537
rock salt 517 545
sapphire 547
silver chloride 547
solids 547
substances, various 546 547
sylvite 517
thallium bromide 517
thallium bromide-iodide 517
thallium chloride 547
881
Index terms Links
Transmission of radiation, Continued
various materials 554 556
water 536
Transparency:
atmospheric, for ultraviolet 538
substances, various, infrared 546
various, for long wavelengths 555
ultraviolet, for atmospheric components 538
water 536
water vapor (steam) 545
Transverse galvanomagnetic and thermomagnetic
effects 507
Treatment of experimental data (see under Data)
Triboelectricity, series 375
vs. silica 375
Trigonometric functions 32
cosine 32
cotangent 32
sine 32
tangent 32
Tritium 654
Triton 654
Troy measurements 63 64 66
Tnngsten (Wolfram), characteristics 102
color temperature 102 103
emissivity 99
lamp 106
melting point 72
pressure 119
radiation 102
Twilight 731
882
Index terms Links
Units: absolute, Continued
choice of 1
common 56
abbreviations 56
spelling 56
conversion (see Conversion factors)
cubic 63
defined (see under name of unit)
derived 2 58
dimensions 58
electrical and magnetic 59
geometric and heat 58
different systems 15
absolute, electric and magnetic (1948) 19
relation to international (1927) 20
ampere turns 18
cgs 15 20
electrical 10
dimensional equations 11 59
equivalents of discarded systems 22
relative value of 3 systems 20
Gaussian 15
heat 58
dimensional equation 58
flow 136
international electrical 19
magnetic units 451
ampere turn 18
Gauss 18
Gilbert 18
Maxwell 18
Oersted 18
ordinary 18
pole 12
practical 16
some proposed 15
MKS 15
dimensional formulas 2 58 59
use of 2 57
dimensions 58 59
electric 10 15
absolute (1948) 19
maintained 19
vs. international 20
electromagnetic 12
practical 16
electrostatic 12
energy 17 618 653
established 2
extensive 1
former electrical equivalents 22
883
Index terms Links
Units: absolute, Continued
fundamental 1 56 60
area 60
capacity 60
choice of 2
dielectric constant 1
dimensions 57 58 59
heat 58
length 1 60
magnetic permeability 10 451
mass 60
number of 2
temperature 1 14 70
scale of 1948 70
time 14
volume 2 60
Gaussian system 15
geometrical 4
heat 7
intensive 1
legal definitions 60
linear 60
list of 56
magnetic 18 451
mass 60
measurements 1
numeric 1
unit 1
mechanical 4
metric 61 62
MKS 15
number of 2
numerically different 15
photometric 94
proposed systems 15
radiant energy 136
radiant wavelength 509
relations among wire size units 404
resistivity 11
square 60
transformation of 1 57
Universe:
abundance of elements 625
cosmic rays 713
mass density 713
radiant energy 713
Uranium:
elements beyond 619 623 670
americium 619 670
berkelium 619 670
californium 619 670
884
Index terms Links
Uranium, Continued
curium 619 670
methods of producing 670
neptunium 619 670
plutonium 619 670
radioactive properties 676 677
Uranus 734
885
Index terms Links
Velocity, Continued
liquids 307
sea water 307
solids 306
vapor 306
Verdet’s constant: acids 505
gases 506
liquids 505
salts in water 505
solids 504 505 506
Viscosity 318
air 331
alcohol-water mixtures 320
boron trioxide 326
castor oil 322
temperature 322
centipoise 319
coefficient 318
constants 331
Couette correction 318
definition 318
equations 318
dimensions 318
dimethyl-siloxane polymers 325
diopside-albite-anorthite 327
fluids 319 320 321 322 323 324
formulas 319
gases and vapors 331 332
pressure and temperature 331 332
gasoline, with temperature 322
glasses, with compositions 330
with temperature 330
glucose 321
thermal effect 321
glycerin-water mixtures 322
glycerol in aqueous solution 321
with temperature 321
heavy water 320
hydrocarbons 329
pure 329
ice glacier 319
kerosene, with temperature 322
kinematic 318 321
unit 321
liquefied gases and vapors 329
liquids 328 333
miscellaneous 328
pressure effects 333 334
pure 333
lubricants 334
oils, crank case 334
886
Index terms Links
Viscosity, Continued
metals, molten 327
methods of measuring 318 319
equations 318
Meyer’s formula, constants 331
molten metals 327
oxides 326
number of gases 331
oils 328 334
pressure 328
organic liquids, temperature effect 323
orthoclase-albite 325
oxides, molten 326
pitch 319
pressure effects 328 333
liquids 328
silicon dioxide 325
sodium silicates (temperature) 324
solids 319
equations 319
Southerlands formula 331
specific 318
stoke 321
temperature variation 322 323 324 325 326
units of 318 321
poise 318 319
vapors 319
Venice turpentine 319
water: at high temperatures 320
at low temperatures 319
heavy water 320
pressure 334
water-alcohol mixture 320
wax, shoemaker’s 319
Volt 20
Voltaic cells 377
composition 377
emf 377
standard 378
Volt-electron 654
Volume 60
gas, correction factor 260
relative at various pressures 261
glass vessel 68
pressure relation: argon 117
compounds 286
gases 261
metals 119 286
nitrogen 118
887
Index terms Links
Water:
absorption, gases 360
vapors 360
barometric pressure, column of water 606
boiling point 71
with pressure 169
compressibility 283
cubical expansion 153
density 295 296 298
free from air 296
maximum 48 297
water and alcohol 302
ethyl 302
methyl 304
dielectric constant 425
dielectric loss tangent 439
diffusion of aqueous solution into 354
diffusivity 143
electrical resistivity 396
freezing point, effect of pressure 119
heat capacity 161
heat of sorption 632
heavy water, comparative properties 671
viscosity 320
humidity 602
and wet-dry bulb temperature 602
index of refraction 530
ionization 399
latent heat of vaporization, formula 167
magnetic susceptibility 462
mean free path 638
melting temperatures, effect of pressure 118
mixture, with alcohol, density 302 304
molecules, diameter 638
phases 119
freezing point 119
pressure of columns 606
properties, heavy 671
ordinary 295
pure, free from air 296
relative volume, different pressures 283
saturated, thermal properties 168
sea:
absorption of light 774
with wavelength 776
chlorinity 774
composition 776
concentration of dissolved material 774
density 774
elements in 777
evaporation 774
888
Index terms Links
Water, Continued
geochemistry 776
osmotic pressure 775
pH 777
physical properties 775
absorption of light 775
chlorinity 774
concentration 774
pressure, osmotic 775
vapor 775
salinity 774
transmission of radiation 775
pressure 774
resistivity 396
salinity 774
solids dissolved 776
amount of 776
yearly addition 776
specific heat 161
temperature 774
vapor pressure 775
vaporization 774
velocity of sound in 307
solubility: of gases in 358
of salts in 357
inorganic 358
organic 358
solution of salts in 300
specific heat 161
spreading 633
surface tension 362
thermal conductivity 136 142
thermal properties 168
total heat of vaporization 169
transmission of radiation 775
transparency 538
vapor: coefficient of diffusion 356
density 276
diffusion of 355
heat capacity 163
index of refraction 533
mean free path 638
molecular diameter 638
molecular velocities 640
pressure in atmosphere 599
at sea level 605
saturated: pressure 600
temperature 600
weight 601
transparency 545
variation of dielectric constant 423
889
Index terms Links
Water, Continued
velocity of sound in 306
viscosity 332
weight of 601
wet-dry bulb 602
vapor pressure of salts in 373
velocity of sound in 307
Verdet's constant for 505
viscosity 319
effect of pressure 334
effect of temperature 319
volume, and density 298
and temperature 298
at temperature of maximum density 297
free from air 296
influence of pressure 297
of glass vessel from its weight in water 68
Watt 20
Wavelength: cadmium red line 569
conversion factor 509
De Broglie 665
elements, prominent lines in simple spectra 577
extreme ultraviolet 571
Fraunhofer lines 577
Mercury198= 568
primary standards 568
sample spectra of some elements 577
secondary standards (international) 570
iron 571
krypton, neon 570
solar lines 572
standard 568
cadmium 569
mercury 568
tertiary standards, iron 571
units 509
ultraviolet 571
Wave number 578 581
absolute volt 50
electron volt 54
moment of inertia and band spectra 49
one volt 50
Waves at sea: earthquake 777 778
fetch 778
height 778
vs. fetch 778
vs. wind duration 772
vs. wind velocity 772 778
length 778
deep water 777 778
shallow water 777 778
890
Index terms Links
Waves at sea: earthquake, Continued
sea 778
surf 778
swell 778
height
vs. distance from source 772
vs. wind 778
velocity: deep water 777
shallow water 777
Weighing: effect of the air 69
reduction to vacuo 69
Weight, calculated, various bodies 27
Wet-dry bulb temperature and humidity 602
Wien displacement constant 80
Wien displacement law 80
Wire (see also Copper):
aluminum, properties of 415
mass resistivity 404
copper, properties of 406
annealed 408
characteristics of 408
electric 408
carrying capacity (safe) 416
mass resistivity 404
resistance, computing 417
resistance to standard temperature 407
temperature coefficient of resistance 404
electrical and mechanical characteristics 408
gages, comparison of 405
high-frequency resistance 417
calculations 417 419
of conductors 417 419
maximum diameter for high-frequency
resistance ratio of 1.01 420
ratio of alternating to direct current resistance 419
rope 216
steel 216
tables, comparison (gages) 405
for computing resistances 416
tubular conductors, resistance 418
Wolf’s sunspot number 727
Wolfram (see Tungsten)
891
Index terms Links
X-rays, Continued
M series 696
mass absorption 704
calculated 704
elements 695 697
materials 696
formula 693
wavelengths, critical 692
elements 697
voltage 692
characteristics, intensity 692 693
wavelength 692 693
dosage units 694
lead thickness to reduce 695
rate 695
emission, characteristic, materials 696
K series 696
energy, radiated 692
filters for obtaining monochromatic 696
fluorescence, excited by 693
materials 693
wavelength 693
generated 692
ionization 693
gas and vapors 693
mass absorption 694
formula 694
nature 692
production 692
quantity 692
protection against 693 694 695
concrete 694
distance vs. voltage 695
lead 695
materials vs. 694
minimum thickness vs. intensity 693
requirement vs. voltage 693 695
for 400 kv pulsating 695
for 1000 kv pulsating 696
for 10 ma pulsating 695
thickness vs. voltage 695
quantity, tungsten target 692
safe rating of tubes 698
spectrum 692
limit 692
terms, various elements 698
tubes, safe operating 698
types 692
characteristics 692
continuous spectrum 699
wavelength limit 692
892
Index terms Links
X-rays, Continued
wavelength 692
characteristic 692
critical absorption for elements 701
fluorescent 693
K series, elements 696 697
L series, elements 699
M series (72Ta to 92 U) 700
tungsten L series 698
various elements 700
various transitions 697
voltage and 692
X-unit 509
Zeeman effect 50
Zero, absolute 9 47 73
Zinc, physical properties 225
893