The Numismatic History of Late Medieval North Africa / by Harry W. Hazard

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THE NUMISMATIC HISTORY
OF LATE MEDIEVAL NORTH AFRICA
HARRY W. HAZARD
NUMISMATIC STUDIES
No. 8
THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
New York
1952
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword 7
Historical Background: Late Medieval North Africa 9
Mints in North Africa and in Spain 11
Titles 18
Proper Names 22
Epithets 31
Conventional Inscriptions 3&
Epigraphy and Ornamentation 45
Minting Technique 47
Metrology 48
The Rulers and their Coinages (with Chronological Lists and Genealogical Charts):
'Abbasids in North Africa 50
'Fatimids in North Africa 52
^ Zirids of Tunisia 53
Hammadids of Eastern Algeria 5&
Hammudids in North Africa 57
Murabit Sect 59
Muwahhid Sect 4
Hudids in North Africa 68
Hafsids of Tunisia and Eastern Algeria 69
Ziyanids of Western Algeria 75
Marinids of Morocco 79
Nasrids in North Africa 84
Wattasids of Morocco 85
Ottomans in North Africa 86
Corpus of Coins:
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'Abbasid Gold 89
Fatimid Gold 89
Zirid Gold 1-24 a 9
Hammadid Gold 25 9&
Hammudid Gold 96
Numismatic History of Late Medieval North Africa
Murabit Gold 26-446 97
Muwahhid Gold 446a-539 143
Hudid Gold 540-541 158
Hafsid Gold 542-644 159
Ziyanid Gold 645-672 182
Marinid Gold 673-867 193
Nasrid Gold 868 228
Wattasid Gold 869-870 229
Ottoman Gold 230
Hybrid Gold H1-H14 231
Gold Medal M1 232
Zirid Silver 871 233
Hammudid Silver 872-887 234
Murabit Silver and Electrum 888-1056 236
Muwahhid Silver 1057-1116 263
Hudid Silver 1117-1121 272
Hafsid Silver 1122-1132 273
Marinid Silver 1133-1152 275
Nasrid Silver 1153 279
Wattasid Silver 1154-1156 280
Hammudid Copper 1157-1160 281
Murabit Copper 1161-1169 282
Muwahhid Copper 1170-1171 283
Hafsid Copper 1172-1174 284
Numismatic Bibliography:

Numismatic Bibliography with Key to Abbreviations 286
Historical Bibliography:
Arabic 298
Inscriptions 304
Documents 305
Modern 306
Indices:
Sources of Coins 307
Scripts 321
Denominations 322
Weights and Diameters 325
Mints 328

Table of Contents 5
Dates 345
Titles 355
Proper Names and Epithets 360
Conventional Inscriptions 35
Mint-marks 372
Key to the Plates 374
FOREWORD
The term North Africa, as used in this study, signifies the region bounded on the north
by the Mediterranean Sea, on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Sahara
desert, and on the east by the desert and bay which separate Cyrenaica from Tripolitania.
The factors which have made of this region a single geographic and historical unit are
discussed in the next chapter. Portions of Spain ruled by North African Moslems are also
covered, for the duration of such rule.
The late medieval period commences in the middle of the eleventh Christian century,
a.H. 439 by the lunar calendar of the Moslems, when the Z1rids of Tunisia began to establish
their independence of the Fatimids of Egypt, an event which, with the consequent second
Arab invasion of Tunisia and the simultaneous rise of the Murabits in Morocco, marks a
major watershed in the history of North Africa. The period terminates at different times
within the sixteenth century with the definitive Ottoman conquest of Algeria, Tunisia, and
Tripolitania, and the Sharifian victory over the Wattasids in Morocco.
In writing the history of this area during those five centuries one has four types of
evidence: medieval Arabic historians and geographers, inscriptions on buildings and
tombstones, treaties and other archival material, and coins. I have, over a period of several
years, utilized all accessible sources in each of these categories; they are listed in the
bibliographies which follow the corpus of coins.
Of the many possible aspects of numismatic history, I have chosen to stress the political
and dynastic history which is now somewhat out of fashion, but which must establish the
narrative framework on which more elaborate and specialized histories may be based. The
economic historian, the social historian, the historians of art and of religion, may each
claim with some justice that I have not treated his special aspect exhaustively; I can only
reply that I had neither space nor competence to do so, but that I have provided full
bibliographies to enable him to attack his favorite problem with a minimum of preliminary
drudgery.

What I have endeavored to accomplish is to compile a definitive corp us of the coins
in question, and to correlate them with evidence supplied by the Arabic chroniclers and
the surviving inscriptions and documents. One result of this approach is the establishment
of dynastic lists, inserted at the head of each chapter on the coinage of individual dynasties,
far more complete, more accurate, and better documented than any now available. I
apologize for the parenthetical method of indicating the source of each name and date; I
was unable to devise a less cumbersome or more attractive way of supplying equivalent
information.
It is beyond question that only a relatively small proportion of the coins struck in
North Africa, or in Andalusia by African rulers, during the late medieval period have
survived the subsequent vicissitudes. Relatively few of the surviving coins can have
achieved publication; many once published have since been dispersed or become inaccessible
including important collections at Madrid, Jena, and Leningrad. For assistance in com-
piling a comprehensive list of published coins I gratefully acknowledge my debt to the
printed edition and the notes and proofs for the revised edition of Dr. Leo A. Mayer's
bibliography; for corrections to published sources I express my thanks to Dr. Georg Galster
of the Nationalmuseet in Copenhagen, to Dr. J. G. Milne of the Ashmolean Museum in
Oxford, to M. J. Farrugia de Candia of Tunis, to Dr. John Walker of the British Museum,
to Senhor Joaquim Figanier of Lisbon, and to Dr. George C. Miles of the American
Numismatic Society (for emendations on coins in the Bibliotheque Nationale). For
descriptions of unpublished coins I am deeply indebted to Mr. Milne, M. Farrugia de Candia,
Senhor Figanier, and Dr. Miles (for coin at Yale), and to Prof. Dr. Paul Balog of Cairo, to
Mr. P. K. Anderson, and especially to Mr. Philip Thorburn of Cranleigh in Surrey. I also
thank Dr. Maurice Dimand for permission to describe two coins in the Metropolitan Museum
of Art.
In addition to the published sources, and to the unpublished ones just noted, I have
had access to three fine collections, of which the relevant coins are here published for the
first time. The splendid collection of the Hispanic Society of America, formed by Mr. Archer
M. Huntington and now on deposit at the American Numismatic Society, has proved
especially rich in Murabit and Muwahhid issues. The collection of the American Numis-
matic Society and that of the University (of Pennsylvania) Museum, also currently at the
Society on temporary loan, have likewise been of great interest. For the research fellowship
which enabled me to study these three collections under one roof over an extended period
I offer my sincere thanks to the American Numismatic Society, so many of whose officers
and staff members have generously assisted me.

I gratefully acknowledge the contribution made by Mr. DeVere Baker, photographer
at the American Numismatic Society, in making the photographic copy for the plates
and that by Walter Heyne of the J. J. Augustin printing plant in drafting the map of
mint locations.
An early version of this study, without corpus or indices, was accepted by Princeton
University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the doctoral degree in Oriental
Languages and Literatures. The present volume has been drastically revised and com-
pletely rewritten.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:
LATE MEDIEVAL NORTH AFRICA
The region termed North Africa is a geographic unit whose natural isolation by
formidable physical barriers has led to an unusually persistent historical isolation. The
deserts to the east and south have proven far more effective deterrents to military and
commercial intercourse than the sea to the north; the ocean on the west was not opened as
a frontier until the Portuguese expansion of the sixteenth century.
At the time of the rise of Islam in the seventh century this region was divided between
the Eastern Roman Empire, which had retaken the fortified coastal cities from the Vandals,
and the Berbers, who held the interior. The Arab conquest of North Africa was slow and
bitter compared to the rapid successes in Egypt and Syria, but by the end of the seventh
century it was virtually complete. During the next five decades under the Umayyad
caliphs of Damascus the religion of Islam and the Arabic language spread unchecked, and
the transfer after 750 to agents of the 'Abbasids was not difficult.
The loss of Spain, to an Umayyad scion, the unrest of the Berbers, and the distance
from Baghdad made North Africa a troublesome province. Morocco broke away in 789
under the 'Alid Idr1sids, while in 8oo Tunisia and adjacent lands became semi-independent
under the hereditary governorship of the Aghlabids. All eastern bonds were severed in 909
when the Shi'ite Fatimids seized power; their conquest of Egypt in 969 and the transfer of
their capital thither in 972 left North Africa a power vacuum.
Between that date and 1047, when the late medieval period covered in this study may
arbitrarily be said to commence, Morocco was disputed among Berber chieftains, with some
intervention by Spanish Moslems, though only Ceuta remained under Andalusian control
at the terminal date. Western Algeria was also dominated by Berber leaders, while eastern
Algeria had been governed since 1014 by the Hammadid dynasty of Sanhajah Berbers and
Tunisia was still nominally a Fatimid dependency under their loyal Zirid governors.
Within the next decade Ceuta had expelled its Hammudid masters and come under

local Barghawatah Berber rule; the rest of Morocco was rapidly being brought under the
control of a militant new sect, the Murabits, whose leaders were veiled Lamtunah Berbers
from the Sahara; Tunisia had rebelled against the Fatimids and become independent and
officially Sunnite under the Zirids, and had been punished by a devastating invasion of
Arabs from upper Egypt, the Banu-Hilal and the Banii-Sulaym.
This new order lasted for nearly a century. The Murabits conquered all of Morocco as
well as western Algeria, the western Sahara, and Andalusia, ruling until 1147. The Hamma-
dids, though under Arab attack, held most of eastern Algeria until 1152. The Zirids, penned
by the Arabs into fortified ports, turned to commerce and piracy, when Normans from
Sicily started invasions which yielded them control of several ports until 1160.
The common victor over Murabits, Hammadids, and Sicilians, as well as over the
10
marauding Arabs and the petty princelings of Andalusia and Tunisia, were the Muwahhids,
a unitarian sect ruled by Kumiyah Berbers from the High Atlas, who established an empire
stretching from Tripolitania to the Atlantic and including all of Moslem Spain. Their sway
dissolved after half a century, and ended in 1269 with the fall of Marrakesh, their empire
being thenceforth divided among smaller but more enduring successor dynasties of less
theological motivation.
Moslem Spain regained its independence under the rival Hiidid and Nasrid families, each
of which occasionally controlled the part of North Africa around Ceuta. Pressure of Christian
reconquest steadily reduced the Moslem holdings, and finally eliminated them with the
surrender of Granada in 1492.
Morocco was the portion of the conquerors of the Muwahhids, the Marinid dynasty of
Zanatah Berbers, who were replaced in 1465 by the Zanatah Wattasids, who in turn lost
a triangular struggle with the Portuguese and the 'Alid Sharifs. The Sharifian victory in
1554 after a 44-year contest marked the beginning of the modern period in Morocco.
Western Algeria fell to the Ziyanids, another Zanatah Berber family, who ruled at
Tlemcen despite invasions and other interruptions until the Ottoman conquest n 1556.
Eastern Algeria, Tunisia, and Tripolitania formed the domain of the Masmiidah Berber
Hafsids, whose powerful and prosperous state survived French, Spanish, and Italian
assaults as well as Marinid invasions, but fell in 1574 to the Ottoman Turks.
With the establishment of Ottoman hegemony over Algeria and Tunisia the modern
phase of North African history commenced, so that the late medieval period covered by
this study may be termed its independent Sunnite Berber epoch, between the early medieval
ShTites (Idrisids and Fatimids), Arabs, and foreigners (Umayyads, 'Abbasids, Spanish
Umayyads and Hammiidids, and Egyptian Fattimids), on the one hand, and the modern
Shi'ite Sharifs of Morocco and the Ottoman Turks on the other. Still later, of course,

European Christians dominated the whole of North Africa, with French efforts being most
successful and enduring.

57 Manurqah
MINTS IN NORTH AFRICA AND IN SPAIN
As in the index of mints, the mints discussed in this chapter are divided by continents.
African mints are treated first, listed in strict Arabic alphabetical order, so that names
preceded by the definite article al- are grouped together between Aghmat and Bijayah.
The Spanish mints, similarly listed in strict Arabic alphabetical order, commence with
number 38, and are followed by notes on coins with illegible mints, mintless coins, and
mint inscriptions.
The locations of these mint towns are indicated on the map.
A. African Mints
1. Azammur
This Moroccan Atlantic port came into prominence, both as a town and as a mint, at a
relatively late date. Apart from one late Muwahhid double dinar (514) and one early
Wattasid dinar (869) neither of them beyond question its appearance is limited to a
handful of fourteenth-century Marinid gold, noteworthy chiefly for variant spellings of the
mint town: al-Zammur, al-Zamwar, Azamwar, and Azammu.
2. Aghmat cXA
This south Moroccan caravan center between mountain and desert appears exclusively
on Murabit gold. Dinars exist for almost every year from 486 to 540 except the decade 516
to 526, of which only 523 is known. The significance, if any, of this hiatus is not reflected
in historical accounts.
3. al-Jaza'ir jNj*)l
Algiers occurs with the definite article only on a square Muwahhid dirhem (1091).
For other coins from this mint see Jaza'ir.
4. al-Hammah <*\*S\
The only coin known to have been struck at this western Tunisian oasis is a Hafsid
double dinar (616) discovered and discussed by Farrugia de Candia.
5. al-Qayrawan

Kairouan, south of Tunis, was the Zirid capital before the eleventh-century Arab
invasion, and appears on al-Mu'izz's Sunnite gold (3-11) between 441 and 448 with the
interesting appellation "City of the power of Islam".
6. al-Mahdiyah Co^ll
When ejected from Kairouan, the Z1rid al-Mu'izz fled to the strongly fortified Tunisian
port of Mahdia, where Sunnite dinars (12a, 13) had already been struck for him in 446 and
12
447; he and his sonTamim minted Sh1'ite dinars there (15-23) between 449 and 459. See
also Mahd1yah.
7. al-Nasiriyah i^bjl
This alternative Arab name for Bougie is said by Ibn-Khaldun to occur as the mint
for a dinar (25) struck by the last Hammadid ruler in 543, no surviving specimens of which
are recorded.
8. Bijayah iU
Bougie, an important port in eastern Algeria, appears in its usual form on early
Muwahhid gold, on Muwahhid or Hafsid silver (1085), on much Hafsid gold reflecting
its often independent status as a provincial capital, and on Marinid gold (759, 769, 778)
struck during recurrent invasions.
9. Biskirah J JCj
Biskra, in east central Algeria, appears only on a single Hafsid double dinar (611),
discovered and commented on by Farrugia de Candia.
10. Bani-Tawada, bjt^.
This Berber clan gave its name to a central Moroccan market town which served as a
Murabit mint in the year 513 (168).
11. Taza ljt
Mazdara' ibn-Hayyan during his rebellion against the Muwahhids in 559 is said by
Ibn-abi-Zar' to have coined gold (499) in this north Moroccan fortress town, but it is
doubtful whether the mint name appeared on the coin, no specimens of which are known to
have survived.
12. Tadghah UjS
This Idrisid mint near Sijilmasah in southern Morocco is said to appear on a single
Muwahhid dinar (449), but this must be considered unlikely. The transliterated form

usually reported, Bad'ah, is an incorrect rendition of the unpointed Arabic.
13. Tatwan ol J*
Tetouan, near Ceuta, is reported as the mint for a single Marinid double dinar (818)
by Brethes, who does not specify the Arabic spelling and whose readings must always be
considered suspect.
14. Tilimsan oL-J;
Tlemcen served many dynasties as their chief mint in western Algeria: Murabits,
Muwahhids, Hafsids, and Marinids (the two last-named during recurrent conquests), as well
as the Ziyanids, whose capital it was and almost all of whose scarce coins were struck there
over a span of more than three centuries.
15. Tanas ^Jr
The Algerian port of Tenes is found on a single Hafsid double dinar (640) and on a
hybrid piece (H8).
Mints in North Africa and in Spain
13
16. Tuzar jjj
The inland Tunisian town of Tozeur, like its neighbors al-Hammah and Biskra, is
found only on one Hafsid gold piece (628) reported by Farrugia de Candia.
17. Tunis
The Hafsid capital appears as mint on a few Muwahhid and Marinid coins and several
Hafsid pieces of gold, silver, and copper; in addition, it was almost certainly the unnamed
source of most mintless Hafsid gold.
18. Tin Mahal jL <>-
This Atlas mountain cradle of Ibn-Tumart's Muwahhid sect is said by Bel to appear as
mint (in the form Tin Mahal) on a few specimens of a square Muwahhid dirhem (1089), but
the reading is open to question.
19. Jarbah \j>-
The only coin reported for this pirates' haven off the Tunisian coast is a square
Muwahhid or Hafsid dirhem (1090).
20. Jaza'ir ^flj*
Algiers, without the definite article, was an outlying mint for Hafsid (549, 637, 638),
Ziyanid (649), and Marinid (763) gold. See also al-Jaza'ir.
21. Ribat al-Fath
Rabat, on the Atlantic coast of northern Morocco, was a subsidiary Muwahhid mint
for gold (475) and silver (1078, 1092).
22. Sabtah
Ceuta, opposite Gibraltar, changed hands frequently during the late medieval period,
occurring as mint on Hammudid silver and copper, Murabit gold and silver, Muwahhid
gold and silver, Hudid silver, Hafsid gold, Marinid gold and silver, and Nasrid gold.
Especially important are the many coins struck at Ceuta by rebels and independent

chieftains, including the Barghawatah Saqaut and his son (880-886, 1157-1160), the last
Murabit insurgent Yahya al-Sahrawi (443), Muwahhid partisans (1057-1061) and rebels
(1076, 1077), Hudid agents (540, 1117-1120), local shaykhs (541, 1121), a Hafsid governor
(553), and Nasrid intruders (868, 1153); many of these do not bear the mint name.
23. Sijilmasah L.LU-.
This vanished south Moroccan city was the stronghold of the early Murabits and a
perennial haven for dissidents under later dynasties. An almost complete set of Murabit
dinars survives, scattered Muwahhid gold and silver, an odd Muwahhid-style dinar (554)
struck by al-Khazraji as a Hafsid vassal, and a considerable quantity of Marinid gold and
silver.
24. Safaqus ^li-
Sfax, a Tunisian port, is a Zirid mint on two exceptional dinars reported by Farrugia
de Candia (12, 24).
14 Numismatic History of Late Medieval North Africa
25. Sala 5L
This twin port of Rabat, in northern Morocco, is found on one Murabit dinar (183),
two Muwahhid dinars (454, 455), and one Marinid double dinar (789), suggesting a slight
but continuous peripheral importance.
26. Sabrah
Reversion from the Fatimid name al-Mansuriyah to the original Sabrah was the first
numismatic fore-shadowing of the Zirid revolt, furnishing the arbitrary starting date for
this study. It occurs for this Tunisian suburb of Kairouan only on dinars (1, 2) dated 439
and 440.
27. Tarabulus J
Although Tripoli is a standard Fatimid mint, Syrian rather than Libyan Tripoli was
intended at this period, so such coins are excluded. The only North African coins struck
after 439 with this mint are a handful of Hafsid gold pieces. No coins are known for the
many local amirs.
28. Tanjah
Tangier appears to have been completely overshadowed by Ceuta, occurring only on
one Murabit qirat (974).
29. Fas ^li
Fez has been since Idrisid times one of the most important cities of Morocco, and this
importance is reflected in its use as mint on a nearly complete series of Murabit dinars
from 484 to 539, several Muwahhid coins of gold, silver, and copper, and a large quantity
of Marinid gold with occasional silver. Many mintless Muwahhid and Marinid coins were
probably minted at Fez.
30. Qabis ^.li
Gabes, an important south Tunisian port, was identified on a single Jami'id dinar
(24a) by Prieto y Vives and confirmed on a clearer specimen in this study.

31. Qusantinah iakUl
Constantine, in inland eastern Algeria, appears as a provincial capital on a small
group of Hafsid double dinars, including one of an independent princeling (601).
32. Oafs ah i_aA
Gafsa, an oasis in western Tunisia, occurs intermittently as a peripheral Hafsid mint
for gold (587, 605, 619, 620).
33. Marrakush j\"j>
Marrakesh shared with Fez the supremacy of Morocco, and consequently is found on
a rich group of Murabit dinars, several Muwahhid gold and silver pieces, and a quantity of
Marinid gold, to which must be added the bulk of mintless Muwahhid and Marinid gold.
34. Miknasah XASC
Meknes, near Fez, was overshadowed by its neighbor, being reported on scattered
Murabit silver (906, 907) and Muwahhid gold (464, 465) and silver (1099).
15
35. Mahdiyah JTa*.
This variant without the definite article is reported on a single Hafsid dinar (621) by
Farrugia de Candia. See al-Mahd1yah.
36. Nul Jy
This caravan depot on the Wadi Nun in southern Morocco appears in this form between
494 and 511 on Murabit dinars.
37. Nul Lamtah ikl Jj
After 513 Nul was modified by adding the clan-name of the local Berbers, occurring
regularly past the downfall of the Murabits to an anonymous dinar (444) dated 542.
Distorted forms of this name may occur on Muwahhid gold (490) and silver (1100), but it
does not appear thereafter.
B. Spanish M1nts
38. Ishbiliyah i-Uil
Seville issued a steady stream of Murabit dinars from 489 to 541 except for the decades
5oo-509 and 527-534, with occasional silver. The earliest Muwahhids minted gold and
silver there, and just before its reconquest by Castile a double dinar (555) was struck for the
Hafsid Yahya I by his cousin and representative there.
39. Ighranatah itl._/l
This variant for Granada was used instead of Gharnatah on a quantity of Murabit
gold and some silver and copper struck between 504 and 527, and on dinars dated 540
and 541 (438-440), when it was one of the few Spanish towns still under Murabit contro1.
40. al-Jazirah S/.jajl
Algeciras minted Murabit dinars (230-233) from 507 to 509.
41. al-Qantarah sJiHii
A Murabit dinar (115) of Yiisuf, dated 496, is ascribed by Colson to Alcantara, with

the Arabic spelling not specified.
42. al-Mariyah sTjfl
Almeria was one of the most prolific Murabit mints in Spain, being represented in 492,
from 494 to 499, and from 506 to 539 by a rich series of dinars, with several varieties per
year at times and with many specimens in excellent condition of typical issues.
43. Balansiyah
Between 496 and 512 Valencia struck Murabit dinars, and a dirhem (947) in 503; no
other coins are ascribed to this mint except a square Muwahhid dirhem (1107).
44. Bayyasah i-lL
Codera noted a Murabit dinar dated 497 from Baeza (106), an otherwise unrecorded
mint for African rulers.
45. Jayyan
Jaen struck occasional silver for Murabits and early Muwahhids, and a single Mu-
wahhid dinar (471).
46. Daniyah <jU
Denia is found on a few Murabit dinars from 495 to 504, and on a square Muwahhid
dirhem (1109).
47. Saraqustah ikS^
Saragossa appears as mint only on a very few Murabit dirhems (948, 949, 1162),
having been conquered late and lost early.
48. Sanlukah 5fÛ-
San Lucar struck a little gold (108) and silver (900, 901) for the Murabit Yiisuf ibn-
Tashfin.
49. Shatibah AjLLi
Jativa occurs on Murabit dinars struck between 489 and 5oo.
50. Sharish
Only silver is known for Jerez: Murabit (950) and Muwahhid (1110).
51. Gharnatah <UkJ-
This Arabic equivalent for Granada, though less popular with the Murabits than
Ighranatah, occurs on gold, silver, and copper, including a post-downfall dinar (445) of
Maymun ibn-Badr dated 545. This spelling also appears on square Muwahhid dirhems and
on a double dinar (556) struck by Ibn-al-Ahmar as a Hafsid vassal.
52. Qurtubah <JJ
Cordova is found on Murabit gold and silver from 486 to 507. In 540 and 541 the

rebel Hamdin ibn-Muhammad struck Murabit gold (441, 442) and silver (1038,1052) there,
as well as silver in his own name; then followed Ibn-Ghaniyah's 542 dinar (446). Cordova
also served the Muwahhids briefly as a mint for gold (472) and silver (1112).
53. Qantarat al-Sayf l ;JaZ
This alternative for Alcantara may occur on the dinar (115) reported by Colson,
instead of al-Qantarah.
54. Qunkah "^y
Cuenca appears only on a single Murabit dirhem (966) dated 506.
55. Laushah Ojl
Loja may be the mint on a Murabit dinar (258) dated 511.
17
56. Malaqah iilU
At Malaga were struck a few Murabit dinars between 494 and 506, a Murabit qirat
(967), and some Muwahhid silver. Muwahhid gold reported for Malaga by Prieto y Vives
was misread.
57. Manurqah
Minorca is represented only by a square Muwahhid dirhem (1114).
58. Mursiyah y>
A series of Murabit dinars was struck at Murcia from 501 to 512, and both Murabit
and Muwahhid silver. Noteworthy are anonymous dirhems (968, 969) dated 502 and 503
and a square half dirhem (1074) in the name of 'Abd-al-Mu'min, though Murcia was not
taken by the Muwahhids until nine years after his death.
59. Mayurqah *)y*
Majorca, like Minorca, occurs only on a square Muwahhid dirhem (1116).
C. Illeg1ble Mints
A certain number of coins have mint names which are illegible either by clipping, by
poor engraving, by wear, or by obscure reproduction. These coins are listed in the index,
and whatever can be reconstructed of the mint name is given under each such coin's
description in the corpus.
D. W1thout M1nts
A large number of coins have no mint inscription, and only rarely has an effort been
made to attribute them to definite towns. The bulk of Murabit silver is mintless, probably
having been coined at various mints, chiefly in Spain. Most of the mintless Muwahhid and
Marinid gold was probably struck at Marrakush and Fas, but the plentiful mintless silver
comes from many places, including European imitators. Hafsid mintless gold and silver
must have been struck chiefly at Tunis, and Hudid North African issues at Sabtah. No

rule can be deduced by which the mint was named or omitted, except that it was almost
always identified on Murabit gold.
E. M1nt Inscr1pt1ons
See section J of the chapter on conventional inscriptions for al-mahrusah, hadr,
hadrat, and madinat.
TITLES
A. Transcendent
Certain titles found on the coins under consideration transcend the purely human and
were in general reserved for divinely inspired leaders second only to Muhammad (and 'Ali
among Shi'ites). Such titles include khalifat Allah, imam al-ummah, and imamuna.
1. khalifat Allah <llf iiii.
Vicar of God: applied only to the Mahdi, Muhammad ibn-Tiimart, by the Muwahhids
and the Hafsids, chiefly on their gold.
2. imam al-ummah .Ul
Leader of the community: applied to the Mahdi by the Muwahhids and the Hafsids,
solely on their gold, and to the 'Abbasid caliph on Hudid gold (541).
3. imamuna L.Ul
Our leader: applied to the Mahdi by the Muwahhids and the Hafsids, chiefly on their
silver, to the 'Abbasid caliph on Hudid silver (1117-1120), and to himself by Muwahhid 10
(1078-1083).
B. Cal1phal
The titles al-khalifah, al-imam, and amir al-mu'minin were strictly limited to rulers
of caliphal pretensions and were often used consecutively to stress various aspects of the
supreme authority.
4. al-khalifah iiiijl
The caliph: a title reserved by the Muwahhids for their first ruler, 'Abd-al-Mu'min,
except on the medal (M1); applied to the 'Abbasid caliph by the Hudids (540, 541, 1121).
5. al-imam ÛVl
The leader: applied to the Fatimid Ma'add by his Zirid vassals, to the 'Abbasids by
nominal Jami'.d, Hammadid, Murabit, and Hudid vassals, to themselves by the Hammu-
dids, to an unidentified suzerain by their Barghawattah governors, to 'Abd-al-Mu'min by

the Muwahhids, to additional Muwahhids on the medal (M1), and to unspecified persons by
the Muwahhid partisans (446a, 105-1061).
6. amir al-mu'minin oc.^ll
Commander of the believers: applied exactly as al-imam, and usually together with it;
also used by all the Muwahhids, most of the Hafsids including 15B, who had no right to
Titles
*9
it (603), and Marinids 12 (always), 24 (rarely: 839, 853), and 26 (once: 867); attributed
(probably incorrectly) to Ziyanid 5 (648, 649); applied to the Ottomans by their Ziyanid
vassals (670, 671).
C. Caliphal (Dual)
The dual forms al-khalifatayn, al-khalifatayn al-rashidayn, and amiray al-mu'minin
were used following ibn- to indicate descent from two caliphs.
7. al-khalifatayn ociiij'i
Of the two caliphs: applied only to the first two Muwahhids.
8. al-khalifatayn al-rashidayn iX-uQl ocii^
Of the two orthodox caliphs: misapplied to the first three Muwahhids on a hybrid
gold piece (H4).
9. am1ray al-mu m1nin 00^ll ^ I
Of two commanders of the believers: applied only to the first two Muwahhids (511).
D. Cal1phal (Plural)
The corresponding plural forms were similarly used after ibn- to indicate descent from
more than two caliphs (often untruthfully).
10. al-khulafa' .liliiM
Of the caliphs: used only on one coin (512) in reference to three and to four Muwahhids.
11. al-khulafa' al-rashidin a->^l
Of the orthodox caliphs: used correctly by the early Muwahhids in reference to three
and to four predecessors, incorrectly by 10 in reference to only two. Frequently misused
by the Marinids, this phrase is also found on two coins dubiously ascribed to Ziyanid 5
(648, 649) and on one Hudid double dinar (540) in reference to the 'Abbasids.
12. umara' al-mu'minin 00.^ll .l y\
Of (the) commanders of the believers: used correctly on a few coins in reference to

three and to four Muwahhids.
E. Sub-Cal1phal
The title amir al-muslimin has been appropriately designated sub-caliphal by van
Berchem in his definitive study of occidental titles; no other title falls into this category.
20
13. amir al-muslimin ojAJll
Commander of the Moslems: used by the later Murabits but never by Yflsuf, despite
the historians, also by the Murabit partisan Yahya al-Sahrawi (443), by most of the Ziya-
nids, most of the Marinids except 12, and several of the Wattasids. Noteworthy are a
Murabit qirat (913), assigning this title to Yusuf, and a Marinid double dinar (793) where it
is applied to two am1rs who had no valid claim to it.
F. Royal
Titles which may be considered royal include al-malik, sultan or al-suhSan, and al-
amir al-ajall.
14. al-malik ifftll
The king: used only by Hafsid 21 (637, 638) and Marinid 13 (787).
15. sultan
Sultan: used only by the late Hafsid 27 on his silver (1130, 1132).
16. al-sultan
The sultan: used by the same late Hafsid on his silver (1124-1129) and by his predeces-
sors 21 (637, 638) and 26 (644) on their gold.
17. al-amir al-ajall J*V| ^Vl
The highest commander: used by Muwahhids 1A and 2 as heirs, and by 2 before
achieving caliphal recognition; used by Hafsids 1 and 4 in eschewing caliphship, and by 2
and 10 prior to their achieving caliphal rank.
G. Princely
Several titles were used to indicate non-royal ancestors, heirs, or independent princes
not aspiring to dynasty-wide rule; these may be termed princely, and include al-amir, al-
amir al-tahir, sayyid, al-sayyid, and sayyidina.
*.

18. al-amir jJi l
The commander: used by all the early Murabits exclusively and by the later ones for
heirs or for themselves in limited space. Used while heir by Hammudid 9 (872-874) and
Muwahhid 4 (1075: tentative); as independent prince by Zirid 8A (24a), Hammadid 9 (25),
Muwahhid 9A (1076, 1077), Hafsid 6A (574-576), Hafsid 12 (594), and Nasrid 8 (868); for
ancestors by Muwahhids (536) and Hafsids (557-561, 603, 609).
19. al-amir al-tahir _^lk)l
Of the righteous commander: used only by Muwahhid 12 in reference to a non-royal
ancestor (522-535, M1).
20. sayyid aL
Of (the) chief: used only by Muwahhid 13 in reference to non-royal ancestors (537).
Titles 21
21. al-sayyid -lIjl
The chief: used only by Marinid 20A as independent prince (831, 832).
22. sayyidina kuL
Of our chief: used only by Muwahhids 12 (M1) and 13 (538) in reference to non-royal
ancestors.
H. Pr1ncely (Dual)
The dual forms al-amirayn and sayyidayna were used following ibn- to indicate
descent from two princes.
23. al-amirayn i>.j*Vl
Of the two commanders: applied only to the first two Muwahhids as a contraction of
amiray al-mu'minin (503).
24. sayyidayna Lju-
Of our two chiefs: applied only to the first two Muwahhids (M1).
I. Pr1ncely (Plural)
The plural forms al-umara' and al-umara' al-rashidin were likewise used after ibn- to
indicate descent from more than two princes.
25. al-umara' l
Of the commanders: applied only to the first 3 Muwahhids (1075: tentative).
26. al-umara' al-rashidin J.-Uljl .l
Of the orthodox commanders: used of the first 3 Muwahhids (1076, 1077), and con-
stantly by the Hafsids.
J. Her1tor1al
The final group of titles wali al-'ahd, wali 'ahdihi, and al-hajib was reserved
exclusively for proclaimed heirs.
27. wali al-'ahd a>Jl J)
Heir: used for Hammiidid 9 (875-879), Murabit 4 (1017), and Muwahhid 4 (1075:

tentative).
28. wali 'ahdihi a^c J}
His heir: applied to Murabits 3, 3A, 4, and 5.
29. al-hajib wo-UM
The chancellor: applied to Hammudids 9B and 9C (887).
PROPER NAMES
The Arabic and Berber proper names as they appear on the coins can be grouped into
four classes. There are personal names (Arabic singular ism), many of them Koranic
equivalents of Biblical names, others ordinary Arabic substantives. There are such names
preceded by abu-, father of, seldom indicating actual relationship. There are both such
types preceded by ibn-, son of, indicating direct sonship and arbitrarily differentiated in
this study from Ibn-, indicating more remote kinship, a form which never appears
on the coins. Forms in ibn- and abu- are both termed kunyah in Arabic. And there
are clan or tribe names, usually in the nisbah form al-'Abbasi or the Ibn- (plural
Banu-) form. Each group is treated briefly in Arabic alphabetical order, with names
appearing on coins numbered and others lettered.
A. Personal Names
(Arabic singular ism)
1. Ibrahim ^1 j\
Abraham: Murabits 1B, 5; Hafsids 4, 16. Not on coins (hereafter abbreviated to
N.o.c.): Hudid 3A; Hafsid 12B; Marinid 14.
2. Abu-Bakr Jy)
Father of young camel: Murabit 1; Hafsid 10. Despite its composition this is a personal
name, derived from the first caliph. N.o.c.: Hafsid 9; Marinid 4.
3. Ahmad
Most praised: Hafsids 17, 27; Ziyanid /9; Marinid 20; Waftasid 4. N.o.c.: Hudid 1A;
Hafsids 4A (real name), 14; Ziyanids 24, 28.
4. Idris
Enoch: Hammudid 6; Muwahhid 8. N.o.c.: Muwahhid 13.
5. Ishaq jU-J
Isaac: Murabit 6.
a. al-Hasan

The fortunate: N.o.c.: Zirid 8. Occrs on coins as epithet.
6. al-Rashid
The orthodox: Zirid 8A. Occurs also as epithet.
""II
1 111
The Numismatic History of Late Medieval North Africa
CORRIGENDA AND ADDENDA
page
item or coin
line
now reads
should read
10
16
n 1556-
in 1556.
18
Jami'.d
Jami'id
24
23
Hafsids
Hafsid
37
23
38
24

,o, .--
40
54
40
60
411
56
11
Hammadids
HammId1ds
59
13
MURabiT
MURlbiT
61
through
though
63
Almerica
Almeria
65
(genealogical tree)
(connecting line omitted)
(connect 4 to 5 by a vertical
line)
70
abiTl-Baqa'
abu'l-Baqa'
76
20
ibn-al-Za'im
page
should read
item or coin
now reads
line
160
547
RF 3
162
560
RF 2
162
561
OS 1
JP\
163
563
OF 2
167
582
RS 1
167
582
RS 2
168
582
584
OS 1
172
6oo
OS 2
178
629
OS 1
178
630

168
RF 1
j..1
189
669
OF 1
198
704
RF 1
198
707
OF 2
203
735
RF 4
205
747
pi. Xiii
pi. Xxin
210
780
RF 3
214
793
217
810
RF 2
217
810
OS 1
r^j
MISCELLANEOUS INDEX
(Referred to on pages 45 and 47)
Murabit silver with no inscription on of except mint mark:
938
Murabit silver with ornament alone on of:
935. 988, 1oo9, 1012, 1013, 1024-1026, 1028, 1049, 105o; also 1Q64 (Muwahhid)
Murabit silver with blank of:
890, 898, 899,934,936,937, 944-946. 989. 99o. 995.1010,1013, 1016,1016b,1031,
1033
Coins with errors in engraving:
11, 18, 26, 42, 47, 49, 54, 63, 72, 94, 97, 129, 170, 217, 219, 221, 230, 258, 273, 340,
359. 395. 407. 426, 438, 469. 490. 5o6, 513, 516, 530, 609, 613, 638, 667, 715,
716, 775, 795, 811, 817, 828, H 3, H 4
Coins with errors in striking:
610, 617, 618, 622, 623, 624, 629, 630, 634, 642, 704-706, 709, 740, 804, H 1-H 14,

1030, 1055, 1097, 1157-1171
Proper Names 23
b. al-Zalm j^cj)1
The chief: N.o.c.: Ziyanids 7,10.
c. al-Sa'id .k..".)\
The happy: N.o.c: Ziyanid 16. Occurs on coins as epithet.
7. al-Tzz >J l
The power: Hammiidid 9B.
d. al-'Az1z
The powerful: N.o.c.: Hammadid 8.
8. al-Fadl Jidl
The honor: Hafsids 4*4 (assumed name), 15.
e. al-Qa'id jJlill
The general: N.o.c: Hammadid 2.
f. al-Mu'izz jS\
The made-powerful: N.o.c: Zirid 4.
g. al-Mansur jj^'.ll
The rendered-victorious: N.o.c.: 'Abbasid 36; Hammadid 6. Occurs on coins as epithet.
h. al-Nasir
The victorious: N.o.c: Hammadid 5.
i. Badis ^-jjl
: N.o.c.: Hammadid 7.
j. Bulukkin <ySX
: N.o.c: Hammadid 4.
9. Tashfin uyLil"
: Murabit 4. N.o.c: Marinid 15.
k. Tam1m ~J
Tall: N.o.c: Zirid 5.

10. Hasan
Fortunate: Ziyanid 29.
I. Hammu jL-
: N.o.c: Zirid 4A.
II. Khalid
Eternal: Hafsid 5. N.o.c: Hafsid 18.
12. Zakariya* fj
Zachariah: Hafsid n. N.o.c.: Hafsid 24.
13. Sa'd ju-
Fortune: engraver's name in tiny letters (904, 1017).
14. Saqaut z>
: Hammudids 9A, gC.
15. Sulayman oLi~
Solomon: Ottoman 10 (on Ziyanids 26, 27: 670,671). N.o.c: Marinid 9.
16. Sir jj~
: Murabit 3A.
m. 'Amir jAe
Commanding: N.o.c: Marinid 8.
17. 'Abd-al-Haqq J*)l j^c
Servant of the truth: Marinid 28. N.o.c: Marinid /.
n. 'Abd-al-Halim Âxi\ juc
Servant of the forbearing: N.o.c.: Marinid 16.
18. 'Abd-al-Rahman o^>-"J\j^
Servant of the merciful: Hafsid 15A; Ziyanids 5, 9, 15; Marinid 20A. N.o.c:
Ziyanid 21.
19. 'Abd-al-'Az1z -lc
Servant of the powerful: Hafsid 19; Marinids 18, 24. N.o.c: Hafsid 5.
20. 'Abd-Allah ALTjuc
Servant of God: Ziyanids 13, 26; Marinid 25. N.o.c: 'Abbasid 37; Muwahhids 7, 7A.
Usually occurs on coins as epithet.
21. 'Abd-al-Mu'min yj\ ju>
Servant of the believing: Muwahhid 1 (on 1-13, Hafsid 1); Marinid 17A. N.o.c:

Hafsid 23.
22. 'Abd-al-Wahid juljlfa-c
Servant of the one: Muwahhid 10 (on 10, 11); Ziyanid 17. N.o.c: Muwahhid 6;
Hafsid 12C.
23. 'Uthman oLfc
Young snake: Hafsids 21; Marinids 10, 26. N.o.c: Ziyanids 2, 6; Marinid 2.
Proper Names 25
24. 'Ali Jo
Noble: Murabits 1A, 3; Hafsid 20 A; Wattasid 3. N.o.c.: Zirid 7; Muwahhid 11;
Marinid 11.
25. 'Umar y
Omar: Hafsids 6, 13. N.o.c: Marinids 5, 10A.
26. 'Imran ol jf
: Muwahhid 9A.
27. Faris ^jli
Cavalier: Marinid 12.
28. Malik t^JL.
Ruler: Name of engraver or mint-master (933).
o. Muhsan {j-**
Made-beneficent: N.o.c: Hammadid 3.
29. Muhammad
Highly-praised: Hammudid 9; Muwahhids 1A, 4 (on 4, 5, 8, 9); Hafsids 2, 7,12, 15B,
20, 25, 26; Ziyanids 12, 14, 20, 27; Marinids 13, 17, 19, 22; Nasrid 8; Wattasids 1, 2.
N.o.c: 'Abbasid 31; Muwahhid o; Hudid 1; Hafsids 12A, 28; Ziyanids 3, 8A, 18, 22, 23;
Marinids 3, 12A, 23, 27; Nasrid /; Wattasid 5.
30. Mazdara' j*y
: Muwahhid 2A.
31. Ma'add In
Arranged: Fatimid 8 (on Zirids 4, 5: 15-23).
32. Musa ^-y
Moses: Ziyanids 4, 8; Marinid 21. N.o.c.: Ziyanid 25.
p. Maymun Oy~
Auspicious: N.o.c.: Murabit 6C.

33. Yashir j\
: mint-master at Seville (218-221, 339-343).
34. Yahya ^
John: Hammadid 9; Murabit 6A; Muwahhid 9; Hafsids 1, 3. N.o.c: Zirid 6; Murabit
6B; Hafsids 6A, 22.
35. Ya'qub
Jacob: Muwahhid 3 (on 3-5, 8, 9); Marinid 6.
q. Yaghmurasan j_l_/ju_
: N.o.c: Ziyanid 1.
36. Yusuf
Joseph: Murabit 2; Muwahhids 2 (on 2-5, 8, 9,12,13, Hafsid 1), 5. N.o.c.: Ziyanid 11;
Marinid 7.
37.?
Illegible name: 897. N.o.c. (ism unknown): Murabit 6D.
B. Names w1th abu-
(Arabic singular kunyah)
The paternal relationship suggested by this form is usually arbitrary, certain combin-
ations reappearing constantly, as indicated, regardless of the actual names of a man's
sons, or even of his sonlessness. These were so invariable that late historians frequently
apply them to the Murabits, who did not use them, while the Ziyanid rulers actually
invented a name of this type for their Ottoman suzerain.
r. abu-Ahmad j.l
Father of most praised: N.o.c.: 'Abbasid 37. With 'Abd-Allah.
38. abu-Ishaq y\
Father of Isaac: Hafsids 4, 16. N.o.c.: Hafsid 12B. With Ibrahim.
39. abu'l-Baqa' y)
Father of the enduring: Hafsid 8. N.o.c.: Hafsid 18. With Khalid. No instance of the
use of al-Baqa' as a personal name occurs in this study.
s. abu'l-Hajjaj ^lJl y)
Father of the pilgrim: N.o.c.: Ziyanid 11. With Yusuf. Al-Hajjaj does not occur as a
personal name in this study.
40. abu'l-Hasan .?}
Father of the fortunate: Muwahhid //; Hafsid 20^1. N.o.c.: Marinid 11; Wattasid 3.
With 'Ah.
41. abu'l-Rabr "J\ ?}

Father of the springtime: erroneously applied to Ottoman 10 by Ziyanids 26, 27 (670,
671). N.o.c.: Marinid 9. With Sulayman. Al-Rabi' does not occur as a personal name in this
study.
42. abu'l-'Abbas ^-llJl j,)
Father of the leonine: Hafsids 4A (assumed name), 15,17, 27; Ziyanid 19; Marinid 20.
N.o.c.: Hudid 1A; Hafsid 14; Marinid 20; Wattasid 4. With Ahmad or al-Fad1. Al-'Abbas
does not occur as a personal name in this study.
II ITT I II
Proper Names 27
43. abu'l-'Um
Father of the noblest: Muwahhids 8, (on 8, 10, 11), 13. With Idris. Al-'Ula does not
occur as a personal name in this study.
t. abu'l-Futuh ^yuJl y\
Father of the victories: N.o.c.: Zirid 7. With 'Ali. Al-Futiih does not occur as a
u. abu'l-Qasim jJi)ly\
Father of the handsome: N.o.c.: Hudid 3A. With Ibrahim. Al-Qasim does not occur
as a personal name in this study.
abfl-Bakr jA
See personal names.
v. abu-Tashfin Ojiitjil
Father of Tashfin: N.o.c: Ziyanids 5, 9, 15, 21. With 'Abd-al-Rahman.
44. abii-Tamim y\
Father of strong: Fattimid 8 (on Zirids 4, 5): with Ma'add. N.o.c: Zirid 4: with al-
Mu'izz.
w. abu-Thabit ob y)
Father of steadfast: N.o.c: Ziyanids 7,10 (al-Zalm); Marinid 8 ('Amir). Thabit does
not occur as a personal name in this study.
45. abu-Ja'far y\
Father of rivulet: 'Abbasid 36 (on Hudid 1A: 1121). With al-Mansur (used as proper
name, not as epithet). Ja'far does not occur as a personal name in this study.
46. abii-Hafs aJa.y)
Father of lion-cub: Muwahhid 12; Hafsids 6, 13. N.o.c: Marinid 5. With 'Umar.
Hafs does not occur as a personal name in this study.
x. abu-Hammu ^ y\

Father of Hammu: N.o.c.: Ziyanids 4,8, 25. With Musa. Sometimes spelt l^ y \ in
inscriptions.
47. abu-Zakariya1 S^j y)
Father of Zachariah: Muwahhid 9; Hafsids /, 3, 6A. N.o.c.: Hafsid 22. With Yahya.
y. abu-Ziyan o\j
Father of ornament: N.o.c.: Ziyanids 3, 8A, 12, 24, 28; Marinids 12A, 17, 19, 22, 23.
With Muhammad or Ahmad. Ziyan does not occur as a personal name in this study.
48. abu-Zayd a.j y\
Father of increase: Hafsid 15A. N.o.c.: Marinid 20 A. With 'Abd-al-Rahman. Zayd
does not occur as a personal name in this study.
49. abu-Salim 1L y)
Father of safe: Mar1nid 14. With Ibrah1m. Salim does not occur as a personal name in
this study.
50. abu-Sa'id a..- y\
Father of happy: Marinid 10. N.o.c: Ziyanids 2, 6; Marinids 2, 26. With 'Uthman.
Sa'id does not occur as a personal name in this study.
z. abu-Tahir _/>U> jA
Father of righteous: N.o.c: Zirid 6. With Yahya. Tahir does not occur as a personal
name in this study.
aa. abu-'Amir ^.Ic jil
Father of commander: N.o.c: Marinid 25. With 'Abd-Allah.
51. abu-'Abd-Allah <LT j-c
Father of (the) servant of God: 'Abbasid 31 (on Hammadid 9: 25); Muwahhid 4 (on
5-5. 8, 9); Hafsids 2, 7, 12, 15B, 20, 25, 26; Ziyanids 18, 20, 27; Marinid 13. N.o.c: Hudid
j; Hafsids 12A, 28; Ziyanids 14, 22, 23; Marinid 27; Nasrids 1, 8; Wattasids /, 2, 5. With
Muhammad.
bb. abu-'AH \y\
Father of noble: N.o.c: Marinid 10A. With 'Umar.
cc abu-'Umar jt- y \
Father of Omar: N.o.c.: Marinid 15. With Tashfin.
52. abu-'Amr Jyf y]
Father of life: Hafsid 21. With 'Uthman. 'Amr does not occur as a personal name in
this study.

dd. abu-'Inan obcy\
Father of bridle: N.o.c: Marinid 12. With Faris. 'Inan does not occur as a personal
name in this study.
53. abu-Faris ^jliy\
Father of cavalier: Hafsid 19; Marinid 21 (with Miisa). N.o.c: Hafsid 5; Marinids 18,
24. With 'Abd-al-'Aziz except as noted.
54. abu-Malik t^JUy\
Father of ruler: Marinid 17A : with 'Abd-al-Mu'min. N.o.c.: Ziyanid 17: with 'Abd-al-
Wahid. Malik occurs in this study as a personal name only for an engraver or mintmaster.
Proper Names
29
55. abu-Muhammad y)
Father of highly-praised: Muwahhids 1 ('Abd-al-Mu'min; on 1-13, Hafsid 7), 10
('Abd-al-Wahid); Ziyanids 13 ('Abd-Allah), 29 (Hasan). N.o.c.: Muwahhids 6 ('Abd-al-
Wahid), 7 ('Abd-Allah), 7A ('Abd-Allah); Hafsids 12C ('Abd-al-Wahid), 23 ('Abd-al-
Mu'min); Ziyanid 26 ('Abd-Allah); Marinids 1 ('Abd-al-Haqq), 16 ('Abd-al-Halim), 28
('Abd-al-Haqq). Usually with name in 'Abd-.
ee. abu-Ma'ruf kJj^j,\
Father of benefit: N.o.c.: Marinid 3. With Muhammad. Ma'ruf does not occur as a
56. abu-Musa y\
Father of Moses: Muwahhid 9A. With 'Imran.
57. abu-Yahya y\
Father of John: Hafsids 10 (Abu-Bakr), 11 (Zakariya'). N.o.c.: Zirids 5 (Tam1m),
8 (al-Hasan); Hafsids 9 (Abii-Bakr), 24 (Zakariya'); Ziyanid 1 (Yaghmurasan); Marinid 4
(Abu-Bakr).
58. abii-Ya'qub <-iy)
Father of Jacob: Muwahhids 2 (on 2-13, Hafsid 1), 5. N.o.c.: Marinid 7. With Yusuf.
59. abii-Yusuf
Father of Joseph; Muwahhid 3 (on 3-5, 8-11). N.o.c.: Marinid 6. With Ya'qiib.
ff. abu-?
Father of ?: N.o.c. (kunyah unknown): Ziyanid 16.
C. Names w1th ibn-
(Arabic singular kunyah)
These names, and their analogues titles and epithets preceded by ibn occur
constantly on the coins to indicate direct descent, which is often very useful for the

historian. Yet no practical purpose would be served by an analysis of them similar to
those of groups A and B, and reference to the index of proper names will serve to locate any
desired name of this type.
As was stated at the start of this chapter, an arbitrary distinction has been made
between ibn-, indicating sonship, and Ibn-, indicating more remote descent, a form which
never appears on the coins. This distinction is not derived from the coins, on which J
and J.\ are used interchangeably to indicate sonship.
Four persons mentioned in this study are frequently referred to by names in Ibn-; they
are Ibn-abi-'Umarah (Hafsid 4A; real name), Ibn-al-Ahmar (Nasrid /), Ibn-Ghaniyah
(Murabit 6B), and Ibn-Hiid (Hudid 1).
30
D. Clan or Tribe Names
An Arab or Berber generally has a nisbah ending in -i, indicating tribe or birthplace;
sometimes he has several. The only one of these occurring on the coins is al-'Abbasi,
occurring on Hammadid, Murabit, and Hudid gold and Hudid silver. Naturally, all the
persons discussed in this study possessed a name or names of this type, but the only ones
which require listing are those of rebels and governors not belonging to the main dynasties.
al-Barghawat1: Zirid 4A; Hammudids 9A, 9B, 9C.
al-Bayyasi: Muwahhid 7A.
al-Jamil: Zirid 8A.
al-Sahrawi (the Saharan): Murabit 6A.
al-Sanhaji: Muwahhid 2A.
al-'Azafi: Hiidid 3A.
al-Lamtim1: Murabit 6C.
al-Massuf1: Murabit 6B.
al-Yanashti: Hudid iA.
One other proper name occurring on the coins belongs to this general group: Ban1-
Tashfin (445, 446,1053-1056) as an inclusive term for all the Murabits commencing with 2,

used in Spain after the downfall of the dynasty.
EPITHETS
One royal prerogative throughout Islam has been the use of epithets (Arabic singular
laqab) in conjunction with proper names and titles or as substitutes for them. Those used
in late medieval North Africa can best be subdivided by grammatical form; participial
nouns, participial phrases, adjectival nouns, adjectival phrases, and other types. Only
those occurring on the coins are discussed.
A. Part1cip1al Nouns
1. al-Ma'miin
The trustworthy: Muwahhid 8 (on 8,10, 11). Also occurs with ibn- on Muwahhids 10,
11, referring to 8.
2. al-Mujahid -mUll
The holy-warrior: Muwahhid 8; Hafsid 12.
3. al-Murtada ^ J."i
The approved: Muwahhid 12.
4. al-Mustansir _raii_lT
The asking assistance: Hafsid 15B; Marinid 20.
5. al-Ma'an oUl
The helped: Hammudid 9A.
6. al-Mu'tamid ojJA
The relying: Muwahhid 13.
7. al-Mansur jyaA^
The rendered-victorious: Hammadid 9; Hammudid 9A. Also occurs with ibn- on
Muwahhids 8, 10, referring to 3. Occurs also as personal name, though not on coins.
8. al-Mahdi
The guided: Muwahhid o (on most Muwahhid and Hafsid coins).
9. al-Mu'ayyad -T^ll
The strengthened: Hafsids 10, 12.

10. al-Wathiq jJlj)l
The trusting: Muwahhid 13.
B. Participial Phrases
11. al-'Ali-bi-Allah 4)1 Ûl
The lofty with God: Hammudid 6.
12. al-Qa'im-bi-amr-Allah <Ul ^L ^'li)l
The upright in (the) commandment of God: 'Abbasid 36 (on Hudid 1); Muwahhid 1
(on 1-13, Hafsids 1, 2); Hafsid 11.
13. al-Qa'im-bi-haqq-Allah *i\ jac ^'lajl
The upright in (the) truth of God: Hafsid 4A (the impostor).
14. al-Qa'im-li-Allah-bi-a'la'-din-al-haqq J)l a? ^\ <JJ f'^H
The upright for God in (the) nobility of (the) faith of the truth: Maraud 6.
15. al-Mutawakkil-'ala-Allah <Jjljcjfyll
The relying upon God: Hafsids 10, 15, 17, 19, 20 A, 21, 25,27; Ziyanids 5, 15, 17, 18,
26, 27; Marinids 12, 13, 17, 20A, 21.
16. al-Mutawakkil-'ala-Allah-wahdihi <l)l Jc ji^ll
The relying upon God alone: Hafsid 21.
17. al-Mutawakkil- 'ala-rabb-al- 'alamin OjluT vj Jc J^>^
The relying upon (the) master of the worlds: Ziyanids 4, 8, 9, 12-14; Marinid 12;
Wattasid 3.
18. al-Mujahid-fi-sabil-Allah <I)I
The holy-warrior in (the) path of God: Muwahhid 10 (on 10, 11); Hafsids 4, 19, 21.
- - Si
19. al-Murtada-li-amr-Allah <L)I ^.V ^J.\
The approved in (the) commandment of God: Muwahhid 12. Occurs on his medal in
the shortened form al-Murtada-li-amrihi.
20. al-Musta'in-bi-Allah <i)layJ ll
The asking help of God: Marinid 14.

21. al-Mustansir-bi-Allah <DI j^xA\
The asking assistance of God: 'Abbasid 36 (on Hudid 1A); Fatimid 5 (on ZTrids 4, 5);
Hafsids 2, 6, 7, 15B, 16, 20; Marinids 10, 20, 24-26.
22. al-Muzaffar-bi-Allah
The rendered-victorious by God: Hafsid 15A.
23. al-Mu'tasim-bi-Allah ^Xjl ^ûoll
The having recourse to God: Ziyanid 19.
Epithets 33
24. al-Mu'tadid-bi-Allah <JJl juûll
The asking assistance of God: Muwahhid 11.
25. al-Muqtafi-li-amr-Allah <iJl jail
The following in (the) commandment of God: 'Abbasid 31 on Hammadid 9.
26. al-Muntakhab-li-ihya'-d1n-Allah J.j U-Vw*d1
The predestined for revival of (the) faith of God: Hafsid 6 A.
27. al-Muntasir-bi-Allah <L)I.
The conquering for God: Marinid 22.
28. al-Mansur-bi-fadl-Allah Jjl JJi
The rendered-victorious in (the) honor of God: Hafsids 2, 4A, 7, 8, II, 13, 15A, 15B,
16, 17.
29. al-Mahdi-alladhi-yashriku'l-nabi ^Jj| <iT^j îJl âjl
The guided who will accompany the prophet: Murabit 6A.
30. al-Mu'min-bi-Allah <JJl ^'Ji
The believing in God: Muwahhid 12.
31. al-Mu'ayyad-bi-Allah Jjl-J^ll
The strengthened by God: Muwahhid 9A.
m - Wft ft
32. al-Mu 'ayyad-bi-fadl-Allah i) l Jî y l
The strengthened in (the) honor of God: Hafsid 3.
33. al-Mu'ayyad-bi-nasr-Allah JJl jT^ll
The strengthened in (the) victory of God: Hafsids 6,10,15,15B, 17,19-21.
34. al-Nasir-li-din-Allah JjIj.jJ jjd\
The victorious for (the) faith of God: Hafsids 8,13.
35. al-Wathiq-bi-Allah OJljfljll
The trusting in God: Muwahhid 13; Hafsids 3, 21; Ziyanid 14.

C. Adject1val Nouns
36. al-As'ad ju-Sfl
The happiest: Muwahhid 11.
37. al-Hasan j^-sjl
The fortunate: Hafsid 26. Also occurs with ibn- on Hafsid 27, referring to 26. Occurs
also as personal name, though not on coins.
38. al-Rashid
The orthodox: Muwahhid 10 (on 10, n); Marinid 13. Occurs also as personal name.
39. al-Sa'id
The happy: Mar1nids 13,17, 19; Wattasid 1. Occurs also as personal name, though not
on coins.
40. al-Gharib
The foreigner: Muwahhid 2 A.
D. Adject1val Phrases
41. al-Rashid-bi-Allah Jjl J~-~j\
The orthodox for God: Muwahhid 10.
42. al-'Aziz-bi-Allah <Dl< j._jJ l
The powerful for God: occurs only with ibn- on Hammadid 9, referring to Hammadid 8.
43. al-Ghani-bi-Allah <L)l
The wealthy in God: Ziyanid 12; Nasrid 8.
E. Other Types
44. arham umara' al-muslimin uuLil .l j*\
Most merciful of (the) commanders of the Moslems: Murabits 6B, 6C, referring to
Murabits 2-6, the Banu-Tashfin.
45. Baha'-al-Daulah ÎjjJl .1^
Splendor of the state: Hammiidid 9A. This typically oriental Moslem epithet is almost
unique in the west.
46. Piya'-al-Daulah ^jajTjU.
Brightness of the state: Hammudids 9B, 9C. This is the only other such epithet found
on these coins.
47. 'Abd-AUah JjT-^c
Servant of God: the most common epithet, used in reference to the 'Abbasids by

Zirid 8A and all the Murabits; applied to themselves by Hammudids 9A, 9B; Hafsids 15B,
21, 27; most of the Ziyanids and Marinids; Nasrid 8; Watâsids 1-4. Occurs also on
partisan Muwahhid silver and as personal name.
48. Mahdi-al-Din t>.jJl
Guided of the faith: on Muwahhid partisan silver. Epithets in -Dm, like those in
-Daulah, have an oriental flavor.

Epithets
49. Maulana kVy.
Our master: Hafsid 27; Marinids 20, 24. A relatively modern epithet.
50. Nasir-al-D1n jji
Victor of the faith: Murabits 3-6; Marinid 6. A typically oriental epithet.
CONVENTIONAL INSCRIPTIONS
A large majority of the conventional inscriptions on the coins are religious. Of these
some are Koranic, some call down blessings on Muhammad and his family and companions,
some praise 'A1i or the Mahdi, some intercede on behalf of the ruler or the mint, some intro-
duce the clause on the striking of the coin, and others are general expressions of piety. They
are grouped in the order given, being listed alphabetically within each group, and are
followed by secular inscriptions.
A. Koran1c Verses
1. The praise (is) unto God; 1:1.
2. The praise (is) unto God, master of the worlds;
i:1.
3. The honor (is) unto God; 10:66.
4. God (is) excellent as a preserver, and he (is the)
most merciful of the merciful; 12:64.
5. God (is) our master; 7:87, 42:14.
Ljj <JJI
6. God (is the) friend (of); 2:258, 3:61, 45:18.
7. God renders victorious; 30:4.
_raij- (for Koranic D I) <JJ I
8. Verily God (is) observant with the servants;
40:47.
- . ,. J- - *-
9. Verily God commands the justice and the
goodness and sheltering of (the) owners of
kinship, and he forbids the immorality and the

wrongdoing and the injustice; 16:92.
10. Verily we have opened for thee a manifest open- Jjjf ^ 'jj^J (Ui s S3 Qci U
ing so that God may pardon thee for what has - "- -
preceded among thy sin and what came later, SZl ') li; L
and may perfect his grace upon thee, and may
guide thee on a straight path, and that God gtAc. (for Koranic <i^)
may render thee victorious with an honorable
v1ctory; 48:1-3. c5 j-^j Ul^ t^jy j
. - o-,= .
I J, JC <D I
11. In (the) name of God; passim. <L)I Jl
12. In (the) name of God the merciful, the com- >^ 1 ft-j
passionate; passim.
13. May he be blessed who (has) in his hand the J & .A"
kingdom, and he (is) over every thing power- o _ ,
ful;67:1. ^"jT
14. May he be exalted; 27:64. JCj
BE tm y O 5
15. I have relied upon God; 11:59. ^* <Jc
AiJl .-i.
16. My sufficiency (is) God; 9:130, 39:39. D I lSr-
17. My sufficiency (is) God, and how excellent is the <^ I (f0r Koranic uj) ^
trustee; 3:167. , c...
18. Our master, judge between us and our people as ÎJ J*1 k ^j* crrJ..> "2
to the truth, and thou (art the) best of the
arbitrators; 7:87.
19. Our master (is) God; 22:41, 41:30, 46:12. ^jf

20. Our master, upon thee we have relied and unto ,&^\j SLJc j
thee we have returned and unto thee (is) the ,
result; 60:4.
21. God has been merciful to him; 6:16 (Allah <i)T<I3
understood in Koran).
22. God has spoken truth; 3:89, 48:27. <LT JI^
23. Upon him I have relied; 9:130 etc. liS'JT <Si
24. Upon him I have relied and unto him I return; > .j Jjj- ^
I1:90, 42:8
25. Say (that) nothing befalls us except what God ^1 Q ii)T ~-f U Sfl lT~ v*[ jj
has written for us; he (is) our master, and on '
God then let the believers rely; say do you oy*>Jl J^>^ Jcj L;V^
await; 9:51-52. _ , ,
26. (There is) no god except God; passim. ^jjj */l V
'J> $\ aJl'
27. (There is) no god except him; 2:158. 'A S7l V
28. (There is) no god except him the merciful, the in*\!r) l 0*0l y ^l <Jl ^
compassionate; 2:158.
29. (There is) no partner unto him; 6:163. i
30. (There is) no strength except in God; 18:37. .'J*^ 1
J ,5s-l
31. Muhammad (is the) messenger of God; 48:29. <Dl Oyj-****
32. Muhammad (is the) messenger of God; he has a.3'} iS-^\ <AJl
sent him with the guidance and (the) faith of
the truth, so that he may proclaim it above )î < <j'..^,, Jc â" J J*)l
every faith, even if the polytheists dislike (it); . , u,u+ ,
9:33, 61:9 (first four words paraphrased). ^> -r*1l v
t> , u _ o -
33. And whoever has recourse to God, then he has JJ ^ [..*." 1 cr* (
already been guided on a straight path; 3:96. _,
a * - Go.
34. Victory (is) from God; 61:13. <.lJl J^. ^

35. Victory (is) from God and conquest (is) near; ^. J î) <Dl j*
61:13.
36. God has rendered him victorious; 9:40. aDl ^
37. (The) victory of God (is) near; 2:210. r:J^ (for Koranic
38. He (is) the first and the last and the evident and -r?1^lJ ^*'l >*
the hidden, and he (is) in every thing om- o, ',,_.,,
niscient; 57:3. pr isT JH *)
39. And dread a day on which you will be brought ^ <IM Jl
back to God; then every man will be paid o t j s
what he has earned; and they will not be * ) c-JT U <_rJL; J5 Jy
wronged; 2:281.
40. And I entrust my affair to God; 40:47. <Dl Jl j,y \}
41. And God guides whomever he wishes on a ll _^- Jl L-. ^ iS-y j
straight path; 2:209, 24:45.
42. And your god (is) a single God; 2:158. julj a)l
43. And deliver (the) good news to the believers; OopT
2:223 etc.
44. God has promised to those among you who have l>L_ j |JC^. J.jJ l <JJ l jlcj
believed and have practised good works that ' B ~m B .
he will make them successors on the earth as u*j^l ft'. j*i<-ij -ÛJLaJl
he made those who preceded them successors; , . u , .
24:54. (*M O? ot^Jl -*!**- l3
45. And certainly we have written in the psalms, .y ^ uJj
after the invocation, that my servants the ej
righteous shall inherit the earth; 21:105. 0>*)Ul &}*\t'j.j,j3\ o1
S -o U O 5 j U w -o _____
46. And (there is) not the victory except from beside <JJ| xc ^ Vl i.)
God; 3:122.
47. And (there is) not the victory except from <iJl ^ Vl ^l U>
beside God the strong, the wise; 3:122.
48. And whatever (is) unto you of a pleasant (kind), <D l ^ ^ ^ ^ Uj
then (it is) from God; 16:55.
49. And you will not will unless God has willed; 00 <Dl ol<Ul >l o}!^" Uj

verily God is knowing, wise; 76:30. [j^. Cle
50. And (there is) not my success except with God; *Ul * j
11:90.
51. And (there is) not any god except God; 5:77 <Ul >l ^l ^ Uj
(paraphrased). o _0,
(for Koranic j-lj Jj)
> ! . - S<* "
52. And whoever desires other than Islam as a faith, ^ ^ (5*-*' ^=
then it will not be accepted from him; 3:79.
40
53. And whoever desires other than Islam as a faith, ,o -fl"'r.r ô;.': - -
then it will not be accepted from him, and - -1 5 i-^ ^
he (will be) in the end among the perishing; ^^JjjT<^ j J*j
3:79. ^""^"'
54. And whoever fears God, he will establish a way
of escape for him, and will provide for him
from whence he is unaware; 65:2. ':^ y
55. And whoever relies upon God, then he (is) his ^ , ^ v ^
sufficiency; verily God (is) attaining his com- "''
mandment; 65:3. .J.1 k~
56. And whoever relies upon God, then he (is) his <Ul o[ v-* . ^ JTj-:1:
sufficiency; verily God (is) attaining his com- ,, , o. v > -
mandment; certainly God has appointed for ^ J^! <L)I
every thing a measure; 65:3.
57. And he (is) master of the mighty throne; 9:130. r^*-" <^v*JI j*j
58. 0 you who have believed, endure and be patient 1'-T*1 ^1 ^ -
and persevere and fear God, then perhaps you ,, T, . , ,' , <'
.r , t~ r j (for Koran1c I^WiI >j)
w1ll succeed; 3:2oo. 1 -
59. O you who have believed, obey God and obey l^jJlj<lJl L^l L
the messenger and (the) holders of command ,u c:u- 1,
among you; 4:62. IX> y-Vl Jjlj J^.JI
**--_-^_r
60. O thou prophet, we have sent thee as a witness l-t*Li liS'Li-jl LI ,^Jl L^.' L
and a bringer of good news and a warner and a * - ,

summoner to God; 33:44-45. aJl JI ^1 JJ j I ^*j
61. Day of the faith; passim. J.IJl
B. For the Prophet Muhammad
No useful purpose would be served by a detailed analysis with individual translations
of the large group of conventional inscriptions which ring changes on the single theme: the
blessing of God be upon our chief Muhammad and upon his family and companions. An
alphabetical list with occasional notes follows.
62.
63-
64.
65.
-u ko_- ^ <ill
66.
JUst* k".U_ ^ <u|
67-
-Ust* ko_~ ^ <u| ^
68.
-Ust ta-. Mi\
69.
JU** L'JU. 41ll ^
70.
JUSM kj__ ^ <Ul
72.
-Ua* k-U_ Jc <U|
73-
74-
75.
(OuJl ^ seal of the prophets is Koranic; 33:40)

76. Jlj -Usw Jc ill ^
77. a^â" Oiî\ <Jlj Jc J-
78. <Jl Jc>-U** Jc <ul
79. LL-T (J-J "Jl Jcj J* <Ul J*.
80. LL-; (J-j Jcj ju jc <ul J*.
81. <ic Oll
82. ,Jl.j Uc <ul J-
83. Ul_r |Ju-j <Ae <ul
84. Muhammad (is the) messenger of God and his juc> ul
servant.
85. Muhammad (is) our messenger. U.u**
86. Muhammad (is) his messenger and his servant. .-l*> J^-j -u
87. Muhammad (is the) servant of God and his j U>l -Vs
messenger.
88. Muhammad (is) his servant and his messenger. iy)i
89. juaâ k Vkj 41il
90. And Muhammad (is) our prophet. La-,' JUscj
C. For 'AlI (Shi'ite)
91. 'Ah (is the) most distinguished of the agents and t>L-Jl j j.jjj uj-^yl J-il ^ (j)
minister of (the) best of the messengers.
92. 'Ah (is the) friend of God. <ul U Je
D. For the Mahd1
93. (The) messenger of God, who delivered the good oil Jj-j <. jl.
news of it.
E. For the Ruler (relig1ous)
94. I ask help of God; how excellent is the helper. uJll ^ oil o^-\
95. God help him and render him victorious. j^,j
96. God help him and render him victorious by grace c-r <c j <uI
of his compact.
97. I had recourse to God. <ul c^ce\
98. I have trusted in God. <ul cÂ
99. God help ... <ul jJ
1oo. God help his commandment and render strong j*. jclj <ul o.J
his victory.
101. God help him. ul
102. God may he be exalted help him. JLr <ul .-U
103. God may he be exalted help him and render JL <a\
him victorious.
104. God help him and render him victorious. j ml .o, I
105. My trust (is) in God alone. *x*j <ul
106. My sufficiency (is) God alone. <ul ^r-
107. He has summoned.
108. God render victorious ... <ul ^
109. Our defense (is) in God. oil L"^
110. (The) friend of God. oil Jj
111. He asks help of God. <ul o^-.
112. He has recourse to (the) compact of God. (Com- ul j-*, |-~

pare Koran 3:98).
F. For the Mint (relig1ous)
113. God may he be exalted preserve it for the oyLJi JL" <dI LI* I
Moslems.
114. God protect it. <ul 1^1
115. God may he be exalted protect it. JL ul 1^1
116. God may he be exalted protect it by his ofj o: JL" ul 1^1
grace and his generosity.
117. God guard it. uI l^.^
118. God guard it by his grace. cc oil l^.^*.
119. God may he be exalted guard it. JL oil \-j-
120. God may he be exalted guard it by his <t JL <ul
grace.
121. God may he be exalted guard it by his o f} JL <uI L-,^
grace and his generosity.
122. God may he be exalted guard it and protect } JL <ul L-^
it.
Conventional Inscriptions
43
G. For the Str1king (relig1ous)
Most of this group of inscriptions are variations or abridgments of the formula: in the
name of God the merciful, the compassionate this dinar (or dirhem) was struck at .. .
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129. (used only on Jami'id: 24a)
130.
131-
132.
133.
134.
l*e-Jl Cf)\
\ ^J* (^-Jl <u| |*~.
j V> (^Jl a^Jl <l (--.
j pjJl v> ^Jl ^Jl <ul ^
i XlW (l)a* v> ^Jl <>l ^
jL Jl JU y<Ul idSTjc {jr)\ x\
j jb Jl li* <-i jo )\ <u\ ^
^ _>b Jl aa yî; jA <Ul
J v_J Jo Oil >
^jjl (l)JU Jo Oil

j jfjJl (l)4* <ul |
H. Other Relig1ous Inscr1pt1ons
135. The whole commandment (is) unto God.
136. The whole commandment (is) unto God alone.
137. The reliance (is) upon God.
138. God (is) the preserver.
139. The truth.
140. The praise (is) unto God alone.
141. The might and the strength (are) in God.
142. The thanksgiving (is) unto God.
143. The grandeur (is) unto God.
144. The Koran (is) our leader.
145. The Koran (is the) proof of God.
146. The Koran (is the) word of God.
147. God has fostered whoever has relied upon him.
148. God has rendered victorious whoever has relied
upon him.
149. God (is) a friend of whoever has relied upon him,
and has rendered victorious whoever executes
his commandment.
150. The kingdom (is) unto God.
151. The kingdom (is) unto God alone.
152. The grace (is) unto God.
153. The one (is) God.
154. God help them.
155. At (the) commandment of God.
156. May (God) bless it.
uto
4jb-j u &
* J* J*> to
<ul JaUl
J*"
0>.J Ol JujJl (j)
u(l) ;yalj J^Jl (j)
<u ULJl (j)
Uu\ o\ji\
Oil jl ji\
<ul Ji\
u ddll (j)
u 5Clll
<ul al^l
Oil ^-U
<ul yl
157. (There is) no god except God alone. <ul VI Jl V
158. (There is) no might and no strength except in God. ul, Vl iji Vj J_p- V (j)
159. (There is) no conqueror except God. (Nasrid
motto) <uI Vl Jfe V (j)
160. For (the) unity of the eternal God. juÎI o->J
161. How near (is the) succor of God. (Early Ziyanid *u1 gj ^J\ U
motto)
162. What God has wished. <ul b. U
163. How excellent the powerful (is) God. <ul jjlill ^
164. And the asking help (is) unto God. ul iUL->lj
165. And the thanksgiving (is) unto God for his grace. <u*" Jc o)Ij
167. And the guidance (is) from God. <ul y ilojlj
I. For the Ruler (secular)
168. May his victory become illustrious. j*i
169. Power. Zje
170. At (the) command of . . . y\ je
J. For the M1nt (secular)
171. The guarded (applied to Bijayah and Sabtah).
172. (The) vicinity (of . . .)
173. (The) district (of . . .):
174. (The) city (of . . .) oo<
175. City of (the) power of Islam and (of . . .) j ^L.Vl jc
K. For the Str1k1ng (secular)
176. It has been struck.
177. It has been struck at . . .

178. It has been struck in . . . ^ ^j
179. This dirhem has been struck. ^jjl i* ^,
180. It has been coined at . . .
.1 <-, j*0
L. Other Secular Inscr1ptions
181. Quarter of the dinar.
182. Year.
183. Year.
184. (On the) first day of Sha'ban (the eighth month).
185. In (the) year.
<*-*
186. In Sha'ban (the eighth month).
187. In (the) month of the spring (the third or fourth
month).
188. In (the) month of Sha'ban (the eighth month).
189. Former weight.
fJi Ojj
EPIGRAPHY AND ORNAMENTATION
The style and script traditional in the caliphal coinage, round fields surrounded by
unbroken margins in plain Kufi, are characteristic of all the coins at the opening of this
survey. The Zirid coins continued to be based on Fatimid models; the Hammudid silver
was a debased version of that struck by the Spanish Umayyads; the Murabits combined
these styles into a strong simple style of their own which was a model of clarity. A few
Naskhi or part-Naskhi pieces are found among their silver, but Kuf1 greatly predominated.
All this was deliberately changed by the Muwahhids, probably to fulfill the prophecy
that power would be seized by a leader who would alter the currency on the occasion of a
conjunction of certain planets. The style then introduced, which lasted with minor changes
and exceptions for the balance of the late medieval period, included square silver, chiefly in
the cursive Naskhi script, and round gold with field inscriptions in a square inscribed in a
circle, the segments of which also held legends, all in Naskh1 script except for some orna-
mented Kufi introduced by certain early Hafsids and Marinids.
This ornamented Kufi is the script erroneously termed Qarmatic (karmathic) by
many orientalists, although it has no connection whatever with the Qarmat1 heretical
sect. This fallacy has persisted despite complete refutation by Fraehn in the Journal
Asiatique for 1828. The script, which had a wide but short-lived popularity in the last half
of the thirteenth Christian century and the first decade of the fourteenth, was probably
introduced into North Africa by refugees from Andalusia after the fall of Seville.
Vagaries in the spelling of the inscriptions abound. Abu- and ab1- are used inter-
changeably by the Hafsids; masculine and feminine dates, by the Murabitts. Alifs are
inserted in or omitted from such words as ibn-, rahman, ta'ala, and dinar according to the
whim of the engraver. Diacritical marks are usually entirely absent; when present they are
more often ornamental than significant.
In rare cases, punches were used by the engraver to incise straight lines and circles,
especially on Hammudid coins. The general practice, however, was to engrave the design

by hand in reverse on a die like the one described by Marcais. This inevitably led to such
minor errors as the omission or duplication of letters and even of whole words, but these
were held to a reasonable minimum by careful supervision, and faulty dies were frequently
withdrawn and corrected. An index of coins with engraving errors is supplied for the use of
those who desire to pursue this line of inquiry further.
Very few of the dies are signed: two with the name Sa'd in tiny letters, possibly one
with Malik.
Ornamentation, as distinguished from lettering, is extremely limited. None of the
coins bears a pictorial device, and only a few pieces of silver, separately indexed, have a
face covered by a geometrical design. Individual letters and blank spaces are often enhanc-
46
ed by the application of minor scrolls and flourishes, though the effort to decode any
meaning they may have conveyed has been fruitless. Otherwise it is limited to line and
dotted squares surrounding field inscriptions, and occasional lengthening of letters to fill

areas in an esthetically satisfying manner.
MINTING TECHNIQUE
The methods used in striking the late medieval North African coinage are nowhere
clearly described, but can easily be deduced from the money itself and from the coin die
described by Marcais. The obverse was engraved on one tool, the reverse on a base, a cold
metal flan of the correct size was inserted, a blow was struck, and the finished coin was
removed. No cast coins have been found.
Some control was exercised so that obverse and reverse appeared in the desired
relative position, but this was subject to great relaxation. Occasional coins survive, and
are listed in the miscellaneous index, with errors in striking, including the combining of
two obverses, the use of a flan of the wrong size, and such mistakes. Misstruck and double-
struck specimens, however, are not specially noted.
Very few names of mint-masters appear on these coins. Yashir, Malik, and Ibn-Kaukab
may be Murabit mint-masters; others may be indicated by the relatively frequent mint-
marks, consisting of one or more letters of the alphabet.
No systematic study of these mint-marks has been attempted. They are frequently
not mentioned by persons recording coins, so that the existing data are necessarily in-
complete, but they are separately indexed for ready reference.
Mention should be made here of certain Murabit silver on which one side has been
deliberately left blank. Vives ascribes this to a system of indicating denominations, though
not all extant coins fit into his table. These coins are listed in the miscellaneous index, as

are coins with only an ornament on one side instead of a legend.
METROLOGY
Much the larger portion of the coins under examination were made of gold. The Zirid
and Murabit dinar, and presumably the Hammadid, was designed to weigh about 4.2 grams,
with halves and quarters and even eighths weighing correct fractions of that figure. The
Z1rid dinar, of which surviving specimens average 4.11 grams and are known as heavy as
4-35, was 22-24 millimeters in diameter; the Murabit, averaging 4.05 grams and never
over 4.3, was 23-27 millimeters across. Half dinars were 15-16 millimeters, quarters 13-15,
and eighths about 11.
The coins as struck were apparently fairly uniform in size and weight, and the gold
was of good quality. It came across the Sahara from the negroes' regions, in sufficient
quantity to strike a rich and variegated coinage.
With the advent of theMuwahhids the quality and quantity of the gold used apparently
was sustained, but the standard of weight and size was permanently altered. A wide, thin
double dinar was introduced, averaging 4.55 grams, 27-32 millimeters in diameter. The
dinar, averaging 2.27 grams, was 19-22 millimeters; the half, at 1.15 grams, 14-16 milli-
meters, the quarter, at .55, about 13 millimeters. Successor dynasties followed these
specifications with minor alterations; some Hafsid double dinars were slightly smaller,
some Marinid slightly broader; most dinars somewhat broader; a few Ziyanid and Marinid
halves considerably broader; but in general the plan was adhered to without significant
modification.
After the middle of the Muwahhid period the number of specimens diminishes sharply,
with Ziyanid and Wattasid gold definitely scarce. The quality was never seriously di-
minished, and purchasing power remained high, though definite analyses belong rather to
economic than to numismatic history. Apparently far more need of fractional gold existed
under the later dynasties than under the Murabits, whose dinars account for over 99%
of their surviving gold.
The place of silver in the various dynastic coinages varied greatly. For the Hammudids

only silver so base as to be readily considered copper was struck, whereas the Zirids followed
the Fatimids in seldom using silver. The Murabits struck large quantities of silver, both
dirhems of traditional appearance with dates and mints and 1-gram qirats and fractions
thereof as subsidiary small change.
A few electrum coins survive for the Murabits, but no data is available indicating
their denomination or purpose.
The square silver struck by the Muwahhids and Hafsids is plentiful and found
widespread contemporary acceptance being counterfeited extensively among the
Christians of Spain and France. The square dirhems averaged about 1.5 gram and were
13-19 millimeters square. They survive in great numbers, making more unaccountable the
Metrology
49
lack of identifiable Ziyanid silver and the relative scarcity of silver attributable to the
Marinids and the Waftasids.
Silver was presumably mined locally in Morocco and Spain. Its value relative to gold
fluctuated, being never more than one tenth and seldom less than one twentieth by weight.
The purity of the alloy also suffered fluctuations, being depreciated and restored on several
occasions.
Copper was simply not recognized as a precious metal suitable for coinage. Dinars and
square and round dirhems were occasionally imitated in copper or struck in silver so base
as to be distinguishable only with difficulty from it, but the few attempts to coin copper
openly met with violent popular opposition. Only at the very end of Hafsid rule were a
few coppers struck, foreshadowing modern token currency, but this development was

impossible throughout most of the late medieval period in North Africa.
THE RULERS AND THEIR COINAGES
The following chapters cover the coinage of each dynasty as a separate unit. Before
each has been inserted a chronological list of rulers, with a condensed genealogical tree for
each except the Fatimids, the Hudids, and the Ottomans, which have but one ruler apiece
affected by North African numismatic history for the late medieval period. The information
in the lists of rulers has been derived from medieval inscriptions and documents and from
extensive comparison of medieval Arabic histories, chronicles, geographies, biographies,
and other works; it has been corrected or confirmed from evidence found on the coins
themselves. Although the actual coins have been consulted whenever possible, the other
sources have been used in the best modern published versions, as listed in the bibliographies.
When such sources conflict, the more probable has been determined and utilized; when
gaps remained after exhaustive research, I have filled them from modern sources or from
my own conclusions as to the most likely of possible alternatives.
After each item of information there has been placed, within parentheses, a short
reference to one or more sources, in this order: gold (g), electrum (e), silver (s), and copper
(c); inscriptions (B and a number, referring to the historical reference bibliography, part B);
documents (C and a number); medieval Arabic works (A and a number). Failing these,
modern sources (D and a number) or my own conclusions (H) supply the data. Although
this system is rather unwieldy and unattractive, no better way of supplying this essential
reference material has presented itself; it is hoped that familiarity will render it less ob-
jectionable. The parentheses following Christian dates indicate the source from which the
month of the Moslem year was derived, enabling me to specify the correct one of the two
possible Christian years.
The 'Abbasids in North Afr1ca
Sunnite khalifahs of the BanuH-'Abbds of Baghdad a.H. 132-656 (a.D. 749-1258):
1-25 too early.
26-31 generically on Murabrt gold 26-90, 92-446.

31 al-Muqtafi-li-amr-Allah (g, A35h) abu-'Abd-Allah (g, A35h) Muhammad (A35h) ibn-
Ahmad (28; A35h) a.H. 530 (A35h) -555 (A35h) a.d. 1136 (no alternative) -1160
(A35h): generically on Z1rid gold 24a and Murabrfc gold (see above), specified on
Hammadid gold 25.
32-35 no African coins.
36 al-Mustansir-bi-Allah (s, A35h) abu-Ja'far (s, A35h) al-Mansur (A2oa) ibn-Muhammad
(55; A35h) a.H. 623 (A35h) -640 (A2oa) a.d. 1226 (no alternative) -1242 (A2oa):
generically on Hiidid gold 540 and silver 1117-1120, specified on Hudid silver 1121.
The Rulers and their Coinages
5i
37 al-Musta'sim-bi-Allah (A35h), abu-Ahmad (A35h) 'Abd-Allah (A35h) ibn-al-Mansur
(36; A35h) a.h. 640 (A35h) -656 (A35h) a.d. 1242 (A35h) -1258 (A35h): generically on
Hiidid gold 541.
26
Muhammad
27
28
II
29 31
II
30 32
33
34
35
36
37
The 'Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad had once controlled all North Africa, but their sway

had ended with the attainment of independence by the Aghlabids and the Idrisids about
a.d. 8oo, just as it had previously been terminated in Spain by the establishment of the
Umayyad am1rate. The Fattimid conquests in the tenth century had closed all Africa to
them permanently.
With this in mind, it is clear that the appearance of 'Abbasid names and titles on late
medieval North African coins in no respect represented a revival of their temporal power.
What it did signify was a spiritual submission to the theory of a single orthodox Sunnite
caliphate.
This distinction is clearly seen in the Murabit gold coinage. With a single unexplained
exception (91) every piece of Murabit gold accords the epithet 'Abd-Allah and the caliphal
titles al-imam and amir al-mu'minin to this distant and shadowy suzerain, who was never
individually named, though occasionally generically called al-'Abbasi on the later dinars.
For themselves the Murabits adopted the lesser titles al-amir and amir al-muslimin, never
aspiring to full caliphal rank. The silver, not restricted by Moslem political theory to the
caliph, does not carry the deferential formulas.
Shortly after the downfall of the Murabits in a.h. 541, two of their neighbors rendered
analogous numismatic homage to the 'Abbasids. Yahya, the 9th Hammadid, specified al-
52
Muqtafi on a dinar dated 543 (25) reported by Ibn-Khaldun, while the Jami'id Rashid of
Gabes followed the Murabit formula in his 551 dinar (24a). Both of these coins indicate
anti-Fatimid sentiment similar to that motivating the great Zirid revolt, in which 'Abbasid
banners and prayers were substituted for Fatimid, though for some reason the 'Abbasid
caliphs were never mentioned on the Sunnite Zirid coins of al-Mu'izz.
Both Yahya and Rashid fell, like the Murabits, before the powerful Muwahhid military
machine, and the 'Abbasids disappeared from North African coins for nearly eighty years.
The Banu-Ghaniyah, collateral descendants of the Murabitts, invaded Tunisia from their
Balearic stronghold, and referred to the 'Abbasids as suzerains in their Friday prayers,
following family tradition, but no coins exist for their decades of banditry on the Muwahhid
frontiers. If any are ever located, they may be expected to bear 'Abbasid formulas.
During the Muwahhid collapse after a.h. 624 Ibn-Hud made good his independence in
Spain and struck several coins in nominal allegiance to the distant 'Abbasid caliph, as an
act of defiance to the Muwahhids. The only Hudid coins considered in this study are those
few struck in North Africa; during the three months of a.h. 630 that Ibn-Hud controlled
Ceuta both gold (540) and silver (1117-1120) were apparently struck there, with pro-
'Abbasid legends replacing the normal Muwahhid ones.
A further step was taken by the shaykh al-Yanashti, who governed Ceuta for the next
five years and coined silver in the name of the 36th 'Abbasid, al-Mustansir,dated635 (1121).
The final 'Abbasid coin struck in North Africa (541), although mintless and dateless,
can confidently be ascribed to the amir al-'Azafi at Ceuta between a.h. 647 and the termin-
ation of the 'Abbasid caliphate in 656 by the Mongol Hulagu.
With the end of the caliphate proper came the end of numismatic recognition in
North Africa, for the puppet-caliphs maintained by the Mamliiks at Cairo seem to have
exercised no such dominance over occidental loyalties as their legitimate predecessors had

done for five centuries.
The Fatimids in North Afr1ca
ShiHte imams of the Banu-Fatimah of Cairo a.h. 297-567 (a.d. 909-1171).
1-7 too early.
8 al-Mustansir-bi-Allah (g, A35e) abu-Tamim (g, A41a) Ma'add (g, A35e) ibn-'Ali (7; A35e)
a.H. 427 (A18b) -487 (A18b) a.d. 1036 (A18b) -1094 (A18b): specified on Zirid gold 1,
2, 15-23.
Although the Shi'ite Fatimid imams had risen to power in Tunisia, they resolved in
a.D. 969 to shift their seat of government to newly-conquered Egypt, leaving North Africa
under a governor. For this post was chosen the able Sanhajah Berber general Bulukkin
ibn-Ziri; the demands of loyalty were dutifully fulfilled by him, by his son al-Mansur, and
by al-Mansur's son Badis. By the fourth generation, however, the bonds had greatly
slackened, and the combined motives of personal ambition, Sunnite proclivities, and
apparent security from reprisal led to the Zirid revolt of al-Mu'izz ibn-Badis.
The historians give a variety of dates for the various steps in this revolt; the coins
afford an exact chronology. The standard Fatimid dinars minted at al-Mahdiyah and al-
53
Mansuriyah through a.H. 438 represent the old order; both mint cities were named for
Fatimid founders. The first sign of aversion appeared in 439, when the old name Sabrah was
used instead of al-Mansuriyah, though Fatimid formulas were retained and al-Mustansir
was named as suzerain; no further change occurred in 440.
With 441, however, the revolt became unequivocal. The dinars of that and subsequent
years eliminated all reference to al-Mustansir, substituted Sunnite for Shi'ite formulas,
and were usually minted at Kairouan. As far as Arabic historians disclose, the revolt was
final, though numismatists have long known of later coins naming al-Mustansir and struck
at al-Mahdiyah.
Apparently Farrugia de Candia was the first to make the obvious deduction that the
Zirids must have sought a reconciliation with their vindictive former overlord, who had
sent the Banii-Hilal and the Banu-Sulaym to ravage Tunisia. Whether this tardy remorse
was accepted by al-Mustansir cannot now be determined, but since the new series con-
tinued for ten years, it may be supposed to have met with some measure of success.
The net effect from the Fatimid point of view may be briefly recapitulated. Until 438,
normal dinars. In 439 and 440, normal dinars (1, 2) except for the ominous change in
mint-name. From 441 to 449, rebellion. From 449 to 454, resumption of normal dinars
under al-Mu'izz. From 454 to 459, continuation of normal dinars under Tamim. After 459,
nothing, despite one coin reported for 480 but rejected as unbelievable.
Thus the long history of Fatimid coinage in North Africa came to its final close in 459,
as far as surviving coins indicate. The last quarter-century, analysed here, was perhaps the
most important, revealing as it does a vital diplomatic development of which no written
record seems to have survived.
The nominal Fatimid suzerainty over the Hammadids of eastern Algeria probably
lasted somewhat longer but does not seem to have been reflected on coins, for the only

recorded coin of this dynasty (25) is said by Ibn-Khaldun to have been struck on the
occasion of the disavowal of Fatimid supremacy.
The Z1rids of Tun1s1a
Sanhdjah Berber rulers of the Banu-Ziri of Tunisia a.H. 362-543 (a.d. 972-1148).
1-3 too early.
4 abu-Tamim (B11, A27b) al-Mu'izz (B11, A35e) ibn-Badis (3; B11, A35e) a.h. 406 (A35e)
-454 (A35e) a.d. 1016 (A41a) -1062 (A36c):
First series (for Fatimid 8) a.h. 439 (g) -440 (g, A35e) gold 1, 2.
Second series (independent) a.h. 441 (g,A41a) -449 (g) anonymous gold 3-14,
anonymous silver 871.
Third series (for Fatimid 8) a.h. 449 (g) -454 (A35e) gold 15-17.
4A Hammu (A35e) ibn-Malil (A35e) independent Barghawatah Berber governor of Sfax
a.h. 451 (A35e) -493 (A35e) a.d. 1059 (H) -1099 (D9) anonymous gold 24.
5 abu-Yahya (A30c) Tamim (Bn, A35e) ibn-al-Mu'izz (4; Bn, A35e) a.h. 454 (g, A35e)
-501 (A35e) a.d. 1062 (A36c) -1108 (A36c):
First series (for Fatimid 8) a.H. 454 (g, A35e) -459 (g) gold 18-23.
Second series (independent) a.h. 459 (H) -501 (A35e) no coins.
54
6 abu-Tahir (A36c) Yahya (A35e) ibn-Tam1m (5; A35e) a.h. 501 (A35e) -509 (A35e)
a.d. 1108 (A41a) -1116 (A41a) no coins.
7 abii'l-Futuh (A35e) 'Ali (A35e) ibn-Yahya (6; A35e) a.h. 509 (A35e) -515 (A35e) a.d.
1116 (A41a) -1121 (A41a) no coins.
8 abu-Yahya (A36c) al-Hasan (A35e) ibn-'Ali (7; A35e) a.h. 515 (A35e) -543 (A35e)
a.d. 1121 (A41a) -1148 (A41a) no coins.
8A Rashid (g) ibn-Rashid (g, A35e) independent Jami'id Arab governor of Gabes a.h.
5xx (?) -554 (A84e) a.d. 115x (?) -1159 (H) gold (for 'Abbasid 31, not identified) 24a.
Zir1 Not related
I 4A, 8A

The history of the Sanhajah Berber dynasty known as the Zirids is successively one of
prosperity, disaster, and redirection. From a.h. 372, the effective date of Bulukk1n's
governorship, to 438 their numismatic history is that of provincial Fatimid mints.
This study opens in 439 with the first stirrings of revolt, the substitution on otherwise
normal Fatimid dinars of the ancient name Sabrah for theFatjimid al-Mansuriyah. Al-Mu'izz
struck Shi'ite dinars of this type through 440, anonymous Sunnite coins from 441 to 449,
and Shi'ite dinars from 449 to his death in 454; these were continued through 459 by his
son Tamim. Apparently no further coins were struck by members of the main Zirid dynasty.
These sparse facts suggest many questions, to which only the most tentative answers
can be supplied. The motives for the revolt are well known: al-Mu'izz's ambition and
Sunnism buttressed by his misplaced feeling of security. Apparently no one event was the
occasion for his rebellion, but rather a general sense that the time was ripe.
Numismatically, the changes made in 441 were not far-reaching. The shape, weight,
and diameter of the standard dinar were retained; quarters and eighths were occasionally
minted for change, with scanty silver, just as under the Fatimids. Only the inscriptions
were altered, but this was done thoroughly. The Shi'ite praise of 'Ali was eliminated from
the obverse face; for the Fatimid names and titles on the reverse face was substituted a
55
Koranic quotation; another replaced the previous obverse margin; even the mint inscription
on the reverse margin was altered.
The new style lasted at Kairouan through 448, with a similar coin from Sfax ascribed
to 449. In that year al-Mu'izz fled to the fortified port of al-Mahdiyah, leaving the rest of
Tunisia to be pillaged by the Arab invaders. His coins from 449 to his death in 454 were
struck at al-Mahdiyah, where his son Tamim as governor had already coined Sunnite
dinars for him in 446 and 447.
The unexpected fact is that the final group is Shi'ite in every respect. 'Ali is venerated;
al-Mustansir is named and accorded caliphal titles; the concentric style is revived. There
can be no possible doubt as to the significance of all this: an attempt at reconciliation with
al-Mustansir, inexplicably ignored or suppressed in medieval Arabic histories.
This Shi'ite series was continued by Tamim through 459; its duration, and the variety
in styles utilized, suggest acceptance by Cairo as a Fatimid mint in good standing from
449 to 459. Motives on both sides are easy to understand: the Zirids seeking any ally
against the ferocious horde devastating Tunisia and vainly hoping that al-Mustansir could
control the destroyers he had loosed; the Fatimid delighted with his revenge and welcoming
the subservient penitent as a testimony to his firm way with dissenters.
Between 459 and the Sicilian conquest of al-Mahdiyah in 543, the Zirids, ruling chiefly
the capital with little or no hinterland, capitalized on adversity by turning seaward. A
judicious alternation of commerce and corsairship partially restored their power and
prosperity. For what reason, then, did they not resume coining money?
The answer must surely be sought in the cutting by nomad Arabs of their source of
supply for raw gold, previously shipped across the Sahara by camel caravan. What gold
they secured by trade or raid was already minted, and adequate to their needs. Silver had
always been rare in Tunisia, even in Aghlabid times. And finally, if any coins were struck by

the later Zirids, they were probably looted by the Sicilian Normans and eventually melted
into bullion.
The relatively few surviving Zirid coins are chiefly gold dinars weighing about 4.05
grams, with a diameter of about 23 millimeters, neatly struck, in Kuf1 script. The inscrip-
tions on the Sh1'ite series are identical with standard Fatimid legends; the Sunnite ones,
being anonymous, are remarkable only in the unusual minting phrase "struck in (the) city
of (the) power of Islam and al-Qayrawan", ironic in view of the fact that Kairouan would
soon lie utterly in ruins.
An anonymous dinar of Zirid type (24) is, because of its mint and date, ascribed by
Farrugia de Candia to the independent Barghawatah Berber governor of Sfax Hammu
ibn-Malil, whose attack on al-Mahdiyah was defeated by Tam1m. Its date, 461, is the latest
known for Tunisia before the Sicilian conquest.
A still more unusual Murabit-style dinar (24a) is reported by Prieto y Vives as struck
at Qabis in 551 by al-Rashid ibn-Rafi'. Since his illustration is execrable, and since the al-
Rashid to whom he refers died in 543 and was not the son or descendant of Rafi', I at first
reluctantly rejected this coin, until I located the Schulman specimen, the clear photograph
of which disproves its ascription to Qadis (Cadiz) for 552. Prolonged scrutiny led me to the
present reading, al-Rashid ibn-Rashid, suggesting one of the two sons of Prieto's al-Rashid
who ruled between his death and the Muwahhid conquest of Gabes in 554, with Sicilian
interruptions. Ibn-Khaldiin gives their names as Muhammad and Mudafi'; the latter
signifies postponing and is probably a nick-name, so it seems a reasonable assumption
that the dinar was struck by the last Jami'id under his real name al-Rashid.
Any alternative explanation would have either to identify another person named al-
Rash1d who could have ruled Gabes in 551 or to explain why the first al-Rashid was not
ibn-Kamil, .as Ibn-Kaldun calls him, as well as the discrepancy in dates. Perhaps my
solution requires fewer untenable assumptions than its competitors.
No coins are recorded for the other local Arab and Berber rulers of cities or tribes in
Tunisia, Tripolitania, or eastern Algeria during this turbulent period, though some few of
them may have minted a little gold.
Sanhdjah Berber rulers of the Banu-Hammdd of eastern Algeria a.h. 405-547 (a.d.
1014-1152).
1 too early.
2 al-Qa'id (A35e) ibn-Hammad (j; A35e) a.h. 419 (A35e) -446 (A35e) a.d. 1028 (A41a)
-1055 (A41a) no coins.
3 Muhsan (A35e) ibn-al-Qa'id (2; A35e) a.h. 446 (A35e) -447 (A35e) a.d. 1055 (A41a)
4 Bulukkin (A35e) ibn-Muhammad ibn-Hammad (j; A35e) a.H. 447 (A35e) -454 (A35e)
a.d. 1055 (A41a) -1062 (A41a) no coins.
5 al-Nasir (C12,A35e) ibn-'Alannas ibn-Hammad (j; A35e) a.H. 454 (A35e) -481 (A35e)
a.d. 1062 (A41a) -1088 (A41a) no coins.
6 al-Mansfir (A35e) ibn-al-Nasir (5; A35e) a.h. 481 (A35e) -498 (A35e) a.d. 1088 (A41a)
-1104 (D9,D14) no coins.
7 Badis (A35e) ibn-al-Mansur (6; A35e) a.h. 498 (A35e) -498 (A41a) a.d. 1104 (D9,D14)
The Hammad1ds of Eastern Alger1a

Zirid 1
Muhammad
'Alannas
The Rulers and their Coinages 57
8 al-'Azlz (A35e) ibn-al-Mansur (6; A35e) a.h. 498 (A41a) -515 (A35e) a.d. 1105 (A41a)
-1121 (A60b) no coins.
9 Yahya (g,A35e) ibn-al-'Aziz (8; g.Atfe) a.H. 515 (A35e) -547 (A35e) a.d. 1121 (A60b)
-1152 (C11) gold (for 'Abbasid 31) 25.
The numismatic history of the Hammadid dynasty must be based oh somewhat
inadequate material, for the sad fact is that no coin survives which has been soundly
attributed to these Sanhajah Berber cousins and rivals of the Zirids.
Between Hammad's declaration of independence in a.h. 405 and al-Mansur's accession
in 481 no coins were minted, according to Ibn-Khaldun, but between 481 and the Muwahhid
conquest in 547 several coins must have been struck; we know only the 543 dinar (25)
described by Ibn-Khaldun, of which no surviving specimen is recorded. M. de Beylie, who
excavated Qal'at Bam-Hammad, provided in an appendix to his volume a group of
preposterous sketches, purporting to represent this and other Hammadid coins; fortunately,
he expressed serious doubts of their reliability. He also included a photograph of a coin he
dug up and attributed to al-Mansur, the 6th Hammadid, on unascertainable grounds. It
appears to be a well-worn Fatimid dinar of indeterminable mint and date; the original,
supposedly in the Bibliotheque Nationale, cannot be located.
The external politics of the Hammadids were to counter their kinsmen, the Zirids.
Whichever supported the 'Abbasids would find its neighbor in the Fatimids' camp. Each
strove to turn the Arab hordes, and the Sicilian Normans, against the other. Before the
Arab invasions they were military rivals; afterwards, piratica1. When the last Zirid was
defeated by the Sicilians, he fled for refuge to the last Hammadid, who put him in prison.
The Hammud1ds 1n North Africa
'Alid Arab rulers of the Banu-Hammud of Malaga a.h. 407-449 (a.d. 1016-1057).
1-5 too early.
6 Idris II (s,A48a) ibn-Yahya I (3; A48a) a.h. 434 (A6b) -446 (s,A6b) a.d. 1043 (A48a)

-1055 (notes to A48a):
Without heir a.h. 434 (A6b) -439 (H) a.d. 1043 (A48a) -1047 (H) too early.
With heir Muhammad (9; s,A27c) a.h. 439 (s) -446 (s, A6b) a.D. 1047 (H) -1055
(notes to A48a) silver 872-879.
interregnum between end of dynasty proper and independence of 9A a.h. 449 (D9) -453
(A27c) a.D. 1057 (D9) -1061 (H).
9A Saqaut (s.c.A9o) ibn-Muhammad (H) Barghawatah Berber governor of Ceuta a.H.
453 (A27c) -471 (A90) a.d. 1061 (H) -1078 (H):
With heir al-'Izz (9B; s,c,A27c) silver 880-886, copper 1157-1160.
9B al-'Izz (s,A27c) ibn-Saqaut (9A; A35e) Barghawattah Berber governor of Ceuta a.h.
471 (A90) -476 (A35e) a.d. 1078 (H) -1083 (A35e):
With heir Saqaut (9C; s) silver 887.
Hammud
Not related
9A
9B
9C
Pre-eminent among the petty kings who divided up Umayyad Spain in the early
eleventh century were, at first, the Hammudids of Malaga, but by a.h. 439, when this study
starts, they had been outmatched by the 'Abbadids of Seville, and even within their tiny
state they dissipated their strength in internecine warfare. A branch of the family held
Algeciras, while the main dynasty also ruled Ceuta in Africa, bringing them within the
scope of this study.
The only member of the dynasty proper to coin at Ceuta after 439 was the6th, Idris II,
with his son Muhammad as heir. He struck only silver of poor alloy, like all his family, of
whom Muhammad I, Idris III, and al-Qasim II were at war with him after 438. It was for
this reason that he was often forced to take refuge at Ceuta, where his support was centered,
though he also spent some time in prison there.
His dirhems are similar to those of the later Spanish Umayyads and the other petty

kings in style and content. He assumed caliphal titles and epithets but did not mention his
descent. The script is a thin degenerate Kuf1.
After the collapse of the dynasty in 449, Ceuta was held by a succession of non-royal
adventurers culminating in the Barghawatah Berber Saqaut and his posterity. His coins,
in an illegible stubby Kuf1 script on silver so base it is usually termed copper, are none-
theless important. They are said by Vives to date from 455 to 467, but del Rivero, who is
far from infallible, challenges all dates prior to 464. 462 does exist; for 455 and 456, doubt
may be justified.
They are crowded with names, titles, and epithets. Saqaut is al-Mansur, al-Ma'an,
Baha'-al-Daulah. He, or some person unknown, is al-imam, 'Abd-Allah, amir al-mu'min1n.
His son al-Tzz is al-hajib, the chancellor.
The tough, elderly ex-slave who assumed this welter of nomenclature died in battle
against the Murabit Yiisuf ibn-Tashfin, leaving al-Tzz to continue the defense of Ceuta.
This he managed for an incredible five additional years before being captured; by insolence
he provoked Yusuf into killing him untortured. His embattled tenure 471-476 is
represented numismatically by a mintless, dateless base silver dirhem with the field
inscriptions inside octagons.
Again he, or some unknown and unspecified person, is al-imam, 'Abd-Allah, am1r al-
mu'minin. He is Diya'-al-Daulah, which is, like his father's Baha'-al-Daulah, an epithet
59
with an oriental flavor not found elsewhere in this study. And al-hajib is Saqaut, Diya'-al-
Daulah too. Though the latter is generally presumed to be al-Tzz's father, no explanation
has been offered for the change in epithets or for his appearance as chancellor following his
undoubted death. My own conclusion is that a third generation is involved, with the
younger Saqaut as heir to his father al-Tzz and sharing the same epithet. He is not
mentioned by historians.
Of the other pre-Murabit rulers of Morocco no coins survive dated after a.h. 439,
unless some of the curious small gold coins ascribed by Brethes to the Banu-Khazriin of
Sijilmasah are that late. As noted in the corpus, these coins are not available for study, nor
are published descriptions and plates adequate; there are probably many such coins to be
unearthed by archaeologists and ethnologists in Morocco for the use of later generations of
scholars.
The Murab1t Sect
Lamtunah Berber rulers of the Murdbitun a.h. 448-541 (a.d. 1056-1147).
j Abu-Bakr (g,s,c,A35e) ibn-'Umar (g,s,c,A35e) a.h. 448 (A84e) -480 (g,A35e) a.d. 1056
(A84e) -1087 (A84d) gold (for 'Abbasids 26 and 27, not identified) 26-52, silver 888-890,
copper 1161.
1A 'Ali (g) ibn-x (?) governor of Sijilmasah about a.h. 459 (H) a.d. 1067 (H) gold (for
'Abbasid 26, not identified) 53.
1B Ibrahim (g) ibn-Abi-Bakr (1; g) governor of Sijilmasah a.H. 462 (g) -467 (g) a.D. 1070
(H) -1074 (H) gold (for 'Abbasid 26, not identified) 54-57.
2 Yusuf (g,s,Bn,A35e) ibn-Tashfin (cousin of 1; g,s,Bn,A35e) a.h. 480 (g,A35e) -5oo
(g,A36c) a.d. 1087 (A84d) -1106 (A36c):
Without heir a.h. 480 (g,A35e) -496 (A84d) a.d. 1087 (A84d) -1103 (A84d) gold
(for 'Abbasids 27 and 28, not identified) 58-120, silver 891-901.

With heir 'Ali (3; g,s,A35e) a.h. 496 (A84d) -5oo (g,A36c) a.d. 1103 (A84d) -1106
(A36c) gold (for 'Abbasid 28, not identified) 121-151, silver 902-904.
3 'AH (g,e,s,c,A35e) ibn-Yusuf (2; g,e,s,c,A35e) a.h. 5oo (A36c) -537 (g,A35e) a.d. 1106
(A36c) -1143 (A36c):
Without heir a.h. 5oo (A36c) -522 (g) a.d. 1106 (A36c) -1128 (no alternative) gold
(for 'Abbasids 28 and 29, not identified) 152-291, electrum 939, silver 905-938,
940-967, 970-972, anonymous silver 968, 969, copper 1162-1169.
With heir Sir (3A; g,e,s,A51b) a.h. 522 (g) -533 (g) a.d. 1128 (no alternative) -1139
(H) gold (for 'Abbasids 29-31, not identified) 292-361, electrum 991, 992,
silver 973-990, 993, 994.
With heir Tashfin (4; g,s,A35e) a.h. 533 (g,A84d) -537 (g,A35e) a.d. 1139 (H) -1143
(A36c) gold (for 'Abbasid 31, not identified) 362-403, silver 995-1017.
4 Tashfin (g,s,A35e) ibn-'Ali (3; g,s,A35e) a.h. 537 (g,A35e) -540 (g.As1c) a.d. 1143
(A84e) -1145 (A51c):
Without heir a.h. 537 (g, A35e)~538 (A91) a.d. 1143 (A84e) -1144 (A91) gold (for
'Abbasid 31, not identified) 404-421, silver 1018-1033.
With heir Ibrahim (5; g,s,A35e) a.H. 538 (g.A91) -540 (g.As1c) a.D. 1144 (A91)
-1145 (A51c) gold (for 'Abbasid 31, not identified) 422-432, silver 1034-1038.
6o
5 Ibrahim (A35e) ibn-Tashfin (4; Atfe) a.H. 540 (A51c) -540 (H) a.d. 1145 (A51c) -1145
(H) no coins.
6 Ishaq (g,s,A35e) ibn-'Ali (3; g,s,A35e) a.H. 540 (g) -541 (g,A35e) a.d. 1145 (H) -1147
(A35e) gold (for 'Abbasid 31, not identified) 433-442, silver 1039-1052.
6A Yahya (g,A35e) ibn-Ab1-Bakr ibn-'AH (3; g,A35e), called al-Sahrawi (A35e), rebel at
Ceuta against Muwahhids a.H. 542 (A35e) -543 (g,A84e) a.d. 1147 (H) -1148 (H) gold
(for 'Abbasid 31, not identified) 443.
6B Yahya (C11,A35e) ibn-'Ali (C11, A35e), called Ibn-Ghaniyah (A35e), Massufah Berber
governor of Granada a.h. 541 (A51c) -543 (C11,A35e) a.d. 1147 (A51c) -1148 (Cn)
gold (for 'Abbasid 31, not identified, and the Banu-Tashfin) 446, silver (for the Banu-
Tashfin) 1053-1056.
6C Maymun (A35e) ibn-Badr (Codera) Lamtunah Berber governor of Cordova until a.h.
549 (A35e) a.d. 1154 (H) gold (for 'Abbasid 31, not identified, and the Banu-Tashfin)
445.
6D unidentified governor of Nul Lamtah about a.h. 542 (g) a.d. 1147 (H) anonymous
gold (for 'Abbasid 31, not identified) 444.
Related
through
mother
6B
Talakakin
'Umar
Yahya
1B

Ibrahim
Tashfin
Not related
1A?
6C
6D?
Abu-Bakr
6A
3A
After the sparse coinage of their predecessors and contemporaries, the Murabits
provide a splendid contrast. Here we have available a rich and bountiful series generous in
proper names, titles, mints, and dates.
None of this was to be expected of the puritanical sect established by the reformer
'Abd-Allah ibn-YaS1n among the veiled (mulaththimun) tribesmen of the Sahara. After
the death, in battle against negroes of Ghana to the south, of the founder and of his skilled
general Yahya ibn-'Umar, al-Lamtum, Yahya's brother Abu-Bakr assumed command of
the Murabit (outpost) army, and is generally considered to have been the first temporal
ruler of the sect and the founder of the ruling dynasty.
Sijilmasah, the first important city taken by the Murabits, fell in a.h. 446; Abu-Bakr
assumed command in 448; his first surviving dinar was struck there in 450. Yet the pattern
61
established by this grave and uncultured desert chieftain in this remote Moroccan stronghold
was followed without important alteration by his veiled successors ruling not only Morocco
but all Moslem Spain, and was fully worthy of that prosperous and civilized land.
The coinage was based on the gold dinar, with a weight of about 4.2 grams and an
average diameter of 25 millimeters. Over 15oo specimens are reported, with over 4oo having
recorded weights averaging 4.05 grams. Much of this was struck in Spain, through the raw
gold doubtless was obtained from the negroes south of the Sahara, and was thus the first
large quantity of gold struck in western Europe since Roman times. Spanish Christian gold
was directly patterned on that of their Moslem foes.
Very little fractional gold is known: two half dinars (52, 210) and a single quarter
dinar (91). Of more interest are the few electrum coins reported (939, 991, 992), the only
instance in this study of the use of this alloy; I have not discovered the name applied to
these electrum coins or their relative value.
A substantial amount and great variety of Murabit silver exists. Denominations
include both the old dirhem, the size of a dinar but varying in weight, and the new qirat,
about 13 millimeters in diameter and averaging .95 gram, with halves, quarters, eighths,
and even sixteenths thereof. Mints are often named, but more often not; the great assort-
ment of types suggests widespread minting with considerable local autonomy.
Copper is restricted to a few imitation dinars and dirhems which may have been
debased official issues but were probably contemporary forgeries.
Nearly half the known gold coins included in this survey are Murabit, and nearly half
the total number of specimens recorded. This prolific minting within less than a century
must reflect an extraordinary prosperity, which had the usual effect of softening up the
heirs of the warriors so that they fell easy prey to the next wave of hardy Berber invaders,
the fanatical Muwahhids.

Except for a few silver pieces in Naskhi, or Kiifi and Naskhi, the Murabit coins are
engraved in a plain Kiifi, somewhat coarse at the start but usually clear and elegant. The
usual terse religious invocation precedes the name and title of the ruler and of his heir, if
any, on the obverse field.
The reverse field is normally devoted to the 'Abbasid caliph: al-imam, 'Abd-Allah,
amir al-mu'minin, sometimes al-'Abbasi. The obverse margin is Koranic; the reverse
contains the minting inscription with mint and date, an estimable custom from the
historian's point of view. Because of this, there is little difficulty in attributing Murabit gold,
while the silver is almost equally straightforward.
Abu-Bakr, with the title al-amir, struck dinars at Sijilmasah from 450 to 480. The 450
pattern recurs for every succeeding year except three small clusters: 452-453, 459-460, and
464-466. In 452 a slightly different pattern was tried, but soon discarded. The second gap
probably corresponds to the dinar (53) dated 45x, the last digit being punched out, struck
by one 'Ali, who is otherwise completely unidentified; the assumption is that he was a
relative or lieutenant left in command while Abu-Bakr led a military expedition southward.
The same theory would account for the dinars (54-57) dated 462 to 466 or 467 and struck
by al-amir Ibrahim ibn-Abi-Bakr, obviously a son left in temporary command, though he
is overlooked by the Arabic historians.
These historians say that in 453 Abu-Bakr turned Morocco over to his cousin and
62
lieutenant Yusuf ibn-Tashfin, devoting the remainder of his life to spreading Islam by
militant methods among the negroes of the Senegal region. Yusuf's 27-year tenure as
viceroy, before Abu-Bakr's death in battle in 480, left no slightest numismatic traces in
direct contradiction of several Arabic chroniclers though during this period he founded
Marrakesh, conquered Fez and Ceuta in Morocco, took Tlemcen in Algeria, and defeated
the Spanish Christians at Zallaca.
Again contrary to the evidence of the Arabic historians, when Yusuf did assume power
in 480 he did not adopt the title amir al-muslimin, for all his coins limit themselves simply
to al-amir.
Commencing with Sijilmasah alone, Yiisuf slowly added other mints: Ceuta (484),
Fez (484), Aghmat (486), Cordova (486), Seville (489), Jativa (489), Marrakesh (490), San
Lucar (491), Almeria (492), Granada (493), Tlemcen (494), Nul (494), Malaga (494),
Denia (495), Alcantara (496), and Baeza (497). Not all of these struck annually, but they
turned out a substantial number of standardized dinars and a handful of silver.
Among the few innovations found on Yusuf's dinars are mint-marks (often once j,)
and the first instance of the substitution of Je for its synonym <i_, year (112). Both of
these novelties were to become very common on later Murabn) gold.
In 496 Yusuf had his son 'Ali proclaimed heir apparent, and this event was reflected
on half of the surviving issues of 497, while by 499 all the mints then striking had redesigned
their dies to honor the heir. Apparently each mint was free to do this when and how it
willed, to judge from the variety of solutions contrived; even mints using the mark K,
thought by some to designate a common mint-master, followed no common course. A
Sijilmasah dinar (172) outdid itself by implying that 'Ali rather than Yusuf was ruling, a
change which actually occurred in 5oo, on the first day of which Yusuf died at a very
advanced age.

All coins of Yusuf dated 5oo (132, 140, 146, 147) are presumably posthumous issues
from previously prepared dies; for convenience they are grouped with his regular coins.
The coinage as inherited by 'Ali might be characterized thus; mostly gold, of high
quality and regularity, well engraved and well struck at almost every important city of
Morocco and Andalusia, with considerable autonomy at each mint as regards selection and
arrangement of legends on both gold and silver. During his tranquil reign of 37 years it
flourished and proliferated abundantly. Chronological subdivisions are provided by the
proclamation as heir apparent of his son S1r in 522 and of his son Tashfin in 533 after
Sir's death.
His African mints in 500 were Aghmat, Sijilmasah, and Marrakesh, to which were
added Fez (501), Nul (501), Tlemcen (505), Sala (508), Ban1-Tawada (513), and Ceuta and
Meknes (dateless silver). Sijilmasah, which had recognized him prematurely, continued to
accord him only the family title al-amir until 520, but the others used the sub-caliphal
amir al-muslimin from 5oo.
Mints for dinars in Spain were Seville (from 510), where a slight rearrangement of the
obverse face was made, and where a mint-master named Yashir added his name to the
coins after 519, Valencia (5oo-512), Algeciras (507-509), Denia (5oo-504), Jativa (5oo only),
Granada (from 501), where a new reverse margin was introduced in 519 and in 520 a
special annotation treated in the following paragraph, Cordova (503 only), Loja (511 only),
63
Malaga (5oo-506), Murcia (501-512), where oddly anonymous dirhems were also struck,
and Almerica (from 506). It is noteworthy that only Seville, Granada, and Almeria were in
operation as this period ended.
Granada's innovation of 520 was the insertion of the words "waznu qadimu", former
weight, outside the inner circle. This implication of a deficiency made good will not bear
scrutiny; 30 Granada dinars struck between 501 and 520 average 3.97- grams, while 12
with the new claim average 3.94+; apparently this was merely bureaucracy at work, twelfth
century model.
Several of the dinar mints also struck silver, as did Saragossa, Jerez, and Cuenca.
Much of the mintless silver is also probably attributable to Spain; it is varied and well-
executed, but does not require detailed comment.
The eleven years in which Sir was heir, 522-533, found his name added by each mint
as local option specified. Aghmat, Sijilmasah, Fez, Marrakesh, and Nul Lamtah continued
to be the African dinar mints, with Ceuta and Tangier coining silver. Seville, with Yashir
as mint-master, Granada, and Almeria struck dinars in Spain; Murcia continued dirhems.
The final years 533-537, with Tashfin as heir, used the same five Moroccan dinar
mints, with Tlemcen in western Algeria, while Ceuta still coined silver. Al-'Abbas! was
often added to the reverse field, and minor varieties proliferated. Only Seville and Almeria
continued in Spain, where insurrection threatened, with silver from Jaen.
Thus over the long generation of 'Ali's reign the coinage remained fairly stable in
appearance, weight, and legends, but the mints gradually closed and those which stayed
open lost their fine judgment, changing styles rapidly and overcrowding fields and margins
as if the insertion of an extra pious phrase afforded more in spiritual merit than it cost in
artistic self-respect.
The same mints for gold that had served Tashfin as heir of 'Ali continued to serve him

as ruler. His own dinars, especially those on which his son Ibrahim appears as heir, tend to
be overcrowded in field and margin, and their style was changed more frequently than
necessary. Codera made skillful use of the 540 Tlemcen dinar (406) to refute the Arabic
historians' oft-repeated assertion that Tashfin's death occurred at Oran in Ramadan of 539.
His silver is wholly mintless except for a Cordovan coin which must have been struck by
the petty king Hamdin ibn-Muhammad.
No coins exist for Ibrahim's brief reign in 540.
Hamdin must also have been responsible for two (441, 442) of the few dinars bearing
Ishaq's name; they were minted at Cordova in 540 and 541. Granada was revived as a
dinar mint along with Seville, for Almeria had fallen to Christian assailants. Similarly,
available mints in Morocco were limited to Aghmat, Marrakesh, and Nul Lamtah, and the
number of issues dropped sharply under heavy Muwahhid pressure, though a good deal of
mintless silver was coined.
The fall of Marrakush and execution of Ishaq in 541 brought the main dynasty to its
close, but Murabit garrisons held out in several strongholds. The dinar (443) struck by al-
Sahrawi at Ceuta in 543 gives his genealogy, his sub-caliphal and extraordinary spiritual
pretensions, and the true date of his surrender, often set at 542. The dinars (445, 446) and
silver minted in memory of the Banii-Tashfin mark the continued resistance of Cordova
and Granada.
64
Nul Lamtah, too, must have held out for a few months, as the anonymous dinar (444)
indicates, but no record survives of the governor responsible.
The other petty rulers who struck coins in Spain either, like Hamdin, just prior to 541,
or between Murabit and Muwahhid rule, fall outside the scope of this study. It should
not be forgotten that it is to this transitional period that the unique Jami'id (24a)
and Hammadid (25) dinars belong, as well as the partisan Muwahhid gold and silver
struck in Africa and Spain.
The larger significance of the Murabit coinage as historical documentation is evident
when it is compared with the extreme paucity of their epigraphic and documentary remains
and with the extraordinary meagerness of the historical sources concerning their supre-
macy. Ibn-Khaldun, for example, devotes about one-fifth as much space to the Murabits
as to the Muwahhids, and his colleagues do likewise, so that much of the information
derivable from the legends on the gold fills a vacuum left by the historians.
The Muwahhid Sect
Kumiyah Berber rulers of the Muwahhidun a.h. 524-668 (a.d. 1130-1269).
0 al-Mahdi (g,s,c,A35e) Muhammad (A35e) ibn-Tiimart (A35e) spiritual leader a.h. 515
(A35e) -522 (A35e) a.d. 1121 (A85c) -1128 (no alternative) no coins; mentioned
posthumously on most Muwahhid and Hafsid coins.
interregnum between death of o and proclamation of 1 a.h. 522 (A35e) -524 (A35e)
a.d. 1128 (no alternative) -1130 (A15).
1 abu-Muhammad (g,s,B1,A51b) 'Abd-al-Mu'min (g,s,B1,A35e) ibn-'Ali (g,s,B1,A35e)
a.h. 524 (A35e) -558 (A35e) a.d. 1130 (A15) -1163 (A35e):
Without heir a.h. 524 (A35e) -551 (C11) a.d. 1130 (A15) -1156 (C11) anonymous
partisan gold 446a, gold 447-472, anonymous partisan silver 1057-1061,
partisan silver 1062-1064, silver 1065-1074.

With heir abu-'Abd-Allah (g,A35e) Muhammad (1A; g,A35e) a.h. 551 (C11) -558
(A35e) a.d. 1156 (C11) -1163 (A84d) gold 473-480.
With heir abu-Ya'qub (g,A35e) Yusuf (2; g,A35e) a.h. 558 (A35e) -558 (A35e)
a.D. 1163 (A84d) -1163 (A35e) gold (see 2 as ruler).
2 abu-Ya'qiib (g,B1,C2,A35e) Yusuf I (g,C2,A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-Mu'min (j; g,B1,A35e)
a.h. 558 (A35e) -580 (A35e) a.d. 1163 (A84d) -1184 (A51c):
First series, as amir a.h. 558 (A35e) -563 (A35e) a.d. 1163 (A35e) -1168 (A84d)
gold 481-492.
Second series, as amir al-mu'mimn a.h. 563 (A35e) -580 (A35e) a.d. 1168 (A84d)
-1184 (A51c) gold 493-498.
2A Mazdara' (g,A84d) ibn-Hayyan (A51c) Sanhajah Berber rebel at Taza a.h. 559 (A84d)
-559 (A84d) a.d. 1164 (H) -1164 (A84d) gold 499.
3 abu-Yusuf (g,A35e) Ya'qub (g,A35e) ibn-Yusuf I (2; A35e) a.h. 580 (A35e) -595 (A35e)
a.d. 1184 (A84d) -1199 (A35e):
Without heir a.h. 580 (A35e) -587 (A35e) a.d. 1184 (A84d) -1191 (H) gold 500-503.
With heir abu-'Abd-Allah (s,A5ic) Muhammad (4; Atfe) a.h. 587 (A35e) -595
(A35e) a.d. 1191 (H) -1199 (A35e) silver 1075.
65
4 abu-'Abd-Allah (g,A51c) Muhammad (g,A35e) ibn-Ya'qub (3; A35e) a.H. 595 (A35e)
-610 (A35e) a.d. 1199 (A35e) -1213 (A51c) gold 504-506.
5 abii-Ya'qub (g,A85c) Yusuf II (g,A35e) ibn-Muhammad (4; Aê) a.H. 610 (A35e) -620
(A35e) a.d. 1213 (A51c) -1224 (A35e) gold 507-509.
6 abu-Muhammad (A35e) 'Abd-al-Wahid I (A35e) ibn-Yusuf I (2; A35e) a.h. 620 (A35e)
-621 (A35e) a.d. 1224 (A35e) -1224 (A35e) (opposed during 621 by 7) no coins.
7 abu-Muhammad (C2,A35e) 'Abd-Allah (B1,C2,A35e) ibn-Ya'qub (3; A^$e) a.H. 621
(A84d) -624 (B1,A35e) a.d. 1224 (A84d) -1227 (B1,A35e) (opposed during 621 by 6 and
during 624 by 9) gold 510.
7A abu-Muhammad (A35e) 'Abd-Allah (A35i) ibn-Muhammad ibn-'Umar ibn-'Abd-al-
Mu'min (1; A^Se) rebel at Baeza a.h. 621 (A35e) -626 (A35e) a.d. 1224 (H) -1229 (H) no
coins.
8 abu'l-'Ula (g,A35e) Idris I (g,A35e) ibn-Ya'qub (3; g,A35e) a.h. 624 (A35e) -629
(A84d) a.d. 1227 (A84e) -1232 (A84d) (opposed 624-629 by 9):
First series, with al-Mahdi a.h. 624 (A35e) -627 (A84e) a.d. 1227 (A84e) -1230
(A84e) gold 511.
Second series, without al-Mahdi a.h. 627 (A84e) -629 (A84d) a.d. 1230 (A84e)
-1232 (A84d) no coins.
9 abu-Zakariya' (g,A84d) Yahya (g,A35e) ibn-Muhammad (4; Atfe) a.h. 624 (A35e) -633
(A35e) a.D. 1227 (A84d) -1236 (A84d) (opposed during 624 by 7, 624-629 by 8, and
630-633 by 10) gold 512.
9A abu-Musa (s,A35e) 'Imran (s,A84d) ibn-Ya'qub (j; A35e) rebel amir at Ceuta a.H. 629
(A84d) -630 (A35e) a.d. 1232 (H) -1232 (D15) silver 1076, 1077.
jo abu-Muhammad (g,A85c) 'Abd-al-Wahid II (g,A35e) ibn-Idris I (8; g,A35e) a.h. 630
(A35e) -640 (A35e) a.d. 1232 (A35e) -1242 (A84d) (opposed 630-633 by 9):

First series, without al-Mahdi a.h. 630 (A35e) -631 (H) a.d. 1232 (A35e) -1234 (H)
gold 513, silver 1078-1084.
Second series, with al-Mahdi a.h. 631 (H) -640 (A35e) a.D. 1234 (H) -1242 (A84d)
gold 514-517.
'Ali Not related
I o, 2A
1A 2 'Umar
3 6 Ishaq Muhammad
4 7 8 9A 12 7 A 13
5 9 10 11
66
11 abii'l-Hasan (g,A35e) 'Ali (A35e) ibn-Idris I (8; g,A35e) a.h. 640 (A35e) -646 (A35e)
a.d. 1242 (A84d) -1248 (A35e) gold 518-521.
12 abu-Hafs (g,A35e) 'Umar (B23,C19,A35e) ibn-Ishaq ibn-Yusuf I (2; g,C19,A35e) a.h.
646 (A35e) -665 (A35e) a.d. 1248 (A35e) -1266 (A84e) (opposed during 665 by 13)
gold 522-536, gold medal M1.
13 abii'l-'Ula (g,A35e) Idris II (A35e) ibn-Muhammad ibn-'Umar ibn-'Abd-al-Mu'min
(j; g,A35e) a.h. 665 (A35e) -668 (A35e) a.d. 1266 (A84d) -1269 (A36c) (opposed during
665 by 12) gold 537-539.
2-13 and Hafsids: anonymous silver 1085-1116, anonymous copper 1170, 1171.
The parallels between Murabit and Muwahhid history are striking. Each was a fanatic-
ally militant sect founded by a religious reformer in a remote section of Morocco, drawing
its initial support from a previously unimportant group of tribes, sweeping irresistably
over the strongly defended cities, and finally conquering all of Moslem Spain. Muhammad
ibn-Tumart, called al-Mahdi, played 'Abd-Allah ibn-YaSin's role with a considerable
difference; he was not a warrior-missionary like his prototype but a subtle theologian who
wrote a book of unitarian anti-anthropomorphic doctrine. He recruited supporters among
the Masmudah Berbers of the high Atlas, while the first Murabrfcs had been Lamtah and
Lamtunah Berbers of Sanhajah stock from the edge of the Sahara. His opposition was
more unified and better organized than had been the case in the preceding century, and
after overcoming it his generals struck eastward rather than southward.
Numismatically the contrast was complete and spectacular. The Murabit gold had
derived its style and weight standard from a long Moslem tradition ascending to the
Umayyad caliphs of Damascus; this was deliberately repudiated by the Muwahhids
(unitarians). The new dinar had a diameter of 19-22 millimeters and a standard weight of
2.4 grams; 146 weighed specimens average 2.27. The metal remained excellent, as did the

quality of engraving and minting.
A cursive Naskhi script replaced the traditional Kufl. The field inscription was placed
in a square inscribed in a circle, with the four segments available for additional legends
instead of the former single margin. The new style, with only slight modifications, was
retained by all the later dynasties considered in this study, so that a.h. 540 may be con-
sidered as a numismatic watershed. Double dinars as well as fractions were soon introduced
to provide flexibility; the large coins served admirably to house the extended genealogical
inscriptions and epithets on which the Muwahhids laid so much importance. The range of
their diameters is 27-32 millimeters; 275 weighed specimens average 4.55 grams.
The content of the legends underwent an equally drastic revision. The Mahdi's
preeminence was added to the usual religious dogmas, while 'Abd-al-Mu'min and his
successors with their names, titles, epithets, and genealogies gradually crowded all other
phrases off the coins. Dates were never noted, and mints only occasionally, so that the
gains for the historian are offset by these losses.
The most important point, and one which has never heretofore been adequately
stressed, is the conscientious precision in terminology. A large proportion of the perfectly
clear late Muwahhid double dinars have been badly misread by competent scholars who
nevertheless changed duals to plurals or made comparable errors. Lane-Poole, Lavoix,
Vives, Prieto, and others analyzed these coins and corrected individual misreadings while
67
perpetuating others because they did not apprehend this underlying principle, which may
readily be confirmed from the coins or the plates.
In the silver as in the gold spectacular changes were introduced by 'Abd-al-Mu'min.
After a few trial pieces he jettisoned the traditional style in favor of square silver in a
cursive Naskhi script; his heirs developed this into the anonymous square dirbem which
was struck for decades throughout North Africa and Andalusia in enormous quantities,
and was counterfeited extensively by the Christians.
With occasional exceptions the remaining silver considered in this study, by whatever
dynasty it was minted, is square with legends derived from the Muwahhid pattern. Thus
the net effect of the numismatic reforms introduced by one man and developed by his heirs
was to last for over four centuries.
As was true for the Murabits, the Muwahhids left no copper coins except a few debased
or fraudulent dirhems. Al-Marrakushi noted that gilded copper dinars were minted to
ransom the sayyid 'Isa ibn-'Abd-al-Mu'min from his Arab captors, but none has survived,
and the anecdote may be apocryphal.
The first partisan issues, oddly inscribed gold (446a) and silver (1057-1064), soon gave
way to a standardized coinage with a variety of African and Andalusian mints. The
conquests of the Muwahhids were promptly reflected on their dinars, possibly as a deliberate
method of propaganda, possibly by opening mints to coin the captured gold and silver for
paying the soldiers. Any late Zirid and Hammadid coins may have been lost to posterity in
this way, although a full assortment of late Murabn; coins survived.
'Abd-al-Mu'min used the caliphal title amir al-mu'minin on both gold and silver.
Mint-names and mint-marks occur in various positions on his gold, most of which was
struck in Africa. A preponderance of his silver, aside from the mintless variety, came from
Spanish mint-towns, including Murcia, not captured until nine years after his death.

In 551 he made his son abu-'Abd-Allah Muhammad his heir and added his name to
the gold with the title al-amir al-ajall. Though both of these events are recorded by
reputable historians, the resulting series of dinars has usually been ascribed to the 4th
Muwahhid, of the same name, Silvestre de Sacy's correct attribution having been dis-
regarded.
Just before his death in 558 'Abd-al-Mu'min chose another son, Yusuf, as heir instead
of the dissolute Muhammad. It is impossible to distinguish any dinars on which Yusuf may
have appeared as heir from those of the early part of his own reign, during which he
contented himself with the title al-amir al-ajall. Seville is his only Spanish mint, both
before and after his election as amir al-mu'minin in 563.
No silver bears Yusuf's name or that of most of his successors, for it was at this
period that the anonymous square dirhems were introduced. It is almost impossible to
ascribe these coins to individual rulers, or even to dynasties, as the Hafsids continued to
strike them for an indeterminate period. Blancard's study on the European imitations
enables them to be recognized with comparative ease by their confused engraving, while
Bel and Farrugia de Candia have made valuable studies of these coins, but except for
distinguishing those in ornamented Kufi as definitely Hafsid, it is still necessary to
consider those in Naskhi or plain Kufi as belonging to any of a number of Muwahhids or
Hafsids.
68
During 559, early in Yusuf's reign, Mazdara* ibn-Hayyan rebelled at Taza, struck
gold of which no specimen has been reported in modern collections , and was sup-
pressed.
Ya'qub struck the first of the splendid series of double dinars, with his father and
grandfather named on the reverse field and himself on the reverse segments. Some numis-
matists refer to these double dinars as dinars, but the correct value is established by the
"quarter dinar" denomination specified on coin 446a, weighing .55 gram, about one eighth
of the normal weight of the double dinars. An odd square silver piece (1075) may refer to
his son Muhammad as heir, but this attribution is questionable.
As caliph, Muhammad struck double dinars quite unlike the series of dinars often
erroneously ascribed to him. His conquest of the Baleares is reflected in the appearance of
Majorca and Minorca as mints for anonymous silver.
His son Yusuf II continued to add his name to those of his ancestors on the gold, but
he was soon replaced by his great-uncle 'Abd-al-Wahid I, for whom no coins are known.
The latter's nephew and successful opponent 'Abd-Allah is assigned an undescribed dinar.
The rebel al-Bayyasi struck no coins which have survived. Coins of any of this group may
be found in future excavations.
Idris I is said by the historians to have deleted al-Mahdi's name from the gold in 627,
but his only surviving double dinar (511) must have preceded that event, as it is orthodox
except for having six lines instead of five in each field. His nephew and opponent Yahya
also has but a single known double dinar, while Idris' brother Tmran, who made himself
independent at Ceuta, apparently coined only silver (1076, 1077) with the title al-amir.
'Abd-al-Wahid II inherited his father's anti-Mahd1 coinage and developed it in both
gold and silver. His early gold praised the Koran instead of the Mahdi; his early silver was
round and substituted his own epithet al-Rashid for the Mahdi as imamuna. Suggestions

of a date appear on some of this silver, but clearer specimens must be found to determine
whether the historical date for the restoration of al-Mahdi's name, 631, is confirmed or
contradicted by the silver. The later gold coins show that this restoration actually did
occur. One of these bears an unidentified mint misread by Prieto as Malaqah (Malaga).
His brother 'Ali struck a few normal double dinars; he was succeeded by a distant
cousin named 'Umar who minted a variety of gold. 'Umar's mints included Ceuta, Sijil-
masah, and an unidentified city, also misread by Prieto as Malaqah. An interesting gold
medal is owned and described by Brethes.
The final Muwahhid, another distant cousin named Idris II, struck a few more gold
pieces to close out the numismatic history of this distinguished dynasty, since no coins are
reported for the several Muwahhid pretenders who arose after the Marinid victory in 668.
The Hud1ds 1n North Africa
Arab rulers of the Banu-Hud of Murcia a.h. 625-668 (a.d. 1228-1269).
/ abii-'Abd-Allah (notes to A84e) Muhammad I (A35e) ibn-Yusuf (A35e) a.h. 625 (A26)
-635 (A35e) a.d. 1228 (A48a) -1238 (A48a) anonymous gold (for 'Abbasid 36, not
identified) 540, anonymous silver (for 'Abbasid 36, not identified) 1117-1120.
69
1A abu'l-'Abbas (A26) Ahmad (A35e) ibn-x (?), called al-Yanashti (A35e), independent
amir of Ceuta a.h. 630 (A26) -635 (s,A35e) a.d. 1233 (A84e) -1238 (A84e) silver (for
'Abbasid 36) 1121.
2, 3 no African coins.
3A abu'l-Qasim (A35e) Ibrahim (notes to A8ob) ibn-abi'l-'Abbas (A7ob), called al-
'Azafi (A35e), independent amir of Ceuta a.h. 647 (A35e) -677 (H) a.d. 1249 (H) -1278
(notes to A8ob) anonymous gold (for 'Abbasid 37, not identified) 541.
4 no African coins.
The Hudids, as one of the petty dynasties of Moslem Spain which arose on the ruins of
the Muwahhid empire, are excluded from this study except for their North African issues.
After the Muwahhid amir Tmran had declared himself independent at Ceuta in a.h.
629, he found himself unable to hold out, so in 630 he exchanged the town for a sinecure
under Ibn-Hiid, who retained Ceuta for three months under the governorship of one al-
Qashtini. To this period may be ascribed a double dinar (540) and several square dirhems
(1117-1120) on which references to the Mahdi and the Muwahhids were replaced by
generalized homage to the 'Abbasid caliph, never individually specified. The approximate
date of these coins is determined by the style, analogous to contemporary Muwahhid
pieces, and the attribution follows because Ibn-Hud is the only ruler during this period
who both controlled African territory and acknowledged 'Abbasid suzerainty.
Later in 630 Ibn-Hud's governor was expelled by the inhabitants, who gave the
command to the amir Ahmad al-Yanashti. This amir kept power for five years, including
a sea blockade by the Genoese, whom he bought off for a large ransom. To him must be
attributed the round dirhem dated 635 (1121), which was struck in the name of the 'Abbasid
caliph abu-Ja'far, al-Mustansir-bi-Allah.
Then Ceuta passed into Muwahhid control until 643, and into Hafsid vassaldom until

647, but for the next three decades it was again independent under the local amir abu'l-
Qasim, al-'Azafi, who struck a double dinar (541) of Hafsid type with pro-'Abbasid legends
at some time before 656, when the last 'Abbasid caliph was killed by Hulagu during the
sack of Baghdad. The date is established by the date of the Hafsid coins from which it
clearly derives; the attribution rests on the elimination of other possibilities for this date
and 'Abbasid recognition.
The Hafs1ds of Tunis1a and Eastern Algeria
Masmudah Berber rulers of the Banu-Hafs of Tunisia and eastern Algeria a.H. 627-982
(a.D. 1230-1574).
1 abu-Zakariya' (g,C18,A35e) Yahya I (g,B13,A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-Wahid (g,B13,C18,A35e)
a.h. 627 (A84e) -647 (A35e) a.d. 1230 (A84e) -1249 (A35e):
First series, Muwahhid name a.h. 627 (A84e) -634 (A35e) a.d. 1230 (A84e) -1236
(D4) gold 542-544.
Second series, Muwahhid and Hafsid names a.h. 634 (A35e) -640 (A85c) a.d. 1236
(D4) -1242 (A85c) gold 545, 546.
Third series, Hafsid name a.h. 640 (A85c) -647 (A35e) a.D. 1242 (A85c) -1249
(A35e) gold 547-552, partisan gold 553-556.
70
2 abu-'Abd-Allah (g,C17,A35e) Muhammad I (g,C15,A35e) ibn-Yahya I (1; g,C18,A35e)
a.h. 647 (A35e) -675 (A35e) a.d. 1249 (A35e) -1277 (A35e):
First series, as amir a.h. 647 (A35e) -650 (A85c) a.d. 1249 (A35e) -1253 (A85c)
gold 557-561.
Second series, as amir al-mu'minin a.h. 650 (A85c) -675 (A35e) a.d. 1253 (A85c)
-1277 (A35e) gold 562-566, copper 1172.
2-8 anonymous silver 1122, 1123.
3 abu-Zakariya' (g,C12,A85c) Yahya II (g,A35e) ibn-Muhammad I (2; A35e) a.h. 675
(A35e) -678 (A35e) a.d. 1277 (A35e) -1279 (A35e) (opposed 677-678 by 4) gold 567,568.
4 abu-Ishaq (g,A35e) Ibrahim I (g,A35h) ibn-Yahya I (1; g,A35e) a.h. 677 (A85c) -681
(A35e) a.d. 1279 (A85c) -1283 (A35e) (opposed 677-678 by 3 and during 681 by 4A)
gold 569.
4A Ahmad (A35e) ibn-Marzuq (A35e), called Ibn-abi-'Umarah (A35e), impostor pretend-
ing to be abu'l-'Abbas (g) al-Fadl (g,A35e) ibn-Yahya II (3; Atfe) a.h. 681 (A35e) -683
(A35e) a.d. 1282 (A65) -1284 (A35e) (opposed during 681 by 4, 681-682 by 5, and
during 683 by 6) gold 570.
5 abii-Faris (A35e) 'Abd-al-'Aziz I (A35e) ibn-Ibrahim I (4; A35e) a.h. 681 (A35e) -682
(A35e) a.d. 1283 (A35e) -1283 (A35e) (opposed 681-682 by 4A) no coins.
6 abu-Hafs (g,Bn,C12,A35e) 'Umar I (g,A35h) ibn-Yahya I (1; a.h. 683 (A35e)
-694 (A35e) a.d. 1284 (A65) -1295 (A35e) (opposed during 683 by 4A and 683-694 by
6A) gold 571-573.
6A abu-Zakariya' (g,C12,A35e) Yahya (A35e) ibn-Ibrahim I (4; Atfe) amir at Bougie
a.h. 683 (A35e) -7oo (D4) a.d. 1284 (D4,D14) -1301 (D4) (opposed 683-694 by 6 and
694-7oo by 7) gold 574-576.
7 abii-'Abd-Allah (g,C12,A35e) Muhammad II (g,C12,A35e) ibn-Yahya II (3; C12,A35e)

a.h. 694 (A35e) -709 (A35e) a.d. 1295 (A35e) -1309 (A35e) (opposed 694-7oo by 6A and
7oo-709 by 8) gold 577-579.
8 abu'l-Baqa' (g,A35e) Khalid I (g,C12,A35e) ibn-Yahya (6A; C12,A35e) a.h. 7oo (D4)
-711 (A35e) a.d. 1301 (D4) -1311 (A85c) (opposed 7oo-709 by 7, during 709 by 9,
710-711 by 10, and during 711 by 11):
First series, as amir at Bougie a.h. 7oo (D4) -709 (A35e) a.d. 1301 (D4) -1309
(A35e) no coins.
Second series, as amir al-mu'minin a.h. 709 (A35e) -711 (A35e) a.d. 1309 (A35e)
-1311 (A85c) gold 580.
9 abu-Yahya (A35e) Abu-Bakr I (A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-Rahmanibn-Abi-Bakr ibn-Yahya I
(j; A35e) a.h. 709 (A35e) -709 (A35e) a.d. 1309 (A35e) -1309 (A35e) (opposed during
709 by 8) no coins.
jo abu-Yahya (g,C14,A35e) Abu-Bakr IT (g,C14,A35e) ibn-Yahya (6A; C12,A35e) a.h. 710
(A35e) -747 (A35e) a.d. 1310 (A18b) -1346 (A35e) (opposed 710-711 by 8, 711-717 by
11, 717-723 by 12, 721-730 by 12A, 724-725 by 12B, and 729-732 by 12C):
First series, as amir at Bougie and Constantine a.H. 710 (A35e) -718 (A85c) a.D.
1310 (A18b) -1318 (A85c) gold 581-583.
Second series, as amir al-mu'minin a.H. 718 (A85c) -747 (A35e) a.D. 1318 (A85c)
-1346 (A35e) gold 584-591.
7i
11 abu-Yahya (g,C2,A35e) Zakariya' I (g,C2,A35e) ibn-Ahmad ibn-Muhammad (brother
of 1; C2,A35e) a.h. 711 (A35e) -717 (A35e) a.d. 1311 (A65) -1318 (A85c) (opposed
during 711 by 8 and 711-717 by 10) gold 592, 593.
12 abu-'Abd-Allah (g,A35e) Muhammad III (g,A35e) ibn-Zakariya' I (11; A35e) a.H. 717
(A35e) -723 (A35e) a.d. 1317 (A35e) -1323 (no alternative) (opposed 717-723 by 10 and
721-723 by 12A) gold 594.
12A abu-'Abd-Allah (A35e) Muhammad (A35e) ibn-Abi-Bakr ibn-Musa (cousin of 1;
A35e) pretender a.h. 721 (A35e) -730 (A35e) a.d. 1321 (A35e) -1330 (A35e) (opposed
721-730 by 10, 721-723 by 12, 724-725 by 12B, and 729-730 by 12C) no coins.
12B abu-Ishaq (A35e) Ibrahim (A35e) ibn-Abi-Bakr I (9; A35e) pretender a.h. 724 (D14)
-725 (A35e) a.d. 1324 (D14) -1325 (A35e) (opposed 724-725 by 10 and 12A) no coins.
12C abu-Muhammad (H) 'Abd-al-Wahid (A35e) ibn-Zakariya' I (11; Aê) pretender a.h.
729 (A35e) -732 (A35e) a.d. 1329 (H) -1332 (A35e) (opposed 729-732 by 10 and
729-730 by 12A) no coins.
13 abu-Hafs (g,A35e) 'Umar II (g,A35e) ibn-Abi-Bakr II (10; g,A35e) a.h. 747 (A35e)
-748 (A35e) a.D. 1346 (A35e) -1347 (A85c) (opposed during 747 by 14) gold 595, 596.
14 abu'l-'Abbas (A35e) Ahmad I (A35e) ibn-Abi-Bakr II (10; Atfe) a.H. 747 (A35e) -747
(A35e) a.d. 1346 (A35e) -1346 (A35e) (opposed during 747 by 13) no coins.
interregnum under Marinid 11 between death of 13 and independence of 15 a.h. 748 (A35e)
-749 (A35e) a.d. 1347 (A85c) -1348 (D4,D14).
15 abu'l-'Abbas (g,A35e) al-Fadl (g,A35e) ibn-Abi-Bakr II (10; g,A35e) a.H. 749 (A35e)
-751 (A35e) a.d. 1348 (D4,D14) -1350 (A35e) (opposed 749~751 by 15A and 15B):
First series, at Bougie a.h. 749 (A35e) -749 (A35e) a.d. 1348 (D4,D14) -1349
(D14) gold 597, 598.
Second series, at Tunis a.h. 750 (A35e) -751 (A35e) a.d. 1350 (A85c) -1350 (A35e)

gold 599, 600.
15A abu-Zayd (g,A35e) 'Abd-al-Rahman (g,A35e) ibn-Muhammad ibn-Abi-Bakr II (10;
A35e) amir at Constantine a.h. 749 (A35e) -755 (A35e) a.d. 1348 (D4,D14) -1355
(D14) (opposed 749-751 by 15 and 751-755 by 16) gold 601.
15B abu-'Abd-Allah (g,A35e) Muhammad (g,A35e) ibn-Yahya ibn-Abi-Bakr II (10;
g,A35e) amir at Bougie a.h. 749 (A35e) -753 (A35e), 761 (A35e) -767 (A35e) a.d. 1348
(A35e) -1352 (D14), 1360 (D14) -1366 (A61b) (opposed 749-751 by 15 and 761-767 by
16 and 17):
First reign (see above) gold 602.
Second reign, Marinid influence (see above) gold 603.
16 abu-Ishaq (g,C5,A35e) Ibrahim II (g,C5,A35e) ibn-Abi-Bakr II (10; g,C5,A35e) a.h. 751
(A35e) -770 (A35e) a.d. 1350 (A35e) -1369 (A65) (opposed 751-755 by 15A, 761-767 by
15B, and 755-758, 761-770 by 17) gold 604-607.
17 abu'l-'Abbas (g,B2o,C2,A35e) Ahmad II (g,B20,C14,A35e) ibn-Muhammad ibn-Abi-
Bakr II (to; g,C14,A35e) a.h. 755 (A35e)-758 (A35e),761 (A35e) -796 (A35e) a.d. 1354
(D14) -1357 (D4,D14), 1360 (A85c) -1394 (A35e) (opposed 761-767 by 15B, 755-758,
761-770 by 16, and 770-772 by 18):
First reign (see above) gold 608.
Second reign, Marinid influence (see above) gold 609.
72
18 abu'l-Baqa' (A35e) Khalid II (A35e) ibn-Ibrahim II (16; A35e) a.h. 770 (A35e) -772
(A85c) a.d. 1369 (A65) -1370 (A85c) (opposed 770-772 by 77) no coins.
79 abu-Faris (g,C2,A35e) *Abd-al-'Aziz II (g,C2,A85c) ibn-Ahmad II (77; g,C2,A35e)
a.h. 796 (A35e) -837 (A85c) a.d. 1394 (A35e) -1434 (A85c) gold 610-625.
20 abu-'Abd-Allah (g,A85c) Muhammad IV (g,A85c) ibn-Muhammad ibn-'Abd-al-'Aziz II
(/9; A85c) a.h. 837 (A85c) -839 (A85c) a.d. 1434 (A85c) -1435 (A85c) gold 626.
20A abii'l-Hasan (g,A85c) 'Ali (g,A85c) ibn-'Abd-al-'Aziz II (79; g,A85c) amir at Bougie
a.h. 839 (A85c) -856 (A85c) a.D. 1435 (A32) -1452 (D4) (opposed839-856 by 21) gold 627.
21 abu-'Amr (g,C12,A85c) 'Uthman (g,C2,A85c) ibn-Muhammad ibn-'Abd-al-'Aziz II
(79; C2,A85c) a.h. 839 (A85c) -893 (A69) a.d. 1435 (A85c) -1488 (A69) (opposed
839-856 by 20A):
First series, Hafsid style: gold 628-636.
Second series, Hafsid style with 4-line reverse field: gold 637, 638.
Third series, Marinid style with 4-line fields: gold 639, 640.
22 abu-Zakariya' (A85c) Yahya III (A85c) ibn-Muhammad ibn-'Uthman (27; A69) a.h.
893 (A69) -894 (A69) a.d. 1488 (A69) -1489 (A69) (opposed during 894 by 23) no coins.
23 abu-Muhammad (H) 'Abd-al-Mu'min (A69) ibn-Ibrahim ibn-'Uthman (21; A69) a.h.
894 (A69) -895 (D4) a.d. 1489 (A69) -1490 (D4) (opposed during 894 by 22) no coins.
24 abu-Yahya (D4) Zakariya' II (A69) ibn-Yahya III (22; A69) a.h. 895 (D4) -899 (A18a)
a.D. 1490 (D4) -1494 (A18a) no coins.
25 abu-'Abd-Allah (g,A18a) Muhammad V (g,A18a) ibn-al-Hasan ibn-Muhammad ibn-
'Uthman (21; A18a) a.h. 899 (A18a) -932 (A18a) a.d. 1494 (A18a) -1526 (A18a)
gold 641-643.
26 abu-'Abd-Allah (g,A18a) Muhammad VI (g) ibn-Muhammad V (25; g,A18a) a.h. 932
(A18a) -941 (D14), 942 (D14) -948 (D14) a.d. 1526 (A18a) -1534 (D14), 1535 (D14)

-1542 (D14):
First reign, as amir al-mu'minin (see above) gold 644.
Second reign, as vassal of Charles I of Spain (see above) no coins,
interregnum under Khayr-al-Din and Turks between deposition and restoration of 26
a.h. 941 (D14) -942 (D14) a.d. 1534 (D14) -1535 (D14).
27 abu'l-'Abbas (c,A18a) Ahmad III (s,c,A18a) ibn-Muhammad VI (26; s) a.h. 948 (D14)
-977 (D14) a.d. 1542 (D14) -1569 (D14) silver 1124-1132, copper 1173,1174.
interregnum under Turks between deposition of 27 and installation of 28 a.h. 977 (D14)
-981 (A32) a.d. 1569 (D14) -1573 (D14).
28 abu-'Abd-Allah (A18a) Muhammad VII (D14) ibn-Muhammad VI (26; D14) vassal of
Philip II of Spain a.h. 981 (A32) -982 (A32) a.d. 1573 (D14) -1574 (A32) no coins.
The Hafsids claimed the spiritual and political succession from the Muwahhids, and
their coins were designed accordingly. Their double dinars, dinars, and smaller gold pieces
followed the Muwahhid standards, and surviving specimens average slightly better weight
than those of their predecessors. By restricting the field inscriptions to three lines, they
avoided over-crowding them; the script used was a cursive Naskhi or a highly ornamented
Kufi. Silver in the latter script is definitely Hafsid; otherwise, their anonymous silver is
very difficult to distinguish from that struck by the Muwahhids.
73
abu-Hafs 'Umar
abu-Muhammad 'Abd-al-Wahid I
l_
~i
6A
Abu-Bakr
'Abd-al-Rahman
al-Fadl 7
(impersonated
by 4A)
-\ r
10
12B
1 T" 1 1 f
13 1 4 15 Muhammad Yahya 16
r-H
15A
17
_L
18

19
Muhammad
21
~~l
20A
20
Muhammad
22
24
al-Hasan
26
I,
Ibrahim
23
Muhammad
Ahmad
Distantly
related
12A
Not related
44
_L
J3
12c
27
28
74
The inscriptions on the gold almost invariably include, in the obverse field, one of
several phrases in honor of the Mahdi; the sequence of these fields affords one of the
best methods of dating these dateless gold pieces. The reverse field and segments normally
give the current ruler's name, title, epithets, and condensed genealogy. Mints occur on
many of these coins but dates are unknown until near the end of the dynasty, when
they appear on the silver in the form of numerals, under Ottoman influence.
The power of the Hafsids lasted for over three centuries, with minor interruptions by
Marinid invaders in the fourteenth century and major conflicts with Turks and Spanish
in the sixteenth, at which time the legibility of the coins was seriously impaired.
The attribution of Hafsid gold, though not as automatic as that of the Murabit and
Muwahhid pieces, is seldom difficult, because of the sequence of obverse styles and scripts.
Yahya I's gold falls into three series corresponding to the stages by which he passed from
being a Muwahhid governor to being an independent sovereign, though contenting himself
with the title al-amir al-ajal1. In 627, when his suzerain Idris I renounced the unitarian
doctrines of the Mahdi and removed him from the coins, Yahya seized the opportunity to
disown this heresy and strike coins in the name of the Mahdi and 'Abd-al-Mu'min, friend of
his grandfather abii-Hafs 'Umar, a virtual declaration of independence. In 634 he added
his own name; in 640 he deleted that of 'Abd-al-Mu'min, completing the political separation
from the Muwahhids, but he and his heirs never repudiated the Mahdi or deleted his name
from their money. Of particular importance are the coins struck for Yahya by vassals in
Morocco (553, 554) and Spain (555, 556), as each can be linked with a particular event in
his intricate maneuvering for power. Ceuta acknowledged him from 643 to 647, between the
Muwahhid domination and its freedom under al-'Azafi, whose gold is described with that
of the Hudids. Sijilmasah under al-Khazraji recognized his authority only in 640 and 641.
Seville sought his aid during its final siege by the Christians, while Granada recognized

him briefly before Ibn-al-Ahmar established independent Nasrid rule there, to endure until
a.D. 1492.
Muhammad I, the opponent of Louis IX of France in his fatal crusade, did not inherit
his father's foreign holdings, but his prosperous home province was an ample heritage which
he carefully strengthened, while developing commerce with Italy. His coins fall into two
series, as he used the title al-amir al-ajall until 650, when he adopted the caliphal amir
al-mu'minin.for which he secured international approval after the Mongol conquest of Bagh-
dad in 656. It is on the latter series that the ornamented Kuf1 script was introduced, possibly
by exiles from Seville, who were very numerous and influential in Muhammad's court.
The gold of his son Yahya II was patterned on his, but when Ibrahim I seized power
he reverted to the earlier style and the title al-amir al-ajal1.
The impostor Ibn-abi-'Umarah, claiming to be al-Fadl ibn-Yahya II, who had been
murdered in prison, left a single double dinar (570), which has not heretofore been correctly
ascribed. No coins can be attributed to his rival 'Abd-al-'Aziz I, whose reign lasted less
than a year.
Several ornamented Kufi coins were struck by 'Umar I and by his contemporary at
Bougie, Yahya, who used the title al-amir. A small group of double dinars in both scripts
can safely be ascribed to Muhammad II, and a single ornamented Kufi one to his rival
Khalid I, with no coins for the short reign of Abu-Bakr I.
75
During his long embattled tenure Abu-Bakr II struck a big group of gold coins, while
his opponents Zakariya' I and Muhammad III left a few with unusual obverse inscriptions.
The three pretenders did not leave coins.
A double dinar belongs to 'Umar II, and the eighth dinar of Paris is probably his, but
he murdered his brother Ahmad I before the latter had a chance to mint gold. The Marinid
invasion caused by this event led to partition among al-Fadl, 'Abd-al-Rahman, and
Muhammad, each of whom struck distinctive gold; the double dinar (603) struck by
Muhammad during his second reign after captivity among the Marinids is particularly
noteworthy for the Marinid phraseology in the reverse segments.
A group of double dinars struck by Ibrahim II, including the last ornamented Kufi
gold piece, precedes two minted for his opponent Ahmad II, the second of which (609)
followed his Marinid captivity, judging by its five-line fields. Khalid II's short reign left no
numismatic records.
The long and prosperous reign of 'Abd-al-'Aziz II is reflected by his plentiful gold, in
much of which the diameter is wrong for the denomination indicated by the legends and
weight. One double dinar may be attributed to his successor Muhammad IV, though this
is not certain, and one to his son 'Ah at Bougie.
'Uthman's long rule produced a quantity of gold, some of which, struck in Algeria, is
unusual in the wording and arrangement of the legends and in the modified Kufi script.
No coins are reported for his three ephemeral successors, while the gold assigned
Muhammad V is either partly illegible, the wrong size, or tentative. Muhammad VTs single
gold piece also has illegible segments; it was during his reign that the Turks and Spaniards
fought each other for control of Tunis. It is apparent that the troubles which overwhelmed
the Hafsid state after 'Uthman's death seriously affected both the quantity and the quality
of the gold, which now ceased entirely.

For the long, turbulent reign of Ahmad III no gold survives, but a quantity of dated
silver showing Turkish influence has been found, and a few pieces of copper. No coins are
reported for the final Hafsid, Muhammad VII, nor for the many independent Hafsid
amirs or local Arab and Berber rebels.
This lengthy series of Hafsid gold, with the final silver and copper pieces, is most
useful in correcting existing lists of the Hafsid rulers. Extensive revisions have been made
in such points as nomenclature and relationships, following the excellent start made by
Brunschvig and Farrugia de Candia.
The Z1yan1ds of Western Alger1a
Zandtah Berber rulers of the Banu-Ziyan (Banii-'Abd-al-Wdd) of western Algeria
a.H. 633-964 (a.d. 1236-1556).
1 abu-Yahya (B8,A81) Yaghmurasan (B8,A35e) ibn-Ziyan (B8,A35e) a.H. 633 (A35e)
-681 (A35e) a.d. 1236 (A81) -1283 (A35e) anonymous gold, Hafsid style 645.
2 abu-Sald (A81) 'Uthman I (A35e) ibn-Yaghmurasan (j; A35e) a.H. 681 (A35e) -703
(A35e) a.d. 1283 (A35e) -1304 (A81) no coins.
3 abQ-Ziyan (A35e) Muhammad I (A35e) ibn-'Uthman I (2; A35e) a.H. 703 (A35e) -707
(A35e) a.d. 1304 (A81) -1308 (A35e) no coins.
4 abu-Hammu (C12,A35e) Musa I (g,A35e) ibn-'Uthman I (2; A35e) a.h. 707 (A35e) -718
(A35e) a.d. 1308 (A35e) -1318 (A35e) gold 646.
5 abu-Tashfin (B1o,C12,A35e) 'Abd-al-Rahman I (g,C14,A35e) ibn-Musa I (4; Atfe)
a.h. 718 (A35e) -737 (A35e) a.d. 1318 (A35e) -1337 (A35e) gold 647-649.
interregnum under Marinid 11 between death of 5 and independence of 6 a.h. 737 (A35e)
-749 (A35e) a.d. 1337 (A35e) -1348 (A35e).
6 abu-Sa'id (A35e) 'Uthman II (A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-Rahman ibn-Yahya ibn-Yaghmu-
rasan (7; A35e) a.H. 749 (A35e) -753 (A35e) a.d. 1348 (A35e) -1352 (A35e) no coins.
7 abu-Thabit (A35e) al-Za'im I (A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-Rahman ibn-Yahya ibn-Yaghmu-
rasan (j; A35e) a.h. 753 (A35e) -753 (A35e) a.d. 1352 (A35e) -1352 (A75) no coins.
interregnum under Marinids 12 and 13 between death of 7 and independence of 8 a.H. 753
(A35e) -760 (A35e) a.d. 1352 (A75) -1359 (A35e).
8 abu-Hammu (B8,A35e) Musa II (g,B8,A35e) ibn-Yusuf ibn-'Abd-al-Rahman ibn-
Yahya ibn-Yaghmurasan (j; B8,A35e) a.H. 760 (A35e) -791 (A35e) a.d. 1359 (Asa)
-1389 (A35e) (opposed 762-779 by 8A and 788-791 by 9) gold 650, 651.
8A abu-Ziyan (A35e) Muhammad (A35e) ibn-'Uthman II (6; A35e) pretender a.H.
762 (A35e) -779 (A35e) a.d. 1360 (D14) -1377 (Dl4) (opposed 7^~779 by 8) no
coins.
9 abu-Tashfin (A35e) 'Abd-al-Rahman II (g,A35e) ibn-Musa II (8; B8,A35e) a.h. 788
(A35e) -795 (A35e) a.d. 1387 (D14) -1393 (A35e) (opposed 788-791 by 8) gold 652.
10 abu-Thabit (A5c) al-Za'im II (Asa) ibn-'Abd-al-Rahman II (9; A35e) a.h. 795 (A35e)
-795 (Asa) a.d. 1393 (A35e) -1393 (Asa) no coins.
11 abu'l-Hajjaj (A8) Yusuf (A35e) ibn-Musa II (8; A35e) a.h. 795 (Asa) -796 (A35e)
a.d. 1393 (Asa) -1394 (A75) no coins.
12 abu-Ziyan (A35e) Muhammad II (g,A35e) ibn-Musa II (8; Aê) a.h. 796 (A35e) -802
(Asa) a.d. 1394 (A75) -1399 (Asa) gold 653.

13 abu-Muhammad (g,A75) 'Abd-Allah I (g,A5a) ibn-Musa II (8; Asa) a.h. 802 (Asa) -804
(Asa) a.d. 1399 (Asa) -1402 (Asa) gold 654.
14 abu-'Abd-Allah (A75) Muhammad III (g,B8,Asa) ibn-Musa II (8; B8,Asa) a.H. 804
(Asa) -813 (B8.A75) a.D.1402 (Asa) -1411 (B8.A75) gold 655-657.
15 abu-Tashfin (H) 'Abd-al-Rahman III (g,A75) ibn-Muhammad III (14; A75) a.h. 813
(A75) -814 (A75) a.d. 1411 (A75) -1411 (A75) gold 658.
16 abu-x (?) al-Sa'id (A75) ibn-Musa II (8; A75) a.h. 814 (A75) -814 (A75) a.d. 1411 (A75)
-1411 (A75) no coins.
17 abu-Malik (B8) 'Abd-al-Wahid (g,B8,A85c) ibn-Musa II (8; B8,A85c) a.h. 814 (A75)
-827 (A75), 831 (A75) -833 (B8.A75) a.d. 1411 (A75) -1424 (A75), 1428 (A75) -1430
(B8.A75) gold 659-662.
18 abu-'Abd-Allah (g,A75) Muhammad IV (A85c) ibn-'Abd-al-Rahman II (9; A85c) a.H.
827 (A75) -831 (A75), 833 (A75) -834 (A75) a.d. 1424 (A75) -1428 (A75), 1430 (A75)
-1431 (A75) gold 663, 664.
19 abil'l-'Abbas (g,B8,A85c) Ahmad I (g,B8,A85c) ibn-Musa II (8; A85c) a.h. 834 (A75)
-866 (A75) a.d. 1431 (A75) -1462 (A75) gold 665-668.
20 abii-'Abd-Allah (g,B8,A75) Muhammad V (g,B8,A85c) ibn-Muhammad ibn-al-Za'im II
(jo; A75) a.h. 866 (A75) -873 (D1) a.d. 1462 (A75) -1468 (D1) gold 669.
77
21 abu-Tashfin (D1) 'Abd-al-Rahman IV (H) ibn-Muhammad V (20; D1) a.h. 873 (D1)
-873 (D1) a.d. 1468 (D1) -1468 (D1) no coins.
22 abii-'Abd-Allah (B8) Muhammad VI (B8) ibn-Muhammad V (20; D18) a.h. 873 (D1)
-910 (D1) a.d. 1468 (D1) -1505 (D1) no coins.
23 abu-'Abd-Allah (B8) Muhammad VII (B8) ibn-Muhammad VI (22; B8) a.h. 910 (D1)
-922 (D1) a.d. 1505 (D1) -1516 (D1):
Independent a.h. 910 (D1) -918 (H) a.d. 1505 (D1) -1512 (D14) no coins.
Vassal of Ferdinand II of Aragon a.h. 918 (H) -922 (D1) a.d. 1512 (D14) -1516 (D1)
no coins.
24 abu-Ziyan (D14) Ahmad II (H) ibn-Muhammad VI (22; D14) vassal of Ottoman Salim I
(9) a.h. 922 (D14) -922 (D14), 923 (D14) -924 (D14) a.d. 1516 (D14) -1516 (D14), 1517
(D14) -1518 (D14) (opposed 923-924 by 25) no coins.
25 abu-Hammu (D18) Musa III (D18) ibn-Muhammad V (20; D18) vassal of Charles I of
Spain a.h. 922 (D14) -934 (D1) a.d. 1516 (D1) -1528 (D1) (opposed 923-924 by 24)
no coins.
Ziyan
2 abu-Zakariya' Yahya
J_
Muhammad
20
1I
5I

4 abu-Zayd 'Abd-al-Rahman
6 7 abu-Ya'qiib Yusuf
II
8A 8
"1 I I \ \ \
11 12 13 14 16 17 19
I1
10 18 15
II1
21 22 25 26
r~^1 1 1 1
23 24 2J 28 29
78
26 abu-Muhammad (B8) 'Abd-Allah II (g,B8) ibn-Muhammad V (20; D18) a.h. 934 (D1)
-947 (D1) a.d. 1528 (D1) -1540 (D1):
Vassal of Ottoman 10 a.h. 934 (D1) -942 (D14) a.d. 1528 (Di) -1535 (D14)
gold 670.
Vassal of Charles I of Spain a.h. 942 (D14) -947 (D1) a.d. 1535 (D14) -1540 (D1)
no coins.
27 abu-'Abd-Allah (g,D14) Muhammad VIII (g,D14) ibn-'Abd-Allah II (26; D18) a.h. 947
(D14) -949 (D14), 949 (D1) -950 (D14) a.d. 1540 (D14) -1543 (H), 1543 (D1) -1543
(D14):
First reign, as vassal of Ottoman 10 (see above) gold 671.
Second reign (see above), as vassal of Charles I of Spain, no coins.
28 abu-Ziyan (D18) Ahmad III (D18) ibn-'Abd-Allah II (26; D18) vassal of Ottoman
10 a.h. 949 (D14) -949 (Di), 950 (D14) -957 (D1) a.d. 1543 (H) -1543 (D1), 1543 (D14)
-1550 (D1) no coins.
29 abu-Muhammad (g,D14) Hasan (g,D14) ibn-'Abd-Allah II (26; D18) a.h. 957 (D1) -964
(D1) a.d. 1550 (D1) -1556 (D1) gold 672.
Crushed between their powerful neighbors, the Hafsids and the Marinids, the Ziyanids
were frequently besieged or driven from their capital at Tlemcen into the mountains,
and were occasionally overthrown, with subsequent interregnums, yet they managed to
survive as a dynasty for well over three centuries, until the controversy between Turks and
Spaniards was settled by the Ottoman conquest. During this span they also suffered an
excessive amount of intra-dynastic rebellion, yet their capital prospered and a fair amount
of gold was coined there.
Relatively few specimens of this Ziyanid gold are extant, and their attribution is made
more difficult by the repetition of proper names in the family, but by correlation with

Brosselard's epigraphic studies and with the historians of the earlier period, a reasonable
certitude may be achieved. Thus the anonymous gold piece inHafsid style, identical except
for mint with the contemporary gold of Morocco, is ascribed to Yaghmurasan because at the
period when it was struck he was master of Tlemcen, and because he, like his Marinid
contemporaries, was nominally a Hafsid vassa1.
No coins can be ascribed to 'Uthman I and Muhammad I, but the double dinars
inscribed "ma aqrabu farju Allah" surely belong to Musa I and 'Abd-al-Rahman I,
referring as they do to the unexpected lifting of the eight-year siege of Tlemcen at the
death of the Marinid Yusuf.
Two of the most puzzling coins in the corpus (648, 649) are reluctantly inserted here,
but I have been completely unable to account for the title amir al-mu'minin and the other
anomalous features, or to read the last line of the reverse field, of which all reported versions
are demonstrably wrong. The Algiers issue may be questionable but the Tlemcen coin does
exist; it was struck by an 'Abd-al-Rahman with caliphal pretensions; his name and title
and the Tlemcen mint are perfectly clear but inexplicable.
For the brothers 'Uthman II and al-Zalm I, who ruled between the two Marinid
conquests, no gold is known to have survived, though 'Uthman is said by Yahya Ibn-
Khaldun to have struck some.
11
79
Musa II's long reign bore fruit in one double dinar and probably in one dinar, while a
similar double dinar exists for 'Abd-al-Rahman II, if Brethes' attempt to paint the name of
Yaghmurasan on the sole extant specimen has not misled me.
No coins exist for the short reigns of al-Zalm II and Yusuf, but Moyse reports a double
dinar of Muhammad II and the Paris specimen seems to fit 'Abd-Allah I, though ascribed
to Muhammad V.
Three gold pieces are assignable to Muhammad III by the epithet al-Wathiq-bi-Allah,
and a Paris dinar tentatively to 'Abd-al-Rahman III, with no coins for al-Sa'id, who ruled
for less than a year.
An assortment of gold coins bears the name of 'Abd-al-Wahid, while similar coins can
be attributed to his opponent Muhammad IV. Ahmad I left a group of gold pieces with his
epithet al-Mu'tasim-bi-Allah, and a half dinar may belong to Muhammad V or one of his
namesakes.
No coins have been assigned to the next five rulers, whose reigns were very disturbed
by Turkish-Spanish combats. To 'Abd-Allah II and Muhammad VIII can confidently be
assigned the two double dinars (670, 671) which bear besides their names and titles that
of am1r al-mu'minin abu'l-Rab1' Sulayman. An incredible amount of fruitless controversy
among such experts as Lavoix, van Berchem, Prieto, and Fasmer has been fomented by
these coins, which were obviously struck by these vassals of the Ottoman sultan Sulayman,
called the Magnificent by Europeans and the Lawgiver by his own people.
The fact that he did not actually bear the kunyah abu'l-Rabi' is no objection; all
Sulaymans in the occident used this name, and it was ascribed to him as unhesitatingly
as abu-Ya'qub to Yusuf ibn-Tashfin or abix'l-Hasan to his son 'Ali by later historians,
though as their gold shows the Murabitts, like the Ottomans, did not use names in abu-. In
Tunisia, on the other hand, an inscription termed Sulayman abu'l-Futuh with equally

little justification.
With this discussion permanently closed, it may be hoped, we may skip Ahmad III,
with no coins reported, for the final Ziyanid gold piece, a half dinar of Hasan.
The numismatic history of this dynasty is sketchy because of the scarcity of available
specimens; it is possible that future archaeological finds will complete the representation of
this family.
No silver and copper can be ascribed to the Ziyanids, although they must certainly
have struck some silver during their lengthy control of western Algeria; Leo Africanus'
assertion that at least the later rulers of this dynasty coined both silver and copper is
probably correct, especially by analogy with the late Hafsid pieces.
The Mar1n1ds of Morocco
Zandtah Berber rulers of the Banii-Mann of Morocco a.h. 592-869 (a.d. 1196-1465).
1 abii-Muhammad (A92) 'Abd-al-Haqq I (g,B4,C14,A35e) ibn-Mahyu (A35e) a.h. 592
(A92) -614 (A35e) a.d. 1196 (A92) -1217 (A84e) no coins.
2 abu-Sa'id (A35e) 'UthmanI (A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-Haqq I (j; A35e) a.h. 614 (A35e) -638
(A92) a.D.1217 (A84e) -1240 (A92) no coins.
8o
3 abu-MVruf (A84CI) Muhammad I (A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-Haqq I (r; A35e) a.h. 638 (A92)
-642 (A35e) a.d. 1240 (A92) -1244 (A84d) no coins.
4 abu-Yahya (A35e) Abu-Bakr (A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-Haqq I (1; A35e) a.H. 642 (A35e) -656
(A35e) a.d. 1244 (A84d) -1258 (no alternative) anonymous gold, Hafsid style 673-712,
anonymous silver 1133, 1134.
5 abu-Hafs (A5b) 'Umar (A35e) ibn-Abi-Bakr (4; Atfe) a.h. 656 (A35e) -658 (A92)
a.d. 1258 (no alternative) -1259 (A92) (opposed 656-658 by 6) no coins.
6 abu-Yusuf (B4,C14,A35e) Ya'qub (g,B4,C14,A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-Haqq I (1; g,B4,C14,
A35e) a.h. 656 (A35e) -685 (A35e) a.d. 1258 (no alternative) -1286 (A35e) (opposed
656-658 by 5):
First series, Hafsid style a.h. 656 (A35e) -668 (A35e) a.d. 1258 (no alternative)
-1269 (A35e) anonymous gold (see 4).
Second series, Marinid style a.h. 668 (A35e) -685 (A35e) a.d. 1269 (A35e) -1286
(A35e) gold 713, 714, anonymous silver 1135.
7 abii-Ya'qub (Bn,C12,A35e) Yiisuf (A35e) ibn-Ya'qub (6; B24,A35e) a.h. 685 (A35e)
-706 (B24,A35e) a.d. 1286 (A35e) -1307 (B24,A35e) anonymous gold 715-725, ano-
nymous silver 1136-1140.
8 abu-Thabit (C12,A35e) 'Amir (A35e) ibn-'Abd-Allah ibn-Yusuf (7; A84d) a.h. 706
(A35e) -708 (A35e) a.d. 1307 (A35e) -1308 (A35e) no coins.
9 abu'l-Rabi' (C12,A35e) Sulayman (A35e) ibn-'Abd-Allah ibn-Yusuf (7; A84d) a.h. 708
10 abu-Sald (g,B4,C14,A35e) 'Uthman II (g,B4,A35e) ibn-Ya'qub (6; B4,C14,A35e)
a.h. 710 (A35e) -731 (A35e) a.d. 1310 (A35e) -1331 (A35e) (opposed 714-731 by 10A)
gold 726-745.
10 A abfi-'Ali (g,B4,A35e) 'Umar (g,B4,A35e) ibn-'Uthman II (10; A35e) amir at Sijilma-

sah a.h. 714 (A35e) -733 (A35e) a.d. 1315 (A84e) -1333 (D17) (opposed 714-731 by 10
and 731-733 by 11) no coins.
11 abu'l-Hasan (B4.C14.A35e) 'Ali (B4,A35e) ibn-'Uthman II (jo; B4.C14.A35e) a.h. 731
(A35e) -752 (B9,A35e) a.d. 1331 (A35e) -1351 (B9,A35e) (opposed 731-733 by 10A and
749-752 by 12):
First series, Marinid inscriptions: anonymous gold 746-749, anonymous silver
1141-1146.
Second series, Marinid and Nasrid inscriptions a.h. 731 (A35e) -740 (A35e) a.d.
1331 (A35e) -1340 (A35e) anonymous gold 750-758.
Third series, Marinid and Ziyanid inscriptions a.h. 737 (A35e) -752 (B9,A35e) a.d.
1337 (A35e) -1351 (B9,A35e) anonymous gold 759-768, anonymous silver 1147.
12 abu-'Inan (B4.C12.A35e) Faris (g,B4,A35e) ibn-'Ali (11; B4,A35e) a.h. 749 (A35e) -759
(A35e) a.D. 1348 (A35e) -1358 (A35e) (opposed 749-752 by 11):
First series, Marinid style: gold 769-777.
Second series, Hafsid style: gold 778-786.
12A abu-Ziyan (Asb) Muhammad (Asb) ibn-Faris (12; A$b) pretender a.h. 759 (A5b)
-759 (Asb) a.d. 1358 (Asb) -1358 (A5b) no coins.
13 abu-'Abd-Allah (g) Muhammad II (A35e) ibn-Faris (12; Aê) a.h. 759 (A35e) -760
(A35e) a.d. 1358 (A35e) -1359 (A35e) gold 787.
81
14 abu-Salim (B2,C14,A35e) Ibrah1m (A35e) ibn-'Ali (11; B2.C14.A35e) a.h. 760 (A35e)
-762 (A35e) a.d. 1359 (A35e) -1361 (A35e) gold 788, anonymous silver 1148.
25 abu-'Umar (A35e) Tashfin (A35e) ibn-'Ali (11; Aê) a.h. 762 (A35e) -763 (A35e)
a.D. 1361 (A35e) -1361 (A35e) no coins.
16 abu-Muhammad (A39a) 'Abd-al-Halim (A35e) ibn-'Umar (10A; Atfe) a.H. 763 (A35e)
-764 (A35e) a.d. 1361 (Asb) -1362 (A35e) (opposed 763-764 by 17) no coins.
1 j abu-Ziyan (A35e) Muhammad III (g,A35e) ibn-Ya'qiib ibn-'Ali (11; A35e) a.H. 763
(A35e) -767 (Asb) a.d. 1361 (A35e) -1366 (Asb) (opposed 763-764 by 16 and 764-765
by 17 A) gold 789-792.
17A abu-Malik (g) 'Abd-al-Mu'min (g,A35e) ibn- 'Umar (10A ; g,A35e) am1r at Sijilmasah
a.h. 764 (D14) -765 (H) a.d. 1362 (D14) -1363 (H) (opposed 764-765 by 17) gold 793.
interregnum under vizir between death of 17 and accession of 18 a.h. 767 (Asb) -768
(A35e) a.d. 1366 (Asb) -1366 (A35e).
18 abu-Faris (B4,Asb) 'Abd-al-'Aziz I (g,B4.A35e) ibn-'Ali (11; B4,A35e) a.h. 768 (A35e)
-774 (A35e) a.d. 1366 (A35e) -1372 (A35e) gold 794-796.
19 abu-Ziyan (Asb) Muhammad IV (g,A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-'Aziz I (18; Aê) a.H.774 (A35e)
-776 (A35e) a.d. 1372 (A85c) -1374 (A35e) gold 797-799.
20 abu'l-'Abbas (g,C14,A35e) Ahmad (g,s,A35e) ibn-Ibrahim (14; C14,A35e) a.H. 775
(Asb) -786 (A35e), 789 (A35ej -796 (A35e) a.d. 1373 (Asb) -1384 (Asb), 1387 (A35e)
-1393 (A35e) (opposed 776-784 by 20 A):
First series, without am1r al-muslimin or Nasrid inscription: gold 800-805.
Second series, without amir al-muslimin, with Nasrid inscription: gold 806-809.
Third series, with amir al-muslimin, without Nasrid inscription: gold 810-829,
silver 1149.
Fourth series, with amir al-muslimin and Nasrid inscription: gold 830.

20.4 abu-Zayd (A7ob) 'Abd-al-Rahman (g,s,A35e) ibn-'Ali ibn-'Umar (10A; g,s,A35e)
sayyid at Marrakesh a.h. 776 (A35e) -784 (A35e) a.d. 1374 (A7ob) -1382 (A35e)
(opposed 776-784 by 20) gold 831, 832, silver 1150.
21 abu-Faris (g.Asb) Musa (g,A35e) ibn-Faris (12; Atfe) a.h. 786 (A35e) -788 (Asb) a.D.
1384 (A35e) -1386 (Asb) gold 833, 834.
22 abu-Ziyan (Asb) Muhammad V (g,A35e) ibn-Ahmad (20; A35e) a.h. 788 (Asb) -788
(A35e) a.d. 1386 (Asb) -1386 (A35e) gold 835.
23 abii-Ziyan (Asb) Muhammad VI (A35e) ibn-Muhammad ibn-'Ali (11; A35e) a.H. 788
24 abu-Faris (A35e) 'Abd-al-'Aziz II (g,A35e) ibn-Ahmad (20; A35e) a.h. 796 (A35e) -799
(Asb) a.d. 1393 (A35e) -1396 (Asb):
First series, Marinid style: gold 836-839.
Second series, Hafsid style: gold 840-854.
25 abu-'Amir (Asb) 'Abd-Allah (g.Asb) ibn-Ahmad (20; Asb) a.h. 799 (Asb) -8oo (Asb)
a.d. 1396 (Asb) -1398 (Asb) Hafsid style gold 855-859.
26 abu-Sa'id (B4,Asb) 'UthmanHI (g,C14,Asb) ibn-Ahmad (20; C14,Asb) a.H. 8oo (Asb)
-823 (A74) a.d. 1398 (Asb) -1420 (A74) Hafsid style gold 860-867.
27 abu-'Abd-Allah (A74) Muhammad VII (A32)ibn-'Abd-Allah ibn-abi-Tariq ibn-Faris (12;
H) a.h. 823 (A74) -830 (D6) a.d. 1420 (A74) -1427 (H) (opposed 823-830 by 28) no coins.
82
28 abu-Muhammad (B4,A32) 'Abd-al-Haqq II (s,B4,A85c) ibn-'Uthman III (26; B4.A32)
a.H.823 (D6.D9) -869 (A85c) a.d. 1420 (D6,Dg) -1465 (A85c) (opposed 823-830 by 27)
silver 1151, 1152.
Mahyu
1r
'Abd-Allah 10A
I 1 I-
8 9 'Ali 16 17A
10
12
_L_
it
III
20A 12A 13 21 abu-Tariq 20
23
17 19

14 15 Ya'qub 18 Muhammad
'Abd-AUah 22
27
24
25
26
28
The numismatic history of the Mar1nids is essentially simple, but the necessary
preliminary groundwork has never been done, so that all major collections contain more or
less large groups of "unascribed Moorish gold". This anonymous gold can easily be divided
into two portions by the number of lines in each field, and it is the three-line Hafsid type
which must be considered first.
No Marinid gold bearing proper names in known for any ruler earlier than Ya'qub,
whose accession occurred in a.h. 656. The anonymous gold was not struck by the Hafsids,
as the Mahdi is not named and the mint towns were not under Hafsid control, nor by the
Ziyanids, by reason of the mints; there are no such objections to terming it Marinid, which
it obviously is. In style and legends it most closely resembles the earlier Hafsid gold,
especially as some of it is in ornamented Kiif1 script corresponding to that used by the
Hafsids for a few decades starting about 650. The early Marinids were nominal Hafsid
vassals; presumably this gold was struck by Abu-Bakr and Ya'qub chiefly, but not
entirely, before the final overthrow of the Muwahhids in 668. It is likely, but less certain,
that much of the anonymous silver with similar inscriptions was also struck by these two
rulers.
Next come two gold pieces of Ya'qub with his name and titles, probably struck after
668, and then another gap during the prosperous reign of his son Yusuf. This can promptly
83
be filled with a single fine series from the five-line group, as shown in the corpus, a group
whose style and legends are intermediate between those of Ya'qub and those of 'Uthman II,
and whose mints are plentiful but limited to Morocco. Anonymous silver bearing similar
legends can also be assigned to Yusuf. For 'Amir and Sulayman no coins are extant.
A substantial series of gold bears the name of 'Uthman II, from several mints within
Morocco, but none survives for his son and opponent 'Umar, am1r of Sijilmasah, and none
bearing the name of 'Uthman's son and successor 'Ah, a pious but ambitious man who
invaded Spain but was disastrously defeated by the Christians at Tarifa, conquered Algeria
and Tunisia, was again disastrously defeated by Arabs near Kairouan, and was the victim
of domestic rebellion, shipwreck, and exile.
To him belongs the balance of the anonymous gold, some of which bears the Nasrid
motto and was doubtless struck before his defeat at Tarifa in 740, and some of which bears
the Ziyanid motto and was struck, after the conquest of Tlemcen in 737, at mints which
include not only Fez and Sijilmasah but Tlemcen, Algiers, Bougie, and Tunis. To these
groups of gold exactly fitting the known facts of 'Ali's career may be added corresponding
groups of anonymous silver.
His son and rival Faris assumed the title of am1r al-mu'minin, and a full series of gold
displays it for mints which include Tlemcen and Bougie, again victims of Marinid conquest.
A parallel series of Hafsid-type gold with three-line fields also bears Faris' name and titles.
For the rulers who followed in quick succession a handful of gold survives: none for
the pretender Muhammad, one tentatively for Muhammad II, one for Ibrahim if my
reading of Brethes' illegible specimen is correct, none for Tashfin, none for 'Abd-al-Halim,
three or four for Muhammad III, and one fine double dinar for the am1r 'Abd-al-Mu'min at
Sijilmasah.
'Abd-al-'Aziz I again conquered Tlemcen and left numismatic evidence of his achieve-

ment, with two other double dinars from Fez. Muhammad IV minted three coins at Fez.
The only silver attributable to this troubled era is an anonymous piece ascribed to
Ibrahim because of similarity to the gold which seems to bear his name.
For Ahmad's bisected reign a large quantity of gold and a little silver is extant, while
his rival at Marrakesh, 'Abd-al-Rahman, also minted both gold and silver.
Again rulers gained and lost power rapidly: Miisa two years, two issues; Muhammad V
less than a year, one double dinar; Muhammad VI one year, no coins. In his three years
'Abd-al-'Aziz II struck four coins in Marinid style and several in Hafsid style, with an
unexpected change to the three-line field. This was continued on a handful of gold by
'Abd-AUah, who reigned only one year, and on a larger group by 'Uthman III, who ruled
until 823.
No coins exist for Muhammad VII and no gold for 'Abd-al-Haqq II, though one silver
piece may definitely be ascribed to his violent reign and another tentatively.
This dynasty's numismatic history, then, can readily be understood by matching each
group of anonymous gold and silver to its most likely originator on considerations of style,
inscriptions, and mints. When this is done a steady development is made available for
study instead of the jagged, gap-filled outlines heretofore published.
Considered as a whole, Marinid gold of each denomination is somewhat broader than
its Hafsid equivalent but extant specimens average slightly lighter. 4.57 grams is the
84
average weight of 182 double dinars and 2.26 grams of 51 dinars. The style is less attractive
and the inscriptions less legible than those of all but the last Hafsids, but they are not
inferior to the Ziyanids'. The silver is adequately engraved and struck, but the general
effect is one of steady decline from the high Muwahhid standards.
The Nasr1ds 1n North Afr1ca
Arab rulers of the Banu-Nasr (BanuH-Ahmar) of Granada a.h. 629-887 (a.D.1232-1492)
1 abu-'Abd-Allah (B14,C17) Muhammad I (B14,C17,A35e) ibn-Yusuf (B14, A84d) a.h.
629 (A84d) -671 (B14,A74) a.d. 1232 (D9) -1273 (B14) no African coins; gold struck as
vassal of Hafsid 1 556.
2 no African coins.
3 abu-'Abd-Allah (B15,C17,A48a) Muhammad III (C17,A35e) ibn-Muhammad II (2;
B15,C17,A35e) a.h. 701 (B14,A35e) -708 (B14,A35e) a.d. 1302 (B14,A35e) -1309
(B14,A35e) see below.
4 abu'l-Juyush (B14,A35e) Nasr (B14,A35e) ibn-Muhammad II (2; B14, A35e) a.h. 708
(B14,A35e) -713 (A48a) a.d. 1309 (B14,A48a) -1314 (A48a) see below.
8 abu-'Abd-Allah (B15,A35e) Muhammad V (g,B15,A35e) ibn-Yusuf I (7; g,B15,A35e)
a.h. 755 (A35e) -760 (A35e), 763 (A35e) -793 (A48a) a.d. 1354 (A35e) -1359 (A35e),
1362 (A35e) -1391 (D9,D14) gold 868.
3, 4, or 8 anonymous silver 1153.
Yusuf
1 Isma'il

1i
2 Faraj
Ii
345
.L
89
The Nasrids of Granada controlled Ceuta from a.h. 705 to 709 and from 786 to 789.
The square silver (1153) bearing the name of this mint and their motto "wa-la ghalibu
ilia Allah" could belong to either of these periods, but similar silver reported for Fez must
be tentatively rejected, as the Nasrids never held secure control of the inland capital. If the
Fez coins should be confirmed as correct, they might be ascribed to the Marinid 'Ali, who
85
struck gold bearing the Nasrid insription; this would raise the question of whether he also
struck the Ceuta coins.
The only Nasrid gold reported from North Africa is a double dinar (868) minted at
Ceuta by Muhammad V, though the first Nasrid ruler before declaring his independence
struck a double dinar (556) at Granada for the Hafsid Yahya I.
Except for the coins just discussed, the numismatic history of the Nasrids falls outside
the scope of this study.
The Wattas1ds of Morocco
Zanatah Berber rulers of the Banu-Wattds of Morocco a.h. 869-961 (a.d. 1465-1554).
1 abu-'Abd-Allah (H) Muhammad I (g,A29b) ibn-Yahya (A29b) a.H. 869 (D6) -910 (D6)
a.d. 1465 (D6) -1504 (D6) gold 869.
2 abu-'Abd-Allah (notes to A32) Muhammad II (g,s,C6,A32) ibn-Muhammad I (1;
C6.A32) a.h. 910 (D6) -932 (A29b) a.d. 1504 (D6) -1525 (D6) gold 870, silver 1154.
3 abii'l-Hasan (A32) 'AH (s,A29b) ibn-Muhammad I (1; A32) a.h. 932 (A29b) -932
(A29b), 961 (A29b) -961 (A29b) a.d. 1525 (D6) -1526 (A29b), 1554 (A29b) -1554 (A29b)
silver 1155.
4 abu'l-'Abbas (A29b) Ahmad (s,C6,A32) ibn-Muhammad II (2; C6,A29b) a.H. 932
(A29b) -952 (D6), 956 (D14) -957 (D14) a.d. 1526 (A29b) -1545 (D6), 1549 (D14) -1550
(D14) silver 1156.
5 abu-'Abd-Allah (H) Muhammad III (A32) ibn-Ahmad (4; A32) a.h. 952 (A32) -956
(D14) a.d. 1545 (D6) -1549 (D14) no coins.
interregnum under Sharifs between surrender of 4 and restoration of 3 a.h. 957 (D14) -961
(A29b) a.d. 1550 (D14) -1554 (A29b).
Ziyan
abii-Zakariya' Yahya Mansur

abii-Zakariya' Yahya 1 Yiisuf
2 3 abii'l-Hasan 'Ah
During the reign of the last Marinid, 'Abd-al-Haqq II, who came to the throne as a
child, the vizirial power was held by several members of the Wattasid family, a few of
whom survived a massacre arranged by 'Abd-al-Haqq when he reached maturity. At his
death they competed for power with the rising Sharifs, and succeeded in controlling part
of Morocco for nearly a century.
86
Very few coins are attributed to the Wattasids. A small series of silver in a thin
Naskhi script, reported and illustrated by Brethes, seems fairly safe because of the sequence
of names; the few gold coins are less satisfactory. Studies by Massignon and Cour have
established the names and dates of this obscure dynasty; it may be that further gold will
be discovered.
The Ottomans in North Afr1ca
Sultans of the Osmanli Turks (Banu-'Uthmdn) of Constantinople a.h. 699-1342.
(a.d. 1299-1924).
jo Sulayman I (g,B13) ibn-Salim I (9; D18) a.h. 926 (D18) -974 (D18) a.d. 1520 (D18)
-1566 (D18) specified on Ziyanid gold 670, 671.
11-37 excluded from this study.
The Ottoman Turks, who conquered Tunisia and Algeria from the Hafsids and
Ziyanids, are excluded from this study. An exception is made for the two gold pieces
struck in the name of Sulayman I by his Ziyanid vassals, and for a Hafsid square dirhem
(1102) counterstamped *].
The gold pieces show no Ottoman influence; the name abu'l-Rabi' prefixed to Sulay-
man shows that no Ottoman had any part in designing them.
The counter-stamp is presumably an Ottoman validation of a current piece of Hafsid

silver.

CORPUS OF COINS
struck in North Africa,
or struck elsewhere by North African rulers,
between a.h. 439 (a.d. 1047)
and the Ottoman and Sharifian conquests
of the late tenth Moslem (16th) century.
Abbreviations (other than bibliographic) used in this corpus:
a above
b beneath
d date
F field
fig. figure
m mint
M margin
o obverse
p. page
pi. plate
r reverse
s segment
sp. specimens
v. volume

Bibliographic reference abbreviations are listed on pages 286-306.
GOLD
'Abbasid Gold
struck in North Africa after a.H. 439 (a.d. 1047)
in the name of the Sunnite khalifahs,
the Banu'l-'Abbas
of Baghdad.
As the 'Abbasids exercised no direct control over North Africa during this period, all
coins bearing their name were actually struck by independent local rulers, and are therefore
listed under the respective dynasties: Z1rid, Hammadid, Murabit, and Hiidid.
Fatim1d Gold
struck in North Africa after a.H. 439 (a.d. 1047)
in the name of the Shi'ite imams,
the Banu-Fatimah
of Cairo (al-Qahirah).
As the Fatimids exercised no direct control over North Africa during this period, all
coins bearing their name were actually struck by Z1rid rulers, and are therefore listed under
the latter dynasty.
Z1r1d Gold
struck in North Africa after a.h. 439 (a.d. 1047)
by the Sanhajah Berber rulers of Tunisia,
the Banu-Z1ri
(or by their contemporaries in Tunisia)

in Kuf1 script.
abu-Tamim al-MuHzz ibn-Badis
a.h. 406-454 a.d. 1016-1062
Coins struck by the earlier Zirids, and by al-Mu'izz prior to a.h. 439, are excluded
from this corpus.
First (Shi'ite) series:
Struck in a.H. 439 and 440 in the name of the Fatimid imam
abu-Tamim Ma'add ibn-'Alf
a.h. 427-487 a.d. 1036-1094
1. Sabrah - 439 - dinar. Plate I
OF <ul Vl <|l V RF -UV|
OM $' J) P"a-dl J*M Cj?) iS^\ aLw jl <uV J j**j>
RM (date) i~ (mint) j j*M li* <al
BN III 337 (pi. 1v): om ends with ydl, mint given as Tabariyah (corrected by Monchicourt).
F.Fatimites 165 (pi. 1v): om ends with 15"; 166 (2 sp.): mint given as ^ (misprint).
2. Sabrah - 440 - dinar.
As 1.
F.Fatimites 166 note: d, m only. F.Fatimites II44: om ends with if.
Second (Sunnite) series:
Struck anonymously by al-Mu'izz between a.h. 441 and 449 after his repudiation of
Fatimid suzerainty.
3. al- Qayrawan - 441 - dinar.
OF <ulVlJlV RF J* 7. Cfi
om Jl Ul-jj lj) lj~j>) la*L tl ^l 1^l l
RM (date) <i- (mint) ) ^>L.Vl o4c ul ^
KM II 855 (pi. v). Welzl 12232,12233 (2 sp.): illustrated in Schiepati (pi. n, no. 14). Soret .F
129 note. F.Fatimites 168. Farrugia: d, m only.
As 3.

4. al-Qayrawan - 442 - dinar. Plate I
F.Fatimites 169 (pi. 1v), 170 (2 sp.): j J rf. Farrugia: d, m only.
5. al-Qayrawan - 442 - dinar.
As 3 except om: o_>*]U)l ^jU l^v. ol Jjll 4- j* J Lfuilj
Welzl 12234: illustrated in Schiepati (pi. n, no. 15).
6. al-Qayrawan - [44]3 - quarter dinar.
As 3 except om, which ends at Uj.
KM II 856 (pi. v): d illegible, margins largely illegible. Soret .F 130: margins partly illegible.
F.Fatimites 171: d illegible, lj.Xj omitted from om (misprint, corrected by letter).
Corpus of Coins: Z1rid Gold 91
As 3.
Schiepati 70 (pi. n, no. 1): d uncertain. F:Fatimites 171 note: d, m only. B 793 bis (p. 271):
d, m only. F :Fatimites II46.
As 3 except om, which ends at I J_Jij, and of: oil VI <|l V
Schiepati 71 (pi. n, no. 2): d uncertain. F :Fatimites 171 note. F :Fatimites II 47: length of
om not specified.
OF <i\ RF <j>
om (inner) J^-j ju <ul VI V
om (outer) as om of 3.
rm (inner) Jjl pUill A
rm (outer) as rm of 3.
F :Fatimites II49.
10. al- Qayrawan - 8/[4]46 - dinar.
As 3 except rm: oil ^ omitted, iu. preceded by oL*i :J..
0 2106: description inaccurate, identified from impression furnished by Galster. F:Fati-
mites II 48.
As 3 except om, which ends at LcUj, and rm, which has errors in engraving.
Farrugia: j a rf.
12. Madinat Safaqus - 449 - dinar.
of as of of 3. rf as rf of 3.
om as om of 1.
rm as rm of 1 plus .

Farrugia.
12a. al-Mahdiyah - 446 - dinar.
As 3 except rm: (date) ii_ (mint) * .-,j+ oil .
0 2105: description inaccurate, identified from impression furnished by Galster.
13. al-Mahdiyah - 8/447 ~ dinar.
Not described; presumably as 3 except rm:
(date) c- oLii ^ (mint) j jbjl li* oil ^
Casanova 1318: d, m only.
14. (mint ?) - [4]4x - eighth dinar.
Apparently as 3.
BN II 934 (pi. 1x): margins largely illegible, rf worn.
Third (Shi'ite) series:
Struck between a.h. 449 and 454 in the name of the Fatimid imam
abu-Tamim Ma'add ibn-'Ali
a.H. 427-487 a.D. 1036-1094
following resumption of acknowledgment of Fatimid suzerainty.
15. al-Mahdiyah - 449 - dinar.
As 1 except rm:
(date) i_ (mint) j ji Jl li* ^>^*-)\ ^Jl <ul ^.
Farrugia.
16. al-Mahdiyah - 4/451 - dinar.
of <ul Vl 4\ V RF a-
<u| J<ul J^::..)l
om as om of 1 through _/Al.
rm (date) ,J\ jti. ^ (mint) j jiJl li* <ul ^ .
Bergmann 17 (pi., no. 4: r only).
May be as 15.
Blau :2V 98: d, m only.
abu-Yahyd Tamim ibn-al-MuHzz
a.H. 454-501 a.d. 1062-1108
Shi'ite series:
Struck between a.h. 454 and 459 in the name of the Fatimid imam
abu-Tamim Ma'add ibn-'Ali
a.H. 427-487 a.d. 1036-1094
prior to final repudiation of Fatimid suzerainty.

of j** ÛVl RF <ul
om (inner) (o~) J-\ s*- jjjj 0*i*J\ J-*l <"l J_yj <ul V
RM (inner) ju^Jl j** ÛVl Icj
BN III 389: mint defective, al-Mahd only.
19. al-Mahdiyah - 455 - dinar. Plate I
As 18 except om (inner) which ends at , and has J* instead of ^t.j.
BM IV 166 (pi. 11): jb of.
Corpus of Coins: Z1r1d Gold 93
20. al-Mahdiyah - 455 - dinar. Plate I
om (inner) <ul Jy-j oil Vl Jl V
om (middle) cA-jy- jjOj^j" J-*l j
rm (inner) oo^l jy\ <ul,
rm (middle) as rm (inner) of 18.
ANS; Miles 383 (pi. 1v).
Apparently as 20.
Balog.
22. al-Mahdiyah - 8/457 ~ dinar.
of as rf of 18. RF as OF of 18.
om (inner) as om (inner) of 19.
rm (inner) as rm (inner) of 18.
rm (outer) as rm of 16, with oL*i instead of ^Jl.
BM IV 167: j b of.
23. al-Mahdiyah - 8/459 - dinar.
As 18 except rm (outer): as rm of 13.
F:Fatimites II 41: inner om ends at j^-.
No coins are reliably reported for the rest of Tamim's reign, a.h. 460-501. Blau :N 101,
ascribed to al-Mahdiyah for a.h. 480 without further description, is presumably misread;
Blau..AT 103, ascribed to al-Mahdiyah for an illegible date, is, because of the criss-cross
design, almost certainly an issue of the Sicily (Siqilliyah) mint.
abu-Tahir Yahyd ibn-Tamim

a.H. 501-509 a.D.1108-1116
No coins reported.
abuH-Futuh 'Ali ibn-Yahyd
a.h. 509-515 a.d. 1116-1121
No coins reported.
abu-Yahyd al-Hasan ibn-'Ali
a.H. 515-543 a.D. 1121-1148
No coins reported.
No coins are reported for the local Arab and Berber rulers in Tunisia and Algeria
other than the Zirids and Hammadids in the interval between the Arab invasion of
a.h. 443 (a.d. 1051) and the completion of the Muwahhid conquest in a.h. 555 (a.d. 1160)
with the following two exceptions.
94
Hammu ibn-MalU
independent Barghawattah Berber governor of
Sfax (Safaqus)
a.h. 451-493 a.d. 1059-11oo
24. Safaqus - 461 - anonymous dinar.
om as om of 1 through jl\.
rm as rm of 1.
Farrugia.
Rashid ibn-Rashid
independent Jami'id Arab governor of
Gabes (Qabis)
a.h. 5*x-554 a.d. 115X-1159
Struck in the name of the 'Abbasid khalifah, who was not individually identified:
al-Muqtafi-li-amr-Allah, abii-Abd-'Allah Muhammad ibn-Ahmad
a.H. 530-555 a.d. 1136-1160
24a. Qabis - 551 - dinar. Plate I
OF <UI Vl JlV RF Ji. Vl
-uiJl j^Vl .oil
OM cx.^-Wl i>VI j y>} O JJb Ji Lj ^L-Vl jj- ft <y j
rm (date) (mint) j Jl l-U ._^ ^Jl <ul p.
S:Beyram 293 (pi. n): given as 552 Qadis (Cadiz) (disproved by piate), of misread.
P:Misceldnea p. 128 (fig.) of misread. This coin is termed "rashid1" by Ibn-Khaldun
(Kitab al-Ubar, Bulaq edition, vol. VI, p. 167).
Hammadid Gold

by the Sanhajah Berber rulers of eastern Algeria,
the Banu-Hammad
in Kuf1 script.
No Hammadid coins are reported for the period prior to a.h. 439.
Corpus of Coins: Hammad1d Gold 95
al-Qa'id ibn-Hammdd
a.H. 419-446 a.D. 1028-1055
No coins reported.
Muhsan ibn-al-Qd'id
a.h. 446-447 a.d. 1055-1055
No coins reported.
Bulukkin ibn-Muhammad
a.H. 447-454 a.d. 1055-1062
No coins reported.
al-Ndsir ibn-'Alannds
a.H. 454-481 a.d. 1062-1088
No coins reported.
al-Mansur ibn-Ndsir
a.H. 481-498 a.d. 1088-1104
(mint ?) - (date ?) - dinar.
om (inner) as om (inner) of 20.
om (middle) as om (middle) of 20.
om (outer) illegible.
rm (inner) illegible.
rm (middle) as rm (inner) of 18.
rm (outer) illegible.
Beylie (fig. 74): not described; tentatively reconstructed from figure; attribution to this
ruler not expiained; apparently an illegible Fatimid dinar falling outside the scope of this
corpus. Ibn-Khaldun states that this ruler was the first Hammadid to mint coins.
Bddis ibn-al-Mansur
a.h. 498-498 a.D. 1104-1105

No coins reported.
al-'Aziz ibn-al-Mansur
a.H. 498-515 a.D. 11o5-1121
No coins reported.
Yahyd ibn-al-'Aziz
a.h. 515-547 a.D. 1121-1152
Struck in the name of the 'Abbasid khalifah
al-Muqtafi-li-amr-Allah, abfi-'Abd-Allah Muhammad ibn-Ahmad
a.H. 530-555 a.D. 1136-1160
25. al-Nasiriyah - 543 - dinar.
OF <lll J>-j JU*. <Ul Vl .Jl V RF .Oil juc ym\ ÛVl
OM 0V |f j j^-i'U jT" Jy |^ <ul Jl o 0l_j, J
rm (date) ii (mint) j jbjl Ii* ^Jl ^Jl <ul ^
This coin is not listed in any modern collection, and it is possible that no specimens have
survived. It is, however, fully described (except for division into lines) by Ibn-Khaldun
(Kitab al-'ibar, Bulaq edition, vol. VI, page 177). The purported illustration in de Beylie's
appendix (fig. 6) is, like the other alleged coins from the same source, incredible, as de Beylie
realized.
Hammud1d Gold
in the name of
the Banu-Hammud
of Malaga (Malaqah)
or of their Barghawatah Berber governors.
No gold reported.
No coins are reported for the period following a.h. 439 for the petty pre-Murabit
Berber rulers in Morocco with the exception of Hammudid silver and copper, to be de-
scribed later, and a curious group of small gold coins B 774-793 (pi. xn) ascribed by
Brethes to the Banu-Khazriin, who ruled Sijilmasah until the Murabit conquest of a.H. 446,
and to their contemporaries. His readings are too tentative and fragmentary, and his
plates too illegible, to permit intelligent discussion of these coins, although they clearly
demand careful study and comment when they can be made available to scholars.
Murabit Gold
struck in North Africa and Spain
by the Lamtunah Berber rulers of

the Murabitun sect
in Kufi script.
Almost all Murabit gold was struck in the name of the 'Abbasid khalifah, who was
never individually identified, but was generically termed "al-imam, 'Abd Allah, amir
al-mu'minin" and sometimes also "al-'Abbasi".
Corpus of Coins: MurIbit Gold
Abu-Bakr ibn-'Umar
a.h. 448-480 a.d. 1056-1087
26. Sijilmasah - 450 - dinar. Plate I
OF aI Vl i\ V RF fUVI
rm (date) ii- (mint) j Jl i* ._,^ .
V 1425 (AV). BN II 507 (pi. n): engraving errors. C:Decadencia p. 375, no. 1 (pi. 1).
27. Sijilmasah - 451 - dinar.
As 26.
V 1426 (AV). Rivero: M 97 (pi. n). 0 2069: om largely illegible.
OF VI .Jl V RF ju> yi\
om as om of 26.'
rm as rm of 26.
S:Beyram 288 (pi. n). B 794 (pi. xm): date given as 454 (disproved by piate.)
29. Sijilmasah - 454 ? - dinar.
As 28.
B 795 (pi. xm): date illegible in piate.
As 26.
Soret:F 131: date uncertain.
As 26.
B 796-802 (pi. xm: 801; coin illustrated under no. 800 is 38) (7 sp.).
As 26.
V 1427. BN II 508 (pi. n). S:Beyram 287.

As 26.
V 1428. BM V 1 (pi. 1): ^ for y>j in om (misprint). B 803, 804 (2 sp.).
As 26.
B 805, 806 (2 sp).
As 26.
V 1429 (AV). KM II 563. 0 2070.
98
As 26.
V 1430 (AV). BN II 509. 0 2071.
As 26.
Welzl 12235. 0 2072.
As 26.
V 1431 (AV). B 807 (pi. xm, under no. 800).
As 26.
V1432 (AV). BN II 510. Cerda 350: d, m only. Spink (1902) 79532. Sotheby 379: d, m only.
S:Michael II453.
As 26.
V 1433 (AV). BN II 511. L:Calvert 45. Spink (1907) 36491: d, m only. B 808.
As 26.
S: Michael II 454, 455 [2 sp.). See also copper: 1161.
As 26.
HSA 13156: for yja in rm (engraving error). V 1435 (AV). J :Mohammedan p. 267:
date read as 491 but presumably this year since ruler is given as Abu-Bakr. S:White2ljj.
S:Judice II3089. Sotheby 379: d, m only. S :Michael II456, 457? (pi. n) (2 sp. ?). S :Grantley
2158. S:Gotha 975 (pi. x1).

As 26.
ANS. V 1436 (AV). Adler: C 85 (pi. vi). S: Michael II 458. S: Grantley 2159.
As 26.
HSA 15796. V 1437 (AV). Spink (1902) 79531: d, m only. Sotheby 379: d, m only.
As 26.
V 1438 (AV, Campaner). B 809.
46. Sijilmasah - [4]75 - dinar.
As 26.
V 1439 (AV). B 810.
As 26.
V 1439 bis (p. 393). BN II 512. B 811. Balog: engraving errors in rm.
As 26.
V 1440 (AV, 2 others). Cerda 351: d, m only. B 812, 813 (2 sp.).
Corpus of Coins: MurIb1t Gold 99
As 26.
V1441 (AV, 1 other), 1442 (AV). BM V 2: Vl for J>V| in om (engraving error). Markov: E
p. 90, no. 1: d, m only. B 814, 815 (2 sp.).
As 26.
L:Calvert 46. B 816.
As 26.
B 817.
52. (mint ?) - (date ?) - half dinar.
OF as of of 26. rf ^.Vl
(jo
om illegible.
rm largely illegible.
B 818 (pi.xm), 818 bis (2 sp.): description indicating no margins disproved by piate showing
remains of margins rendered illegible by clipping.
'Ali ibn-?
governor of Sijilmasah
probably about a.h. 459 (a.d. 1067)
53. Sijilmasah - 45x - dinar. Plate I
As 26 except of: Vl Jl V
<Ul
Jc
B 821 (pi. xm): last digit of date punched out, misread as 450.
Ibrahim ibn-Abi-Bakr

governor of Sijilmasah
a.H. 462-467 a.d. 1070-1074
As 26 except of: <ul Vl <ll V
V1446. BMV3 (pi. 1: o only). BN II 514: l-i* je for i* ^ in rm (engraving error).
Marsden 350 (pi. xx1) :la* for i* in rm.
As 54.
V I447. BN II 515 (pi. n).
100
As 54.
V 1448 (AV).
As 54.
B 820 (pi. x1n): piate largely illegible, including date.
V 1465 (Merle). BM V 4, 5 (2 sp.): Sb rf. Bartholomaei 60. Calvo p. 191.
59. Aghmat - 487 - dinar.
As 58.
V 1466 (AV). BN II 516: Sb rf. Soret:F 132: Sb rf. C:Decadencia p. 376, no. 2 (pi. 1):
Sb rf. B 836.
As 58.
V 1467 (AV). BN II 517 (pi. n): Sb rf. Weyl:G 1183: d, m only. Markov: p. 90, no. 4:
d, m only. B 837.
As 58.
V 1468 (AV). BM V 6 (pi. 1): without S BN II 518: without S Markov: p. 881 no. 4a:
d, m only. Rivero:M 100 (pi. n): Sb rf.
As 58.
V 1469 (AH, AV 2 sp.). BN II 519: without S. B 838.
63. Aghmat - 590 (for 490) - dinar.
As 58; the erroneous date apparently represents an engraving error.
V 1470. BM V 7: Sb rf.

As 58.
V 1471 (PG, AV). BN II 520: Sb rf. L:Calvert 47: Sb rf. B 839.
As 58.
V1472 (AV). BN II521: Sb rf. CunhaII 1524. Markov :E p.966, no.4b: d, m only. J :Mo-
hammedan p. 267: d, m only. Sotheby 380: d, m only. B 840.
66. Aghmat - 493 - dinar. Plate I
Yusuf ibn-Tdshfin
a.h. 480-5oo
As 26 except of:
a.D. 1087-1106
As 58.
Corpus of Coins: Murab1t Gold IoI
HSA 13173: Sb rf. V 1473 (AV, 1 other), 1474. BM Xp. 3, no. 91: Sb rf. BN II 522:
Sb rf. Soret:F 133: Sb rf. Demaeght v. IX, p. 202 (fig.): Sb rf. Markov :E p. 90, no. 5:
d, m only. S:White 2179: d, m only. 0 2074: illegible letter b rf.
As 58.
V 1475 (AV). BN II 523: Sb rf. H6st: and N 4 (pi.xxxm): Sb rf. Weyl:G 1184: d,
m only. Markov: p. 90, no. 6: d, m only. 0 2075.
As 58.
V 1476 (AV). BN II 524: Sb rf. Weyl:G 1185: d, m only. Markov:E p.90, no.7: d, m only.
As 58.
V 1477 (AV), 1478. BN II 525: Sb rf. Colson p. 241: d, m only.
As 58.
V 1479 (AV). B 841.
As 58.
V 1480 (PG, AV). B 842-847 (pi. xn1: 847) (6 sp.): Sb rf.
72. Tilimsan or Balansiyah - 494 - dinar.
As 58.
L:Calvert 48: mint Sb rf. If date is correctly read, mint is presumably Tilimsan, as
Balansiyah was not taken until 495.
73. Sabtah - 484 - dinar.
As 58.
V 1464 (AV, 1 other). MA 488. Cerda 354: d, m only. Rivero:M 99 (pi. n): without S.

As 58.
V 1449 (Howland): d, m in om (misprint). BN II 527 (pi. 1n): without S. Spink (1902)
79533. Sotheby 380: d, m only. B 822.
As 58.
V 1450 (AV). Weyl:G 1182:^, m only. Markov:p. 90, no. 3: d, m only. 0 2073. B 823,
824 (2 sp.).
As 58.
ANS: without S. V 1451 (AV).
As 58.
V 1452 (FC, AV). D.Lorichs 4705. Cerda 352: d, m only. Markov:E p. 880, no. 3a: d, m only.
B 825 (coin illustrated under no. 825 in pi. xm is 78).
As 58.
V 1453 (PG, AV). BM X p. 3, no. 3k: z> (for S?) b Rf. BN II 528: Sb rf. Cerda 353:
d, m only. Colson p. 241: d, m only. B 825 bis (pi. xin, under no. 825): Sb rf.
As 58.
HSA 13182: Sb rf. V1454 (AV 2 sp., 2 others), 1455 (AV). BM X p. 3, no. 3m: => (for S ?)
b rf. BN II 529: without S. Cerda 355: d, m only. Markov :E p. 880, no. 3b: d, m only. S:
White 2178 (?): reference or date wrong.
As 58.
V 1456 (AV 2 sp.). Cerda 356: d, m only. Zambaur II 267: without S. B 826-828 (3 sp.).
81. Sijilmasah - [4387 - dinar.
As 58.
V 1457 (PG, AV, 1 other). B 829.
Presumably as 58.
Cerda 357: d, m only.
As 58.
B830.
As 58.
V 1458 (PG, AV 3 sp.). L:Khedivial p. 328: date read as 471 but presumably this year since
Yusuf is given as ruler, Sb rf.

As 58.
V 1459 (AV).
As 58.
Markov: p. 881, no. 6a: d, m only. Ziya 2028. B 831, 832 (2 sp.).
As 58.
V 1460 (AV 2 sp.). BN II 530: without S. B 833, 834 (2 sp.).
As 58.
V 1461 (Campaner). Weyl:G 1186: d, m only. Markov: p. 90 no. 8: d, m only.
As 58.
V 1462 (AV). BN II 53i:without S. S:Gotha 976.
As 58.
V 1463 (AV).
Corpus of Coins: Murab1t Gold
103
91. Sijilmasah - (no date) - quarter dinar: Kufi and Naskhi script.
Plate I
<Ul Jj"J -Use.
(mint)
No margins.
BN II 532 (pi. 1n), 533 (2 sp.):: before mint (not visible in piate). D:Lorichs 4707: described
as one third of a dinar in Naskhi script, may be this coin. S :White 2180: denomination only.
B 849-852 (pi. x1n: 852) (4 sp.).
92. Mad1nat Fas - 484 - dinar.
Presumably as 58.
Colson p. 241: d, m only. May be a specimen of 93 misread.
93. Madinat Fas - 494 - dinar.
As 58.
V 1484 (AV).
94. Fas - 497 - dinar.
As 58.
V 1485 (AV): date faultily engraved, read as 499 but probably this year since 'Ali is not
designated heir.
95. Madinat Marrakush - 490 - dinar.
As 58.
V 1481 (AV 2 sp.). BM X p. 3, no. ft (pi. xx1): without S. Brooke p. 77 (pi. v1, no. 2):
96. Mad[1nat] Marrakush - 491 - dinar.
As 58.
V 1482. BM V 8: without S. Marsden 351 (pi. xx1): without S.
97. Marrakush - 4(9)1 - dinar.

As 58; date faulty, 9 omitted.
V 1483. BN II 534: without S.
98. Nul - 494 - dinar.
Presumably as 58.
Colson p. 241: d, m only.
As 58.
B 848 (pi.xin): Sb rf; this coin is a dinar with margins rendered illegible by clipping, not a
half dinar as recorded.
OF .ill Vl .Jl V RF rLV1
without S.
.oil -u;
om as om of 26.
rm as rm of 26.
104
This coin, the inscriptions of which are reported by al-Maqrizi, citing abu-Muhammad 'Abd-
al-Hal1m al-Gharnati, has not been reported as existing in any modern collection; since the
legends correspond to those of Murabit coins struck several decades later, it can be con-
fidently rejected as erroneous. Likewise coins, reported by several Moslem historians, with
Yusuf termed "amir al-mu'minin" are certainly non-existent.
Spanish mints.
99. Ishbiliyah - (4)89 - dinar.
Presumably as 58.
Yale.
100. Madinat Ishbiliyah - [49]1 - dinar.
As 58.
V 1492 (AV): date partially illegible.
101. Madinat Ishbiliyah - 493 - dinar.
As 58.
V 1493 (AV).
102. Ishb1liyah - 496 - dinar.
As 58.
V 1494 (PG).
103. Ishbiliyah - 497 - dinar.
As 58.
V 1495 (AV). BN II 535 (pi. ui):Sb rf. Longperier :D p. 429: d, m only. Rivero: (pi. 1n,
no. 1): Sb rf.
Balansiyah or Tilimsan - 494 - dinar.
See 72.
104. Balansiyah - 496 - dinar.

As 58.
V 1503 (AV). Markov:E p. 881, no. 8a: d, m only.
Presumably as 58.
Longperier :D p. 429: d, m only, 'AH is not designated heir.
106. Bayyasah - 497 - presumably a dinar.
Presumably as 58.
C:Qecas p. 343: d, m only; mint given as Bayasah (error).
107. Daniyah - 495 - dinar.
As 58 except that om is followed by oil
KM II 565: without S.
108. Sanh1kah - 491 - dinar.
As 58.
V 1491 (PG).
Corpus of Coins: MurIb1t Gold
105
109. Shatibah - [4]89 - dinar.
As 58.
V 1490 (Andujar).
110. Gharnatah - 493 - dinar.
As 58.
V 1500 (AV), 1501 (Lahoz). Colson p. 241: d, m only.
111. Madinat Qurtubah - 486 - dinar.
As 58.
V 1486. BN II 540 (pi. 1n): without S.
As 58 except rm, in which replaces
V 1487 (PG).
As 58.
V 1488. BM V 9 (pi. 1, r only): j. b rf.
114. Qurtubah - 496 - dinar.
As 58.
V 1489 (PG). Z:Tratado p. 196, no. 1 (pi. xx): without S.
115. al-Qantarah or Qantarat al-Sayf - 496 - dinar.
Presumably as 58.
Colson p. 241: d, m only; mint given in Spanish, may be either of above forms in Arabic.
116. Madinat Malaqah - 494 - dinar.
As 58.
V 1502 (AV).
117. al-Mariyah - 492 - dinar.

As 58.
V 1496 (AV).
As 58.
V 1497 (AV). BN II 543 (pi. 1n): without S. Longperier:D p. 429: d, m only. Rivero:M 101
(pi. n): without
As 58.
V 1498 (FC, AV).
120. Madinat al-Mariyah - 495 - dinar.
As 58.
V 1499 (AV, Campaner). Gonzalez p. 82 (fig. 18): without S, mint uncertain.
a.H. 496-5oo
With heir
'Ali ibn-YUsuf
a.D. 1103-1106
Io6
As 26 and 58 except of: <ul Vl <JI V
<111 J j-) -Use*
V 1524 (AV 2 sp.). BN II 526: for .mV1 in fourth line of of, Sb rf. B 859: Sb rf.
As 121.
V 1525 (AV).
Sijilmasah - 499 - dinar.
See 172.
123. Marrakush - 499 - dinar.
As 26 and 121 except of: <ul Vl V
<lll J_J-J -Use*
B 858 (pi. x1n): j>J (?) 6 rf.
124. Nul - 497 - dinar.
Presumably as 121.
B 856: /J (?) 6 rf.
Spanish mints.
125. Ishbiliyah - 498 - dinar. ^( <( ^
As 121 except of, top line of which is changed to <J II.
B 857: Sb rf; presumably this of, description incomplete.
As 125.
V 1526 (AV). Caballero p. 16: d, m only, Sb rf.
127. Balansiyah - 497 - dinar. Plate I
As 26 and 121 except of: <ul Vl A\ V
V 1505 (PG, AV 2 sp., 1 other). BM X p. 4, no. 9I: no letter b rf, ascribed to 'Ali. BN II 536

(pi. n1): no letter b rf. KM II 564 (pi. m): no letter b rf.
As 127.
V 1506 (PG, AV 2 sp., 2 others). BN II 537: no letter b rf. Longprier:D p. 429: d, m only.
As 127 except rm, from which <i- is omitted (engraving error).
V 1507 (AV, 2 others). MA 489: at end of rm. S :Ciscar 31 (pi. 1): rm obscure in piate, no
letter b rf. S .Gotha 977.
Corpus of Coins: MurAb1t Gold 107
As 26 and 121 except Of: ul Vl V
V 1528 (FC, AV, 1 other). Colson p. 241: d, m only.
As 58 plus Jc b Rf.
V 1516 (PG, AV).
132. Balansiyah - 5oo (posthumous) - dinar.
As 131 plus <ul ^-a. at end of rm.
V 1517 (PG, AV 2 sp., 1 other). BM X p. 4, no. 9s: description inaccurate, ascribed to 'Ali,
Oy-- for ^~>- in rm (engraving error). Colson p. 241: d, m only.
As 127.
V 1508. BN II 538: no letter b rf. Longperier:D p. 429: d, m only. D .Lorichs 4706: d, m only.
Weyl:G 1188: d, m only. Markov :E p. 90, no. 10: d, m only.
V 1509 (AV). Longperier.D p. 429: d, m only. Caballero p. 15, no. 2:Sb rf.
As 131.
V 1518 (PG). BN II 539: no letter b rf. C:Tratado p. 197, no. 4 (pi. xx): no letter b rf.
Caballero p. 14, no. 1.
V 1519 (AV). Caballero p. 15: not specified.

V 1522 (UV, AV, 1 other), 1523 (AV).
As 123 except rm, in which replaces li..
Caballero p. 15, no. 3.
As 137 except of: <a\ Vl Jl V
V 1521 (Garcia).
140. Madinat Daniyah - 5oo (posthumous) dinar.
As 131.
V 1520 (AV). Caballero p. 15, no. 4.
io8
141. Shatibah - 497 - dinar. ^ ^
As 127 except of, first line of which is changed to: ^) _ ll.
V 1504 (AV).
142. Shatibah - 498 - dinar.
May be as 141 or as 125 and 143.
Weyl:G 1189: d, m only.
143. Shatibah - 499 - dinar.
As 125.
V 1527 (AV).
As 58 and 131 except rf: <il .us .UVl
V 1510. BN II 541: ^ b rf. Longperier:D p. 429: d, m only.
As 144.
V 1511 (Garcia).
146. Madinat Malaqah - 5oo (posthumous) - dinar.
As 26 and 121 except of: ul Vl i\ V
'Jc
V 1529 (1 other). BN II 542: JJ} for Jj on of (misprint), no letter b rf.
147. Malaqah - 5oo (posthumous) - dinar.
As 146 except rm, in which Jl ^*>-)\ follows <ul ^.
V 1530 (AV). Longperier:D p. 429: d, m only.
As 58 and 131 except rm, in which Jc replaces and rf:
^ fUVl
'y

cr\l_jll jj\
V 1512. BN II 544: no letter b rf. Longperier:D p. 429: d, m only. Weyl:G 1187: d, m only.
Markov :E p. 90, no. 9: d, m only.
As 136.
V 1513 (AV).
As 136.
V 1514 (PG, AV).
109
As 136.
V 1515 (AV).
Yusuf with 'Ali as heir; recapitulation of types. All coins as 58, standard type of
Yusuf, with following modifications (coins on which Je replaces ii- in rm are designated
by*).
rf: I juc rUVI / 4ul / oc* y\\ ^1 / s^s: 148*.
rf: oil -lp fUVl / oca y\\ I j/J\: 144, 145.
Jc ^Vl b rf: 131, 135, 136*, 140, 149*, 150*, 151*.
Je. îVl b rf, <ul ^s- at end of rm: 132.
Last 3 lines of of: a. ^-y. / ^1 (%*it / 121, 122, 124, 137*.
As preceding type with top line of of: | lI : 125, 126, 143.
Last 3 lines of of: <ul J^-j -u* / uuit & >-i-j,. / Jc ;130.
Last 3 lines of of: It a. <-*-y. ^ / 6y^/ Je: 123, 138*.
Last 2 lines of of: It a <jl.j, j^Vl / Jc j^Vl <>Li : 139*.
Last 2 lines of of: ^Vl a J* / o.^-y.: 127, 128, 133, 134*.
As preceding type but omitted: 129.
Mi Ii V
As type of 127 with top line of of: <| II : 141, 142?.
Last 3 lines of of: Jj .JL.y- / -iê / Je. ; 146.
As preceding type with ^Jl ^rJl after ul in rm: 147.
'Ali ibn-Yiisuf
a.H. 500-537 a D. 1106-1143
See also posthumous dinars of Yusuf: 132, 140, 146, 147.
152. Aghmat - 5oo - dinar.

OF <uI Vl <)l V RF fUVl
Oil J JJ 0sfc
OuLil jrvl <UI
y- <j. <jc*y\\ jy\
OM JA ijiVl j jAJ <A JJi jl b J pOfl
rm (date) li- (mint) j jbjl i* ^Jl ^Jl <ul ^
V 1552 (AV). BM X p. 4, no. 9t: Sb rf. Colson p. 242: d, m only.
As 152 but ^Jl omitted from rm.
V 1553 (AV). BM V 10: Sb rf. BN II 547: Sb rf. Marsden 352 (pi. xxi): Sb rf (given as
y, corrected from piate). Fraehn:0 p. 26 (frontispiece of "Lexici Meninskiani" vol. IV).
As 153.
V 1554 (AV). Zambaur II 268: Sb rf.
no
As 153.
V 1555 (AV).
As 153.
V 1556 (AV). BN II 548: Sb rf.
As 153.
V 1557 (AV). Lisbon.
As 153.
V 1558 (PG, AV). MA 516. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. Balog: Sb Rf.
As 153.
HSA 531: Sb rf. V 1559 (AV). BN II 549: Sb rf.
As 153.
V 1560 (AH, AV). Lagumina p. 100, no. 1: Sb rf, for <yj in om (misprint ?).
Figanier 274: Sb of (misprint Si corrected by letter).
As 153.
V 1561 (AV). B 866 (pi. x1n): S b rf. Thorburn: om illegible, S b rf.
As 153.
V 1562 (AV 2 sp.). Markov: p. 881, no. 12a: d, m only.

As 153.
V 1563 (AV), 1564 (AV), 1565 (AV). BM V 17 (pi. 1): Sb rf. BN II 550: Sb rf. KM II 590:
Sb rf.
As 153.
HSA 9174:^6 rf. S:Michael I 1668: Sb rf. B 872 bis: Sb rf, description incompiete.
As 153.
V 1566 (PG, AV).
As 153.
V 1567 (AV). BM X p. 4, no. 18t: Sb rf.
As 153.
V 1568 (AV). BM V 20: Sb rf.
h1
168. Bani-Tawada - 513 - dinar.
As 153 except rm, in which Je replaces ii-.
Colson p. 242: d, m only. B 873 (pi. x1v): mint given as Talaveira (error), illegible letters
b rf, date illegible in piate.
169. Tilimsan - 505 - dinar.
As 1B2.
0 2080.
170. Tilimsan - 511 - dinar.
As 168; iU for i* in rm (engraving error).
V 1585. BM V 18: Sb rf. Marsden 354 (pi. xx1): Sb rf.
171. Madinat Tilimsan - 511 - dinar.
As 168.
V 1584 (AV). Colson p. 242: d, m only.
172. Sijilmasah - 499 - dinar. This coin, if correctly reported, was struck for 'Ali as heir
before the death of Yusuf.
As 153 except of: <ul Vl V
<lll J_j~.J -Use*
a J*
V 1545 (AV).
173. Sijilmasah - 5oo - dinar.
As 172.
V 1546 (AV). B 835: three letters after date, ascribed to Yusuf, may be this coin misread.
As 172.
V 1547 (AV).

As 172.
S .Gotha 981 (pi. xi): no letter b rf.
As 172.
V 1548 (AV).
As 172.
V 1549 (AV).
Presumably as 172.
B 872: Sb rf, description inaccurate.
As 172.
V 1550 (AH).
112
As 172.
V 1551 (PG): date faulty (misprint ?).
As 153.
V 1590 (AV).
As 153.
V 1591. BM X p. 5, no. 29c: top line of of divided <ul / V| A)l V (error), no letter b rf.
183. Sala - 508 - dinar.
As 153.
V 1583 (AV).
184. Madinat Fas - 501 ? - dinar.
As 152 except rm, in which replaces ii
V 1569: date uncertain. BM V 12: date uncertain, 5th line of of illegible, S b rf.
As 153.
V 1570 (AV).
As 168.
V 1571 (AV). BN II 560: Sb rf.
As 168.
V 1572 (AV), 1573 (Codera Imp.).

Presumably as 168.
B 871: description incompiete.
As 168.
V 1574 (PG).
190. Madinat Fas - 515 ? - dinar.
As 168.
V 1575 (Garcia): date uncertain.
Presumably as 168.
Spink (1900) 63240, (1902) 79537 (2 sp.): d, m only. B 882: description incompiete.
As 168.
V 1576 (UV, PG, FC, AV 2 sp.). MA 517. Spink (1901) 68378: d, m (given as Fas) only.
Presumably as 168.
113
194. Marrakush - 5oo - dinar.
Probably as 152.
G p. 182: d, m only.
Presumably as 168.
B 867: Sb rf, description incompiete.
As 168.
V 1586 (AH, AV).
As 168.
V 1587. MA 518.
As 168.
V 1588 (PG).
As 184.
B 880 (pi. x1n): ifb rf, description inaccurate. Seaby G992: d, m only.
As 168.
V 1589. MA 519. D:Garcia 6088.
201. Nul - 501 - dinar.
As 152.
V 1577 (UV).
202. Nul - 509 - dinar.

As 153.
Marcais p. 182 (pi. 1): Sb rf, mint dubious, may be Aghmat (161).
203. Nul - 510 - dinar.
As 153.
V 1578. BN II 572 (pi. m): Sb rf.
204. Nul - 511 - dinar.
As 153.
V 1579 (AV).
205. Nul Lamtah - 513 - dinar.
As 153.
V 1580 (AV). B 885: r6rf, description incompiete, date given as 523, mint given as Nul,
may be this coin, as Sir is apparently not designated heir.
Presumably as 153.
WeyhG 1197: d, m only. Markov :E p. 90, no. 14: d, m only.
As 153.
KM II 628: Sb rf.
As 153.
V 1581 (UV).
As 153.
V 1582. MA 515. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. S .Gotha 980 (pi. x1): date uncertain, given as
523 (error), Sb rf.
210. (no mint) - (no date) - half dinar.
No margins (this is not a clipped dinar).
Longperier:D p. 430: not described. B 886 (pi. x1v): Sb rf; misread.
Spanish mints.
As 153 except of, top line of which is divided ^ ^ .
As 211.
V 1655 (PG), 1656 (AV). MA 521. Cerda 365: d, m only.Figanier 275: Si b rf (confirmed by
letter).
As 211.
V 1657 (UV, PG, AV 3 sp., 1 other). BN II 575: Si b rf. MA 522. KM II 582, 583 (pi. 1n)
(2 sp.): Si b rf. Tychsen, O. p. 42. Dorn.vl p. 401. Longperier:D p. 430: d, m only. D.Lorichs

4710: d, m only. Cerda 367: d, wonly. h.Oriental p. 235: Si b rf, reported as 153 (error).
Calvo (pi. x1, no. 5): mint given as al-Mariyah (disproved by piate), S-) b rf. Figanier 276
(pi. v): piate shows Si b rf. Thorburn: d, m only.
HSA 7896: Si b rf. V 1658 (FC, AV 3 sp.). BN II 576: Sb rf (error for J3). MA 522 note.
Tornbergp. 275, no. 1: for OuLA\ (error), Si b rf. Fraehn: N p. 87, no. 2: Si b rf,
description inaccurate. Dorn I p. 55, no. 7, 8 (2 sp.): Si 6Jrf. Markov:T 183(= Swedish
Royal Museum 1123).
As 211.
ANS: Si b rf. V 1659 (PG 2 sp., FC, AV 2 sp.). BM V 22: Si b rf. MA 523. KM II 584:
<_& b rf. Longperier:D p. 430: d, m only, with heir Tashfin (error). Fraehn:iV p. 87, no. 4:
Si b rf, description inaccurate. Cerda 369: d, m only. Dorn I p. 56, no. 11: for ii-
in rm (error ?), Si 6rf. Brosset col. 400: d, monly. Weyl:G 1202: d, wonly. Markov:Ep. 91,
111
"5
no. 19, 20 (2 sp.): d, m only. Spink (1898) 46650, (1901) 68380, (1902) 79534 (3 sp.): d, m
only.
As 211.
HSA 13155: JO b rf. V 1660 (UV, AV 4 sp.). BM V 23: ^mUJl for J.^-lil in om, Si b rf.
BN II 578: iSi (read as J) b rf. MA 524 (2 sp.). KM II 585: S b rf. Cerda 371: d, m only.
Dorn I p. 56, no. 13: for <i~ in rm (error ?), Si b rf. Brosset col. 400: d, m only.
C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. Markov:E p. 91, no. 21: d, m only. SJudice II 3092 (pi. n):
Si b rf. 0 2086: description inaccurate, Si b rf. B 876: Si b rf, description inaccurate.
Figanier too: Si b rf, mint and date incorrectly recorded.
As 211 but with ii~ repeated in rm (engraving error).
HSA 13184: ^-lil for in om, Si b rf. V 1661 (UV).
As 211 but with j& b RF.
HSA 9175. V 1662 (UV, PG, AV, 2 others). BM V 24, 25 (2 sp.). BN II 577: date given
as 517 but probably this year as appears. MA 525. KM II 586. Cerda 372: description
incomplete. Dorn I p. 56, no. 15, 16 (2 sp.): for iU in rm (error?), Si b RF (error?).
Weyl:G 1204: d, m only. Markov :E p. 91, no. 22, 23 (2 sp.): d, m only. L:Khedivial p. 329.
B 878: description inaccurate.
As 218.
HSA 13154. V 1663 (UV, PG, AV 3 sp., 1 other), 1664 (AH, PG, AV): date faulty. BM V 16:
date 510 but probably engraving error for this year as jii> appears; 27 (2 sp. ?). BN II 579.
MA 526 (2 sp.). Cerda 375: description incompiete. Spink (r898) 46651, (1901) 68379, (1902)

79536 (3 sp.). S Judice II 3093. B 879 (pi. x1n).
220. Ishbiliyah - 521 - dinar. Plate I
As 218.
ANS. V 1665 (UV 2 sp., PG, AV 3 sp.). BM V 29 (pi. 1). BN II 580. MA 527 (3 sp.). KM II
587: ^lil for a.j-^ in oM. Cond p. 279 (pi. 1n, no. 5): several slight errors. Longperier:D
p. 430: d, m only; with heir Tashfin (error). Cerda 378: description incompiete.
HSA 13205: -> for j in (engraving error ?). V 1666 (PG, AV). MA 528: as 218, corrected
by Vives. Cerda 380: description incompiete.
Ighranatah - 504-522 - dinars.
See 241-256.
As 152.
V 1592 (PG, AV, 2 others), 1593 (AV): - at end of rm. MA 493. Fleischer p. 387 (pi.):
J after in rf (error), no letter b rf. Sentenach (pi. xv1, no. 1): no letter b rf.
s*
As 152.
V 1594 (AV).
As 152.
V1595 (UV, AV, 1 other). BNII581: no letter b rf. Colson p. 242 (4 sp.): d, m only. D :Lorichs
4709: d, m only. Bartholomaei 61. Cerda 361: d, m only. Sotheby 381: d, m only. B 862
(pi. x1v): description inaccurate, no letter b rf.
As 152.
V 1596 (PG, AV, 1 other). BN II 582: no letter b rf. KM II 591: no letter b rf. Longpe-
rier:D p. 430: d, m only. Colson p. 242 (4 sp.): d, m only.
As 152.
V 1597 (AV). BN II 583: u- b rf. MA 494. D: Garcia 6083: ^ b rf.
As 152.
V 1598. BN II 584 (pi. 1n): ^ b RF. Colson p. 242: d, m only.
As 184.
V 1599 (PG, AV). Longprier:D p. 430: d, m only. Colson p. 242 (2 sp.): d, m only. D.Garcia
6085: omitted from rm (error ?). Cerda 363: d, m only.
229. Madinat Balansiyah - 512 - dinar.
As 168.
V 1600 (AV). MA 495. Colson p. 242 (2 sp.): d, m only.
230. al-Jazirah - 507 - dinar.

As 153; iU for -U in rm (engraving error).
V 1634 (UV, PG, AV). BN II 585 (pi. 1v), 586 (2 sp.): Sb rf. Longperier:Z1 p. 430: d, m only.
Colson p. 242 (15 sp.): d, m only. Caballero p. 16: d, m only, Sb rf. Markov :E p. 90, no. 12:
d, m only. Rivero: M 105 (pi. n): S~ b rf. 0 2082: misread, identified from impression
furnished by Galster.
As 168.
V 1635 (AV).
As 168.
V 1636 (AH, AV, 1 other). BN II 587: S b rf. Longprier :D p. 430: d, m only. Colson p. 242
(7 sp.): d, m only. Caballero p. 16: d, m only, iS"b rf. 0 2083: misread, identified from
impression furnished by Galster. B 864 (pi. xiv): date read as 507 (corrected from piate),
Sb rf, description incompiete.
Presumably as 168.
Longperier :D p. 430: d, m only. Weyl:G "95: d, m only.
117
234. Madinat Daniyah - 5oo - dinar.
As 172.
V 1544 (PG). B 860 (pi. x1n): no letter b rf, description incorrect.
235. Daniyah - 5oo - dinar.
As 152.
V 1601 (AV 2 sp.). Conde p. 278 (pi. 1n, no. 4): slightly misread, no letter b rf. Longperier .D
p. 429: d, m only. L :Oriental p. 235: incorrectly described, no letter b rf. Caballero p. 17.
As 152.
V 1602 (AV). Caballero p. 17.
As 152.
V 1603 (AV). Caballero p. 17.
238. Madinat Shatibah - 5oo - dinar. ^ ^ ^
As 172 except of, top line of which is changed to 4 ll .
V 1543 (Garcia).
As 152.
V 1606 (AV): for -i* in rm (misprint ?). BN II 588: no letter b rf, mint given as
<ItljZ (misprint). Longperier:D p. 430: d, m only. Rivero:M 104 (pi. n).
As 152.
V 1607 (AV, 1 other). Weyl:G 1194: d, m only. Markov: p. 90, no. 11: d, m only.
241. Ighranatah - 504 - dinar.
As 153.

V 1608 (AV). Colson p. 242: d, m only. B 861: description inaccurate.
. As 153.
V 1609 (AV). Longperier:D p. 430: d, m only. Colson p. 242: d, m only.
As 153.
V 1610 (UV 2 sp., FC, AV 2 sp.). BN II 589: no letter b rf. KM II 594: mint given as
Ighranatah (error ?), no letter b rf. Colson p. 242: d, m only. Cerda 362: d, m only. Figanier
157. See also copper: 1163.
As 153.
V 1612 (AV). Longperier:D p. 430: d, m only. C:Monedas p.381: d, m only. B 874: S b rf,
description incompiete.
As 168.
V 1613 (AV). BM V 19: U a of, lXI b rf. BN II 590: U a of, Si (given as J) 6 rf. MA
496 (2 sp.).
n8 Numismatic History of Late Medieval North Africa
As 153.
V 1614 (PG 2 sp., AV 2 sp.). BM V 21: U a of, l) b rf. BN II 591: U a of, b rf.
MA 497 (2 sp.). KM II 595: U a of, cXJ b rf. Marsden 355 (pi. xx1): description inaccurate,
piate shows U a of, iJ3 6 rf. G p. 182: d, m only. Longperier:D p. 430: d, m only, with
name <iUU. Fraehn:0 p. 26: description incompiete, citing Aurivillius pi. 1v, no. 7. Weyl:G
1199 (2 sp.): d, m only. Markov : p. 90, no. 15; p. 91, no. 16 (2 sp.): d, m only.
As 168.
HSA 10624: U a of, JTJ b rf. KM II 596: U a of, JO 6 rf. Dorn I p. 55, no. 4, 5, 6 (?)
(3 sp. ?): U a of, JO b rf.
248. Ighranatah - 5,17 - dinar.
As 153.
V 1615 (PG, AV 2 sp.). BN II 592: L. a of, jTj b rf. MA 498 (2 sp.). KM II 597: L. a of,
lX) 6 Rf. D :Lorichs 4711: m only. Cerda 368: d, m only. Weyl .G 1201: d, m only. Markov :E
p. 91, no. 18: d, m only.
As 168.
V 1616 (AV). Dorn I p. 55, no. 9, 10 (2 sp.): U a of, jTj 6 rf.
As 153.
V 1617. MA 499.
As 153.
V 1618 (AH, UV 2 sp., PG, AV). MA 500. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. L:Calvert 49: <-J
b Rf.

As 152 except rm: (date) (mint) ^ jbjl i* yî, y\ *u\ ^.
V 1619 (AH 2 sp., 1 other). MA 501.
As 252.
V 1620 (UV, AV). KM II 598: jl b rf (reported as ornament). L:Khedivial p. 329. 0 2087:
description of rm inaccurate.
As 252 plus ojj a rf and *j3 b RF (outside of inner circle).
V 1621 (AH, AV). MA 502. KM II 599 (pi. m): 1 b rf (reported as ornament). Cerda 374:
description incompiete. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only.
As 254.
V 1622 (AV, 1 other). BN II 593 (pi. 1v): 1 (read as J) b rf. MA 503. KM II 600: \ b rf
(reported as ornament). C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. Weyl:G 1205: d, m only. Markov:E
p. 91, no. 25: d, m only.
11 t' l
Corpus of Coins: Mttrab1t Gold
ng
256. Ighranatah - 522 - dinar. Plate I
As 254.
V 1623 (PG, AV). BM V 32 (pi. 1): { (read on p. xxfas yf) b rf. BN II 594: |i (read
as J) b rf. MA 504 (2 sp.). C:Tratado p. 198, no. 5 (pi. xx): jl b rf. B 883 (pi. xm): (Urf.
257. Qurtubah - 503 - dinar. ^ ^
As 152 except of, top line of which is changed to: ll.
V 1654 (PG). MA 520 (2 sp.). KM II 603: *) (read as Jl) b rf. Rivero: (pi. 1n, no. 4):
*J b rf. Gonzalez p. 96 (fig. 25): illegible letter b rf.
258. Laushah ? - 511 - dinar.
As 153.
B 869 (pi. xm): mint given as "EL OUAKHA (LOJA)", for which correct Arabic name is
Laushah, piate shows Ojll (?), no letter b rf. This may be a poorly engraved specimen
of 278.
259. Malaqah - 5oo - dinar.
As 152 or 184.
D .Lorichs 4708: d, m only. 0 2078: Oy b rf.
260. Malaqah - 501 - dinar.
As 184.
V 1604 (AV). BN II 598 (pi.1v): j b rf. Longperier:D p.430: d, m only. Cerda 360: d, m only.
Probably as 184.
Colson p. 242: d, m only.
As 153 except rm, in which ^ precedes .
V 1605 (PG).

263. Mursiyah - 501 - dinar.
As 152.
V 1624 (UV, PG, AV, 1 other). BM V n: - outside o inner circle. KM II 606: ^ outside o
inner circle. Longperier:i p. 430: d, m only. Colson p. 242: d, m only.
As 152.
V 1625 (FC, AV 2 sp.). Colson p. 242: d, m only.
As 184.
KM II 607: . a of (error ?), j b rf (error for ^ ?).
As 152.
V 1626 (UV, AV, 1 other).
As 152.
V 1627 (PG, FC, AV 3 sp., 1 other). Colson p. 242: d, m only. Sotheby 380: d, m only.
0 2079: no letter b Rf.
120
As 152.
ANS: no letter b rf. V 1628 (AV, 2 others). BM V 13: no letter b rf. BN II 599 (pi. 1v): no
letter b rf. MA 505. Longprier :D p. 430: d, m only. Colson p. 242 (2 sp.): d, m only. 0 2081:
no letter b rf.
As 152.
V 1629 (PG, AV, 1 other). MA 506. Longperier:D p. 430: d, m only.
As 184.
V 1630 (AV), 1631 (AV, 2 others). BN II 600: no letter b rf. Colson p. 242 (2 sp.): d, m only.
As 184.
V 1632 (UV, PG, 1 other). MA 507. Colson p. 242 (2 sp.): d, m only. 0 2084. B 865 (coin
illustrated under no. 865 in pi. xm is 272): ^ b rf, description inaccurate.
As 184.
V 1633 (PG, FC, AV, 2 others). BM X p. 4, no. 18f: ^ b rf. C:Donativo 10. S.Gotha 978
(pi. x1): ^b rf. B 870 (pi. xm, under no. 865): ^ b rf (misread as j), description inaccurate.
As 152.
V 1637 (Morales), 1638: j. Jl for Jl in RM (engraving error). BM V 14: j. Jl for jL Jl
in rm, no letter b rf. Conde' p. 281 (pi. 1v, no. 4): misread, apparently this date. B 863: ^
(read as ^1) b rf, description inaccurate.
274. al-Mariyah ? - 507 - dinar.

As 153.
Soret:D 88: Sb rf, mint uncertain.
As 153.
V 1639. BM V 15: ^ b rf. Marsden 353 (pi. xxi): ^ b rf. Longperier:D p. 430: d, m only.
276. Mad1nat al-Mariyah - 509 - dinar.
As 153.
V 1640 (AV).
As 153.
V 1641 (UV 2 sp., AV). MA 508. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only.
As 153.
V 1642. MA 509. D.Garcia 6084.
As 153.
V 1643 (AV).
121
As 153.
V 1644 (AV).
As 168.
V 1645 (UV, PG, AV). BN II 601 (pi. iv): no letter b rf.
As 153.
Adler:C 86 (pi. v1): . b rf. Thorburn.
As 168.
HSA 7895, 13147 (2 sp.): f b rf. V 1646 (UV 2 sp., PG, FC, AV 2 sp.). BM X p. 5, no. 20d:
j. b rf. BN II 602: b rf. MA 510 (5 sp.). KM II 608: f b rf. Fraehn:iV p. 87, no. 1: -1 at
end of rm. Cerda 364: d, m only. Dorn I p. 54, no. 1; p. 55, no. 2, 3 (3 sp.): ^ (read as y)
b rf. London p. 92 (2 sp.): date given as 525 but probably this year since Sir is not designated
heir. Weyl:G 1196: d, m only. L:Oriental p. 235: date given as 525 but Sir not designated.
Markov :2s p. 90, no. 13: d, m only. S :Judice II 3091.
As 168.
HSA 13165: f b rf, J at end of rm. V 1647 (pG, AV): - at end of rm. BN II 603, 604
(2 sp.): ^ b rf. MA 511. KM II 609: ^ b rf, - (?) at end of om and of rm. Welzl 12236.
Longperier:D p. 430: d, m only. Fraehn:5 13: ^ b rf. Cerda 366: d, m only. Weyl:G 1198: d,
m only. Spink (1898) 46649, (1901) 68381 (2 sp.): d, m only. S :White 2181: d, m only. 0 2085:
rm misread. B 875 (pi. xm): ^ b rf. Lisbon.

As 168.
V 1648 (UV, PG 2 sp., AV 3 sp.). BN II 605: f b rf. KM II 610: f b rf. LongperierD p. 430:
d, m only. Fraehn :2V p. 87, no. 3:. (read as y) b rf. D .Lorichs 4712: d, m only. Dorn I p. 56,
no. 12: ^ (read as y) b rf. Weyl:G 1200: d, m only. Markov: p. 91, no. 17: d, m only.
As 168.
V 1649 (UV, AV 2 sp.). BN II 606: f b rf. MA 512. KM II 611: - b rf. Dorn:4 p. 401.
Fraehn:iV p. 87, no. 5: ^ (read as y) b rf. Cerda 370: d, m only. Dorn I p. 56, no. 14: ^
(read as ^) b rf. B 877: description incompiete.
As 168.
HSA 13148: ^ b rf, outside inner r circle. UM: ^ b rf. V 1650 (AH, PG, AV 2 sp.). BM
V 26: ^ b rf. Weyl:G 1203: d, m only. Markov :E p. 91, no. 24: d, m only. Spink (1902) 79535:
d, m only. S:Judice II3096 (pi. n): date given as 529 (corrected from piate), ^ b rf, outside
inner r circle.
Presumably as 168.
B 881: u b rf, description incompiete.
122
As 184.
V 1651 (UV, PG 2 sp., AV 2 sp.). BM V 28: ^ b rf. BN II 607: . b rf, outside inner r
circle. MA 513 (2 sp.). Longperier:/! pi. lv, no. 8):. b rf. Longperier:D p. 430: d, m only,
with heir Tashf1n (error). D.Lorichs 4713: d, m only. Cerda 373: d, m only.
As 153.
V 1652 (AH, PG, AV, 1 other). BN II 608: ^ b rf, outside inner r circle. Tornberg p. 275,
no. 2: <jc.jll for OwL-ll in of (error), ^ (read as y) b rf. Soret:F 134: ^ 6 rf. Long-
perier:D p. 430: rf, w only, with heir Tashfin (error). Fraehn:AT p. 87, no. 6: . (read as y)
b rf, for ii- in rm (error ?). Cerda 377: d, m only. Dorn I p. 56, no. 17: ^ (read as y)
b rf, for <i- in rm (error ?).
As 168.
V 1653 (UV, PG, AV). BM V 31: ^ b rf, outside inner r circle. BN II 609: f i rf, . outside
circle. MA 514 (2 sp.). Cerda 379: d, m only. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. Markov:Ep. 881,
no. 25a: d, m only. L:Khedivial p. 329: 6 rf, outside circle.
'Ali without heir; recapitulation of types. All coins as 153, standard type of 'Ali, with
following modifications (coins on which ^ replaces <i- in rm are designated by *).
Standard: 153-167, 168*, 170*, 171*. 181-183, 185, 186-193*, 195-198*, 200*, 202-209,
229*, 230, 231-233*, 241-244, 245*, 246, 247*, 248, 249*. 250, 251, 258, 274-280, 281*,
282, 283-287*. 288*?, 290, 291*.
Top line of of: <ul / Vl <|l V: 211-213, 214*. 215, 216.
As preceding type with <* repeated in rm: 217.
As type of 211 with ^.U rf: 218-220, 221*.

With ^Jl after <Ll ^ in rm: 152, 169, 184*, 194 ?, 199*, 201, 222-227, 228*,
235-237, 239, 240, 259* ?, 260*, 261* ?, 263, 264, 265*, 266-269, 270-272*, 273, 289*.
As preceding type with top line of of: j II : 257.
With ^ preceding <L_ in rm: 262.
With rm: J jlijl i* v>> y\ <ul p-i: 252*, 253*.
As preceding type plus ^jS ojj in rf: 254-256*.
Last 2 lines of of: a > -f^l / ^-y. 172-180, 234.
As preceding type with top line of of: J II : 238.
Without margins (half dinar): 210.
With heir
Sir ibn-'Ali
a.H. 522-533 a.D. 1128-1139
Probably as 295.
B 901: d, m only.
123
Probably as 295.
B 914: d, m only, S' b rf.
Probably as 295.
B 921: d, m only, S b rf.
- 295. Aghmat - 529 - dinar.
As 153 except of:
V 1723 (UV 2 sp.). MA 564. Weyl:G 1207: d, m only. Markov:E p. 91, no. 26: d, m only.
B 924: d, m only, S b rf.
As 295.
HSA 15793: Sb rf. V 1724 (FC, AY). Cerda 388: description incompiete. Markov: p.91,
no. 27: d, m only.
As 295.
V 1725. BN II 55r (pi. 1n): J"Z> rf. Weyl:G r2o8: d, m only. Markov: p. 91, no. 30: d,
m only. B 930: d, m only.
298. Aghmat - 532 ?- dinar.
As 295.
V 1726 (UV): date uncertain.
As 295.
V 1727 (UV 3 sp.): date uncertain. B 957 (pi. x1v): Sb rf, Tashfin for Sir (disproved by
piate), description inaccurate.

As 153 and 295 except of: nil V
V 1713 (UV).
As 300.
HSA 13166: no letter b rf. S'.White 2182: d, m only.
As 300.
V 1714. BN II 554, 555 (2 sp.): no letter b rf.
124
As 300.
V 1715. BN II 556 (pi. 1n): no letter b rf. B 911: d, m only.
As 300.
V 1716. BN II 557: no letter b rf. KM II 592: no letter b rf.
As 300.
V 1717 (UV).
As 300.
V 1718 (UV): date uncertain.
As 300.
V 1719 (AV). B 929: d, m only.
As 300.
V 1720 (UV 2 sp.). B 935: d, m only.
As 300.
V 1721. BN II 558: no letter b rf. S Judice II 3097. B 937: d, m only.
As 300.
V 1722 (PG, AV). KM II 593: no letter b rf.

As 295 except rm, in which replaces i
V 1728 (AV). B 905 (pi. x1v): S'b rf; piate not clear, may be 311a.
311a. Madinat Fas - 524 - dinar.
As 311 but with y_ shifted from 4th to end of 3rd line of of.
BN II 561: Sb rf.
As 311.
V 1729 (UV 2 sp., PG, 1 other). B 907 (without Madinat ?), 908 (2 sp. ?): Sb rf, description
incompiete.
May be as 311 or as 314.
Sotheby 381: d, m only.
As 168 and 311 except of: <11l Vl <ll V
125
V 1758 (UV 2 sp., PG, AV 2 sp.). MA 565 (3 sp.). C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. B 915:
d, m only.
As 314.
V 1759 (UV, AV). MA 566. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. B 920: d, m only.
As 314.
V 1760 (AV). BN II 562: Sb rf. B 922: d, m only.
As 314.
V 1761 (UV, AV). MA 567. B 927: d, m only.
As 314.
V1762 (UV, AV 2 sp.). BN II563: Sb rf. Weyl:G 1210: d, m only. Markov :E p. 91, no. 28, 29
(2 sp.): d, m only. 0 2101: rm incorrectly reported, Sir misread as illegible letter b
rf. B 932 (coin illustrated under no. 932 in pi. x1v is 319): d, m only.
As 314.
V 1763 (PG, AV 2 sp., 1 other). BN II 564: Sb rf. C.Donativo 12. B 936 (pi. x1v, under
no. 932): date given as 523 (misprint), Sb rf.
As 314.
V 1764 (PG). BM X p. 5, no. 39c!: J)) for J) on of (engraving error ?), Sb rf. B 938: d,
m only.

As 311.
V 1734 (PG). Soret:S 76. B 896 bis: Sb rf, description incompiete.
As 311.
V 1735 (AV). BN II 569: Sb rf. MA 561. T>.Lorichs 4714. B 899: Sb rf, description in-
compiete.
As 311.
V 1736 (UV). KM II 604: Sb rf. 0 2089: rm incorrectly described. B 904 (pi. x1v): S b rf,
description inaccurate, date illegible in piate.
As 311.
HSA 13152: Sb rf.' V 1737 (UV, AV). MA 562. S Judice II 3095. Rivero:M 108 (pi. 1n):
Sb rf. B 906: Sb rf.
As 311.
V 1738 (UV, AV). KM II 605: Sb rf. B 916: d, m only, Sb rf.
As 311.
V 1739 (AY}. B 918: d, m only, Sb rf.
As 295.
V 1740. BM II 570: Sb rf. B 923: d, m only, Sb rf.
May be as 295 or 311.
B 926: d, m only, Sb rf. B 895 with this date and mint is, from its numerical position,
presumably a misprint for an undeterminable date. Lisbon: d, m only.
As 311.
HSA 13131: Sb rf. B 934: d, m only, Sb rf.
Presumably as 311.
B 940: d, m only.
Nul Lamtah - 520 - dinar.
B 894: this date, with Sir, is obviously a misprint.
As 153 and 295 except of: <ul Vl <)l V
B 898 (pi. x1v, under no. 897): Sb rf, description inaccurate.
As 153 and 295 except of: ul Vl Jl V
V 1711 (UV). MA 553: jmV1 for j in fourth line of of (error ?). C:Monedas p. 381: d, m
only. B 897 (pi. x1v, under no. 898): Sb rf, description inaccurate.

May be as 295 or 332.
As 295.
HSA 13153: Sb rf. V 1730 (PG, AV). S Judice II 3094 (pi. n): Sb rf. B (pi. x1v, under
no. 939, r only; o is 385): not described, Sb rf.
127
As 153 and 295 except of:
V 1712 (AV). B 917: d, m only.
336. Nul Lamtah - [52]8 - dinar.
As 295.
V 1731 (UV): date partially illegible.
As 295.
V 1732 (PG, AV). MA 563. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. B 925: d, m only, Sb rf.
As 295.
V 1733 (PG, 1 other). BM V 38 (pi. 1): lil for co-lil in om, S b rf. BN II 573: S b rf.
KM II 629: Sb rf. B 931 (pi. x1v): S b rf.
338a. Nul Lamtah - 532 - dinar.
As 295.
0 2090: misread, identified from impression furnished by Galster.
338b. Nul Lamtah - 533 - dinar.
Presumably as 295.
Thorburn.
As 331, except rm, in which replaces lu., and rf, under which jt\ occurs.
HSA 13185: J following V 1754 (AH, AV, 1 other). BMV30: j following Cerda
381: description incompiete. B 896 (pi. x1v): j following îl, description inaccurate.
As 295 plus jil b rf.

V 1755 (AV). KM II 588: <- for c- in rm (engraving error). B 900: description incompiete.
Presumably as 340.
As 340.
V 1756 (AV). BM V 36: j following jZi. Cerda 383: description incompiete. B 910:
description incompiete.
As 340.
V 1757 (AV). Cerda 384: description incompiete.
Spanish mints.
128
OF <ul Jl V RF
<iil ul J_^~,
om as om of 152.
rm as RM of 252.
V 1710. BM V 33: |l (read on p. xxi as jP) b rf.
345. Tghranattah ?- 524 - dinar.
Probably as 311.
Leite 22: description incompiete, Sb rf.
Probably as 344.
Cerda 385: description incompiete.
As 295 except of, as of of 311a.
V 1741 (PG, AV, 1 other): as 295 (error ?). MA 554. 0 2088: rm incorrectly described.
As 311a.
KM II612: J at end of om, ^ b rf, outside inner R circle. C: Tratado p. 200, no. 8 (pi. xx):
. b rf, outside circle.
As 347.
V 1742 (PG, AV): as 295 (error ?). BM V 34: ^ b rf, outside circle. Marsden 356 (pi. xx1):
. b rf, outside circle, description inaccurate. Longperier:D p. 430 (2 sp.): d, m only.
Markov:E p. 881, no. 25b: d, m only. L:Khedivial p. 329: . b rf, outside circle.

As 347.
V 1743 (UV, PG, AV): as 295 (error ?). BM V 35: f b rf, . outside circle. MA 555 (2 sp.).
V 1744 (PG, AV 2 sp.): as 295 (error ?). BN II 610: as 295, f b rf, outside circle. MA 556.
KM II614: b rf, outside circle. Longperier:D p. 430: d, m only, with heir Tashfin (error).
Cerda 382: description incompiete. Weyl:G 1206: d, m only. S:Karabaczek 863: wrong
reference given. S:Dodgson 59: wrong reference given. B 909: ^ b rf, description incompiete.
As 311.
V 1745 (PG, AV). MA 557: as 311a (error). KM II615:- b rf, .outside circle. D.Lorichs
As 347.
Corpus of Coins: MttrIb1t Gold 129
As 295.
V 1746 (UV, PG, FC, AV). B 913: d, m only, f b rf.
As 295.
V 1747 (UV, PG). BN II 611: f. b rf, . outside circle. KM II 616: j. b rf, outside circle.
B 919: d, m only, ^ 6 rf.
As 295.
V 1748 (PG, AV). MA 558: as 347 (error). Longprier:D p. 430: d, m only. Cerda 386:
description incompiete. Sotheby 382: d, m only.
As 311.
V 1749 (AV). BN II 612: ^ b rf, . outside circle. MA 558 note: as 311a (error). KM II 617:
^ b rf, outside circle. Cerda 387: description incompiete. C:Donativo 11.
As 311.
V1750 (PG, AV3 sp.). BM V 37: . b rf, . outside circle. MA 559: as 311a (error). KM II 618:
f. b rf, outside circle; 619: . b rf (2 sp.). B 928: rf, w only,. b rf.
As 311.
V 1751 (PG, AV). BN II 613: . b rf. KM II 620: f b rf. Weyl:G 1209: d, m only. Markov:
p. 91, no. 31: d, m only. Spink (1898) 46652, (1901) 68383, (1902) 79538 (3 sp.). B 933: d, m
only, ^ b rf.
As 295, but with # repeated before 5th line of of (engraving error).

HSA 15795: ^ b rf. KM II 621: . b rf.
As 311.
V 1752 (PG, AV 2 sp.). BN II 614: . b rf. MA 560: as 311a (error). C:Monedas p. 381: d, m
only. Spink (1898) 46653, (1901) 68382, (1902) 79539 (3 sp.).
As 311.
V 1753 (AV). KM II 622: . b rf. Cond p. 280 (pi. 1v, no. 3): ^ b rf, several slight errors.
Longperier:D p. 430: d, m only.
'Ali with Sir as heir; recapitulation of types. All coins as 153, standard type of 'Ali,
with following modifications (coins on which replaces <i- in rm are designated by *).
Last 3 lines of of; J. ic ûUl j\ / ^ J, Ul-j. / > ^Vl: 292-299, 311*, 312*, 313* ?,
321-326*, 327, 328-330*, 333 ?, 334, 336-338b, 345*, 352*, 353-355, 356-358*, 360*,
361*.
As preceding type with b RF; 340-343.
As type of 292 with J. repeated before last line of of: 359.
130
Last 3 lines of of: ym a ^ OuUl ^ / Jj / jj- -c^l: 311a*. 347, 348*, 349-351.
Last 3 lines of of: a. Jc 0>1ll j~l / jmV| Ji / j*-: 300-310.
Last 3 lines of of: J* OuLil jr^l / j j^-: 331.
As preceding type with b Rf: 339*.
Last 3 lines of of: Jc uulJLl ^.l / ^ Jj / j*. jJti\: 314-320*.
Last 3 lines of of: J, Jc ouLil jy\ / _x~j>. / jj-: 332.
Last 3 lines of Of: ^ oUll j Mlj _i~j>. a. / sr- jy'- 335.
Different of and rm; rf: fUVl / <ul ju / oo^l j~l / >- ^Vl: 344*, 346* ?.
With heir
Tashjin ibn-'AU
a.h. 533-537 a.D- 39~"43
As 153 and 295 except of: <ul Vl J| V
Oil Jj^mj JUx*
g (JruL-ll jrv>l
V 1790 (PG, AV, 1 other). D.Lorichs 4716: description incomplete. Markov:E p. 91, no. 32:
d, m only. S .Gotha 979.
As 153 and 362 except of: <ul Vl Jl V
Ol l J J
^ OjJu-il jy\
V 1779. BM V 39: l5"6 rf. BN II 552: J"6 rf.
As 363.
V 1780. MA 575. B 951: Sb rf, description inaccurate.

As 363.
V 1781 (AV). B 959: Sb rf, description inaccurate.
of as of of 362. RF as rf of 152 and 362.
om as om of 152 and 362 plus <ul
rm as rm of 168 and 311.
V 1800. BN II 553 (pi. 1n): Sb rf.
As 366.
V 1801. BM V43: Sb rf.
Corpus of Coins: MttkIb1t Gold
131
As 366.
V 1802 (PG). MA 578.
As 153 and 362 except of:
HSA 13151: no letter b rf. V 1782 (AV). MA 576: date uncertain. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m
only.
As 362 or 369.
As 362 but with j.. shifted from 4th to end of 3rd line of OF.
V 1789: of as of of 362 (error). BN II 559: j after in 4th line of of (error), no letter
b Rf.
Probably as 362 or 371.
As 153 and 362 except rm, in which fW replaces o., and OF:
V 1783 (PG ?, 1 other).
As 373.
ANS: Sb rf. V 1784 (UV, PG, AV). BM V 42: J"6 of and b rf.
375. Fas - 534 - dinar.
As 362.
B 947: <-fi rf.

376. Fas - 535 - dinar.
OF <uI VI Jl V RF as rf of 152 and 362.
B 948: S'b rf, description incompiete.
J* (jruluJtl j*\
9*
132
om as om of 152 and 362 plus ul Jju,.
rm as rm of 184.
KM II 6o1: Sb rf.
377. Fas - 535 - dinar.
As 376 except rf:
Plate I
HSA 13134: Sb rf. V 1807 (PG, FC, AV). BM X p. 5, no. 42! (pi. xxi): Sb rf. BN II 565
pi. 1n): Sb rf. MA 579. Adler:C 87 (pi. v1): Sb rf. Cerda 396: description incompiete.
Weyl:G 1211: d, m only. Markov :E p. 91, no. 33: d, m only. B 949: Sb rf, description
incompiete, rf as rf of 379 (error ?).
of , Vl <)I V rf J,Vl
om as om of 152 and 362 plus <ul o^l.
RM (date) (mint) . . jt,Jl i* ^, ja <ill Siy. ^.)\ u1 .
HSA 13132: Sb rf. V 1808 (PG, FC, AV, 1 other): for jyti\ on oF (error ?). BM
V 45 (pi. i): S b rf. BN n 566: Sb rf. KM II 602: Sb rf. C:Decadencia p. 381, no. 7
(pi. 1): Sb rf. B 956 (pi. x1v): Sb rf, description inaccurate. Mateu I p. 482 (pi. xxxv,
om as om of 152 and 362.
V 1809 (AV): om as om of 366 (error ?). BN n 568: Sb rf.
As 362 except rm, in which replaces .
V 1791 (UV, PG, AV). B 958 (coin illustrated under no. 958 in pi. x1v is 383): Sb rf,
description inaccurate.

As 380.
V 1792 (PG). BN II 571 (pi. m): Sb rf. Markov: p. 881, no. 32a: d, m only.
no. 1): Sb rf.
of u1 Vl <|1 V
<UI i}y) J~XA
RF
133
OF Vljl V RF
om as om of 366.
V 1803 (UV). B 950: Sb rf, description inaccurate.
La) l (jrC.^ll
rm as rm of 152.
B 954 (pi. x1v, under no. 958): Sb rf, description inaccurate.
As 382 except om, as om of 152 and 362.
V 1804: as 382 (error ?). BM V 46: Sb rf.
Probably as 371.
B 939 (pi. x1v, o only; r is 334): not described.
386. Nul Lamtah - [5133 - dinar.
As 362 except last line of of: Oviit.
V 1785. BM V 41: Sb rf.
As 362.
V 1793 (AV).
As 386.

V 1786 (PG, AV 2 sp.). J :Mohammedan p. 267: d, m only. Sotheby 381: d, m only. Rivero:M
109 (pi. in): Sb rf. Lisbon.
As 386.
V 1787 (UV 2 sp.). B 952: Sb rf, description inaccurate.
Probably as 386.
As 362.
Soret:S 77 (pi. xv, no. 13: mint only): as 380 (error ?). Figanier 277 (pi. v):Sb rf (given
as SJ, corrected from piate).
As 386.
V 1788 (PG). BN II 574: Sb rf. MA 577. B 962: description inaccurate.
Spanish mints.
Probably as 394.
B 953: illegible letter b rf, description incompiete.
OF ilVNlV RF UVl
rm (date) (mint) j ^jj* ^-J\ J\ ul ^J.
V 1805 (PG, AV, 1 other): or ^ 6 rf. BM X p. 6, no. 44d: Sb rf (confirmed by letter
from John Walker).
As 394.
V1806 (Howland): b rf. KM II589 (pi.lli): ^b rf, J-ll for i>ul_Il in of (engraving error).
As 380.
V 1794 (PG, AV). BM V 40: f b rf. BN II 615: f b rf.
As 362.
ANS: ^ 6 rf. V 1795 (PG, AV, 1 other). Cerda 395: description incompiete. Sotheby 382:
d, m only.
As 371.
KM II 623: f b rf. Fraehn: 14.
As 380.
V 1796. BM X p. 5, no. 4of: ^b rf.

As 380.
V 1797 (PG 2 sp., AV 2 sp.). BN II 616: ^ b rf. Longperier:D p. 430: d, m only.
400a. al-Mariyah - 535 - dinar.
As 371 except rm, in which replaces <i-.
BM V 44 fb rf. KM II 624, 625 (2 sp.): ^ b rf.
As 380.
HSA 13133: { b rf. V 1798 (PG, AV 2 sp.). BN II 617: ^ b rf. Cerda 397: description in-
compiete. B 960 (pi. x1v): ^ b rf, description inaccurate.
135
As 400a.
HSA 13197: ^ b rf.
As 362.
V 1799 (PG 2 sp., AV). Longperier:D p. 430: d, m only. Markov: p. 881, no. 33a: d, m
only. S :Beyram 289. Balog: d, m only.
As 371.
KM II 626, 627 (2 sp.): ^ b rf. C:Tratado p. 201, no. " (pi. xx): . 6 rf.
As 400a.
BM X p. 6, no. 45m: ^ b rf.
'Ali with Tashf1n as heir; recapitulation of types. All coins as 153, standard type of
'Ali, with following modifications (coins on which replaces <i- in rm are designated by *).
Last 3 lines of of: a J* *_>w1l1 jy\ / j^Vl} î-^ / Cnidr: 363-365.
Last 3 lines of of: a. ^ M / Jj^yJ cniit ^Vl: 362, 372 ?, 375, 380*, 381*,
387, 391, 396*, 397, 399*, 400*. 401*. 402.
As preceding type plus <ul ^-i at end of om: 366-368*.
As type of 362 but with y. in 3rd line: 371, 385 ?, 398, 400a*, 401a*, 402a, 403*.
Last 3 lines of of: v_i-j,. ct J* OwL-h / ^Vl / utizk: 369, 370 ?.
As type of 362 with VVl omitted from last line of of: 386, 388-390, 392.
Last 3 lines of of: ÔuL-ll j?\ / ^ Jj / Oviilr: 373*, 374*.
Last 3 lines of of: OuLil j*\ / oc J} / qjiit: 376* (margins with added words).
As preceding type except rf: fL.VI / ^ UI / <uI jlc / <j*J.\ jy\: 377*.

Different of, om, rm; rf: fL.Vl / oil -uc / Û1 / oc-^ll ^1: 378*.
Different of, om, rm; rf: ÛVl / *ul oji/ oj^jll / :379*.
Different of, rm; rf: fUVl / / <uI / ^.1 /^-Ul: 393-395*.
Different of, om, rm; rf: fL.Vl / -lc / <ul / Ul c.c^ll ^1 / 382*, 383, 384*.
Tdshfin ibn-'Ali
a.H. 537-540 a.D. 1143-1145
OF <ul V RF fUVl
rm (date) fW (mint) .. Jl i* r.>r* *ul ^ .
B 971 (coin illustrated under no. 971 in pi. xv is 422): Sb rf, description incompiete.
136
Probably as 404.
B 974: <S"b rf, 983: with heir Ibrahim (error ?) (2 sp. ?): description inaccurate.
OF
RF
RF
<u1 Vl Jl V
uviil"
Margins as on 404.
V 1865: error in engraving mint (misprint ?). MA 593.
407. Sijilmasah - 544 (presumably for 540) - dinar.
OF <ul Vl Jl V
<Ul J_y-J -Wat
om as om of 404.
rm (date) As (mint) .. jb Jl
V 1860. BM X p. 7, no. 7op.
of oil VI Jl V
Ae o; cni-l" u^JuJll
Margins as on 404.
V1853. BNII 567:lT6rf.
of <ul VI Jl V
om as om of 404 plus <ul ^.

rm as rm of 404.
V 1851. MA 588. om without <ul corrected by Vives
OF , Vl Jl V RF
fUVl
Ûl <ul
fUV1
<jrC_jll jv\
RF
fUVl
rf as rf of 404.
JI <UI Jj-J
l" jjc _j,_ ^ I
fuv1
jwl oil
(jji_jll
137
om as om of 409.
rm as rm of 407.
V 1852 (PG, AV). BN II 638 (pi. rv): S~b rf. MA 589: rf and om incorrectly described,
corrected by Vives. S.Gotha 982. B 973 (pi. xv) :fb rf, description inaccurate. Figanier 278:
om without oil > (misprint, corrected by letter).
As 404.
B 970 (pi. xv): Sb rf.
As 404.
V 1857 (AV), 1858. BN II 640 (pi. iv): Sb rf.
As 407 except of: oil VI <]l V
Oil -Usm
C/VLik QuiuJll
B 972: Sb rf.
As 413 except rm, in which replaces .
V 1854. BN II 641 (pi.iv): Sb rf. KM II 652: Sb rf. Host :E and N 3 (pi.xxxm): Sb rf.
0 2103: illegible letter b rf. B 975 (pi. xv): S~b rf, description inaccurate.
As 414.
V 1855. MA 591.
As 414.

V 1856 (AV).
Spanish mints.
OF oil Vl ^1 V rf fL.Vl
^0 'ml J_) -Uaw wuc
LU jju-j Jc oil oil
<jryLil" (jul lI tX<_jll ,l
Margins as on 404.
V 1859. BN II 642 (pi. 1v): ^ to left and to right of ^LJl in rf.
As 407 except of: oil Vl Jl V
Oil J_>-J .Use*
j,#k_j QruL tl jvl
Jc # t>uilr ^Jl
138
V 1861 (AV 2 sp., 2 others). BN II 643 (pi. 1v): ^b rf. KM II 649: . b rf. LongpeVier:Z)
p. 430: d, m only. B 976 (pi. xv): ^ b rf.
As 418 except rm, in which II. replaces .
V 1862 (PG). BN II 644: . b rf. KM II 648: f 6 rf.
As 418.
V 1863 (PG, AV). MA 590.
As 419 except rm, in which ^.J\ follows <ul ~j .
V 1864 (PG).
With heir
Ibrahim ibn-Tashjin
a.H. 538-540 a.D.1144-1145
of apparently as of of 427. rf as rf of 404.
om as om of 404.
rm as rm of 414.
B (pi. xv, under no. 971): not described, reconstructed from piate, of not clear, <_T6rf.
As 414 except of: ul Vl <Jl V
yUit QuL-ll jm\ .ulc
V 1866 (AV): rm wrongly reported.
424. Mad1nat Sijilmasah - 538 ? - dinar.
of <ul VNl V rf as rf of 417.

om as om of 404.
rm as rm of 407.
B 981: S'b rf.
om as om of 404.
rm as rm of 407.
V 1867: rm wrongly reported. BM V 68: Sb rf. B 982 (pi. xv): mint given as Fas and date
139
as 538 (corrected from piate), jCb rf, omitted from rm (engraving error), description
inaccurate.
As 425 except rf, as rf of 410.
BN II639: J~6 rf, o^c for J^fi in fourth line of of (engraving error).
of <ul Vl <|l V rf as rf of 404.
.UJl JJ -Ujm
<jrui_ll jy\ |Ju.J
om as om of 409.
rm as rm of 404.
B 984 (pi. xv): date given as 537 (corrected from piate); 985 (2 sp.): Sb rf, description
inaccurate.
Probably as 427.
Probably as 427.
Spanish mints.
of , VNl V rf as rf of 417.
al 'I
L.l..." jju-_j <le
~Al/.I jrwVl aOC

Margins as margins of 404, but with replacing in rm.
V 1868 (PG, Gil). C:Tratado p. 203, no. 1 (pi. xx1): rf.
430a, Ishbiliyah - 539 - dinar.
Apparently as 430 except of, as of of 424.
T) :Lorichs 4717: description incompiete.
As 417 except of: VNl V |(
V 1869. BM V 70 (pi. 1): Sb rf.
140
As 409 except rm, in which <l replaces ^W, and of:
ul V| J| V
jml <ul J_^-j ûjm
<y_M j-ik) OjJll
V 1870 (AV, 2 others). BM V 69: of .j^c shifted to start of last line of of, ^ b of, f 6 rf.
BN II 645-647 (3 sp.): a of aa^c omitted (error), 6 of, b rf. MA 592 (3 sp.): 6 of,
om without <ul j^j, corrected by Vives. KM II650 (pi. 1n), 651 (2 sp.): p b of, om without
<ul (visible in piate), . b rf, (jjJuJl for in rf (error). Fraehn:B 15: gjb of, ^ (read
as ^) 6 rf. Sawaszkiewicz p. 204: d, m only. Longperier .D p. 431: d, m only. Markov :E p. 92,
no. 43: d, m only. Rodgers 7981: of, description inaccurate. C .Decodencia p. 383, no.8
(pi. 1): 6 of, ^ 6 rf. Ziya 2029 (pi. n): ^ b of, description inaccurate, piate illegible.
Rivero:M 1n (pi. m): g^b of, b rf.
Ibrahim ibn-Tdshfin
a.H. 54O-540 a.D.I145-I145
No coins reported.
Ishdq ibn-'Ali
a.h. 540-541 a D- 1145-1147
As 425 except Of: <ul Jl V
<Jll i}y>J Just*
ul J*
a. ^ a.
B 995: vi'fi rf, description incompiete.

As 433.
B 994: S"b rf, description inaccurate.
As 433.
B 996 (pi. xv): Sb rf.
As 414 except of, in which JU-.l replaces eniilr.
B 993 (pi. xv): S"b rf, description incorrect.
Corpus of Coins: Murab1t Gold 141
Spanish mints.
As 417 except of: Vl jl V n
UlJ <ie <lil
V1892 (AV): ^>-J\ not reported in rm (error ?). KM II656 (pi. in): S"b rf. Rivero :M
115 (pi. 1n): J"6 rf.
of <ul Vl i\ V rf as rf of 406.
<1|I
<~*-y. a Jc a
om as om of 404.
rm as rm of 407, but with jbjl badly confused in engraving.
V1889. BN II 653 (pi. 1v): o (read as j) b of, >.(?)6 rf. KM II 657: o b of, (?) b rf.
439. Ighranatah - 540 - dinar. Plate I
OF oil Vl )I V RF fUVl
oil <ll1 J_j j
om as om of 404 plus oil ml jow.
rm as rm of 404.
HSA 13202: o b of, 6 RF. v l890 (PG, AV). BN II 652 (p1. iv): (read as j) 6
of, (?) 6 rf, oil J-t omitted (visible on piate). KM II658: J b of, (?) 6 rf, oil Ju
omitted (error ?). S:Michael I 1669: b of, (?) b rf.
om as om of 404.
rm as rm of 407.
HSA 15794: Sb rf, rm largely illegible, date and mint uncertain. V 1891 (FC). Sawasz-

kiewicz p. 204: d, m only.
441. Qurtubah - 540 - dinar struck presumably by Hamdin ibn-Muhammad.
As 417 and 437 except of: Vl .Jl V u
ml J_jj x^xj
(jUt-l OjJll jmI
a Je . a.
V 1888 (Codera Imp.).
442. Qurtubah - 541 - dinar struck presumably by Hamdin ibn-Muhammad.
of as of of 437. rf as rf of 417 and 437.
om as om of 409.
rm as rm of 421.
V 1893. BN II 654 (pi. v): rf.
Murabit partisans after a.h. 541 (a.d. 1147).
Many coins in Murabit styles were struck after the downfall of the main dynasty at the
death of Ishaq; most of these were struck in Spain by local rulers and are therefore ex-
cluded from this corpus, but can be found in section 6a of Vives; those with North African
mints, or with Spanish mints but struck in the name of the "Bani-Tashfm", follow.
Struck in North Africa.
443. Sabtah - 543 - dinar struck by a final Murabit rebel against Muwahhid rule, Yahya
ibn-Abi-Bakr ibn-'Ali, called al-Sahraw1.
As 404 except of: ul Vl <Jl V
jwl ^l jL.m <5J|
cf. J* a.
C.Familia p. 155.
Sijilmasah - 544 - dinar.
See 407.
444. Nul Lamtah - 542 - anonymous dinar struck by an unidentified governor.
As 153 and 436 except of: <ul Vl Jl V
Ol| J>-J
B 1004 (pi. xv): Sb rf, piate largely illegible.
Struck in Spain in the name of
the Bani-Tashfin.
445. Madinat Gharnatah - 545 - dinar struck by the Lamtunah Berber governor Maymun

ibn-Badr, who surrendered in 549.
As 407 except of: <til
Vl <J| V
411l J yJ JUsm
V 1979 (Codera Imp.).
446. Madinat Qurtubah - 542 - dinar struck by the Massufah Berber governor Yahya.
ibn-'Ali, known as Ibn-Ghaniyah, who died in 543. Plate I
Corpus of Coins: Muwahh1d Gold
143
om as om of 404.
HSA 14169: JCJ b rf. V 1978 (AV, 2 others). BM V 81 (pi. 1): J3 b rf, JJl misread
as j^-jt ^Vl.
Coins struck by the descendants of Ibn-Ghaniyah during their reign in the Balearics
are excluded from this corpus, and no coins are known to have been struck by them during
their North African invasions in the later Muwahhid and early Hafsid periods.
Muwahh1d Gold
by the Kumiyah Berber rulers of
the Muwahhidun sect
in Naskhi script.
Debased gold struck by Muwahhid partisans in North Africa before the downfall of
the Murabits in a.h. 541 (a.d. 1147), in the name of the Mahdi, Muhammad ibn-Tumart.
446a. (no mint) - quarter dinar: Kufi script. Plate II
of ^ll V RF Lj <ul
HSA 14156. S Judice II 3105 (pi. n): 4th line of of uncertain, 4th line of rf illegible.
abu-Mnhammad 'Abd-al-Muymin ibn-'Alx
a.H. 524-558 a.d. 1130-1163
447. Bijayah (b of and b rf) - dinar struck after a.h. 547. Plate II
OF Vl <Jl V RF fU â^ll
JU3M Oil 4*Vl
OS jusk Jc <ul (left) ^Jl Jl <ul ^ (top)
UJl (right) OuJJl Jlj (bottom)
ANS.

RS ^zc'-C?^ XeJ^w
448. Madinat (a rf) Bijayah (6 rf) - dinar struck after a.h. 547.
As 447.
V 2056. P 1k. MA 663. B 1024.
449. Tadghah ? (a rf) - dinar struck after a.h. 540.
As 447.
Bartholomaei 62: mint given as Bad'ah.
144
450. Tunis (b OF and b rf) - dinar struck after a.h. 554.
As 447.
J .Gold 2. Sotheby 384: m only.
451. Sabtah (b of and b rf) - dinar struck after a.h. 541.
As 447.
V 2055. P 1j. BM V 84 (pi. n). LJnedited 10. Weyl:G 1218. S:White 2183. B 1027, 1028
(2 sp.).
452. Sabtah (b Of, a rf) - dinar struck after a.h. 541.
As 447.
S:Gotha 986 (pi. xn).
453. Sabtah (b rf) - dinar struck after a.h. 541.
As 447.
ANS. V 2054 (PG). P 1i. BM V 85. Weyl:G 1219 (2 sp.). S:Karabaczek 914, 918 ? (2 sp. ?).
C:Lebrija p. 564.
454. Sala, (b OF and b rf) - dinar struck after a.h. 540.
As 447.
P 10. B 1008 bis (pi. xv1, under no. 1008).
455. Sala (b of) - dinar struck after a.h. 540.
As 447.
V 2059. P 1n. BN II 711 (pi. v1). Markov:E p. 93, no. 1: m only. S:Michael I 1670.
S.Gotha 985.
456. Fas (b of and b rf) - dinar struck after a.h. 540.
As 447.
V 2051. P 1e. BM X p. 8, no. 84d. L:Khedivial p. 329. S :Ciscar 34 (pi. 1): mint illegible in
piate. S:Comte 664. B 1011-1021 (" sp.).

457. Fas (a Of, b rf) - dinar struck after a.h. 540.
As 447.
J :Gold 3. B1010 (pi. xv1, under no. 1010 bis): description inaccurate, mint illegible in plate.
458. Fas (b of) - dinar struck after a.h. 540.
As 447.
HSA 13192: c b rf. V 2048 (PG, AV). P 1b. BN II 712. MA 661. Sotheby 383: m only.
S:Judice II 3106: p (?) b rf.
459. Fas (a of) - dinar struck after a.h. 540.
As 447.
V 2049. P 1c. MA 662. KM II 683 (pi. 1v): ^.U for ^li a rf and at end of 4th os (both
disproved by piate). Thorburn.
460. Fas (b rf) - dinar struck after a.h. 540.
As 447.
HSA 13191. V 2050 (AV 2 sp.). P 1d.
461. Madinat (b rf) Fas (b of) - dinar struck after a.h. 540.
As 447.
P 1f.
145
462. Mad1nat (a rf) Fas (b rf) - dinar struck after a.h. 540.
As 447.
Vollers 13 (pi. 1): Je for ^li b rf (disproved by piate).
463. Madinat (a rf) Marrakush (b rf) - dinar struck after a.h. 541.
As 447.
B 1022 (pi. xvi), 1023 (2 sp.): mint illegible in piate.
464. Miknasah (b of and b rf) - dinar struck after a.h. 540.
As 447.
V 2053 (AV). P 1h. B 1025 (pi. xv1), 1026 (2 sp.): mint illegible in piate.
465. Miknasah (b rf) - dinar struck after a.h. 540.
As 447.
V 2052 (AV). P 1g. BN II 713 (pi. v1). KM II 684. Cerda 420: description incompiete.
S :Ciscar 35.
466. (no mint) - dinar struck presumably after a.h. 540.
As 447.
ANS: ^ b rf. HSA 535, 7899, 10627, 13167, 13172, 13189 (6 sp.). V 2047 (AH, PG 12 sp.,
AV 7 sp.): plsJ for ^la)l in rf (misprint). P 1a (pi. 1). BM V 86, 87 (2 sp.).BN II 715:
^ b of and b rf, 716 (2 sp.). MA 660, 664: ^ b of and b rf (2 sp.). KM II 686-688 (3 sp.).
Cond p. 285 (pi. h1, no. 8): slightly misread. Welzl 12238. D.Garda 6128. Cerda 421:
description incompiete. 'L:Muwahhids p. 154, no. 1 (pi. vi), 2 (2 sp.). Weyl:G 1217: slight
errors in om and rf. Spink (1901) 68337: ^ b rf, 68338, 68339, (1902) 79540, 7954T (5 sp.):
mintless, not described. J.Gold 1 (2 sp.). Sotheby 383 (2 sp.). Maguelonne p. 22 (fig. 2).
S:Karabaczek 916. S:Castro 421. S.Gotha 987. 0 2109. B 1033-1045 (13 sp.): mint-marks
include ^, x, J, ^- 6 of, rf, or both. Rivero: (pi. 1v, no. 10). Lisbon.
467. (no mint) - half dinar.

of as of of 447. rf ^jiÎ1
OS j^Jl <ul
rs as rs of 447.
V 2060 (PG, AV, 2 others). P 2 (pi. 1). BM V 88 (pi. n). BN II 717. S:Karabaczek 917.
S:Beyram 371. S.Grantley 2160. B 1009 (pi. xv1): description inaccurate.
of as of of 447 and 467. rf as rf of 467.
OS UI
rs as rs of 447 and 467.
V 2060 note.
Spanish mints.
469. Ishbiliyah (b rf) - dinar struck after a.h. 541.
As 447.
10
V 2057. P11. BM X p. 8, no. 85c!: mint spelledIshbiliyah. S:Karabaczek 915. Rivero.M 132
(pi. 1n).
470. Madinat (a rf) Ishb1liyah (b rf) - dinar struck after a.H. 541.
As 447.
HSA 10628 ?, 13190,13193 (3 sp. ?). V 2058 (PG 2 sp., AV 2 sp., 1 other). P 1m. BN II 714:
<ul for os in 4th rs (misprint). Cerda419: Madinat misread as Mursiyah, description in-
complete. C:Tratado p. 221, no. 3 (pi. xxn). S:Judice II 3107. B 1031, 1032 (2 sp.).
471. Jayyan (location on coin not indicated) - dinar struck after a.H. 541.
Presumably as 447.
C:f ecas p. 343: m only, given as J^- (error), termed double dinar (error).
472. Madinat (a of) Qurtubah (b of) - dinar struck after a.h. 542.
As 447.
B 1029.
With heir
abu-'Abd-Allah Muhammad ibn-'Abd-al-Mifmin
a.H. 551-558 a.D. 1156-1163
473. Bijayah - dinar.
OF jst)\ *n\ ^ rf <ul
<llI VI V -U*. UiiJl
(mint)
OS J^lj
RS Oil OJ> j.1 JfVl j
V 2072 (AV). P 9d. Spink (1901) 68377, l1*)02) 79555 (2 Sp.): m oruy, ascribed to 'Abd-Allah.
].Gold 16 (2 sp.). Sotheby 389: m only, ascribed to "Abd-Mohammad". S:Michael I 1671.
B 1148 (pi. xvi): description incompiete, mint illegible in piate.
474. Madinat Bijayah - dinar.

As 473.
475. Ribat al-Fath - dinar.
As 473.
V 2071 (AV): L>j for ]\,j (error). P 9b (pi. 1): lotj for b\,j (disproved by piate).
476. Fas - dinar.
As 473.
477. Madinat Fas - dinar. Plate II
As 473.
Corpus of Coins: Muwahhid Gold
147
HSA 7898. P 9c. Spink (1901) 68376, (1902) 79554 (2 sp.): m only, ascribed to 'Abd-AUah.
J.Gold 17 (2 sp.). Sotheby 389: m only, ascribed to "Abd-Mohammad".
478. Marrakush - dinar.
As 473.
HSA 13170. V 2070 (AV). P 9a. Cerda 426: description incompiete. Spink (1901) 68374,
68375, (1902) 79553 (3 sp.): m only, ascribed to 'Abd-Allah. J.Gold 18 (3 sp.). Sotheby 389
(2 sp.): m only, ascribed to "Abd-Mohammad". Rivero:M 135 (pi. 1n). B 1149 (pi. xv1):
description incompiete, mint illegible in piate.
479. Madinat Marrakush - dinar.
As 473.
HSA 13194. Leite 24: J*VI omitted from 1st rs (misprint ?), u*) <ul for in 2nd os
(error). J.Gold 19. S:Judice II 3108 (pi. n): mint and rs illegible in piate.
480. (no mint) - dinar.
As 473.
Sacy p. 539: uVl for JVI in 1st rs (error). Maguelonne p. 22 (fig. 1): misread.
With heir
abu-Ya'qub Yusuf ibn-'Abd-al-Mu'min
a.H. 558-558 a.d. 1163-1163
Since the coins struck while Yiisuf was heir are identical with those struck during the
early part of his reign, they are listed under his own name as amir: 481^492.
abu-Y cfqub Yusuf I ibn-'Abd-al-Mu'min
a.H. 558-580 a.d. 1163-1184
First series: as am1r
a.H. 558-563 a.D. 1163-1168
481. Bijayah - dinar.

As 473 except rs:
V 2064 (AV). P 3b. BN II 724 (pi. v1). Spink (1901) 68350. Sotheby 384: m only. B 1083,
1084 (2 sp.) (pi. xv1, unnumbered). Rivero: (pi. 1v, no. 11): mint uncertain.
482. Madinat Bijayah - dinar.
As 481.
Spink (1901) 68349. J'Gold 6.
483. Madinat Tilimsan - dinar.
As 481.
J .Gold 7. Sotheby 385: m only.
484. Tunis - dinar.
As 481.
Spink (1901) 68368, (1902) 79552 (2 sp.): m only. J .Gold 8 (2 sp.). Sotheby 385: m only.
10*
148
485. Sijilmasah - dinar.
As 481.
P 3d (p. 113). KM II 691. ]:Gold 9. Sotheby 385: m only. B 1077. Mateu II 21 (pi. xvm,
no. 3).
486. Madinat Fas - dinar.
As 481.
Spink (1901) 68340-68343, (1902) 79542, 79543 (6 sp.): m only. ].Gold 10 (5 sp.). Sotheby
387: m only.
As 481.
Spink (1901) 68357-68363, (1902) 79548 (8 sp.): m only. J.Gold n (15 sp.). Sotheby 387
(3 sp.): m only.
488. Hadr Marrakush - dinar.
As 481.
P 3c (pi. 1): ;_ri>- for jU*- (disproved by piate). Spink (1901) 68364-68367, (1902) 79549,
7955o (6 sp-): m only- J'-Gold 12 (8 sp.). B 1078 (pi. xv1): -j for jix* b of (error),
Marrakush b rf (error ?), illegible in piate.
489. Madinat Marrakush - dinar.
As 481.
Spink (1901) 68354-68356, (1902) 79546, 79547 (5 sp.). J.Gold 13 (4 sp.). B 1079-1082
(4 sp.): Marrakush repeated b rf (error ?).
490. Nul Lamtah ? - dinar.
As 481.
Spink (1901) 68351-68353 (3sp.): mint given as Cl y~. J.Gold 14(5 sp.): mint given as -uSCl.

As 481.
V 2063. P 3a. BM V 89 (pi. n: o only). BN n 726-728 (3 sp.). KM n 692. Conde p. 284
(pi. 1n, no. 7): misread, name of amir uncertain. Sacy p. 534: for JVl in 1st rs (error).
L:Khedivial p. 329. Spink (190T) 68369-68372, (1902) 79551 (5 sp.): mintless, not described.
J :Gold 4 (231 sp.). Sotheby 386 (5 sp.): mintless, not described. S:Karabaczek 919: misread.
Spink (1917) 57100: mintless, not described. Codrington, H.: Ceylon 1. S.Gotha 988. 0 2113.
B 1085-1099 (15 sp.).
Spanish mint.
492. Ishbiliyah - dinar.
As 481.
].Gold 5 (9 sp.). Sotheby 384: m only.
Second series: as amir al-mu'minin
a.H. 563-580 a.D.1168-1184
493. Sabtah - dinar.
As 481 except 1st rs: jml .
S:White 2185: reference uncertain, may be as 481.
Corpus of Coins: Mttwahh1d Gold
149
As 493.
HSA 10629. p 4b (pi- 1).
As 493.
ANS (2 sp.). HSA 10630, 13169, 13171, 13195 (4 sp.). V 2061 (AH, AV 4 sp.). P 4a. BM V
90-96 (pi. n: 92) (7 sp.). MA 670 (3 sp.). KM II 693. Castiglioni 244 (pi. x). Fraehn:i? p. 623,
no. 1. Sacy p. 540. D:Garcia 6130. D:Lorichs 4721. Cerda 424: description inadequate.
L:Muwahhids p. 157, no. 3 (pi. v1). Weyl:F 6494 (4 sp.). C:Tratado p. 222, no. 5 (pi. xxn).
Weyl:G 1224. Lagumina p. 101, no. 1. Markov. p. 93, no. 2: mintless, not described.
L:Khedivial p. 329. S:Karabaczek 920. S:Beyram 290. S:Ciscar 36-38 (pi. 1: 36) (3 sp.).
S:Castro 422. C.Lebrija p. 564. Codrington, H.: Ceylon p. 158. Rivero:M 133 (pi. 1n). Spink
(1933) 22476. Mateu II 20 (pi. xvni, no. 2). Thorburn.
OF Vl <Jl V rf âjil
-U-sw Oll <iU-
ul .ml
oS a3m #l ijojv\
Jecf. O*^ -V
RS <1 ji l Oojiwl
UM. V 2065 (AV). P 5 (pi. 1). Cerda 425: description inadequate. B 1100 (pi. xvi), 1101
(2 sp.). Rivero: (pi. 1v, no. 13).
Spanish mints.
497. Ishbiliyah - dinar.
As 493.

HSA 13168. V 2062. P 4c. BN II 725 (pi. v1). D:Lorichs 4720. Spink (1901) 68344-68348,
(1902) 79544, 79545 (7 sp.). S:White 2184.
498. Madinat Ishbiliyah - dinar.
As 493.
Demaeght v. VIII, p. 245 (fig.): j preceding mint (error ?).
Mazdara Hbn-Hayydn
rebel at Taza
a-H. 559-559 a.d. 1164-1164
499. (Taza ?) - dinar?
OF RF J**
Ibn-Abi-Zar' (... Rawd al-qirjds, ed. Tornberg, p. 137, line 21) notes coins of this
Sanhajah Berber rebel bearing the inscription noted, but does not specify metal or style,
or divide the inscription into lines or even into obverse and reverse. As no specimens have
been reported in modern collections, this reconstruction is tentative.
15o
abii-Yusuf Ya 'qub ibn-Yusuf I
a.H. 580-595 a.D. 1184-1199
500, Fas - double dinar.
OF ^Jl }\ <uI *-> RF iiiil <ul y\, ^li|l
<UlVI4)IV Ocu^ll^lJ*
oiI J
(mint)
OS ^Jl ^Jl y% Vl all V juIj<IIÎj
V 2067. P 6b. BM V 99.
501. (no mint) - double dinar.
As 500.
ANS (electrotype). HSA 13175. V 2066 (AV). P 6a (pi. 1). BM V 100,101 (2 sp.). BN II 729.
Sacy p. 530 (pi.), p. 539 (2 sp.): os slightly misread. Grotefend p. 242 (fig.): cross soldered
over rf. L:Muwahhids p. 158, no. 1: j for ^ in 3rd os (error). Weyl:F 6495 (2 sp.):
mintless, not described. Weyl:G 1225: description incompiete. Lagumina p. 102, no. 2.
L:Khedivial p. 329: description uncertain, may be 502. Holu 749: a. omitted from 3rd rs
(error). Spink (1901)68373. J .Gold 15 (2 sp.). Dieulafoyp.57 (140 sp.): description inaccurate.
Sotheby 388 (2 sp.): mintless, not described. S:Beyram 291: "variant", may be 502. Spink
(1917) 57101: mintless, not described. Rivero:M 134 (pi. 1n). B 1103-1123 (21 sp.): descrip-
tion incompiete. Rivero: (pi. 1v, no. 12).
As 500 but with ^. shifted from 2nd to start of 3rd line of RF.
BM V 102 (pi. n), 103 (2 sp.). KM II 694 (pi. IV), 695 (2 sp.). L:Muwahhids p. 159, no. 2, 3
(pi. v1) (2 sp.): j for in 3rd os (error). S :White 2186. B 1102 (pi. xv1): description in-
compiete.

(no mint) - dinar.
As 502 but with weight of dinar.
L:Muwahhids p. 159, no. 4, 5 (2 sp.): it seems improbable that these coins were intended as
dinars.
OF Vl )1 V RF iiii.
J>-"J J* a y\
OS >*.>!. J*.I *"C**y\\ j<+\
rs as rs of 496.
V 2069: 3rd and 4th os misread. P 7: 4th os misread. Weyl:G 1226: description incompiete.
151
With heir
abii-'Abd-Allah Muhammad ibn-Ya'qub
a.H. 587-595 a.D. 1191-1199
No gold reported.
aba-' Abd-Allah Muhammad ibn-Ya'qilb
a.H. 595-610 a.D. 1199-1213
Dinars 473-480, usually ascribed to this khalifah, were struck by 'Abd-al-Mu'min
with heir Muhammad.
504. Fas (b of) - double dinar.
OS -Usw <lll y \ O^jll jy>\
j.xi1j1 tail a.
rs as rs of 500.
P 8b (pi. 1): mint obscure in piate. Mateu I p. 483 (pi. xxxv1, no. 8): given as 508 (disproved
by piate), mint obscure in piate.
505. Fas (b rf) - double dinar.
As 504.
B 1124 (pi. xv1), 1125 (2 sp.): description incompiete, piate partly illegible, including mint.
As 504.
HSA 13181. V 2073 (AV). P 8a. BN II732: iiiil for Utl a. in 3rd os (engraving error),
2nd rs largely illegible. KM II 696. Sotheby 388: mintless, not described. Rivero:^4 p. 24,
no. 11 (pi. 1x). B 1126-1146 (21 sp.). Gonzalez p. 106 (fig. 29).
abu-Ya'qub Yusuf II ibn-Muhammad
a.H. 610-620 a.D. 1213-1224

507. Fas (b of) - double dinar. Plate II
of as of of 500 and 504. rf as rf of 502 and 504.
os ^y**> y \ o^*^\
ij.JLilJl Ui-I J.. i-i-_j,.
RS cr&Jil <j, ^y, <JL.y_ y \ CfCj>^.\
V 2075: jjl omitted from 3rd rs (corrected by Prieto), s*\ for Iy\ in 4th rs (error). P 10b:
jwl for Iy\ in 4th rs (error). BN II 733 (pi. v1): ^.1 omitted from 3rd rs, j?\ for Iy\ in 4th
rs (both corrected from piate).
As 507.
P 10a (pi. n): j*\ for Iy\ in 4th rs (disproved by piate). Sallet p. 147 (fig. 2). KM II 698: s*\
for \y\ (error).
152
of as of of 473 and 493. rf as rf of 473 and 493.
OS i_)yu y\ OCj>y\\
Jl Ull j.
rs as rs of 493.
P 11. BM V 97, 98 (pi. n) (2 sp.): ascribed to Yiisuf I. L:Muwahhids p. 156, no. 1, p. 157,
no. 2 (2 sp.): ascribed to Yiisuf I. h:Khedivial p. 329: ascribed to Yiisuf I. Rodgers 7982.
dbu-Muhammad 'Abd-al-Wahid I ibn-Yusuf I
a.H. 620-621 a.D. 1224-1224
(opposed during 621 by 'Abd-Allah).
No coins reported
dbu-Muhammad 'Abd-Allah ibn-Ya'qub
a.H. 621-624 a.D. 1224-1227
(opposed during 621 by 'Abd-al-Wahid I
and during 624 by Yahya).
Not described.
S:White 2187. Coins ascribed to this ruler by Spink were presumably struck by 'Abd-al-
Mu'min with heir Muhammad: 473, 477, 478.
abu-Muhammad 'Abd-Allah ibn-Muhammad
rebel at Baeza (Bayyasah)
a.h. 621-626 a.d. 1224-1229
No coins reported.
abuH-'Uld Idris I ibn-Ya'qub
a.H. 624-629 a.D. 1227-1232

(opposed 624-629 by Yahya).
First series: before suppression of al-Mahdi's name
a.H. 624-627 a.D. 1227-1230
511. (no mint) - double dinar. Plate II
OF jv^Jl iyrj\ <ul ^ RF <iJjLl <ul j*\>p\A\
a>J 4.0 .ui.l j uyu* y\ crC<jll
<ul Jyj a. <^X~ym y\ 0*y^\ jy\
153
OS JJI y \ cft^^ll j?\ OyH\
RS uC._jll I j*\ & oaw <UI J^p _j,.l OjUÎ
V 2076 (AV): jy\ for ^^.1 in 4th os (corrected by Prieto), for 1 in 2nd rs (error).
P 13 (pi. n): jy\ for Iyl (disproved by piate). BM V 106 (pi. n): jy\ for Iy\ (disproved
by piate), for -t*Uil in 1st os (error). B 1151 (pi. xv1): description incompiete, piate
partly illegible.
Second series: after suppression of al-Mahdi's name
a.H. 627-629 a.d. 1230-1232
No coins reported.
abu-Zakariyd3 Yahyd ibn-Muhammad
a.H. 624-633 a.D. 1227-1236
(opposed during 624 by 'Abd-Allah,
624-629 by Idris I,
and 630-633 by 'Abd-al-Wahid II).
of as of of 500. rf ju*. y\ iail tiil j,\
J.JLil)\ UiI al
RS Ulll O: <Ul OjC J>.l <jjl^.1
P 12 (pi. n). Sawaszkiewicz p. 205: ruler only, may be this coin.
abu-Miisd 'Imran ibn-Ya'qiib
rebel amir at Sabtah
a.h. 629-630 a.d. 1232-1232
No gold reported.
abu-Muhammad 'Abd-al-Wahid II ibn-Idris I
a.H. 630-640 a.D. 1232-1242

(opposed 630-633 by Yahya).
First series: before restoration of al-Mahdi's name
a.h. 630-631 a.d. 1232-1234
of ^J\ oil RF iiill <Ul y\, pUl
<UI Vl V ^,jt* y\ u&>J,\
<lll Jj0*sw <_i~j,I <Jni_jll
<li1 <- o1>)1 a-^1j1cr.l
OS U9.I_yII -US JuPrA y \ o-iJl O^îl >l
RS 0^_)il ^1 <ul ,J.j ^ JJbUll
P 14. Figanier 158 (pi.): U for in last line of of.
Second series: after restoration of al-Mahdi's name
a.h. 631-640 a.d. 1234-1242
514. Azammur (b of) - double dinar.
As 513 except last line of of: <*Vl Ûl ô^ll.
B 1152: mint in 4th rs (error ?), 1153 (2 sp.): description inaccurate.
515. Sabtah (6 of) - double dinar struck after a.h. 635.
As 514.
P 1sb. B 1154: description inaccurate.
516. (mint ?) - double dinar. Plate II
As 514.
P 15c (pi. n): mint given as Malaqah (error), piate shows ol U.
As 514.
V 2077 (Canovas). P 15a. BM V 107 (pi. n): o*Ul for jaUI1 in 1st rs (error). BN II 734:
jjâill omitted from 4th os. Weyl:G 1227: description incompiete. B 1155 (pi. xv1):
description inaccurate, piate largely illegible.
abii'l-Hasan 'Ali ibn-Idris I
a.H. 640-646 a.D. 1242-1248

518. Sabtah (location on coin not indicated) - double dinar struck, if mint is correctly
identified, in a.h. 640 before revolt.
of as of 514. RF JUjm y \ iiiil <ul _^l<
axt1)\ tail a.\ jy\ J.I
rs juaJ1 o*J.\ j?\ ct-^lJl l^l o: >.l
(joî1 t/.1 jlc ^ y 1
B 1157.
0J-a-
155
As 518.
V 2078: several errors. P 16 (pi. n). MA 672: several errors. 0 2108: many errors, ascribed
to 'Abd-al-Mu'min. B 1156 (pi. xvn): piate partly illegible.
of as of of 500. rf as rf of 513 except last line:
OS <ul "U-Vl CK*^S jy\
Ocjll Icj. 0y^\ a. tj-^~^
aoilJl Uil a\ JJI J c,j.\i\
P 17: f\ for ^.1 in 3rd rs (error ?).
As 520 but with Je a. shifted to the start of 3rd line of rf.
P 17 note: y\ for ^1 in 3rd rs (error ?).
abu-Hafs 'Umar ibn-Ishdq
a.H. 646-665 a.D. 1248-1266
(opposed during 665 by Idris II).
522. Sabtah - double dinar struck after a.h. 647.
of ^-J\ j*.J\ tiiI !*_; rf -Ul joJI1
j^x* jc <ul j* <ul y\ ^la)l
<ul Vl a)1 V ^1 -uc JU*. y.\
(mint)
OS Cs. a*** yl <"l ^"J1 uj>^ll j?\
RS "r1^". t}C*jll jmI
ANS. BM V 113".

As 522 plus JIj at end of 2nd line of of.
P 18b: oi-l for ui-lj in 3rd line of of (error ?).
As 523 except os:
P 19c: several slight differences (errors ?). BM V 112. B 1174-1184 (" sp.): some of these
specimens may have mint Madinat Sabtah. Seco p. 469.
156
525. Madinat Sabtah - double dinar struck after a.h. 647.
As 524.
V 2081 (AV): several slight differences (errors ?). P 19b: several slight differences (errors ?).
BM V 108-111 (pi. n: 108) (4 sp.). BN II 735. MA 674 (3 sp.). D.Garcia 6135 (pi. xv1, no. 5,
not pi. xv): > before mint (disproved by piate). L:Muwahhids p. 162, no. 1 (pi. v1), p. 163,
no. 2-3 (3 sp.). L:Khedivial p. 329. B 1165, 1173 (pi. xvn: both) (2 sp.). Mateu I p. 483
(pi. xxxv1, no. 9): given as 531 (disproved by piate).
526. Sabtah - dinar struck after a.h. 647.
f+J,\ ^l ûjl
RS ^ i..y ^ytm jl l t>l*_jll j*a\
P 20c. BM X p. 9, no. 117d.
527. Madinat Sabtah - dinar struck after a.H. 647.
As 526.
V 2084 (AV): a.l for jl in 4th os (error). P 20b (pi. 1n). B 1185-1188 (pi. xvn: 1185)
(4 sp.). Gonzalez p. 109 (fig. 31).
528. Sijilmasah - double dinar.
As 524.
V 2082 (AV): several slight differences (errors ?). P 19d: several slight differences (errors ?).
BM V 114. MA 675 (2 sp.). Rivero:M 136 (pi. in): misread slightly. B 1159-1164 (pi. xvn:
1159) (6 sp.).
As 526.
B 1166-1172 (pi. xvn: 1166) (7 sp.): description inaccurate.
530. (mint ?) - double dinar. Plate II

As 524.
P 19e (pi. m): mint given as Malaqah (error), piate shows W.; -ul| for .ul-lj in 3rd line of
of (disproved by piate).
As 523.
V 2079 (AV): juL\ for juJ-l j in 3rd line of of (error). P 18a (pi. n): -ull for-ullj (disproved
by piate). BM V 116.
As 523 but with os divided differently:
V 2079 note: -uil for in 3rd line of of (error ?). P 18 note: -ull for -uilj (error ?).
BM V 117.
157
As 524.
V 2080 (AH, PG, AV 3 sp.): several slight differences (errors ?). P 19a: several slight
differences (errors ?). BM V 115. BN II 736, 737 (2 sp.). MA 673 (n sp.). KM II 699: .i* y,
for uai>- y) in 2nd os (engraving error). Tychsen, O.: Introductionis p. 49. Conde p. 285
(pi. 1v, no. 1). Sacy p. 537. Soret:i7 134 note. D.Garda 6136. D.Lorichs 4723. L:Muwahhids
p. 163, no. 4, 5 (2 sp.). C:Tratado p. 224, no. 4 (pi. xxn). Markov:E p. 93, no. 3: mintless,
not described. Sotheby 390: mintless, not described. S:Karabaczek 921 (pi. n). S.Gotha 989.
0 2114: engraving errors, 2115 (2 sp.). B 1189-1209 (21 sp.). Figanier 279 (pi ): os slightly
misread. Mateu I p. 483 (pi. xxxvi, no. 10). Seco p. 468 (pi. xxm) (4 sp.).
As 526.
V 2083 (PG, AV): jr| for ^l in 4th os (error). P 20a. BM X p. 9, no. 117e, II7f (2 sp.).
B 1210-1219 (coin illustrated under no. 1219 in pi., xvn is 536) (10 sp.). Thorburn.
As 526 except rs:
HSA 13187. P 20 note. MA 676: for j*UJ| in 3rd os (error).
As 503 except os:
V 2085 (PG, AV). P 21 (pi. 1n). BM X p. 8, no. 103k (pi. xxi): ascribed to Ya'qQb, apparently
this coin with 2nd and 4th os misread. BN II 738 (pi. vi): y.\ omitted from 2nd rs (error).
MA 677: os misread. KM II 700 (pi. 1v). D.Garcia 6137-6139 (3 sp.). S.Gotha 990. B 1220,
1221 (pi. xvn, under no. 1219, 1220, 1221) (3 sp.): description incomplete, piate partly
illegible.
See also medal of this ruler M1.

abiVl-'Uld Idris II ibn-Muhammad
a.H. 665-668 a.D. I266-I269
(opposed during 665 by 'Umar).
os J.l JJl y\ <ul 0^>ll jy\
iiSL\ -J ^yuu. ^l| OA- y \ <U| JUC îl ax-
RS as rs of 522.
V 2086. BM V 118, 119 (2 sp.). L:Muwahhids p. 164, no. 1 (pi. v1).
As 537 but with l'-u~ for -u~ in 3rd and 4th os.
V 2086 note. P 22. BM V 120 (pi. n). Sotheby 390: not described. B 1222-1225 (pi- xvn.
under no. 1226 bis) (4 sp.): description incompiete. Thorbum.
158
As 503 and 536 except os:
JJI y.\ -Ulil
V 2087 (PG). P 23 (pi. 1n). MA 678 (2 sp.). D.Garcia 6140-6142 (3 sp.): 4th rs misread.
Rivero:M 137 (pi. m). B 1226-1228 (pi. xvn: 1226) (3 sp.).
No coins are known to have been struck by the several Muwahhid pretenders who
arose in North Africa for decades after the downfall of the dynasty in a.h. 668 (a.d. 1269).
Hud1d Gold
struck in North Africa
by the Banu-Hud
of Murcia (Mursiyah)
(or by their contemporaries)
in Naskhi script.
abu-'Abd-Allah Muhammad I ibn-Yusuf
a.H. 625-635 a.D. 1228-1238
Anonymous gold (Muwahhid style) probably struck in a.h. 630, when this ruler
controlled Sabtah for three months, in the name of the 'Abbasid khalifah, who was not
individually identified:
al-Mustansir-bi-Allah, abu-Ja'far al-Mansur ibn-Muhammad
a.H. 623-640 a.D. 1226-1242
540. (no mint) - double dinar. Plate III
OF tf-)\ .oil j*-. RF <uI j\ ftol
^1 j Just* JC ÛVl iilil
oil Jl V
os fL.Vl iai1

RS JU-lj A\
- ^)\ ^rjI - y> V| J| V
P 63 (pi. vn). Weyl:G 1212 and S:Karabaczek 926: described as double dinars with legends
in four lines, may be specimens of this coin.
Corpus of Coins: Hud1d Gold
159
Anonymous gold (Hafsid style) probably struck at Sabtah between a.h. 647 and 656
by the independent am1r abii'l-Qasim Ibrahim ibn-abi'l-'Abbas, al-'Azafi, in the name of
the last 'Abbasid khalifah, who was not individually identified:
al-Musta'sim-bi-Allah, abu-Ahmad 'Abd-Allah ibn-al-Mansur
a.H. 640-656 a.d. 1242-1258
oF <Ul J\ RF til
OS ju*. Jc oil J <ul ^
LL-t pij .Jl Jcj
RS <>^^l
P 62 (pi. vn): <ulfor <u in 3rd line of rf, -U for ^jU in 4th rs (errors, corrected by Fasmer).
J):Garcia 6134 (pi. xv1, no 4): ascribed to Muwahhid Idr1s I.
Hafs1d Gold
by the Masmudah Berber rulers of Tunisia and eastern Algeria,
the Banii-Hafs
in Naskhi or ornamented Kufi script.
abu-Zakariya' Yahyd I ibn-'Abd-al-Wahid
a.H. 627-647 a.D. 1230-1249
First series: with Muwahhid name
a.h. 627-634 a.d. 1230-1236
542. Madinat (a of) ? (b of) - double dinar.
OF RF ^^ll .ucy\
<UI iiii. Âfll i-I
OS Jc Oll ^Jl ^Jl *u\

^Jl ja-jl y, Vl *lI V "olj )1 jQlj
RS <ul ^ i^; ^ |^TU> <ul VI <)I ^ U>
u1 J1 <Sj\ j>j\j tul Vl yjy l.j
B 1007 (pi. xv1): mint obscure in piate, read as Madinat Fas (error ?), ascribed to the
Muwahhid 'Abd-al-Mu'min.
As 542.
Prieto no. o (p. 112). KM II 685. B 1008 (coin illustrated under no. 1008 in pi. xv1 is 454).
All ascribed to 'Abd-al-Mu'min.
544. (no mint) - half dinar with diameter of dinar. Attribution tentative.
OF Vl <ll V RF iJal|
JuMj> 41l| iiii.
os - [ ? ] [ p*Jl ] a>Jl ^ n
-[ ? ]- [ ? ]
RS [ ? ] - [ ^Jl ] ^Jl <ul r-
-[ ? ]- [ ? ]
BN II 1032, 1033 (2 sp.): segments largely illegible.
Second series: with both Muwahhid and Hafaid names
a.H. 634-640 a.d. 1236-1242
os as os of 542 except 2nd: -u** Ujl- ^ <ul
^ a. J^** ^ a.
P 29. BN II 935: <ul for in last os (error).
546. (no mint) - dinar. Plate III
OF Vl <Jl V RF fUl âll
OS .u** Jc <ul ^Jl ul
rs as rs of 545.
P 30 (pi. 1v). BM V 159. B 1229 (pi. xv1n), 1230 (pi. xvn1:0 only) (2 sp.): description
incompiete, piates largely illegible.
Third series: with Hafsid name only

a.H. 640-647 a.D. 1242-1249
547. Bijayah (b of) - double dinar.
As 545 except rf: i-)lj
P 31b (pi. 1v). B 1233 (pi. xv1n): mint b rf (disproved by piate).
Corpus of Coins: Hafs1d Gold 161
548. Tilimsan (b of) - double dinar struck probably in a.h. 640.
As 547.
P 31c (coin illustrated under no. 31c in pi. 1v is 556). D.Garcia 6641. Rivero:M 142 (pi. 1n):
549. Jaza'ir (b of) - double dinar.
As 547.
Soret:F 138: i\ for mint read as Jl (?).
As 547.
P 31a. BN II 936 (pi. 1x), 937 (2 sp.): <iil for y> in 4th os (disproved by piate). B 1231: de-
scription incompiete.
As 546 except 3rd and 4th os:
LL) jJl-j <l| Jcj
ANS. P 32. BM V 158 (pi. 1n). BN II 938. KM II 857 (pi. v), 858 (2 sp.). Lavoix:H p. 260
(pi. cxc1, no. 1): termed quarter dinar. Chalon p. 389 (fig.): termed quarter dinar. Weyl:G
1228. S:White 2193. S:Karabaczek 867. Ziya 1764 (pi. n). S.Gotha 991. 0 2116: incorrectly
reported. F .Hafsites 1 (pi. 1). B 1235 (pi. xvm).
os as rs of 545.
rs Uj <il cJu>\
ul *"' Cf
P 33 (pi- Iv). BN II 939 (pi. 1x), 940 (2 sp.). KM II 859. Weyl:F 6498: wrong reference.
Dorn II p. 65, no. 1. Spink (1933) 22477. F.Hafsites 1 note. B 1236 (pi. xvm, o only; r
belongs to an unidentified coin, illegible), 1237 (pi. xvm): diameter of dinar (2 sp.).

There is historical testimony that in a.h. 673 this ruler struck a few gold coins for gifts
to courtiers in denominations of 2/5 and 1/5 of a dinar.
Hafsid partisans in Morocco.
553. Sabtah (b of) - double dinar struck between a.h. 643 and 647 by abu-'Ali ibn-Khalas
or his successor abu-Yahya ibn-Zakariya*, called Ibn-al-Shahid.
As 547.
P 31d. B 1234 (pi. xvm): mint b rf (error), illegible in piate.
554. Sijilmasah (b of) - dinar (Muwahhid style) struck in a.h. 640 or 641 by 'Abd-Allah
ibn-Zakariya', al-Khazraji.
As 493 except os, as rs of 545.
P p. 53.
Hafsid partisans in Spain.
555. Ishbiliyah (b of) - double dinar struck presumably by abu-Faris ibn-Yiinus, cousin
and representative of Yahya I a.h. 641-643, 644-646.
11
162
As 547, but without l;.u in 2nd os.
P 31f (pi. 1v): ascribed to siege. Seco p. 469: mint illegible.
556. Gharnatah (b rf) - double dinar struck presumably by abu-'Abd-Allah Muhammad
ibn-Yusuf, called Ibn-al-Ahmar, before a.h. 647, when he became independent as the
first ruler of the Nasrid dynasty. Plate III
As 547.
P 31e (pi. 1v, under no. 31c, noted by Fasmer). B 1232 (pi. xvm: r only).
abu-'Abd-Allah Muhammad I ibn-Yahyd I
a.H. 647-675 a.D. 1249-1277
First series: as am1r
a.H. 647-650 a.D. 1249-1253
As 547 except rs:
(j; -Ust* <lll -Lfi y \ J*.VI
BN II 941 (pi. 1x).
558. Bijayah (b rf) - dinar.
As 551 except rs, as rs of 557.
B 1239 (pi. xvm): piate shows reverse of 2 sp., no obverse, description inaccurate.
As 558.
ANS: j of Juj shifted to end of 3rd os. BN II 943: j shifted to end of 3rd os (not noticed
by Lavoix; read by G. C. Miles). Lavoix:H p. 262 (pi. cxcn, no. 1). Weyl:G 1229: description
incompiete. L:Khedivialp. 329. S:Karabaczek 866. F:Ha/s7t's4(pi.1): j shifted to end of 3rd os.
of Vl <jl V rf J. [fj

-Use* <UI ij JUat*
OS <_$oll oil
<ul iiii
RS Juc yl J* Vl
a a. JÂ <uI
BM V 159a (pi. 1n). D.Garda 6645: description inaccurate. 0 2117. F:Hafsites 4 note.
561. (no mint) - quarter dinar.
OF VI V RF oil J2S
<Jll <ic AJ
os îVl
JUsm <lll J-C at I
RS a. [fj ^1 a.
Soret:F 139: r obscure, misread. F:Hafsites 4 note.
Corpus of Coins: Hafs1d Gold
163
Second series: as am1r al-mu'minin
a.h. 650-675 a.d. 1253-1277
562. Bijayah (b rf) - double dinar: ornamented Kufi script.
OF iiii RF <ul JU y\
OS kx-. Jc Oil ^Jl Oj| J*-. <Ul J^;^*" <]l V -Ust.
RS <d>
(JO^l <Ul J*ii
S:Karabaczek 922 (pi. n). F.Hafsites 2 (pi. 1). B 1238 (pi. xvm).
563. Bijayah (b of) - dinar: ornamented Kuf1 script.
OF RF <ul a-c y|
<ul <a. l ^Vl a
os as os of 562.
rs as rs of 562.
BN II 942 (pi. x): of misread.
564. (no mint) - double dinar: ornamented Kufi script.
As 562.
BM X p. 11, no. 160k (pi. xx1, r only), 160I (2 sp.): ascribed to Muhammad II. BN II 946.
D .Garcia 6131: script not specified, ascribed to Muwahhids. F .Hafsites 3. B 1240.
565. (no mint) - dinar: ornamented Kufi script.
As 563.
Conde p. 286 (pi. 1n, no. 6). Cimino p. 220 (fig. 30, bottom: r only). Rivero:M 143 (pi. m):
As 563 except rf, as rf of 562.
D.Garcia 6132: script not specified, ascribed to Muwahhids. B 1241. 566 maybe 565 misread.

abu-ZakariycP Yahyd II ibn-Muhammad I
a.H. 675-678 a.D. 1277-1279
(opposed 677-678 by Ibrah1m I).
of as of of 562. RF \fj y\
os as os of 562.
rs J^m j*^ll <Ulj;ljl|
BM V 160 (pi. 1n). B 1242 (pi. xvn1).
164
os as os of 562 and 567.
rs as rs of 567.
B 1243 (pi. xv1n).
abu-Ishdq Ibrahim I ibn-Yahyd I
a.h. 677-681 a.d. 1279-1283
(opposed 677-678 by Yahya II
and during 681 by Ahmad ibn-Marzuq).
of as of of 542. rf ^ 1/3 ^
.Xm ^) v.
os as os of 545.
RS y \ J~VI oil j jlaUJ1
BN II 947 (pi. x): l'-u- omitted from 2nd os (error). KM II 860. Tychsen, O. p. 128:
misread. Lagumina p. 105, no. 2: for -uUll in 1st rs (error). 61244,1245 (pi. xvm:
both) (2 sp.): description incorrect.
Ahmad ibn-Marzuq
called Ibn-ab1-'Umarah
pretending to be
abiiH-'A bbds al-Fadl ibn- Yahyd II
a.H. 681-683 a.D. 1282-1284
(opposed during 681 by Ibrahim I,
681-682 by 'Abd-al-'Aziz I,
and during 683 by 'Umar I).

570. Tunis (b rf) - double dinar. Plate III
OF <UI cS-^l RF J^t
os as os of 562.
RS *u\ J ^lill Jîi JjâA\
B 1252 (pi. x1x): wrongly ascribed.
abu-Faris 'Abd-al-'Aziz I ibn-Ibrahim I
at Bijayah
a.H. 681-682 a.D. 1283-1283
(opposed 681-682 by Ahmad ibn-Marzuq).
No coins reported.
abu-Hafs 'Umar I ibn-Yahyd I
a.H. 683-694 a.d. 1284-1295
(opposed during 683 by Ahmad ibn-Marzuq
and 683-694 by Yahya).
571. Bijayah (b rf) - double dinar: ornamented Kufi script.
Presumably as 572.
B 1248 bis: m only. If mint is correctly given, this coin must have been struck in a.h. 683
or 684, as 'Umar I lost Bijyah to Yahya in 684.
572. Tunis (b rf) - double dinar: ornamented Kufi script. Plate III
of as of of 562. RF y\
os as os of 562.
RS <ul
BM X p. 11, no. 16od (pi. xx1). BN II 948 (pi. x), 949 (2 sp.). Longperier:^4 (pi. lv, no. 9).
D.Garcia 6133: for in 2nd rs (error ?), Jî. for in 3rd rs (error ?), mint
misspelled, script not specified, ascribed to Muwahhids. Lavoix:#p. 265 (pi. cxc1, no. 3):
description inaccurate. S.Gotha 992 (pi. xn). F.Hafsites 5 (pi. 1), 6 (2 sp.). B 1247-1249
(pi. xvIn: all; o and R of 1248 in piate belong to different specimens) (3 sp.): segments of
1249 clipped off.
573. Tunis (b rf) - dinar: ornamented Kufi script.
of as of of 563. rf u***

rs as rs of 572.
F.Hafsites 7: l^mVl for lin rf (misprint).
abu-Zakariya' Yahya ibn-Ibrahim I
amir at Bijayah
a.h. 683-7oo a.d. 1284-1301
(opposed 683-694 by 'Umar I
and 694-7oo by Muhammad II).
i66
574. Bijayah (b rf) - double dinar struck after a.h. 684.
os as os of 545.
rs <ul a-> wîiil
ot-Ôll ytii a if)
F.Hafsites 8 (pi. 1), 9 (2 sp.).
575. Bijayah (6 of) - double dinar struck after a.h. 684: ornamented Kufi script.
As 574 except os:
Jc 4il J*. ^Jl â-Jl <ul ^
B 1246 (pi. xv1n): ai-lj for aJ|j in rf (disproved by piate).
576. (no mint) - double dinar: ornamented Kiifi script.
As 575 (Fasmer I p. 213 reads <i for <ul in 3rd line of rf).
BN II 950 (pi. x): partly illegible, for in rf (illegible in piate). Lavoix:// p. 266
(pi. cxcn, no. 2): partly illegible, aJ-l for <Jl) in rf (disproved by piate).
abu-'Abd-Allah Muhammad II ibn-Yahyd II
a.H. 694-709 a.D. 1295-1309
(opposed 694-7oo by Yahya
and 7oo-709 by KMlid I).
577. Tunis (b rf) - double dinar.
As 562 except Rf: ul .lc y l
F .Hafsites 10, n (pi. 1) (2 sp.).
577a. Tunis (b rf) - double dinar: ornamented Kiifi script.
As 577.
F.Hafsites 12 (pi. 1), 13 (2 sp.): as 562 (error, corrected by letter).

As 577 but with y \ shifted from top line of rf to end of 4th rs.
T?.Hafsites 14.
As 578.
Lagumina p. 104, no. 1: segments partly illegible, ascribed to Muhammad I.
abuH-Baqa' Khdlid I ibn-Yahyd
a.H. 7oo-711 a D.1301-1311
(opposed 7oo-709 by Muhammad II,
during 709 by Abii-Bakr I,
710-711 by Abii-Bakr II,
and during 711 by Zakar1ya' I).
First series: as amir at Bijayah
a.h. 7oo-709 a.d. 1301-1309
No coins reported.
a.h. 709-711 a.d. 1309-1311
580. (mint ?) (b rf) - double dinar: ornamented Kufi script. Plate III
of as of of 562. rf Jli IsJl y\
axil J\
os as os of 562.
RS Jy*&\ <ul C.J jLJl
j<j>\ <lll J^ti
BN II 951 (pi. x): mint obscure in piate, given as Tarabulus (error).
abu-Yahyd Abii-Bakr I ibn-'Abd-al-Rahmdn
a.H. 709-709 a.D. 1309-1309
(opposed during 709 by Khalid I).
No coins reported.
abu-Yahyd Abii-Bakr II ibn-Yahyd
a.H. 71o-747 a.D. 131o-1346
(opposed 710-711 by Khalid I,
711-717 by Zakariya' I,
717-723 by Muhammad III,
721-730 by Muhammad ibn-Abi-Bakr,
724-725 by Ibrahim,
and 729-732 by 'Abd-al-Wahid).
First series: as amir at Bijayah and Qusanînah
a.H. 710-718 a.d. 1310-1318

581. Bijayah (b rf) - double dinar.
Presumably as 582, though os may differ.
Lagumina p. 106, no. 3: joull for ju^ll in 3rd rs, a} repeated before J\ in rf (errors?);
os dubious, given as:
[ ? ] ^Mljc,
582. Qusantinah (b rf) - double dinar.
of as of of 542. rf Ji y\ iJ*>_ f\
os as os of 575 but with 4)lj omitted from 4th s.
rs <ul jc jT>dl ^Vl
i68 Numismatic History of Late Medieval North Africa
BN II 960 (pi. x): os largely illegible, piate does not show OOjll reported at end of
4th RS.
(no mint) - double dinar.
OS j^m j-j J* <ul J* <ul ^
rs jji jT^_iU <al aJ [ ? ]
Jb^ll oil <U| j*a^_ Oj^ll Ol|
Ziya 1765: probably a poor specimen of 581 or 582 misread.
of .-^lJl
os as os of 562.
rs <ul Jc jf^ll
F :Hafsites 30.
a.H. 718-747 a.d. 1318-1346
584. Bijayah (b OF and b rf) - double dinar.
of <u J3\ rf as rf of 582.
<Jll iLU- ^J^ll
OS JUsw ta-- Jc ^Jl ^
Oil Ay) JU <al <]l V
RS <ul J* jTj^l
Ot*y\ jml <JI|
BN II 952 (pi. x), 955-957 (4 sp.). Lavoix:i/ p. 268 (pi. cxc1, no. 4): description incompiete.
As 584.

F .Hafsites 19.
585a. Bijayah (b of) - double dinar.
As 584 except rs, rotated counter-clockwise 90 degrees.
B 1250 (pi. x1x): description incompiete.
As 584.
BN II 953, 954 (2 sp.). KM II 863: for j>wl in 3rd rs, rs divided differently (errors ?).
B 1251 (pi. x1x).
169
586a. Bijayah (b rf) - double dinar.
As 585a.
F .Hafsites 20 (pi. n), 21 (2 sp.): mint above 3rd line of rf (disproved by piate), rs as rs of 584
(disproved by piate).
587. Qafsah (b rf) - double dinar struck after capitulation in a.h. 735.
As 584, but with ju shifted from 2nd to start of 3rd OS.
F.Hafsites 23 (pi. 1n): os as os of 584 (disproved by piate).
As 584.
BN II 958, 959 (2 sp.): ascribed to Bijyah. 0 2118 (pi. v1): ^^ll for Jb^ll in 2nd rs (dis-
proved by piate). F .Hafsites 24-29 (pi. 1n: 28) (6 sp.).
As 587.
Codrington, O. p. 6: J^l for Jjl-lj in of (misprint ?).
rs ^.l nil Jc J5^1l
ijf*. Oj^jll
BM X p. 12, no. 16ot (pi. xx1).
os as os of 560.
RS 0^j> jv>l
us*.

BN II 961 (pi. x). F.Hafsites 31-35 (pi. m: 31) (5 sp.).
abii-Yahyd Zakariya' I ibr1-Ahmad
a.H. 711-717 a.d. 1311-1318
(opposed during 711 by Khalid I
and 711-717 by Abu-Bakr II).
OF <ill <J| V RF \>fj ^ y\
OS <U| y <u ell
RS <u| ^.lÛ)l
F .Hafsites 16 (pi. n), 17 (2 sp.).
170
OF J_y_j jusw RF
os [ ? ] hi ctM1
-[?]-[?]
RS <1l1 j\ jvLiJI
F:Hafsites 18: os largely illegible.
abu-'Abd-Allah Muhammad III ibn-Zakariya' I
a.h. 717-723 a.d. 1317-1323
(opposed 717-723 by Abu-Bakr II
and 721-723 by Muhammad ibn-Abi-Bakr).
of <ul J^\J\ RF <uI .uc [ f\ ]
os [ *ul r->
- [? ] - [ ? ]
RS [>]^l [ ? ] ^.Vl
- [ "? ] - [ ?~ ]
BN II 980 (pi. x1): ascribed to Muhammad V, partly illegible.
abii-'Abd-Allah Muhammad ibn-Abi-Bakr
pretender
a.H. 721-730 a.d. 1321-1330
(opposed 721-730 by Abu-Bakr II,
721-723 by Muhammad III,
724-725 by Ibrahim,
and 729-730 by 'Abd-al-Wahid).
No coins reported.

abu-lshaq Ibrahim ibn-Abi-Bakr I
pretender
a.h. 724-725 a.D. 1324-1325
(opposed 724-725 by Abu-Bakr II and Muhammad ibn-Abi-Bakr).
No coins reported.
Corpus of Coins: Hafstd Gold
abu-Muhammad 'Abd-al-Wahid ibn-Zakariya' I
pretender
a.h. 729-732 a.d. 1329-1332
(opposed 729-732 by Abu-Bakr II
and 729-730 by Muhammad ibn-Abi-Bakr).
No coins reported.
abu-Hafs 'Umar II ibn-Abi-Bakr II
a.h. 747-748 a.D. 1346-1347
(opposed during 747 by Ahmad I).
of as of of 584. RF âi*
os as os of 562.
rs as rs of 580.
F.Hafsites 36 (pi. 1n): os as os of 584 (disproved by piate).
596. (no mint) - eighth dinar.
of V RF jll jml
No segment inscriptions.
BN II 962 (pi. x).
abuH-' Abbas Ahmad I ibn-Abi-Bakr II
a.H. 747-747 a.D. 1346-1346
(opposed during 747 by 'Umar II).
No coins reported.
abiVl-'Abbas al-Fadl ibn-Abi-Bakr II
a.h. 749-751 a.D. 1348-1350
(opposed 749-751 by 'Abd-al-Rahman and Muhammad).
First series: as amir al-mu'minin at Bijayah

a.h. 749-749 a.D. 1348-1349
of as of of 584. RF Jiill ^-Ul y\
OC_jll jml jj;l
os as os of 562.
rs as rs of 584.
F .Hafsites 37 (pi. 1n).
598. Tarabulus (b of) - double dinar.
As 597.
F:Hafsites 38 (pi. 1v). B 1252 bis (p. 271): m only. Ashmolean.
Second series: as amir al-mu'minin at Tunis
a.H. 750-751 a.D. 1350-1350
599. Tunis (b rf) - double dinar struck in a.h. 750 or 751.
of as of of 584 and 597. RF Jî)l Ûl y\
RS <ul j*S. <ul Jc Ji^dLi
B 1253: description of os uncertain, J*ii for ^ in 2nd rs (error ?).
of Vl Jl V rf JjJl
OS ^41| .
RS Oo^ll
lt^l
F :Hafsites 39.
abu-Zayd 'Abd-al-Rahman ibn-Muhammad
am1r at Qusantinah
a.h. 749-755 a.d. 1348-1355
(opposed 749-751 by al-Fadl
and 751-755 by Ibrahim II).
601. Qusantinah (b rf) - double dinar.
of <u JJ^\ rf axaij y_\
OS j.*. Je <u| J*, ^j)l <ul ^
RS [ ? <at ytll ] [ ? ]

[ ? <al Jii jjjA\ ] [ ? ]
Bigonet p. 97: rs largely illegible.
173
abii-'Abd-Allah Muhammad ibn-Yahyd
am1r at Bijayah
a.h. 749-753. 76l~767 a D. 1348-1352, 1360-1366
(opposed 749-751 by al-Fadl,
761-767 by Ibrahim II,
and 761-767 by Ahmad II).
First reign:
a.H. 749-753 a.d. 1348-1352
OF as OF of 601. RF \
os as os of 584.
RS _raM Oi
F:Hafsites 15 (pi. n): obscure in piate; ascribed to Muhammad II.
Second reign: Marinid influence
a.h. 761-767 a.d. 1360-1366
603. Madinat (at end of 1st rs) Bijayah (at start of 2nd rs) - double dinar. Plate III
OF j^l X^k*
*\ Vl iy V., a. if} j\ sA\ a.
<JlI ii-U- (Ô^ll jy\
os as os of 562.
RS <-jjaJl (mint) ojui v
<tl xc jA
BN II 968 (pi. x1): a. in 4th rs (apparently disproved by piate), wrongly ascribed.
Lavoix:/f p. 270 (pi. cxcn, no. 4).
abu-Ishdq Ibrahim II ibn-Abi-Bakr II

a.H. j51-770 a.D. 1350-1369
(opposed 751-755 by 'Abd-al-Rahman,
761-767 by Muhammad,
and 755-758, 761-770 by Ahmad II).
604. Tarabulus (b of) - double dinar.
of as of of 584. rf |rÛ1 'J^1
os as os of 562.
rs as rs of 562.
174
BN II 966 (pi. xi): a. before J* ^ in 3rd line of rf (error ?, blurred in piate), <ul< at end
of 1st rs (disproved by piate). F.Hafsites 41: y \ for jl twice in 3rd line of rf, segments
partly illegible.
605. Qafsah (b of) - double dinar.
As 604.
F.Hafsites 40 (pi. 1v): y\ for ^l twice in 3rd line of rf, segments partly illegible.
As 604.
BM V 161 (pi. 1n): rs rotated counterclockwise 90 degrees (disproved by piate), y_\ for^l
in middle of 3rd line of rf (piate seems to have y\ for ^l twice in 3rd line of rf).
F.Hafsites 42: for ^l twice in 3rd line of rf.
As 604.
BN II 967: cj. before jl in 3rd line of rf (error ?).
abii'l-'Abbas Ahmad II ibn-Muhammad
a.h. 755-758, 761-796 a.d. I354~1357. 1360-1394
(opposed 761-767 by Muhammad,
755-758, 761-770 by Ibrahim II,
and 770-772 by Khalid II).
First reign:
a.h. 755-758 a.d. 1354-1357
of as of of 584. rf -w-l Ûl y \
os as os of 562.
rs as rs of 584.

BN II 964 (pi. x), 965 (2 sp.): ascribed to al-Fadl.
Second reign: Marinid influence
a.H. 761-796 a.D. 1360-1394
OF <u J-| RF JJf\ Ûl y_\
RS <Ul <ul Jc jTyll
BN II 963 (pi. x): ^l omitted from 2nd line of rf (engraving error), ascribed to al-Fadl.
Lavoix:# p. 269 (pi. cxcn, no. 3): ^l omitted.
175
abiiH-Baqa' Khdlid II ibn-Ibrahim II
a.H. 770-772 a.d. 1369-1370
(opposed 770-772 by Ahmad II).
No coins reported.
abii-Faris 'Abd-al-'Aziz II ibn-Ahmad II
a.h. 796-837 a.d. 1394-1434
610. Bijayah (b rf) - double dinar with diameter of half dinar.
of as of of 584. RF j_yi\ -ue ^jli y\
os as os of 584.
rs <a\ -1.^l <ul JJ^dll
.. (jo^ll jy>\ &\ Ja- iy a*Uil
F:Hafsites 44 (pi. 1v): segments illegible.
611. Biskirah ? (b rf) - double dinar.
As 610 but with jl shifted from 2nd to start of 3rd line of rf.
F .Hafsites 43 (pi. 1v): mint uncertain in piate, which shows ^l for y \ in 3rd line of rf.
As 610.
F .Hafsites 51 (pi. v).
As 611.
BN II 969 (pi. x1): mint poorly engraved. Lavoix:H p. 271 (pi. cxc1, no. 5; not, as given,
pi. cxcn, no. 3): description incompiete.
614. Turns (b rf) - double dinar.
OS Lu- Jc <ul ^J\ J* J\ till (*_>

rs j*uil [j*>*] jjyl]
BM V 162 (pi. 1n): 1st and 2nd rs misread.
615. Tunis (b rf) - dinar
of as of of 583. RF ^.jli y\
OS ^\}
- prJl o*Ji ~ * * V
RS >i\ a._^ll
BM V 163 (pi. 1n): ji*U)| for ji*UIl in 2nd rs (error). Marsden 360 (pi. xx1): misread,
ascribed to Sharifs.
176
616. al-Hammah (b rf) - double dinar.
As 611 except os, as os of 562.
F.Hafsites 45 (pi. 1v): mint read as al-Hammah (disproved by piate), segments partly
illegible.
617. Tarabulus (b rf) - double dinar with diameter of dinar.
As 611.
Cimino (fig. 31, lower left: r only) may be this coin; o not shown or described, rs largely
illegible. F.Hafsites 49 (pi. v), 50 (2 sp.): segments largely illegible.
618. Qusantinah (b rf) - double dinar with diameter of half dinar.
As 616.
BN II 970 (pi. x1): as 611 (apparently disproved by piate).
619. Qafsah (b rf) - double dinar.
As 610.
F.Hafsites 46 (pi. 1v): segments partly illegible, as 611 (disproved by piate).
620. Qafsah (b rf) - dinar.
As 615, but with j shifted from 3rd to start of 4th rs.
F.Hafsites 47 (pi. v).
621. Mahdiyah ? (b rf) - dinar.
As 615.
F.Hafsites 48 (pi. v): mint illegible in piate, segments largely illegible.
As 615.
F.Hafsites 52: weight of double dinar; 53, 54 (3 sp.): # added to end of 2nd line of rf
of 53 and 54 (error ?).
623. (no mint) - dinar with diameter of half dinar.

As 615.
BN II 971: segments largely illegible.
(no mint) - dinar with diameter of half dinar.
As 615 except 2nd line of of: <ul JjL\j.
BM V 164: 3rd line of of and all segments illegible; may be a poor specimen of 623 misread.
624. (no mint) - half dinar with diameter of quarter dinar.
of as of of 583 and 615. RF ^Ji yl
Segments illegible.
F.Hafsites 55. B 1254 (pi. x1x): piate illegible.
of as of of 601. RF as rf of 615.
os apparently as os of 615.
rs apparently as rs of 615.
Marsden 361 (pi. xx1): misread, clipped, ascribed to Sharifs.
(no mint) - half dinar with diameter of quarter dinar.
OF <U Jli\ RF ^.Ji y\
Segments largely illegible.
BM V 165: probably a poor specimen of 625 misread.
abu-'Abd-Allah Muhammad IV ibn-Muhammad
a.h. 837-839 a.D. 1434-1435
626. (no mint) - double dinar. Attribution tentative.
of as of of 584. rf ju** <ul jus y)
os as os of 562.
rs as rs of 572.
BN II 944: ascribed to Muhammad I. Longperier:.4 (pi. lv, no. n). Lavoix:// p. 262
(pi. cxc1, no. 2): os not given, reconstructed from piate, ascribed to Muhammad I. Blancard
p. 6 (fig.): os misread, ascribed to Muhammad I.
abuH-ffasan 'Ali ibn-'Abd-al-'Aziz II
amir at Bijayah
a.h. 839-856 a.d. 1435-1452
(opposed 839-856 by 'Uthman).
of as of of 584. rf J* y \
(jOji\ jr|
rs illegible except 1st: <ul Jc jO^l-
Soret:D93 (pi. n, no. 12): os tentatively reconstructed from piate; u^ji\ j*\ given for
4th rs illegible in piate, probably error.
abu-'Amr 'Uthman ibn-Muhammad
a.H. 839-893 a.d. 1435-1488
(opposed 839-856 by 'Ali).

First series: Hafsid style ,
628. Tuzar (b rf) - double dinar.
of as of of 584. rf oLk jyf j> l
12
rs illegible.
F:Hafsites 56 (pi. v): segments largely illegible.
629. Tarabulus (b rf) - double dinar.
OS .tulj^-jo^. J\ jf J\ oil |* >
ju*. Jc <ul oil VI <)l V
RS JJljJloil Jcjj^dl
oil Ja- ^* JjbUJl oil
BN II 975 (pi. xi): jf iox j jf m top line of rf. F:Hafsites 57 (pi. v): segments illegible,
diameter of half dinar.
630. Tarabulus ? (b rf) - dinar.
of as of of 583. rf ^.1
os illegible.
rs- j. - jTjil
Oil
BN II 976: segments largely illegible, mint uncertain, jf. for in top line of rf;
1st os starts in a rs (both tentative). F:Hafsites 58: 1st os starts ^Vl (misprint
,/VI, corrected by letter), mint uncertain, diameter of a half dinar.
631. Qusanînah (b rf) - double dinar.
03 as os of 562.
rs oil jc jTydl
Oil Jj ^ JOkUll
B 1256 (pi. x1x): jf for j J in top line of rf.

Presumably as 628.
BN II977 (pi. x1): segments clipped off, for j yf. in top line of rf, piate shows traces of mint.
Sacy p. 541: segments illegible, size not indicated, slightly misread, ascribed to Marinid.
Presumably as 628 except of, as of of 601.
Sacy p. 541: segments illegible, slightly misread, ascribed to Marinid.
634. (no mint) - dinar with diameter of half dinar.
Presumably as 628.
BN II 978: segments illegible.
of as of of 583 and 630. rf jjf y\
Segments illegible.
F:Hafsites 60.
Corpus of Coins: Hafsid Gold
179
os illegible.
rs as rs of 630.
F:Hafsites 59 (pi. v): os starts <u dill (not visible in piate).
Second series: Hafsid style with 4-line rf
637. Jaza'ir (b rf) - double dinar: modified Kuf1 script. Plate III
of as of of 584 and 628. rf Oj^ll j?\
j. oil j\ 1 yJ\
os [ ? ^] j\ .on p-j
Jc <Ul J* <UI Vl <)l V JU*.
RS uoîl ^.1 <uI Jc jfydl
BN II 974 (pi. x1): segments partly illegible, for in 3rd line of rf. KM II 861
(pi. v): segments partly illegible.
638. Jaza'ir (b rf) - double dinar: modified Kufi script.
As 637 but with J.I shifted to start of 4th line of rf.
KM II 862: engraving errors, jf for jjl- in 3rd line of rf. Weyl:P" 6744 (pi. xln) (2 sp.):
apparently poor specimens of this coin misread.
Third series: Marinid style with 4-line of and rf
639. Tilimsan (b of and b rf) - double dinar.
of *u RF o-p y\
*u Jî\ ujijll jmI tiiI
till Vl <Jw" ul u<J
Segments illegible.
B 1255 (pi. x1x):j** for-ol in 4th line of rf (disproved by piate), 1st rs starts <ul

640. Tanas (J of and 6 rf) - double dinar.
of <u RF <uI juc y\
<ul Sjill.j Jjil oUic
<Ill ^-t#lI <UI J._I
OS j)l tfr J\ <UI Oû l'JU~, ^ <UI
RS Jl â-JI <uI ^
BN II 972 (pi. x1): j). I for ^1 in 3rd line of rf (piate seems to show ^1).
18*
I8o
abu-Zakariya' Yahyd III ibn-Muhammad
a.h. 893-894 a.d. 1488-1489
(opposed during 894 by 'Abd-al-Mu'min).
No coins reported.
abu-Muhammad 'Abd-al-Mu'min ibn-Ibrahim
a.H. 894-895 a.D. 1489-1490
(opposed during 894 by Yahya III).
No coins reported.
abu-Yahyd Zakariya' II ibn-Yahyd III
a.H. 895-899 a.D. 149o-1494
No coins reported.
abu-''Abd-Allah Muhammad V ibn-al-Hasan
a.h. 899-932 a.d. 1494-1526
of as of of 584. rf [Juâ] ^ j1.l
[ctjutljl] l^Vl
OS- [ ? ] - [ ? ]
RS [? J^jTjdl
- -l [ ? ] - [ ? ]
BN II 979 (pi. x1): 4th rs given as <ul Vl <l| V (disproved by piate).
642. (no mint) - double dinar with diameter of dinar.
OF <U jSd)l RF JUst* <ill J-c ji|
Segments illegible.
BN II 981: 3rd line of of uncertain.
643. (no mint) - half dinar. Attribution tentative. Plate III

OF jml JUsm RF U-6 y_\
No inscriptions in segments.
ANS. BN II 982 (pi. x1).
Corpus of Coins: Z1yan1d Gold
181
abii-'Abd-Allah Muhammad VI ibn-Muhammad V
a.H. 932-941, 942-948 a.D. 1526-1534, 1535-1542
First reign: as am1r al-mu'minin
a.h. 932-941 a.d. 1526-1534
of as of of 584. rf ju <al -lc j>,l
Segments illegible except 1st rs: qIM.Jl.
BN II 983 (pi. x1). Lavoix:H p. 274 (pi. cxcn, no. 5).
Second reign: as vassal of Charles I of Spain
a.h. 942-948 a.d. 1535-1542
No coins reported.
abu-H-Abbas Ahmad III ibn-Muhammad VI
a.h. 948-977 a.d. 1542-1569
No gold reported.
abu-'Abd-Allah Muhammad VII ibn-Muhammad VI
vassal of Philip II of Spain
a.H. 981-982 a.d. 1573-1574
No coins reported.
No coins are known to have been struck by the many independent Hafsid amirs who
flourished between the death of 'Uthman in a.h. 893 and the end of Hafsid rule in a.H. 982,
nor by local Arab and Berber rebels, while coins struck by the Ottoman sultans and their
local Turkish allies, and those struck by Spanish and Portuguese rulers, are excluded from
this corpus.
Z1yan1d Gold

by the Zanatah Berber rulers of western Algeria,
the Banu-Ziyan
in Naskhi script.
abu-Yahya Yaghmurdsan ibn-Ziyan
a.H. 633-681 a.D. 1236-1283
Anonymous gold (Hafsid style) presumably struck by this ruler under nominal
Hafsid suzerainty after a.h. 640.
182
645. Tilimsan (b of) - double dinar. Attribution tentative.
OF oil oljJI RF 01 J&\
oil .5lT"olji)l oil S^sllj J^llj
OS -u** Iju- Jc oil 4>*o" p-i
^Jl y, Vl <01 V o^lj^ll^lj
rs Ûljîy1j >VljJjVly,
B 1346 (pi. xx1v), ascribed to Marinids.
abu-Sa'id 'Uthmdn I ibn-Yaghmurdsan
a.H. 681-703 a.D. 1283-1304
No coins reported.
abu-Ziydn Muhammad I ibn-'Uthmdn I
a.H. 703-707 a.D. 1304-1308
No coins reported.
abu-Hammu Musd I ibn-'Uthmdn I
a.H. 707-718 a.D. 1308-1318
646. Madinat (in 1st rs) Tilimsan (2nd rs) - double dinar. Plate IV
OF pi-J\ |*-! ^ 06
osm ^ oil ^> ^1 y
Oil Vl a)1 V cruLil
oil Jjujm i>1UI v_ij ^
Oil j U j*aiJ Oil
OS 4)lVjUlj 4)l^lj
prJ\ - j* 1\
RS (mint) ii oc y
lû1j JL" U-v

BN II 1010. Demaeght v. VII, p. 66 (fig.). Berchem p. 326, no. 1, 2 (2 sp.): 4)l shifted
from 1st to start of 2nd rs (error ?). B 1323 (pi. xxn, under no. 1322): ascribed to Marinids,
mint given as Mad1nat Fas (error), segments illegible, apparently this coin misread; 1395
description inaccurate (2 sp. ?).
abu-Tdshfin 'Abd-al-Rahman I ibn-Musd I
a.H. 718-737 a.D. 1318-1337
647. Madinat (in 1st rs) Tilimsan (2nd rs) - double dinar.
OF pf-J\ J*J\ oil p-> RF oil ^ j*\
ju*. Jc oil J*. oil jc jTyll
oiIVI<))IV jrj^
Oil J_jj -Uaw uui-ll jmI
Oil ^jjil ,âij oil .u,J
Corpus of Coins: Z1yan1d Gold
183
OS rQlj
rs as rs of 646.
BN II 1012.
648. Madinat (in 1st rs) Tilimsan (2nd rs) - double dinar. Attribution very doubtful.
Plate IV
OF <ul Vl i\ V RF p>.J\ J\ <ul
afij
li -15" yi\) Cû' V, aJl^.E ? ]
OS 0\*- Jl -Vs OC^ll jrv.l
ajtil Jl Uil a\
RS (mint) at. -j
o;j...y <ul Liil
BM V 195 (pi. v): last line of rf starts <ul (error), for in 4th line of rf
(error). BN II 1on: last line of rf starts u J^l\} (error). Soret:F 137 (pi. n): segments
slightly misread. 0 2125: last line of rf starts <ul jf\ L(error). B 1396 (pi. xxv): last
line of rf starts Jl l jff\jjr (error), for c: in 4th line of rf (error). Thorbum.
649. Madinat (in 1st rs) Jaza'ir (2nd rs) - double dinar. Attribution very doubtful.
As 648.
B 1396 bis.
abu-SaHd 'Uthmdn II ibn-'Abd-al-Rahman
a.H. 749-753 a.d. 1348-1352
No coins reported, though Yahya Ibn-Khaldun says he struck gold.
abu-Thdbit al-Za'im I ibn-'Abd-al-Rahman
a.h. 753-753 a.D. 1352-1352

No coins reported.
abu-Hammii Miisd II ibn-Yusuf
a.h. 760-791 a.d. 1359-1389
(opposed 762-779 by Muhammad ibn-'Uthman II
and 788-791 by 'Abd-al-Rahman II).
OF p*J\ JrJ\ <U| ^J, RF <ul -UC y\
<ii\ Vl <ll V Je jTjil
<Ut ijyj -Use (jvJUl <-*J
184
os as os of 647.
rs as rs of 646.
BM V 194 (pi. v). Demaeght v. VII, p. 69 (fig.). Berchem p. 326, no. 3.
651. Madinat (in 1st rs) Tilimsan (2nd rs) - dinar. Attribution tentative.
of Vl <II V RF oil -lc
oil ^f-y
Oil J_j-J <*,J
os |X lj oil L, U
oil ^ l^s (y
rs as rs of 646.
Demaeght v. VII, p. 71 (fig.).
abu-Ziydn Muhammad ibn-'Uthman II
pretender
a.H. 762-779 a.D. 1360-1377
(opposed 762-779 by Musa II).
No coins reported.
abu-Tashfin 'Abd-al-Rahmdn II ibn-Musd II
a.H. 788-795 a.d. 1387-1393
(opposed 788-791 by Musa II).
652. Mad1nat (in 1st rs) Tilimsan (2nd rs) - double dinar.
of as of of 650. rf oil jlc j.\ ^
Oulll jryil
os as os of 647.
rs as rs of 646.
B 1394 (pi. xxv): description incompiete, division into lines and segments not indicated;

tentatively reconstructed from partly illegible piate; name of ruler uncertain, ascribed to
Yaghmurasan.
abu-Thabit al-ZaHm II ibn-'Abd-al-Rahman II
a.h. 795-795 a.d. 1393-1393
No coins reported.
abifl-Hajjaj Yusuf ibn-Musd II
a.h. 795-796 a.D. 1393-1394
No coins reported.
Corpus of Coins: Z1yIntd Gold
185
abu-Ziydn Muhammad II ibn-Musd II
a.H. 796-802 a.D. 1394-1399
OF J-Ul j.\ <ul ol RF <ul j\ jp
blj Ol<1i1 Oou
os illegible except 2nd: Jc <ul
rs as rs of 646.
Moyse 4: ^1 for ^ in top line of rf (misprint ?).
abii-Muhammad 'Abd-Allah I ibn-Musd II
a.H. 802-804 a.D. 1399-1402
654. Presumably Madinat Tilimsan - double dinar.
OF [Jc Jfy*. 0**1 RF M .*+ cf\
<lll Ol t/ul ll jl
Ijo JjO <lil <ul a I cjJJl
Segments illegible.
BN II 1014 (pi. xn): ascribed to Muhammad V, rf misread.
abii-'Abd-Allah Muhammad III ibn-Musd II
a.H. 804-813 a.d. 1402-1411
OF OC.j)l ul -*J KF <ul ^
OS^Jl^jl
JU>M kju- ^ <ul (J*,
rs (mint) oju <-j
JLr <ul L>.1

B 1326,1327 (pi. xxn: both) (2 sp.): piate partly illegible, os misread, ascribed to Marinids.
I86
of lyA aj)l <ul RF B| Jlc y\ <jt-
os Lu- Jc <ul l^. Jl <ul
rs as rs of 646.
Moyse 1: i^j for l^lj in 4th rs (misprint ?).
657. Madinat (in 1st rs) Tilimsan (2nd rs) - dinar.
of 0:^l W!; ^ <ul jlc ^
l^Jsl l^.l 11l JJ JUaw
Jjlj J^-Jl'
OS Jc <ul ^Jl <u| ^
l.A._r jju-j <ll Jcj ju*w
rs as rs of 646.
Demaeght v. X, p. 229 (fig.): several slight errors.
abu-Tdshfin 'Abd-al-Rahmdn III ibn-Muhammad III
a.H. 813-814
658. Tilimsan (in 2nd RS) - dinar. Attribution tentative.
OF
RF
J6
rs (mint) j
BN II 1016 (pi. x1n): 4th line of rf uncertain.
a.D. 14II-14II
.V
jfydl nil
<u| Jc

ai>w- ? al-Sa'id ibn-Musa II
a.H. 814-814 a.d. 1411-1411
No coins reported.
Corpus of Coins: Z1yan1d Gold 187
abu-Malik 'Abd-al-Wdhid ibn-Musd II
a.H. 814-827, 831-833 a.D. 1411-1424, 1428-1430
659. Madinat (in 3rd rs) Tilimsan (4th rs) - double dinar.
OF Jc JS>L RF <ul as. j>\
Oil Ja*. J* J-\J\ JL
OS ^ po-jl -
RS v> p>
(mint) iioe
D.Lorichs 4725: division into lines and segments not indicated, iyr a} for juIjII (error).
of as of of 659. rf <ul as. j,\ ^
olj)I o-c
u\l-ll .A*1
rs as rs of 646.
HSA 10622.
As 660 except os:
jc <ul jt)\ <u1
Ll-j pL,j 4)I ^Jcj ju
Moyse 2: Ji^ll for jT/ll in 2nd line of rf (misprint ?). B 1397 (pi. xxv, unnumbered): de-
scription incompiete, piate partly illegible.
oS Oil +j .Oil ^
RS (mint) our o

Demaeght v. X, p. 226 (fig.): several slight errors, ascribed to Muhammad V.
i88
abu-'Abd-Allah Muhammad IV ibn-'Abd-al-Rahman II
a.H. 827-831, 833-834 a.D. 1424-1428, 1430-1431
663. Madinat (in 2nd rs) Tilimsan (3rd rs) - double dinar. Plate IV
of as of of 659. rf <ul a-c ^.l
(jr<ilinll jy>\
Oil JlC jil
os as OS of 655.
RS ii ac y
<ul V-j- (mint)
Rivero: . 4 p. 13, no. 2 (pi. v). Rivero:M 145 (pi. 1n): several slight errors. B 1399 (pi. xxv):
description incomplete, piate largely illegible.
664. Tilimsan (in 4th rs) - dinar.
OF J5>i j*3 RF -U: y|
3+ l Je jfell <al
Ol j>.l iJc
yt <ul <ul jlo
os not given.
(mint) ^ f?-
Brosselard p. III.
abuH-'Abbas Ahmad I ibn-Musd II
a.h. 834-866 a.d. 1431-1462
665. Madinat (in 2nd rs) Tilimsan (3rd rs) - double dinar.
OF l i^mcl RF <iil Jue y\
l |^ll
]e\ j*a Jl C>uL_l| jwl

^ J til| OiJ
os illegible except 1st: J\ os\ ^s.
rs as rs of 663.
Mareschal p. 309 (2 sp.).
Madinat (in 2nd rs) ? - double dinar.
As 665 except rf: nil xc y\
<julu.il j^l ^
B 1398 bis: largely illegible, probably a poor specimen of 665 misread.
Corpus of Coins: Z1YiN1D Gold
189
666. Madinat (in 2nd rs) Tilimsan (3rd and 4th rs) - dinar.
OF <ul V( 4 V RF <il| .us y\ê.
<ul Jy->) a^w <u\ |>^TIl
os o* |X k>
<il o*
RS U ^
B 1398 (pi. xxv): segments largely illegible in piate.
667. Presumably Madinat Tilimsan - dinar. Plate IV
OF I****"- Cf) RF <U| jus ^l ^
ll^ Jl .ja* OuL.ll jy\
os illegible.
rs illegible except 4th, which ends in <ul.
BN II1013 (pi. xn): 4th line of rf -w Ul ^l (engraving error).
668. Madinat (in 2nd os) Tilimsan (3rd os) - half dinar.
OF Vl Jl V RF till aji
os as rs of 663 and 665.
RS Uj
<"l o** O*
Mareschal p. 308 (4 sp.).
abu-'Abd-Allah Muhammad V ibn-Muhammad
a.H. 866-873 a.D. 1462-1468
669. Madinat (in 2nd os) Tilimsan (3rd and 4th os) - half dinar. Attribution tentative.
of Vl i V RF -Us y\
OS ii OC. >_>
oL. lr

RS <U|
r~Jl - o*J\
BN II 1015 (pi. xm): margins interchanged (error), mint largely illegible, ascribed to
Muhammad VI or VII.
abu-Tdshfin 'Abd-al-Rahmdn IV ibn-Muhammad V
a.H. 873-873 a.D. 1468-1468
No coins reported.
abu-'Abd-Allah Muhammad VI ibn-Muhammad V
a.H. 873-910 a.D. 1468-1505
No coins reported.
abu-'Abd-Allah Muhammad VII ibn-Muhammad VI
a.H. 910-922 a.d. 1505-1516
vassal of Ferdinand II of Aragon after a.h. 918 (a.d. 1512).
No coins reported.
abu-Ziydn Ahmad II ibn-Muhammad VI
vassal of Salim I (Ottoman)
a.H. 922-922, 923-924 a.D.1516-1516, 1517-1518
(opposed 923-924 by Miisa III).
No coins reported.
abu-Hammu Musd III ibn-Muhammad V
vassal of Charles I of Spain
a.h. 922-934 a.d. 1516-1528.
(opposed 923-924 by Ahmad II).
No coins reported.
abu-Muhammad 'Abd-Allah II ibn-Muhammad V
a.h 934-947 a.d. 1528-1540
vassal of Sulayman I (Ottoman)
a.H 934-942 a.D.1528-1535
Struck in the name of the Ottoman sultan
Sulayman I ibn-Salim I

a.H. 926-974 a.D. 1520-1566
670. Madinat (in 2nd rs) (mint in 3rd rs illegible, presumably Tilimsan) - double dinar.
OF Ji\ -us y\ RF p*-J\ J\ Ull ~J
Corpus of Coins: Ziyan1d Gold
rs iiue J
<ul [l^j*.] (mint)
BN II 987: segments partly illegible, j,\ for ^1 in 4th line of rf (error), ascribed to
Sulayman the Marinid. L:Khedivial p. 329: segments partly illegible, ascribed to Sulayman
the Marinid. Ascribed by Prieto (p. 86) to an unidentified vassal of the Ziyanids.
a.H. 942-947 a.D. 1535-1540
No coins reported.
abu-'Abd-Allah Muhammad VIII ibn-'Abd-Allah II
a.h 947-949. 949-950 a.d. 1540-1543, 1543-1543
a.h. 947-949 a.d.1540-1543
Struck in the name of the Ottoman sultan
Sulayman I ibn-Salim I
a.H. 926-974 a.D. 1520-1566
671. Madinat (in 2nd rs) Tilimsan (3rd rs) - double dinar. Plate IV
of oil .us y\ y> rf as rf of 670.
oil JU> jI
<**>j oil J I
os as os of 655.
rs as rs of 670.
BN II 986 (pi. xn): for ^1 in 4th line of of and of rf (disproved by piate), ascribed
to Sulayman the Marinid. Ascribed by Prieto as 670.
a.H. 949-950 a.D. 1543-1543

No coins reported.
abu-Ziydn Ahmad III ibn-'Abd-Allah II
a.H. 949-949. 950-957 a.d. 1543-1543. 1543-1550
No coins reported.
192
abu-Muhammad Hasan ibn-'Abd-Allah II
a.h. 957-964 a.D. 1550-1556
672. Madinat (in 2nd RS) Tilimsan (3rd and 4th rs) - half dinar.
of as of of 669. rf -u**j, l
Cr~
os as rs of 669.
rs as os of 669.
Moyse 3: ^l for y\ in top line of rf (misprint ?).
No coins are known to have been struck by local Arab and Berber rulers, while coins
struck by the Ottoman sultans and their local Turkish allies, and those struck by Spanish
and Portuguese rulers, are excluded from this corpus.
Mar1n1d Gold
by the Zanatah Berber rulers of Morocco,
the Banu-Marin
The Marinids from time to time controlled areas of varying extent in Spain, but no
coins with Spanish mints are reported for this dynasty.
abu-Muhammad 'Abd-al-Haqq I ibn-Mahyu
a.H. 592-614 a.D. 1196-1217
No coins reported.
abu-Sa'id 'Uthmdn I ibn-'Abd-al-Haqq I
a.H. 614-638 a.D. 1217-1240
No coins reported.
abu-Ma'ruf Muhammad I ibn-'Abd-al-Haqq I

a.h. 638-642 a.D. 1240-1244
No coins reported.
abu-Yahyd Abu-Bakr ibn-'Abd-al-Haqq I
a.H. 642-656 a.d. 1244-1258
Anonymous gold (Hafaid style) presumably struck by this ruler and his successor
under nominal Hafsid suzerainty, chiefly before the conquest of Marrakush in a.h. 668
(a.D. 1269). Mint names appear beneath of unless otherwise specified.
Corpus of Coins: Mar1n1d Gold 193
673. Tunis ? - dinar.
OF Vl 4)l V rf *u d1ll
-Ujw .oil 01 -ui-lj
<ul J
llj x, j*i\ jcj
RS ^ Vl jvJl Lj
F :Hafsites 66. This mint seems improbable, historically, although Farrugia affirms its cor-
rectness by letter.
674. Sabtah ? - double dinar.
of .oil olj)l RF VunV juIjJIÎj
rs J>\J\j ylk)1j ^VljJjVl^
H6st:F and N 1 (pi. xxxm): no mint given, piate seems to indicate this mint, without
Madinat.
675. Madinat Sabtah - double dinar.
As 674.
P 34c (pi. 1v). D:Garrta 6657. B *347 (p1. xxiv).
676. Madinat Sabtah - dinar.
As 673 except 2nd os: jusk Jc <ul
P 38c: Ûl for in 1st rs (error).
677. Madinat Sabtah - dinar.
As 676 except rf: <a jJ.\
<u dil1j

P 38d: jJd\ for j^s\ in 1st rs (error).
678. Sijilmasah - double dinar. Plate IV
As 674.
P 34d. BM V 215 (pi. v), 216 (2 sp.). BN II 1019, 1020 (2 sp.): probably this coin with os
misread. Soret:F 135. Weyl:G 1215. S:Karabaczek 924. B 1349, 1352-1355 (pi. xx1v:
1352-1355; coin illustrated under no. 1349 in pi. xxm is H 10) (5 sp.).
679. Sijilmasah - double dinar: ornamented Kufi script. Plate IV
of as rf of 673. RF <u UiJl
13
i94
OS l'-u~ <ul J- J\ JrJ\ <il ^
a\Jj~jJuxa <al Vl <I| V ju*
RS alj <)l
B 1356 (pi. xx1v), 1357 (pi. xx1n, under no. 1381; coin illustrated under no. 1357 in pi. xx1v
is 680), 1380 (pi. xx1n): description inaccurate (3 sp.).
680. Sijilmasah - dinar: ornamented Kiifi script.
of as rf of 673. RF <u
tul Vl Sy
OS pa-J\ ^J\ <a\
rs as rs of 679.
B 1380 bis (pi. xx1v, under no. 1357; coin illustrated under no. 1380 bis is 691): description
inaccurate.
As 677, but with j shifted from 3rd to start of 4th os.
P 38e: for in 1st rs (error), os as 677 (error ?). BM X p. 30, no. 224a.
Sijilmasah (in an os) - dinar.
OF and RF (identical) <ul Vl <ll V
<fll Jy-j JUaw
41* "ill jjiVj J^V
os starts: (mint) j yjo
rs Oi\ iy j*
rij* Cf*J
B 1371: description uncertain. This coin must be rejected, or possibly classed with the
hybrid gold.
682. Fas - double dinar.

As 674.
ANS. P 34b. BM V 217, 218 (2 sp.). BN II 1023. H6st: and N 2 (pi. xxxm): apparently
this mint. Soret:.F 135 note. Lavoix:ff p. 273 (pi. cxc1, no. 6): slightly misread. B 1341,1342,
1342 bis (pi. xx1v, under no. 1358, 1359; coins illustrated under no. 1341, 1342 in pi. xxm
are 721) (3 sp.). Thorbum.
683. Madinat (b rf) Fas (b of) - double dinar.
As 674,
KM II 868.
As 674 except rf: <u
til jjd)|
-U.l Vl iy V
BM V 221.
os as os of 681.
rs as rs of 673.
P 35: Ûl for âJl in 1st rs (error).
686. Fas - double dinar: ornamented Kflfi script.
As 679.
B 1379 (pi. xx1n).
687. Fas - dinar.
As 676.
P38b: Ûl for _raJl in 1st rs (error). BN II 1024: j shifted from 3rd to start of 4th rs
(error ?).
688. Fas - half dinar.
of as of of 673. rf jT^Jl
ulI J*
OS <UI ^. ...
- jT^1 - r)
RS oil j^,
B 1376 (pi. xx1v): description inaccurate, piate partly illegible.
689. Marrakush - double dinar struck presumably in, or shortly after, a.h. 668.
As 674.
P 34e. BM V 219. B 1348: description incomplete.
Madinat Marrakush (in os) - dinar.
of uoJ.I rf
os (mint) j [ ? ]
RS oil j*\

B 1368, 1369 (2 sp.): description incompiete. This coin and its mint must be considered
dubious.
As 674.
P 34a. BM V 220. BN II1030,1031 (2 sp.). D.Garcia 6658: description uncertain. Fraehn:iV
p. 88, no. 4. Sotheby 395. S:Karabaczek 923: description incompiete. S.Gotha 995 (pi. xn).
0 2119-2121 (3 sp.). F:Hafsites 67, 68 (2 sp.). B 1298 (pi. xx1), 1299 ? (pi. xx1): both
ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Aziz with mint given as Madinat Marrakush (disproved by piate),
segments largely illegible; 1360 (3 sp. ?).
13*
196
OF <ul ) at end of 3rd.
rs dill .a- î)l iljLr
P 37 (pi. v). B 1381 (pi. xx1v, under no. 1380 bis; coin illustrated under no. 1381 in pi. xxm
is 679): os uncertain.
691a. (no mint) - double dinar?
As 679, but without at start of 2nd line of of.
Tychsen, O. p. 127: rs misread.
As 679 except Rs, in which ju is shifted from 3rd to end of 2nd s.
P 36. BM V 222 (pi. v).
As 679.
P 36 note: rs as rs of 692 (error ?). BN II 1028, 1029 (2 sp.): description of rs uncertain.
B 1383 (pi. xx1v; coin illustrated under no. 1383 in pi. xxm is half of 694 and half of 698):
As 680.
B 1384 (pi. xxm, under no. 1382 top half and no. 1383 top half): description inaccurate,
for jSSJlj in 2nd line of rf (error).
695. (no mint) - dinar. Plate IV
P 38a (pi. v): jJd\ for in 1st rs (error). BM V 224. L:Khedivial p. 330. F.Hafsites 69.

B 1373 (pi. xx1v, under no. 1372 and 1373) (2 sp. illustrated, though only 1 recorded).
As 681.
BM X p. 30, no. 224b.
os as rs of 679.
rs as RS of 673, but with ul shifted from 2nd to start of 3rd s.
P 39: for j^rJl in 1st rs (error). BM X p. 30, no. 224c: <ul for <u in top line of rf (mis-
print). B 1372 (coin illustrated under no. 1372 in pi. xx1v is 695).
of as of of 673. rf oi-l
As 676.
cnlUl
Corpus of Coins: Mar1nid Gold 197
OS p*J\ j*J\ oil jv-J
JUJM Oll
RS Ol tiil li> Ol Vl OjLli U,
LX Lie
B 1382 (pi. xxm, under no. 1382 bottom half and no. 1383 bottom half).
OF Jiiy Uj RF ^,j *u\
Segments illegible.
BM X p. 32, no. 224g: for <y in 2nd line of rf (error, corrected by John Walker).
TOO. (no mint) - half dinar. Plate IV
As 688.
P 40 (pi. v). BN II 1036-1038 (3 sp.). L:Khedivial p. 330.
of as of of 673. rf Jf yJl
oil
til SjJl
OS ^ Uj
rs as rs of 688.
P 41: for Uj in 1st os (misprint). BN II 1035.
of as of of 673. rf L_,
oil ^
OS <ul pf*J\ <ul
RS Oll O* -r*

P 42. BN II 1034 (pi. xm).
OS <uI J*, ^Jl j* J\ oil
<0l ^Jcj .Use
rs as rs of 688.
BM X p. 32, no. 224p (pi. xxm), 224q (2 sp.). Dorn II p. 66, no. 2 (pi. 1): os misread, partly
illegible. B 1374 (pi. xx1v): diameter of quarter dinar, os uncertain. Fasmer I p. 212 suggests
that these coins are specimens of 702 misread; the piate in Brethes disproves this.
704. (no mint) - half dinar: ornamented Kiifi script.
OF c>\ RF ilTjt,
os <u j&d1
rs as rs of 688.
BN II 1039: os not described. B 1385: diameter of quarter dinar, division into lines and
segments not indicated.
705. (no mint) - half dinar with diameter of quarter dinar.
OF RF &j
No segments.
B 1375: division into lines and segments not indicated.
706. (no mint) - quarter dinar. Plate IV
OF <llI RF
No segments.
HSA13174. P43 (pi. v). BN II 1041: diameter of eighth dinar. Conde (pi. nl, no. 9). S:Gotha
996. 0 2130: rf read differently (error ?, impression furnished by Galster appears to be
this coin). F:Hafsites 70. B 1377 (coin illustrated under no. 1377 in pi. xx1v is 708).
OF <lll, RF 111
No segments.
B 1378.
OF <llI RF <lll
No segments.
B 1378 bis (pi. xx1v, under no. 1377).
709. (no mint) - quarter dinar with diameter of eighth dinar.
OF RF <1l1.

No segments.
P 44. BN II 1040.
OF 11I Jc RF jZij
y^
No segments.
F :Ha/sites 72 (8 sp.).
Corpus of Coins: Mar1n1d Gold
199
of as OF of 710. RF
No segments.
F :Ha/sites 73 (45 sp.).
OF oil RF as RF of 710.
No segments.
F:Ha/sites 71.
abii-Hafs 'Umar ibn-Abi-Bakr
a.H. 656-658 a.D. 1258-1259
(opposed 656-658 by Ya'qiib).
No coins reported.
abu-Yusuf Ya'qiib ibn-'Abd-al-Haqq I
a.H. 656-685 a.D. 1258-1286
(opposed 656-658 by TJmar).
See also anonymous gold (Hafsid style) listed under Abu-Bakr 673-712 but struck
presumably by both rulers, chiefly before a.h. 668.
OF j*^1 (j*"J1 |*->. RF J*^j O^SJ\ jy\
Jc till J*, <fl J.Jl
oilVUlV jlljj^l
OS V <)I Îj
- r^J1 c^J( > "
rs as rs of 674.
B 1274 (pi. xx), 1274 bis, 1274 ter (3 sp.): *u\, for OJI jy\
.oil j^c jl1 Jo
os as rs of 679.
rs <u <JiJIj <u dill
P 67 (pi. v1n). Fasmer reads <u for <ul in 4th rs.
200
abu-Ya'qiib Yiisuf ibn-Ya'qiib
a.H. 685-706 a.D. 1286-1307
Anonymous gold struck presumably by this ruler.
715. Sabtah (b of) - double dinar.
OF as of of 713. rf <u dill
os as rs of 674.
rs as rs of 679.
P45d, and note: _^LJl for _raJl in 4th line of rf (error), description incompiete. BM V 204:
<ul for )1 in 2nd rs (engraving error). BN II 1018. KM II 866. B 1366: <ul for 4)l in 2nd rs
(engraving error); 1366 bis (pi. xxm: both) (2 sp.).
715a. Hadrat Sabtah (b of) - double dinar.
As 715.
S :Karabaczek 925: Jmisread as ^ y
716. Madinat Sabtah (6 of) - double dinar.
As 715.
P45e, and note: for in 4th line of rf (error), description incompiete. BM V
201-203 (3 Sp.). KM II 865 (pi. v): slight engraving errors. D.Garcia 6647: description
inadequate. Weyl:G 1214.
717. Sijilmasah (b of) - double dinar.
of as of of 713 and 715, plus rf as rf of 715.
4))lj at end of 2nd line.
os <ll V juIj 4)l SJb
rs as rs of 674 and os of 715.
P 45c (pi. v): jUl for j^.M in 4th line of rf, os as rs of 679 and 715 (both disproved by
piate). D.Garcia 6646: description inaccurate.

As 717 but with Jo of J>1i\} shifted from 3rd to start of 4th rs, and with 4))l shifted
from 2nd to start of 3rd os.
BM V 196.
As 717.
P 4sb: for in 4th line of rf, os as rs of 679 and 715 (both errors). BM V 199: *i\
shifted from 2nd to start of 3rd os (error).
As 715 but with margins interchanged.
BN II 1022.
201
As 720 but with V shifted from 3rd to end of 2nd os.
BM V 197,198 (2 sp.). B 1367 (pi. xxn1, under no. 1341 and 1342) (2 sp. illustrated, though
only 1 recorded).
As 715.
P 45a, and note: _Û| for âJl in 4th line of rf (error), description incompiete. BM
V 204a.
As 715 but with ^ of JbU\j shifted from 2nd to start of 3rd os, and V from 3rd to
end of 2nd RS.
BN II 1027.
As 721.
Anderson.
725. (no mint) - double dinar. Plate V
As 717 but with )l shifted from 2nd to end of 1st os.
P 45a: for in 4th line of rf (error), os as rs of 679 and 715 (error ?). BM V
200 (pi. v).
(no mint) - double dinar.
As 725 except 5th line of of: <ul *yfo\
B 1361: 3rd and 4th lines of rf not described. This coin is probably a poor specimen of 725
misread.
abu-Thdbit 'Amir ibn-'Abd-Allah
a.H. 706-708 a.D. 1307-1308

No coins reported.
abiiH-RabV Sulaymdn ibn-'Abd-Allah
a.H. 708-710 a.D. 1308-1310
No coins reported. Coins frequently ascribed to this ruler are listed under the later Ziyanid
rulers: 670, 671.
abu-Sa'id 'Uthman II ibn-Ya'qub
a.h. 710-731 a.d. 1310-1331
(opposed 714-731 by 'Umar).
726. Madinat (in 1st rs) Azammiir (in 1st line of rf) - double dinar.
of p*J\ j-J\ <u\ rf <ul (mint)
<Mj JUst. <U| <U| JUS y\
<u jusJl oUic 4-* ^l
<ul Vl )l V uuUl j?\
Oil J_JJ JUha s**} l
202
P 70c. BM X p. 13, no. 165f: Jui-lj for in 3rd line of of.
727. Madinat (in 1st rs) Sabtah (in 1st line of rf) - double dinar.
As 726.
P 70b (pi. vm). B 1282: description incompiete.
728. Madinat (in 1st line of rf) Sijilmasah (in 2nd line of rf) - double dinar.
of as of of 726. rf i, js_
os as rs of 679 and 728.
rs (mint) ojic v
[<f] JLr <u\ [I4-.
P 73. BM X p. 14, no. 165h: rs partly illegible, juIIj for 4Jl in 3rd line of of (error ?).
730. Madinat (in 1st rs) Sijilmasah (2nd rs) - double dinar.
As 729 except os, as os of 726 and rs of 674.
P 72.
As 730 except 2nd line of Rf: J.JiilJ\ Jr.l, and rs:
(mint) iiac ja
P 74 (pi. vm): rs given as rs of 729 (corrected from piate, partly by Fasmer I p. 215), mint
illegible on piate.
732. Madinat (in-1st rs) Sijilmasah (in 1st line of rf) - double dinar.
As 726 except os, as rs of 679 and 728.
P 71b. BM X p. 14, no. 165g (pi. xx1): 1st rs not described (legible on piate), Jui-l) for -ui-l in
3rd line of of (disproved by piate). S:White 2189.
733. Madinat (in 1st rs) Sijilmasah (in 1st line of rf) - double dinar.
As 726, but with rs shifted clockwise 90 degrees.
B 1275 (pi. xx): description inaccurate, reconstructed from piate.
729.

Cf- (mint)
OS and rs (identical) as rs of 679.
P 68. BN II 988 (pi. xn).
Madinat (in 1st rs) Sijilmasah (2nd rs) - double dinar.
of as of of 726. rf
Corpus of Coins: Marinid Gold
203
734. Madinat (in 1st rs) Sijilmasah (2nd rs) - dinar.
OF Vl <)l V
RF
>
oil ju j*\ jc.
BM Xp. 15, no. 165k: jJ-Ijfor-ull in 3rd line of of (error ?).
736. Madinat Fas (in 1st line of rf) - double dinar.
Plate V
As 735 except os, as rs of 674 and os of 726.
HSA 10623. P 69 (pi. vm). BM X p. 15, no. 165m (pi. xx1): juilj for jJ-\ in 3rd line of of
(disproved by piate). BN II 989 (pi. xn). Spink (1902) 79556.
As 735 except rs, as rs of 674 and os of 726.
B 1279 (pi. xx): description incompiete, reconstructed from piate.
738. Madinat (in 1st rs) Fas (in 1st line of rf) - double dinar.
P 71a. BM X p. 14, no. 165i: .d-lj for -ull in 3rd line of of (error ?), 1st rs not described
(correct reading given by John Walker).
As 726.
P 70a. BM X p. 15, no. 165I: -ull} for jJI in 3rd line of of (error ?). BN II 990 (pi. xn).

Dombay p. 789: os not described, divisions not indicated. B 1276 (pi. xx): reconstructed
from piate.
740. Madinat (in 1st os and 1st rs) Fas (in 1st line of of and of rf) - double dinar.
Both sides as reverse of 739, presumably by an error in striking.
BM X p. 15, no. 165n.
OF as of 726, but without ill} at end of RF as rf of 726 except 5th line:
2nd line. <ul vj
os as rs of 674 and os of 726.
B 1280 (pi. xx): ascribed to date of death, description incompiete, reconstructed from piate.
As 732.
204
742. Madinat (in 1st rs) Fas (in 2nd rs) - dinar.
of as of of 734. rf <ul jl
rs 1^1 (mint) iijc, y ja
^ if ^
BM X p. 16, no. 165X (pi. xx1): rs partly illegible. Dombay p. 788: o:. added to 3rd rs
(error ?), divisions not indicated. B 1328: JUr for y\ in 4th rs (error ?), ascribed to 'Uth-
man III.
743. Madinat (in 1st rs) Fas (in 2nd rs) - dinar.
of as of of 734. rf as rf of 742 plus y\ at start of top line,
RS j- (mint) oe. ^ja
(jc <aI W-
P 76: Vl at end of 1st os (error ?). BN II 991: Vl at end of 1st os (error ?). Demaeght v. X,
p. 232 (fig.): 4th rs illegible. B 1278 (pi. xx): m only, reconstructed from piate.
744. Madinat (in 1st rs) Marrakush (2nd rs) - dinar.
of as of of 734. rf <tl x
a jîj <1l1
rs (mint) iioc
y\ oil Vul
P 75. BM X p. 16, no. 165y: mint uncertain.
Madinat Marrakush (in r ?) - half dinar.
of as of of 673. rf not described.
OS <ul xc y> Vl l*j

r&1 - j.jJ1
rs not described.
B 1281: division into lines and segments not indicated; as no reason is given for the ascription
to 'Uthman II, this coin must be tentatively rejected.
745. (mint ?) - half dinar.
OF Vl 4)1 V RF <ul wLc
-Uaw Oil -JL^. y \
Segments illegible.
B 1273 (pi. xx): description inaccurate, ascribed to 'Uthman I, 1329: 'Uthman omitted
(error ?), ascribed to 'Uthman III (2 sp. ?).
205
abu-'All 'Umar ibn-'Uthmdn II
amir at Sijilmasah
a.h. 714-733 a.d. 1315-1333
(opposed 714-731 by 'Uthman II
and 731-733 by 'Ali).
No coins reported.
abuH-Hasan 'All ibn-'Uthman II
a.h. 731-752 a.d. 1331-1351
(opposed 731-733 by 'Umar
and 749-752 by Faris).
First series: anonymous
746. Madinat (in 1st os) Azammur (2nd os, spelt Azamwar) - dinar.
of ul Vl <ll V RF 411 aJ-l
OS (mint) i<_Jir ja
JU" 41il
RS aJj <Il J^llj
- rrJ\ crJ\ - * J| V
P 52. BM X p. 31, no. 224c!.
747. Madinat (in 1st os) Azammur (2nd os, spelt al-Zamwar) - dinar. Plate V*
of as of of 746. rf *x*} u -ull
<ul Vl <ll V
os as os of 746.
rs as rs of 746.
P 54: of divided differently (error ?). BM X p. 32, no. 224f (pi. xm, under no. 224e).
748. Madinat (in 1st os) Azammur (2nd os, spelt al-Zamwar) - dinar.

As 747 except of: <ul V| <lJ | V
<ul Jyj J^ca
<fll H\ iy V
P 53. BM X p. 31, no. 224e (coin illustrated under no. 224e in pi. xxm is 747): <ul for a
in 1st line of rf (disproved by piate).
* Mistakenly numbered as 746 on plate.
206
OF ^Jl jr J\ <ul RF HI <illll
<ul Vl a)l V <a SjJlj
<U| Jj-j JUaw Vlj JjVl >
rs as rs of 746.
P 47 (pi. v1).
Second series: anonymous with Nasrid inscription
Struck probably before the defeat at Tarifa in a.h. 740 (a.d. 1340).
750. Madfnat (in 1st rs) Sijilmasah (2nd rs) - double dinar.
OF ~*J\ J\ <U| p-j RF <U
a^t-. <ul <a illj
<ul Vl <ll V u^LJlj
41llJ^-jO*^ OllVl_JlfiVj
os as rs of 746.
rs as os of 746.
P 48 note: description incompiete, termed hybrid. BM V 210. Moyse p. 501.
751. Mad1nat (in 1st rs) Sijilmasah (2nd rs) - double dinar.
As 750 except of: ^Jl j*-J\ <ul ^
Juska Jc <U|
jj-lj
Oil Vl <lt V
Oil Jy~J ~UXJ>
BM V 209.

os as rs of 746.
rs as os of 746.
P 48c. Moyse p. 500.
753. Fas (b rf) - double dinar. Plate V
As 752 except rs, as os of 749.
P 48a. BM V 205-207 (pi. v: 205) (3 sp.): os wrongly reported.
754. Mad1nat (in 1st rs) Fas (2nd rs) - double dinar.
As 752 except rs:
(mint) ooc ^
V-*1j Jur <u1 U
P 48b (pi. v1). BM V 208.
755. Fas (b rf) - double dinar.
of as of of 749. rf <11 ju!I
<ul Vl Jlc V
os as rs of 746.
rs as os of 749.
P 46 (pi. v).
756. Fas (b of) - dinar.
OF J\ <UI RF Oil Jai\L\
<U1 Vl <)l V 01I Vl V
J^JJIJ J>l
oil 0\J>\ <ul jjli)l p-'
OS -
(JO^ <lll j
RS
P 50b: jwLJl for in 1st os (error). B 1358, 1359 (coins illustrated under no. 1358 and
1359 in pi. xx1v are 682) (2 sp.). This coin may be 756a misread.
756a. Fas (b of) - dinar.
As 756 but with .oil shifted from 3rd to end of 2nd OS.
0 2126: misread, rs illegible. B 1343, 1344 (pi. xxm: both) (2 sp.): description inaccurate,
reconstructed from piate.
As 756.
P 50a (pi. v1): _Ûl for j-aJl in 1st os (error). BM X p. 29, no. 223d (pi. xxm). B 1363:

758. (no mint) - half dinar with diameter of dinar.
of as of of 756. RF <ul ialil
ul Vl Jlc V
OS J*** ilJju. <ul ^* |*^-JI D*"-"" oil
<UI Jymj J~*A <UI Vl <) V
rs as os of 756.
P 51: Ûl for in 1st rs (error). BM X p. 30, no. 223c
208
Third series: anonymous with Ziyanid inscription
ill rj I*
Struck presumably after the conquest of Tilimsan in a.h. 737 (a.d. 1337).
759.
Hadrat Bijayah (b of) - double dinar struck in a.h. 748 or 749.
of <fll julyl RF <u
rs as os of 749.
F.Hafsites 63: * before mint. B 1340 (pi. xxm): description incompiete, mint given as
Mansuriyah (error), apparently this mint, piate largely illegible.
760. Madinat Tilimsan (b of) - double dinar struck between a.h. 737 and 749. Plate V
As 759.
HSA 13180: .. before mint.
761. Tunis (b of) - double dinar struck in a.h. 748 or 749.
As 759.
L :Calvert 52.
762. Hadrat Tunis (6 rf) - double dinar struck in a.h. 748 or 749.
As 759.
F.Hafsites 64, 65 (2 sp.): j before mint.
763. Jaza'ir (b rf) - double dinar struck between a.h. 748 and 750.
As 759.
B 1345.
B 1350, 1351 (2 sp.) (pi. xxm: 1351, obverse only, reproduced twice; coin illustrated under
no. 1350 is hybrid, not described): description inaccurate.
765. Sijilmasah (b of and in 4th rs) - double dinar.

As 759 except 3rd and 4th rs:
(mint). y> -r>^J^j*J
P 49d. BN II 1021: <u ^Vlj instead of <ul fyllj in 5th line of rf (error ?).
766. Sijilmasah (in 4th rs) - double dinar.
As 765 but with <u for ul in 5th line of rf.
P 49c (pi. v1). BM V 214. KM II 867.
767. Mad1nat Fas (b of) - double dinar.
ANS. P 49b. BM V 211-213 (3 sp.): 5th line of of misread. BN II1025,1026 (2 sp.): <u _^V| j
for 41il jjiJlj in 5th line of rf (error ?). Sotheby 395.
As 759.
As 759.
Corpus of Coins: MarIn1d Gold
209
As 759.
P 49a. BM V 213a: 5th line of of misread. B 1362: 4th line of rf misread.
abu-'Indn Fdris ibn-'Ali
a.h. 749-759 a.d. 1348-1358
(opposed 749-752 by 'AH).
First series: Mar1nid style
769. Bijayah (in 1st line of rf) - double dinar struck after a.h. 753.
of as of of 749. rf (mint)
Oil JU y,\
os as rs of 746.
rs as os of 749.
P 77f: rf incorrectly divided. B 1287, 1288 (pi. xx1) (2 sp.): description incompiete, re-
constructed from piate.
770. Madinat (in 1st line of rf) Tilimsan (in 2nd line of rf) - double dinar struck after
conquest in a.h. 753.
of as of of 751. rf iioe. v>
y\ (mint)
rs as os of 749 and rs of 769.
P 77d and note. BM V 187. Spink (1901) 68388: m only. S:White 2192. B 1294 (pi. xxi):
771. Sijilmasah (in 1st and 2nd lines of rf, divided i- / UU-.) - double dinar.
As 770, without Mad1nat in 1st line of rf.
P 77c and note. BN II1003. B 1290 (pi. xx1; coin illustrated under no. 1290 in pi. xx is 776):

772. Mad1nat (in 1st line of rf) Sijilmasah (in 2nd line of rf) - double dinar.
As 769 except rf: o ot y
Cf (mint)
ul ox ^.1
t>jlU)l v_,j
P77b: rf incorrectly divided. BM V186. BNII 1oo4: without *l\jin 2nd line of of (error?)
14
210
773. Madinat (in 1st line of rf) Sijilmasah (in 2nd line of rf) - double dinar.
As 772 except os, identical with RS.
B 1291 (pi. xx1): description incorrect.
774. Madinat (in 1st line of rf) Fas (in 2nd line of Rf) - double dinar.
As 770.
P 77a and note. BN II 1007, 1008 (2 sp.). Spink (1902) 79561.
775. Madinat (in 1st line of rf) Fas (in 2nd line of rf) - double dinar. Plate V
As 770 except of, as of of 749 and 769.
P 77a (pi. vn1). BM V 183-185 (pi. 1v: 184) (3 sp.). Soret:F 136 (pi. n): Ûl for ouUl
in 5th line of rf (engraving error), ascription by Fraehn. Demaeght v. VII, p. 133 (fig.).
Rivero:M 144 (pi. m). B 1289 (pi. xx1, under left no. 1289; coin illustrated under right
no. 1289 is 783): description inaccurate.
776. Mad1nat (in 1st line of rf) Marrakush (in 2nd line of Rf) - double dinar.
As 775.
P 77e: Madinat omitted (error ?). B 1292 (pi. xx, under no. 1290; coin illustrated under
no. 1292 in pi. xx1 is 785): description incomplete, reconstructed from piate.
777. Marrakush (in 1st line of rf) - double dinar.
As 769 except rf: (mint) , ^ja
<Jll JLC jA f
i>ljll j*\ ^jli
JO*
Second series: Hafsid style
778. Madinat (in 1st rs) Bijayah (2nd rs) - double dinar struck after a.h. 753. Plate V
OF <Jll H\ <)1 V RF jS"jdl <UI -LP

<ul J_j-> JUjc ^.jli <lll U
rs as os of 746.
P 79d. BM V 193 (pi. iv): jS^JLlj for in 3rd line of of (disproved by piate).
This misreading is common to all published descriptions of all coins in this series.
779. Madinat (in 1st rs) Sijilmasah (2nd RS) - double dinar.
As 778.
P 79c. BM V 191. BN II 1005, 1006 (2 sp.). Thorburn: mint uncertain.
780. Madinat (in 1st rs) Sijilmasah (2nd rs) - dinar.
of Vl 4)1V RF o->
ul <]yi
rs as os of 746 and rs of 778.
P80.
211
781. Mad1nat (in 1st rs) Sijilmasah (2nd rs) - dinar.
As 780 except os:
jX; L.J al j*ai
P 80 note. BM X p. 24, no. 193k (pi. xxn), 193I (2 sp.).
782. Madinat (in 1st rs) Fas (2nd rs) - double dinar.
of as of of 778.
rf as rf of 778.
os as os of 759.
rs as rs of 754.
BM V 190. BN II1009. Dombay p. 790: ^jli omitted (error ?), slightly misread, division
into lines and segments not indicated.
As 782 except os, as os of 749 and rs of 769.
B 1286 (pi. xx1, under right no. 1289): description incompiete, reconstructed from piate.
As 778.
P 79a. BM V 189.
785. Madinat (in 1st rs) Marrakush (2nd rs) - double dinar.
P 79b (pi. 1x). BM V 192. S.Gotha 994. B (pi. xx1, under no. 1292): not described, recon-
structed from piate.
786. Mad1nat (in 1st rs) Marrakush (2nd rs) - dinar.
Apparently as 780.
B 1293 (pi. xx1): description inaccurate, segments largely illegible in piate.
(no mint) - half dinar?
of as of of 780. rf k V^l

No segments.
Dombay p. 791: division into lines not indicated; must be tentatively rejected because of
improbable reverse inscription.
As 778.
abu-Ziyan Muhammad ibn-Fdris
pretender
a.h. 759-759
a.D. 1358-1358
No coins reported.
14*
abil-'Abd-Allah Muhammad II ibn-Faris
a.H. 759-760 a.D. 1358-1359
787. Madinat (in 1st rs) Fas (in 2nd rs) - double dinar. Attribution tentative.
of U^** ^ J rf <ul juc _^.| ^
U <ul iS'l. <ul Jc jTîl
Jcj kVy _^ juijl cillll
jTyJA ill JU Oil JL îl
os <al i> ^j)| c^J^<ul ri
[|Ju]_j <l| JU3b< t.U-
rs I*-j (mint) iiac. _>
o Jur <ul
P 88: for ^l in 4th line of rf (error), ascribed to Muhammad IV. BM X p. 19, no. I71t
(pi. xxn): a.l for ^l in 4th line of rf (error), 5th line of of partly illegible, ascribed to al-
Rashid ibn-al-Sa'Id.
abu-Salim Ibrahim ibn-'Ali
a.H. 760-762 a.D. 1359-1361
788. Madinat (in 1st rs) ? (in 1st line of rf) - double dinar. Plate V
OF --J\ J\ <ul p-i RF J>f j.\ (mint)
V <ul ijr*. [t>_]*^Jl <ul
Vj y*) cJS'y OuLil jv* l
J1 j&J <ul **l
OS J~Xa l'-u- <ul
- M" - l>-> <]
B 1295 (pi. xx1): description incompiete, reconstructed from piate, 3rd and 4th os and 2nd
and 3rd lines of rf largely illegible, mint given as Madinat Fas (error), wrongly ascribed.
abu-'Umar Tashfin ibn-'Ali

a.H. 762-763 a.d. 1361-1361
No coins reported.
abu-Muhammad 'Abd-al-Halim ibn-'Umar
a.h. 763-764 a.d. 1361-1362
(opposed 763-764 by Muhammad III).
No coins reported.
213
abu-Ziyan Muhammad III ibn-Ya'qub
a.H. 763-767 a.D. 1361-1366
(opposed 763-764 by 'Abd-al-Halim and 764-765 by 'Abd-al-Mu'min).
789. Madinat (in 1st rs) Sala (in 2nd rs) - double dinar.
OF jil." L.j dLS rf ul x& y\
dUc lyûi ^m3 <ul JJ^ll
OS -U Jc <U| J\ {jTJ\ ~J
rs as rs of 787.
P 87 (pi. 1x): for lin 2nd line of of (disproved by piate), ascribed to Muhammad
IV. BM X p. 17, no. 169p (pi. xxn).
790. Madinat (in 1st rs) Fas (in 2nd rs) - double dinar.
of <iLi ja -X U ul rf as rf of 789.
ljt**" "J
OS -Usm <ul ^Jl <ul *-4
dl) îiJ L-. US dl L*i tl
B 1307, 1308 (pi. xxn: both) (2 sp.): piate partly illegible, ascribed to Muhammad IV.
As 790, but with 1^l for \*~j in 2nd rs.
B 1309 (pi. xxn): plate largely illegible, ascribed to Muhammad IV.
792. Madinat (in 1st rs) Fas ? (in 2nd rs) - dinar. Attribution tentative.
of Vl aJl V RF ul Jls. j.\
-Uaw <ul <ul Jc J^jJl
Segments illegible except for mint in rs preceded by j j*.
B 1310 (pi. xxn: piate largely illegible, ascribed to Muhammad IV.

abu-Malik 'Abd-al-Mu'min ibn-'Umar
am1r at Sijilmasah
a.H. 764-765 a.D. 1362-1363
(opposed 764-765 by Muhammad III).
793. Madinat Sijilmasah (in 1st line of rf) - double dinar. Plate V
of as of of 749. rf (mint) oac ^j
jy\ <li\ JUC j\ C
L l i>>l_,l|
214
os as rs of 746.
RS legible but unintelligible.
P 81: ^1 for y \ in 5th line of rf (error). BM X p. 27, no. 193ee (pi. xxn).
abu-Fdris 'Abd-al-'Aziz I ibn-'Ali
a.H. 768-774 a.D. 1366-1372
794. Madinat Tilimsan (in 1st line of rf) - double dinar struck after conquest in a.h. 7;
of as of of 749. RF (mint) iiuc. ._,
j*\ <UI JLC y\ f
VjJl JU cftJuJil
tfJlil J\ 1&JI i>J
os as rs of 746.
rs as os of 749.
P 82b. BM V 168. B 1304 (pi. xx1).
795. Mad1nat Fas (in 1st line of rf) - double dinar.
As 794.
P 82a. BM V 167 (pi. 1v, r only): for <ll in 2nd os (engraving error). S:White 2190: 4)
for <!l in 2nd os. B 1304 bis.
As 794, but with a) shifted from 4th to end of 3rd line of rf.
BN II 993. Spink (1902) 79557.
abii-Ziydn Muhammad IV ibn-'Abd-al-'Aziz I
a.H. 774-776 a.D. 1372-1374
As 794 except rf: (mint) toe
s*\ <uI O-C j*\

jûj .Oil
P 86. BM V 170. BN II 998. Metropolitan 103204.
As 797, but with V shifted from 3rd to end of 2nd os.
BM V 171 (pi. 1v).
799. Madinat (in 1st line of rf) Fas (in 2nd line of rf) - dinar.
OF <U-ul-l RF OJC.Uji
Vl <JI V j,\ (mint)
-Was* Oil o^m JuC
os as rs of 746.
RS illlxc^Vl L.J
- r&>\ - j-jJl
P 89. BM X p. 18, no. 171f (pi. xxn).
abiVl-'Abbds Ahmad tbn-Ibrahim
a.H. 775-786, 789-796 a.D. 1373-1384. 1387-1393
(opposed 776-784 by 'Abd-al-Rahman).
First series: without am1r al-muslimfn
800. Madinat (in 1st line of rf) Azammur (in 2nd line of rf, spelt al-Zamwar) - dinar.
OF -j <til -^J ar l
OS Jb-lj <)l I^Jlj
f^)l * Vl 4)l ^
RS L* ^ âJl Ly
P 99. BM X p. 21, no. 181f.
801. Madinat (in 1st line of rf) Fas (in 2nd line of rf) - dinar.
OF Jl
P 100: OF as oF of 800 (error ?). BM X p. 21, no. 181g.
802. Marrakush (in 1st rs) - double dinar.

OF f~J\ jrJ\ <ul f-* RF -> -u*.
<Ul J^-j 
P96.
2l6
803. Madinat (in 2nd rs) ?(3rd rs) - half dinar.
of Vl <ll V RF
v cf
Jjr\ <il1
OS ll {j jA,
rlJ1
RS
<ul (mint)
P 103. BM X p. 23, no. 181p: mint illegible.
Both sides as obverse of 803, presumably by an error in striking.
BM X p. 23, no. 181s, 181t (2 sp.).
805. (no mint ?) - half dinar.
of as OF of 803. RF [ ? ] url
os as os of 803.
rs illegible.
BM X p. 23, no. 181q.
Second series: without amir al-muslimin, with Nasrid inscription
806. Sijilmasah (in 1st and 2nd rs, divided i- / U*-) - double dinar.
jî:T,nll
OF
RF
*u <JuJl J
os as os of 800.
RS (mint, continued) (mint) j ^

HSA 13176.
807. Marrakush (in 1st rs) - double dinar.
As 802 except rf: M} >Vlj JjVI y
r*c
RS j.fl:T ll l"V_y. y*1
(mint) jlH <uli
B 1316: description uncertain, division into lines and segments not indicated.
As 806 except rs:
ml -LC
Moysep. 503.
Third series: with am1r al-muslimin
A double dinar is ascribed to this ruler with date 788, and is said to be of the type of BM V 68
(a Murabit dinar dated 539) by the following: S:Judice III 6950; Spink 33305. As the re-
ference is wrong and the date extremely unlikely, this coin must be tentatively rejected.
810. Madinat Azammur (in 1st line of rf, spelt Azamwar) - double dinar.
of as of of 802. rf (mint) iôc. ja
"Oil JuC y>\
t>Ju!l jy\ jjt\
0_JJL\J\ Ulll a\
os V Jb-lj *i\ foj
RS j*Mj > Vlj JjVl j*
P 94c: segments incorrectly divided, Madinat omitted (error). BM V 178. B 1314 (pi. xxn):
description incompiete, piate partly illegible.
811. Madinat (in 2nd rs) Azammur (3rd rs) - double dinar.

of as of of 802. rf <ul w /I j
tOil Oi I
os as os of 800.
rs as rs of 803.
P 95 note. BM V 172 (pi. 1v): <ul for <u in 3rd line of of (engraving error).
812. Madinat (in 1st rs) Azammur (2nd rs, spelt al-Zammur) - double dinar.
As 811 except rs:
(mint) t jut,
, JL" <ul j
BM V 173.
218
813. Madinat (in 1st rs) Azammur (2nd Rs, spelt al-Zamwar) - double dinar.
As 812, but with V shifted from 3rd to end of 2nd os.
BM V 177.
814. Madinat (in 1st rs) Azammur (2nd Rs, spelt al-Zamwar) - double dinar.
As 812.
P 95 note (pi. x). BM V 174 (pi. Iv, r only), 175 (2 sp.). BN II 999.
815. Madinat (in 1st rs) Azammur (2nd rs, spelt Azamwar) - double dinar.
As 811 except rs:
(mint) iiac jô
816. Madinat (in 1st rs), Azammur (2nd RS, spelt Azamwar) - double dinar.
As 815 except 5th line of rf: JL; <jil
P 95 note. BM V 176.
817. Madinat (in 2nd rs) Azammur (3rd Rs, spelt Azammu) - dinar.
os as os of 800.
rs as rs of 803.
P 101: ) omitted from 2nd line of of (error ?). BM X p. 20, no. 181d: l*j* for U-in
4th rs (engraving error). S:White 2191 (pi. 1): description incompiete, piate obscure.
Sotheby 393: m only. Thorburn: engraving errors.
818. Madinat (in 1st rs) Tatwan (2nd rs) - double dinar.
Presumably as 812.
B 1315: description incompiete, spelling of mint not given.
819. Madinat Sabtah (in 1st line of rf) - double dinar.
of as of of 802. rf as rf of 810 except 5th line: j*>) <u|
os as os of 808.
rs as os of 800.

B 1312: description of of uncertain, division into lines and segments not indicated.
820. Madinat Sabtah (in rs) - dinar.
OF <ul Vl ill V RF juc j>\ ^6
P95.
of as of of 801.
KF
Jjr\ <u|
Qui Jil sa\
jî) Oll
os as os of 803.
rs illegible except mint.
B 1313 (pi. xxn): piate partly illegible.
Corpus of Coins: Marin1d Gold
219
As 819 except rs:
^ - crJ\ yv1
BN II1000: rs as os of 800 (error ?). Rivero:^4 p. 13, no. 1 (pi. v): os obscure in piate.
As 821, but with of Ûlj shifted from 2nd to start of 3rd os.
HSA 13179. P 93 (pi. 1x): segments incorrectly divided (corrected from piate by Fasmer I
p. 215).
As 810 except 2nd line of of: oû Jc <ul
BM V 179 (pi. 1v, r only). BM X p. 20, no. 176a: description inadequate, corrected by John
Walker. S.Gotha 993.
of as of of 823, but without j at start rf as rf of 810.
of 3rd line,
os as os of 800.
rs as os of 808.
Demaeght v. VII, p. 238.
of as of of 802. rf (mint) I^js. o
<Ul o-c y\
J Ui1
os as os of 800.
rs as os of 808.
HSA 13177. P 94a: rf as rf of 810 (error). BM V 180. BN II 1001. B 1311 (pi. xxn):
coin.

description incompiete, reconstructed from partly illegible piate. Thorburn: apparently this
826. Madinat Fas ? (in 1st line of rf) - double dinar.
As 825 except os, as os of 810.
Metropolitan 103203: mint uncertain.
827. Madinat Fas ? (in 1st rs) - double dinar.
of as of of 806. rf <ul ju> y\ jc
ail j*&A\
Oulill j<a\
.oil
OS It)lj JjVl y>
r> & ./,
RS <)l j (mint) &oe. y
j^J1 o*-J\ * ^ <" V
BN II 992 (pi. xn): mint uncertain, os incorrectly divided, rf misread.
220
828. Fas (in 2nd rs) - dinar.
OF ji>-j ui -ui-l rf <ul juc j\ ^
<ut Vl )l V <il ûll
Ol| Jjust* OuLll ^l
os as os of 800.
rs (mint) j
<S|
P 98. BM X p. 22, no. 181k: * omitted from 2nd rs (engraving error).
829. Marrakush (in 1st line of rf) - double dinar.
of as of of 823. rf as rf of 810, without Madinat in 1st line,
os as os of 808.
rs as os of 800.
P 94b: of as of of 802 (error ?). BM V 181: termed barbarous.
Fourth series: with am1r al-muslimm and Nasrid inscription
830. Madinat (in 2nd rs) Marrakush (3rd RS) - dinar.
OF Vl a)l V RF iul xj> j*\ tf.
.X^-a Oil j^t\\\\
<ul J JJt\ <il
<ul Vl V OUJl jml
os as os of 800.
rs as rs of 803.
P 102. BM X p. 22, no. 181i.
abu-Zayd 'Abd-al-Rahmdn ibn-'Ali
sayyid at Marrakush
a.h. 776-784 a.d. 1374-1382

(opposed 776-784 by Ahmad).
831. Marrakush (in 4th rs) - double dinar. Plate V
OF rf Jfy Jj <ul
ul <Ul a;Icl tj.l
jt\ ^Jli <U| Ol <S tjî)
OS Jc <ul ^Jl tf-J\ <a\ ~i
(mint) jLJI< ul ol <ul Jl
P 90 (pi. 1x): tfc, for cc. in 5th line of rf (misprint).
Corpus of Coins: Marin1d Gold
221
832. Marrakush (4th rs) - dinar.
of <ut< Vl RF juJl
?' <ul ^c
OS jtij ml y j*.
RS illegible except for mint.
P 91: all but 4th os illegible. BN II 1002 (pi. xn): 3rd os not described, rs misread, mint
uncertain. B 1317, 1318 (pi. xxn: both) (2 sp.): rs misread, mint uncertain.
abu-Faris Musd ibn-Fdris
a.H. 786-788 a.d. 1384-1386
833. Madinat Fas (in 1st line of rf) - double dinar. Plate VI
of as of of 802. RF (mint) iiuc, o^
Oil jl j\
os as os of 800.
rs as os of 808.
P 105. BM V 182 (pi. 1v): ^.y misread as J*-l (?). B 1322 (coin illustrated under no.
1322 in pi. xxn is 646).
834. Madinat (in 2nd rs) Fas (3rd rs) - dinar.
OF Vl <ll V RF xo yljo
<U jui-l nil J5"
RS <L-LC V
<ul 1^l (mint)
B 1324 (pi. xxn): f or OvLll 2nd line of rf (disproved by piate), oF and rs uncertain.
abu-Ziydn Muhammad V ibn-Ahmad
a.H. 788-788 a.D. 1386-1386

of not described. rf (mint) oacu^
Ol| -Utf y\ ^
Owlll JUmh
axilJ\ Ui.l a
os not described.
rs as os of 808.
B 1325: division into lines and segments not indicated. Seaby G993: mint and ruler only.
222
abu-Ziydn Muhammad VI ibn-Muhammad
a.H. 788-789 a.D. 1386-1387
No coins reported.
abil-Fdris 'Abd-al-'AzTz II ibn-Ahmad
a.H. 796-799 a.D. 1393-1396
First series: Marinid style
of as of of 802. rf (mint) iioc ja
<1ll J-C y\
oil ,,'l.tl
0)_l y jJI j-e
^^'j JLr <ul
os as os of 808.
rs as os of 800.
P 83: ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Aziz I.
837. Madinat (in 1st rs) Marrakush (2nd rs) - double dinar.
of as of of 823. rf hi dill
<u H1 J
<ul Vl <)l Vj
RS (mint) oor v_ija
B 1296 (coin illustrated under no. 1296 in pi. xx1 is 845): ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Aziz I,
division into lines and segments not indicated, -uJI for kVy. in 3rd rs (error ?).
838. Madinat (in 1st rs) Marrakush (in 2nd rs) - double dinar. Plate VI
of as of of 823 and 837. rf <u dill

<u jui-l
tii SjJlj
<u jCjlj
os as os of 800 and rs of 836.
rs (mint) toe oja
P 84: ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Aziz I. BM V 166 (pi. 1v): ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Aziz I. B 1297
(pi. xx1): description inaccurate ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Aziz I.
Corpus of Coins: MarIn1d Gold 223
839. Madinat (in 1st line of rf) Marrakush (2nd line of rf) - double dinar.
of probably as of of 802 and 836. rf y
(mint)
(JCa_)ll jv>\
os as os of 800 and rs of 836.
rs as os of 808 and 836.
B 1305: ascribed to 'Abd-al-'AzIz I, of uncertain, division into lines and segments not
indicated.
Second series: Hafsid style
840. Madinat (in 1st rs) Azammiir (in 2nd Rs, spelt al-Zammur) - double dinar.
OF . (mint) <iac ._>î
y>l cc. JL"
BM X p. 33, no. 226b (pi. xxm): j omitted from 2nd and 3rd lines of of (disproved by piate).
841. Madinat (in 1st rs) Azammiir (in 2nd rs) - double dinar.
I. L.r |L-j j <I| j*pla
P 106b: for in 4th os (misprint ?).
As 841, but without ) on 2nd and 3rd lines of of.
B 1301 (pi. xx1, under no. 1300): segments partly illegible, ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Aziz I.
843. Madinat Sijilmasah (in rs) - dinar.
of <u| Vl <ll V rf as rf of 840.
<U| Jy~J 0*SC,>

<U ui-lj
Segments illegible except mint.
B 1301 bis: division into lines and segments not indicated, ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Aziz I.
844. Sijilmasah (b of) - half dinar.
of - Vl i\ V rf as rf of 840.
<ttl (J J JUsm
No segments, as field inscriptions fill coin.
B 1303 (pi. xx1): description inaccurate, reconstructed from partly illegible piate, ascribed
to 'Abd-al-'Aziz I.
845. Madinat (in 1st rs) Fas (in 2nd rs) - double dinar. Plate VI
As 841.
P 106a (pi. x): for in 4th os (misprint ?, obscure in piate). B 1300 (pi. xxi,
under no. 1296; coin illustrated under no. 1300 is 842): os uncertain, ascribed to 'Abd-al-
'Aziz I.
OF as of of 840, but without j at start rf as rf of 840.
of 2nd line.
OS ju Jc .oil J*, j* J\ ul
rs (mint) ii. oc ^
y\ tf. cc **ll l*-^
BN II 994: ascribed to 'Abd-al-'AzIz I.
847. Mad1nat (in 1st rs) [Fas] (2nd rs) - double dinar.
As 846, but without j on 3rd line of of.
BM V 226: segments largely illegible, including mint.
848. Mad1nat (in 1st rs) Fas (in 2nd rs) - dinar.
of VI 4)I V rf as rf of 840.
-u%* oil
.till Jj-j
OS Jc ul j*j\ .oil ^
RS U-j*- (mint) oot. ^
yl sfi <u:. <ul
P107. BN II995,996 (2 sp.): ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Aziz I, -u** added to 2nd rs (misprint ?).
849. Madinat (in 1st rs) Fas (in 2nd RS) - dinar.
BM V 225.

of as of of 848. rf j>\ f
os y VI j^ci\ Uj
pXU j.jJI
RS (mint) iioc ja
JL <u\
P 85: ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Aziz I. B 1297 bis: description uncertain, ascribed to 'Abd-al-
'Aziz I.
Corpus of Coins: Marinid Gold
225
As 850 except os, as RS of 800.
B 1302 (pi. xx1): ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Aziz I.
852. (mint ?) - dinar. Plate VI
Apparently as 850.
BN II 997 (pi. xn): ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Aziz I, segments largely illegible. Weyl:G 1230:
description incomplete.
853. (mint ?) - half dinar. Plate VI
of as of of 848. RF j_jJI juc
<ul *JuJ
Segments illegible.
BM V 169 (pi. 1v): ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Aziz I, traces of mint b rf.
(mint ?) - half dinar.
of as of of 848. RF O-c
oil
os as os of 848.
rs illegible.
B 1306: division into lines not indicated. Inscription is so improbable that this coin must be
tentatively rejected.
of as of of 848. rf j._j)I jus
<UI .Jul
os xc ^ [VI] Uj]
^1 J,jJI <ul
RS <ol[?] [?]^l

<Jll Jil
KM II 864: segments partly illegible.
abu-'Amir 'Abd-AUah ibn-Ahmad
a.H. 799-8oo a.D. 1396-1398
Hafsid style
855. Madinat (in 1st rs) Azammur (in 2nd rs) - double dinar.
of as of of 842. RF <uI jue
OS Jc *u\ j*J\ tiiI pi
LlJ |Juj <)I -Use* INJU-
RS as rs of 840.
P 11Oc.
15
226
As 855, but with l~ of shifted from 2nd to start of 3rd rs, and JLr from 3rd to
start of 4th rs.
BM X p. 25, no. 193V: segments partly illegible.
857. Madinat (in 1st rs) Sijilmasah (in 2nd rs) - double dinar.
As 855.
P nob.
As 855 except of, as of of 840.
BM X p. 25, no. 193t (pi. xxn): as 855 (disproved by piate). B 1283 (pi. xx): segments
obscure, mint illegible in piate, wrongly ascribed.
As 855.
P 110a (pi. x).
abu-SaHd 'Uthmdn III ibn-Ahmad
a.h. 8oo-823 a D- 1398-1420
Hafsid style
860. Madinat (in 1st rs) Sabtah (in 2nd rs) - double dinar.
of as of of 842. rf Ji\ *
<il t|
os as os of 855.
rs as rs of 840.
HSA 9173: segments partly illegible. P 109: os incorrectly divided. BM X p. 26, no. 193cC
(pi. xxn): rs partly illegible.
861. Madinat (in 1st rs) Sijilmasah (in 2nd rs) - double dinar.

of as of of 840. rf oL^ <a\ xo
<ul a>J
OS L'aju. <al ^Jl jrJ\ <u| ^1
P 108b (pi. x). B 1272 (pi. xx): description uncertain, piate largely illegible, ascribed to
'Uthman I.
862. Madinat (in 1st rs) Sijilmasah (in 2nd rs) - double dinar: modified Kuf1 script.
As 861.
B 1271 (pi. xx): description uncertain, piate largely illegible, ascribed to 'Uthman I, o and r
illustrated belong to different specimens.
863. Madinat (in 1st RS) Sijilmasah (2nd rs) - double dinar.
os as os of 861.
227
rs as rs of 846.
BM X p. 26, no. 193aa, 193DD: termed barbarous (2 sp.).
864. Mad1nat (in 1st rs) Fas (in 2nd rs) - double dinar.
As 861.
P 108a. B 1284 (pi. xx): description inaccurate and uncertain, piate partly illegible, wrongly
ascribed.
As 861 except os:
BN II 984 (pi. xn), 985 (2 sp.): ascribed to 'Uthman I.
866. Madinat (in 1st rs) Marrakush (in 2nd rs) - double dinar.
As 861.
P 108c.
of as of of 848. rf oL*>
Oil aJkl
os and rs (identical):
_ <ir -
Soret:B 1n: ascribed to 'Uthman II.
abu-'Abd-Allah Muhammad VII ibn-'Abd-Allah
a.h. 823-830 a.d. 1420-1427
(opposed 823-830 by 'Abd-al-Haqq II).
No coins reported.
abu-Muhammad 'Abd-al-Haqq II ibn-'Uthmdn II
a.H. 823-869 a.D. 1420-1465
(opposed 823-830 by Muhammad VII).

No gold reported.
ir,*
Nasrid Gold
by the Banii-Nasr
of Granada (Gharnatah)
in Naskhi script.
The Nasrids controlled Sabtah from a.h. 705 to 709 and from 786 to 789.
abii-'Abd-Allah Muhammad I ibn-Yusuf
a.h. 629-671 a.d. 1232-1273
This ruler struck no coins in Africa. The only coin struck by him which falls within
the scope of this survey is one bearing the name of his Hafsid suzerain before he declared
his independence in a.h. 647, and it is therefore listed with Hafsid coins: 556.
abu-'Abd-Allah Muhammad III ibn-Muhammad II
a.H. 701-708 a.d. 1302-1309
No African gold reported.
abuH-Juyush Nar ibn-Muhammad II
A.H. 708-713 a.D. 1309-1314
No African gold reported.
abu-'Abd-Allah Muhammad V ibn-Yusuf I
a.h. 755^760, 763-793 a.D. 1354-1359. 1362-1391
Struck between a.h. 786 and 789.
868. Madinat (in 2nd os) Sabtah (3rd os) - double dinar. Plate VI
of a4)l !i RF <al jue jJi\
lJjjwl lJUSt* till
os cji,
<u\ (mint)
rs ulVl JfcVj <ulVljliV,

<ul JtVj ^lVlJtV,
P.Granadina p. 8 (pi. i).
Corpus of Coins: Wattas1d Gold
Wattasid Gold
the Banu-Wattas
in Naskhi script.
abii-Zakariya' Yahyd I ibn-Ziydn
regent for 'Abd-al-Haqq II (Marinid)
a.H. 823-852 a.d. 1420-1448
No coins reported.
abuH-Hasan 'Ali I ibn-Yusuf
a.H. 852-863 a.d. 1448-1458
No coins reported.
abu-Zakariya' Yahyd II ibn-Yahyd I
a.H. 863-863 a.D. 1458-1459
No coins reported.
a.H. 869-91o a.D. 1465-1504
869. Madinat (in 1st rs) Azammur (2nd rs) - dinar. Attribution tentative.
OF illegible. rf oil -lc
os illegible.
rs (mint) <,_.ac jU,
_y\ <UI U-^
B 1387 (pi. xxv: r only): piate largely illegible.
abu-'Abd-Allah Muhammad II ibn-Muhammad I

a.H. 910-932 a.d. 1504-1525
Fas (position on coin not indicated) - (denomination not indicated).
Not described.
Spink 33306: m only. This unsupported ascription cannot be considered probable.
870. (mint ?) - dinar. Attribution tentative. Plate VI
OF u JuL\ RF
Margins illegible.
BM X p. 28, no. 193ft (pi. xx1n): <ul for <u in 1st line of of (misprint).
abuH-Hasan 'Ali II ibn-Muhammad I
a.h. 932-932, 961~961 aD- 1525-1526, 1554-1554
No gold reported.
abitH-'Abbas Ahmad ibn-Muhammad II
a.h. 932-952, 956-957 a.d. 1526-1545, 1549-1550
Madinat Azammur (position on coin not indicated) - (denomination not indicated).
Not described.
Spink 33307: m only. This unsupported ascription cannot be considered probable.
abii-'Abd-Allah Muhammad III ibn-Ahmad
a.h. 952-956 a.d. 1545-1549
No coins reported.
Coins struck by the Sharifian rivals and successors of the Wattasids, and those struck
by Spanish and Portuguese rulers, are excluded from this corpus.
Ottoman Gold
struck in North Africa before the Ottoman conquest
in the name of the Turkish sultans,
the Banu-Uthman
of Istanbul (al-Qustant1nah).
Ottoman coins in general fall outside the scope of this corpus. The only exceptions to
this rule are two gold coins struck in the name of the Ottoman sultan by the later Ziyanid

rulers, which are therefore listed under the latter dynasty: 670, 671.
Corpus of Coins: Hybr1d Gold
231
Hybrid Gold
in which an obverse and a reverse not intended for use together are accidentally or fraudul-
ently combined.
Muwahhid style
H1. Obverse of 750; reverse of 500.
V 2068: ascribed to Ya'qub. P recognized as hybrid.
MA 671: ascribed to Ya'qub.
H3. Obverse like 506, but with iiiil for UiI in 3rd os; reverse of 522. Plate VI
V 2074: Ull for aiill in 3rd os (error), ascribed to Muhammad. P recognized as hybrid.
BM V 104 (pi. n). BN II 730, 731 (2 sp.). KM II 697 (pi. 1v). D.Lorichs 4722. L:Muwahhids
p. 161, no. 2 (pi. v1): 3rd rs misread, corrected from piate. Cimino p. 220 (fig. 30, top).
H4. Obverse like 506, but with ocUil for Ull in 3rd os; reverse of 522.
BM V 105: termed barbarous. L:Muwahhids p. 160, no. 1.
H5. Obverse like 508; reverse like 522.
MA 679: rs illegible, os legible through y_.
Hafsid style
H6. Obverse of 589; reverse of 564 but in Naskhi script.
BN II 945. Lavoix:H p. 264: description incompiete.
H7. Obverse like 546; reverse as 590 with mint Qusantinah.
F:Hafsites 22 (pi. n): os illegible. Farrugia states by letter that this is not a hybrid.
H8. Obverse like 546; reverse of 640.
BN II 973: segments largely illegible, y\ for ^1 in 3rd line of rf (error ?).
Marinid style
H9. As 674 except of, which is identical with rf.

P 34 note. BM V 223. Weyl:G 1213.
H1o. of as of of 751. rf as rf of 806 except 1st line: <u d!lI.
os and rs (identical) as RS of 750 but with 1^1 for in 3rd segment.
B 1370 (pi. xxin, under no. 1349): partly illegible.
H11. of as of of 751. rf as rf of 759. Plate VI
os as os of 746 with mint Sijilmasah.
rs as rs of 765.
B (pi. xx1n, under no. 1350): not described.
P 78. BM V 188: 5th line of rf misread.
H13. Obverse like 828; reverse of 800.
P 99 note: termed hybrid. BM X p. 20, no. 181e (pi. xxn). Thorburn.
H14. Obverse of 799; reverse like 828.
BM X p. 21, no. 181h.
BN II 1017 (pi. xm) and 1121 are contemporary imitations or counterfeits. Similar
specimens are found in the HSA collection: 10621, 13206. Plate VI
232
Gold Medal
The only gold medal known appertaining to these dynasties was struck by the
Muwahhid khalifah
abu-Hafs 'Umar ibn-Ishdq
a H. 646-665 a.d. 1248-1266
M1. (no mint) - twenty-one dinar weight (49.4 grams); 65 millimeters in diameter,
1 millimeter thick. Plate II
OF ^~J\ tf-J\ <ul ^ RF Vi\ -Ul ^Ji^ll
jj-l fUl luil
<ul Vl <ll V Oj.J"Vl a**- cnUjll
OS uj^ll ^.l .jaY <ul ^jll fl*Vl Siiil
<jCiii.l Lj-U- J1 |*-*l/.l ^l _/Ua)l jv>l \ liJU- jyj
RS yÛ. yl ÛVl Uiil
B 1158 (piate on cover, title page, and half-title page for chapter vm).
SILVER AND ELECTRUM
'Abbasid S1lver
in the name of the Sunnite khalifahs,
the Banu'l-'Abbas
of Baghdad.
As the 'Abbasids exercised no direct control over North Africa during this period, all
silver bearing their name was actually struck by Hudid rulers, and is therefore listed under
the latter dynasty.
Fat1m1d S1lver
struck in North Africa after a.h 439 (a.d. 1047)

in the name of the Sh1'it e imams,
the Banu-Fatimah
of Cairo (al-Qahirah).
None reported.
Corpus of Coins: Hammud1d S1lver 233
Z1rid S1lver
by the Sanhajah Berber rulers of Tunisia,
the Banu-Ziri
in Kufi script.
abii-Tamim al-Mu'izz ibn-Badis
a.H. 406-454 a.D. IoI6-I062
Sunnite series:
Struck anonymously by al-Mu'izz between a.h. 441 and 449 after his repudiation of
Fatimid suzerainty.
871. (mint ?) - (date ?) - half dirhem.
of (as of of 3) rf (as rf of 3)
Margins illegible.
F.Fatimites 172 (pi. 1v): of illegible in piate.
No silver is reported for other Zirid rulers or rebels.
Hammad1d Silver
by the Sanhajah Berber rulers of eastern Algeria,
the Banu-Hammad.
None reported.
Hammud1d S1lver
in the name of
the Banii-Hammud
of Malaga (Malaqah)
or of their Barghawatah Berber governors

in Kufi script.
These rulers and their virtually independent governors controlled Sabtah and the
surrounding territory until the Murabit conquest in a.H. 476.
234
litis II ibn-Yahyd I
a.h. 434-446 a.d. 1043-1055
(opposed 438-444 by Muhammad I,
444-445 by Idris III,
and 445-446 by al-Qasim II).
With heir
Muhammad ibn-Idns II
a.H. 439-446 a.D. Io47-I055
872. Sabtah - (4)39 - dirhem.
OF Vl i\ V RF
.J dkj. V ul jul
om (date) (mint) j li* o*\ ->
rm Jc ,_^kJ jll oc'J <al Jj-j
P:/?eyes 94a: JJl for JUl in 3rd line of rf (error), base silver.
873. Madinat Sabtah - (4)40 ? - dirhem.
As 872.
V 834 (AV): date and mint uncertain. P.Reyes 94b: date incompiete, base silver.
874. Madinat Sabtah - (44)1 - dirhem. Plate VII
As 872.
V 835 (Cabre). C:Estudio p. 462, no. 1 (pi. n). P.Reyes 94c (pi. 1v): base silver.
874a. Madinat Sabtah - 441 - dirhem.
As 872 but without -u** in 1st and 5th lines of rf.
S:Judice II 3081.
875. Madinat Sabtah - (44)2 - dirhem.
As 872 except rm, which ends at jil, and 1st line of rf: J).

V 836 (FC): date uncertain. Guillen p. 421 (pi. H, no. 16): mint illegible in piate, copper
(error for base silver ?). P.Reyes 95a: JJl for JUl in 3rd line of rf, base silver.
876. Sabtah - (44)3 - dirhem.
As 875.
P.Reyes 95b: base silver.
As 875.
V 837 (AH). C:Estudio p. 462, no. 2 (pi. n). P.Reyes 95c: base silver.
As 875.
V 838 (PG): date uncertain, rejected by Rivero:M p. 104.
Corpus of Coins: Hammud1d S1lver
235
879. Madinat Sabtah - (44)x - dirhem.
As 875.
V 839 (PG, AV). P.Reyes 95d: base silver.
No silver with North African mint is reported for other late Hammudid rulers.
Saqaut ibn-Muhammad
governor at Sabtah
a.h. 453-471 a.d. 1061-1078
With heir
al-'Izz ibn-Saqaut
a.h. 453-471 a.D. 1061-1078
of RF
Vl <l| V fUVl
Si\ 41ll Juti
om as om of 872.
rm as rm of 872, but ending with jkJ.
V 874 (AV). Rivero:M p. 104 says this coin does not exist.
As 880.
V 875 (AV): date uncertain. Rivero:M p. 104 says this coin does not exist.
As 880.
V 876 (AV): date uncertain. Rivero:M p. 104 says this coin does not exist. See also copper:
1157.
883. Madinat Sabtah - (4)64 - dirhem. Plate VII

As 880.
HSA 14217: date uncertain, base silver. V 877 (FC, AV 3 sp.). P.Reyes 126a (pi. v): base
silver. See also copper: 1158.
As 880.
V 878 (PG 2 sp., AV 2 sp.). P.Reyes 126b: base silver. See also copper: 1159.
As 880.
V 879 (FC ?, AV 3 sp.). P:Reyes 126c: base silver.
Madinat Sabtah - (4)66 - dirhem.
As 880, but with 5th line of rf: <ul Jy*d\, 6th line: y\.
BM IX p. 145, no. I55g: base silver. Probably a poor specimen of 885 misread.
236
As 880.
V 880 (PG 2 sp., FC, AV 6 sp.). F.Reyes 126d: base silver. See also copper: 1160.
al-'Izz ibn-Saqaut
governor at Sabtah
a.H. 471-476
a.d. 1078-1083
a.D. 1078-1083
With heir
Saqaut ibn-al-'Izz
a.h. 471-476
887. (no mint) - (no date) - dirhem. Plate VII
OF (in octagon)
om and rm (identical) as rm of 880.
HSA 14218: partly illegible, base silver. V 881 (FC). V.Reyes 127: 1st line of rf partly
illegible, base silver.
rf (in octagon) <)jJl _,U
fUV1"
Oil O-
Murabit Silver and Electrum
by the Lamtunah Berber rulers of
the Murabitun sect
in Kuf1 or Naskh1 script.
Abu-Bakr ibn-'Umar

a.H. 448-480 a.d. 1056-1087
888. (no mint) - (no date) - qirat. Plate VII
OF ^ Vl <)l V M RF ^.Vl
<1l1
No margins.
V 1443 (PG 2 sp., AV). BN II 513 (pi. n): piate shows traces of margin. MA 486. Rivero:M 98
(pi. n). B 819 (pi. xm): piate shows traces of margin.
Corpus of Coins: Murab1t Silver 237
889. (no mint) - (no date) - half qirat.
of ul Vl *i [I V] rf as rf of 888.
41]
No margins.
V 1444: 3rd line of rf largely illegible. MA 487: 3rd line of rf largely illegible. V :Indicaci6n
p. 518 calls this a half qirat struck with the die of a qirat and notes a 4-line of, though
descriptions indicate a 3-line of.
of blank. rf as rf of 888.
No margins.
V 1445 (PG).
Yusuj ibn-Tdshfin
a.H. 480-5oo a.D. 1087-1106
891. Fas (divided u* j li) - (no date) - qirat.
of as of of 888. rf (mint)
cniL^lr (Jr.
(mint, continued)
No margins.
V 1534. MA 491. D .Garcia 6081. B 855 (pi. xm): mint misread.
892. (no mint) - (no date) - qirat.
of as of of 888 and 891. rf jJi\
No margins.
D:Garrta 6082. B 853, 854 (2 sp.).
of oil VI 4)1 V RF as RF of 892.
Oil Jjj -Use*

No margins.
ANS. V 1538 (AV 3 sp.). Dombay p. 786: division into lines not indicated.
of as of of 888 and 891. rf Vl
No margins.
ANS. HSA 13733. V 1535 (PG 14 sp., FC, AV 8 sp.). BN II 546. MA 490 (4 sp.). KM II
572-581 (10 sp.). Cond p. 295: ^L-Vl for in 1st line of rf (error). C:Tratado p. 196, no. 2
(pi. xx): a- b rf. S Judice II3090. 0 2076, 2077 (pi. v1) (2 sp.).
238
No margins.
V 1536 (PG 9 sp., AV). BN II 545. KM II 566-570 (pi. 1n: 566) (5 sp.). Soret:B 109.
No margins.
V 1537 (AV). KM II 571. Rivero:M 102 (pi. n). Rivero: (pi. 1n, no. 2).
As 896, but with an illegible word b of, another a rf.
Thorburn.
of blank. RF
No margins.
V 1539 (PG 2 sp.).
899. (no mint) - (no date) - quarter qirat.
OF blank. RF
No margins.
V 1540 (PG).
Spanish mint.
900. Sanh1kah - (no date ?) - qirat.
OF Oviit &\ RF <ul ^
OM (ôjl <L-jl <ul Syi oil Vl *i V
rm (?) iL. (mint) j jJ\ i* <ul
V 1531 (AV): no date, <i- uncertain.

901. Sanlfikah - (no date) - half qirat.
of as of of 900. RF <-*-f. -rw'^l
om as om of 900.
rm (mint) .. j**jjJI lo* <ul ^
V 1532 (AV).
With heir
'Ali ibn-Yusuf
a.H. 496-5oo a.D. 11o3-1106
902. Mad[inat] ? - (no date) - qirat.
OF Vl<)lV rf
Corpus of Coins: Murab1t S1lver
239
om jil tf*J i^Jî L._>l J^-j
rm as RM of 901.
V 1542: mint uncertain. MA 492: mint uncertain.
902a. (no mint) - (no date) - qirat.
OF lil Vl <)l V RF a. -mVl
No margins.
Dombay p. 781: division into lines not indicated.
of ul Vl -Jl V RF as RF of 894.
Ol| JJUst
No margins.
V 1541 (PG 2 sp., AV). C.Tratado p. 197, no. 3 (pi. xx).
Spanish mint.
904. Qurtubah - (no date) - qirat. Plate VII
OF , Vl <ll V ., RF jvVl
(m1nt)
.Vl
No margins.
V 1533 (AV). Rivero:M 103 (pi. n). Rivero: (pi. 1n, no. 3).
a.h. 5oo-537
905. Sabtah - (no date) - qirat.
OF . Vl Jl V
L____Jl
<ul
No margins.

V 1684 (PG 2 sp., FC, AV). BN II 618. MA 544. D.Garcia 6104: 3-line of (error).
906. Miknasah - (no date) - qirat. Plate VII
of as of of 905. rf J*
Semicircle b rf: (mint). No other margins.
ANS. V 1707. MA 552: semicircle not indicated, mint misspelled. D .Garda 6105: 3-line of,
jji for jjk) in 3rd line of rf (errors). B 889 (pi. x1v, under no. 989): of partly illegible in
piate; 891 (pi. x1v): rf largely illegible in piate (2 sp. ?).
'Ali ibn-Yusnj
a.D. II06-I143
RF OuLil jml
(mint)
240
907. Miknasah - (no date) - half qirat.
OF Vl i\ V RF M
(?) 4'fa. >
No om.
rm (mint) j |^jjJl jjb ^ j*> nil
V 1673 (AV): 3rd line of of read a, (?).
908. (no mint ?) - (no date ?) - dirhem.
OF V Jl V RF <U| Jj-j Just*
Margins, if any, illegible.
V 1835: fragment. MA 535: fragment. P:Reyes 444d: base silver, fragments.
OF nil Vl a1\ V RF cnJuil
V 1844 (AV).
of as of of 909. RF _*.|
a. ^
V 1842 (AV 2 sp.). See also copper: 1168.
911. (mint ?) - (no date) - qirat.
of Vl 4)l V . rf as rf of 910.
[ju* <ul]
No margins.
MA 587: of largely illegible; illegible word (mint ?) b rf.
912. (no mint) - 506 - qirat.

No om.
rm (date) ii- |*j-Jl u* r< J
V 1674 (AV): ^-^Vl (?) for ^>Jl in rm (error).
of as of of 888. rf J* ^.Vl
No margins.
V 1697 (AV).
OF <ul Vl <1\ V RF
<ul >_
No margins.
V 1689 (AV).
of as of of 914. RF
No margins.
V 1686. MA 529 (1 compiete specimen, 1 fragment).
of as of of 914. rf Je jr-Vl
No margins.
V 1688 (AV).
of as of of 914. RF Je.
No margins.
V 1687 (PG, AV). MA 530.
of <ul RF J*
Vl Jl V owUl jjA
No m argins.
V 1695. MA 543: u- 6 Rf.
of <ul RF as rf of 909.
<il Jl V
No margins.

B 887 (pi. x1v): description inaccurate.
of A Vl <ll V RF as rf of 909.
No margins.
Muller p. 59.
10
No margins.
V 1694 (AV 2 sp.). D.Garrfa 6113: base silver. 0 2093: description inadequate.
of as of of 914. rf ^
No margins.
V 1696 (FC, AV 2 sp.). MA 540 (2 sp.): not noted by Vives. Soret :D 90. 0 2097: description
incompiete. Pederscn 229 (pi. xcvn).
of Vl 4 V rf as rf of 922.
No margins.
V 1699 (AV). MA 539 (3 sp.).
of as OF of 914. RF .oil 1^-i
No margins.
V 1700 (PG). L:Khedivial p. 329.
No margins.
V 1704 (AV). MA 546 (2 sp.).
of as of of 905. rf <ul o,l
OF RF oil
Semicircle a of ul >l <)) I V
No other margins.
ANS: rto left and J to right of Je. in rf. V 1703 (PG, FC, AV 3 sp.). MA 545: semicircle

not indicated.
Corpus of Coins: Mixrab1t S1lver
243
of as of of 923. rf a Jj n
No margins.
V 1701 (PG 10 sp., FC, AV 5 sp.). BM V 49 (pi. i). BN II 621, 622 (2 sp.). MA 548 (7 sp.).
KM II 630, 631 (2 sp.). Conde p. 291: misread. D.Garcia 6106-6108 (5 sp.): description in-
accurate. C:Tratado p. 199, no. 6 (pi. xx). 0 2099: ul above (misprint); impression
furnished by Galster shows J to left and I to right of ^ in rf. B 893 (pi. xiv): description
inaccurate. Pedersen 230, 231 (pi. xcvn) (2 sp.): J to left and I to right of in rf. Figanier
183 (2 sp.). Thorburn: J to left and I to right of ^ in rf.
of as of of 905! rf OuLil
(Jr. ^
No margins.
ANS: Sb rf. UM: illegible letter b rf. V 1708 (PG, AV 3 sp.). MA 551 (2 sp.). Conde p. 280
(pi. 1n, no. "): misread, S b rf. Miinter 306: identified by Galster. 0 2095, 2096: ^(read
as i) b rf (2 sp.): description inaccurate. B 886 bis: i_f 6 rf. Thorburn: S^b rf.
No margins.
B 888 (pi. xrv): b rf, description inaccurate; 892 ? (pi. x1v): description inaccurate,
of illegible in piate (2 sp. ?).
of as of of 920. rf
No margins.
V 1709 (AV).

of Vl *)\ V rf as rf of 928.
Semicircle a of (?) <uI >i,l
Semicircle b of (?) *u\ .ue -u*<
No other margins.
BM X p. 6, no. 47a: description not clear.
10*
OF -Usk RF
<a\ Vl <ll V jp-l
Semicircle a, RF OwLll
No other margins.
V 1702. MA 547 (4 sp.): jl omitted from rf (misprint ?), semicircle not indicated.
OF as OF of 918. RF Jc
No margins.
V 1698 (PG 2 sp.). BN II 6ro: iUL. uncertain.
of blank. rf
No margins.
V1690 (PG, AV4sp.).
of ornament. rf <ul
4,l
No marg1ns. tf
V 1705 (Campaner). Not listed in V :Indicacidn.
of blank. rf as rf of 934.
No margins.
V 1691 (FC, AV): rf not described. V Jndicacidn p. 518 terms this a quarter qirat struck
with the die of a half qirat.
937. (no mint) - (no date) - eighth qirat.
of blank. rf Jc

No margins.
V 1693 (PG, AV). Not listed in Y Jndicacidn.
of ^ rf as rf of 934.
No margins.
V 1692 (PG, AV 5 sp.). MA 531: ^for _in of.
ELECTRUM
939. (no mint) - (no date) - denomination unknown.
of Vl Jl V rf as rf of 909.
No margins.
Corpus of Coins: MttrIb1t S1lver
245
V 1845 (AV 2 sp.). MA 538. D.Garcia 6112. P.Reyes 449. 0 2091: l/a g0l d and 2/3 copper
instead of electrum (according to letter from G. Galster). See also copper: 1169.
Spanish mints.
940. Ishbiliyah - (no date) - qirat.
of ml RF as rf of 907.
isr"-
(mint)
OM <ul J^-ij ju oil Vl <)I V
No RM.
V 1678. MA 549. Rivero: (pi. m, no. 8, not no. 10, as given).
OF as OF of 918. RF oil
<_>ul11
">
Semicircle b OF <)l Jcj ml Cj\^> v
Semicircle a rf
Semicircle b rf (mint)
No other margins.
V 1675 (PG): 4)lj for 4)l Jcj 6 of (error ?). BM V 48. C:Tratado p. 199, no. 7 (pi. xx).
of , Vl <)I V RF as rf of 941.
<uI oI jL
Semicircle b of *l-u
Semicircle a rf uui-j
Semicircle b RF (mint)

No other margins.
V 1676 (AV 2 sp.).
of as of of 942. RFasRFof941.
Inverted semicircle b OF <uI mc j^*
Semicircle a rf OuLj
Semicircle b rf (mint)
No other margins.
V1677 (AV): .-u> for oil o-c 6of (error ?). BMV47 (pi. 1). C:Decadencia p. 379, no. 5 (pi. 1):
-uc for ml o-c b of (disproved by piate). Rivero: (pi. 1n, no. 6).
944. Ishbiliyah - (no date) - half qirat.
of blank. RF
t>Jll
(mint)
No margins.
V 1679 (AV). Not listed in V -.Indicacidn.
945. Ishbiliyah - (no date) - half qirat.
OF blank. rf Jc
No margins.
V 1680. MA 533; j before mint.
(mint)
946. Ishbiliyah - (no date) - quarter qirat.
of blank. RF (mint)
Jc
No marg1ns.
V 168r. MA 534.
Ighranatah - 519-520 and no date - dirhems.
See 951-953.
947. Balansiyah - 503 - dirhem.
rm (date) <~ (mint) * ^jall -U ^> ja <ul
V 1832 (PG). P:Reyes 444a: base silver.
948. Saraqustah - 504 - dirhem.
As 947.
V 1833 (AV). P:Reyes 444b (pi. xvi): base silver.
949. Saraqustah - 509 - dirhem.
om as om of 947.
rm as rm of 947.
V 1837 (AV): rm partly illegible. P.Reyes 446a: base silver. See also copper: 1162.

950. Sharish - (no date ?) - qirat?
Not described.
C.Cecas p. 375: m only.
951. Ighranatah - 519 - dirhem.
om as om of 947 through au"-
rm as rm of 947.
ANS: J b rf. V 1839 (PG 2 sp., FC, AV). P.Reyes 450a: base silver.
952. Ighranatah - 520 - dirhem.
As 951 except rm, on which replaces
V 1840 (AV). D.Garcia 6086. Sotheby 382: d, m only. P:Reyes 450b (pi. xv1): J b rf,
silver. Rivero: (pi. m, no. 9, not no. 8 as given): piate partly illegible. Thorburn: J
b rf, base silver. See also copper: 1164.
247
953. Ighranatah - (no date) - dirhem. Plate VII
of V| <ll V rf as rf of 928.
<ul
OM (with flat top) c^y_ <ul< Vl Jtjj U, J\ J\ <ul
rm (with flat top) (mint) j ^^J\ ^yf J\ <ul *-J
ANS: p a rf. HSA 14147. S:Jud{ce II 3098 (pi. n).
954. Madinat Gharnatah - (no date) - dirhem.
As 949 except rm: (mint) .. ^>dl li* ."l
D .Garcia 6109: ând ornament b of.
om ôit djlj L--l djlj dry dUc k.j
rm as rm of 954.
P :Reyes 448: base silver.
V 1843 (PG 6 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 2 sp.). D.Garcia 6110: m only. P.Reyes 446c: base silver.
0 2092: om illegible. See also copper: 1165.
om as om of 955.
rm as rm of 954.
V 1841 (AV 2 sp.). D.Garcia 6111: description inadequate. P.Reyes 447: base silver. Ri-
vero:M no (pi. 1n): base silver, margins partly illegible. See also copper: 1166.
958. Qurtubah - 502 - qirat: Kufi and Naskhi script.

of: Naskhi ^-J\ J\ <*\ ^ rf: Kufi OuL-ll
<ul Vl )l V J*
<a\ J-usw (mint)
No OM.
rm: Kuf1 (date) o_^> <ul ~t.
V 1667 (PG, AV). C.Decadencia p. 376, no. 3 (pi. 1). Rivero: (pi. m, no. 7, not no. 9, as
given): piate largely illegible.
959. Qurtubah - 505 - qirat.
of as of of 923. RF Je
(mint)
No OM.
rm (date) j vO- J\ a\ ^
V 1669 (AV). Longperier:D p. 430: d, m only.
As 959 but without j in rm.
V 1670 (AV).
248
As 959 except rm, in which Je replaces <
V 1668 (AV). C:Decadencia p. 377, no. 4 (pi. 1).
As 961.
V 1671 (AV).
As 959, 960, or 961.
V 1672: rm uncertain. MA 532: rm uncertain.
964. Qurtubah - (no date) - qirat.
As 921, with mint b oF.
V 1682 (Delgado).
965. Qurtubah - (no date) - qirat. Plate VII
of Vl <)l V RF as rf of 928, with mint b RF.
Oil
Up right side of of -u**
Across top of OF -uc
Down left side of of
In cartouche a rf (Naskhi script)
No other margins.
V 1706: j^j for in 3rd line of of (error ?), one-line cartouche (error). MA 550 (2 sp.).
C:Decadencia p. 380, no. 6 (pi. 1). Zambaur I 66 (pi. 1). Rivero:M 106 (pi. n): jj for in
3rd line of of (disproved by piate). Rivero: (pi. ni, no. 5).
966. [Q]unkah - 506 - dirhem.
As 947.

V 1834 (AV): rm uncertain. P.Reyes 444c: base silver.
967. Malaqah - (no date) - qirat.
of as of of 918. rf Vifl
*-*-y. J. Jc
(mint)
No margins.
V 1683 (AV).
968. Madinat Mursiyah - 502 - dirhem (anonymous). Plate VII
of as of of 939. RF
oM OO-U-I Cf J J* f5*-^1 & C*j
rm (date) <- (mint) . . ^j-dl -* ^ J* |*-!
V 1830 (FC, AV). P.Reyes 443a (pi. xv1): base silver.
969. Madinat Mursiyah - 503 - dirhem (anonymous).
As 968.
V 1831 (PG, AV). P:Reyes 443b: base silver.
Corpus of Coins: Mttrabit S1lver
249
rf as RF of 918.
970. Madinat Mursiyah - 508 - dirhem.
of as of of 914.
om as om of 947.
rm as rm of 947.
V 1836 (PG, FC, AV 2 sp.). See also copper: 1167.
As 970 except om, which starts with and ends with ^ (sic, pointed out by
Fasmer II p. 224).
P .Reyes 445 (pi. xv1): base silver. Rivero: p. 14 fig. b.
As 949 except rm, on which replaces iu..
V 1838 (PG). .Reyes 446b: as 949 (error ?), base silver.
a.H. 522-533
973. Sabtah - (no date) - qirat
OF
With heir
Sir ibn-'Ali
RF
(mint)
No margins.
V 1778 (PG 4 sp., AV 3 sp.). MA 573 (2 sp.): oc for
974. Tanjah - (no date) - qirat.
of Vl <) V RF
J_yj -Use* <lll

<Jll
(mint)
No margins.
V 1765 (Domeck).
of <uI V1 4)I V RF
V 1848 (AV). Cerda 389: description inadequate.
OF
tul
RF
a.D. 1128-1139
in 3rd line of rf (misprint ?).
oil
No margins.
J"
cnJLil
.A-
ANS (3 sp.). HSA 15905, 27807, 27808 (3 sp.). V 1768 (PG 13 sp., FC, AV 5 sp.). BM V 53.
BN II 624-627 (4 sp.). MA 568 (15 sp.). KM II 633, 634 (2 sp.). D.Garcia 6093-6095
(5 sp.): without j on 4th line of rf (error ?).C:Tratadop. 201,110.9 (pi. xx). S:Castro 413.
Pedersen 232. Nasir 39 (pi. i).
OF .oil Vl 4)l V RF jy\
No margins.
V 1767 (AV). 0 2100: description uncertain, identified from impression furnished by Galster.
of as of of 977. rf oil Jj
a Jc
No margins.
V 1772. D.Garcia 6091. Script not indicated, may be Naskh1.
979. (no mint) - (no date) - qirat: Naskhi script.
of a Vl .01V . rf Jj iI
<ul Jy)
/- .^Vl
No margins.
V 1771 (PG, AV): script not indicated. BN II 623: for <jruL-lI in 2nd line of rf
(error).
OF . Vl<)l V RF oil
^ ^.Vl m1
No margins.
V 1773 (AV). Script not indicated, may be Naskhi.

of as of of 977. rf jÎ
(JruL-ll
No margins.
D.Garcia 6092. Weyl:G 1192 (3 sp.). B 941 (pi. x1v), 942 (pi. x1v), 944 ?, 945 ? (4 sp. ?):
description incompiete, piates partly illegible.
No margins.
ANS. HSA 13734~13736, 13908-13914 (10 sp.). V 1775 (PG 14 sp., FC 6 sp., AV 3 sp.).
BM V 52. BN II 628-630 (3 sp.); 632: differs in ornamentation. MA 572 (4 sp.). KM II 635.
Corpus of Coins: MitrIb1t S1lver
251
S:fudice II 3099 (3 sp.). S:Ciscar 32. S:Castro 413. Pedersen 233 (pi. xcvn); 235: differs in
ornamentation. Lisbon. Thorburn.
of as of of 979. rf OjJ-11
No margins.
ANS. HSA 13915: I b rf; 13916 (2 sp.). V 1774 (PG 15 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 4 sp.). BM V 50
(pi. 1), 51 (2 sp.). BN II 631: Sb rf. MA 571 (6 sp.). KM II 636-638 (3 sp.). Dombay p. 783:
^ju- for in last line of of (error), division into lines not indicated. D.Garcia 6088a,
6089 (3 sp.): without j in 2nd line of rf (error). C:Tratado p. 201, no. 10 (pi. xx): jTb rf.
Weyl:G 1193. Lopes 17. S:Judice II3099. S:Castro 413. 0 2094, 2098 (2 sp.). Pedersen 234.
Nasir 41 (pi. 1). Lisbon. Thorburn.
of ml Vl 4)1 V rf as rf of 983.
No margins.
V 1776 (AV).
OF oil VI <)l V RF ^.1
Oil Jy-J -U*. (jrul ll
No margins.
Soret:D 89: â rf. B 946: description inaccurate, â rf.
As 985 except 1st line of of: . Vl )1 V ^
Thorburn: ^ a rf.
of as of of 975. rf uuL.ll

No margins.
V 1777 (AV).
of ornament. RF Jc
No margins.
252
V 1685: JL (?) for in rf, corrected by Vives; 1770 (PG 4 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 5 sp.).
BN II 620: JL (?) for in rf (error). MA 569, 570 (6 sp.). KM II 632 (pi. m). Conde
(pi. 1n, no. 14): may be this coin, piate obscure.
of blank. rf <11I ~j
No margins.
HSA 13919, 13922, 13923 (3 sp. ?): all doubtful. V 1766 (AV).
OF blank. rf Je
No margins.
V 1769 (AV).
ELEcTRUM
OF Ml <)I M RF Jc CnJjl jy\
>!r"
No margins.
V 1849 (AV 2 sp.). MA 574: rf partly illegible. P.Reyes 453.
of as of of 991. RF
No margins.
V 1850 (AV 2 sp.). D.Garcia 6097. P.Rcyes 454.
Spanish mint.
993. Mad1nat Mursiyah - 525 - dirhem. Plate VII
of <ul Ml 4)l M rf as rf of 975.
.US*.

<JUI
om as om of 947.
rm as rm of 947.
V 1846 (PG, AV): 2nd line of of inaccurately reported, date uncertain. P .Reyes 451 (pi. xvi):
base silver.
994. Mursiyah - 526 - dirhem.
V 1847 (PG, AV). P.Reyes 452 (fig.): base silver.
Corpus of Coins: MurIbit S1lver
253
With heir
Tdshfin ibn-'Ali
a.h. 533-537 a D. 1139~1143
995. Sabtah - (no date) - half qirat.
of blank. RF
Qui.. Il yj>\
(mint)
No margins.
V 1811 (AV 2 sp.).
OF as OF of 975. RF uuLil jl
No margins.
V 1812 (AV 2 sp.).
of , "i\ 4)1 M rf as rf of 979.
No margins.
V 1820 (PG 3 sp., AV 3 sp.). BM V 59. BN II 633. MA 583. Nasir 38 (pi. 1).
OF as of of 997. RF aJjtl ^1
No margins.
HSA 14154. V 1825 (AV). S:Judice II 3100.
No margins.
HSA 13737: S b rf. V 1824 (PG 6 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 5 sp.). BM V 56, 57 (2 sp.): Sb rf.

MA 582: not noted by Vives. KM II 642, 643 (2 sp.): J b rf. Castiglioni 239 (pi. x): 3-line of
(disproved by piate), cf b rf. S:Castro 415. B 963-965 (pi. x1v: 963, 965), 968, 969 (5sp.):
Sb rf. Nasir 40 (pi. 1).
of oil Ml 4)1 M rf as rf of 983.
No margins.
V 1823 (PG ?). MA 581 (2 sp.). Conde p. 290: presumably this coin misread. Miinter 307:
identified by Galster. D.Garcia 6099-6101 (3 sp.): description uncertain. Zambaur:W 85.
0 2102: description uncertain, identified from impression furnished by Galster.
254
1001. (no mint) - (no date) - qirat: Naskh1 script. Plate VII
No margins.
HSA 13917, 13918 (2 sp.). V 1822 (PG 9 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 3 sp.). BM V 60-62 (pi. 1: 60)
(3 sp.). BN II 635. MA 580 (3 sp.). KM II 644 (pi. 1n): Ml piaced above !l in 1st line of
of. Conde p. 289: presumably this coin misread. D :Garcia 6098: without j in 3rd line of rf
(error). Lisbon.
of <ul rf as RF of 981.
Ml JIM
No margins.
BN II 634. MA 584. KM II 645. Figanier 184.
As 1002, but without j in 3rd line of rf.
HSA 13740. V 1826 (PG 7 sp., FC 4 sp., AV 3 sp.). BM V 58. S:Judice II3101. S:Castro 415.
of . Ml Jl M .. rf as RF of 985.
4_____JI
<UI Jy-J JU
t ^Ml
No margins.
ANS (4 sp.):ârf. HSA 13738: rf. V 1827 (PG 9 sp., FC 3 sp., AV 3 sp.). BM V 54,
55 (2 sp.): â rf. BM X p. 6, no. 55d: rf. BN II 636, 637 (2 sp.): rf. MA 585
(4 sp.): rf. KM II 639-641 (3 sp.): rf. D:Garcia 6103: description incompiete,

a rf. C:Tratado p. 202, no. 12 (pi. xx): rf. Weyl:G 1191 (2 sp.): rF. Lopes 18.
S:Judice II 3101. S:Castro 415. Thorburn: rf.
of a M1 <11 M n rf OjJJil
No margins.
V 1828 (AV 2 sp.).
No margins.
V 1829 (AV).
Corpus of Coins: Murab1t S1lver 255
of as of of 975. RF OuL-ll ^.l
No margins.
Welzl 12237.
of as of of 973. RF
J)
No margins.
V 1816 (PG, AV).
of ornament. RF
No margins.
V 1815 (PG 3 sp., FC 3 sp., AV 3 sp.). S:Castro 414.
OF blank. RF s*\
No margins.
V 1813 (PG, AV 2 sp.).
of as of of 976. RF j*t>m <ul
No margins.
V 1821 (AV): top line of rf misread, corrected p. 552. V:Indicacidn p. 518 calls this a half
qirat struck with the die of a qirat.
of ornament. RF >
No margins.
V 1817 (PG, AV 3 sp.). Script not indicated, may be Naskhi.

of blank. RF ic
No margins.
HSA 13921. V 1814 (PG, FC). Rivero:M 107 (pi. n): ornament on of. Rivero : (pi. 1n,
no. 16): ornament on of.
1014. (no mint) - (no date) - quarter qirat: Naskhi script.
No margins.
HSA 13920, 13924 (2 sp.). V 1818 (PG 2 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 4 sp.): script not indicated.
MA 586: script not indicated.
1015. (no mint) - (no date) - quarter qirat: Naskhi script.
of as of of 975. rf ^Ml
t J)
No margins.
BMV 63-65 (pi. 1:63) (3 sp.).
1016. (no mint) - (no date) - sixteenth qirat.
OF blank. RF as RF of 1015.
No margins.
V 1819 (AV 3 sp.). Script not indicated, may be Naskhi.
Spanish mints.
1016a. Ishbiliyah - (no date) - qirat?
Not described.
Cerda 400.
1016b. Ishbiliyah - (no date) - half qirat?
Not described, except that of has no legend.
Cerda 401.
1017. Jayyan - 536 - dirhem. Plate VII
of *i\ <)l ^ rf as rf of 983.
4au>

(in tiny letters)
OM uylllr Jj p*-J\ J\ u1 jH
rm (date) Je (mint) - ^jjl i* y>, J\ <ul ^
ANS: o-not visible. V 1810 (AV). Cerda398: description incompiete. Rivero:M 109bis
(fig. on p. x1). Rivero :E p. 14, fig. a.
Tdshfin ibn-'Ali
a.h. 537-540 a D. "43-1145
(no mint) - (no date) - qirat.
No margins.
Corpus of Coins: Murablt S1lver
257
B 979: division into lines not indicated. This is the only Murabir, silver reported to have
been struck in the name of the 'Abbasid khalifah; it must be considered very dubious.
OF tul Ml <M M RF OuL-ll jy\
<ul
No margins.
V 1872 (Codera).
OF , Ml )1 M ,, RF UwLil j*\
1 Jc a. O***
<Ul
No margins.
V 1871 (AV). MA 594. B 978: description incompiete.
1020. (no mint) - (no date) - qirat
of as OF of 1019. RF OuL-ll
ctJl jji}
No margins. v
V 1887 (AV): termed dirhem. B 980 (pi. xv).
of <ul Ml 4II M RF as RF of 1020.
<llt Jy J -U3t
No margins.
V 1881 (PG 2 sp.).
1022. (no mint) - (no date) - qirat: Naskhi script. Plate VII
of as of of 1021. RF jy\

XT Jc a
No marg1ns.
HSA 13739,15911,15912 (3 sp.). V1882 (PG 2 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 4 sp.): script not indicated.
BM V 73 (pi. 1), 74 (2 sp.). MA 596: script not indicated, for jji in 3rd line of rf
(error ?). S:Judice II 3102. Thorburn.
OF <ul RF
<UI Ml aJI M ^
<juUi<lr
No margins.
V 1883 (AV). Script not indicated, may be Naskhi.
17
OF ornament. RF
No margins.
V 1878 (PG, AV 6 sp.): termed eighth qirat (error). MA 599. KM II 655. As a half qirat,
this coin does not fit into the table in V :Indicaci6n p. 519.
of ornament. RF xa\
Oulll
No margins.
V 1877 (PG, AV 3 sp.). MA 597 (2 sp.). Rivero:M 113 (pi. m). B 977 (pi. xv). Rivero:E
(pi. in, no. 17).
of ornament. rf oU~ll ^1
No margins.
V 1873 (PG, AV): a ^ for ^ a. in 3rd line of rf (misprint ?). MA 595 (4 sp.).
OF Jj <ul RF cQi&l"
No margins.
ANS. Does not fit into the table in V':Indicaci6n p. 519.
Variant of 1025.
S :Castro 416: described as an unpublished variant of V 1877.
No margins.
V 1874 (PG, AV 6 sp.). BM V 75.

of and rf (identical) as rf of 1026.
No margins.
V 1875: termed hybrid in V :Indicaci6n p. 519; it was apparently struck in error, and was
recorded by Codera.
of blank. RF
No margins.
V 1879 (AV).
259
of rf l"
No margins.
HSA 15910, 15913-15915 (4 sp.). V 1880 (PG 6 sp., FC 4 sp., AV 5 sp.). BM V 76 (pi. 1),
77 (2 sp.). BN II 648-650 (3 sp.). MA 598 (25 sp., of which Vives noted 5). C:Tratadop. 203,
no 2 (pi. xx1). Rivero:M 114 (pi. 1n).
1033. (no mint) - (no date) - sixteenth qirat.
OF blank. RF as RF of 1018.
No margins.
V 1876 (AV).
With heir
Ibrahim ibn-Tdshfin
a.H. 538-540 a.d. 1144-1145
OF <u\ Ml <)l M rf as RF of 1020.
No margins.
BN II 651: f c a rf. B 988 (pj. xv): no letters a rf.
As 1034 except 1st line of of: a Ml 4)l M |r
ANS: ^ c a rf. HSA 15909,15917,15918,15920 (4 sp.): ^ c a rf. V 1885 (PG 6 sp., FC 4 sp.,
AV 4 sp.). BM V 71 (pi. 1), 72 (2 sp.): ^ c a rf. MA 600 (5 sp.): pj> j\ for ^1 j.\ in 4th line
of of (misprint ?). Soret:/?3. C:Tratadoj>. 204, no. 3 (pi. xx1) :^c a rf. S:Castro 416. B 991:
rf; 992: f c a rf (pi. xv: both) (2 sp.). Figanier 187 (pi.): ^ j \ for ^1 in 4th line of
of (disproved by piate).

As 1035 but with j \ for ^1 x\ in 4th line of of, and without j in 2nd line of rf.
HSA 15916,15919 (2 sp.). KM II 653 (pi. in). D.Garcia 6114. Rivero:M 112 (pi. 1n). B 989,
990, 990 bis, 990 ter (pi. xv: all) (4 sp.).
of j\ rf as rf of 1024.
No margins.
V 1886 (AV). KM II 654. Longprier:D p. 431: description incompiete.
Spanish mint.
1038. Qurtubah (divided <J / J) - (no date) - quarter qirat, struck presumably by
Hamdin ibn-Muhammad.
OF (mint, continued) RF as RF of 1025.
W^
(mint)
260
No margins.
V 1884 (AV 2 sp.). V Jndicacidn p. 518 gives jr.l for l^.l in 2nd line of of.
Ishdq ibn-'Ali
a.H 540-541
a.D. 1145-1147
of as of of 1019.
KF
No margins.
V 1895 (PG 5 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 3 sp.). H6st: and N 12 (pi. xxxm). B 1000 (pi. xv):
Sb rf.
As 1039, but without j in 2nd line of rf.
HSA 15921, 15922 (2 sp.): no letter b rf. BN II 657, 658 (2 sp.). MA 602. KM II 659, 660
(2 sp.). Conde- p. 291: this is the coin described, not that illustrated. T>.Garcia 6116, 6117
(2 sp.): 3-line of (error). Rivero:M 116 (pi. 1n): no letter b rf. B 999 (pi. xv), 1001 (2 sp.).
Thorburn.
of Ml <)l M. rf OUJl
No margins.
HSA 13741, 15923 (2 sp.). V 1896 (PG 3 sp., FC, AV 2 sp.): ) at start of 3rd line of rf
(error ?). BM V 78 (pi. i), 79 (2 sp.). BN II656. MA 603 (4 sp.): with j (error ?). KM II 662.
Cond p. 291 (pi. 1n, no. 10): apparently this coin misread; differently misread on p. 279.
Marsden 348 (pi. xx): apparently this coin misread, attributed to Hammudids (corrected
by Codera: Errores p. 16, and by Fraehn.O p. 25). D.Garcia 6118 (2 sp.): description

uncertain. C.Tratado p. 204, no. 4 (pi. xx1). S:Judice II 3103a.
of as of of 1019. rf as rf of 1041, with j at start of 3rd line.
No margins.
V 1897 (AV).
of as of of 1018.
RF
No margins.
V 1901. D.Garcia 6119, 6120 (2 sp.).
261
As 1043, but with j at end of 2nd line of rf.
0 2104: description uncertain, impression furnished by Galster appears identical with 1045.
OF oil RF as RF of 1043.
ml
No margins.
V 1900 (Cumano). KM II 661. S:Castro 417. B 1002 (pi. xv).
OF i{ ^1 <)l ^ M RF
Qulu.il
Je
No margins.
Soret:1 91. Soret:B "o.
OF Jc a\ RF
No margins
V 1902 (PG): termed qirat, corrected on p. 552. KM II 664. Conde p. 291 misread.
OF a\ RF yyl
No margins
KM II 663 (pi. 1n). Does not fit into the table in V:Indicaci6n p. 519.

of ornament. rf as rf of 1048.
No margins.
V 1898 (AV). MA 604. KM II 665 (pi. m). Rivero: (pi. 1n, no. 18).
of ornament. rf as rf of 1048.
No margins.
V 1899 (AV). C:Decadencia p. 385, no. 9 (pi. i). Rivero: (pi. nl, no. 19).
OF jy>\ RF JU-.I
No margins.
B 1003 (pi. xv): same specimen shown twice in piate, illegible.
262
Spanish mint.
1052. Qurtubah - (no date) - qirat: Naskhi script; struck presumably by Hamd1n ibn-
Muhammad or by Ibn-Ghaniyah. Plate VII
411n
OF ., Ml All M RF s*\
(mint) ^ *JI ^
No margins.
ANS. HSA14155. V1894(PG2sp.,AV4sp.): j at start of 3rd line of rf (error ?). BM V 80.
BN II 655. MA 601 (2 sp.): with j (error ?). Longperier:/) p. 431 (several sp.): m only.
C:Tratado.p. 205, no. 5 (pi. xx1). Sotheby 382: m only; with date 541 (error ?). S:JudiccII
3103. Rivero:M 117 (pi. 1n): with j (disproved by piate). B 997, 998 (pi. xv: both) (2 sp):
with j (disproved by piate).
Malaqah - (no date) - qirat?
Sawaszkiewicz p. 204 apparently refers to silver of this mint and ruler, but too vaguely to
be accepted.
Murabit. partisans after a.H. 541 (a.d. 1147)
Many coins in Murabit styles were struck after the downfall of the main dynasty at
the death of Ishaq; most of these were struck in Spain by local rulers and are therefore
excluded from this corpus, but can be found in section 6a of Vives; mintless coins struck in
Spain in the name of the "Bani-Tashfin" follow.
of ^JUjLIj1 rf r->1 ^
No margins.
V 1980 (AV). MA 611. Script not indicated; probably KOf1 obverse and Naskhi reverse.

of: Kufi script ul rf as rf of 1053: Naskhi script.
No margins.
V 1981 (AV): script not indicated. C:Decadencia p. 391, no. 15 (pi. n): SS b of.
of and rf (identical) as rf of 1053: presumably Naskhi script.
No margins.
V 1982 (Cumano): apparently an error in striking.
of: Naskhi script rf: Kuf1 script ^
No margins.
Corpus of Coins: Muwahh1d S1lver 263
V 1983: script not indicated. MA 612. C:Monedas p. 381. C.Decadencia p. 391, no. 16
(pi. n): JTJ b rf.
Muwahhid S1lver
the Muwahhidun sect
in Naskhi or Kufi script.
Silver struck by Muwahhid partisans in North Africa and Spain before the downfall
of the Murabits in a.h. 541 (a.d. 1147).
Struck in North Africa
in the name of the Mahdi
Muhammad ibn-Tumart
about a.h. 540 (a.d. 1145).
1057. Sabtah - qirat: Kufi script?
OF
Ml
RF
(mint)
V 2017 (AV).
1058. Sabtah - qirat: Kufi script?
of as of of 1057.
V 2018 (AV).
1059. (no mint) - qirat: Kufi script?
4 t 1 Il
fU*il
V 2014 (AV). Lisbon.

1060. (no mint) - qirat: Kufi script.
OF -cut
nil
RF
RF
RF
<al
LJ_j_ j -use*
Dl
L.Ul ^l
V 2016 (AV). C.Tratado p. 225, no. 6 (pi. xxn).
264
1061. (no mint) - half qirat: Kufi script?
of . )1 *i RF as rf of 1059.
V 2015 (AV): 4th line of of uncertain. May be an unusually debased specimen of 446a
misread. Lisbon has a partly illegible variant.
Struck in Spain
in the name of
abu-Muhammad 'Abd-al-Mu'min ibn-'Ali
about a.h. 540 (a.d. 1145).
1062. (no mint) - qirat. Plate VII
OF Lj <BI RF
bui JuScAJ
b.L.1
HSA 14168. V 2043 (PG 4 sp., AV, 1 other). MA 659 (2 sp.): without j in 3rd line of OF
(corrected by Vives). Rivero: (pi. in, no. 10).
1062a. (no mint) - dirhem.
As 1062; legends in square, segments ornamented.
V 2045 (AV).
1063. (no mint) - qirat.
As 1062, but with U^-j for bJ in 2nd line of of; } omitted from 2nd and 3rd lines of of.
BN II 721-723 (3 sp.). Conde p. 289.
1064. (no mint) - half qirat.
of ornament. rf ^^ll jlc
V 2044. MA 658.
tibii-Muhammad 'Abd-al-Mu'min ibn-'Ali
a.h. 524-558 a.d. 1130-1163

1065. Fas (b rf) - square half-dirhem struck after a.h. 540.
OF <u Jui-I RF juj jusm y\
Weyl:F6493.
1066. (no mint) - round dirhem. Plate VII
As 1065; legends in square, segments ornamented.
V 2046 (AH 2 sp., AV 2 sp.). P 26 (pi. in): ascribed (p. 32) to Idris I. BM V 88a (pi. 11).
BM X, p. 10, no. 88b, 88c ? (cut square) (2 sp. ?). BN II 718, 719 (2 sp.). MA 665 (4 sp.,
of which Vives noted 2): termed half dirhem (error). KM II 689. Weyl.G 1221. S:Castro
Corpus of Coins: Muwahh1d S1lver
265
420. Bel p. 18. Rivero:M 131 (pi. m). 0 2110. B 1046-1049 (pi. xv1: 1046) (4sp.). Rivero:
(pi. 1v, no. 8). Thorburn.
1067. (no mint) - square dirhem.
As 1065.
B 1050 (pi. xv1).
1068. (no mint) - square half dirhem. Plate VII
As 1065.
ANS. HSA 13906, 14164 (2 sp.). V 2113 (AH 2 sp., PG 10 sp., FC, AV 12 sp.). P 25a.
BN II 720. MA 666 (90 sp., of which Vives noted 16). KM II 690: gold instead of silver
(misprint). Adler:C 89 (pi. vi). Moura 2 (fig.). D.Garcia 6129. Cerda 423: description
incompiete. Leite 23. S:Judice II 3126. S:Castro 420. Bel p. 14 (fig. 2, 3). 0 2111, 2112
(2 sp.). B 1051-1054 (pi. xv1: 1051) (4 sp.). Figanier 169 (2 sp.). Lisbon. Thorburn.
1069. (no mint) - square quarter dirhem.
As 1065.
MA 667 (not noted by Vives).
Spanish mints.
1070. Ishbiliyah (b rf) - square half dirhem struck after a.h. 541
As 1065.
V 2116. P 25d. MA 669.
1071. Jayyan (b rf) - square half dirhem struck after a.h. 541.
As 1065.
V 2114 (PG). P 2sb. C:Tratado p. 220, no. 2 (pi. xxn).
1072. Gharnatah (b rf) - square half dirhem struck after a.h. 549.
As 1065.
P 25f (pi. in).

Suhal ? - square half dirhem.
As 1065.
Zambaur II 269: mint uncertain, above instead of beneath rf. This mint is unidentified,
and because of its position is probably merely an ornament on a specimen of 1068.
1073. Malaqah (b rf) - square half dirhem struck after a.h. 548.
As 1065.
V 2115. P 25c. MA 668.
1074. Mursiyah (b rf) - square half dirhem (posthumous) struck after a.h. 567.
As 1065.
V 2117 (AV 3 sp.). P 25e. Cerda 422: m only. S:Judice II3127.
abii-Yusuf Ya'qub ibn-Yiisuf I
a.H. 580-595 a.d. 1184-1199
(no mint) - denomination not specified.
Nor described.
Sawaszkiewicz p. 205, no. 25 (2 sp.). This unsupported ascription must be considered
dubious.
266
With heir
abil-'Abd-Allah Muhammad ibn-Ya'qub
a.H. 587-595 a.D.1191-1199
1075. (no mint) - square half dirhem. Attribution doubtfu1. Plate VII
of ^ Uj RF 4JI Jj
V 2127. P 28 (pi. 1n). MA 708.
abu-Musd 'Imrdn ibn-Ya'qub
rebel amir at Sabtah
a.H. 629-630 a.D. 1232-1232
1076. (no mint) - square dirhem. Plate VII
of <ul ^1 <lI M rf <ul
P 27 (pi. 1n): 3rd line of of given as tiil "i\ iy M (disproved by piate). MA 707. Fasmer I 3.
As 1076 except 3rd line of of: oil ^1 ij 1
V 2121 (AV). May be 1076 misread.
abu-Muhammad 'Abd-al-Wahid II ibn-Idris I
a.H. 630-640 a.D. 1232-1242
Struck before restoration of al-Mahdi's name
a.h. 630-631 a.d. 1232-1234
1078. Ribat (in 4th os and 2nd rs) al-Fath (in 1st os and 3rd rs) - (date ?) - qirat.
OF Jj*M RF Lj <11I
oil bUl jaIJ\
os [ ?] (mint, continued)
(mint) j ^ J
rs (mint) . .

[ ? ] fW (mint, continued)
KM II 698a: segments worn, no date ?, os as rs (error ?).
1079. Sijilmasah (in 4th and 1st os and 2nd and 3rd rs; divided <-U/j*-) - (date ?) -qirat.
As 1078.
L:Johnston p. 169 (2 sp.): m only, date obscure. Thorburn: date uncertain, read as 0.
Corpus of Coins: Muwahh1d S1lver
267
1080. Hadrat (in 4th os and 2nd rs) Fas (in 1st os and 3rd rs) - (date ?)-qirat. Plate VII
As 1078.
KM II 698b, 698c (2 sp.): os as rs (error ?). Fraehn:i? p. 624, no. 3: largely illegible, mint
uncertain, (s)LL- in rs (error ?). Soret :D 92: (ju^tl for -ui J\ in 3rd line of rf (error ?), seg-
ments largely illegible. Weyl:F 6496: not described, mint given as Fas; probably this
coin. L:Bodleian 319: wrongly recorded, apparently this coin, segments largely illegible,
rs as os ?. Thorburn.
1081. Hadrat (in 4th os and 2nd rs) Fas (in 1st OS and 3rd rs) - (date ?) - qirat.
As 1078 except 3rd line of rf: juiJ\
Adler:C9o (pi. vi): segments largely illegible, SLL. in 2nd rs (error ?), may be another
specimen of 1080.
1082. Marrakush (in 4th and 1st os and 2nd and 3rd rs; division not specified) - (date ?)
- qirat.
As 1078.
Geitlin p. 234: segments uncertain, may be a poor specimen of 1083.
1083. Hadrat (in 4th os and 2nd rs) Marrakush (in 1st os and 3rd rs) - (date ?) - qirat.
As 1078.
Markov:E p. 921, no. 2a: not described, mint given as Marrakush; corrected by Fasmer I1,
with description.
1084. (mint ?) - (date ?) - qirat.
of as of of 1078. rf <ul L j
Segments illegible.
L:Calvert 50, 51 (2 sp.).
(mint Fas ?) - (date ?) - qirat. see Plate VII
As 1084 except 1st line of rf: <ul.

L:Bodleian 319, 320 ? (2 sp. ?). Apparently a misreading of poor additional specimens of
1080, according to photographs furnished by J. G. Milne.
Anonymous silver
struck presumably by all Muwahhid rulers except 'Abd-al-Mu'min and by several
early Hafsid rulers.
1085. Bijayah (b of) - square dirhem. Plate VII
oF <lll Ml 4)l M RF <ul
tiilMlsyM U.I
ANS. HSA 13886. V 2100 (AH, PG 5 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 3 sp.). P 24ba. BM V 121 (pi. m).
BN II 739. MA 689 (29 sp., of which Vives noted 12). KM II 701-703 (pi. 1v: 701), 723?
(4 sp. ?). L:Muwahhids p. 165. Zambaur:W 86. S:Judice II 3120. Bel p. 25 (fig. 9, 10).
0 2145. B 1056, 1056 bis (pi. xvn: both) (2 sp.).
268
1086. Tilimsan (b OF and b rf) - square dirhem struck before a.h. 640.
As 1085.
V 2102 (FC). P 240c. MA 696.
1087. Tilimsan (b of) - square dirhem struck before a.h. 640.
Plate VII
As 1085.
HSA13882,13887, (2 sp.). V 2101 (AH 3 sp., PG4sp., FC, AV 9 sp.). P 240b. BM V122-124
(pi. n1: 123) (3 sp.). BN II 740, 741 (2 sp.). MA 697 (35 sp., of which Vives noted 10):
mint misspelled. KM II 704. L:Muwahh.ids p. 165 (pi. v1) (2 sp.). L:Khedivial p. 329.
S:Judice II 3121 (2 sp.). Boneschi 32 (pi.). Bel p. 22 (fig. 6, 7, 8). B 1055 (pi. xvn).
As 1085,
ANS. V2103 (AV2sp.). P24bd. BN II742, 743 (2 sp.). MA 694. KM II724: mint uncertain.
Adler:M p. 169 (fig. on p. 98): description inaccurate. Castiglioni 241. Krehl p. 36, no. 1.
L:Muwahhids p. 165. Markov:E p. 93, no. 4, p. 921, no. 4a (2 sp.). Rivero:M 140 (pi. 1n,
under no. 141). Bel p. 25 (fig. n, 12). F.Hafsites 75, 76 (pi. v: both) (2 sp.). 0 2141, 2142
(2 sp.). B 1257-1259 (pi. xix: all) (3 sp.).
1088a. Tunis (b rf) - square dirhem.
As 1085.
ANS (2 sp.). KM II 705.
1089. Tin Mallal ? (b of) - square dirhem.
As 1085.
Bel p. 25 (3 sp.) (fig. 9, 10): mint uncertain, given as Tin Mallal.
1090. Jarbah (b rf) - square dirhem. Plate VII
As 1085.
B 1263 (pi. x1x).

1091. al-Jaza'ir (b of) - square dirhem. Plate VII
As 1085.
ANS.
1092. Ribat al-Fath (b of) - square dirhem.
As 1085.
HSA 13857: mint uncertain. V 2104 (PG, AV): Ltj for Jl>j (error). P 24be: Ja>j for l>\j
(error). MA 695 (5 sp.): J*j for (error). Bel p. 28 (fig. 13). Cottevieille p. 214
(pi. vn1). B 1063 (pi. xvn).
1093. Sabtah (b of) - square dirhem.
ANS (2 sp.). HSA 13884: mint uncertain. V 2105 (AH 4 sp., PG 4 sp., FC, AV 11 sp.).
P 24bf. BM V 129 (pi. in). BN II 744, 745 (2 sp.). MA 690 (74 sp., of which Vives noted 12).
KM II 7o8-71o( 3 sp.). D.Garcia 6150. Cerda 430: m only. L:Muwahhids p. 165. S:White
2188 (2sp.). S:Beyram2g2b (2sp.). S :Castro423: mint uncertain. Belp. 23 (fig. 9,10). 02152.
1094. Sijilmasah (b of) - square dirhem.
As 1085.
V 2106 (AH 2 sp., AV4sp.). P 24bg. MA 693 (8 sp., of which Vives noted 2). Bel p. 25 (fig. 11).
1088. Tunis (b of) - square dirhem.
Plate VII
As 1085.
Corpus of Coins: Muwahh1d Silver
269
1095. Fas (b of and b rf) - square dirhem.
As 1085.
ANS. V 2108 (AV). P 24M. S:Judice II 3123.
1096. Fas (b of) - square dirhem.
As 1085.
ANS (4 sp. ?): mint uncertain on 1 sp. HSA (15 sp. ?): mint uncertain on 1 sp. UM. V 2107
(AH 9 sp., PG 9 sp., FC 3 sp., AV 20 sp.), 2111: mint misread as (?). P 24bh. BM V
130-133 (pi. in: 130) (4 sp.). BM X p. 10, no. 133a, 133b (2 sp.). BN II 746-748 (3 sp.).
MA 691 (116sp., of which Vives noted 20), 698: mint misread as u-l (?) (9 sp.), 699: mint
misread as u-jl (?). KM II 711-718 (8sp.). Tychsen, O. p. 123. Schiepati 72. Castiglioni
240. Welzl 12240. D.Garda 6145-6148 (12 sp.). Fraehn:N p. 88, no. 2a. T>:Lorichs 4850
(2 sp.): m only. Cerda 427: m only. L:Muwahhids p. 165. Weyl:F 6491 (4 sp.). Markov:
p. 93, no. 5. S:White 2188. S:Judice II3122 (6 sp.). S:Beyram 292c. S:Castro 423. Bel p. 19
(fig. 4, 5, 6). 0 2144, 2146, 2149, 2150 (4 sp.). B 1057 (pi. xvh). Lisbon. See also copper:
1170.
1097. Fas (b of) - square dirhem. Plate VII
of as of of 1085, with mint, rf as of of 1085, without mint.
HSA 13812. Presumably an error in striking.
Mahad ? (b of) - square dirhem.
As 1085.
V 2112. MA 700. This mint is unidentified, and is probably either misread or poorly engraved.
1098. Marrakush (b of) - square dirhem.
As 1085.
ANS: mint uncertain. HSA 13817 ?, 14160 (2 sp. ?). V 2109 (AH 2 sp., AV 3 sp.). P 24bj.
BM V 134 (pi. 1n). MA 692 (4 sp.). Welzl 12239. S:Judice II3124. 0 2148: mint uncertain.

B 1058 (pi. xvn): mint illegible in piate.
1099. Miknasah (b of) - square dirhem.
As 1085.
V 2110 (AV). P 24bk. D.Garcia 6149. Rivero:M 141 (pl. 1ll, o only, under no. 140). Bel p. 25
(fig. 11, 12).
1100. (Nul) Lamtah ? (b of) - square dirhem.
As 1085.
S:Judice II 3125 (pi. n, R only): mint uncertain.
1100a. (no mint) - square double dirhem.
As 1085.
KM II 727.
1101. (no mint) - square dirhem. Plate VIII
As 1085.
ANS (20 sp.). HSA (101 sp., of which 1 no. 10632 is gilded). UM. V 2088 (AH 63 sp.,
PG 42 sp., FC 23 sp., AV 15 sp.). P 24a. BM V 141-157,147a (pi. in: 141,144,145) (18 sp.).
BN II 758-766 (9 sp.). MA 680 (4689 sp., of which Vives noted 60). KM II 728-773 (46 sp.).
And additional specimens too numerous and scattered to list. Many of these coins are con-
temporary European imitations (millares) with intentionally distorted engraving of the
words ul, -uaw, and (ja^ll. A few specimens (termed Hafsid by Farrugia) have horizontal
rules between lines of the inscriptions. See also copper: 1171.
As 1085, counterstamped on of \ (for _J>).
F.Dragut 13 (pi. n): clipped so that much of legend is missing; probably Hafsid counter-
stamped by Turks.
1103. (no mint) - square dirhem: Kufi script. Plate VIII
As 1085.
ANS (3 sp.). HSA (11 sp.). BM V 136-139 (pi. 1n: 136) (4 sp.). BN II 757. KM II 774-776
(3 sp.). Conde p. 283 (pi. v, no. 2). L:Bodleian 321. Lagumina p. 103, no. 4. Zambaur: W 87.
S:Judice II 3113 (2 sp.). Vollers 14 (pi. 1). S:Castro 423. Bel p. 40 (fig. 20, 22). B 1060
(pi. xvn). Script is not specified by, among others, V(ives), P(rieto), or MA, so some coins
listed as 1101 may belong here.
1103a. (no mint) - square dirhem: Naskh1 and Kufi script.
As 1085; of in Kufi script, rf in Naskhi script.
Bel p. 41 (fig. 20, 22).
(no mint) - square dirhem. Plate VIII
As 1085, with <u jJ| b OF.
B 1266, 1267 (2 sp.) (pi. x1x): 4th line of of doubtful, illegible in piate. This is probably a
coin with mint b of, misread.
of <ul Ml <ll M rf as rf of 1085.
Bel p. 11 (fig. 1).
1105. (no mint) - square half dirhem.
Bel p. 17 (fig. 2).

Spanish mints.
1106. Ishb1liyah (b of) - square dirhem.
As 1085.
HSA 13805 ?, 14161 ? (2 sp. ?): mint uncertain. V 2089 (PG 2 sp., FC, AV 6 sp.). P 24cb.
BM X p. 10, no. 120k. BN II 749. MA 681 (35 sp., of which Vives noted 11). KM II 700a.
Dombay p. 782. D .Garrta 6143-6144 (3 sp.). Cerda 429: m only. S Judice II3116. Bel p. 32.
B 1071 (pi. xvu).
1107. Balansiyah (b of) - square dirhem.
As 1085.
HSA 14157 ?, 14158 ? (2 sp. ?): mint uncertain. V 2090 (PG, AV 2 sp.). P 24cc (pi. 1n).
BN II 750. MA 682 (2 sp.). S:Judice II 3117 (2 sp.). B 1064 (pi. xvn).
Bayyasah (location on coin not specified) - square dirhem.
This mint is listed by Vazquez Queipo III: 536 note, but has not been identified on surviving
coins and must be considered dubious.
Corpus of Coins: Muwahh1d S1lver 271
1108. Jayyan (b of) - square dirhem.
As 1085.
V 2091 (AV). P 24cd. BN II 751, 752 (2 sp.). MA 683 (2 sp., not 3 as in Vives). B 1065
(pi. xvn).
1109. Daniyah (b of) - square dirhem.
As 1085.
V 2099 (Vila). P 240a. BM V 127 (pi. m), 128 (2 sp.).
1110. Sharish (b of) - square dirhem.
As 1085.
V 2098 (AV 3 sp.). P 240k. MA 688 (7 sp.). Rivero:M 139 (pi. 1n).
1111. Gharnatah {b of) - square dirhem.
As 1085.
HSA 13852: mint uncertain. V 2097 (AH, PG 3 sp., FC, AV 3 sp.). P 24cj. MA 687 (7 sp.,
of which Vives noted 3). B 1070 (pi. xvn).
1112. Qurtubah (b OF) - square dirhem.
As 1085.
ANS. HSA 14162, 14163 (2 sp.). V 2092 (PG 3 sp., AV 3 sp.). P 24cC MA 684 (12 sp., of
which Vives noted 7). C:Tratado p. 219, no. 7 (pi. xxn). S:Judice II3118 (2 sp.). Bel p. 29
(fig. 14, 15). B 1069 (pi. xvn): mint illegible in piate.
1113. Malaqah (b of) - square dirhem.
As 1085.
V 2095 (AH 2 sp., PG 3 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 5 sp.). P 24ch. MA 685 (20 sp., of which Vives
noted 4). Guillen p. 426 (fig.). Calvo p. 192 (pi. x1, no. 8). Bel p. 29 (fig. 14).
1114. Manurqah (b Of) - square dirhem struck after a.h. 599.
As 1085.
V 2094 (PG, FC, AV). P 24cg. Campaner:iV and M 7 (pi. 1). Rivero:M 138 (pi. in, o only):

mint illegible in piate.
1115. Mursiyah (b of) - square dirhem struck after a.h. 567.
As 1085.
HSA 13858, 13885 (2 sp.). V 2096 (PG 4 sp., FC, AV 7 sp.). P 24ci. BM V 135 (pi. m).
BN II 753, 754 (2 sp.). MA 686 (25 sp., of which Vives noted 12). KM II 720-722: * omitted
from mint in 722 (3 sp.). Tychsen, O. p. 123 (pi. n, no. 27). Dombay p. 782. Cerda 428:
m only. S:Judice II 3119 (3 sp.). Bel p. 29 (fig. 14, 15). 0 2151: mint uncertain. B 1068
(pi. xvn): mint illegible in piate. Lisbon.
1116. Mayiirqah (b of) - square dirhem struck after a.h. 599.
As 1085.
V 2093 (PG2 sp., FC, AV). P 24cf. D.Lorichs 4849: m only. Campaner:N and M 6 (pi. 1).
Bel p. 29 (fig. 14). B 1066 (pi. xvn): mint illegible in piate. Lisbon.
B 1072-1076 (pi. xvn: 1072-1074) are silver amulets with religious inscriptions, not coins.
Plate VIII
Hud1d S1lver
by the Barm-Hud
of Murcia (Mursiyah)
(or by their contemporaries)
in Naskhi script.
abu-'Abd-Allah Muhammad I ibn-Yusuf
a.h. 625-635 a.d. 1228-1238
Anonymous silver (Muwahhid style) probably struck in a.H. 630, when this ruler
controlled Sabtah for three months, in the name of the 'Abbasid khalifah, who was not
individually identified:
al-Mustansir-bi-Allah, abu-Ja'jar al-Mansiir ibn-Muhammad
a.H. 623-640 a.D. I226-I242
1117. Sabtah (b of) - square dirhem. Plate VIII
OF <ul Ml <ll M RF L j <ul
01 <lf^Ml L.L.l ^-Ul
P 65b (pi. vn, under no. 64b). Bel p. 52 (fig. 28).
As 1117.
P 65a. Bel p. 50 (fig. 27).
OF <ul Ml <ll M RF as RF of 1117.
<al Ml ;yM
HSA 13808: j* (?) b of. P 64 (pi. vn, under no. 66). MA 702 (4 sp.). B 1062 (pi. xvn,
r only), 1365 bis (2 sp.).

As 1119 except 2nd line of of: <u\ J,-j -uan.
V 2129 (AH 2 sp., AV). P 66 (pi. vn, under no. 65): vestiges of a mint in piate noted by
Fasmer I p. 215.
Anonymous silver (Hudid style) struck at Sabtah in a.h. 635 by the independent amir
abii'l-'Abbas Ahmad al-Yanashti, in the name of the 'Abbasid khalifah
al-Mustanir-bi-Allah, abii-Ja'far al-Mansiir ibn-Muhammad
a.H. 623-640 a.D. 1226-1242
1121. Sabtah - 635 (divided 6/35) - dirhem.
Plate VIII
Corpus of Coins: Hafs1d S1lver
273
of iiiil rf (mint) j ^>ja
j l <ul (date)
(date, continued)
No margins.
Soret:.F 171: jJ for -.l in 3rd line of of (error), date divided ^./J >fe (error ?), attributed
to 'Imran. Soret :K p. 556 (fig. 7): j>.l for in 3rd line of of (error), date divided ^-/i >b
(error ?), correctly attributed. B 427 (pi. 1x): attributed to Hudids. The reference in C:
Tratado p. 228 to Sabtah as a Hudid mint may refer to this coin, to 1117, or to an un-
reported coin.
Hafs1d S1lver
by the Masmudah Berber rulers of Tunisia and eastern Algeria,
the Banu-Hafs
Anonymous silver struck presumably by several Hafsid rulers between a.h. 650 and
711 (a.d. 1253 and 1311), to which should be added many specimens of Muwahhid-style
dirhems 1085-1088a, 1090, 1091, 1101-1105, struck over a somewhat longer period and
indistinguishable from their Muwahhid prototypes.
1122. Tunis (b rf) - square dirhem: ornamented Kufi script.
As 1085.
BM V 125 (pi. 1n), 126 (2 sp.). KM II 706, 707 (2 sp.): apparently this script. Weyl:F 6492:
probably this script. L:Muwahhids p. 165 (pi. v1). 0 2143. F.Hafsites 74 (pi. v). Script is
not specified by Vives, Prieto, or MA, so some coins listed as 1088 probably belong here.
1123. (no mint) - square dirhem: ornamented Kufi script. Plate VIII
As 1085.

ANS (2 sp.). HSA13775,13776 (2 sp.). BM V140 (pi. 1n). BNII755, 756 (2 sp.). S:Judicc II
3114 (2 sp.). Bel p. 42 (fig. 24). 0 2139, 2140 (2 sp.). B 1059 (pi- xvn), 1209 (2 sp.). Script
is not specified by Vives, Prieto, or MA, so some coins listed as 1101 probably belong here.
abiiH-'Abbds Ahmad III ibn-Muhammad VI
a.H. 948-977 a.D. 1542-1569
1124. Tunis - (9)52 (in figures: ov) - square dirhem.
F.Somdp. 55 (5sp.).
(date)
(mint)
18
274
1125. Tunis - (9)54 (in figures: ot) - square dirhem.
As 1124.
F.Somd p. 55 (n sp.).
1126. Tunis - (9)55 (in figures: a) - square dirhem.
As 1124.
F.Somd p. 56 (8 sp.).
1127. Tunis - (9)56 (in figures: ai) - square double dirhem. Plate VIII
OF <ul Ml i\ M RF jO^l <"l "V je J*l 0s
_/>t| <ulj_^j UM^. <ul Jc
Ml SjS M u 4S" jeaHoUjJl
<ul ilii. <al (date) tu
(mint) j <->ji* aj*i
F:Somd p. 56 (pi.): rF emendations confirmed by letter.
1128. Tunis - (9)58 (in figures: a) - square dirhem.
As 1124.
FSomd p. 56 (n sp.).
1129. Tunis - (date ?, in figures) - square dirhem. Plate VIII
As 1124.
ANS. FSomd p. 56 (pi.) 23 sp.).
1130. Tunis - 961 (in figures: w\) - square dirhem.
OF [<a\ Ml -dl M] RF 0UL. juH
ml J>-j ut dr-^"l i/J
4Jul (date) *jc
(mint)
Monchicourt p. 306: illustrated in vol. V, fig. 14; of clipped.

1131. Tunis ? - 962 (in figures: vw) - square half dirhem?
Not described, illegible on plate.
Monchicourt in vol. V, fig. 14 (r only).
1132. Tunis - 964 (in figures: presumably vu) - square dirhem.
As 1130.
Monchicourt p. 306.
Z1yan1d S1lver
by the Zanatah Berber rulers of western Algeria,
the Banii-Ziyan
in Naskhi script.
None reliably reported. Silver with Ziyanid inscriptions was probably struck by
Marinid rulers, and is therefore listed under that dynasty: 1147. Leo Africanus asserts that
Corpus of Coins: Mar1n1d S1lver 275
the later Ziyanids struck both silver and copper, and by analogy with the later Hafsids
this is probably correct, but such coins have not yet been recognized, if indeed any survive.
Mar1nid S1lver
the Banu-Marin
in Naskhi script.
abu-Yahyd Abu-Bakr ibn-'Abd-al-Haqq I
a.H. 642-656 a.d. 1244-1258
Anonymous silver struck presumably by this ruler and his successor, chiefly before the
conquest of Marrakush in a.h. 668 (a.d. 1269).
OF MI<)IM RF |fSTk*
oil
if
<UI oil ^.i
V2211 (AV).
OF as OF of 1133. RF oil
^f if
P 60: jJi for jj> in 1st line of rf (error ?).
abu-Yusuf Ya'qiib ibn-'Abd-al-Haqq I
a.H. 656-685 a.D. 1258-1286
Anonymous silver struck presumably by this ruler. See also anonymous silver listed
under Abu-Bakr 1133, 1134 but struck presumably by both rulers, chiefly before a.H. 668.
(no mint) - square dirhem.

OF ~*J\ J\ oil RF ml Ml <)l M
<)lj JUsm Ja <Ul oil Jjj -Ust..
ml H\ <)I M U*U j ml
ml dy) -Use* J\ ytj
[ ? ] dill a)j jLl mj
0 2131: Ml for <)l in 3rd line of of (this and other misspellings visible on impression
furnished by Galster). Because of its errors and dupiicated inscriptions this coin must be
considered doubtful.
18*
276
OF <u .d-l
Plate VIII
udUl
V 2128. P 59 (pi. vn). MA 704.
RF
abu-Ya'qiib Yiisuf ibn-Ya'qiib
a.H. 685-706
Anonymous silver struck presumably by this ruler.
1136. Sabtah - square quarter dirhem.
of <15" RF
a.D. 1286-1307
<fll
*Jb.J ill
(mint)
B 1365 ter.
of as of of 1135. RF
Plate VIII
V 2118 (PG, AV 2 sp.). P 58 (pi. vn). BM V 157a (pi. m). BN II 767. MA 703 (3 sp.).
Bel p. 17 (fig. 2). B 1265 (pi. x1x): description incompiete.
As 1136.
P 61. B p. 180. Mateu III 44 (pi. xvm, no. 12): of misread, corrected from piate.

of as of of 1135. RF ^1 Lj
V 2213 (AV). Mateu III 44 (pi. xvm, no. 16-18) (4 sp.).
1140. (no mint) - square eighth dirhem.
As 1139
V 2214 (AV 2 sp.).
abuH-Hasan 'Ali ibn-'Uthmdn II
a.h. 731-752
a.d. 1331-1351
First series: anonymous
1141. Sabtah - square half dirhem.
OF .oil Ml i)l M
RF
(mint)
0 2154. B p. 180 (7 sp.).
Corpus of Coins: MarLn1d S1lver
277
1142. Sijilmasah - square dirhem.
Plate VIII
As 1141.
HSA 13813.
1143. Sijilmasah - square half dirhem.
As 1141.
P 5sb (pi. v1). Bel p. 44 (fig. 25, 26). B p. 180 (8 sp.).
1144. Fas - square half dirhem.
As 1141.
ANS: mint uncertain. KM II719,726 ?(2sp. ?). 02155: mint uncertain. B p. 180 (100 sp.)
As 1141.
B 1364, 1365 (pi. xx1v) (337 sp. ?).
As 1141.
V 2130 (PG 2 sp., AV 2 sp.). P 55a. KM II 777, 778, 779 ? (3 sp. ?). H6st: and N 14
(pi. xxxm). Adler:C 91. Tychsen, O. p. 124. Tychsen, T. p. 93. Moura 3 (fig.). S:Castro 425
(4 sp.). 0 2153.
See silver ascribed to Nasrids 1153 and succeeding rejected coins , which may
have been struck by this ruler.
Second series: anonymous with Nasrid inscription
Third series: anonymous with Ziyanid inscription
Struck after the conquest of Tilimsan in a.h. 737 (a.d. 1337).
1147. Tilimsan - square dirhem struck before a.h. 749.
As 1141 except 3rd line of of: oil ^,J\ U.

P 56 (pi. v1). 0 2156: of largely illegible.
Plate VTII
abii-Sdlim Ibrahim ibn-'Ali
a.h. 760-762
Anonymous silver struck presumably by this ruler.
of as of of 1135. RF
a.d. 1359-1361
Plate VIII
P 57 (pi. vn).
abiCl-Abbas Ahmad ibn-Ibrahim
a.H. 775-786, 789-796 a.D. 1373-1384. 1387-1393
1149. (no mint) - square half dirhem. Attribution tentative. Plate VIII
OF as OF of 1135. RF <Ul Jl6
V 2126 (AV): Cfl~ J>\ for t>ul-ll in 3rd line of rf (termed error by Prieto and Fasmer). P 104
(pi. x). S:Beyram 294. This coin differs from 1156 only in style.
abu-Zayd 'Abd-al-Rahman ibn-'Ali
sayyid at Marrakush
a.h. 776-784 a.d. 1374-1382
OF as OF of 1141. RF jf>Jl
P 92 (pi. 1x).
(no mint) - square dirhem.
As 1150 except 2nd line of of: <u\ Jj~j
V 2124 (PG). Probably a poor specimen of 1150 misread.
abu-Muhammad 'Abd-al-Haqq II ibn-'Uthman III
a.H. 823-869 a.D. 1420-1465
of as of of 1135. RF a-e
B p. 178: division into lines not indicated. The coins illustrated in Brethes pi. xxn under
no. 1319 and 1320, ascribed to 'Abd-al-Rahman for mints Fas and Miknasah, appear to be
almost illegible varieties of this coin in two quite different styles, with 1320 left the obverse
of which 1319 left is the reverse, and 1320 right the obverse of which 1319 right is the reverse.
1152. (no mint) - square dirhem. Attribution tentative.
OF i>j Lu ti| bj RF jil Jut j.\

B p. 172: division into lines not indicated; ascribed to 'Abd-al-Haqq I.
Corpus of Coins: Nasrid S1lver
279
Nasrid Silver
by the Bami-Nasr
of Granada (Gharnatah).
The Nasrids controlled Sabtah from a.h. 705 to 709 and from 786 to 789. The ano-
nymous silver struck there, identical except for mint with much of their Spanish silver,
may belong to either or both of these periods, and hence to any or all of the following three
rulers.
abii-'Abd-Allah Muhammad III ibn-Muhammad II
a.h. 701-708 a.d. 1302-1309
abiPl-Juyiish Nar ibn-Muhammad II
a.H. 708-713 a.D. 1309-1314
* abu-'Abd-Allah Muhammad V ibn-Yusuf I
a.H. 755-760, 763-793 a.D.1354-1359, 1362-1391
1153. Sabtah - square quarter dirhem. Plate VIII
of as of of 1133. RF Jk Mj
oil Ml
(mint)
V 2199 (PG 3 sp., AV 6 sp.). BN II 822 (pi. v1). Figanier 166 (2 sp.). Mateu III 44 (pi. xvm,
no. 8, 9) (16 sp.). Thorburn: j not legible in 1st line of rf.
Fas - square half dirhem.
As 1153 with at end of 2nd line of rf.
P 59 ter (p. 113). Naijrids never controlled Fas, so this coin must either be erroneously
reported or be a Marinid issue, struck perhaps by 'Ali, who struck gold with Naijrid legends.
Fas - square half dirhem.

of as of of 1141. rf as rf of preceding rejected coin.
P 59 bis (p. 113). The same note appiies to this coin.
Wattasid S1lver
the Banu-Wattas
in Naskhi script.
abu-'Abd-Allah Muhammad II ibn-Muhammad I
a.H. 910-932 a.d. 1504-1525
OF 4U Jui-l RF <ul a-c
B 1388 (pi. xxv).
abuH-Hasan 'Ali II ibn-Muhammad I
a.h. 932-932, 961-961 a.d. 1525-1526, 1554-1554
1155. (no mint) - square dirhem struck presumably in a.h. 932. Plate VIII
of jO*l RF <al.4c
B 1392, 1393 (pi. xxv: both) (2 sp.).
dbuH-'Abbas Ahmad ibn-Muhammad II
a.h. 932-952, 956-957 a.D- 1526-1545, 1549-1550
of as of of 1154. RF <ul Jl*
Host 15 (pi. xxx1n). B 1389-1391 (pi. xxv: all) (3 sp.): 1391 is clipped.
Ottoman S1lver
struck in North Africa before the Ottoman conquest
in the name of the Turkish sultans,
the Banu-'Uthman
of Istanbul (al-Qustantanah).
None reported which would come within the scope of this corpus, though the \
counterstamped on coin 1102 may be Ottoman.
COPPER
'Abbas1d Copper

None reported which would come within the scope of this corpus.
Corpus of Coins: Copper
281
FiTiMiD Copper
ZIrid Copper
None reported.
Hammadid Copper
None reported.
Hammudid Copper
in the name of
the Banu-Hammiid
of Malaga (Malaqah)
or of their Barghawatah Berber governors
in Kuf1 script.
Saqaut ibn-Muhammad
governor at Sabtah
a.h. 453-471 a.d. 1061-1078
With heir
al-'Izz ibn-Saqaut
a.h. 453-471 a.d. 1061-1078
1157. Madinat Sabtah - (4)62 - pseudo-dirhem.
As 882.
BN II 503 (pi. n): jUll for olll in 5th line of of (error). MA 356: date uncertain, slightly
misread. D.Garcia 6076: several slight errors.
1158. Mad1nat Sabtah - (4)64 - pseudo-dirhem.
As 883.

BN II 504 (pi. n): jU.1 for cWl in of (error).
As 884.
BN II 505, 506 ? (2 sp. ?): jLll for oUil in of, without sA on rf.
As 886.
MA 357. D .Garcia 6077. Cerda 278 ? largely illegible.
MurIbit Copper
by the Lamtiinah Berber rulers of
the Murabitun sect
in Kuf1 script.
Abu-Bakr ibn-'Umar
a.H. 448-480 a.D. 1056-1087
1161. Sijilmasah - 470 ? - pseudo-dinar.
As 41.
V 1434: date uncertain. MA 485: date given as 460 ? (corrected by Vives).
'.All ibn-Yusuf
a.H. 5oo-537 a.D. II06-II43
1162. Saraqustah - [5o]9 - pseudo-dirhem.
As 949.
MA 541.
1163. Ighranatah - 509 - pseudo-dinar.
As 243.
V 1611 (AV).
1164. Ighranatah - 520 - pseudo-dirhem.
As 952.

BN II 595, 596 (2 sp.): J (?) b rf. KM II 647: J (?) b rf, date illegible. Tychsen, 0. p. 120:
mint illegible, probably this coin. Cerda 376: d, m only.
1165. Madinat Gharnatah - (no date) - pseudo-dirhem.
As 956.
ANS: ij a of and rf, b of and rf. BM V 66: & a of and rf, b of and rf; 67 (2 sp.).
KM II 646 (pi. m): a of and rf, ^ 6 of and rf. MA 542 (2 sp.): om misread, corrected
by Vives. Tychsen, O. p. 120: mint given as al-Andalus (error), probably this coin.
1166. Madinat Gharnatah - (no date) - pseudo-dirhem.
As 957.
MA 537.
283
1167. [Mad1nat Mursiyah] - [508] - pseudo-dirhem.
As 970.
MA 536: margins illegible, probably this coin.
1168. Madinat ? - 5xx - pseudo-dirhem.
As 910.
BN II 597.
1169. (no mint) - (no date) - denomination not specified. Plate VIII
As 939 (electrum).
HSA 547: fragment. Fraehn:F 12: not described. Fraehn:iV p. 279, no. 7.
Muwahhid Copper
the Muwahhidiin sect
in Naskhi script.
None of the gilded copper dinars, reported by al-Marrakushi as minted to ransom 'Abd-al-
Mu'min's son 'Isa from his Arab captors, has been reported in any modern collection; the
anecdote may be apocryphal.
Anonymous.
1170. Fas - square pseudo-dirhem.
As 1096.
KM II 780.
1171. (no mint) - square pseudo-dirhem.
As 1101.
Blau :0 247a.
Hudid Copper

None reported.
Hafs1d Copper
by the Masmiidah Berber rulers of Tunisia and eastern Algeria,
the Banu-Hafs
in Naskh1 script.
a.h. 647-675 a.d. 1249-1277
1172.
Copper struck by this ruler is mentioned, but not described, by Ibn-Khaldun (Kitab
al-'ibar, Bulaq edition, vol. VI, p. 288). Al-Zarkashi (Ta'rikh al-daulatayn ..., Tunis ed.,
p. 29) ascribes it to a.h. 660 (a.d. 1261). It has not been identified in any modern collection.
abuH-' Abbas Ahmad III ibn-Muhammad VI
a.H. 948-977 a.D. 1542-1569
1173. Tunis (b of) - fels. Plate VTII
OF _^l> RF Ûl y\
F.Hafsites 61 (pi. v).
1174. Tunis - fels.
OF [_>c] RF l
(mint) j
F.Hafsites 62.
B 1270 (pi. x1x) is a copper ornament, not a coin. The 3 fels noted by Babelon (p. lxx1)
as very common have not been identified. Plate VIII
Z1yIn1d Copper
None reported, except by Leo Africanus (see under Ziyanid silver).
Mar1n1d Copper

the Banii-Marin.
None reliably reported. The following dated felses, ascribed to this dynasty, are
apparently Sharifian coins misread:
Weyl:F 6497: date given as 678, probably 978.
0 2122: date given as 780, probably 980.
B 1321: date given as 690, probably 990.
The same is probably true of the 3 specimens noted at Jena by Vollers p. 5.
Nasr1d Copper
None reported struck in North Africa.
WattIsid Copper
None reported.
Ottoman Copper

NUMISMATIC BIBLIOGRAPHY
WITH KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS
All the sources of coins noted in the corpus are here listed in alphabetical order of the
abbreviations by which they are indicated. In addition to published books and articles, the list
includes the collections in America to which I have had access, letters from scholars abroad, and
a few selected coin-dealers' auction catalogues. Relevant numismatic literature from which no
coins are derived are separately listed in the numismatic reference bibliography.
The sequence of the arrangement of references in the corpus is as follows: first, coins which
I have personally examined, including the collections of the American Numismatic Society, The
Hispanic Society of America, the University (of Pennsylvania) Museum, and the Metropolitan
Museum of Art; second, previous partial compilations, including Vives (Monedas de las dinastias
arabigo-espanolas) and Prieto (La reforma numismatica de los Almohades); third, the four great
public collections in Europe, those of the British Museum (catalogued by Lane-Poole, abbreviated
to BM), of the Bibliotheque Nationale (catalogued by Lavoix, BN), of the Museo Arqueologico
National (catalogued by Rada, MA), and of the Konigliche Museen (catalogued by Niitzel, KM);
fourth, all other published material in chronological order, including dealers' catalogues; and
finally, unpublished specimens which I have not personally examined.
Following each entry will be found a summary by dynasty and metal of the coins derived from
it for this corpus; each dynasty is indicated by the first three letters of its name (except the
Hammadids, spelled out to avoid confusion with the Hammudids), each metal is represented by
its initial letter. The figure to the left of a slanting line or standing alone indicates different
identifiable issues; the figure to the right of a slanting line indicates additional specimens re-
corded, whether dupiicates, rejected coins, or inadequately described coins which cannot be
identified.
Adler :C Jakob G.C. Adler, Collectio nova numorum cuficorum seu arabicorum veterum, CXVI
continens numos plerosque ineditos e museis Borgiano et Adleriano, Copenhagen, 1792. (Mur g 3;
Muw s 3/2; Mar s 1)

Adler :M Jacob G.C. Adler, Museum Cuficum Borgianum Velitris, Rome, 1782. (Muw s 1)
Anderson P.K. Anderson's unpublished collection. (Mar g 1)
ANS American Numismatic Society's unpublished collection. (Zir g 1; Mur g 7, s 15/7, c 1;
Muw g 6/1, s 12/32; Haf g 3, s 2/1; Mar g 2, s 1)
Ashmolean Ashmolean Museum's unpublished collection; a coin presented by A.C. Kay and
described in letter from J.G. Milne. (Haf g 1)
B J.D. Brethes, Contribution a l'histoire du Maroc par les recherches numismatiques, Casablanca,
1939. (A superb private collection, inaccurately described and illegibly illustrated in the most
exasperating numismatic treatise ever published; Zir g 1; Mur g 147/30, s 23/20; Muw g 41/149
and 1 medal, s 19/15 and 5 amulets; Hud s 2/1; Haf g 27/5, s 1/1; Ziy g 9/3; Mar g 78/29
and 1 hybrid, s 9/451; Wat g 1, s 3/3)
Babelon Emest Babelon, Untitled note in Bulletin Archeologique du Comiti des Travaux
Historiques et Scientifiques (1891): LXX-LXXI. (Haf c -/3)
Numismatic bibliography
287
Balog Dr. Paul Balog's unpublished collection, described in letters to G.C. Miles and myself.
(Zir g 1; Mur g 3; Muw g -/3)
Bartholomaei J.deBartholomaei, "Troisime lettre ... M. F. Soret sur des monnaies koufi-
ques indites", in Revue de la Numismatique Belge 3:VI (1862) :23-1o5. (Mur g 2; Muw g 1)
Bel Alfred Bel, "Contribution l'tude des dirhems de l'poque almohade ...", iaHesprisXVI
(1933) :1-68. (Muw s 21/2; Hud s 2; Haf s 1; Mar s 2)
Berchem Max van Berchem, "Titres califiens d'occident propos de quelques monnaies
mrinides et ziyanides", in Journal Asiatique 1o:IX(19o7) :245~335. (A masterly study of
titles from numismatic and epigraphic evidence, to which I have ventured to offer a few
corrections; Ziy g 2/1)
Bergmann E. von Bergmann, "Zur muhammedanischen Munzkunde", in Zeitschrift der
Deutschen Morgenlndischen Gesellschaft XXIII (1869): 240-257. (Zir g 1)
Beylie L. de Beylie, La Kalaa des Beni-Hammad ..., Paris, 1909. (Hammadid g -/1)
Bigonet E. Bigonet, "Dinar hafside indit", in Revue Africaine XLV (1901): 97-100. (Haf g 1)
Blancard Louis Blancard, "Besants d'or et d'argent de Tunis au XIIIe sicle", in Annuaire
de la Socit Franaise de Numismatique XIX(1895) :5-14- (Muw s 1; Haf g 1)
Blau:2V Otto Blau, "Nachlese orientalischer Mnzen", in Numismatische Zeitschrift VI/VII
(1874/5) :1-21; VIII(1876):45-76. (Zir g 1/2)
Blau:0 O(tto) Blau, Die orientalischen Mnzen des Museums der Kaiserlichen Historisch-
Archologischen Gesellschaft zu Odessa, Odessa, 1876. (Muw s 1, c 1)
BM IV Stanley Lane(-)Poole, Catalogue of oriental coins in the British Museum; vol. IV - The
coinage of Egypt, London, 1879. (Zir g 2)
BM V Stanley Lane(-)Poole, Catalogue of oriental coins in the British Museum; vol. V - The
coins of the Moors of Africa and Spain and the kings and imams of the Yemen, London, 1880.
(Mur g 47/3, s 18/11, c 1/1; Muw g 21/14 and 2 hybrids, s 10/26; Haf g 7/2, s 2/1; Ziy g 2;

Mar g 47/12 and 2 hybrids, s 1)
BM IX Stanley Lane-Poole, Catalogue of oriental coins in the British Museum; vol. IX -
Additions to the oriental collection, 1876-1888; part I, London, 1889. (Ham s -/1)
BM X Stanley Lane-Poole, Catalogue of oriental coins in the British Museum; vol. X - Additions
to the oriental collection, 1876-1888; part II, London, 1890. (Several emendations of BM V
and BM X were kindly suppiied in a letter from the present curator, John Walker, who
reports that there have been no additions to the oriental collections since their compilation;
Mur g 17, s 2; Muw g 5/1, s 3/2; Haf g 3/1; Mar g 39/4 and 2 hybrids; Wat g 1)
BN II Henri Lavoix, Catalogue des monnaies musulmanes de la Bibliothque Nationale; vol. II -
Espagne et Afrique, Paris, 1891. (Several emendations were kindly suppiied by G.C. Miles;
Zir g 1 ; Ham c 3/1 ; Mur g 112/6, s 20/11, c 2/1 ; Muw g 16/4 and 2 hybrids, s 14/18; Haf g 39/10
and 2 hybrids, s 1/1; Ziy g 9; Mar g 36/11 and 2 imitations, s 1; Nas s 1)
BN III Henri Lavoix, Catalogue des monnaies musulmanes de la Bibliothque Nationale; vol. III
- gypte et Syrie, Paris, 1896. (Zir g 2)
Boneschi Paulo Boneschi, "Problemas de numismatica e metrologia magribinas", in Revista
degli Studi Orientali X(1925) :377-4o6. (Chiefly important as a reference work on metrology;
Muw s 2)
Brooke G.C. Brooke, "A brief survey of the coinage of Africa and Australasia", in J.G. Bar-
tholomew, A literary and historical atlas of Africa and Australasia (pp.65-92), London, (n.d.).
(Mur g 1)
Brosselard C. Brosselard, "Mmoire pigraphique et historique sur les tombeaux des mirs
Beni-Zeiyn in Journal Asiatique 7 :VII(1876) :5-197- (Chiefly important for epigraphy;
288
Brosset M. Brosset, "Collection numismatique orintale de l'Ermitage Imperial, 1852-1879",
in Bulletin de l'A cadmie Impriale des Sciences de Saint Ptersbourg XXV(1879) :col. 391-409.
(Mur g 2/1; Mar g -/1)
C.Cecas F(rancisco) Codera (y Zaidin), "ecas arbigo-espaolas", in Revista de Archivos,
Bibliotecas, y Museos 1 :IV(1874) :195-197, 211-214, 227-230, 342-344. 358-360, 374~377-
(Mur g 1, s 1; Muw g 1)
^.Decadencia Francisco Codera (y Zaidin), Decadencia y desaparicidn de los Almorvides en
Espaa, Saragossa, 1899. (Mur g 4, s 7)
C.Donativo Francisco Codera (y Zaidin), "Donativo de monedas rabes ... por D. Francisco
Caballero Infante", in Boletin de la Real Academia de la Historia X(1887) .17-26. (Mur g 3)
C:Estudio Francisco Codera (y Zaidin), "Estudio crtico sobre la historia y monedas de los
Hammudies de Malaga y Algeciras", in Museo Espaol de Antigiiedades VIII(1877) :421-49.
(A valuable monograph; Ham s 2)
C:Familia Francisco Codera (y Zaidin), Familia real de los Beni Texufin, Saragossa, 1903.
Reprinted in his Estudios criticos ...; second series (pp. 75-165), Madrid, 1917. (Mur g 1)
C.Hammudies Francisco Codera (y Zaidin), "Hammudies de Malaga y Algeciras: noticias
tomadas de aben Hazam", in Boletin de la Real Academia de la Historia XII(1888): 479-489.
(Ham s -/1)
C.Lebrija Francisco Codera (y Zaidin), "Dos monedas rabes de oro halladas en Lebrija", in
Boletin de la Real Academia de la Historia LXII(1913) :564-565. (Muw g 2)
C:Monedas (Francisco Codera y Zaidin), "Monedas rabes adquiridas para el Museo Arqueolo-
gico National en Crdoba y Sevilla", in Annuario del Cuerpo Facultativo de Archiveros,
Bibliotecarios, y Anticuarios II(1882) :379-382. (Mur g 16, s 1/12)
C: Tratado Francisco Codera y Zaidin, Tratado de numismdtico ardbigo-espaola, Madrid, 1879.
(The first competent survey of the coinage of the Arabs in Spain, to which all succeeding

scholars owe a real debt; Mur g 6, s 11; Muw g 3, s 3)
Caballero Francisco Caballero-Infante, Estudio sobre las monedas drabes de Denia, Denia, 1889.
(Mur g 11)
Calvo I(gnacio) Calvo and C(asto) M(aria) del Rivero, Catdlogo-guia de las colecciones de
monedas ... en el Museo Arqueoldgico Nacional, Madrid, 1925. (A tantalizing summary of the
numbers of coins of each dynasty, dispersed during the civil war; Mur g 2/369, s -/322,
c -/26; Muw g -/64, s 1/2116)
Campaner:M Alvaro Campaner (y Fuertes), Monedas propias de las islas baleares acuadas por
los dominadores islamitas, Palma de Mallorca, 1879. (Condensed version of next entry; Muw s 2)
Campaner :2V Alvaro Campaner y Fuertes, Numismdtica balear, Palma de Mallorca, 1879.
(Muw s 2)
Casanova P(aul) Casanova, Inventaire sommaire de la collection des monnaies musulmanes de
S. A. la Princesse Ismail, Paris, 1896. (Zir g 1; Muw s 1/7)
Castiglioni (Cario Ottavio Castiglioni), Monete cufiche de' I. R. Museo di Milano, Milan, 1819.
(Mur s 1; Muw g 1, s 3/1)
Cerd M. Cerd de Villarestan, Catdlogo de las monedas ardbigo-espaolas, Madrid, 1861.
(Ham c 1; Mur g 39, s 4/15, c 1; Muw g 6, s 7/3; Haf g -/1; Mar g -4)
Chalon R(en) Chalon, "Souvenir des croisades; quart de dinar trouv prs d'Ypres", in Revue
de la Numismatique Belge 4 :V(1867) :389-392. (Haf g 1)
Cimino Guido Cimino, "Storia e numismtica delT Africa del Nord", in Libya III(1927):
202-227. (Mur g -/3; Muw g 1/1 and 1 hybrid, s -/2; Haf g 1/3)
Codrington, H. :Ceylon H(umphrey) W(illiam) Codrington (edited by Joseph Pearson), Ceylon
coins and currency, Colombo, 1924. (Muw g 1)
Numismatic Bibliography
289
Codrington, H. :Colombo H(umphrey) W(illiam) Codrington, Catalogue of coins in the Colombo
Museum; part I - Muhammadan and European, Hertford, 1914. (Muw g 1)
Codrington, 0. O(liver) Codrington, Some rare and unedited Arabic and Persian coins, Hertford,
1889. (Haf g 1)
Colson Colson, "Notes sur les dinars trouvs, en 1851, dans l'ancienne chapelle du Monastre
Del-Camp", in Revue Numismatique 1:XVIII (1853) :240-243. (Mur g 28/37)
Cond Josef Antonio Cond, "Memoria sobre la moneda arbiga y en especial la acufiada en
Espana por los principes musulmanes", in Memorias de la Real Academia de la Historia
V(1817) :225-314. (A pioneer work in the field but of little present value; Mur g 4, s 9/1;
Muw g 3, s 2; Haf g 1; Mar g 1)
Cottevieille R. Cottevieille-Giraudet, "La collection Decourdemanche (monnaies musulmanes)
au Cabinet des Mdailles", in Revue Numismatique 4:XXXVII(1934) :199-219; 4:XXXVIII
(1935) :19-46, 197-229. (Muw s 1)
Cunha II J. Gerson da Cunha, Catalogue of the coins in the numismatic cabinet; part II, Bombay,
1889. (Mur g 1)
D.Garcia Antonio Delgado, "Monnaies arabes", in Joseph Gaillard, Description des monnaies
espagnoles ... du cabinet de D. Jos Garcia de la Torre (pp. 344-418), Madrid, 1852. (Ham
c 2/3; Mur g 4, s 23/21 ; Muw g 6/4, s 6/61 ; Hud g 1; Haf g 5/3; Mar g 4/18, s -/1)
D .Lorichs Antonio Delgado, Catalogue des monnaies ... de Mr. Gustave Daniel de Lorichs ....
Madrid, 1857. (Mur g 13/1, s -/20; Muw g 3 and 1 hybrid, s 3/12; Ziy g 1)
Demaeght Louis Demaeght, "Contribution au recueil des monnaies frappees sous les dynasties
musulmanes du nord de l'Afrique", in Bulletin Trimestriel de la Socit de Gographie et
d'Archologie d'Oran VII(1887) :63~75, 124-136, 235-239; VIII(1888) :241-246, 293-298;
IX(1889) :199-203; X(189o) :225-232. (Mur g 1; Muw g 1 ; Ziy g 5; Mar g 5)
Dieulafoy (Marcel) Dieulafoy, "(Monnaies d'or de l'poque almohade)", in Comptes Rendus des

Sances; Institut de France; Acadmie des Inscriptions et Belleis-Letres (1905) :56-58. (Muw
g I/I39)
Dombay Franz von Dombay, "Abhandlung ber die marokkanischen Gold-, Silber- und
Kupfer-Mnzen in (Eichhorn's) Allgemeine Bibliothek der Biblischen Litteralur VIII
(1797/9)761-792. (Mur s 3; Muw s 2/1; Mar g 3/2)
Dorn:^4 (Bernhard) Dorn, Das Asiatische Museum der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissen-
schaften zu St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, 1846. (Mur g 2)
Dorn I (Bernhard) Dorn, Inventaire des monnaies des khalifes orientaux et de plusieurs autres
dynasties; part 1 - Classes I-IX, St. Petersburg, 1877. (Mur g 10/7; Muw s 1/8)
Dorn II (Bernhard) Dorn, Inventaire des monnaies des khalifes orientaux et de plusieurs autres
dynasties; part 2 - Classes X-XXV, St. Petersburg, 1881. (Haf g 1; Mar g 1)
Eichhorn J.G. Eichhorn, "Nachtrag zu Reiske's Briefen tiber das arabische Mnzwesen", in
Repertorium fur Biblischen und Morgenlndischen Literatur XVII(1785) :209-284; XVIII
(1786):1-78. (Mur g-/2)
F.Dragut J. Farrugia de Candia, "Monnaies frappees Tripoli et Gafsa par Dragut", in
Revue Tunisienne NS:VII(1936): 85-92. (Muw s 1)
F.Fatimites J. Farrugia de Candia, "Monnaies fatimites du muse du Bardo", in Revue
Tunisienne NS:VII(1936) :334-372; NS:VIII(1937):89-136. (Zir g 7/2, s 1)
F.Fatimites II J. Farrugia de Candia, "Monnaies ftimites du muse du Bardo: premier
suppiment", in Revue Tunisienne 3:I(1948): 103-130. (Zir g 6)
F.Hafsites J. Farrugia de Candia, "Monnaies haf sites du muse du Bardo", in Revue Tuni-
sienne NS:IX(1938):231-288. (An excellent monograph; emendations kindly furnished by
letter; Muw s 2/1; Haf g 44/18 and 1 hybrid, s I, c 2; Mar g 9/53)
19
290
F :Soma J. Farrugia de Candia, "Monnaies espagnoles et hafsites trouves a Soma", in Revue
Tunisienne NS:XI(1o4o) :55-58. (Haf s 6/53)
Farrugia Unpublished letters from J. Farrugia de Candia. (Zir g 6)
Fasmer I R(ichard) Vasmer, "Zwei neue Biicher iiber spanisch-arabische Numismatik; part I"
(review of Prieto: Reforma), in Zeitschrift fur Numismatik XXXVIII (1928) :206-222. (Muw s 2)
Figanier Joaquim Figanier, Moedas drabes: part I (711-1492); Museu Numismdtico Portugues,
Lisbon, 1949. (emendations kindly furnished by letter; Mur g 7, s 3/1; Muw g 2, s 2/28;
Nas s 1/1)
Fleischer H.L. Fleischer, "Vermischtes; no. 5", in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlndischen
Gesellschaft XV(1861) :387-388. (Mur g 1)
Fraehn:B Ch(ristian) M(artin) Fraehn, "Inedita aus der orientalischen Miinzsammlung des
H(err)n v(on) Bose in Leipzig", in Bulletin Scientifique IV(1838) :col. 246-250. (Mur g 3)
Fraehn:N Ch(ristian) M(artin) Fraehn, Nova supplementum ad recensionem numorum muham-
medanorum ..., St. Petersburg, 1855. (Mur g 6, c 1; Muw s 1; Mar g 1)
Fraehn:0 Chr(istian) M(artin) Fraehn, Opusculorum postumorum; vol. II, St. Petersburg, 1877.
(Mur g 2)
Fraehn:R Ch(ristian) M(artin) Fraehn, Recensio numorum muhammedanorum Academiae Imp.
Scient. Petropolitanae, St. Petersburg, 1826. (A great pioneering work in Islamic numismatics,
but with little of the western dynasties; Muw g 1, s 2)
Fraehn:F Ch(ristian) M(artin) Fraehn, "Verzeichniss der ... verehrten Miinzen", in Bulletin
Historico-Philologique III(1847) :246-252. (Mur c 1)
Friedlaender J. Friedlaender, "Die Erwerbungen des Miinzkabinets im Jahre 1881", in Zeit-
schrift fur Numismatik X(1883) :1-8. (Haf g -/2)
G L.J.G., "Monnaies arabes trouvees dans le Dauphine", in Revue Archologique II(1845) :182.
(Mur g 2)

Geitlin Gabriel Geitlin, "Beskrifning ofver Kejserl. Alexanders-Universitets in Finland
Muhammedanska myntsammling", in Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae VII(1863):
161-343. (Muw s 1)
Gonzalez Angel Gonzalez-Palencia, Historia de la Espana musulmana (4th ed.), Barcelona,
1945. (Mur g 2/1, s -/1; Muw g 2, s 1)
Grotefend C.L. Grotefend, "Souvenirs numismatiques des croisades", (translated by J. Dirks
from original in Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins fur Niedersachsen (1853) :414~417) in
Revue de la Numismatique Beige 3 :V(1861) :242-248. (Muw g 1)
Guillen Francisco Guillen Robles, "Numismatica malaguefia", in his Malaga Musulmana
(pp. 373-428), Malaga, 1880. (Ham s 1; Muw s 1)
Holu (Izzet Holu), Monnaies anciennes musulmanes, Constantinopie, 1901. (Muw g 1)
Host :E Georg Host, Efterretninger om Marokos og Fes ..., Copenhagen, 1779. (Mur g 2, s 1;
Muw s 1; Mar g 2, s 1; Wat s 1)
H6st:iV Georg Host, Nachrichten von Morokos und Fes, Copenhagen, 1781. (Translation of
preceding entry, with identical piates)
HSA Hispanic Society of America unpublished collection on deposit at American Numismatic
Society. (The finest collection in the western hemisphere of coins of Spain and associated
countries, including Arabic coins of Spain and North Africa; Ham s 2; Mur g 31/1, s 20/27,
c 1; Muwg 14/10, s 16/134; Hud s 1; Haf s 1/1; Ziy g 1; Mar g 7, s 1)
Ibn-Abi-Zar' I bn-Abi-Zar' (edited by Carolus Johannes Tornberg), Kitab al-anis al-mufrib biraud
al-qirfas ..., Upsala, 1843. (A basic historical source with incidental mention of coins; Muwg 1)
Ibn-Khaldun Ibn-Khaldun, Kitab al-Hbar, Bulaq, a.h. 1284 (a.d. 1867/8). (A basic historical
source with incidental mention of coins; Zir g 1; Hammadid g 1; Haf c 1)
291
J .Gold J.M.C. Johnston, "Gold coins of the Muwahhids", in Numismatic Chronicle 4:II(1902):
77-80. (Muw g 19/277)
J :Mohammedan J.M.C. Johnston, "Mohammedan coins", in Numismatic Chronicle 3:XIX
(1899) :265-268. (Mur g 3)
KM II (Heinrich Nutzel), Katalog der orientalischen Miinzen; vol. II - Die Mtinzen der musli-
mischen Dynastieen Spaniens und des westlichen Nordafrika; Konigliche Museen zu Berlin,
Berlin, 1902. (One of the great European collections, now presumably dispersed; Zir g 2;
Mur g54/5, s 21/21, c 2; Muwg11/3 and 1 hybrid, s 15/64, c 1; Haf g7/1, s1/1; Marg5, s 2/3)
Krehl Ludolf Krehl, De numis muhammadanis in Numophylacio Regio Dresdensi, Leipzig, 1856.
(Muw s 2/4)
L: Bodleian Stanley Lane-Poole, Catalogue of the Mohammadan coins preserved in the Bodleian
Library at Oxford, Oxford, 1888. (These coins are now in the Ashmolean Museum, the curator
of which, Mr. J.G. Milne, kindly suppiied me with photographs; Muw s 2/1)
L.Calvert Stanley Lane-Poole, "Fasti Arabici; II - Mr. Calvert's collection", in Numismatic
Chronicle 3 :V(1885) :229-236. Reprinted in his Some private collections of Mohammadan
coins, and other essays in oriental numismatics (pp. 9-16), London, 1892. (Mur g 5; Muw s 1/1;
Mar g 1)
L.Inedited Stanley Lane(-)Poole, "Inedited Arabic coins - I", in Journal of the Royal Asiatic
Society NS:VII(1875) :243-261. Reprinted in his Essays in oriental numismatics; 2nd series
(pp. 1-19), London, 1877. (Muw g 1)
L:Johnston S(tanley) Lane-Poole, "Fasti Arabici; VII - Mr. J.M.C. Johnston's cabinet, etc.",
in Numismatic Chronicle 3:XII(1892):16o-173. Reprinted with L:Calvert (pp. 51-64).
(Muw s 1/1)
L:Khedivial Stanley Lane-Poole, Catalogue of the collection of Arabic coins preserved in the
Khedivial Library at Cairo, London, 1897. (Mur g 5, s 1; Muw g 6, s 2/10; Haf g 1; Ziy g 1;

Mar g 2/2)
h.Muwahhids Stanley Lane(-)Poole, "On the coins of the Muwahhids in the British Museum",
in Numismatic Chronicle 2:XIII(1873) :147-170. (The first important monograph in this
field by the great British numismatist; Muw g 8/8 and 2 hybrids, s 6/19; Haf s 1)
L:Oriental Stanley Lane-Poole, "Oriental coins at Christ Church, Oxford", in Numismatic
Chronicle 3:VI(1886): 233-238. Reprinted with L:Calvert (pp. 29-34). (Mur g 3)
Lagumina Bartolomeo Lagumina, Catalogo delle monete arabe esistenti nella Biblioteca Communale
di Palermo, Palermo, 1892. (Mur g 1; Muw g 2, s 2; Haf g 3)
Lavoix:H Henri Lavoix, "Memoires sur les monnaies frappees par les Beni-Hafss", in Revue
Archologique 1 :IX(1852) :257-275. (The first important monograph in this field by the great
French numismatist; Haf g 10 and 1 hybrid; Mar g 1)
Leite J. Pereira Leite Netto, Catalogo das moedas arabes existentes no Museu Municipal
Portuense, Lisbon, 1882. (Mur g 1; Muw g 1/1, s 2/3)
Lisbon Museo EtnokSgico unpublished collection, described in a letter by Joaquim Figanier.
(Mur g 4/1, s 3; Muw g 1/1, s 6/2)
London "Old coins exhumed in London", in American Journal of Numismatics XIII(1879):
92-93. (Mur g 1/1)
Longperier:/! Adrien de Longperier, "Histoire de l'art monetaire chez les modernes ... par
les monuments", in Tresor de numismatique et de glyptique, Paris, 1846. (Mur g 1; Muw s 1;
Hafg2)
Longperier:D Adrien de Longperier, Documents numismatiques pour servir a l'histoire des
Arabes d'Espagne; programme, Paris, 1851. Reprinted in his Oeuvres (vol. I, pp. 417-434),
Paris, 1883. (Mur g 41/1, s 3/15)
19*
22
Lopes David Lopes, "Algumas moedas arabes da Peninsula encontradas no Algarve", in O
Archeologo Portugus I(1895) :97-103. (Mur s 2)
MA Juan de Dios de la Rada y Delgado, Catdlogo de monedas arbigas espanolas que se conservan
en el Museo Arqueolgico National, Madrid, 1892. (Formerly one of the great European
collections, dispersed during the civil war; Ham c 2/3; Mur g 66/20, s 52/89, c 5/1; Muw
g 12/17 and 2 hybrids, s 27/5176; Hud s 1/3; Mar s 2/2)
Maguelonne J. Maguelonne, "Pices d'or de l'poque berbre trouves Bougie", in Recueil
des Notices et Mmoires de la Socit Archologique, Historique, et Gographique de Constantine
4:X(1907) :21-27- (Muw g 2)
Marais Georges Marais, "Un coin montaire almoravide du Muse Stphane Gsell", in Annales
de l'Institut d'tudes Orientales II(1936) :18o-188. (Important for minting technique; Mur g 1)
Marcel Jean-Joseph Marcel, Numismatique orientale: tableau gnral des monnaies ayant cours
en Algrie, Paris, 1844. (Muw s -/1)
Mareschal H.-R. Mareschal, "Dinar et quart de dinar du souverain de la famille des BeniZian,
Abou el-Abbs Ahmed ben Abi Hammou Mousa II, qui rgna Tlemcen, de 1431 1462",
in Bulletin Archologique (1925):307-311. (Ziy g 2/4)
Markov :E A(lexei) Markov, Inventarniy katalog musulmanskikh monet; Imperatorskago
Ermitazha, St. Petersburg, 1896. (This great Russian collection had relatively few western
coins; they are merely listed by mint and date; Mur g 40/4, s -/15; Muw g 3, s 4/4; Haf g
-/1; Mar g -/3)
Markov : T A(lexei) Markov, Topografiya kladov vostochnikh monet (sasanidskikh i kuficheskikh),
St. Petersburg, 1910. (Mur g 1)
Marsden William Marsden, Numismata orientalia illustrata; vol. I, London, 1823. (Mur g 7,
s 1; Muw s 1; Haf g 2)
Mateu F(elipe) Mateu y Llopis, Adquisiciones en 1931; Monetario que perteneci a Don Basilio

Sebastin Castellanas; Museo Arqueolgico National, Madrid, 1931. (Mur g -/1)
Mateu I Felipe Mateu y Llopis, "Hallazgos numismticos musulmanes", in al-Andalus
XII(1947) :481-484. (Mur g 1; Muw g 3)
Mateu II Felipe Mateu y Llopis, "Hallazgos numismticos musulmanes", in al-Andalus
XIV(1949) :201-207- (Muw g 2)
Mateu III Felipe Mateu y Llopis, "Hallazgos numismticos musulmanes", in al-Andalus
XV(195o) :218-226, 486-490. (Mar s 2/3; Nas s 1/15)
Mateu IV Felipe Mateu y Llopis, "Hallazgos numismticos musulmanes", in al-Andalus
XVI (1951):205-21o.
Metropolitan Metropolitan Museum of Art unpublished collection. (Mar g 2)
Miles George C. Miles, Ftimid coins: Numismatic notes and monographs no. 121, New York,
1951. (Zir g 1)
Moeller J.H. Moeller, De numis orientalibus in Numophylacio Gothano asservatis; part I -
Numos chalifarum et dynastiarum cu/icos exhibens, Gotha, 1826. (Muw s 1)
Monchicourt Ch. Monchicourt, "Etudes kairouanaises, IV", in Revue Tunisienne NS :IV(1933):
285-319. (Haf s 3)
Moura Jos de Santo Antonio Moura, "Memoria de cinco medalhas Africanas", in Historia e
Memorias da Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa X(1827):9-15. (Muw s 2; Mar s 1)
Moyse Camille Moyse, "Contribution l'tude de la numismatique musulmane", in Revue
Numismatique 4:XVI(1912) :41o-418, 500-506. (Ziy g 4; Mar g 3)
Mller A(ugust) Mller, Katalog der Bibliothek der Deutschen Morgenlndischen Gesellschaft;
vol. II - Handschriften, Inschriften, Miinzen, Medaillen, Verschiedenes, Leipzig, 1881. (Coins
read by Adolf Erman; Mur s 1)
293
Munter (Friedrich C. Munter), Museum Miinterianum; part III - Numos byzantinorum alio-
rumque ... continent, Copenhagen, 1839. (Mur s 2/1; Muw s -/11)
Nasir Nair al-Naqshaband1, "Nuqd andalusiyah min Ishbaniyah", in Sumer VII(1951):
Arabic 70-78. (Mur s 4; Muw s 1/2)
Nesselmann G(eorg) H(einrich) F(erdinand) Nesselmann, Die orientalischen Miinzen des
akademischen Miinzcabinets in Konigsberg, Leipzig, 1858. (Muw s 1)
0 J. 0strup, Catalogue des monnaies rabes et turques du Cabinet Royal des Mdailles du Muse
National de Copenhague, Copenhagen, 1938. (corrected from impressions kindly furnished by
GeorgGalster; Zirg2; Murg22, sn/4; Muwg4/1,s9/u; Haf g3,s2/1; Ziyg1 ;Marg3/5,54/1)
P A(ntonio) Prieto y Vives, "La reforma numismtica de los Almohades", in Misceldnea de
estudios y textos drabes (pp. 11-114), Madrid, 1915. (An excellent survey of part of this
coinage; Muw g 60, s 32; Hud g 2, s 4; Haf g 12; Mar g 107 and 3 hybrids, s 10; as S-/2)
T.Granadina Antonio Prieto (y Vives), Numismdtica granadina, Madrid, 1932. (as g 1)
P:Misceldnea Antonio Prieto y Vives, "Miscelnea numismtica", in al-Andalus III(1935):
127-133. (Zir g 1)
P:Reyes Antonio Prieto y Vives, Los reyes de taifas, Madrid, 1926. (Ham s 12; Mur s 19)
Pedersen J. Pedersen Myntkatalog, Bors, 1943. (Mur s 5/2)
Rivero :4 Casto M(ari)a del Rivero and Felipe Mateu y Llopis, Adquisiciones en 1932; Collec-
ciones de numismdtica y de gliptica; Museo Arqueoldgico Nacional, Madrid, 1933. (Muw g 1;
Ziy g 1; Mar g 1)
Rivero: Casto M(ari)a del Rivero, "El arte monetario en la Espaa musulmana", in Revista
de Archivos, Bibliotecas, y Museos LIV(1948) :51-72. (Mur g 2, s 13/1; Muw g 4/1, s 2/1)
Rivero:M Casto M(ari)a del Rivero, La moneda ardbigo-espaola, Madrid, 1933. (Mur g 10,
s 12; Muw g 6, s 5; Haf g 2; Ziy g 1; Mar g 1) \
Rodgers Cha(rle)s J(ames) Rodgers, Catalogue of the coins of the 1ndian Museum; part 4,

Calcutta, 1896. (Mur g 1; Muw g 1)
Romero Toms Romero de Castilla, Inventario de las monedas coleccionadas en el Museo de la
Comisidn de Monumentos de (Badajoz), Badajoz, 1897. (Mur g -/1)
S:Beyram J(acques) Schulman, Collection de Mr. Moustapha Beyram Bey ..., Amsterdam,
1909. (All entries under Schulman are auction catalogues prepared with unusual competence;
Zir g 1; Mur g 3; Muw g 3, s 3/1; Mar s 1)
S:Castro J(acques) Schulman, "Collection Camilo G. de Castro", in Catalogue des riches
collections ... de Castro ... AureU ... Oosterman, Amsterdam, 1912. (Mur s 10; Muw g 2,
s6; Marg-/1, s 1/3)
S:Ciscar J(acques) Schulman, Collection Ciscar y Montolin ..., Amsterdam, 1910. (Mur g 1,
s 1; Muw g 3/2, s 1)
S:Comte J(acques) Schulman, Catalogue d'une superbe collection ... de feu Monsieur le Comte
de L., Amsterdam, 1929. (Muw g 1)
S:Dodgson J(acques) Schulman, "Collection Gnral Sir D. Scott Dodgson, K.C.B.", in
Catalogue illustr des collections ... Dodgson ... et ... gentleman ..., Amsterdam, 1908.
(Mur g 1)
S:Gotha J(acques) Schulman, "Collection de feu le prince Philippe de Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha",
in Catalogue des collections ... Bucknill, ... Henderson, ... Vogel, ... amateur ..., Philippe
..., Amsterdam, 1928. (Mur g 8; Muw g 6; Haf g 2; Mar g 4)
S.Grantley J(acques) Schulman, "Collections ... diverses", in Catalogue de la grande collection
... Grantley ..., Amsterdam, 1921. (Mur g 2; Muw g 1)
S .Judicell J(acques) Schulman, Collection Joaquim Jos Judicedos Santos;part 2, Amsterdam,
1906. (Ham s 1; Mur g 8, s 10/2; Muw g 4, s 14/99; Haf s 1/1)
2Q4
S:Judice III J(acques) Schulman, Collection Joaquim Jos Judice dos Santos; part 3, Amster-
dam, 1906. (Mar g -/2)
S:Karabaczek J(acques) Schulman, "Collection de ... von Karabaczek ...", in Catalogue illu-
str des collections ... Oliver ... von Karaback (sic) ... Bourdillon, Amsterdam, 1907. (Mur
g 1; Muwg 7/1; Hud g 1; Haf g 3; Mar g 3)
S :Michael I J(acques) Schulman, "Collection Ithiel J. Michael", in Catalogue des collections .. .
Bleazby, ... Straus(s) ..., et ... Michael ..., Amsterdam, 1913. (Mur g 2; Muw g 2)
S:Michael II J(acques) Schulman, Catalogue des collections numismatiques de M. Ithiel-
J. Michael ... Moos ... Porter, Amsterdam, 1914. (Mur g 4/2)
S:White J(acques) Schulman, Collection White King; 3rd part, Amsterdam, 1905. (Mur g 6;
Muw g 5, s 2/1; Haf g 1; Mar g 4)
Sacy (Antoine Isaac) Silvestre de Sacy, "Mmoire sur quelques monnaies arabes en or des
Almohades et des Mrinites", in Journal des Savants (1837) :530-545. (Muw g 5/2; Haf g 2)
Sallet Alfred von Sallet, Miinzen und Medaillen, Berlin, 1898. (Muw g 1)
Sawaszkiewicz L(opold) L(on) Sawaszkiewicz, Le gnie de l'orient, comment par ses monu-
ments montaires, Brussels, 1846. (Mur g 2/3, s -I4, c -/1; Muw g 1, s -/2)
Schiepati (Giuseppe Schiepati), Descrizione di alcune monete cufiche del museo di Stejano de
Mainoni, Milan, 1820. (Zir g 4; Muw s 1)
Seaby B.A. Seaby, Ltd., Coin and medal bulletin # 368 (1949). (Other coins catalogued by
this dealer are either dupiicates of listed issues or insufficiently described; Murg1;
Mar g 1)
Seco Luis Seco de Lucena, "Hallazgos de monedas arabes", in al-Andalus XIV(1949) :467-469.
(Muw g 2/3, s 1; Haf g 1)
Sentenach Narciso Sentenach, "El maravedi: su grandeza y decadencia", in Revista de Ar-
chivos, Bibliotecas, y Museos XII(1905):195-220. (Mur g 1)

Soret:/? F(rdric) Soret, "Lettre M. le Colonel aux Gardes de Bartholomae ... ; part 2",
in Revue de la Numismatique Belge 3:II(1858) :217-2o, 476. (Mur s 2; Mar g 1)
Soret .D F(rdric) Soret, "Lettre M. le Conseiller d'tat de Dorn ... ; part 2", in Revue de la
Numismatique Belge 2 :VI(1856) :129-177. (Mur g 1, s 3; Muw s 1; Haf g 1)
Soret .F Frdric Soret, "Lettre S. E. Monsieur le Conseiller d'tat actuel de Fraehn ...",
in Mmoires de la Socit Impriale d'Archologie de St. Ptersbourg V(1851) :41-66, 179-214,
310-327. (Zir g 2 ; Mur g 4, s -/2; Muw g 1 ; Hud s 1 ; Haf g 2 ; Ziy g 1 ; Mar g 3)
Soret :K F(rdric) Soret, "Lettre Mr. le Dr. L. Krehl ... sur quelques monnaies orientales
... ", in Zeitschriff t der Deutschen Morgenlndischen Gesellschaft XIX(1865) :544-561. (Hud s 1)
Soret:/? Frdric Soret, "Trois lettres sur des monnaies cufiques ... du Muse de Genve;
I - Lettre M. Reinaud ... ", in Mmoires et Documents de la Socit d'Histoire et d'Archologie
de Genve I(1841) :54-63. (Mur s 1)
Soret:S F(rdric) Soret, "Lettre M. Sawelief in Revue de la Numismatique Belge
2:IV(1854):273-299, 377-416. (Mur g 2)
Sotheby Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, Catalogue of the collection of ... Mohammedan coins
... of the late J.M.C. Johnston ..., London, 1906. (Mur g 11, s 2/13; Muw g 18/10, s -/12;
Haf g -/2; Ziy g -/2; Mar g 3/8)
Spink Spink and Son, Ltd., "Catalogue of coins and medals for sale", in Monthly Numismatic
Circular, 1893-1950. (Mur g 12/10 ; Muw g 16/44, s 1 ; Haf g 1 ; Ziy g-/2; Mar g 4/12 ; Wat g-j2)
Thorburn Philip Thorburn's unpublished collection. (Mur g 4, s 10; Muw g 4, s 4; Ziy g 1;
Mar g 4 and 1 hybrid; Nas s 1)
Tornberg Cari Johan Tornberg, Numi cufici Regii Numophylacii Holmiensis, Upsala, 1848.
[(Mur g 2)
295
Tychsen, O. Olaf Gerhard Tychsen, Introductio in rem numarium Muhammedanorum, Rostock,
1794. (Mur g 1, c 2; Muw s 2; Haf g 1; Mar g 1, s 1)
Tychsen, O.: Introductionis Olaf Gerhard Tychsen, Introduction's in rem numarium Muham-
medanorum additamentum I, Rostock, 1796. (Muw g 1)
Tychsen, T. Th(omas) Chr(istian) Tychsen, "De numis orientalibus in Bibliotheca Regia
Gottingensi...", in Commentationes ... Recentiores; Goettingensis Societas Regia Scientiarum,
Hist. Phil. Classis III(1814):89-120b. (Muw s 1/2; Mar s 1)
UM University (of Pennsylvania) Museum; unpublished collection on loan to American
Numismatic Society, formed by Yaqub Artin Bey, presented by Robert C.H. Brock. (Mur
g 1, s 1; Muw g 1, s 2/1)
V Antonio Vives y Escudero, Monedas de las dinastias ardbigo-espanolas, Madrid, 1893. (The
first corpus of Spanish Arabic coins; includes many Hammudid, Murabit, and Muwahhid
issues but few of the later African dynasties; does not include weights or mintmarks and has
many minor errors, but remains indispensable for modern scholars, as many of the collec-
tions accessible to Vives have been dispersed; Ham s 14/18; Mur g 325/271, s 142/337, c 2;
Muw g 42/38 and 2 hybrids, s 38/323; Hud s 1/2; Mar s 7/7; Nas s 1/8)
Vollers K(arl) Vollers, "Das orientalische Munzkabinett der Universitat Jena im Jahre 1906",
expanded from Blatter filr Miinzfreunde XLI(19o6) :3529-3537. (A tantalizing check-list of
a fine collection, for a compiete description of which I have inquired in vain; Zir g-/2;
Mur g -/12, s -/18, c -/1; Muw g 1/20, s 1/24, c -/1; Haf g -/8; Ziy g -/2; Mar g -J7, s -/1)
Welzl Leopold Welzl von Wellenheim, Verzeichniss der Miinz- und Medaillen-Sammlung; vol. II,
part 2, Vienna, 1845. (Zir g 2/1; Mur g 2, s 1; Muw g 1, s 3/1)
Weyl:i" Adolph Weyl, Verzeichniss von Miinzen ... der Jules Fonrobert'schen Sammlung,
Berlin, 1878. (Muw g 2/4, s 4/13; Haf g 2/1, s 1)
Weyl:G Adolph Weyl, Verzeichniss der reichhaltigen Sammlung ... desFiirstenG(agarin), Berlin,

1885. (Mur g 26/1, s3/5; Muwg7/4, s 2/4; Hudg 1; Haf g 2; Mar g3 and 1 hybrid)
Yale Yale University's unpublished collection. (Mur g 1)
Zambaur I E(duard) von Zambaur, "Contributions a la numismatique orientale", in Numis-
matische Zeitschrift XXXVI (1904) :43-122. (Mur s 1)
Zambaur II E(duard) von Zambaur, "Contributions a la numismatique orientale; part 2", in
Numismatische Zeitschrift XXXVII(1905): 113-198. (Mur g 2; Muw s -/1)
Zambaur: WEduard von Zambaur, Kollektion Ernst Prinz zu Windisch-Gratz; vol. VII, part 1 -
Orientalische Miinzen, Vienna, 1906. (Mur s 1; Muw s 3/7)
al-Zarkashi al-Zarkashi, Ta'rikh al-daulatayn al-Muwahhidlyah wd'l-Haffiyah, Tunis, a.h. 1289
(a.d. 1872/3). (A basic historical source with incidental mention of coins; Haf c 1)
Ziya Ahmed Ziya, Catalogue of Islamic coins, Constantinopie, 1910. (Mur g 2; Haf g 1/1)
*****
In addition to the sources of coins reported in the numismatic bibliography, the following
works are useful for reference; they are listed alphabetically by author. No attempt has been
made to include every outlying reference consulted during the preparation of this study.
Barthelemy, J.B.A.A., Nouveau manuel complet de numismatique du moyen age et moderne, Paris,
(1852). (Mur g on pp. 367-369)
296
Batifaud, J., "Ouvrages de numismatique arabe", in Revue Critique NS:X(188o):41~48. (Review
of 4 works by Codera y Zaidin)
van Berchem, Max, "Notes d'archologie arabe: monuments et inscriptions fatimites", in Journal
Asiatique 8:XVIII(1891): 46-86. (Comments on ornamented Kf script on pp. 70-75)
Blancard, Louis, Essai sur les monnaies de Charles 1er, Comte de Provence, Paris, 1868. (Discussion
of exchange values)
Blancard, Louis, Le millars, Marseilles, 1876. (Classic discussion of European imitations of
Muwahhid square silver)
Blancard, Louis, in Revue Belge de Numismatique LIII(1897) :21<)-230. (Review of Sauvaire)
Brunschvig, R(obert), "Esquisse d'histoire montaire almohado-hafijide", in Mlanges William
Marais (pp. 63-94), Paris, 1950. (Excellent modern monograph stressing metrology)
Codera (y Zaidin), Francisco, "Colleccin de monedas rabes-espafiolas ...", in Revisfa Critica de
Historia y Litteratura Espanolas ... I(1899) :13_14. (Useful for provenance)
Codera y Zaidin, Francisco, Errores de varios numismdticos extranjeros al tratar de las monedas
ardbigo-espanolas, e impugnacion, Madrid, 1874. (Shrewd criticisms of his predecessors by a
sharp-eyed expert)
Codera (y Zaidin), Francisco, "Numismtica y metrologia musulmanas", in Boletin de la Real
Academia de la Historia XVI(189o) :361-366. (Review of Sauvaire)
Codera y Zaidin, Francisco, Titulos y nombres propios en las monedas ardbigo-espanolas, Madrid,
1878. (Pioneer study of titles)
Codrington, O(liver), A manual of Musulman numismatics, London, 1904. (Excellent general
reference work, to be used with caution)
Decourdemanche, J(ean) A(dolphe), "Etude mtrologique et numismatique sur les misqals et les
dirhems arabes", in Revue Numismatique 4:XII(1908) :208-251. (Metrology)
Decourdemanche, J(ean) A(dolphe), Trait pratique des poids et mesures des peuples anciens et des

Arabes, Paris, 1909. (Metrology)
Drouin, E(dm), "Almohades et Hafsides", in Revue Numismatique 4Î(1902) :132-135.
Ethem, Halil, Essai d'une bibliographie pour la numismatique musulmane, Ankara, 1933. (Biblio-
graphy, less useful than Mayer)
Fasmer II R(ichard) Vasmer, "Zwei neue Bcher iiber spanisch-arabischeNumismatik; part II",
in Zeitschrift fiir Numismatik XXXVIII(1928): 223-234. (Review of Prieto:.Reyes)
Fiorelle, Giuseppe, "Delie monete arabe dette moumini", in Annali di Numismatice I(1853) :47-48.
(Notes on Muwahhid silver)
Fraehn, Ch(ristian) M(artin), "Du caractre d'criture arabe nomm carmatique; dissertation ou l'on
prouve qu'il n'a jamais exist un caractere ainsi nomm", in Journal Asiatique 2:I(1828) : 379-
391. (Classic refutation of the Qarmati fallacy, inexpiicably ignored by many later orientalists)
de Gayangos (y Arce), Pascual, "The Morabeti and other coins of Mohammedan Spain", in The
chronicle of James I, King of Aragon (pp. 694-695), London, 1883.
Gonzlez-Palencia, Angel, Loz mozarabes de Toledo en los siglos XII y XIII; vol. I, Madrid, 1926.
(Exchange)
Guilhiermoz, P., "Note sur les poids du moyen-ge", in Bibliothque de l'cole des Chartes
LXVII(19o6) .161-233. (Metrology)
Gnzburg, D.G., "Bezimenniy almokhadsky dirgem", in Zapiski Vostochnago Otdeleniya
VII(1892):319. (Notes on Muwahhid silver)
Hofmeier, Karl Wilhelm, "Die Verleihung des Titels "Frst der Muslimen" an Jsuf ibnTsfn",
in Wiener Zeitschrift der Kunde des Morgenlandes XXII(19o8) :184-199. (Murabit titles)
Lane-Poole, S(tanley), "The Arabian historians on Mohammadan numismatics", in Numismatic
Chronicle 3:IV(1884):66-96. (Translations of relevant passages)
297
de Lastanosa y Baraiz de Vera, Vincencio Juan, Museo de las medallas desconoidas espanolas,
Huesca, 1645. (Early and difficult)
Leggett, Eugene, Notes on the mint-towns and coins of the Mohamedans, London, 1885. (Stimulating
but inaccurate)
de Longperier, Adrien, in Journal des Savants 3 :XLI(1876) :428-442. Reprinted in his Oeuvres
(vol. I, pp. 475-491), Paris, 1883. (Review of Blancard :Millars)
Massignon, Louis, Le Maroc dans les premires annes du XVIe sicle, Algiers, 1906. (Exchange
and metrology)
Mateu y Llopis, Felipe, "Hallazgos monetarios", in Ampurias IV(1942) :215-224; V(1943):
221-238; VI(1944):215-237; VII/VIII(1945/6) :233-276; IX/X (1947/8) :55-95. (Spanish
finds)
Mauss, C, Loi de la numismatique musulmane, Paris, 1898. (Legal)
Mayer, L(eo) A.., Annual bibliography of Islamic art and archaeology, India excepted; vol. I - 1935,
vol. II - 1936, vol. Ill -1937, Jerusalem, 1937-1939. (Includes additions to next entry)
Mayer, L(eo) A., Bibliography of Moslem numismatics, India excepted (Oriental Translation Fund,
vol. XXXV), London, 1939. (Indispensable foundation for all work in this field, soon to be
issued in a revised edition, of which the author generously allowed me to use the proofs)
de la Rada y Delgado, Juan de Dios, Bibliografia numismdtica espanola, Madrid, 1886. (Not
entirely superseded by Mayer)
Reiske, Johann Jacob, "Briefe iiber das arabische Miinzwesen", in Repertorium filr Biblische und
Morgenlndische Literalur IX(1781) :199-268; X(1782) :165-240; XI(1783) :1-44. (Early and
difficult)
von Rosen, "Primychanie", in Zapiski Vostochnago Otdeleniya VII(1892) :319~321. (Comments on
Gunzburg)
de Sacy, A(ntoine) I(saac) Silvestre, "De quelques monnoies arabes et des monnoies de Tunis

d'Alger, et de Maroc ...", in Magasin Encyclopdique 3:III(1797):55-69. (An early mono-
graph)
de Sacy, (Antoine Isaac) Silvestre, in Journal des Savan(t)s (1823) :131-141, 259-270, 387-399.
(Review of Schiepati and Castiglioni)
de St. Elie, Anastase-Marie, An-nuqud al-'arabiyeh wa HIm an-nummiyt, Cairo, 1939. (Biblio-
graphy)
Sauvaire, H(enri), "Matriaux pour servir l'histoire de la numismatique et de la mtrologie
musulmanes; part 1 - Monnaies", in Journal Asiatique 7:XIV(1879) :455-533; 7:XV(188o):
228-277, 421-478; 7:XVIII(1881):499-516; 7:XIX(1882) :23-77, 97-163, 281-327. (The
fundamental work on numismatic metrology and exchange)
Soret, F(rdric), lments de la numismatique musulmane, Basle, 1868. (General reference work
largely superseded by Codrington)
Vasmer, see Fasmer.
Vazquez Queipo, V., Essai sur les systmes mtriques et montaires des anciens peuples depuis les
premiers temps historiques jusqu' la fin du khalifat d'orient; vol. II, Paris, 1859. (Metrology)
Vives (y Escudero), Antonio, "Indicacin del valor en las monedas arbigo-espanolas", in Homendje
D. Francisco Codera (pp. 513-522), Saragossa, 1904. (Useful monograph on design con-
ventions)
HISTORICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
This bibliography is a list of all non-numismatic sources of the historical information,
and specifically of the personal names and relationships, the place-names, and the dates
used in preparing the text and corpus. It is divided into four portions: the medieval Arabic
historians (that is, historians of any nationality writing in the Arabic language), from whom
the vast majority of the information has been obtained; the modern compilations of
medieval Arabic inscriptions on buildings, tombstones, textiles, and other surviving
physical objects; the modern compilations of medieval Arabic and European letters,
treaties, and other documents; and the most important of the innumerable modern
historians and commentators.
Within each of these four divisions the works are arranged alphabetically by author
or compiler, and to each work is prefixed an index number by which it is designated in the
lists of rulers inserted at the start of each chapter on the coinage of individual dynasties.
A. ARABIC
These works are alphabetized under the name by which the author is usually known,
disregarding such prefixes as al-, Abu-, and Ibn-. Editions which I have not personally
consulted are included for the sake of utility, but are enclosed within parentheses. Those
which I have used have naturally varied greatly in importance, from Ibn-Khaldun and
other basic historians through YaqQt and other geographers down to travellers and eastern
chroniclers who may have confirmed a single date or the spelling of a place-name. Ab-
breviations used in this division of the index include: ed(ited by), ex(cerpts), translated
by), and w(ith) n(otes), as well as the usual p(age), v(olume), etc. Within an author heading
different works, and different editions and translations of the same work, are listed chrono-
logically.
A1. Ibn-al-Abbar Kitab al-hullah al-siyara': (a) ex. ed. w.n. R. Dozy, Notices sur quelques
manuscrits arabes (pp. 29-260), Leyden, 1847-1851; (b) ex. ed. w.n. M.J. Miiller, Beitrage
zur Geschichte der westlichen Araber (pp. Arabic 161-360), Munich, 1866-1878;(c) ex.

ed. & tr. E. Lvi-Provencal, Documents inedits d'histoire almohade (pp. 227-230, Arabic
146-148), Paris, 1928.
A2. Ibn-al-Abbar Kitab al-takmilah li-kitab al-?ilah:(a) 2 v. ed. w.n. F. Codera y Zaidin as
Complementum libri Assilah, Madrid, 1887-1889;^) ex. ed. w.n. M. Alarcn and C.A.
Gonzalez Palencia, "Apendice a la edicin Codera de la Tecmila", in Misceldnea de
estudios y textos arabes (pp. 149-690), Madrid, 1915 ;(c) ex. ed. & tr. w.n. A. Bel and M. ben
Cheneb in Revue Africaine (1918) :3o6-335;(d) v. 3 ed. w.n. A. Bel and M. ben Cheneb as
Takmila-t-ewila, Algiers, 1920.
Historical Bibliography
299
A2a. 'Abd-al-Bsit Al-raud al-basim fi hawadith al-'umr wa'l-tarjim: ex. ed. &tr. w.n.
R. Brunschvig in Deux rcits de voyage indits en Afrique du Nord au XVe sicle
(pp- 3-136), Paris, 1936.
A3. al-'Abdari Al-rihlah al-Maghribiyah: ex. tr. w. n. (A.) Cherbonneau in Journal Asiatique
5: IV (1854) : 144-176.
A4. Ibn-'Abdun Risalah :(a) ed. w.n. E. Lvi-Provenal in Journal Asiatique CCXXIV(1934):
177-299;(b) tr. w.n. E. Lvi-Provenal as Seville musulmane au dbut du Xlle sicle,
Paris, 1947.
A5. Ibn-al-Ahmar Raudat al-nisrn fi daulat Bani Marn:(a) v. 2 tr. w.n. R. Dozy as "Histoire
des benou-Ziyan de Tlemcen", in Journal Asiatique 4:III(1844) :378~416;(b) v. 1 ed. & tr.
w.n. G. Bouali and G. Marais as "Histoire des Ben Mern, rois de Fs", in Bulletin de
Correspondance Africaine LV(1917) :i-xxi, 1-157;(c) ex. ed. &tr. w.n. E. Lvi-Provenal
in Journal Asiatique CCIII(1923) :219-255.
A6. Ibn-al-Athir Kitab al-kmil fi'l-ta'rikh:(a) ed. w.n. C.J. Tornberg as Chronicon ...
(14 v.), Leyden, 1851-1876;^) ex. tr. w.n. E. Fagnan as "Annales du Maghreb et de
l'Espagne", in Revue Africaine XL & XLI, and Algiers, 1898-1901.
A7. Ibn-al-'Attar Ta'rikh balad Qusanrinah: tr. w.n. A. Dournon in Revue Africaine
LVII(1913):265-305.
A8. al-'Ayni Ta'rikh al-badr (abridgment of his 'Iqd al-jumn fi ta'rikh ahl al-zamn):
ex. tr. E. Fagnan, Extraits indits relatifs au Maghreb (pp. 262-270), Algiers, 1924.
A9. al-Badisi Al-maqsad al-sharif wa'l-manza' al-laîf fi dhikr sulah' al-Rif: tr. w.n. G.S.
Colin in Archives Marocaines XXVII(1926) :1-254.
Ao. Ibn-Badrn Sharh qasidat Ibn 'Abdun: ed. w.n. R. Dozy as Commentaire historique sur
le -pome d'ibn-Abdoun, Leyden, 1846.
Au. al-Bakri Kitab al-masalik wa'l-mamalik:(a) ex. tr. w.n. (E.M.) Quatremre as "Descrip-

tion de l'Afrique", in Notices et Extraits XII(1)(1831):437-664;(b) (ex. ed. MacG. de
Slane, Algiers, 1857) ;(c) ex. tr. w.n. (MacG.) de Slane as "Description de l'Afrique
septentrionale", in Journal Asiatique 5 :XII(1858) :412-492,497-534; 5 :XIII(1859) :58-8o,
97-194, 310-416, 469-519; 5:XIV(1859):117-152;(d) (rev. ed. MacG. de Slane, Algiers,
191o);(e) (rev. tr. (MacG.) de Slane, Algiers, 1913).
A12. al-Bkuwi Talkhis al-athr wa-'aja'ib al-malik al-qahhr: ex. tr. w.n. de Guignes in
Notices et Extraits II(1789) :386-545.
A13. Ibn-Bashkuwal Kitab al-?ilah fi ta'rikh a'immat al-Andalus:(a) ed. w.n. F. Codera (y
Zaidin) as Assila (2 v.), Madrid, 1882-1883; (b) ex. ed. w.n. F. Codera (y Zaidin) in Ibn-
al-Faradi's Historia vivorum doctorum Andalusiae (v. II, pp. ix-xiii, ArabiC 75-120),
Madrid, 1891-1892.
A.14 Ibn-Batttah Tuhfat al-nuzzr fi ghara'ibal-am?r wa-'aja'ib al-asfar: (a) ex. tr. w.n. S.
Lee, London, 1829 ;(b) ed. & tr. w.n. C. Defrmery and B.R. Sanguinetti as Voyages (5 v.),
Paris, 1853-1859 (later'reprinted) ;ex. tr. w.n. H.A.R. Gibb, London, 1929 (reprinted 1939).
A15. al-Baydhaq Ta'rikh al-Muwahhidin: ed. & tr. w.n. E. Lvi-Provenal as "L'histoire des
Almohades", in Documents indits d'histoire almohade (pp. i-xii, 75-225, 232-246, ArabiC
50-133), Paris, 1928.
A16. al-abbi Kitab bughyat al-mutalammis fi ta'rikh rijal ahl al-Andalus: ed. w.n. F. Codera
y Zaidin and J. Ribera as Desiderium quaerentis historiam virorum populi Andalusiae,
Madrid, 1885.
A17. al-Dimashqi Kitab nukhbat al-dahr fi 'aja'ib al-barr wa'l-bahr:(a) ed. w.n. A.F. Mehren
as Cosmographie ..., St. Petersburg, 1865-1866 (reprinted with index Leipzig, 1923);^)
(tr. A.F. Mehren, Copenhagen, 1874).
A18. Ibn-Abi-Dinar Al-mu'nis fi akhbar Ifriqiyah wa-Tunis:(a) tr. w.n. E. Pellissier and (G.)
Remusat as Histoire de l'Afrique, Paris, 1845 ;(b) ed. at Tunis, 1869/70.
A19. Ibn-al-Faq1h Kitab al-buldan: ed. w.n. M.J. de Goeje as Kitdb al-bolddn, Leyden, 1885.
A20. Abu'l-Fida' Mukhtasar ta'rikh al-bashar:(a) 2nd half ed. & tr. w.n. J.J. Reiske as A nnales
muslemici arabice et latine (5 v.), Copenhagen, 1789-1794;^) (ed. at Constantinopie
1869/70).
A21. Abu'l-Fida' Taqwim al-buldan:(a) ed. w.n. (J.) Reinaud and MacG. de Slane as Geogra-
phic, Paris, 1840 ;(b) 1st half tr. w.n. (J.) Reinaud, Paris, 1848; (c) (2nd half tr. S.Guyard,
Paris, 1883).
A22. Ibn-Ghalbun Al-tadhkirah fi man malaka Tarabulus ...: tr. w.n. E. Rossi as La cronaca
araba Tripolitana, Bologna, 1936.
A23. al-Ghubrini 'Unwan al-dirayah fi man 'urifah min 'ulama' al-mi'ah al-sabi'ah fi Bijayah:
(a) ex. tr. w.n. A. Cherbonneau in Journal Asiatique 5 :VII(1856) :475-496;(b) (ed. M. ben
Cheneb, Algiers, 1911).
A24. Ibn-Hammad Akhbar muluk Bani 'Ubayd wa-siratihim: ed. & tr. w.n. (N.) Vonder-
heyden as Histoire des rois 'obaidides, Algiers, 1927.
A25. Ibn-Hauqal Kitab al-masalik wa'l-mamalik:(a) ex. tr. w.n. MacG. de Slane in Journal
Asiatique 3:XIII(1842) :153-196, 209-258;^) ed. w.n. M.J. de Goeje as Viae et regna,
Leyden, 1872-1873 ;(c) ed. w.n. J.H. Kramers as Liber imaginis terrae, Leyden, 1938-1939.
A26. al-Himyari Kitab al-raud al-mi'tar fi khabar al-aqtar: ed. & tr. w.n. E. Levi-Provencal as
La peninsule iberique au moyen-age, Leyden, 1937-1938.
A27. Ibn-al-'Idhari Kitab al-bayan al-mughrib ... :(a) 2 v. ed. w.n. R. Dozy as Histoire de
l'Afriqueetdel'Espagne,Leyden, 1848-1851;^) 2v.tr. w.n. E.Fagnan, Algiers, 1901-1904;
(c) v. 3 ed. E. Levi-Provencal, Paris, 1930.
A28. al-Idrisi Nuzhat al-mushtaq fi ikhtiraq al-afSq:(a) ex. tr. w.n. J.M. Hartmann as Africa,
Gottingen, 1796 (2nd ed.);(b) ex. ed. & tr. w.n. J.A. Conde as Descripcion de Espana,

Madrid, 1799;(c) (tr. P.A. Jaubert (2 v.), Paris, 1836-1840) ;(d) ex. ed.&tr. w.n. R. Dozy
and M.J. de Goeje as Description de l'Afrique et de l'Espagne, Leyden, 1864-1866;(e) (ex.
tr. A. Blasquez, Madrid, 1901).
A29. al-Ifrani Nuzhat al-hadi bi-akhbar muhlk al-qarn al-hadi:(a) ed. O. Houdas, Paris,
1888;(b) tr. w.n. O. Houdas, Paris, 1889.
A30. al-Istakhri Kitab masalik al-mamalik:(a) tr. w.n. (from Persian) W. Ousely as The
oriental geography of ebn Haukal, London, 1800 ;(b) (ed. Moller as Liber climatum, Gotha,
1839) ;(c) tr. w.n. A.D. Mordtmann as Das Buch der Lander, Hamburg, 1845 ;(d) ed. w.n.
M.J. de Goeje as Viaeregnorum, Leyden, 1870 ;(e) (rev. ed. w.n. M.J. de Goeje, Leyden, 1927).
A31. Ibn-Iyas Nashaq al-azhar fi 'aja'ib al-aqtar: ex. ed. w.n. L. Langles as "Cosmographie",
in Notices et Extraits VIII(1)(1810) :1-131.
A32. al-Jannabi Al-bahr al-zakhkhar wa'l-'aylam al-tayyar: ex. tr. w.n. E. Fagnan in Extraits
indits relatifs au Maghreb (pp. 285-359), Algiers, 1924.
A33. al-Jazna'i Zahrat al-as: ed. & tr. w.n. A. Bel in Bulletin de Correspondance Africaine
LIX(1923) :3-198, Arabic 1-86.
A34. Ibn-Jubayr Rihlah:(a) (ed. W. Wright, Leyden, 1852);(b) tr. w.n. C. Schiaparelli as
Viaggio ..., Rome, 19o6;(c) ed. w.n. M.J. de Goeje, Leyden, 1907.
A35. Ibn-Khaldun Kitab al-'ibar: (a) ex. tr. w.n. P. de Gayangos in al-Maqqari's The history
of the Mohammedan dynasties in Spain ... (v. II, pp. xlix-lxxx), London, 1843; (b) ex. ed.
& tr. w.n. C.J. Tornberg as "Narratio de expeditionibus Francorum ...", in Acta ...
Upsaliensis XII(1844) :1-154; (c) ex. tr. w.n. M(ac)G. de Slane as "Autobiographic", in
Journal Asiatique 4:III(1844):5-60, 187-210, 291-308, 325-353;(d) v. 6, 7 ed. w.n.
301
(MacG.) de Slane as Histoire des Berberes (2 v.), Algiers, 1847-1851;(e) v. 6, 7 tr. w.n.
(MacG.) de Slane as Histoire des Berberes (4 v.), Algiers, 1852-1856 (3 v. reprinted Paris,
1925-1934 as "revised") ;(f) v. 1 ed. (E.M.) Quatremere as "Les prolegomenes", in Notices
et Extraits XVI(1), XVII(1), XVIII(1), Paris 18581(g) v. 1 tr. w.n. (MacG.) de Slane as
"Les prolegomenes", in Notices et Extraits XIX(1) (1862), XX(1) (1865), XXI(1) (1868) ;(h)
ed. at Bulaq, 1867/8 ;(i) ex. tr. w.n. (M.) Gaudefroy-Demombynes as "Histoire des
benou'l-Ahmar", in Journal Asiatique 9:XII(1898) :309-340, 407-462.
A36. Ibn-Khallikan Kitab wafayat al-a'yan wa-anba' abna' al-zaman:(a) ed. w.n. F. Wiisten-
feld as Vitae illustrium virorum ... (2 v.), Gottingen, 1835-1843;^) v. 1 ed. MacG. de
Slane, Paris, 1838-1842;^) tr. w.n. MacG. de Slane as Biographical dictionary (4 v.),
Paris, 1843-1845;(d) ed. at Cairo, 1881/2.
A37. Ibn-Khaqan Qala'id al-'iqyan wa-mahasin al-a'yan:(a) (ed. Sulayman al Hara'iri as
Le collier d'or, Paris, 186o);(b) (tr. E. Bourgade, Paris, 1865) ;(c) ed. at Bulaq, 1866/7.
A38. Ibn-al-Khatib Al-hulal al-marqumah ... :(a) ex. ed. & tr. M. Casiri, Bibliotheca arabico-
hispana escurialensis (v. II, pp. 246-319), Madrid, 1770;(b) (ed. at Tunis, 1898) ;(c) ed. at
Tunis, 1915/6.
A39. Ibn-al-Khatib Al-lumhah al-badriyah fi'l-daulah al-Nasriyah:(a) ex. ed. & tr. M. Casiri,
Bibliotheca arabico-hispana escurialensis (v. II, pp. 177-246), Madrid, 1770;(b) ed. Muhibb
al-din al-Khatib, Cairo, 1928/9.
A40. Ibn-al-Khatib Al-ihatah bi-ta'rikh Gharnatah:(a) ex. tr. w.n. M. Casiri, Bibliotheca
arabico-hispana escurialensis (v. II, pp. 71-121), Madrid, 1770;(b) ed. at Cairo, 1901/2.
A41. Ibn-al-Khatib A'mal al-a'lam:(a) ex. ed. w.n. H.H. 'Abd-al-Wahhab in Centenario delIa
nascita di Michele Amari (v. II, pp. 427-482), Palermo, 1910;(b) (ed. w.n. E. Levi-
Provencal, Rabat, 1934).
A42. Ibn-al-Khatib Mi'yar al-ikhtiyar:(a) (ed. & tr. F.X. Simonet as Descripcion del Reino de

Granada ..., Madrid, 1861) ;(b) ex. ed. w.n. M.J. Muller, Beitrge zur Geschichte der west-
lichen Araber (pp. Arabic 45-100), Munich, 1866 (text reprinted Fez, 1907/8);^) rev. tr.
w.n. F.X. Simonet, Granada, 1872.
A43. Ibn-al-Khatib Mufakharat Malaqah wa-Sala:(a) ed. w.n. M.J. Muller, Beitrage zur Ge-
schichte der westlichen Araber (pp. Arabic 1-13), Munich, 1866 (text reprinted Fez,
1907/8) ;(b) tr. w.n. E. Garcia Gomez in al-Andalus II(1934) :185-196.
A44. Ibn-Khayr Fihrist ma rawahu 'an shuyukhihi ...: ed. w.n. F. Codera (y Zaidin) and
J. Ribera (y) Tarrag as Index librorum ... (2 v.), Saragossa, 1894-1895.
A45. Ibn-Khurdadhbih Kitab al-masalik wa'l-mamalikâ) ed. & tr. w.n. C. Barbier de Meynard
in Journal Asiatique 6 :V(1865) :5-127, 227-296, 446-532 ;(b) ed. & tr. w.n. M.J. de Goeje,
Leyden, 1889.
A46. Leo Africanus (Arabic original lost, name unknown) :(a) tr. w.n. C. Schefer as Description
de l'Afrique ... (3 v.), Paris, 1896-1898;^) tr. w.n. J. Pory as The history and description
of Africa (3 v.), London, 1896.
A47. al-Maqdisi Ahsan al-taqasim fi ma'rifat al-aqalim:(a) ed. w.n. M.J. de Goeje as Descriptio
imperii Moslemici, Leyden, 1877 ;(b) ex. tr. w.n. G.S.A. Ranking and R.F. Azoo, Calcutta,
1897-1910;(c) (rev. ed. w.n. M.J. de Goeje, Leyden, 1906).
A48. al-Maqqari Nafh al-tib min ghusn al-Andalus ... :(a) tr. w.n. P. de Gayangos as The
history of the Mohammedan dynasties in Spain ... (2 v.), London, 1840-1843;^) ex. ed.
w.n. G. Dugat, Analectes sur l'histoire et la littrature des Arabes d'Espagne (v. ii, pp. Arabic
395-835), Leyden, 1858-1861;(c) ed. at Cairo, 1884/5.
A49. al-Maqrizi Al-suluk li-ma'rifat duwal al-muluk: tr. w.n. (E.M.) Quatremere as Histoire
des Sultans Mamlouks (4 v. in 2), Paris, 1837-1844.
A50. al-Maqrizi Shudhur (or Nubdhat) al-'uqud fi umur al-nuqud:(a) ed. & tr. w.n. O.G.
Tychsen as Historia monetae Arabicae ..., Rostock, 1797;(b) ex. tr. w.n. A.I.S. de Sacy as
"Traits des monnoies musulmanes", in Magasin Encyclopdique 3:I(1797): 38-89.
A51. al-Marrakushi Kitab al-mu'jib fi talkhis akhbar al-Maghrib:(a) (ed. R. Dozy as The
history of the Almohades, Leyden, 1847) ;(b) rev. ed. w.n. R. Dozy, Leyden, 1881;(c) tr.
w.n. E. Fagnan as Histoire des Almohades, Algiers, 1893.
A52. Ibn-Maryam Al-bustan fi dhikr al-auliya' wa'l-'ulama' bi-Tilimsan:(a) (ed. M. ben
Cheneb, Algiers, 1908) ;(b) tr. w.n. F. Provenzali, Algiers, 1910.
A53. Ibn-Marzuq Kitab al-musnad al-sahih al-hasan ...: ed. & tr. w.n. E. Levi-Provencal
as "Un nouveau texte d'histoire merinide", in Hesperis V(1925) :1-82.
A54. al-Mas'udi Muriij al-dhahab wa-ma'adin al-jawahir:(a) ex. tr. w.n. de Guignes in Notices
et Extraits I(1787) :1-b7;(b) ex. tr. w.n. A. Sprenger as Historical encyclopaedia, London,
1841 ;(c) ed. & tr. w.n. C. Barbier de Meynard and (v. 1-3) P. de Courteille as Les prairies
d'or (9 v.), Paris 1861-1877.
A55. al-Mas'udi Kitab al-tanbih wa'l-ishraf :(a) ed. w.n. M.J. de Goeje, Leyden, 1893-1894;^)
(tr. Carra de Vaux, Paris, 1896).
A56. al-Mazini Tuhfat al-albab wa-nukhbat al-a'jab: ed. w.n. G. Ferrand in Journal Asiatique
CCVII(1925):1-148, 193-304.
A57. al-Miknasi Al-raud al-hatun fi akhbar Miknasat al-Zaytun: tr. w.n. O. Houdas as "Mono-
graphic de Mequinez", in Journal Asiatique 8:V(1885):101-147.
A58. al-Munajjim Kitab akam al-marjan fi dhikr al-mada'in al-mashhurah fi kull makan:
ed. & tr. w.n. A. Codazzi as "II compendio geografico arabo", in Rendiconti ... dei
Lincei ... 6^(1929) :373-4&3.
A59. Mflsa II Wasitat al-suhik fi siyasat al-muluk:(a) (ed. M. Kabadu and M. Baslur
al-Tuwati, Tunis, 1862) ;(b) tr. w.n. M. Gaspar (y Remiro) as El collar de perlas, Sara-
gossa, 1899.

A60. al-Nuwayri Nihayat al-arab fi funun al-adab :(a) ex. tr. MacG. de Slane in Ibn-Khaldun's
Histoire des Berberes (v. I, p. 313), Algiers, 1852 ;(b) ex. ed. & tr. w.n. M. Gaspar y Remiro
as Historia de los Musulmanes de Espana y Africa, Granada, 1917-1919;^) ed. A. Zaki
(14 of 24 v. pub. by 1943), Cairo, 1923.
A61. al-Qalqashandi Subh al-a'sha fi ijina'at al-insha':(a) ex. tr. w.n. H. Sauvaire in Memoires
de l'Acadmie de Marseille (1886/7) 79-111 ;(b) e<i. M.A. Ibrahim (14 v.), Cairo, 1913-1920.
A62. Ibn-al-Qasim Ikhtiijar al-akhbar 'amma kanah bi-thaghr Sabtah ...: ed. w.n. E. Levi-
Proven5al as "Une description de Ceuta musulmane au XVe siecle", in Hesperis XII(1931):
145-176.
A63. Ibn-al-Qattan Nazm al-juman: ed. & tr. w.n. E. Levi-Provencal in Melanges Rene Basset
(v. II, pp. 335-393), Paris, 1925.
A64. Qudamah Kitab al-kharaj ...: ex. ed. & tr. w.n. M.J. de Goeje, Leyden, 1889.
A65. Ibn-al-Qunfudh Al-farisiyah fi mabadi al-daulah al-Hafijiyah: ex. ed. & tr. w.n. A. Cher-
bonneau in Journal Asiatique 4:XII(1848)^37-258; 4:XIII(1849):185-211; 4:XVII
(1851):51-84; 4:XX(1852):208-244.
A66. Ibn-al-Qunffldh Kitab al-wafayat: ed. H. Husain in Journal of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal 2:VIII(1912) :1-38.
A67. Ibn-Rustah Kitab al-a'laq al-nafisah: v. 7 ed. w.n. M.J. de Goeje, Leyden, 1891-1892.
A68. Ibn-Sa'id Kitab al-mughrib fi hula al-Maghrib: v. 4. ed. & tr. K.L. Tallqvist, Leyden,
1898-1899.
A69. al-Sakhawi Al-tibr al-masbuk fi dhayl al-suliik: ex. tr. w.n. E. Fagnan, Extraits indits
relatifs au Maghreb (pp. 271-284), Algiers, 1924.
303
A70. Ibn-al-Sammk Al-hulal al-maushiyah fi'l-akhbar al-Marrkushiyah: (a) (ed. at Tunis,
1909-1911);(b) ed. w.n. I.S. Allouche, Rabat, 1936.
A71. Ibn-Shkir Fawt al-wafayt: ed. at Blq 1866/7 (reprinted 1881).
A72. al-Shantarini Kitab al-dhakhirah fi mahsin ahl al-jazirah: ex. ed. at Cairo, 1939.
A73. Shihab-al-Din Kitab 'uqd al-jumn fi mukhtasar akhbar al-zamn: ex. ed. w.n. (A.I.)
S. de Sacy in Notices et Extraits II(1789) :124-163.
A74. Ibn-Taghribirdi Al-nujm al-zhirah fi mulk Misr wa'l-jhirah: tr. w.n. E. Fagnan in
Recueil de Notices et Mmoires de la Socit Archologique, Historique, et Gographique de
Constantine XL(1906):269~382.
A75. al-Tanasi Nazm al-durr wa'l-'iqyn fi bayn sharaf Bani Zayn: ex. tr. w.n. J. J.L. Bargs
as Histoire des Beni Zeiyan, Paris, 1852.
A76. al-TauzariKitab al-iktifa'fi akhbar al-khulafa': ex. tr. w.n. P. de Gayangosin al-Maqqari's
The history of the Mohammedan dynasties in Spain ... (v. II, pp. xxii-xlviii), London,
1843.
A77. al-Tijni Rihlah: ex. tr. w.n. A. Rousseau in Journal Asiatique 4:XX(1852):57-2o8;
5:I(1853) :1o1-168, 354-425.
A78. Ibn-Tmart Tauhid al-bari ... : ed. w.n. J.D. Luciani, Algiers, 1903.
A79. al-Turtshi Sirj al-mulk:(a) (ed. at Cairo, 1872/3); (b) ed. at Cairo, 1888/9;(0) tr. w.n.
M. Alarcn as Ldmpara de los principes (2 v.), Madrid, 1930-1931.
A80. al-'Umari Masalik al-ab?r fi mamalik al-amsr:(a) ex. ed. w.n. A. Zaki, Cairo, 1924;^)
ex. tr. w.n. (M.) Gaudefroy-Demombynes as L'Afrique moins l'gypte, Paris, 1927;(c) ex.
ed. w.n. (M.) Gaudefroy-Demombynes as " Quelques passages relatifs au Maroc", in Mmo-
rial Henri Basset (v. i, pp. 269-280), Paris, 1928.
A81. Yahy Ibn-Khaldun Bughyat al-rwad fi dhikr al-mulk min Bani 'Abd al-Wad: ed. &tr.
w.n. A. Bel as Histoire des Beni 'Abd el-Wd (2 v.), Algiers, 1904-1913.

A82. al-Ya'qbi Kitab al-buldn:(a) (ex. ed. w.n. M.J. de Goeje as Descriptio al Magribi,
Leyden, 186o);(b) ex. ed. w.n. A.W.T. Juynboll, Leyden, 186o-1861;(c) ed. w.n. M.J. de
Goeje, Leyden, 1891-1892;^) (tr. w.n. G. Wiet as Les pays, Cairo, 1937).
A83. Yqt Mu'jam al-buldn: ed. w.n. F. Wstenfeld as Geographisches Wrterbuch (6 v.),
Leipzig, 1866-1873.
A84. Ibn-Abi-Zar' Kitab al-anis al-mu^rib bi-raud al-qirtas fi akhbar mulk al-Maghrib wa-
ta'rikh madinat Fs:(a) (tr. F. von Dombay (2 v.), Zagreb, 1794-1795);^) (tr. J. Moura,
Lisbon, 1828) ;(c) ex. ed. & tr. C.J. Tornberg as "Primordia dominationis Murabitorum
...", in Nova Acta ... Upsaliensis XI(1839) :297-407;(d) ed. & tr. w.n. C.J. Tornberg as
Annales regum Mauritaniae, Upsala, 1843-1846;(e) tr. w.n. A. Beaumier as Roudh el-
kartas, Paris, 186o;(f) (ed. Muhammad ibn-al-Husayn al-Ftimi, Fez, 1888).
A85. al-Zarkashi Ta'rikh al-daulatayn al-Muwahhidiyah wa'l-Hafsiyah:(a) ex. ed. & tr.
A. Rousseau in Journal Asiatique 4:XIII (1849): 269-315 ;(b) ed. at Tunis, 1872/3;(c) tr.
w.n. E. Fagnan as Chronique des Almohades et des Hafides, Constantine, 1895.
A86. al-Zuhri Kitab al-jaghrafiyah:(a) ex. ed. & tr. w.n. O. Houdas and R. Basset as "Descrip-
tion du Sous el Aqs'a", in Bulletin de Correspondance Africaine II(1884) :192-198;(b) ex-
tr. w.n. R. Basset, Documents gographiques sur l'Afrique septentrionale (pp. 14-30), Paris,
1898;(c) ex. ed. & tr. w.n. R. Basset in Homenaje D(on) Francisco Codera (pp. 619-647),
Saragossa, 1904.
A87. ? Ta'rikh ... mulk al-tawa'if :(a) ex. ed. w.n. E. Lvi-Provenal in Ibn-al-'Idhr's
Kitb al-bayn al-mughrib ... (v. Ill) (pp. ArabiC 287-316,327-368), Paris, 1930; (b) ex. tr.
E. Lvi-Provenal in Histoire des musulmans d'Espagne (v. III, pp. 215-235), Leyden,
1932.
304
A88. ? Kitab al-istibsr fi 'aja'ib al-amsr:(a) ex. ed. w.n. A. von Kremer in Sitzungsberichte
der Philosophisch-Historischen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften (in
Wien) VIII(1852) :389-428;(b) tr. w.n. E. Fagnan in Recueil de Notices et Mmoires de la
Socit Archologique de Constantine XXXIII(1899).
A89. ? Kitab al-ansab fi ma'rifat al-a?hab: ex. ed. & tr. w.n. E. Lvi-Provenal, Documents
indits d'histoire almohade (pp. i-ix, 25-74, ArabiC 18-49), Paris, 1828.
A90. ? Kitab mafkhir al-Barbar: ex. ed. w.n. E. Lvi-Provenal as Fragments historiques sur
les berbres au moyen-age, Rabat, 1934.
A91. ? ?: ed. &tr. w.n. E. Lvi-Provenal as "Notes d'histoire almohade", in Hespris
X(193o) :49-90.
A92. ? Al-dhakhirah al-saniyah fi'l-ta'rikh al-daulah al-Marniyah: ed. w.n. M. ben Cheneb as
Chronique anonyme des Mrinides, Algiers, 1920-1921.
B. INSCRIPTIONS
In this section are included the modem compilations of non-numismatic and non-
documentary medieval Arabic inscriptions; the large majority occur on tombstones or
buildings, but some are also found on textiles and other artifacts. The works are alpha-
betized under the name of the compiler.
B1. Amador de los Rios, Rodrigo, "Noticia", in Boletin de la Real Academia de la Historia
XIV(1889):563-565.
B2. Basset, Henri, and Lvi-Provencal, E., "Chella, une ncropole mrinide", in Hespris
II(1922) :1-92, 255-316, 385-425.
B3. Basset, Ren, Ndromah et les Traras, Paris, 1901.
B4. Bel, Alfred, "Inscriptions arabes de Fs", in Journal Asiatique n:IX(1917):303-329;
u:X(1917):81-170, 215-267; n:XII(1918):189-276, 337-399; n:XIII(1919) :5-96;
11 :XIV(1919) :467-479.

B5. van Berchem, Max, "L'pigraphie musulmane en Algrie: tude sur le corpus", in Revue
Africaine XLIX(1905) :16o-191, and Algiers, 1905.
B6. van Berchem, Max, "Titres califiens d'occident propos de quelques monnaies mrinides et
ziyanides", in Journal Asiatique 1o:IX(1907):245-335, and Paris, 1907.
B7. Brosselard, Ch(arles), "Inscriptions arabes de Tlemcen", in Revue Africaine III(1858) :81-94,
161-172, 241-248, 321-340, 401-419; IV(1859/60) :1-17, 81-93, 161-174, 241-258,
321-331.
B8. Brosselard, C(harles), "Mmoire pigraphique et historique sur les tombeaux des mirs Beni-
Zeiyn ...", in Journal Asiatique 7:VII(1876): 5-197, and Paris, 1876.
B9. Codera (y Zaidin), Francisco, and Saavedra, Eduardo, "Inscriptiones rabes de Xela", in
Boletin de la Real Academia de la Historia XII(1888) :503-507.
B1o. Colin, Gabriel, Corpus des inscriptions arabes et turques de l'Algrie: Dpartement d'Alger,
Paris, 1901.
Bu. Combe, Etienne, Sauvaget, J., and Wiet, G(aston), Rpertoire chronologique d'pigraphie
arabe (13 v. pub. by 1951), Cairo, 1931.
B12. Hlouis, E., "Une inscription arabe du XlVe sicle ...", in Journal Asiatique 9^(1895):
174-181.
B.13. Houdas, O., and Basset, Ren, "Epigraphie Tunisienne", in Bulletin de Correspondance
Africaine I(1882) :161-200.
305
B14. Lafuente y Alcantara, Emilio, Inscripciones arabes de Granada, Madrid, 1859.
B15. Lvi-Provenal, E., Inscriptions arabes d'Espagne (2 v.), Leyden, 1931.
B16. (Marais, William, Corpus des inscriptions arabes et turques de l'Algrie: Dpartement d'Oran,
Paris, 190x. Not available).
B17. Marais, William, Muse de Tlemcen, Paris, 1906.
B18. Marais, William, "Six inscriptions arabes de Tlemcen", in Bulletin Archologique (1902):
538-551.
B19. Mercier, Ernest, "Une inscription arabe de Gafa", in Recueil des Notices et Mmoires de la
Socit Archologique, Historique, et Gographique de Constantine 3:I(1882) :191-194.
B20. Mercier, Gustave, Corpus des inscriptions arabes et turques de l'Algrie: Dpartement de
Constantine, Paris, 1902.
B21. Michaux-Bellaire, Ed(ouard), "A propos d'une inscription mrinide al-Qasr al-Kabir", in
Hespris VII(1927) :393~399.
B22. Michaux-Bellaire, E(douard), and Salmon, G., "El-Qar el-Kebir", in Archives Marocaines
II(2)(1904):1-228.
B23. Ricard, Prosper, "Sur un type de reliure des temps almohades", in Ars Islamica I(1934) : 74-79.
B24. Rieu, Charles, Supplement to the catalogue of the Arabic manuscripts in the British Museum,
London,1894.
C. DOCUMENTS
In this section are included the published medieval and modern collections of docu-
ments dating from the late medieval period ; they include chiefly treaties between the North
African Moslems and the Christians of Spain, France, and Italy, and letters from the Mos-
lem rulers to both Moslem and Christian contemporaries. The works are alphabetized under
the name of the compiler.
C1. Alarcn y Santn, Maximiliano, and Garcia de Linares, Ramn, Les documentos arabes

diplomdticos del Archivo de la Corona de Aragn, Madrid, 1940.
C2. Amari, Michele, / diplomi arabi del Reale Archivio Fiorentino, Florence, 1863 (1867 appendix
not available).
C3. Amari, Michele, "Nuovi ricordi arabici su la storia di Genova", in Atti delia Societ Ligure di
Storia Patria V(1867) :549-635.
C4. Brunschvig, Robert, "Note sur un trait conclu entre Tunis et l'empereur Frdric II", in
Revue Tunisienne NS:III(1932) :153-16o.
C5. de las Cagigas, Isidro, "Un trait de paix entre le roi Pierre IV d'Aragon et le sultan de Tunis
Abu Ishk II (1360)", in Hespris XIX(1934) :65-77.
C6. de Castries, Henri, et al., Les sources indites de l'histoire du Maroc (series 1, part 5, v. III),
Paris, 1921-1946.
C7. Champollion Figeac in Documents historiques indits tirs des collections manuscrites de la
Bibliothque Royale ... (v. II), Paris, 1843 (ArabiC edited and translated by Reinaud).
C8. Gaspar y Remiro, M(ariano), "Correspondencia dipiomtica entre Granda y Fez, siglo XIV",
from Revista del Centro de Estudios Histricos de Grandda y su Reino, and Granada, 1916.
C9. Gaudefroy-Demombynes, (M.), "Une lettre de Saladin au Calife Almohade", in Mlanges
Ren Basset (v. II, pp. 279-304), Paris, 1925.
C10. Lvi-Provenal, E., "Lettres d'Ibn-Tmart et de 'Abd al-Mu'min", Documents indits
d'histoire almohade (pp. i-vii, 1-24, I-IV, ArabiC 134-145), Paris, 1928.
C1l. Lvi-Provenal, E., "Un recueil de lettres officielles almohades", in Hespris XXVIII (1941):
1-80.
20
3o6
C12. de Mas-Latrie, (J.M.J.) L(ouis), Traits de paix et de commerce et documents divers concernant
les relations de l'Afrique septentrionale au moyen ge, Paris, 1866 (1872 suppiement not
available).
C13. (de la Primaudaie, Elie, Documents indits sur l'histoire de l'occupation espagnole en Afrique,
1506-1574, Algiers, 1875. Not available).
C14. al-Qalqashand: A61b.
C15. de Sacy, (A.I. Silvestre), "Mmoire sur le trait fait entre le roi de Tunis et Philippe-le-Hardi,
en 1270 ...", in Mmoires de l'Acadmie des Inscriptions ... IX(1831):448-477.
C16. de Sacy, (A.I. Silvestre), "Mmoire sur une correspondance de l'Empereur de Maroc Yakoub,
fils d'Abd-alhakk, avec Philippe-le-Hardi...", in Mmoires de l'Acadmie des Inscriptions
... IX(1831):478-5o6.
C17. de Sacy, (A.I.) Silvestre, "Pices dipiomatiques tires des archives de la rpublique de
Gnes", in Notices et Extraits XI(1)(1827): 1-96.
C18. Tafel, G.L.F., and Thomas, G.M., "Urkunden zur lteren handels-und staatsgeschichte der
republik Venedig ...", inFontes Rerum Austriacarum (v. XII-XIV), Vienna,185o-1857.
C19. Tisserant, Eugne, and Wiet, Gaston, "Une lettre de l'Almohade Murtad' au pape Inno-
cent IV", in Hesperis VI(1926) :27-53.
D. MODERN
Unlike the three previous sections of the historical reference bibliography, this section
is highly selective rather than relatively comprehensive. Only the outstandingly useful
reference works and monographs prepared by mode1n historians are listed here, alpha-
betically by author.
D1. Bargs, J.J.L., Complment de l'histoire des Beni-Zeiyn, rois de Tlemcen, Paris, 1887.
D2. Bel, Alfred, Les Benou Ghnya ..., Paris, 1903.
D3. Brockelmann, Cari, Geschichte der arabischen litteratur (2 v., 1898-1902, rev. 1943-1949,

and 3 supp. v., 1937-1942), Weimar and Leyden, 1898-1949.
D4. Brunschvig, Robert, La Berbrie orientale sous les Hafsides ... (2 v.), Paris, 1940-1947,
D5. Cour, A(uguste), "Les derniers mrinides", in Bulltin de la Socit de Gographie d'Alger ...
X(not IX)(1905):103-119.
D6. Cour, Aug(uste), La dynastie marocaine des Beni Watts, Constantine, 1920.
D7. Cour, Auguste, L'tablissement des dynasties des chrifs au Maroc ..., Paris, 1904.
D8. Hazard, Harry W., et al., Atlas of Islamic history, Princeton, 1951.
D9. Houtsma, M.T., et al., The encyclopaedia of Islam (4 v. and supp.), Leyden, 1913-1938.
D10. Lvi-Provenal, E., "Rflexions sur l'empire almoravide au dbut du XIIe sicle", in
Cinquantenaire de la Facult des Lettres d'Alger (pp. 307-320), Algiers, 1932.
D11. Marais, Georges, Les Arabes en Berbrie du XIe au XIVe sicle, Constantine, 1913.
D12. Marais, Georges, La Berbrie musulmane et l'orient au moyen ge, Paris, 1946.
D13. Massignon, Louis, Le Maroc dans les premires annes du XVIe sicle, Algiers, 1895.
D14. Mercier, Ernest, Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (3 v.), Paris, 1888-1891.
D15. al-Salw, "Les almohades (tr. by Ismal Hamet)", in Archives Marocaines XXXII(1927).
D16. al-Salw, "Les almoravides (tr. by G.S. Colin)", in Archives Marocaines XXXI(1925):
111-238.
D17. al-Salw, "Les mrinides (tr. by Ismal Hamet)", in Archives Marocaines XXXIII(1934).
D18. de (for von) Zambaur, d(uard), Manuel de gnalogie et de chronologie pour l'histoire de
l'Islam, Hanover, 1927.
INDEX OF SOURCES OF COINS
The categories of coins are listed in the same order as in the corpus; within each
category the sources are listed alphabetically by abbreviation, followed by the numbers
of the coins derived from each source and by a notation in parentheses of the number of
additional specimens recorded, whether duplicates, rejected coins, or inadequately de-
scribed coins which cannot be indentified.
'ABBASID GOLD: see zIr1d, ijammAd1d, murab1t, and hudid.
FATIMID GOLD: see zIr1d.
ZIRID GOLD:
ANS: 20.
B(rethes): 7.
Balog: 21.
Bergmann: 16.
Blau: N(achlese): 17 (+2).
BM IV: 19, 22.
BN II: 14.
BN III: 1, 18.
Casanova: 13.
F(arrugia): Fatimites: 1-4, 6-8 (+2).
F(arrugia): Fatimites II: 2, 7-10, 23.
Farrugia:3, 4, n, 12, 15, 24.
Ibn-Khaldun: 24a.
KM IL3, 6.
Miles: 20.
0(strup): 10, 12a.
P(rieto): Misceldnea: 24a.
S(chulman): Beyram: 24a.

Schiepati: 3, 5, 7, 8.
Soret: F(raehn): 3, 6.
VoUers (+2).
Welzl: 3, 5 (+1).
HAMMADID GOLD:
(de) Beylie (+1).
Ibn-Khaldun: 25.
BLAMMUDID GOLD: none reported.
20*
308
MURABIT GOLD:
Adler: C(ollectio): 43, 282, 377.
ANS:43,76, 215, 220, 268, 374, 397.
B(rethes): 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 38, 40, 45-53, 57. 59. 60, 62, 64, 65, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 78,
80, 81, 83, 86, 87, 91, 121, 123-125, 161, 164, 168, 173, 178, 188, 191, 193, 195, 199, 205, 210,
211, 216, 218, 219, 224, 232, 234, 241, 244, 256, 258, 271-273, 284, 286, 288, 292-295, 297, 299,
303. 307-309. 3". 312, 314-335, 337-342, 351-354. 357, 358, 364. 365. 370, 372, 375, 377. 378,
380, 382,383, 385,389, 390,392,393,401,404,405, 410,411,413,414,418,422,424,425,427-429,
433-436, 444 (+30).
Balog: 47, 158, 402.
Bartholomaei: 58, 224.
BM V: 33, 49, 54, 58, 61, 63, 96, 113, 153, 163, 167, 170, 184, 215, 216, 218-220, 245, 246,
256, 263, 268, 273, 275, 287, 289, 291, 338, 339, 342, 344, 349, 350, 357, 363, 367, 374, 378, 384,
386, 396, 400a, 425, 431, 432, 446 (+3).
BM X: 66, 78, 79, 95, 127, 132, 152, 166, 182, 272, 283, 320, 377, 394, 399, 403, 407.
BN II: 26, 32, 36, 39, 40, 47, 54, 55, 59-62, 64-69, 74, 78, 79, 87, 89, 91, 97, 103, 1", 118,
121, 127, 128, 133, 135, 144, 146, 148, 153, 156, 159, 163, 186, 203, 213, 214, 2l6, 218-220,224-227,
230, 232, 239, 243, 245, 246, 248, 255, 256, 260, 268, 270, 281, 283-286, 289-291, 297, 302-304,
309, 3Ha, 316, 318, 319, 322, 327, 338, 351, 354, 356, 358, 360, 363, 366, 371, 377-379. 38l, 392,
396, 400, 401, 408, 410, 412, 414, 417-419, 426, 432, 438, 439, 442 (+6).
Brooke: 95.
Brosset: 215, 216 (+1).
C(odera): Cecas: 106.
C(odera): Decadencia: 26, 59, 378, 432.
C(odera): Donativo: 272, 319, 356.

C(odera): Familia: 443.
C(odera): Monedas: 158, 209, 216, 244, 251, 254, 255, 277, 291, 314, 315, 332, 337, 352,360,
369.
C(odera): Tratado: 114, 135, 256, 348, 402a, 430.
Caballero: 126, 134-136, 138, 140, 230, 232, 235-237.
Calvo: 58, 213 (+369).
Cerda: 39, 48, 73, 77-80, 82, 212, 213, 215, 216, 218-221, 224, 228, 243, 248, 254, 260, 283,
284, 286, 289-291, 296, 339, 342, 343, 346, 351, 355, 356, 377, 397, 401.
Cimino (+3).
Colson: 69, 78, 92, 98, 110, 115, 130, 132, 152, 168, 171, 224,225, 227-230, 232, 241-243,
261, 263, 264, 267, 268, 270, 271 (+37).
Cond: 220, 235, 273, 361.
Cunha II: 65.
D(elgado): Garcia: 200, 226, 228, 278.
D(elgado): Lorichs: 77, 91, 133, 213, 224, 248, 259, 285, 289, 322, 352, 362, 430a (+1).
Demaeght: 66.
Dorn: A(siatische): 213, 286.
Dorn I: 214-216, 218, 247, 249, 283, 285, 286, 290 (+7).
Eichhorn (+2).
Figanier: 160, 212, 213, 216, 243, 391, 410.
Fleischer: 222.
Fraehn: B(ose): 284, 398, 432.
Fraehn: N{ova): 214, 215, 283, 285, 286, 290.
Index of Sources
309
Fraehn: 0(pusculorum): 153, 246.
G: 194, 246.
Gonzalez: 120, 257 (+1).
Host: E(fterretninger) and N(achrichten): 67, 414.
HSA: 42, 44, 66, 79, 159,164, 214, 216-219, 221. 247. 283. 284, 287, 296, 301, 324, 329, 334,
339. 359. 369. 377. 378, 401, 401a, 439- 440, 446 (+1)-
J(ohnston): Mohammedan: 42, 65, 388.
KM II: 35,107, 127,163, 207, 213, 215, 216, 218, 220, 225, 243, 246-248, 253-255, 257, 263,
265, 283-286, 304, 310, 323, 325, 338, 340, 348, 350-352, 354. 356-359. 361, 376. 378. 395, 398,
400a, 402a, 414, 418, 419, 432, 437-439 (+5).
L(ane-Poole): Calvert: 40, 50, 64, 72, 251.
L(ane-Poole): Khedivial: 84, 218, 253, 291, 349.
L(ane-Poole): Oriental: 213, 235, 283.
Lagumina: 160.
Leite: 345.
Lisbon: 157, 284, 328, 388 (+1).
London: 283 (+1).
Longperier: A (rt): 289.
LongpeYier: Documents): 103,105,118,128,133, 134,144,147, 148, 210, 213, 215, 220, 225,
228, 230, 232, 233, 235, 239, 242, 244, 246, 260, 263, 268, 269, 275, 284, 285, 289, 290,349-351,355.
361, 400, 402, 418, 432 (+1).
MA: 73, 129, 158, 192, 197, 200, 209, 212-216, 218-222, 226, 229, 245, 246, 248, 250-252,
254-257, 268, 269, 271, 277, 278, 283, 284, 286, 289, 291, 295, 314, 315, 317, 322, 324, 332, 337,
347. 350-352, 355-357. 360, 364. 368, 369. 377. 392- 406, 409, 410, 415. 42<>, 432 (+2<>).
Marcais: 202.

Markov: E(rmitazha): 49, 60, 61, 65-68, 75, 77, 79, 86, 88, 104, 133, 148, 162, 206, 215, 216,
218, 230, 240, 246, 248, 255, 283, 285, 287, 291, 295-297, 318, 349, 358, 362, 377, 381, 402, 432
(+4).
Markov: T(opografiya): 214.
Marsden: 54, 96, 153, 170, 246, 275, 349.
Mateu (+1).
Mateu I: 378.
0(strup): 27, 35-37, 66, 67, 75, 169, 216, 230, 232, 253, 259, 267, 268, 271, 284, 318, 323,
338a, 347, 414.
Rivero: E(spana): 103, 257.
Rivero: M(oneda): 27, 61, 73, 118, 230, 239, 324, 388, 432, 437.
Rodgers: 432.
Romero (+1).
S(chulman): Beyram: 28, 32, 402.
S(chulman): Ciscar: 129.
S(chulman): Dodgson: 351.
S(chulman): Gotha: 42, 89, 129, 175, 209, 272, 362, 410.
S(chulman): Granttey: 42, 43.
S(chulman): Judice II: 42, 216, 219, 283, 287, 309, 324, 334.
S(chulman): Karabaczek: 351.
S(chulman): Michael I: 164, 439.
S(chulman): Michael II: 39, 41-43 (+2).
S(chulman): White: 42, 66, 79, 91, 284, 301.
3Io
Sawaszkiewicz: 432, 440 (+3).
Seaby:199.
Sentenach: 222.
Soret: D(orn): 274.
Soret: F(raehn): 30, 59, 66, 290.
Soret: S(awalief): 321, 391.
Sotheby: 39, 42, 44, 65, 74, 224, 267, 313, 355, 388, 397.
Spink: 39, 40, 44, 74, 191, 192, 215, 219, 284, 287, 358, 360 ( + 10).
Thorburn: 161, 213, 282, 338b.
Tornberg: 214, 290.
Tychsen, O.: 213.
UM: 287.
V(ives): 26, 27, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38-40, 42-49, 54-56, 58-71, 73-81, 84, 85, 87-90, 93-97.
100-104, 108-114, 116-122, 126-137, 139-141. 143-163. 165-167, 170-174, 176, 177, 179-187,
189, 190, 192, 196-198, 200, 201, 203-205, 208, 209, 212-232, 234-246, 248-257, 260, 262-264,
266-273, 275-281, 283-287, 289-291, 295-300, 302-311, 312, 314-327. 332, 334-340, 342-344.
347. 349-358, 360-369, 371. 373, 374, 377-382, 384, 386-389, 392, 394, 395-397, 399. 400, 401,
402, 406-410, 412, 414-421, 423, 425, 430, 431, 432, 437-442, 445, 446 (+271).
Vollers ( + 12).
Welzl: 37, 284.
Weyl: G(agarin): 60, 67, 68, 75, 88, 133, 142, 148, 206, 215, 218, 233, 240, 246, 248, 255,
283-285, 287, 295, 297, 318, 351, 358, 377 ( + 1).
Yale: 99.
Zambaur II: 80, 154.
Ziya: 86, 432.

MUWAHHID GOLD:
ANS: 447, 453, 466, 495, 501, 522 (+1).
B(rethes): 448, 451, 454, 456, 457, 463, 464, 466, 467, 470, 472-474. 476, 478, 481, 485, 488,
489, 491, 496, 501, 502, 505, 506, 511, 514, 515, 517-519. 524. 525. 527-529. 533. 534. 536, 538,
539, M1 (+149).
Balog (+3).
Bartholomaei: 449.
BM V: 451, 453, 466, 467, 491, 495, 500-502, 509, 511, 517, 522, 524, 525, 528, 531-533,
537. 538 (+14; 2 hybrids).
BM X: 456, 469, 526, 534, 535 (+1).
BN II: 455,458,465-467, 470,481,491,497,501,506,507,517,525,533,536 (+4; 2 hybrids).
C(odera): Qecas: 471.
C(odera): Lebrija: 453, 495.
C(odera): Tratado: 470, 495, 533.
Calvo (+64).
Castiglioni: 495.
Cerda: 465, 466, 470, 478, 495, 496.
Cimino: 565 (+1; 1 hybrid).
Codrington, H.: Ceylon: 495.
Codrington, H.: Colombo: 491.
Cond<5: 466, 491, 533.
D(elgado): Garcia: 466, 495, 525, 533, 536, 539 (+4).
Index of Sources
311
D(elgado): Lorichs: 495, 497, 533 (1 hybrid).
Demaeght: 498.
Dieulafoy: 501 (+139).
Figanier: 513, 533.
Fraehn: R(ecensio): 495.
Gonzalez: 506, 527.
Grotefend: 501.
Holu: 501.
HSA: 446a, 458, 460, 466, 470, 477-479. 494. 495. 497. 51. 506. 535 (+10).
Ibn-Abi-Zar': 499.
J(ohnston): Gold: 450, 457, 466, 473, 477~479, 482-492, 501 (+277).
KM II: 459. 465, 466, 485. 491. 495. 502, 506, 508, 533, 536 (+3; 1 hybrid).
L(ane-Poole): Inedited: 451.
L(ane-Poole): Khedivial: 456, 491, 495, 501, 509, 525.
L(ane-Poole): Muwahhids: 466, 495, 501, 502, 509, 525, 533, 537 (+8; 2 hybrids).
Lagumina: 495, 501.
Leite: 479 (+1).
Lisbon: 466 (+1).
MA: 448, 458, 459, 466, 495, 519, 525, 528, 533, 535, 536, 539 (+17; 2 hybrids).
Maguelonne: 466, 480.
Markov: E(rmitazha): 455, 495, 533.
Mateu I: 504, 525, 533.
Mateu II: 485, 495.
0(strup): 466, 491, 519, 533 (+ 1).
P(rieto): 448, 451, 453-456. 458-461, 464-467. 469, 470. 473. 475. 477. 478, 481. 485. 488,
539.

491, 494-497. 5oo, 501, 503. 504, 506-509, 5"-513. 515-517. 519-521, 523-528, 530-536, 538,
Rivero: A(dquisiciones): 506.
Rivero: E(spana): 466, 481, 496, 501 ( + 1).
Rivero: M(oneda): 469, 478, 495, 501, 528, 539.
Rodgers: 509.
S(chulman): Beyram: 467, 495, 501.
S(chulman): Castro: 466, 495.
S(chulman): Ciscar: 456, 465, 495 (+2).
S(chulman): Comte: 456.
S(chulman): Gotha: 452, 455, 466, 491, 533, 536.
S(chulman): Grantley: 467.
S(chulman: Judice II: 446a, 458, 470, 479.
S(chulman): Karabaczek: 453, 466, 467, 469, 491, 495, 533 (+1).
S(chulman): Michael I: 455, 473.
S(chulman): White: 451, 493, 497, 502, 510.
Sacy: 480, 491, 495, 501, 533 (+2).
Sallet: 508.
Sawaszkiewicz: 512.
Seco: 524, 533 (+3).
Soret: F(raehn): 533.
Sotheby: 450, 458, 466, 473, 477, 478, 481, 483-487. 491. 492. 501, 506, 533, 538 (+10).
Spink: 466, 473, 477, 478, 481, 482, 484, 486-491. 495. 497. 5o1 (+44).
Thorburn: 459, 495, 534, 538.
Tychsen, O.: Introductions: 533.
UM: 496.
V(ives): 448, 451, 453, 455, 456, 458-460, 464-470, 473. 475. 478, 481. 49*. 495-497. 5<>o,
501, 503, 506, 507, 5", 517. 519. 525. 527. 528, 531-534. 536-539 (+38; 2 hybrids).
Vollers: 462 (+20).
Welzl: 466.
Weyl: F(onrobert): 495, 501 (+4).
Weyl: G(agarin): 451, 453, 466, 495, 501, 503, 517 (+4).
HDID GOLD:
D(elgado): Garcia: 541.
P(rieto): 540, 541.
S(chulman): Karabaczek: 540.
Weyl: G(agarin): 540.
HAFSID GOLD:
ANS: 551, 559, 643.
Ashmolean: 598.
B(rethes): 542, 543, 546, 547, 550-553. 556, 558, 562, 564. 566-572, 575. 585a, 586, 598, 599.
624, 631, 639 (+5).
Bigonet: 601.
Blancard: 626.
BM V: 546, 551, 560, 567, 606, 614, 615 (+2).
BM X: 564, 572, 590 (+1).
BN II: 544, 545, 550-552, 557, 559- 563. 564, 569, 572, 576. 580, 582, 584, 586, 588, 591, 594,
596, 603,604,607-609,613,618, 623,626,629,630,632,634,637, 640-644 (+10; 2 hybrids).
Cerda (+1).

Chalon: 551.
Cimino: 617 (+3).
Codrington, O.: 589.
Conde: 565.
D(elgado): Garcia: 548, 560, 564, 566, 572 (+3).
Dorn II: 552.
F(arrugia): Hafsites: 551, 552, 559-562, 564, 572-574, 577. 577*. 578. 583. 585, 5863-588,
591-593, 595, 597, 598, 600, 602, 604-606, 610-612, 616, 617, 619-622, 624, 628-630, 635, 636
(+18; 1 hybrid).
Friedlander (+2).
KM II: 543, 551, 552, 569, 586, 637, 638 (+1).
L(ane-Poole): Khedivial: 559.
Lagumina: 569, 579, 581.
Lavoix: H(afss): 551, 559, 572, 576, 584, 603, 609, 613, 626, 644 (1 hybrid).
LongpeYier: A(rt): 572, 626.
Markov: E(rmitazha) ( + 1).
Marsden: 615, 625.
0(strup): 551, 560, 588.
P(rieto): 543, 545-548, 550-556.
Rivero: M(oneda): 548, 565.
Index of Sources 313
S(chulman): Gotha: 551, 572.
S(chulman): Karabaczek: 551, 559, 562.
S(chulman): White: 551.
Sacy: 632, 633.
Seco: 555.
Soret: D(orn): 627.
Soret: F(raehn): 549, 561.
Sotheby (+2).
Spink: 552.
Tychsen, O.: 569.
Vollers (+8).
Weyl: F(onrobert): 552, 638 (+1).
Weyl: G(agarin): 551, 559.
Ziya: 551 (+1).
ZIYANID GOLD:
B(rethes): 645, 646, 648, 649, 652, 655, 661, 663, 666 (+3).
Berchem: 646, 650 (+1).
BM V: 648, 650.
BN II: 646-648, 654, 658, 667, 669-671.
Brosselard: 664.
D(elgado): Lorichs: 659.
Demaeght: 646, 650, 651, 657, 662.
HSA: 660.
Mareschal: 665, 668 (+4).
Moyse: 653, 656, 661, 672.

0(strup): 648.
Rivero: M(oneda): 663.
Sotheby (+2).
Spink (+2).
Thorburn: 648.
Vollers (+2).
MARlNID GOLD:
Anderson: 724.
ANS: 682, 767.
B(rethes): 675, 678-680, 682, 686, 688-691, 693-695, 697, 698, 703-708, 713, 715, 721, 727,
733. 734. 737. 739. 741-743. 745. 75&, 756a, 757, 759, 763, 764, 768-771, 773, 775, 776, 783, 785,
786, 788, 790-792, 794, 795, 808, 810, 818-820, 825, 832-835, 837-839, 842-845, 850, 851, 858,
861, 862, 864 (+29; 1 hybrid).
BM V: 678, 682, 684, 689, 690, 692, 695, 715, 716, 718, 719, 721, 722, 725, 750, 751, 753, 754,
766-768, 770, 772, 775, 778, 779, 782, 784, 785, 794, 795, 797, 798, 810-814, 816, 823, 825, 829,
833. 838. 847, 849, 853 (+12; 2 hybrids).
BM X: 681, 696, 697, 699, 703, 726, 729, 732, 735, 736, 738-740, 742, 744, 746-748, 757, 758,
781, 787, 789, 793, 799-801, 803-805, 817, 823, 828, 830, 840, 856, 858, 860, 863 (+4; 2 hybrids).
314
BN II: 678, 682, 687, 690, 693, 700-702, 704, 706, 709, 715, 720, 723, 728, 736, 739, 743,
765, 767, 771, 772, 774, 779, 782, 796, 797, 814, 821, 825, 827, 832, 846, 848, 852, 865 (+11;
2 imitations).
Brosset (+1).
Cerda (+4).
Cond: 706.
D(elgado): Garcia: 675, 690, 716, 717 (+18).
Demaeght: 743, 772, 775, 777, 824.
Dombay: 739, 742, 782 (+2).
Dorn II: 703.
F(arrugia): Ha/sites: 673, 690, 695, 706, 710-712, 759, 762 (+53).
Fraehn: N(ova): 690.
Host: E(fterretninger) and N(achrichten): 674, 682.
HSA: 706, 736, 760, 806, 822, 825, 860.
KM II:683, 715, 716, 766, 854.
L(ane-Poole): Calvert: 761.
L(ane-Poole): Khedivial: 695, 700 (+2).
Lavoix: H(afss): 682.
Markov: E(rmitazha) (+3).
Metropolitan: 797, 826.
Moyse: 750, 752, 809.
0(strup): 690, 706, 756a (+5).
P(rieto): 675-678, 681, 682, 685, 687, 689-691, 692, 693, 695, 697, 700-702, 706, 709, 714,
715, 716, 717, 719, 722, 725-732, 736, 738, 739, 743, 744, 746-750, 752-756. 757. 758, 765-772,
774-776, 778-781, 784, 785, 787, 789, 793-795. 797. 799-803. 807, 810, 811, 814-817, 822, 825,

828-833, 836. 838, 841, 845, 848, 850, 855, 857, 859-861, 864, 866 (3 hybrids).
Rivero: M(oneda): 775.
S(chulman): Castro (+1).
S(chulman): Gotha: 690, 706, 785, 823.
S(chulman): Judice III (+2).
S(chulman): Karabaczek: 678, 690, 715a.
S(chulman): White: 732, 770, 795, 817.
Seaby: 835.
Soret: B(artholomae): 867.
Soret: F(raehn): 678, 682, 775.
Sotheby: 690, 767, 817 (+8).
Spink: 736, 770, 774, 796 (+12).
Thorburn: 682, 779, 817, 825 (1 hybrid).
Tychsen, O.: 691a.
Vollers (+7).
Weyl: G(agarin): 678, 716, 852 (1 hybrid).
NASRID GOLD:
P(rieto): Granadina: 868.
WATTASID GOLD:
B(rethes): 869.
Index of Sources 315
BM X: 870.
Spink (+2).
OTTOMAN GOLD: see ziyAnid.
'ABBASID SILVER: see hud1d.
FATIMID SILVER: none reported.
ZIRID SILVER:
F(arrugia): Fatimites: 871.
HAMMADID SILVER: none reported.
HAMMUDID SILVER:
BM IX (+1).
C(odera): Estudio: 874, 877.
C(odera): Hammudies (+1).
Guilten: 875.
HSA: 883, 887.
P(rieto): Reyes: 872-874, 875-877, 879, 883-887.
S(chulman): Judice II: 874a.
V(ives): 873, 874, 875, 877-887 (+18).
MURABIT SILVER AND ELECTRUM:
ANS: 893, 894, 906, 926, 928, 951, 953. 976, 982, 983. 1004, 1017, 1027, 1035, 1052 (+7).
B(rethes): 888, 891, 892, 906, 919, 927-929, 981, 985, 999,1003,1019,1020,1025,1034-1036,
1039, 104<>, 1045, 1051, 1052 (+20).
BM V: 927, 941, 943, 976, 982, 983, 997, 999,1001, 1003,1004,1015,1022, 1029,1032,1035,
1041, 1052 (+11).
BM X: 931, 1004.
BN II: 888, 894, 895, 905, 927, 933, 976, 979, 982, 983, 988, 997, 1001, 1002, 1004, 1032,
1034, 104o, 1041, 1052 (+11).

C(odera): Cecas: 950.
C(odera): Decadencia: 943, 958, 961, 965, 1050, 1054, 1056.
C(odera): Monedas: 1056 (+12).
C(odera): Tratado: 894, 903, 927, 941, 976, 983, 1004, 1032, 1035, 1041, 1052.
Calvo (+322).
Castiglioni: 999.
Cerda: 975, 1016a, 1016b, 1017 (+15).
Conde: 894, 927, 928, 988, 1000, 1001, 1040, 1041, 1047
D(elgado): Garcia: 891, 892, 905, 906, 921, 927, 939, 952, 954, 956, 957, 976, 978, 981, 983,
992, 1000, 1001, 1004, 1036, 1040, 1041, 1043 (+21).
D(elgado): Lorichs (+20).
Dombay: 893, 902a, 983.
Figanier: 927, 1002, 1035 (+1).
Gonzalez (+1).
Host: E(Jterretninger) and N(achrichten): 1039.
HSA: 894, 953, 976, 982, 983, 989, 998, 999, 1001, 1003, 1004, 1013, 1014, 1022, 1032, 1035,
1036, 1040, 1041, 1052 (+27).
316
KM II: 894-896, 927, 976, 982,983, 988,999, 1oo1, 1002, 1004, 1024, 1036, 1037, 1040. 1041,
1045, 1047-1049 (+21).
Lisbon: 982, 983, 1001.
Longperier: D(ocuments): 959, 1037, 1052 (+J5).
Lopes: 983, 1004.
MA: 888, 889, 891, 894, 902, 905, 906, 908, 911, 915, 917, 918, 922, 923, 925-928, 932,
938-940, 945, 946, 963, 965, 973, 976, 982, 983, 988, 991, 997, 999-1001, 1002, 1004, 1014, 1019,
1022, 1024-1026, 1032, 1035, 1040, 1041, 1049, 1052, 1053, 105 (+89).
Markov: E(rmitazha) (+15).
Marsden: 1041.
Miiller: 920.
Munter: 928, 1000 (+1).
Nasir: 976, 983, 997, 999.
0(strup): 894, 921, 922, 927, 928, 939, 956, 977, 983, 1000, 1044 (+4).
P(rieto): Reyes: 908, 939, 947-949, 951, 952, 955-957, 966, 968, 969, 971, 972, 991-994.
Pedersen: 922, 927, 976, 982, 983 (+2).
Rivero: E(spana): 896, 904, 940, 943, 952, 958, 965, 971, 1013,1017,1025,1049,1050 (+1).
Rivero: M(oneda): 888, 896, 904, 957, 965, 1013, 1017, 1025, 1032, 1036, 1040, 1052.
S(chulman): Castro: 976, 982, 983, 999, 1003, 1004, 1009, 1028, 1035, 1045.
S(chulman): Ciscar: 982.
S(chulman): Judice II: 894, 953, 982, 983, 998, 1003, 1004, 1022, 1041, 1052 (+2).
Sawaszkiewicz (+4).
Soret: B(artholomae): 895, 1046.
Soret: D(orn): 922, 985, 1046.

Soret: F(raehn) (+2).
Soret: R(einaud): 1035.
Sotheby: 952, 1052 (+13).
Thorburn: 897, 927, 928, 952, 982, 983, 986, 1004, 1022, 1040.
UM: 928.
V(ives): 888-891, 893-896, 898-902, 903-910, 912-918, 921-928, 930, 932-949, 951, 952,
956-970, 972-980, 982-984, 987-1001, 1003-1006, 1008-1014, 1016, 1017-1026, 1029-1033, 1035,
1037-1039, 1041-1043, 1045, 1047, 1049. 1050, 1052-1056 (+337).
Vollers (+18).
Welzl: 1007.
Weyl: G(agarin): 981, 983, 1004 (+5).
Zambaur I: 965.
Zambaur: W(indisch): 1000.
MUWAHHID SILVER:
Adler: C(ollectio): 1068, 1081, 1101 (+2).
Adler: M(useum): 1088.
ANS: 1068, 1085, 1088, 1088a, 1091, 1093, 1095, 1096, 1098, no1, 1103, 1112 (+32).
B(rethes): 1066-1068, 1085,1087,1088,1090,1092,1096,1098,1101,1103,1106-1108, 111l,
1112, 1115, 1116, (+15; 5 amulets).
Bel: 1066,1068,1085,1087, 1088,1089,1092-1094,1096,1099, "o1, 1103-1106,1112,1113,
1115, 1116 (+2).
Blancard: 1101.
Index of Sources
317
Blau: 0(dessa): 1101.
BM V: 1066, 1085, 1087, 1093, 1096, 1098, 1101, 1103, 1109, 1115 (+26).
BM X: 1066, 1096, 1106 (+2).
BN II: 1063, 1066, 1068, 1085, 1087, 1088, 1093, 1096, 1101, 1103, 1106-1108, 1115 (+18).
Boneschi: 1087, 1101.
C(odera): Tratado: 1060, 1071, 1112.
Calvo: 1113 (+2116).
Campaner: M(onedas): 1114, 1116.
Campaner: N(umismdtica): 1114, 1116.
Casanova: 1101 (+7).
Castiglioni: 1088, 1096, 1101 (+1).
Cerda: 1068, 1074, 1093, 1096, 1101, 1106, 1115 (+3).
Cimino (+2).
Conde:1063, 1103.
Cottevieille: 1092.
D(elgado): Garcia: 1068, 1093, 1096, 1099, 1101, 1106 (+61).
D(elgado): Lorichs: 1096, 1101, 1116, (+12).
Dombay: 1106, 1115 (+1).
Dorn I: 1101 (+8).
F(arrugia): Dragut: 1102.
F(arrugia): Hafsites: 1088, 1101 (+1).
Fasmer I: 1076, 1083.
Figanier: 1068, 11o1 (+28).
Fraehn: R(ecensio): 1080, 1101. .

Geitlin: 1082.
Gonzalez: 1101.
Guillen: 1113.
Host: E(fterretninger) and N(achrichten): 1101.
HSA: 1062, 1068, 1085, 1087, 1092, 1093, 1096-1098, 1101, 1103, 1106, 1107, m1, 1112,
1115 (+134).
KM II: 1066, 1068, 1078, 1080, 1085, 1087, 1088, 1088a, 1093, 1096, "ooa, 1101, 1103,
1106, 1115 (+64).
Krehl: 1088, 1101 (+4).
L(ane-Poole): Bodleian: 1080, 1103 (+1).
L(ane-Poole): Calvert: 1084 (+1).
L(ane-Poole): Johnston: 1079 (+1).
L(ane-Poole): Khedivial: 1087, 1101 (+10).
L(ane-Poole): Muwahhids: 1085, 1087, 1088, 1093, 1096, 1101 (+19).
Lagumina: 1101, 1103.
Leite: 1068, 1101 (+3).
Lisbon: 1059, 1061, 1068, 1096, 1115, 1116 (+2).
Longperier: A(rt): 1101.
MA: 1062,1064,1066,1068-1070,1073,1075,1076,1085-1088,1092-1094,1096,1098, 11o1,
1106-1108, 1"o-1113, 1115 (+5176).
Marcel (+1).
Markov: E(rmitazha): 1083, 1088, 1096, 1101 (+4).
Marsden: 1101.
3I8
Moeller: 1101.
Moura: 1068, 1101.
Miinter (+11).
Nasir: 1101 (+2).
Nesselmann: 1101.
0(strup): 1066, 1068, 1085, 1088, 1093, 1096, 1098, 1101, 1115 (+11).
P(rieto): 1066, 1068, 1070-1076, 1085-1088, 1092-1096, 1098, 1099, 1101, 1106-1116.
Pedersen: 1io1 (+1).
Rivero: E(spana): 1062, 1066 (+1).
Rivero: M(oneda): 1066, 1088, 1099, 1110, 1114.
S(chulman): Beyram: 1093, 1096, 1101 (+1).
S(chulman): Castro: 1066, 1068, 1093, 1096, 1101, 1103.
S(chulman): Ciscar: 11o1.
S(chulman): Judice II: 1068, 1074, 1085, 1087, 1095, 1096, 1098, 1100, 1101, 1103, 1106,
1107, 1112, 1115 (+99).
S(chulman): White: 1093, 1096 (+1).
Sawaszkiewicz (+2).
Schiepati: 1096.
Seco: 11o1.
Soret: D(orn): 1080.
Sotheby (+12).
Spink: 1101.
Thorburn: 1066, 1068, 1079, 1080.
Tychsen, O.: 1096, 1115.
Tychsen, T.: 1101 (+2).

UM: 1096, 1101 (+1).
V(ives): 1057-1062a, 1064, 1066, 1068, 1070, 1071, 1073-1075, 1077,1085-1088,1092-1096,
1098, 1099, 11o1, 1106-1116 (+323).
Vollers: 1103 (+24).
Welzl: 1096, 1098, 1101 (+1).
Weyl: F(onrobert): 1065, 1080, 1096, 1101 (+13).
Weyl: G(agarin): 1066, 1101 (+4).
Zambaur II ( + 1).
Zambaur: W(indisch): 1085, 1101, 1103 (+7).
HUDID SILVER:
B(rethes): 1119, 1121 (+1).
Bel: 117, 118.
HSA: 1119.
MA: 1119 (+3).
P(rieto): 1117-1120.
Soret: K(reht): 1121.
V(ives): 1120 (+2).
JIAFSID SILVER:
ANS: 1123, 1129 (+1).
B(rethes): 1123 (+1).
Bel: 1123.
Index of Sources
BM V: 1122, 1123 (+1).
BN II: 1123 (+1).
F(arrugia): Hafsites: 1122.
F(arrugia): Somd: 1124-1129 (+53).
HSA: 1123 (+1).
KM II: 1122 (+1).
L(ane-Poole): Muwahhids: 1122.
Monchicourt: 1130-1132.
0(strup): H22, 1123 (+1).
S(chulman): JudiceH: 1123 (+1).
Weyl: F(onrobert): 1122.
ZIYANID SILVER: none reported.
MARINID SILVER:
Adler: C(ollectio): 1146.
ANS: 1144.
B(rethes): 1136-1138, 1141, 1143-1145, 1151, 1152 (+450).
Bel: 1137, 1143.
BM V: 1137.
BN II: 1137.
D(elgado): Garcia (+1).
Host: E(Uerretninger) and N(achrichten): 1146.
HSA: 1142.
KM II: 1144, 1146 (+3).
MA: 1135, 1137 (+2).
Mateu III: 1138, 1139 (+3).
Moura: 1146.

0(stnip): 1141, 1144, 1146, 1147 (+1).
P(rieto): 1134, 1135, 1137, 1138, 1143, 1146-1150.
S(chulman): Beyram: 1149.
S(chulman): Castro: 1146 (+3).
Tychsen, O.: 1146.
Tychsen, T.: 1146.
V(ives): 1133, 1135, 1137. "39. "40. "46. "49 (+7).
Vollers (+1).
NASRID SILVER:
BN II: 1153.
Figanier: 1153 (+1).
Mateu III: 1153 (+15).
P(rieto) (+2).
Thorburn: 1153.
V(ives): 1153 (+8).
WATTASID SILVER:
B(rethes): 1154-1156 (+3).
Host: E(fterretninger) and N(achrichten): 1156.
OTTOMAN SILVER: none reported.
'ABBASID COPPER: none reported.
FATIMID COPPER: none reported.
ZIRID COPPER: none reported.
HAMMADID COPPER: none reported.
HAMMTJDID COPPER:
BN II: 1157-1159 (+1).
Cerda: 1160.
D(elgado): Garcia: 1157, 1160 (+3).
MA: 1157, 1160 (+3).
MURABIT COPPER:
ANS: 1165.
BM V: 1165 (+1).
BN II: 1164, 1168 (+1).
Calvo (+26).
Cerda: 1164.
Fraehn: V(erzeichniss): 1169.
HSA: 1169.
KM II: 1164, 1165.
MA: 1161, 1162, 1165-1167 (+1).
Sawaszkiewicz (+1).
Tychsen, O.: 1164, 1165.
V(ives): 1161, 1163.
Vollers (+1).
MUWAHHID COPPER:
Blau: 0(dessa): 1171.

KM II: 1170.
Vollers (+1).
HUDID COPPER: none reported.
HAFSID COPPER:
Babelon (+3).
F(armgia): Hafsites: 1173, 1174.
Ibn-Khaldun: 1172.
al-Zarkashi: 1172.
ZIYANID COPPER: none reported.
MARINID COPPER: none reliably reported.
NASRID COPPER: none reported.
WATTASID COPPER: none reported.
OTTOMAN COPPER: none reported.
INDEX OF SCRIPTS
Kufi script: 1-90, 92-446a, 871-957, 959-964, 966-977, 981-1000, 1002-1011, 1013, 1017-1021,
1024-1051, 1060, 1103, 1157-1169.
Kufi and Naskhi script: 91, 958, 965,1053, 1054,1056,1103a.
Kufi or Naskhi script: 978, 980, 1012, 1016, 1023, 1057-1059, 1061.
Modified Kuf1 script: 637, 638, 862.
Naskhi script: 447-561,567-570,574,577,578,579,581-606,608-636,639-678,681-685,687-690,
691a, 692, 695-697, 699-703, 705-861, 863-870, H1-H14, M1, 979, 1001, 1014, 1015, 1022,
1052, 1055, 1062-1102, 1104-1121, 1124-1156, 1170-1174.
Ornamented Kufi script: 562-566, 571-573, 575, 576, 577a, 580, 607, 679, 680, 686, 691, 693,
694, 698, 704, 1122, 1123.

21
INDEX OF DENOMINATIONS
Gold
TWENTY-ONE DINAR WEIGHT MEDAL
Muwahhid M1
DOUBLE DINAR
Muwahhid 500-502, 504-508, 511-525. 528, 530-533. 537. 538.
Hudid 540, 541.
Hafeid 542, 543, 545, 547-550, 553. 555-557, 562, 564, 567, 569-572, 574-582, 584-589. 592,
594, 595, 597-599, 601-614, 616-619, 626-629, 631-633, 637-642, 644.
Ziyanid 645-650, 652-656, 659-663, 665, 670, 671.
Marinid 674, 675, 678, 679, 682-686, 689-693, 713, 715-733, 735~741. 749-755, 759~779,
782-785, 787-791, 793-798, 802, 806-816, 818, 819, 821-827, 829, 831, 833,
835-842, 845-847, 855-866.
Na9rid 868.
hybrid H1-6, H9-12.
DINAR
Zirid 1-5, 7-13, 15-24a.
Hammadid 25.
Murabit 26-51, 53-90, 92-209, 211-446.
Muwahhid 447~466, 469-495. 497-499, 509, 510, 526, 527, 529, 534, 535.
Hafijid 546, 551, 554, 558, 559, 563, 565, 566, 568, 573, 583, 590, 593, 615, 620-623, 630,
634, 635.
Ziyanid 651, 657, 658, 664, 666, 667.
Marinid 673, 676, 677, 680, 681, 687, 694-699, 714, 734, 742-744, 746-748, 756-757, 780, 781,
786, 792, 799-801, 817, 820, 828, 830, 832, 834, 843, 848-852, 854.
Wattasid 869,870.
hybrid H7, H8, H13, H14.

HALF DINAR
Murabit 52, 210.
Muwahhid 467, 468, 496, 503, 536, 539.
Haf9id 544, 552, 560, 591, 600, 624, 625, 636, 643.
Ziyanid 668, 669, 672.
Marinid 688, 700-705, 745, 758, 803-805, 844, 853, 867.
Index of Denominations
323
QUARTER DINAR
Zirid 6.
Murabit 91.
Muwahhid 446a.
Hafsid 561.
Marinid 706-710.
Zirid 14.
Hafgid 596.
Marinid 711,712.
EIGHTH DINAR
Murabit 939. 991. 992.
EJectrum
Silver
DIRHEM
Hammudid 872-887.
Murabit 908-910, 947-949, 951-957. 9^6, 968-972, 975, 993, 994, 1017.
Muwahhid 1062a, 1066.
Hudid 1121.
HALF DIRHEM
Zirid 871.
QIRAT
Murabit 888, 891-897, 900, 902-906, 911-933.94-943. 950, 958-965, 967. 973. 974. 976~987.
996-1008, 1016a, 1018-1023, 1034-1036, 1039-1046, 1052-1055.
Muwahhid 1057-1060, 1062, 1063, 1078-1084.
HALF QIRAT

Murabit 889,890,898,901,907,934,935,944,945,988-990,995,1009-1012,1016b, 1024-1028,
1037, 1047-1049, 1056.
Muwahhid 1061, 1064.
QUARTER QIRAT
Murabit 899, 936, 946, 1013-1015, 1029, 1030, 1038, 1050.
EIGHTH QIRAT
Murabit 937, 938, 1031, 1032, 1051.
SIXTEENTH QIRAT
Murabit 1016, 1033.
21*
324
Muwahhid
Hafi.rid
Muwahhid
Hudid
Hafijid
Marinid
Wattasid
Muwahhid
Hafijid
Marinid
Muwahhid
Marinid
Naijrid
SQUARE DOUBLE DIRHEM
"ooa.
1127.
SQUARE DIRHEM
1067, 1076, 1077, 1085-1104, 1106-1116.
1117-1120.
1122-1126, 1128-1130, 1132.
1142, 1145, 1147, 1150-1152.
1154-1156.
SQUARE HALF DIRHEM
1065, 1068, 1070-1075, 1105.
1131.

"33. 1135, 1137. "41, "43. "44. 1146, 1148, H49.
SQUARE QUARTER DIRHEM
1069.
1134, 1136, 1138, 1139.
1153.
Marinid 1140.
Murabit 1161, 1163.
Murabit 1169.
Hammudid 1157-1160.
Murabit 1162, 1164-1168.
Muwahhid 1170, 1171.
Hafijid 1172-1174.
SQUARE EIGHTH DIRHEM
Copper
PSEUDO-DINAR
PSEUDO-ELECTRUM
PSEUDO-DIRHEM
SQUARE PSEUDO-DIRHEM
EELS
INDEX OF WEIGHTS AND DIAMETERS
The early (pre-Muwahhid) gold is listed first, followed by the later gold, the electrum, the
silver, and the copper. Weights are expressed in grams, diameters in millimeters (sides for square
coins).
Issues Specimens Specimens Maximum Average Maximum Minimum
y y Recorded Recorded Weighed Weight Weight Diameter Diameter
Early Gold
DINAR
Zirid
24
36
10 4.35
4.11
24
22
Hammadid
Murabit
425
561
605 4.30
27
23

4.05
HALF DINAR
Murabit
1 2.10
2.10
16
15
QUARTER DINAR
Zirid
2 1.02
.92
13
13
Murabit
3 110
1.08
15
14
EIGHTH DINAR
Zirid
1 .52
52
11
11
Late Gold
TWENTY-ONE DINAR WEIGHT MEDAL
Muwahhid
49.4
49.4
65
326
Dynasty
Issues Specimens
Recorded Recorded
Specimens Maximum Average
Weighed Weight Weight
Maximum Minimum
Diameter Diameter
Ziyanid
2.50
2.32 .
25
22
Marinid
43
68
52
2.50
2.26
25
21
Wattasid
2.30
2.10
24
22

HALF DINAR
Muwahhid
47
21
1.40
115
16
14
Hafijid
29
24
1.30
115
16
15
Ziyanid
1.05
1.O1
20
14
Marinid
15
QUARTER DINAR
21
1.30
113
19
15
Muwahhid
Index of Weights and Diameters
327
Dynasty
Murabit
Muwahhid
Hafijid
Muwahhid
Hudid
Hafijid
Marinid
Wattasid
Muwahhid
Hafijid
Marinid
Muwahhid
Marinid
Naijrid
Marinid
Murabit
Murabit
Hammudid
Murabit
Muwahhid
Hafijid
Issues Specimens Specimens Maximum Average Maximum Minimum
Recorded Recorded Weighed Weight Weight Diameter Diameter
SIXTEENTH QIRAT
40-

SQUARE DOUBLE DIRHEM
1 1 3.04
304
14
14
1 1 3.48
348
29
25
SQUARE DIRHEM
36
5862+ 204 1.60
1.41
19
13
16 1 1.50
1.50
15
15
82 75 1.75
1.67
16
14
345 4 1.51
1.43
15
15
7 2 1.50
1.50
17
13
SQUARE HALF DIRHEM
INDEX OF MINTS
Mints are listed by continents, with those in Africa preceding those in Spain. In the interests
of uniformity strict Arabic alphabetical order is followed, so that all names preceded by al- are
grouped together. Dates are all a.h. Diacritical marks are omitted from dynastic names. Abbre-
viations used are g (gold), e (electrum), s (silver), c (copper).
Mint Date Dynasty Ruler Coins
Azammur (631-640) Muwahhid 10 g: 514
(710-731) Marinid 10 g: 726
(731-752) 11 746-748
(775-796) 20 800, 810-817, H13
(796-799) 24 840-842
(799-800) 25 855, 856
(869-910) Wattasid 1 g: 869
Aghmat 486 Murabit 2 g: 58
487 59
488 60
489 61
490 62, 63
491 64
492 65
493 66
494 67
495 68
496 69
497 70
498 71
498 2+3 121

499 122
500 3 152
501 153
502 154
503 155
504 156
505 157
506 158
507 159
508 160
509 161
Index of Mints
329
Mint
Aghmat
al-Jaza'ir
(see also Jaza'ir)
al-HSmmah
al-Qayrawan
al-Mahdiyah
(see also Mahdiyah)
Date
510
511
512
513
514
515
523
527
528
529
530
531
532?
533
533
535
537
538
539
540

536
590 (error)
Dynasty
Ruler
3+3A
3+4
4+5
(796-837) Hafsid
19
al-Nasiriyah
441
442
443
444
445
446
448
446
447
449
451
453
454
455
456
457
459
543
Zirid
Zirid
Coins
162
163
164
165
166
Mint
Date
Dynasty
Ruler
Coins
Bijyah
(547-551)
Muwahhid
g: 447, 448
(see also al-Nasiriyah)
(551-558)
1+1A
473. 474
(558-563)
481, 482
(558-640)
2-10
s: 1085
(640-647)
Hafsid
g: 547
Mint
Date

Dynasty
Ruler
Coins
(647-650)
557. 558
(650-675)
562, 563
(683-684)
571
(684-700)
6A
574. 575
(710-718)
10
581
(718-747)
584-586a
(748-749)
Marinid
11
g: 759
(749)
Hafsid
15
g: 597
(753-759)
Marinid
12
g: 769, 778
(761-767)
Hafsid
15B
g: 603
(796-837)
19
610
(839-856)
20A
627
Biskirah
(796-837)
Index of Mints
Mint
Date
Tilimsan
(796-802)
(802-804)
(804-813)
(813-814)
(814-833)
(827-834)
(834-866)
(839-893)
(866-873)
(934-942)
(947-949)
(957-964)
Tanas
(839-893)
Tuzar
(839-893)
Tunis
(554-558)
(558-563)
(558-627)
(642-668)
(650-711)
(681-683)

(683-694)
(694-709)
(748-749)
(749-751)
(796-837)
(948-977)
952
954
955
956
958
95*
961
962
964
Tin Mallal
(558-668)
Jarbah
(558-627)
Jaza'ir
(640-647)
(see also al-Jaza'ir)
(718-737)
(748-750)
(839-893)
Dynasty
Ruler
Coins
12
653
13
654?
14
655-657
15
658
17
659-662
18
663, 664
19
665-668
Hafsid
332
Ribat al-Fath (551-558) Muwahhid 1+1A g: 475
(558-668) 2-13 s: 1092
(630-631) 10 1078
Sabtah 439 Hammudid 6+9 s: 872
440? 873
441 874,874a
442 875
443 876
444 877
446? 878
44x 879
455? 9A+9B 880
456? 881
462 882?; c: 1157
464 s: 883; c: 1158
465 s: 884; c: 1159
466 s: 885
467 886; c: 1160
484 Murabit 2 g: 73
(500-522) 3 s: 905
(522-533) 3+3A 973
(533-537) 3+4 995
(540) Muwahhid 1 s: 1057, 1058
543 Murabit 6A g: 443

(541-551) Muwahhid 1 g: 451-453
(558-668) 2-13 s: 1093
(563-580) 2 g: 493
(630) Hudid 1 s: 1117
635 1A 1121
(635-640) Muwahhid 10 g: 515
(640) 11 518
(642-668) Marinid 4,6 g: 674-677
(643-647) Hafsid 1 g: 553
(647-665) Muwahhid 12 g: 522-527
(685-706) Marinid 7 g: 715, 715a, 716; s: 1136
(705-789) Nasrid 3-8 s: 1153
(710-731) Marinid 10 g: 727
(731-752) 11 s: 1141
(775-796) 20 g: 819,820
(786-789) Nasrid 8 g: 868
(800-823) Marinid 26 g: 860
Sijilmasah 450
451
Murabit 1 g: 26
27
452
28
Index of Mints
Sijilmasah 454? 29,30
455 31
456 32
457 33
458 34
45* 1A 53
461 1 35
462 36
462 1B 54
463 1 37
465 1B 55
466 56
467 1 38
467? 1B 57
468 1 39
469 40
470 41; c: 1161
471 g:42
472 43
473 44
474 45
475 46
476 47
477 48
478 49

479 50
480 51
480 2 74
481 75
482 76
483 77
484 78
485 79
486 80
487 81
488 82
490 83
491 84
493 85
494 86
495 87
496 88
497 89
498 90
(480-498) 91
499 3 172
334
Sijilmasah 500 173
502 174
504 175
505 176
508 177
511 178
513 179
518 180
520 181
521 182
523 3+3A 300
524 301
525 302
526 303
527 304
528 305
529? 306
530 307
531 308
532 309
533 310
533 3+4 369
534 370
535 371

536 372
538? 4+5 424
544 (error) 4 407
(558-563) Muwahhid 2 g: 485
(558-668) 2-13 s: 1094
(630-631) 10 1079
(640-641) Hafsid 1 g: 554
(642-668) Marinid 4,6 g: 678-681
(646-665) Muwahhid 12 g: 528, 529
(685-706) Marinid 7 g: 717, 718
(710-731) 10 728-734
(731-752) 11 H"; s: 1142, 1143
(731-740) g: 750-752, H1o
(737-752) 764-766
(749-759) 12 771-773.779-781. H12
(764-765) 17A 793
(775-796) 20 806
(796-799) 24 843, 844
(799-800) 25 857
(800-S23) 26 861-863
SafSqus 449 Zirid 4 g: 12
461 4A 24
Index of Mints
Mint
Sala
Sabrah
Tarabulus
Tan j ah
Fas
Date
508
(540-551)
(763-767)
439
440
(749)
(751-770)
(796-637)
(839-893)
(522-533)
484
494
497
(480-498)
501?
508
509
5"
512
520
521
522
524
525
526
527
528
529
53o
531
532
533
533
534
535
536
537
537
538
539

515?
(540-551)
(551-558)
(558-563)
Dynasty Ruler
Coins
Murabit
Muwahhid
Marinid
Zirid
Hafsid
Murabit
Murabit
17
15
16
19
21
g: 183
g: 454. 455
336
Fas (558-668) 2-13 s: 1095-1097; c: 1170
(58o-595) 3 g: 5oo
(595-610) 4 504,505
(610-620) 5 507
(630-631) 10 s: 1080, 1081
(642-668) Marinid 4,6 g: 682-688
(685-706) 7 719-721
(710-731) 10 735-743
(731-752) 11 s: 1144
(731-740) g: 753-756a
(737-752) g: 767
(749-759) 12 774.775.782-784
(763-767) 17 790-792
(768-774) 18 795, 796
(774-776) 19 797-799
(775-796) 20 801, 821-828, H14
(786-788) 21 833, 834
(788) 22 835
(796-799) 24 836, 845-849
(799-800) 25 858,859
(800-823) 26 864, 865
Qabis 551 Zirid 8A g: 24a
Qusantinah (710-718) Hafsid 10 g: 582, H7
(749-755) 15A 601

(796-837) 19 618
(839-893) 21 631
Qafijah (735~747) Hafsid 10 g: 587
(751-770) 16 605
(796-^37) 19 619,620
Marrakush 401 (error) Murabit 2 g: 97
490 95
491 96. 97
499 2+3 123
500 3 194
51o 195
516 196
518 197
519 198
520 199
521 200
522 3+3A 321
523 322
524 323
Index of Mints
Mint
Marrakush
Miknasah
Mahdiyah
(see also al-Mahdiyah)
Nul
(see also Nul Lamtah)
Date
Dynasty
Ruler
Coins
525
324
527
325
528
326
529
327
530
328
531
329
533
330
533
380
534
381
535
382
536
383
537
384
537
411
538
412
539
4+5
427
540
428
540
434
541
435

3+4
(541-551)
Muwahhid
g: 463
(551-558)
1+1A
478, 479
(558-563)
487-489
(558-668)
2-13
s: 1098
(563-580)
g:494
(621-624)
338
Nul Lamtah 513 Murabit 3 g: 205
(see also Nul) 515 206
516 207
518 208
522 209
522 3+3A 331
523 332
524 333
525 334
527 335
528 336
530 337
531 338
532 338a
533 338b
533 3+4 385,386
534 387.388
535 389
536 390
537 391.392
537 4 413
538 414
539 415
539 4+5 429

540 4 416
540 6 436
542 6D 444
(558-563) Muwahhid 2 g:490?
(558-668) 2-13 s: 1100?
? 44x Zirid 4 g: 14; s: 871
(448-480) Murabit 1 g: 52
(496-500) 2+3 s: 902
(500-522) 3 908-911; c: 1168
(522-533) 3+3 A 975
(627-634) Hafsid 1 g: 542
(630-631) Muwahhid 10 s: 1084
(631-640) g: 516
(646-665) 12 530
(647-675) Hafsid 2 c: 1172
(709-711) 8 g: 580
(745) Marinid 10 g: 745
(760-762) 14 788
(775-796) 20 803
(796-799) 24 852, 853
(910-932) Wattasid 2 g: 870
no mint (448-480) Murabit 1 s: 888-890
Index of Mints 339
Date
Dynasty
Ruler
Coins
(471-476)
Hammudid
9B+9C
s: 887
(480-498)
Murabit
s: 892-899
(496-500)
2+3
902a, 903
506
912
(500-522)
g: 210; e: 939; s: 913-938
c: 1169
(522-533)
3+3 A
e: 991, 992; s: 976-99
(533-537)
3+4

s: 996-1016
(537-540)
1018-1033
(539-540)
4+5
1034-1037
(540-541)
1039-1051
(540)
Muwahhid
g: 446a; s: 1059-1064
(540-551)
466-468
(540-558)
s: 1066-1069
(541-543)
Murabit
6B
s: 1053-1056
(551-558)
Muwahhid
1+1A
g:48o
(558-563)
491
(558-668)
2-13
s: nooa-1105; c: 1171
(563-580)
g: 495, 496
(58o-595)
501-503
(587-595)
3+4
s: 1075
(595-610)
340
no mint (711-717) 11 592, 593
(717-723) 12 594
(718-747) 10 588-591
(731-752) Marinid 11 749; s: 1145, 1146
(731-740) g: 757, 758
(737-752) 768
(747-748) Hafsid 13 595.596
(749-751) 15 600
(749-753) 15B 602
(751-770) 16 606,607
(755-758) 17 608
(760-762) Marinid 14 s: 1148
(761-796) Hafsid 17 g: 609
(775-796) Marinid 20 g: 804, 805 ?, 809; s: 1149
(776-784) 20 A s: 1150
(796-799) 24 g: 854
(796-837) Hafsid 19 g: 622-625
(800-823) Marinid 26 g: 867
(823-869) 28 s: 1151, 1152
(837-839) Hafsid 20 g: 626
(839-893) 21 632-636
(899-932) 25 641-643
(910-932) Wattasid 2 s: 1154
(932) 3 "55

(932-957) 4 1156
(932-941) Hafsid 26 g: 644
SPANISH MINTS
Ishbiliyah 489 Murabit 2 g: 99
491 100
493 101
496 102
497 103
498 2+3 125
499 126
510 3 211
515 212
516 213,214
517 215
518 216,217
519 218
520 219
521 220
522 221
(500-522) s: 940-946
522 3+3A g: 339
Index of Mints
341
Mint
IshbHiyah
Ighranatah
(see also Gharnatah)
al-Jazirah
al-Qantarah
al-Mariyah
Date
Dynasty Ruler
Coins
523
340
524
341
525
342
526
343
535
3+4
393
536
394
537
395

(533-537)
s: 1016a, 1016b
538
g: 417
539
4+5
430, 430a
540
431
541
437
(541-558)
Muwahhid 1
g: 469, 470; s: 1070
(558-563)
g: 492
(558-624)
2-7
s: 1106
(563-58o)
g: 497, 498
(641-646)
Hafsid 1
g: 555
504
Murabit 3
g: 241
508
242
509
243; c: 1163
515
g: 244. 245
516
246, 247
517
248, 249
518
250
342
al-Mariyah 506 3 273
507 274?
508 275
509 276
510 277
5" 278
512 279
513 280
514 281
515 282, 283
516 284
517 285
518 286
519 287
520 288, 289
521 290
522 291
522 3+3A 347,348
523 349
524 350
525 351
526 352
527 353
528 354

529 355.356
530 357
531 358
532 359.360
533 361
533 3+4 396
534 397-399
535 400, 400a
536 401,401a
537 402, 402a, 403
538 4 418,419
539 420,421
539 4+5 432
Balansiyah 494 Murabit 2 g:72?
496 104
497 105
497 2+3 127
498 128, 129
499 130, 131
500 132
500 3 222
501 223
Index of Mints
343
Mint
Date
Dynasty
Ruler
Coins
Balansiyah
503
s: 947
504
g: 224
505
225
508
226
509
227
512
228, 229
(558-624)
Muwahhid
2-7
s: 1107
Bayyasah
497
Murabit

g?:106
Jayyan
536
Murabit
3+4
s: 1017
(541-558)
Muwahhid
g: 471; s: 1071
(558-624)
2-7
s: 1108
Daniyah
495
Murabit
g: 107
497
2+3
133
498
134. 135
499
136-139
500
140
500
234. 235
5o1
236
504
237
(558-624)
Muwahhid
2-7
s: 1109
Saraqustah
504
Murabit
344
Mint
Qurtubah
Date
498
(496-500)
502
503
505
506
507
(500-522)
(539-540)
540
541
(540-541)
542
(542-558)
(558-624)
Dynasty
Ruler
Muwahhid
4+5
6B

2-7
Mayurqah
502
503
504
505
506
508
509
5"
512
525
526
(567)
(567-624)
(599-624)
Coins
145
s: 904
958
g: 257
s: 959-961
962
963
964. 965
1038
g: 441
442
s: 1052
g: 446
g: 472
s: 1112
Qantarat al-Sayf
496
Murabit
g: "5?
Qunkah
506
Murabit
s: 966
Laushah
INDEX OF DATES
All dates are a.h. Diacritical marks are omitted from names of mints and dynasties.
Date
Mint
Dynasty
Ruler
Coins
401
Marrakush
Murabit
97
(error)
439
Sabtah
Hammudid
6+9
872
Sabrah
Zirid
440
Sabtah
Hammudid
6+9
873?
Zirid
441

Sabrah
al-Qayrawan
Zirid
Sabtah
Hammudid
6+9
874, 874a
442
al-Qayrawan
Zirid
4, 5
Sabtah
Hammudid
6+9
875
443
al-Qayrawan
Zirid
Sabtah
Hammudid
64-9
876
444
al-Qayrawan
Zirid
Sabtah
Hammudid
6+9
877
445
al-Qayrawan
Zirid
Date
Mint
Dynasty
Ruler
Coins
457
al-Mahdiyah
Zirid
22
Sijilmasah
Murabit
33
458
Sijilmasah
Murabit
34
459
al-Mahdiyah
Zirid
23
Sijilmasah
Murabit
53?
461

1A
Sijilmasah
Murabit
35
Safaqus
Zirid
4A
24
462
Sabtah
Hammudid
9A+9B
882?, 1157?
Sijilmasah
Murabit
36
Sijilmasah
1B
54
463
Sijilmasah
Murabit
37
464
Sabtah
Hammudid
9A+9B
883, 1158
465
Sabtah
Hammudid
9A+9B
884, 1159
Sijilmasah
Murabit
1B
55
466
Index of Dates
Date Mint Dynasty Ruler Coins
Sijilmasah 82
489 Ishbiliyah Murabit 2 99
Aghmat 61
Shatibah 109
490 Aghmat Murabit 2 62,63
Sijilmasah 83
Qurtubah 112
Marrakush 95
Aghmat 64
Sijilmasah 84
Sanlukah 108
Marrakush 96, 97
492 Aghmat Murabit 2 65
al-Mariyah 117
Qurtubah 113
Aghmat 66
Sijilmasah 85
Gharnatah no
al-Mariyah 118
Balansiyah? 72
Tilimsan? 72
Sijilmasah 86

Fas 93
Malaqah 116
Nul 98
al-Mariyah 119, 120
Daniyah 107
Sijilmasah 87
Aghmat 69
al-Qantarah? 115
Balansiyah 104
Sijilmasah 88
Qurtubah 114
Qantarat al-Sayf? 115
Aghmat 70
al-Mariyah 2+3 148, 149
Balansiyah 2 105
Balansiyah 2+3 127
Bayyasah 2 106
Daniyah 2+3 133
348
Sijilmasah 2 89
Shatibah 2 +3 141
Fas 2 94
Qurtubah 2 +3 144
Nul 124
498 Ishbiliyah Murabit 2+3 125
Aghmat 2 71
Aghmat 2+3 121
al-Mariyah 150
Balansiyah 128, 129
Daniyah 134, 135
Sijilmasah 2 90
Shatibah 2 +3 142
Qurtubah 145
499 Ishbiliyah Murabit 2+3 126
Aghmat 122
al-Mariyah 151
Balansiyah 130, 131
Daniyah 136-139
Sijilmasah 3 172
Shatibah 2 +3 143
Marrakush 123
Balansiyah 2 +3 132

Balansiyah 3 222
Daniyah 2+3 140
Daniyah 3 234,235
Sijilmasah 173
Shatibah 238
Malaqah 2+3 146, 147
Malaqah 3 259
Marrakush 194
Balansiyah 223
Daniyah 236
Gharnatah 239
Fas 184?
Malaqah 260
Mursiyah 263
Nul 201
Sijilmasah 174
Gharnatah 240
Qurtubah 958
Malaqah 261
Mursiyah 264, 265, 968
Index of Dates 349
Balansiyah 947
Qurtubah 257
Mursiyah 266, 969
504 Ighranatah Murabit 3 241
Aghmat 156
Balansiyah 224
Daniyah 237
Sijilmasah 175
Saraqustah 948
Mursiyah 267
Balansiyah 225
Tilimsan 169
Sijilmasah 176
Qurtubah 959-961
Mursiyah 268
al-Mariyah 273
Qurtubah 962
Qunkah 966
Malaqah 262
Mursiyah 269
no mint 912

al-Jazirah 230,231
al-Mariyah? 274
Qurtubah 963
508 Ighranatah Murabit 3 242
Aghmat 160
al-Jazirah 232
al-Mariyah 275
Balansiyah 226
Sijilmasah 177
Sala 183
Fas 185, 186
Mursiyah 270,970,971,1167?
509 Ighranatah Murabit 3 243, 1163
Aghmat 161
al-Jazirah 233
al-Mariyah 276
Balansiyah 227
Saraqustah 949, 1162
Fas 187
Mursiyah 271
Nul 202
350
Date
51o
5"
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
Mint
Ishbiliyah
Aghmat
al-Mariyah
Marrakush
Nul
Aghmat
al-Mariyah
Tilimsan
Sijilmasah
Fas
Laushah?
Mursiyah
Nul

Aghmat
al-Mariyah
Balansiyah
Fas
Mursiyah
Aghmat
al-Mariyah
Bani-Tawada
Sijilmasah
Nul Lamtah
Aghmat
al-Mariyah
Ishbiliyah
Ighranatah
Aghmat
al-Mariyah
Fas
Nul Lamtah
Ishbiliyah
Ighranatah
al-Mariyah
Marrakush
Nul Lamtah
Ishbiliyah
Ighranatah
al-Mariyah
Ishbiliyah
Ighranatah
al-Mariyah
Sijilmasah
Marrakush
Nul Lamtah
Ishbiliyah
Dynasty
Murabit
Ruler
Murabit
Murabit
Murabit
Murabit
Murabit
Index of Dates
Ighranatah 251, 252, 951
al-Mariyah 287
Marrakush 198
Ighranatah 253, 254, 952, 1164
al-Mariyah 288, 289
Sijilmasah 181
Fas . 191
Marrakush 199
Ighranatah 255
al-Mariyah 290
Sijilmasah 182
Fas 192
Marrakush 200
Ishbiliyah 3+3A 339
Ighranatah 3 256
al-Mariyah 291
al-Mariyah 3+3A 347. 348
Fas 3 193
Marrakush 3+3A 321
Nul Lamtah 3 209
Nul Lamtah 3+3A 331
523 Ishbiliyah Murabit 3+3A 340

Ighranatah 344
Aghmat 292
al-Mariyah 349
Sijilmasah 300
Marrakush 322
Nul Lamtah 332
Ighranatah? 345
al-Mariyah 350
Sijilmasah 301
Fas 311,311a
Marrakush 323
Nul Lamtah 333
al-Mariyah 351
Sijilmasah 302
Fas 312
Marrakush 324
Mursiyah 993
Nul Lamtah 334
352
al-Mariyah 352
Sijilmasah 303
Fas 313
Mursiyah 994
527 Ighranatah Murabit 3+3 A 346
Aghmat 293
al-Mariyah 353
Sijilmasah 304
Fas 314
Marrakush 325
Nul Lamtah 335
528 Aghmat Murabit 3+3 A 294
al-Mariyah 354
Sijilmasah 305
Fas 315
Marrakush 326
Nul Lamtah 336
al-Mariyah 355, 356
Sijilmasah 306?
Fas 316
Marrakush 327
530 Aghmat Murabit 3+3A 296
al-Mariyah 357

Sijilmasah 307
Fas 317
Marrakush 328
Nul Lamtah 337
531 Aghmat Murabit 3+3A 297
al-Mariyah 358
Sijilmasah 308
Fas 318
Marrakush 329
Nul Lamtah 338
532 Aghmat Murabit 3+3 A 298?
al-Mariyah 359, 360
Sijilmasah 309
Fas 319
Nul Lamtah 338a
Aghmat 3+4 362, 363
al-Mariyah 3+3A 361
al-Mariyah 3+4 396
Sijilmasah 3+3 A 310
Sijilmasah 3+4 369
Fas 3+3 A 320
Index of Dates
353
Date
534
535
536
537
538
539
Mint
Dynasty
Ruler
Coins
Fas
3+4
373
Marrakush
3+3A
329
Marrakush
3+4
380
Nul Lamtah
3+3A
338b
Nul Lamtah
3+4

385. 386
al-Mariyah
Murabit
3+4
397-399
Tilimsan
366
Sijilmasah
370
Fas
374. 375
Marrakush
381
Nul Lamtah
387. 388
Ishbiliyah
Murabit
3+4
393
Aghmat
364
al-Mariyah
400, 400a
Tilimsan
367
Sijilmasah
371
Fas
376. 377
Marrakush
382
Nul Lamtah
389
Ishbiliyah
Murabit
3+4
394
Aghmat
365
al-Mariyah
401, 401a
Tilimsan
368
al-Mariyah
4+5
432
Fas
425, 426
Marrakush
427
Nul Lamtah
415
Nul Lamtah
4+5
429
540
Ishbiliyah
Murabit
4+5
431
Ighranatah
438. 439
Aghmat
433
Tilimsan

406
Qurtubah
441
Marrakush
4+5
428
Marrakush
434
Nul Lamtah
416
Nul Lamtah
436
541
Ishbiliyah
Murabit
437
Ighranatah
440
Qurtubah
442
Marrakush
435
542
Qurtubah
Murabit
6B
446
Nul Lamtah
6D
444
543
al-Nasiriyah
Hammadid
25
Sabtah
Murabit
6A
INDEX OF TITLES
Titles are listed in strict Arabic alphabetical order. The rulers listed are those to whom the
given title refers, not necessarily those who struck the coins. Diacritical marks are omitted from
dynastic names.
Title
al-imam
al-umara'
al-umara' al-rashidin
al-amir
Dynasty
Ruler
Coins
'Abbasid
26
26-37. 53-56
26, 27
38, 52, 57
27
39-51, 58, 73-80, 92, 1", 1161
27, 28
59. 81
28
60-72, 82-90, 93-110, 112-163, 169-178,
183-188,194,195, 201-204, 211, 222-227,
230-243, 257-271, 273-278, 1163
28, 29
164, 189, 210, 228, 229, 272, 279

29
165-168, 179-182, 190-193, 196-200, 205-
209, 212-221, 244-256, 280-294, 300-305,
3"-315, 321-326, 331-336, 339-354
29, 30
295, 306, 316, 327. 355. 356
30, 31
296, 307. 317. 328, 337, 357
31
24a, 25, 297-299, 308-310, 318-320, 329,
330, 338, 338a, 358-446
36
540, 1121
Fatimid
1, 2, 15-23
Hammudid
872-879
880-887, 1157-1160
Muwahhid
522-525, 528, 530-533. 537, 538, H3, H4,
H5, M1
M1
12
M1
446a, 1059-1061
Muwahhid
1-3
1075
Muwahhid
1-3
1076, 1077
Hafsid
562-568, 571-576, 580-594, 601, 602, 608,
626,628,629,631-634,637,638,641,642,
H6, H7
Zirid
356
Title Dynasty Ruler
al-amir Murabjt 1
1B
3A
Muwahhid
9A
Hafsid
6A
12
Nasrid
al-amir al-ajall
Muwahhid
1A
Hafsid

10
al-amir al-tahir
Muwahhid
al-amirayn
Muwahhid
I, 2
al-hajib
Hammudid
9B
9C
al-khulafa'
Muwahhid
1-3
1-4
al-khulafa' al-rashidin
'Abbasid
Muwahhid
I, 2
1-3
1-4
Ziyanid
Marinid
al-khalifah
'Abbasid
36
37
Muwahhid
al-khalifatayn
Muwahhid
I. 2
Coins
26-52, 888-890, 1161
54-57
58-151, 891-898, 900-904, 914
121-145, 148-151, 172-180, 234, 238,
902-904, 913-917, 934. 936, 938, 959-963.
967, 989, 1009, 1012, 1015, 1016
Index of Titles
357
Title
Dynasty
Ruler
Coins
al-khalifatayn al-rashidayn
Muwahhid
1-3
H4
al-sulân
Hafsid
21
637. 638
26
644
27
1124-1129
al-sayyid
Marinid
20A
831, 832
al-malik
Hafsid
21
637. 638
Marinid
787

13
imam al-ummah
'Abbasid
37
541
Muwahhid
447-466, 469-495, 497, 498, 500-502,
504-509. 5". 512, 514-535, 537. 538, 546,
551. 554. 558, 559. 594. H3, H4, H5, M1
imamuna
'Abbasid
36
1117-1120
Muwahhid
446a, 1058-1063, 1085-1096, 1098-1116,
1122, 1123, 1170, 1171
10
1078-1083
umara' al-mu'minin
Muwahhid
1-3
507. 508, 5"
520, 521
amir al-muslimin
Murabit
913
152-171, 181-233, 235-237, 239-403,
905-912, 918-933, 939-944. 947-949.
951-958, 964-966, 970-987, 990-1008,
1010, 1011,1017, 1162-1169
404-432, 1018-1023, 1025-1030, 1033-1036,
1038
433-442, 1039-1046, 1048-1052
6A
443
Ziyanid
358
Title
am1r al-muslimm
amir al-mu'minin
Dynasty Rider
20
21
22
26
28
Wattasid 2
'Abbasid 26
26, 27
27
27, 28
28
28, 29
29
29. 30
30, 31
31
36
37
Fatimid 8

Hammudid 6
Muwahhid 1
10
11
12
13
Hafsid 2
Coins
810-830, H14, 1149
833. 834
835
861-866
1151, 1152
870, 1154
"55
1156
26-37. 53-56
38, 52, 57
39-51, 58, 73-80, 92, 1n, 1161
59. 81
60-72, 82-90, 93-110, 112-163, 169-178,
183-188,194,195, 201-204, 211, 222-227,
230-243, 257-271, 273-278, 1163
164, 189, 210, 228, 229, 272, 279
165-168, 179-182, 190-193, 196-200,
205-209, 212-221, 244-256, 280-294,
300-305, 311-315, 321-326, 331-336,
339-354
295. 306, 316, 327, 355, 356
296, 307. 317. 328, 337. 357
24a, 25, 297-299, 308-310, 318-320, 329,
330, 338, 338a, 358-446
540, 541, 1121
541
1, 2, 15-23
872-879
Index of Titles
359
Title
Dynasty
Ruler
Coins
amir al-mu'minin
571-573
577-579
580
10
584-591, 595, 597-60o, 602-607, 609. H7
11
592, 593
13
595. 596
15
597-600
15B
603
16
604-607
17
608-614, 616-619

19
610-623, 625, 627
20
626
21
628-640, H8
25
641-643
26
644
Ziyanid
648, 649
Marinid
12
769-786, H12
24
839. 853
26
867
Ottoman
10
670, 671
amiray al-mu'minin
Muwahhid
1, 2
5"
khalifat Allah
Muwahhid
467, 468, 496, 503, 536, 539, 542-545.
547-550, 552, 553. 555-557. 560, 562-593.
595-638, 640, 641, 644, H6, 1127
sultan
Hafsid
27
1130, 1132
sayyid
Muwahhid
537
sayyidina
Muwahhid
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES AND EPITHETS
Names and epithets are listed in strict Arabic alphabetical order, including the prefixes al-,
abu-, and ibn-.
Name
Ibrahim
abu-Ishaq
abu'l-Baqa'
abu'l-Hasan
abu'l-Rab1'
abu'l-'Abbas
abu'l-'Ula
Abu-Bakr
abu-Tamim
abii-Ja'far
abii-Hafs
abu-Zakarfya'
abii-Zayd
abu-Salim
abu-Sa'id
abu-'Abd-Allah
abti-'Amr
abu-Faris
abu-Malik
abu-Muhammad
abu-Musa
abu-Yahya
abu-Ya'qiib

abu-Yusuf
Ahmad
Idris
arham umara' al-muslimin
Ishaq
al-As'ad
al-Hasan
al-Rashid
al-Rashid-bi-Allah
Coins
54-57, 422-432, 569, 604-607, 1034-1038
569, 604-607
580
518-521, 627
670, 671
570. 597-600. 608, 609, 665-668, 827, 1173, 1174
5". 513-519. 537-539
26-52, 581-591, 888-890, H7, 1161
16, 18, 19, 22, 23
1121
522-536, 571-573. 595. 596, M1
512, 545-556, 567. 568, 574-576
601
788
726-745
25, 473-48o, 504-508, 5". 512, 557-566, 577-579.
594, 602, 626, 641-644, 663, 664, 669, 671, 787,
H3, H4, H6, 1075
628-640, H8
610-625, 833
793
447-498, 500-509, 5"-539. 542, 543. 545. 546, 554.
654, 672, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, M1, 1065-1074
1076, 1077
581-592, H7
481-498, 500-509, 5"-539. 554. H1, H2, H3, H4,
H5, M1
500-508, 511-521, H1, H2
608, 609, 665-668, 800-803, 805-830, H13, H14,
1124-1132, 1149, 1156, 1173, 1174
511, 872-879
445, 446, 1053-1056
433-442, 1039-1052
Index of Proper Names and Epithets
361
Name
al-Sa'id
al-'Ali-bi- Allah
al-'Abbasi
al-'Izz
al-Ghar1b
al- Ghani-bi- Allah
al-Fadl
al- Qa'im-bi-amr-Allah
al- Qa'im-bi-haqq-Allah
al-Qa'im-li-Allah-bi-a'la'-din-al-haqq
al-Ma'mun
al-Mutawakkil- 'ala-Allah
al-Mutawakkil-'ala-Allah-wahdihi
al-Mutawakkil-'ala-rabb-al-'alam1n
al-Mujahid
al-Mu j ah id-f 1-sabil- Allah
al-Murtada
al-Murtada-li-amr-Allah
al-Murtada-li-amrihi
al-Musta'in-bi- Allah
al-Mustanijir
al-Mustanijir-bi-Allah
al-Mu zaffar-bi-Allah
al-Ma'an

al-Mu'taîm-bi- Allah
al-Mu'tadid-bi-Allah
al-Mu 'tamid
al-Muqt afi-li-amr-Allah
al-Muntakhab-li-ihya'-din-Allah
al-Munt aijir-bi-A llah
al-Manûr
al-Manijur-bi-fadl-Allah
al-Mahdi
al-Mahdi-alladh1-yashriku'l-nabi
al-Mu'min-bi-Allah
Coins
787, 789-792, 797-799. 869
872-879
25. 377-379, 382-384, 393-395, 404-406, 408-412,
417, 422, 424-435, 437-443, 540, 541, 1117-1120
880-887, 1157-1160
499
653, 868
570, 597-60o
447-466, 469-495, 497, 498, 500-502, 504-509,
5H-535, 537. 538, 540, 546, 551, 554, 558, 559,
592, 593, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, M1
570
713, 714
511, 513-521
581-590, 597-599, 608-613, 616-619, 627, 629, 631,
636-638, 641, 647, 658-664, 670, 671, 778, 779,
782-785, 787, 789-792, 833, 834, H7, 1127, 1150
630
646, 650, 652-656, 769-777, H12, 1155
5", 594
513-519, 569, 610-623, 625, 629, 631, 637, 638
524, 525, 528, 530, 533
522, 523, 531, 532
M1
788
603, 805
1, 2,15-23,562-566,571-573,577-579,602,604-607,
626, 729, 730, 801, 802, 807-819, 821-830, 836,
840-849, 854-860, H6, H14, 1121
601
880-886, 1157-1160
362
Name
al-Mu'ayyad
al-Mu'ayyad-bi- Allah
al-Mu 'ayyad-bi-f adl- Allah
al-Mu 'ayyad-bi-naijr- Allah
al-Naeir-li-din-AUah
al-Wathiq
al-Wathiq-bi-Allah
ibn-abi-Ibrahim
ibn-abi'l-'Abbas
ibn-abi'l-'Ula
ibn-Abi-Bakr
ibn-ab1-Hafi
ibn-abi-Zakariya'
ibn-abi-'Abd- Allah
ibn-abi-'Ali
ibn-abi-Faris
ibn-abi-Muhammad
ibn-abi-Yahya
ibn-Ahmad
ibn-Isma'il
ibn-al-imam
ibn-al-umara'
ibn-al-umara' al-rashidin

ibn-al-amir
ibn-al-amir al-ajall
ibn-al-amir al-tahir
ibn-al-amirayn
ibn-al-Hasan
ibn-al-khulafa'
ibn-al-khulafa' al-rashidin
ibn-al-khalifah
ibn-al-khalifah (sic) al-rashidin
ibn-al-khalifatayn
ibn-al-khaMatayn al-rashidayn
ibn-al-'Aziz-bi- Allah
ibn-al-Ma'miin
ibn-al-Manijur
ibn-umara '-al-mu 'minin
ibn-amir-al-mushmin
ibn-amir- al-mu 'minin
Coins
583, 594
1076, 1077
567, 568
571-573. 581, 582, 584-589, 597-599. 602, 608-623,
625, 626, 637, 638
58o, 595
539
537. 538, 567, 568, 629, 655-657
522-536, M1
610-614, 616-619
513-517. 520, 521
54-57. 443. 595. 597. 598, 603-607, 609
537. 538. 545-561, 569
557-561. 569. 603
537. 538, 609, 644
793
627
545-561, 569
595. 597. 598, 604-607
610-614, 616-619
868
M1
1075
562-568, 571-576, 580-594, 601, 602, 608, 609, 626,
628, 629, 631-634, 637, 638, 641, 642, H6, H7,
Index of Proper Names and Epithets
363
Name
Corns
ibn-amiray-al-mu'minin
ibn-Tashfin
ibn-Rashid
ibn-sayyid
ibn-sayyidina
ibn-sayyidayna
ibn- 'Abd-al- Haqq
ibn-'Abd-al-'Aziz
ibn-'Ali
ibn-'Umar
ibn-Kaukab
ibn-Muhammad
ibn-Na?r
ibn-Yahya
ibn-Yusuf
Bani-Tashfin
Baha'-al-Daulah
Tashfin
Hasan
Khalid
Zakariya'
Sa'd
Saqaut
Sir

Sulayman
Diya'-al-Daulah
'Abd-al-Haqq
'Abd-al-Rahman
'Abd-al-'Aziz
'Abd-Allah
'Abd-al-Mu'min
5"
58-145, 148-151, 408-410, 891-897, 900, 901, 902a,
24a [903
537
538, M1
M1
713. 714
627
404-443, 447-498, 500-509, 5"-539. 542, 543. 545.
546, 554, 831, 832, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, M1,
1019-1023,1026,1029-1031,1034-1036,1039-1048,
1052, 1062-1074, 1150
26-52, 793, 888-890, 1161
907
609, 644
868
569, 602
127-129, 133, 134, 141, 142, 152-313. 321-330,
332-338b, 340-372, 375. 378, 380-392, 396-405.
408-412, 417-422, 427-429. 433-435. 437-443.
868,905,908-912,914-925,928-931,939,947-949,
953-957,964-967,970-973,975,977.978.980-984,
993, 994, 998-1003, 1007, 1017, 1162, 1163,
1165-1169
445, 446, 1053-1056
880-886, 1157-1160
362-432, 995-1038
672
580
592, 593
904, 1017
880-887, 1157-1160
670, 671
292-361, 973-994
887
364
Name Coins
'Abd-al-Wahid 513-519. 659-662
'Uthman 628-640, 726-745, 860-867, H8
'Ali 53,121-403,627,902-967,970-1017,1155,1162-1169
'Umar 571, 572, 595
'Imran 1076, 1077
Faris 769-786, H12
Malik 933
Muhammad 473~48o, 504-508, 511, 512, 557-562, 564. 566,
577-579. 594. 603, 626, 641-644, 653, 655-657,
669, 671, 787, 789-792, 797-799, 835, 868-870,
H3, H4, H6, 872-879, 1154
Mazdara' 499
Ma'add 16, 18-23
Ma hdi-al-Din 1057
Miisa 646,650,651,833,834
Maulana 808, 809, 837, 838, 850-852, 1124-1129
Naijir-al-Din 406, 432, 713, 906, 928-931, 953, 965, 981-987,
998-1006,1017,1020-1023,1034-1036,1039-1046,
1052
Yashir 218-221, 339-343
Yahya 25, 443, 512, 545-556, 567. 568
Ya'qub 500-508, 511, 512, 713, 714, H1, H2
Yusuf 58-126, 130-132, 135-140, 143-151, 481-498.
500-509, 511, 512, 522-539, 554, H1, H2, H3, H4,

H5, 891-904
? 897
INDEX OF CONVENTIONAL INSCRIPTIONS
Coins Phrase
648, 649 (ûlD JLr *u\ Ulal
1148 j^x" <ul uy-.l
868 âij <ul t'Ul
831 <^-c jj> j <ul
665 i-ivalcl
642, 648, 649,691,713,715-725,750-755. 758, 802, 806, 809, 827, 837, H1, tii <Aj"yiVl (j)
H2, H10, 1076, 1085-1119, 1122, 1123, 1137, 1141-1147, 1150, 1170,
1171
867, 1136, 1138 <u <15"^.Vl
592, 688, 700, 701, 778, 779, 782-785 ul Jc jT^)l (j)
706, 707, 756-758 <ul JiiLLl
446a, 106l jil
603, 609, 639, 640, 666, 673, 676, 677, 679-681, 684-687, 691-697, 734, <u J-l (j)
742-744, 746, 749, 755, 759-768, 799-802, 807, 808, 817, 820, 834,
838, 840-843, 845-847, 855-866, H", H14
447-472, 542, 543, 545, 648, 649, 698, 870, 1065-1074, 1105, 1135. Ojl(l)Jl *u J-\ (j)
1137, 1139, 1140, 1148, 1149, 1151, 1154, 1156
500-502,504-508,511,512,520-525,528,530-533.537.538,650,652, 726- oj 9-777, 793-798. 802, 807, 808,
810-816, 818, 819, 821-826, 828, 829, 833, 836-839, H3-H5, H10,
H11, H13
541.547-550,553. 555-557. 562,564.567, 568,570-572. 574-58o, 584-589, * 2>s>lj J/l (j)
594, 595. 597-599. 601. 602. 604-614, 616-619, 625-629, 631-634,
637. 638, 640, 641, 644, 645, 674, 675, 678, 682, 683, 689, 690, 714,
756. 756a, 757, 759-768, H6, H9, HH

1057 u1 Jj-o * *r4
541 . 547-550, 553. 555-557, 562-568, 570-580, 583-590, 595, 597-599,601- <u pi\ (j)
642, 644, 645, 666, 673-687, 689-697, 704, 749-755, 759-768, 806, 808,
809, 838, H6, H9, H11
600, 701, 749, 755, 807, 808, 838 Oi JjJl (j)
679,680,686,688,691a-694,700,704,714-725,750-754,759-768,806,809, u iJiJl (j)
H10, H11
1141-1147 b.L.1 ol Ji\
513 ul OlJi\
645,674,675,678,682-685,689,690,756-768, H12 <a1 01 jij1
Coins Phrase
446a, 1058-1063,1078-1083,1085-1096,1098-1120,1122,1123,1141-1147, bj <ul
1170,1171
699 <ic jTy & ^} "oil
1134 <jc aTy ^
979,997,1027 <ul
831 ^ ^ j**) -cu jry ^ Jlj ut
1on <ul
603, 1121 i-j^l
593. 673, 676, 677, 679-681, 686, 687, 691-696, 714, 749, 802, 807, 837, u dftil (.,)
838, H1o
715-725 <a dlll
541 . 547-550, 553. 555-557. 574-576. 592, 645, 674, 675, 678, 682, 683, u Hl ())
689, 690, 749-754. 759-768, 806-809, 837, 838, 840-842, 845-847,
855-866, H9-H11
541-543. 545. 547-550. 553. 555-557. 569. 574-576, 581, 582, 594. 645. <al J-Jjll
674, 675, 678, 682-685, 689, 690, 759-768, H12
378. 552, 560, 591, 704, 707-709, 712 <ul c^-l
726, 727, 732, 733, 738-742, 744. 834 <al V-*l
655, H1o JL' <ul 1^l
791 aa<x JL" <ul L>l
831 JUl yjâl <ul ol
653 Li*i)| ljiJ (J.î)l blj 0LVlj JjJl; jXm Oil Jl
789-791 Lsi. Ul^ dCa^j dClc l_jti; jJs L> cSl;j ^ l il tiXJ jiiJ 1*3 b*"i L'l
l <ill cTôi j
925, 926, 935 Oil 4,l

657 JCl j j\ <ul 4.J
651, 654, 655, 672, 778-786, 800, 803, 832, 853, 861-867, H13 Oil .-u l
594, 639, 640, 816, H8 J(l)-r <ul
836 a_/*s) j JL* <ul a> l
646, 647, 653, 656, 659-663, 665, 666, 670, 671, 726-733, 735-740, 744, .j~\) <ul m\
788-791, 794-798, 811-815, 818-822, 827, 854, 1152
541 <al
1173 411l
12
107, 366-368, 382, 409, 410, 427-429, 432, 439, 442, H8, 924,974,989,1023 <ul p-i
447-467, 469-495. 497. 498,500-502, 504-509.511-535.537.538,540- cf)\ xal
551.553-559. 562-590, 594- 595, 597-599- 601-614,616-619, 626-629,
631-634, 637, 638,640,645-650,652,655-665, 669-687, 689-696,698,
702, 703, 713-733, 735-739. 741, 749-777, 782, 787-791. 793-798,
802, 806-816, 818, 819, 821-827, 829, 831, 833, 836-842, 845-849,
855-866, H1-H6, H9-H12, M1, 953, 958, 1017
Index of Conventional Inscriptions
367
Coins Phrase
960 j* ^J\ yJ\ *>!\
12a, 393-395 i v> p^J1 CfJ^ <ul
959, 961-963 ^ v> r^J1 o'-J1 r>.
953, 1017 i ^jjl v> |r^.Jl .oiI p->.
15, 17, 25, 147, 152, 169, 184, 194, 199, 201, . . j Jl v> p^-J1 (*-1.
222-228, 235-237, 239, 240, 257, 259-261, 263-273, 289, 376, 377,
379, 382-384, 404-406, 408, 409, 411, 412, 417, 421, 427-432,
437. 439. 441-443
378 j jb Jl i* ^<u\) J\ {fJ\ Oi\ j*->
24a - jb Jl i* j"""'.
252-256, 344, 346 j jb Jl 0* j>\ <ul
3-9, 11, 14, 659 .. o> <ul ^-1
958 jPjJl <ul
872-886, 900-902, 907,947-949,951,952,954-957, 966, 968-972, 993, . . jpjJI (1)0* ^> <ul ^
994, 1157-1160, 1162, 1164-1167
1, 2, 12, 13, 16, 18-24, 26-51, 53-90, 92-146, 148-151, 153-168, . . J)) Jl (l)o* uI
170-183, 185-193, 195-198, 200, 202-209, 211-221, 229-234, 238,
241-251, 258, 262, 274-288, 290-343, 345, 347-375, 380, 381, 385-
392, 396-403, 407, 410, 413-416, 418-420, 422-426, 433-436, 438,
440, 444-446, 1161, 1163
691 jSi J. jS'jc y,j ^ eTjLr
m1 ""
704, 710, 711 <ul Jc ii5y
56l JL-j <uli J2u

663, 665, 668, 670, 671, 803, 811, 817, 828, 830, 868, 869, H14 <u1 i*-,^
731, 734, 743, 846-849, 863 <c <ul L-_^
662, 746-748, 750-752, 778-781, 784-786, 812-814, 818, 850-852, H" J(l)-" <ul l*-^
729, 730, 840-842, 845, 855-862, 864-866 <cc JLr <ul L~_^-
787, 789, 790 ^yj<s JL" <ul L-j*.
646, 647, 650-653, 656-658, 660, 661, 754, 782, 783, 815, 816 Lulj J(l)v <ul L-_^
132, 706, 708, 788, 900, 940 <ul
1075 <ul
688, 700 j5^!I <ul ijy-*
488
715a, 759, 762, 1080, 1081, 1083 1 ^
18-23
446a j b J1
1152 cn^LJI ^ji oilj jil b._y by bj
1084 <uI
955-957,1165,1166 jJ1j ijjCi1 j idTy dJCic L j
741 <ul
368
Coins Phrase
1-24, 25-51, 53-90, 92-111, 113-128, 130-133, 135, 140-147, 152-167, <i-
169, 172-183, 185, 194, 201-209, 211-213, 215-220, 222-227, 230,
234-244, 246, 248, 250, 251, 257, 258,263, 264, 266-269,273-280, 282,
290, 292-310, 327, 331-338b, 340-343. 347. 349-351. 353-355. 359.
362-365, 369-372, 375, 383, 385-392. 397. 398. 402, 402a, 414-416,
419, 421-423, 430, 430a, 432, 436, 442, 444, 446, 872-886, 900, 912,
947-949, 951, 959, 960, 963, 966, 968-972, 993, 994, 1124-1129,
1157-1163
376, 377. 439 al <i-*-
931, 942, 943 <iC ul 01
941 *i\ Jcj ic <ul olÛ
545. 547. 553. 556, 557. 562-574, 577-58o, 583-590, 595, 597-599.602-613, l-u- Jc <ul
616-619,626-628,631-634, 640,645,655,663,670,671,674,675,678,
679, 682-684, 686, 689, 690, 691a-693, 758-768, 782, H6, H9, H12
680, 694 <)lj -Usw I'JU- Jc <JlI Jrf
614 -Uan Lu- <li\
575. 576, 849. 865 LLi jJl-j 4))1j .u*< I;ju- Je <ul J*
840 LLi L.j <-st*j <)lj jum I'ju- <ul iJ^,
581, 582, 846-848 LLi j^x* Lu- Jc uI ^
656, 673, 788, 855-864, 866 LLi |Ju-j *i\ Jcj .u** kju-. Jc oil
787 jju-j <U**>J <)l -Use* 1,JU- ^ <UI
601, 841, 842, 845 LLi jju-j <,(1).*^ <)l Jcj JU* Lu Jc <Jll
M1 j 4)l Jcj ju I'Vl'oj- <ul ^
522, 542, 543, 546, 555, 629, 637, 638, 647, 658, 660, 698, 702, 713-716, ju*. Jc <ul

720-724,741,750, 751, 770, 771,774, 789-791, 806, 809, 823,824, 827,
829, 831, 837, 838, H1, H2, H10, H"
467, 468 OUjJI |*,"l- ^ <lll
511, 513-519, 523-525. 528, 530-533. 537. 538, 540, 646, 648-650, 652, 4)lj -u*. Jc till
717-719, 725-733, 735-739, 749. 752-755. 769. 772, 773. 775-777.
793-798, 802, 807, 808, 810-816, 818, 819, 821, 825, 826, 833, 836, 839
447-466, 469-472 l>.j*U*)l C*~bi\ )lJ -Uafc. Jc <ul J-
659, 703 " Jc> Jc Oil J-
541. 551, 558, 559. 657. 661, 676, 677, 681, 685, 687, 695, 696 LLi 4)l Jcj ju*. Jc <ul
691 LLi |JUj a-Loj 4)l Jcj -Use* Jc
344, 346, 423. 444 <^ J-
382-384, 404, 405, 411, 412, 422, 427-429, 433-435, 439, 440 pL-j <ul
393-395. 417. 430, 431. 437. 442 LLi <J* <ul J"
1124-1126, 1128, 1129 y
10, 603, 646-653, 655-658, 660-666, 668, 669, 672, 726-744, 746-748, 750-
752, 754. 765. 766. 769-803, 806, 807, 810-830, 833-842, 845-852,
855-866, 869, H10-H14, 1078-1083, 1121, 1174
1127 j v>
Index of Conventional Inscriptions
369
Coins Phrase
912 jjl o*
670, 671, 868 i ^>
24a, 112, 134, 136-139, 148-151, 168, 170, 171, 184, 186-193, 195-200, flc
214, 221, 228, 229, 231-233, 245, 247, 249, 252-256, 259-261, 265,
270-272, 281, 283-289, 291, 311-326,328-330,339,344-346, 348, 352,
356-358, 360, 361, 366-368, 373, 374. 376-382, 384. 393-396, 399-
401a, 403-413, 417. 418, 420, 424-429. 431, 433-435. 437-441, 443.
445, 952, 958, 961, 962, 1017, 1078-1083, 1121, 1164
1124-1130, 1132, 1173, 1174 j^, JC
1127 Sjc
l8-23 jil S*- l>i-J,, J-^1 J6 (1)
1, 2, 15-17 oil Jj
561, 699, 712, 788, 953 ciTy
832 ^j1^J1jai/Uc
603, 639, 640, 646, 647, 650, 652-667, 670, 671, 726-744, 769-777, 787- y\
803, 806-808, 810-830, 833-842, 845-852, 855-866, 869, H8, H12-
H14, 1124-1129, 1152
10 oLi _^
262 c- ^
13, 23 0L~i ^
16 ^ Jl >i j
22 OL*i ^
787 Oy*.j J* J jOt1* <ul J^J > U <ul îT L. Vl La^j ^ j
1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 17-23, 24a-498, 500-509, 5"-54o, 544. 546, 55*, 552, 554, *n\ Ml )l M (j)

558-568, 570-573, 577-58o, 583-592, 595, 597-6oo, 602-614, 616-
619, 626-629, 631-634, 637, 638, 641, 646-652, 666, 668, 669, 672,
673. 676, 677, 679, 681, 686-688,691-693,695-698, 700-703,713-739,
741-758, 769-786, 792-830, 833, 834, 836-839, 843, 844, 848-854,
867, H1-H8, H10, H", H13, H14, M1, 888, 889, 891-897, 900, 901,
902a-907, 909-933, 940-946, 949, 951-964, 967. 970-987. 993. 994.
996-1008,1011, 1014,1015,1017-1023, 1029,1034-1036, 1039-1046,
1052-1054, 1057-1061, 1076, 1077, 1085-1120, 1122, 1123, 1130,
1132-1134,1141-1147, 1150, 1153,1161-1168,1170,1171
3-7, 10-14, 16, 24, 596, 871-887, 902, 908, 939, 947, 948, 965, 966, 968, Jo-j .oil Ml 4)l M
969, 991, 992,1157-1160,1169
788 Ml .01 M
473-495, 497. 498, 500-502, 540, 542, 543, 545, 547-550, 553, 555-557. r^J1 cfj\ y Ml 4)I M
569, 574, 615, 620-623, 625, 645-647, 650, 652, 674, 675, 678-680,
682-684, 686, 689, 690, 691a-694, 697, 713-729, 732, 733, 735,
736, 738-741, 746-755, 759-772, 774-78o, 782, 784-786, 788, 793-
802, 806, 807, 809-819, 821-830, 833, 834, 836, 838, 839, H1, H2,
H9, H12-H14
21
370
Coins Phrase
603, 639, 1078-1084 <ai Ml Jj Mj M (j)
3-7, 10-14, 16, 24, 871-887, 902, 908, 947, 948, 965, 966, 1157-1160 *i M
648, 649, 750-758, 806-809, 830, 837, 868, H1o, 1153 oil Ml Jlc M (j)
648, 649, 679, 680, 684-686, 691a-694, 697, 715-725, 746-748, 820, 840- <l Ml M (j)
842, 845-847, 855-866, 1077, 1085-1103, 1106-1116, 1119, 1120,
1122, 1123, 1136-1138, 1141-1146, 1150, 1170, 1171
18-23 ju-JUMIo^>J
646, 647, 759-768< H12, 1147 ul _> Vjl l
651 <11I Li L
1-498, 500-509, 511-593, 595, 597-600. 602-613, 616-619, 626-629, 631- <ul J^-j -u*
634, 641,645-652, 666, 668, 669,672-679,681-693,695-698, 700-703,
713-739. 741-786, 792-830, 833, 834, 836-839, 843, 844, 848-854,
867, H1-H8, H10-H14, M1, 871, 888, 889, 891-897, 902a~93o, 932,
933. 941. 947-949. 951-964. 966, 967. 970, 972-987. 993. 994. 996-
1008, 1011, 1014, 1015, 1017-1023, 1029, 1034-1036, 1039-1046,
1052-1054, 1057-1061, 1076, 1077, 1084, 1104, 1117, 1118, 1120,
1130, 1132-1134, 1153, 1161-1168
1, 2, 12, 15-24, 872-887, off â^1 Jc *.rfkJ ji-1 aJj &*}\ <"1 J^-j
900-902, 947-949, 951, 952, 954, 966, 970-972, 993. 994. "57-
1160, 1162, 1164, 1167
940 <111 J_j-.j Jjfc*.
446a, 1059-1O61, 1O63, 1O78-1083, 1085-1O96, 1O98-112O, 1122, 1123, U^-j
1141-1147, 1170, 1171
968, 969 o-gj

931, 943 ^>->S *u\ f
942, 965 *^j-JJ
12, 92, 93, 95, 96, 100, 101, 111-113, 1l6, 120, 140, 146, 171, 184-193, 229, K,Jl*
234, 238, 275, 276, 288, 311-320, 366-368, 373, 374, 378, 379, 406,
408-410,424-426,445,446,448, 461-463,470,472,474,477, 479,482,
483,486,489,498, 525, 527, 542,603,646-653, 655-657, 659-663, 665,
666, 668-672, 675-677, 683, 716, 726-744, 746-748, 750-752,
754, 760, 767, 770, 772-776, 778-801, 803, 810-827, 830, 833-843,
845-851, 855-866, 868, 869, H1o, H11, H13, H14, 873-875, 877-886,
902. 954-957. 968-972, 993, 1157-1160, 1165-1168
3-11, 14 j f}L.UI y.
665, 667 |*.-< j* Jl -ui <Ul -qji (j)
980 <ul
781 <UI ^ >
688, 700-703, 705, 803-805, 820, 832 ^tj ij <ul ^
1130, 1132 <Jll Ur^-ai
669, 787, 792, 805, 850-852, 932, 965 <uI
499 .rij j+>
756-768, H12 oil >>la)l pi
Index of Conventional Inscriptions 371
Coins Phrase
645, 674, 675, 678, 682-684, 689, 690, 713, 715- fie j >j Ûlj jM>) >Mlj JjMl y
727. 730,731 . 733. 736, 737, 739-74L 749, 753.755.759-777,783,794-
798, 808, 81o, 819, 821-827, 829, 833, 835-837, 839, H9, Hn, H12
25 0yilai M f*j CaJT\a ^jJi Jf"Jy fl till Jl l^ Jl li o* iS-y.
592 <ul j*
473-495, 497, 498, 500-502, 540, 542, 543, 545, 547-550, 553, 555-557. "*4> " f&b
569, 574, 615, 620-623, 625, 645-647, 650, 652, 674, 675, 678-680,
682-684, 686, 690, 691a-694, 697, 713-729. 732, 733, 735, 736, 738-
741, 746-755, 759-772, 774-780, 782, 784-786, 788, 793-802, 806,
807, 809-819, 821-830,833,834,836, 838, 839, H1, H2, H9, H12-H14.
710-712, 832 uc.jL\ jiij
254-256 p. j oh
662 JUst* I.U- ^ <U| â)
655, 656 fi aJl tf"i>jMl-/ (n^l~HJ oliUl l>^, ^ ly,l aJl <ul aej
5 0.J-Ull ^jLcl)};. (jij^l Ol JjH JU ^ jjjl ^ luT
927, 978 till
609, 1139, 1140 till .UJS ^ Ml ^âi)l \*j
673,676,677,681,685,687,695-697,715-725.734- 742-744. f^-l J-J-) l > .r^l U-
756-758, 799-8o1, 850-852, 854, H13
500-502, 542, 543, 552, 651, 666, 668, 701-703, 781, 1075, 1133 till jrf ja (^TUj

698 L-C Uc olT"<ul ol <ul Ol Ml Ojli." L.j
500-502, 542, 543, 699, 831, 832, 953 till Ml ^y U,
542, 543 nil Ml 4)l Uj
1058, 1062, 1062 a
3-14, 24, 87I O J-i J L J f>UMl j;C JaJ
24a, 26-51, 53-90, 92-209, 211-446, uo-lil ^ J>Ml ^ yj o JJi Ji Lj f5L.Ml A j*)
698, 969, 1161, 1163
658,831 w14 lr>* <l j-f. ul js
664, 831,1124-1126,1128,1129 j\ fi\ <il ol <~- yp <ul jc jj-y.
654, 659-663 ljai ^ jC) till Jm. ui .^l )l till Ol <^ > <ul Jc jSî
788 "piJl ^l >J
868 0>*1." <ul lyrlj l_,j l^/.Uj lj,*-l lyl a.Jl V.l!;
657 ^ yi\ Jjlj Jj-Jl lj-jUlj till ljj.l ly,l ajl lj>j C
3, 4, 6-1I, 12a, 13, 14 till Jl Ub> lU*(l)_i cTLL-jl U ^l 1^l I
941-943 till <jyi->
25 till Jj2
648, 649 aJl fjl
21*
INDEX OF MINT-MARKS
Coins Mint-mark
927 I
466 j.
124?, 438?, 439?
938, 985. 986, 1004 jr
275.417.442, 938, 985 c
129, 222
221, 339, 342, 927, 1164? J
19, 22 j
260 j
144, 226, 227, 283, 284, 466, 894, 929 u-
"3 J>
983, 1102 (counterstamped) im
394. 395, 430, 432, 458, 953. 954. 1034, 1035, 1165
438,439
58-61,63-69,71,72,78,79,84,103,121,125,126,134,152-154.156,158-161, 163, S
164,166, 167, 170, 178, 184, 186, 195,199, 202, 203, 205, 207, 209, 210, 230, 232,
244, 274, 288, 293-297, 299, 311, 311a, 312, 316, 318-329, 331, 332, 334, 337, 338,
338a, 345. 363-367, 370, 374-384, 386, 388, 389, 391, 392, 394, 404, 405. 408,
410-414, 422, 424-427. 431. 433-437. 440. 444. 926, 928, 983. 999. 1039
466,926,951,952,999,1164? J
251 J
257 1
123? >
952? J
348,350 -J

212-217, 245-249, 446, 1054, 1<>56 )
253-256. 344 ^
263,265, 271-273,282-287, 289-291,348-354. 356-361, 396-4O1a, 402a, 403,417-419, f
432, 466, 1034, 1035
245-249 U
259
265, 287, 289-291, 348-352, 354, 356, 357
11 j
"65 ^
168, 173, 393?
Index of Mint-Marks
373
Coins Mint-mark
Murabit gold which may have unrecorded mint-mark beneath rf:
70. 75.77. 81-83, 85,86, 88, 90, 92-94,98-102,104-106,108-110,112,115-117,119,122,130-132,
136-143, 145, 147, 149-151, 155, 157, 162, 165, 169, 171-174, 176, 177, 179-181, 183, 185,
187-194, 196-198, 200, 201, 204, 206, 208, 211, 223, 228, 229, 231, 233, 236-238, 240-242,
250, 252, 261, 262, 264, 266, 269, 276-280, 292, 298, 300, 305-308, 313-315, 317, 330, 333.
335. 336, 346. 347. 355. 362, 368, 372, 373. 385. 387. 390. 402, 406, 407, 409, 415, 416, 420,
421, 423, 428, 429, 430a, 441, 443, 445
Murabit gold recorded both with and without mint-mark beneath rf:
61, 79
Murabit gold without mint-mark beneath rf:
26-57, 62, 73, 74, 76, 80, 87, 89, 91, 95-97, 107, 1", 114, 118, 120, 127-129, 133, 135, 146, 148,

175,182, 222, 224, 225, 234, 235, 239. 243. 258, 267, 268, 270, 281, 301-304, 309, 310, 369, 371
KEY TO THE PLATES
Coin
Specimen
BN III 337 (pi. 1v)
F :Fatimites 169 (pi. 1v)
19
BM IV 166 (pi. n)
20
ANS; Miles 383 (pi. 1v)
24a
S:Beyram 293 (pi. n)
26
BN II 507 (pi. n)
28
S:Beyram 288 (pi. n)
53
B 821 (pi. xin)
55
BN II 515 (pi. n)
66
HSA 13173
91
BN II 532 (pi. 1n)
127
KM II 564 (pi. 1n)
ANS
256

220
BM V 32 (pi. 1)
377
HSA 13134
439
BN II 652 (pi. 1v)
446
HSA 14169
446a
HSA 14156
447
ANS
477
HSA 7898
507
BN II 733 (pi. v1)
5"
BM V 106 (pi. n)
513
Figanier 158 (pi.)
516
P 15c (pi. n)
519
P 16 (pi. n)
530
P 19e (pi. 1n)
M1
B 1158 (pl. on title page)
540
P 63 (pi. vn)
541
P 62 (pi. vn)
546
P 30 (pi. Iv)
556
P 31e (pi. 1v, under no. 31c)
569
BN II 947 (pi. x)
570
B 1252 (pi. x1x)
572
Key to the Plates
375
Plate Coin Specimen
603 BN II 968 (pi. x1)
609 BN II 963 (pi. x)
637 KM II 861 (pi. v)
643 ANS
644 BN II 983 (pi. x1)
IV 646 B 1323 (pi. xxn, under no. 1322)
648 BM V 195 (pi. v)
650 BM V 194 (pi. v)
655 B 1327 (pi. xxn)
660 HSA 10622
663 Rivero:M 145 (pi. m)
667 BN II 1013 (pi. xn)
671 BN II 986 (pi. xn)
678 BM V 215 (pi. v)
679 B 1356 (pi. xx1v)
695 P 38a (pi. v)
700 P 40 (pi- v)
706 HSA 13174
V 714 P 67 (pi. vm)
725 BM V 200 (pi. v)
736 HSA 10623
747* BM X p. 31, no. 2241 (pi. xxin, under no. 224e)
753 BM V 205 (pi. v)
760 HSA 13180

775 BM V 184 (pi. 1v)
778 BM V 193 (pi. 1v)
788 B 1295 (pi. xxi)
793 BM X p. 27, no. 193ee (pi. xxn)
806 HSA 13176
831 P 90 (pi. 1x)
VI 833 BM V182 (pi. 1v)
838 BM V 166 (pi. 1v)
845 P 106a (pi. x)
852 BN II 997 (pi. xn)
853 BM V 169 (pi. 1v)
858 BM X p. 25, no. 1931 (pl. xxn)
865 BN II 984 (pi. xn)
868 P .Granadina p. 8 (pi. 1)
870 BM X p. 28, no. 19311 (pi. xx1n)
H3 KM II 697 (pi. iv)
H11 B (pl. xx1n, under no. 1350)
* Mistakenly numbered 746 on plate.
Plate
Coin
Specimen
H14 note
H14 note
VII 874
883
887
888
894
904
906
926
953
965
968
983
993
1001
1004
1017
1022
1036
1041
1052
1062

1066
1068
1075
1076
1080
1085
1087 obverse
1088 millares
1090 reverse
1091 obverse
1097
VIII 1101 gilded
1101 rules
1101 millares
1102 obverse
1103
1103a note obverse
1104
1116 note
HSA 13206
HSA 10621
P: Reyes 94c (pi. 1v)
HSA 14217
HSA 14218
BN II 513 (pi. n)
ANS
Rivero:M 103 (pi. n)
ANS
ANS
HSA 14147
Rivero:M 106 (pi. n)
P:Reyes 443a (pi. xv1)
HSA 13916
P:Reyes 451 (pi. xv1)
HSA 13917
ANS
ANS
HSA 15911
HSA 15919
HSA 15923
ANS
HSA 14168
P 26 (pi. 1n)
Key to the Plates
377
Coin
Specimen
1117
P 65b (pi. vn, under no. 64b)
1119
HSA 13808
1120
P 66 (pi. vn, under no. 65)
1121
B 427 (pi. 1x)
1123
BM V 140 (pi. 1n)
1127
F.Somd p. 56 (pi.)
1129
F.Somd p. 56 (pi.)
"35
P 59 (pi. vn)
"37
BM V 157a (pi. 1n)
1142
HSA 13813
1147
P 56 (Pl. V1)
1148
1149

P 57 (pi. vn)
P 104 (pi. x)
1150
P 92 (pi. Ix)
"53
BN II 822 (pi. v1)
"54
B 1388 (pi. xxv)
"55
B 1392 (pi. xxv)
1156
B 1389 (pi. xxv)
1169
HSA 547
"73
F .HaJsites 61 (pi. v)
1174 note
B 1270 (pi. x1x)

PLATES

ZIRID Gold: l-24a; MURABIT Gold: 26-446

MUWAHHID Gold Coins: 446a-530, and Medal: Ml

IlI
HUDID Gold: 540-541; HAFSID Gold: 546-644

IV
ZIYANID Gold: 646-671; Early MARlNID Gold: 678-706

MARINID Gold: 714-831

VI

VII
1088 1090 1091 1097
millares reverse obverse
HAMMUDID Silver: 874-887; MURABIT Silver: 888-1052; MUWAHHID Silver: 1062-1097
VIII
MUWAHHID Silver: 1101-1104, Amulet: 1116 note; HUDID Silver: 1117-1121
HAFSID Silver: 1123-1129; MARINID Silver: 1135-1150; NASRID Silver: 1153

WATTASID Silver: 1154-1156; MURABIT Copper: 1169; HAFSID Copper: 1173, Amulet: 1174 note.

THE COINAGE OF CAULONIA
THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
NEW YORK
1958

aLL RIGHTS RESERVED
BY
THE aMERICaN NUMISMaTIC SOCIETY
NEW YORK
PRINTED IN GERMANY AT J. J. AUGUSTIN, GLUcKSTADT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction I
The Type 3
Incuse Coinage 7
Double Relief Coinage 10
Enlargements 10
Fractions 17
Bronze Issues J8
Plated Coins 19
Catalogue 20
Incuse Staters 20
Double Relief Staters 32
Fractions 53
Bronze Coins 57
Plated Coins 57

The South Italian Hoard 59

INTRODUCTION
This study of the coinage of Caulonia was started many years ago in the reasonable
expectation that it might provide information that would parallel or clarify the procedure
at the mints of its neighbors and add valuable data to the history of these Greek cities in
South Italy. The destruction of Caulonia in 389/388 b.C. with the consequent stoppage
of its coinage affords a fixed date of considerable significance and some convenience.
The scantiness of the literary sources for Caulonia makes the evidence which the coins
provide of increased importance.
In the beginning there was no intention of attempting to find a definitive explanation
of the enigmatic type. The years which have intervened have shown this to be a wise
decision, and although in the discussion I cite many who have attempted an explanation
"darkened counsel with wisdom" I leave the solution of this sphinx-like question to some
daring student of the future someone who will perhaps bring an unbiased approach
to the elucidation of what the creators of this symbolism had in mind.
To make acknowledgement for the courtesies received during the preparation of this
study would involve citing again the names of the many cabinets and collectors listed in
the catalogue which follows. Casts, photographs and information have been furnished with
prodigal generosity by the Curators of all the great national collections and my thanks to
them are both heartfelt and entirely inadequate. Many individual collectors have been no
less kindsome of them are no longer with us to receive this expression of gratitude. An
initial advantage lay in that Mr. Newell's gathering of the coins of this mint was unusually
comprehensive. The debt to my colleagues is great. To Professor Alfred R. Bellinger and
to the late Mrs. Agnes Baldwin Brett I am under great obligation for helpful advice. To
Miss Margaret Thompson and to Mr. Sawyer McA. Mosser and the members of his editorial
staff I owe a debt for cooperation and encouragement that beggars words. To Mr. Ray-
mond W. Johnson is due the credit for the photographic results, often wrung from material
that was unpromising. Last but not least, to the American Numismatic Society and the

unmatched facilities of its museum, I am glad to make acknowledgement for the oppor-
tunity and for the means for completing this work.
The objective, first of all, is to establish a sequence in the coinage, which started with
the incuse format (customary in this region) and later, after a period whose length has been
estimated largely by conjecture, changed to the double-relief form (customary elsewhere in
the Greek world). Little if any effort to place the double-relief staters in order had been
made previously; for example, the engraved reproductions of Carelli and Garrucci are
deplorably inaccurate and inadequate.
As most students of the coinage of South Italy know, it was the practice of many
of these mints to continue using the survivor of a pair of dies with the newly cut die
which replaced the outworn one. Because the upper die had to withstand greater stress, it
usually broke before the lower one whose longer life was due to the bolstering or buttressing
The Coinage of Caulonia
it received from the anvil in which it was set. Although there is little data other than the
coins to tell us anything regarding the material from which the dies were made, we do find
that the anvil die would often outlast three punch dies and sometimes more. Once this has
been recognized it is possible to build up groups of connected dies groups which often
reach considerable extent. By employing other criteria, such as the evidence provided by
hoards, or the recurrence of symbols probably to be identified as the badges of magistrates,
it is possible to eliminate doubt as to which of two groups must have preceded the other.
When all the data has been gathered, a sequence frequently may be established which
carries conviction except for the placement of a relatively few singletons for which no
connecting combinations exist as yet. Generally, the interpolation of these is unlikely to
affect radically the final arrangement.
The sequence submitted here does not claim finality. Perhaps an unpublished variety in
possession of some fortunate collector will be all that is needed to clarify uncertainty in the
arrangement. Among the double-relief staters there are many known by a single specimen
only, and since some of the flans are too small for the dies, the symbol and the form of the
inscription are often uncertain. The coins show that dies were often used after cracks or
fissures had developed and long beyond the point at which they would have been discarded
in larger or better regulated mints. It is the growth of these defects, however, which
frequently dispels any doubt as to which of the accompanying dies, whether obverse or
reverse, precedes the other.
There is some ground for the feeling that the date in the Historia Numorum for the
beginnings of coinage at Caulonia (550) is too early. It would be most helpful if we could
fix the date for the change at this mint to coins having both sides in relief and the hoard
from South Italy appended (p. 59) provides reason for placing this before 473 b.C. The
bronze coins of Caulonia are to be dated shortly before the city's destruction; they are of

very great rarity. The introduction of symbols in addition to the type occurs soon after the
change from incuse to double-relief. These symbols precede the introduction of single
letters, which herein are usually considered to be the initials of die-cutters. At Caulonia
these do not extend beyond a two-letter form.1
1 For the procedure at Tarentum, cf. Evans, The Horsemen of Tarentum (London, 1889), p. 45.
THE TYPE
A consideration of Caulonia's coin type should precede the catalogue. A discussion of
the interpretations will show the thorniness of the problem. There is very little evidence
that is new. Even the excavation of the site by Orsi2 was disappointing in that it disclosed
little of significance for our purposes.
A careful description of the coin type is given by Macdonald:3 "Naked male figure,
standing with one foot planted in advance of the other; hair bound with diadem and falling
in ringlets; in raised right hand a branch; on left arm, which is outstretched, a small figure
running forward with head turned back, holding a branch in each hand; in front, a stag on
basis, with head reverted." The identification of the larger figure as Apollo seems to be
generally agreed upon,4 but several differing interpretations exist concerning the identifi-
cation of the smaller figure.5 Head, offering an unique interpretation to both figures, states
the following:
"I am inclined to believe that the original name of the town (KocuAcov) may have had a simpler
though humbler origin in (KauX6s), a vegetable with a single stalk, such for instance as the Pastinaca
sativa, a tall erect plant the stalk of which is flanked by a row of pinnate leaves. The roots of this plant
have been cultivated from very remote times as a valuable esculent. Subsequently, here as elsewhere, a
nobler origin and an eponymous oekist would naturally be sought for and identified as KotOXos, son of
the Amazon Kleite; and the local plant would be assigned to him as an emblem, just as the crfXivov
leaf became the emblem of the eponymous hero of Selinus. On the coins of Caulonia the principal figure
would thus represent the mythical founder holding in his raised right hand the irapdoTmov of the city,
and on his left arm a small genius running at full speed and carrying apparently the same emblem in
each hand. If the earliest coins of Caulonia, like those of so many other cities, were chiefly used on
special occasions, e.g., recurrent agonistic festivals ..., then the small running genius with winged feet
may have been intended for a personification of 'Ay6v or Hermes dycovios or 8p6uios ..."
If Head's statement on the founding of Caulonia shows but little connection between
the legendary beginning and the coin type, his explanation of that type shows its signi-

ficance to be far from obvious and his usual acumen in analyzing published opinions to be
lacking. This reasoning, based as it is on a series of assumptions, discloses its weakness as
soon as the initial premise the identification of the branch is challenged. The size of
2 Cf. NSc, 1912, 1913, 1915. These excavations afford evidence regarding the temple and the walls
of the city. Of the former, the floor and the foundations alone remain, but it was possible to reconstruct
a peripteral structure with a facade of six columns, having a roof of Parian marble tiles. This may be an
indication that the wealth of the city was greater than the extent of its coinage would have led one to
suppose. The city's walls were constructed of boulders from the beds of the streams on either side of the
site.
* George Macdonald, Coin Types, their Origin and Development (Glasgow, 1905), p. 132.
4 William Watkiss Lloyd, "On the Types of the Coins of Caulonia," NC X (1847-48); M. Raoul-
Rochette, "Observations sur le type du monnaies de Caulonia, et sur celui de quelques autres m6dailles
de la Grandc-Grece et se la Sicile," Mimoires de Numismatique et d'AntiquiU (Paris, 1840); E. S. G.
Robinson, "Rhegion, Zankle-Messana and the Samians," JHS LXI (1946).
5 HN2, p. 93; Lloyd, op. cit.; Raoul-Rochette, op. cit.; Robinson, op. cit.
See HN*. p. 93.
this growth is more similar to the laurel than to the pastinaca sativa. Furthermore, the
leaves on the coin are pinnate whereas those of the pastinaca sativa are irregular.
The large standing figure is identified by Raoul-Rochette7 as Apollo. He points out
that such a nude, virile figure is to be identified, if this is possible, by the distinguishing
attributes and peculiarities or symbols. The long hair of this beardless figure, as well as the
diadem, are of a form which can be associated with the youthful Apollo. He feels that the
small figure is "Katharmos," a personification of the genius of lustration and rejects
Hermes, Perseus, and Boreas as possibilities. The subordination of the winged figure to
that of Apollo precludes the suggestion of Hermes and the absence of a single occurrence of
the caduceus among the symbols on the coinage of the city is surely conclusive evidence that
the figure is not Hermes. The lustral branches make it unlikely that this figure is Perseus as
does the absence of further symbols associated with him.
Boreas, however, seems a preferable identification for the smaller figure to Lloyd.8 He
endeavors to connect it with the tradition quoted by Pausanias9 that Caulonia was founded
under the leadership of Typhon of Aegium. An unconvincing effort to connect Typhon with
the daimon of stormy winds is not pressed, but support is claimed from the name given to
Cape Zephyrius (between Caulonia and Locri) as the indication of a local cult of this
particular wind-god.
It is possible that due to certain climatic conditions Caulonia's daimon type was a
wind-god. The coin type of another southern Italian town reflects its climatic conditions;
e.g., Metapontum used the ear of barley which was an indication of its agricultural wealth.
Caulonia, situated on the coast in a mountainous region, seems to have derived its chief
source of wealth from the nearby forests. Apparently this town enjoyed a rather constant
water supply furnished by the streams Alaros on the south and Precariti (the modern
name) on the north.10 Lying on the southern slope of the watershed, Caulonia was in the lee

and consequently protected from the west and northwest winds in the winter. During the
remainder of the year a sea breeze tempered the heat11 and the south and southeast winds
prevailed at that time. These favorable conditions may possibly have been attributed by
the Cauloniates to a wind-god.
Each figure on the coin carries a lustral branch, an essential part of every sacrifice.12
Could these branches indicate that Caulonia was cleansed from a pestilence? This is not
true of the healthy and prosperous Croton whose later type shows Herakles Oikistas holding
a lustral branch13 as Raoul-Rochette14 points out. Although southern Italy is known to have
been conducive to miasmatic conditions, the fact that Caulonia was surrounded by forests
and had adequate drainage facilities would seem to indicate that she enjoyed healthful
7 M. Raoul-Rochette, op. cit., p. 25.
8 William Watkiss Lloyd, "On the types of the Coins of Caulonia," NC, X (1847-1848), pp. 1-20.
Pausanias vi. 3. 12.
10 Thucydides vii. 25. David Randall-McIver, Greek Cities in Italy and Sicily (Oxford, 1931),
p. 53.
11 Pliny N. H. ii. 62. Norman Douglas, Old Calabria, p. 413.
18 A Companion to Greek Studies, ed. Leonard Whibley (Cambridge, 1916), p. 405. Cf. Dictionnaire
des Antiquitis Grecques et Romaines, ed. Ch. Daremberg, Edm. Saglio and E. Pottier (Paris, 1905), III,
pp. 1408-1409.
13 Cf. Plate XIV, nos. 176-181, where the fillet is hanging over the arm of the god.
14 Raoul-Rochette, op. cit., pp. 33-37.
The Type
conditions. We may therefore the more warrantably concur with Raoul-Rochette's belief
that the coin type did not refer to the city's having been cleansed from a pestilence.
Robinson, in discussing the association on coins of olive and bay with the head of
Apollo as signifying his function as god of midday light and heat, recently suggested the
following interpretation regarding the coin type in question:
It may be suggested that this aspect of the god was well-known in this particular corner of Italy,
and should also be recognized in the familiar coin type of neighboring Kaulonia: a youthful figure
striding with a branch in his hand and with a secondary figure, sometimes with winged heels, also
holding branches, running along his outstretched arm (Traits III 1, PI. LXX 14-5, PI. LXXI 1-5).
This figure has from time to time been interpreted as a river-god, but the deer that always accompanies
him should mark him for Apollo; the lustral branch which he is swinging is the means of fertility, and
the little winged figure on his arm symbolizes the same power as the swastika or triskeles, to which
incidentally it bears some resemblance. It is interesting to note in this connection that on an early
Kaulonian obol (B.M.C. Italy, p. 336, No. 16) Apollo as type is replaced by the triskeles, and that on a
group of late fifth-century staters the hair of the striding figure is deliberately treated so that the locks
rise from his head like rays...15
The resemblance of the daimon to a swastika or triskeles and the interpretation of the
lustral branch as a "means of fertility" do not cary fullness of conviction.
These divergent conceptions by four distinguished numismatists show how difficult it
is to arrive at a convincing exposition of the meaning of the type. Let us conclude merely
that the chief figure is probably that of Apollo, presented as the city's founder, that the
daimon figure still eludes identification, and that the stag is the parasemon of the city.
For some time students of Greek sculpture and numismatics have questioned whether
this coin type was originated by a die-cutter or was derived from a sculptural prototype.
Percy Gardner rejects the latter suggestion when he writes, "exact and servile imitations of

things (statues) however beautiful did not suggest itself to the mind of the artists who
executed coin dies..." and concludes, "as long as Greek art was alive, an exact or slavish
copy of a statue or a relief was all but unknown."16 Regling holds a similar view but at the
same time he feels that the persistence of a coin type almost unchanged for 150 years may
indicate derivation from a statue.17 Raoul-Rochette18 as well as Macdonald19 consider the
latter as a possibility only in the case of the Apollo figure. Macdonald, however, rejects the
idea that the stag might be an integral part of a group because it rests upon a separate
groundline.20 But the attitude of dependancy or expectancy to be seen on the part of the
small figure and on that of the stag seem to me to indicate a relationship between them.
Such an attitude is retained even by the crudest die-cutters up to the time of the disap-
pearance of the two figures from the obverse. The separate groundline of the stag might
even be taken to support the possibility of a sculptural prototype.
The daimon figure is in opposition to any consideration of the obverse types as derived
from a group sculptured in the round because of the technical difficulty of supporting it
mechanically. Nor do known remains of other groups provide a satisfactory analogy. The
15 E. S. G. Robinson, "Rhegion, Zankle-Messana and the Samians," JHS, LXI (1946), p. 16.
"Percy Gardner, The Types of Greek Coins (Cambridge, 1883), pp. 68-69.
17 Kurt Regling, in Handbuch der Archdologie, ed. Walter Otto (Munchen, 1939); "Anhang:
Die Miinzen," pp. 134-138.
18 Raoul-Rochette, loc. cit. p. 28.
"Macdonald, op. cit., pp. 97 and 132.
m Macdonald, op. cit., p. 132.
colored terra cottas found at Locri by Orsi,21 may have been inspired by such an earlier
monumental relief. The remarkable metopes found at Paestum in recent years by Dr.
Zanconi Montuori22 demonstrate how limited the known examples of sculpture from Magna
Graecia are, and suggest that important additions to what we know may be awaiting
excavation at this site or at the sites of other Greek cities in Italy. But even on the earliest
of the incusi at Caulonia, the treatment of the reverse details, especially the delineation of
Apollo's long locks of hair, remind one of the like care taken with the folds of the chlamys
worn by Poseidon on the reverses of the incuse staters of Poseidonia.23 And certainly the
way in which the lustral fillet hangs over the arm of the figure on the latest staters
(Plates XIV and XX) implies that the figure is inanimate. As for the stag, the attachment
of a long and thin fillet (Plate XI, 139 - unique piece from Mr. Newell's collection) as well
as the wreath about the stag's neck (Plates VI and VII, 69-70, 72-75, and 77) also seem
reasonable as additions to a statue and difficult otherwise to explain as accessories of the
type. On only a few of the staters with both sides in relief is the animal represented as
moving (Plate IX, 102-3, 106, 110-114).
Although these conditions may not be enough to prove that the type of Caulonia was
originally inspired by a sculptural prototype, they do show, it seems to me, that such a
derivation is admissible.
The completed form, KAVAOHIATAM, which does not occur until well along
in Caulonia's coinage, is analogous to what is found on the coins of neighboring Croton,
Poseidonia, and Sybaris (in a single instance). The inscription occurs sometimes on the
obverse and sometimes on the reverse, and sometimes singularly enough, it occurs on
both. Variants include the interchanging of the letters O and 2, and also the final M
and M (i.e., a prostrate 2). The customary form of Z occurs on the coins of the last
group in this study. None of the known specimens of nos. 119-23, 160, and 161 show any

inscription. Macdonald, in discussing the significance of inscriptions on ancient coins,
mentions that the characteristically Italiot use of the nominative singular adjective of
the national name standing by itself is found on Caulonia's coins among others.24 In the
double-relief coinage with Apollo on the obverse and the stag on the reverse one might
supply the words "oekist" and "parasemon" respectively thereby rendering the readings
"(this is the) Caulonian (oekist)" and "(this is the) Caulonian (parasemon)."
The coinage of Caulonia has two clear-cut divisions; namely, incuse and double-relief.
The incusi are separable according to flan-diameters. Four steps or gradations are dis-
tinguishable. The broadest flan-diameters are found on the earliest coins and the changes
to smaller flan-diameters are abrupt rather than gradua1. The last incuse staters approxi-
mate in size the first double-relief coins as well as contemporary coins of the neighboring
cities of Croton, Metapontum, and Tarentum,25 and the Sicilian mints of Agrigentum, Gela,
Leontini and Syracuse, as the overstrikes testify.
21 See RE, s. v. Locri, sec. III and D. Randall-McIver, op. cit., PI. VIII.
22 For illustrations see G. M. A. Richter, Archaic Greek Art (New York, 1949), Figs. 204-6.
Additional metopes have been found within the past year. Cf. A J A, Vol. 62 (1958), p. 418, pi. 113.
23 Macdonald, op. cit., p. 97.
21 George Macdonald, "The Original Significance of the Inscription on Ancient Coins," Procis-
Verbaux et Mimoires du Congris International de Numismatique et d'Art de la Midaille Contemporaine
(Bruxelles, 1910), pp. 287s. 2 Cf. ANSMN VII, 1957, pp. I3ff-
INCUSE COINAGE
Group A. Nos. 1-26, Plates I-III.
The Caulonian incusi are herein sub-divided into four groups. The first, and the largest
numerically, uses the largest flan (c. 30 mm.). Throughout this group, the inscription is
limited to the first four letters of the city's name, and it occurs on the obverse only. Fifteen
obverse dies with twenty-seven reverses have heen distinguished. On the reverse, the
outlined figure of the daimon, being incised in the die, would have been susceptible
to possible deepening, but neither this nor any other modification has been detected.
Throughout this group, the obverse has a cable border, with the possible exception of
no. 25 on which the border is not preserved.
Some justification for the order within Group A should be submitted. These staters
will be seen to have their inscriptions in larger letters than are to be found for the succeeding
group. Of these letters, the V is different in the later coins of Group A, where it takes a
curved form which resembles Y. There is also support for this sequence in the posture of
Apollo. On what have been considered the earlier pieces he is shown with his right heel
raised, giving a sense of forward movement. For the pieces on Plate II, and notably on
nos. 23-25 of Plate III, both feet are flat on the groundline, thereby lessening the feeling of
movement. The frontal eye on both obverse and reverse is consistently present. The order
of the first four pieces on Plate I is determined 'by the die-flaw between the initial letters
of the inscription. The break behind the head of Apollo, not to be seen in no. 1, is present in
nos. 2-4.
The intriguing changes in the posture of the reverse daimon should be noted. There
is a slight shrinkage in the diameter of the flan so that the transition to Group II is less
noticeable than between Groups II and III. In this shrinkage, it is the borders which suffer.
Nos. 11-15 come into position because the branches held in each hand of the daimon
are minimized as though their significance has been lost. Again, because this figure wears a
chlamys it is less simple and direct than in the earlier form. For no. 15, the daimon figure

has been omitted from the reverse, a condition which recurs in succeeding groups. The
reverses of only two dies (nos. 1 and 11) show this figure carrying a branch. Can the reason
for this omission have been that it offered more complication than the die-cutter was
willing to face?
Of the pieces on Plates II and III (nos. 16-26), a sharply bent left arm distinguishes
nos. 23-25, with the fore arm slanting upward instead of horizontal as heretofore. No. 20
is a variety which Garrucci26 desribes from a specimen in his possession as bearing in tiny
letters IKETEZI(A). The first three of these letters are read by him to the left of the
head of Apollo and parallel with his arm; the other four follow the rim in front of the
stag. The specimens which I have examined show that this reading is unwarranted and
fanciful.
* P. R. Garrucci, Le Monete dell'Italia Antica (Roma, 1885), p. 186, sec. 17.
Group B. Nos. 27-41, Plates III and IV
Throughout this group the flans are slightly reduced and a tiny circle or annulet,
usually with a pellet in its center, is frequently placed above the obverse stag. This is
usually and perhaps correctly identified as the letter theta, although Regling reads it as the
fifth letter of the ethnic.27 This letter, if it is a letter, also occurs on the reverses of nos. 27,
29, 34( ?), 35, 36 and 39-40, but is is not uniformly placed. These reverse occurrences and
the well-defined central dot preclude associating it with the ethnic. Another letter, re-
sembling epsilon or digamma retrograde, occurs between the feet of Apollo on one obverse
die (37-39) and is also found on the reverse of one of the varieties associated with this die
(nos. 39-40). The first four letters of the city's name occur on the reverses with three
exceptions (nos. 21, 28, 29). The assignment of the varieties at the beginning of the group
is due to their retention of the cable border. This is almost immediately replaced by a
border with dots between two linear circles. Besides this, these first three varieties share
with the latest issues of Group A the omission of any reverse inscription. To replace the
daimon on the reverse, Apollo is sometimes given a second lustral branch (nos. 30-32, 36,
39), the branch held over his shoulder being indicated very summarily throughout the
group. No. 36 has a branch in front of the stag.
Group C. Nos. 42-46, Plate IV.
This group hardly deserves the distinction of being classed separately, since there are
but five varieties with a single obverse die. The shrinkage of flan is now more marked
(27-26 mm.). The inscription is in five letters and now appears on both obverse and
reverse. A long-necked water bird resembling a swan replaces the letter above the rump of
the stag. None of the five reverses omit the daimon figure, which, however, does not have
the linear outline previously customary.
Group D. Nos. 47-61, Plate V.

The last of the four incuse groups shows further shrinkage of the flan (from 24 to 21 mm.
for the smallest) and a growing crudity in the die-cutting, especially for the reverses (cf.,
no. 58). The ethnic, usually occurring with three letters but sometimes with five letters, is
confined to the obverse except for nos. 49, 53, 54, 56, and 57. On nos. 59, 60 and possibly
61, a heron or crane occupies the reverse space usually reserved for the inscription, paral-
leling the procedure at Croton. The interval between may have been considerable since
almost all of the refinements of the incuse process seem to have been forgotten.
Certain of the technical features of these incuse staters call for comment. In their
beginnings, there is little or nothing that might be called primitive about either the type or
the workmanship. The incuse format itself marks an advanced stage in coining, and
although at Caulonia this might be explained by its having been borrowed from Croton,
this can hardly be claimed for the type. For analogy regarding the type, we must go to
Poseidonia, where the figure of Poseidon immediately reminds one of the heroic statue
27 Kurt Regling, Die Griechischen Miinzen der Sammlung Warren (Berlin, 1906), p. 22, no. 136.
Incuse Coinage
found in the sea of Cape Artemesion.28 As has been mentioned, Regling makes a specific
exception of the Caulonia and Poseidonia types in formulating his opinion that the die-
cutters did not draw their inspiration from statues until the Hellenistic period.29 In studying
the composition or design of the Caulonia type, we note the effectiveness with which it
fills the circular field, the nice placement of the inscription and the daimon's figure, and,
not least, the proportions of the stag. The avoidance of awkwardness in the Apollo figure
commands admiration the torso frontal, the head and lower limbs in profile. The shorten-
ing of the right arm is disguised by the hair tresses, so that the contrast is less noticeable.
By comparison, the earliest issues of Poseidonia are less finished and much more
primitive than those of Caulonia. For Croton, there are too few elements in common to
permit a decision as to difference in incidence. We do not know how long the disaster at the
River Sagras antedated the coinage beginnings at Croton (Head dates the latter as 550 b.C.).
Croton must have suffered a severe setback, however, in which Caulonia would have
shared, being within a short distance from the Sagras. At Caulonia, such refinements as the
cutting of the small-scale daimon suggest an interval between the coinage on which it first
appears and those of the other cities using the incuse convention. Moreover, the outlining
of this figure on the reverses is a technicality not found at Metapontum until well along in
the coinage of that city. These conditions point to an earlier beginning at Metapontum, it
seems to me, but there is not yet sufficient data for establishing how much earlier.
28 Cf. article by George E. Mylonas, "The Bronze Statue from Artemision," A J A, XLVIII (1944),
pp. 143-160.

29 Regling, op. cit., in note 17.
DOUBLE RELIEF COINAGE
Group E. Nos. 62-77, Plates VI and VII
In submitting the reasoning behind the arrangement of the double-relief staters, it is
fortunate that for the purposes of comparison this group does not greatly overrun a single
plate. In one of the fasciculi30 of the Sylloge, the type for the reverse with the branch in front
of the stag (heie Group F) is given precedence over this group (E), and for that reason the
cause for differing should be made clear. In Group E, the obverse inscriptions are of three
letters only whereas in Group F they are consistently of four letters. The cable border, a
convention inherited from the incuse format, gives place to a dotted border before we
reach the end of Group E. Whether the branch characteristic of Group F is considered a
symbol or part of the type may be open to question, but the varieties without this accessory
are more likely to precede than to follow its introduction, and stylistically, they come
earlier rather than later.
The arrangement within the group is simplified by the die combinations which dictate
the sequence. I have found but seven obverses combined with sixteen reverses; there must
be further dies not represented. No. 62 is placed at the very beginning because of the form
of its reverse rim and because 64a which immediately follows (by reason of the scale of
the inscription letters) occurs in the hoard discussed hereafter (cf. p. 59). This stater is
the latest of the Caulonia issues in that hoard along with it is a single double-relief
stater of Poseidonia. The hoard must have been secreted not long after the transition
to the double-relief form had taken place at Caulonia and Poseidonia, and to judge from
the staters of Metapontum and Croton in this hoard, before the change took place at
those two cities. The small-scale letters of the inscription for Group E give place almost
immediately to larger ones. The reverses of this group bear no inscription. Those showing
the farasemon of the city with a wreath about the neck of the stag (nos. 69, 69a, 6gd
and 70) are joined to obverses also combined with a wreathless stag which show by the
lessened wear of the obverse die that the wreathless form preceded the other, as was to

be anticipated. Finally, no. 62 has a reverse, unique among double-relief staters, which has
a countersunk rim bearing a border of dots a form obviously derived from the rim of the
incuse reverses. The border of dots on the reverse which immediately follows is minimized
at first, but attains decorative importance in Group F.
Group F. Nos. 78-101, Plates VII, VIII and IX
In Group F both obverses and reverses bear inscriptions. In addition the reverses have
either a leaf or a branch in front of the stag. The sequence is achieved by working back-
wards. No. 101, which has the longest inscriptions so far, is placed last because a tendency
toward longer inscriptions becomes common in the following group. It also shares the same
* SNG II, pi. XIX.
Double Relief Coinage
ii
obverse die with no. 100, where there is a complex of branches on the reverse. Because
nos. 88-90 are closely copied from no. 87, the complex of branches is simpler for no. 87 than
for the following dies. It is reasonable that the simpler branch should precede the more
complicated form, and although we may not determine the progression die by die, it is
fairly certain. This suggested evolution is confirmed by changes in the inscriptions, by the
placement of the daimon figure, and by the proportions of the stag on both obverse and
reverse. It is not certain that nos. 78 and 79, with the leaf instead of the branch, belong at
the beginning of the group. The three letter reverse inscription and the scale of the stag seem
to entitle them to precedence.
Group G. Nos. 102-117, Plates IX and X
There is a marked change in style between this group and Group F. If the arrangement
submitted is correct, there is a clear indication of an extended interval between nos. 101
and 102. In this group both the figures of the obverse Apollo and the reverse stag, instead of
having their customary quiet pose, are represented in motion with a vigor little short of
violence, alternating with and ultimately returning to a static position. There is notable
improvement in the die-cutting which seems to partake of the new vigor in the types.
Another innovation is the introduction of symbols or accessories to the type. Except for the
reverse of no. 102 these are placed on the obverse. For the succeeding group, these additions
are made on the reverse.
Within the coining interval for this group, the daimon figure disappears. Although it
had previously been minimized to some extent, it here reaches a limit of crudity and
unintelligibility (cf. enlargements of nos. 104 and 107 on Plates XIX and XX respectively).
The daimon figure is omitted from nos. 105, 106, 116 and 117 while there are possible
traces on nos. 110 and III. On no. 104 the stag is badly placed and on no. 105 which shares
the same reverse there is no stag at all. The stag is again omitted on the obverses of nos. no

and 1n. Another change is so casual that it might easily evade observation. The obverse
stag, up to this time, has been shown with head reverted, indicating a dependent re-
lationship to Apollo. Beginning with no. 112 the stag's head is like that on the reverse
forward looking and, except in no. 118, continues in this position.
The order reached is best explained by working backward from no. 117. Nos. 115-117
have a common reverse and on this reverse, the progression of the die break shows that this
must be the order. Nos. 113-115 share the same obverse die, the deterioration of which
gives this sequence. The bounding stag of nos. 110-113 ties them together. On nos. 107-109,
the reverse stag is stationary but the obverse figure of Apollo is not. It agrees perfectly with
either no. 106 which precedes or no. no which follows. Nos. 105 and 106 (same obverse)
have contrasting reverse stags while a common reverse brings no. 104 into place. Nos. 102
and 103 have a common obverse, the latter being more worn. Perhaps the leaves on the
reverse of no. 102 are a stylization of the branch of Group F rather than a symbol. On the
obverse of no. 116, the spray of three leaves seems to be the prototype of the reverse spray
on nos. 118-126, although two berries have been added to the latter.
The additions to the obverse type for this group are very interesting, partly because
they successfully elude classification. Their nature is quite different from the more personal
12
symbols (plough, star, oinochoe, etc.) which are accompanied by the initials of the names of
magistrates on the late fourth century staters of Metapontum. In the fifth century there are
parallels or analogies to the Metapontine symbols. Their occurrence on the reverse generally
gives them a less obvious relation or connection with the main type. For if the reverse
branch which is common to Group F at Caulonia is a symbol for woods or the forest (a
natural enough connotation to indicate the habitat of the stag), the branch added to the
obverse of nos. 11o and 11 1 would have the same significance, although its appropriateness
or relation to Apollo is less clear. The connection between the conventionalized tree form
on no. 107 and the obverse stag is almost obvious, but the sprig on the reverse of no. 102 is
so conventionalized as to deprive it of any connection with the stag. The wreath on no. 112
and the birds on nos. 105 and 113 are less easily associated with Apollo although the birds
are logical enough as wild life. Moreover, on no. 108 the mask of a fox or hind in a frame of
branches would have the same implication.
We thus have an indication that the regularity which had marked Group F has
yielded to a period of innovation in Group G, a characteristic which carries over into
Group H to a lessened degree.
Group H. Nos. 118-140, Plates X and XI
Whereas Group F was marked by the branch on the reverses, this group is distinguished
by a twig or spray with berries or a single leaf. The daimori, which disappeared in the
preceding group, is also completely lacking here. There seems to be a slight deterioration in
the die cutting and notable changes in the treatment of the inscription, including its
omission from both obverse and reverse on nos. 119-123. The figure of Apollo is generally
smaller in scale, and the sense of movement on both sides which marked the issues of
Group G has quite disappeared by the end of Group H. The die mulings bring into close
relationship several pieces which one would have hesitated to associate otherwise.

The ten pieces placed at the beginning of this group, as already noted, have in common
a spray of three leaves and two berries in the field of the reverse. It seems reasonable to see
in the three-leaved twig on the obverse of no. 116 the prototype of this reverse symbo1.
Stylistically, these initial reverses of Group H are inferior to those of nos. 115-117 which
fact may imply an interval between nos. 117 and 118. Die combinations and progressing die
breaks dictate the order shown as will be seen from the diagram of die combinations.
No. 118 shows a reversion to an earlier form in that the head of the obverse stag is
turned back. As with Group G, we occasionally find obverse additions. On nos. 121-123
there is a large insect (in my judgment not a cicada) which also occurs on nos. 127-129,
possibly indicating a closer relation between these coins although the muhngs seem to
indicate the contrary. The reverse symbol on no. 129 is a tree which is far more conventional-
ized than the other tree forms described previously. On nos. 130 and 131 the reverse spray-
is given a summary treatment, which marks a time separation from the form used on
nos. 118-126.
In the discussion of Caulonia's type I gave reasons for thinking that the placing of the
stag in the field with a separate groundline was perhaps an indication that the two figures
had been inspired by a local cult statue of Apollo accompanied by a stag with some
13
traditional implication impossible to follow now. In Group G we find the stag's groundline,
which had persisted throughout the incuse format, undergoing a change. On nos. 107-109
and 112 there is something resembling the capital of a column beneath the stag. On
nos. 130-135 this support has been modified so that it is very much like a statue-basis
having high and narrow proportions. On nos. 124-126, however, this basis, which ordinarily
is crowned by the figure of the stag, bears a strange animal without antlers and with a
huge head which is lowered in somewhat the same way as the head of the charging bull on
the staters of Thurium is represented. Gross carelessness seems a more likely explanation
than an intentional substitution for the figure of the stag.
Many of the varieties in this group are known in a single or in a small number of
specimens, and no. 139 is one of the former. Inscriptions, although worn and in shortened
forms, are present for both dies. The fillets hanging from the antlers of the stag, however,
give this piece its greatest distinction. Their delicate linear treatment is best seen in the
enlargement on Plate XIX. Stylistically, the spread legs of this stag are like those of
certain others in this group. The size of the letters of the inscription might give it a place-
ment earlier in the group than is shown here.
Only two specimens of no. 140 are known to exist; one is in Paris and the other in
Naples. These have long been known and Raoul-Rochette31 has written about this type.
Although I have included these coins, I consider them suspect. Looking at the reverse first,
one notices the rectangular position of the inscription with three letters in a vertical line,
which is unlike any found elsewhere in this city's coinage. The position of the stag's antlers
is an awkward one when the stance with the spread forelegs is employed. It is the obverse,
however, that is most questionable. Both the thick groundline and the heavy, clumsy body
of Apollo standing upon it are in contrast to the presentation we have come to know.
Moreover, such a clutter of symbols is not found elsewhere. The fountain is not unlike one

on the reverse of nos. 155-157, but the lion's-head water spout would more appropriately
empty into a basin or pool as it does on the staters of Terina than into a stationary font. In
the right field there is an ithyphallic herm facing to right with a filleted bucranium above it.
These are unrelated to the figure of Apollo or to each other, and suggest a hand or a mind
that is not Greek. The whole design, if such it can be called, bears the earmarks of the
counterfeiters of a century or more ago.
It should be noted that die combinations unknown to me may alter the arrangement
submitted. For example, nos. 127-129 with the obverse insect, and nos. 130-131 with the
reverse leaves and berries may come later rather than where they have been placed. The
reverse letters AE on no. 127 and A on no. 128 might with equal appropriateness entitle
these dies to a place in Group I, and the long vertical inscription in tiny letters on the
obverse of nos. 130-131 might follow rather than precede nos. 132-134.
Group I. Nos. 141-161, Plates XII and XIII
This group, as was true of some of the preceding classes, provides evidence that the
mint of this city was not a large one and that strict regularity of procedure, whether stylistic
or mechanical, is lacking. As in previous groups, die combinations bring together staters
11 Raoul-Rochette, op. cit. p. 24, note 1, PI. II, 10.
14
which have little else in common (cf. nos. 150-151). For this group an ivy leaf symbol is to
be found on either obverse or reverse of some of the pieces. Other symbols such as the crab,
wreath or octopus occur sometimes with the leaf on the same die and sometimes with the
leaf on the combining die. The letter phi (is this a signature such as we find at Terina ?) is
usually of moderate size. It is found beneath the right arm of Apollo on no. 142, below the
base line of the stag on nos. 143-147 and on the reverses of nos. 149-151 and 154 The letter
theta, larger in scale, appears on the obverse of no. 150 and in the form GE on the obverses
of nos. 152-153 and on the reverses of nos. 155-158, as well as on the bronze pieces (nos.
233-234).
The inscriptional data are puzzling, differing forms sometimes occurring on the same
stater. As early as nos. 101 and 102 we have the fifth letter, an omicron. This is repeatedly
changed to an omega on later dies (nos. 124-125,130-131, 135,139, 146, 150,152,170-178,
180-181). The final letter of the inscription when given in full, is sometimes N, sometimes
M (the prostrate sigma), and on the last dies, sigma in its normal form. The archaic form
of the iota (three-stroke) here persists as late as no. 166.32
There are other irregularities. The obverse stag is sometimes present, sometimes not.
In the earlier pieces of the group, he resembles a goat more than a deer. The stag's size
differs widely. The figure of Apollo grows steadily heavier almost pugilistic. His attitude
of striding becomes one of running in nos. 158-161. His hair is usually short, but in
nos. 153-154, tresses over his shoulder are clear. A knot at the back of the head is visible
in nos. 162-163. The branch in his right hand interferes with the inscription in nos. 141-145
and, consequently, is so modified that it would scarcely be recognized as a branch if there
were no other dies to establish this intention. The reverse stag is frequently heavy and
wooden and faces left rather than right in no. 161.
The accessories to the type are intriguing; e.g., the bird with upraised wings in a font

on the reverse of nos. 155-156, and on the obverse of no. 155 what seems to be an altar (cf.
enlargements on Plate XX). The palmettes at its corners, the strut and the manner in
which the legs are joined to the top indicate a structure made of meta1.
On the obverse of nos. 153-154 there are long fillets tied to both arms of Apollo.33
I know of no parallel to explain the purpose of these fillets. The tetrobols on Plate XV
afford a hint. On no. 216, which is connected with this group by the presence of the letter <t>,
the obverse die is first used without the fillet, and then with the fillet. Is it possible that
fillets such as this have been added to the city's cult statue (which may originally have
inspired the coin type) during an agonistic celebration, and have been used on the coinage
with this commemorative implication ? This is but one of the unresolved questions raised by
Caulonia's coinage.
Group J. Nos. 162-181, Plates XIII and XIV
Both the die combinations and the style of these coins leave hardly any alternative as
to the order submitted. The top-knotted Apollo continues on the earliest staters in this
group (nos. 162-163), giving way to a god with clipped hair which bears some resemblance
82 For interpretation of inscriptional forms see Macdonald reference cited in note 24.
83 For enlargements of coins with fillets see Plates XIX and XX.
15
to a wig. On nos. 158-161 there is a running Apollo which is replaced on nos. 162-166 by
a figure standing with the weight on the left foot, a much more awkward stance than that
of the striding Apollo to which we had become accustomed, and to which there is a return
in nos. 168-181. The heavy-bodied figure continues to the end of the coinage.
The additions to the type are mostly on the obverse; e.g., turtle, dolphins, star and
fibula. There are also large single letters A on the reverse of nos. 168-173, 0 on the
obverse of nos. 173-175, and E on the reverse of no. 175. If these letters are initials of
die cutters, those with one letter on the obverse and another on the reverse would show that
there were two engravers working concurrently, an indication of a stepped-up coinage
which is supported by the relatively large number of surviving specimens of nos. 179 and
180. The significance of the two dolphins is difficult to fathom. The fillet laid across the arm
of Apollo on the obverse of the last type is of a familiar form; i.e., wool with terminal
tassels. The puzzling symbol on nos. 176-181 has never been satisfactorily explained; it
does not resemble a fibula any more than it does a bird trap. The increased scale of the

letters in the inscriptions is consistent throughout this group as opposed to that of Group I.
ENLARGEMENTS
The selection of the coins shown on the two plates of enlargements was given careful
thought. The arrangement is designed to emphasize some of the ideas presented in the
preceding text, and therefore it does not follow the sequential order in the catalogue. The
liberal, yet limited, number shown may be supplemented by the other plates. It would have
been highly instructive if a series of enlargements devoted to the daimon had been included
to show the changes in form which occur before final disappearance from the obverse.
Two of the misunderstood presentations (nos. 73 and 104) appear on these two plates.
Enlargements are not so necessary for the incuse staters as they are for the smaller
double-relief pieces because of their greater flan diameter.
On nos. 62, 102, 104, 108 and 113 of Plate XIX the increased stride of the main
figure is to be noted. This is most marked on no. 102, which, in my opinion, provides a clear
indication that Apollo was being presented as moving from the very beginning nearly or
quite as much so as the subsidiary daimon. The static stag on the reverse of no. 62, which
comes at the very beginning of the double relief, changes for only a few dies to a realistic
and lively animal (see reverses of nos. 102 and 113). The return to the quiet position is
observed on no. 139 as well as on no. 155 of Plate XX.
Some of the comparisons emphasized extend from one plate to another. The suggested
statue basis on no. 108 is to be compared not only with no. 112 but also with nos. 121 and
124. The addition of the fillet to both obverse and reverse types is shown for the entire
bottom row of both plates. Its significance is far from obvious; for discussion see page 6
and for descriptions the catalogue entries (105, 139, 153 and 176-181).
Several of the enlargements have individual interest. No. 73, for instance, is not
overstruck as one might think, but in some manner the die has been injured and recut for
the injured section. It must have been deplorably bad from the beginning. There are
several examples and combinations with differing reverses. The stylized tree on no. 107
differs from previous tree forms; compare also the reverse of no. 129. No. 121b is noteworthy

for the large insect symbol and for the long-haired head of Apollo. No. 112 has a fine
wreath which differs from the much later die of no. 151. Both obverse and reverse of no. 155
are shown the obverse to display the altar which seems to be entirely of metal to judge
from the palmettes and the supports for its top, and the reverse to illustrate the stylized
treatment of the antlers of the stag as well as the bird with upraised wings in a pedestalled
water-basin. The letters 0E connect this with the obverses of the bronze issues.
The reverse of the tetrobol (no. 216) shows the kantharos symbol which does not occur
among the staters. Further, the fillet of the obverse is a later addition to this die. The fine
style of the heads on nos. 231 and 232 deserves attention I am unable to find any
parallels from which they might have been derived. Except on the bronze coins, heads such
as these do not occur in Caulonia's coinage, and as conceptions they are of outstanding
quality aside from their originality.
FRACTIONS
Even though there are fairly clear indications that the four divisions of these fractions
are not continuous, no sharp separation exists between the two later divisions.
The coinage of small denominations in the incuse form is not prolific. This condition is
similar to that found at Metapontum for its incuse coinage. Very few of the incuse
fractional issues at Caulonia examined by me have been in good condition; there is seldom
one without considerable evidence of circulation. This makes it difficult to find stylistic
parallels among the incuse staters. The three-letter obverse inscription on nos. 201 and 202
and the five-letter inscription on nos. 203-205 do not occur among the dies of the early
staters until Group D (cf. Plate V). Likewise, the reverse inscriptions such as those of
nos. 202 (mistakenly numbered 203 on Plate XV), 204 and 205 appear relatively late
among the staters. The obol bears the triskeles for its obverse type (nos. 206 and 207)
and this may have been conceived as a correlative of the daimon as Robinson suggests.34
That this issue belongs with the incuse pieces is shown by the reverse border which is like
that of the staters and tetrobols (cf. Plate IV and no. 208).
The group which follows (nos. 208-214) with the later issues having the subsidiary
branch on the reverse, is interesting for the occasional change in orientation for both
obverse and reverse types (any significance for which escapes me) and for the minimizing or
entire omission of the daimon figure. The striding attitude is more pronounced here than
in the first group. The order within the group becomes clear by comparing the rim of
no. 208 with that of no. 62 of the staters. This reverse rim, sunken at first, changes to a
beaded form.
The third group is significant for the kantharos symbol which does not occur among the
staters known to me. There is a further distinctive peculiarity in the fillet which hangs from
the arm of Apollo and also in the circumstance that this has been added to a die already in
use (no. 216). 35 The sprig with two leaves (obv. of no. 217) is also found among the staters
(nos. 120-126) although in the latter occurrence it bears three leaves and two berries.

The youthful head of the fourth group (nos. 229-232) has been thought by Gagliardi36
to represent a river god because of the horn-like projection on no. 231. In earlier discussions
this head is supposed to have had better claim to being that of Apollo. The exquisite style
of these dies as well as the ivy leaf symbol on the reverse of no. 230 (paralleled on
nos. 150-152 of the staters) marks them as late in the coinage of the city and therefore not
much before 389 b.c. I do not trace any notable resemblance to the issues of neighboring
mints, with the possible exception of Terina where certain staters and late sixths bear a
somewhat similar head.
84 Robinson, op. cit., p. 16.
,s See p. 6 for previous discussion.
se E. Gagliardi, "Di Alcune Monete in Bronzo di Caulonia," Atti e Memorie dell' Istituto Italiano di
Numismatica, VI (1930), pp. looff.
BRONZE ISSUES
The bronze coins of Caulonia present problems, some of which have been outlined
admirably by Gagliardi.37 It is generally thought that the introduction of bronze for coins
in the Greek cities did not much antedate 400 b.C.38 and since Caulonia was destroyed in
389 B.C. these bronzes provide significant data. Before the introduction of bronze for
coinage small silver coins of low denominations seem to have sufficed for currency needs.
Of the four bronze pieces cited by Gagliardi39 two are of the same denomination and a third
is an issue which Garrucci,40 with strong probability, rejects as the core of a plated coin.
Gagliardi41 thinks that this conclusion is less likely because of the patination and the
excellent condition of the coin. This coin seems to me to be what Regling calls a "mysti-
fication."42
Gagliardi's proposed identification of the head on the fractions and on the bronzes as a
river god does not carry complete conviction, although the suggestion is an intriguing one.43
If this theory were correct, it would seem that we should have a greater number of ap-
propriately related symbols or other indications associated with a river god than can be
cited. The letters OE which occur on the obverses of two varieties also occur on the staters
(nos. 152-159). The scanty number of bronze pieces known is indicative of their intro-
duction not long before the destruction of the city.
"Ibid., pp. 99ff.
38 HN*, p. 99. Head dates Croton's bronze coinage as beginning 'Before circ. b. c. 400.'
"Gagliardi, op. cit.
40 Garrucci, op. cit., p. 150.
41 Gagliardi, op. cit. pp. 99-100.
42 Regling in a letter to the author.

43 Gagliardi, op. cit. p. 101.
PLATED COINS
Plated coins are fairly frequent in the coinage of Caulonia, and Plate XVI has been
devoted to them. Some of these may prove to be counterfeits which are not ancient; e.g.,
nos. 8, 11 and 12.
The first piece is one of the rare, plated incusi. Comparison with genuine dies will be
found rewarding, especially for the reverse where the failure to understand the incuse
technique is most noticeable in the rim. The silver coating of the torso and left arm is
wanting.
Of the thirteen pieces illustrated, the fruit of a fairly exhaustive search, ten of these
plated pieces have a branch or branches in front of the stag on the reverse, an interesting
indication that the coinage with this branch extended over a considerable period. In most
instances the hand at work is obviously one not familiar with the practices of the mint and
betrays itself in one or more of the details; e.g., the over-sized letters on the obverse of
no. 3, the letter beneath the body of the stag on the reverses of nos. 6 and 8, the obverse
stag facing in the wrong direction on no. 7, and the form of the lustral branch on no. 12.
In addition there is usually the tell-tale break in the silver coating and excessive aberrations
of weight. This corroboration as to weight is lacking for no. 12, but I believe it is safe to
recognize this piece as not a genuine one on the basis of comparisons with the authentic

types.
CATALOGUE
The descriptions in the catalogue which follows are of the respective dies rather than
of the particular specimen illustrated which may have been selected for its superior con-
dition even though part of the design is off-flan. In some cases all of the known specimens
are in poor condition because of wear or over-zealous cleaning, in consequence of which the
given coin's inscription will have been taken from a specimen which is not illustrated. As
an example, there is but a single example of no. 155 which gives the reverse inscription.
This is shown on the plate of enlargements (XX). Occasionally the off-flan portion is
supplied by a second variety whose reverse is combined with that of the first.
The abbreviations will, I trust, be self-evident. The great national collections are in-
dicated by their respective citiesParis, Vienna, Glasgow, with added citation of cata-
logue numbers, as Glasgow, Hunter 234. "BM-Lloyd SNG 207" is, being interpreted,
Specimen in the British Museum, from the Lloyd Bequest, illustrated in the Sylloge
Numorum Graecorum (Lloyd), No. 207. ANS-ETN indicates that the specimen is in the
collection of the American Numismatic Society, from the benefaction of Edward T. Newel1.
The first piece listed is the one illustrated on the plates. When other pieces from the
same pair of dies are illustrated an asterisk appears before its catalogue listing and its letter
has been added to the number on the plates. Those specimens with a dagger before their
catalogue listings are illustrated in enlarged size on Plates XIX-XX and commented
upon specifically on p. 16. Reference to illustrated auction catalogues is by the name of
either the dealer or owner, with the year of the sale, and the number in the catalogue. The
numbers at the bottom of the plates indicate the die-combinations. Thus 3839 40
shows that the obverses of 38 and 39 were struck from the same die and that the reverses
of 39 and 40 come from the same die.
INCUSE STATERS
Group A
1. KAVA reading clockwise. Naked figure

of Apollo with hair in long tresses and
wearing a taenia, advancing to r. on a short
groundline. In his uplifted right hand,
a branch with pinnate leaves. On his
outstretched 1. arm, a small naked figure
(dairnon) running to r., looking backward
and holding a large branch in his r. and a
Similar to obverse, but incuse. The bodies
of Apollo and the stag are intaglio. The
smaller figure (with branch in one hand), the
antlers of the stag and the branch held by
Apollo as well as the fingers of his out-
stretched hand are indicated by lines which
are raised on the flan. The face and hair of
Apollo are modelled. The incuse format
Catalogue
21
tiny one in his 1. hand. In r. field, on a second
basis or groundline, a stag standing r. but
with head turned toward Apollo. Cable
border.
a. Berlin -.
b. Vienna 7.40
c. Paris, De Luynes 682 8.21
d. Ashburnham Coll., Sotheby, 1895, 21 7.84
e. H. C. Hines Coll. (die-break just be-
ginning). 8.24
brings the daimon on Apollo's right arm and
the branch in his left hand. Border intaglio
with regular divisions apparently controlled
from the central point of the die.
f. Grandprey Coll., Ciani, Feb. 1935, 46 7.40
g. Luneau Coll., Piatt, 1922, 171
h. Sotheby, Apr. 21, 1909, 76 7.78
i. Rosenberg, Mar. 1914, 18 7.70
j. Copenhagen, SNG, 1698 8.01
2. Die of No. 1. A die break back of the
neck of Apollo has the appearance of a
hair-knot. A flaw (a flaking? of the surface
of the die) has developed between the first
two letters of the inscription.
a. Berlin -.

b. ANS 8.45
c. ANS-ETN 7.96
d. ANS-WGB Coll., ex Naville XII, Oct.
1926, 547 8.38
e. Locker-Lampson Coll., 43 8.07
f. Cat. J. P. Morgan Coll., 92 8.10
ex Hartwig Coll., 417 8.20
g. Prichard Coll., Sotheby, Feb. 1929, 11 8.42
h. BM-Lloyd, SNG, 571 8.22
ex Merzbacher, 1910, 148 8.20
ex Stiavelli, Rome, 1908, 11 1 8.20
i. BM-Lloyd, SNG, 572 8.02
j. Schlessinger y Guzman Coll., Sotheby,
1914, 27 8.36
k. Bement Coll., Naville VI, Jan. 1923, 265 7.88
1. Hirsch XIII, May 1905, Rousopoulos,
208 7.83
Similar to No. 1; the daimon does not
hold a branch; the details of the head of
Apollo differ.
m.
Naville XIV, July 1929, 61
7.24
n.
Cahn LXXV, May 1932, 124
7.15
ex Helbing, Oct. 24, 1927, 2591
7.20
ex Helbing, Apr. 1927, 1580
0.
Hirsch XXXIII, 1913, 238
7.25
p.
ex Hirsch XI, 1904, 63
Hirsch XVII, Feb. 1907, 291
ex Hirsch XVI, Dec. 1906, 159
8.17
q.
Naville XVI, 1933, 307
8.22
r.
Egger, Nov. 1909, 68
7.86
22
5. Similar to No. 1. The muscles of r. arm
and legs of Apollo over emphasized. The
branch in the r. hand of the daimon points
to the chin of Apollo. The horns of the
stag are sometimes not struck up sufficiently
to be visible.
a. ANS-ETN Coll. 8.43
b. Munich 7.46
c. Cat. J. P. Morgan Coll., 91 7.96
d. Cahn LXVIII, 1930, 1024 ex Naville V,
June, 1923, 650 (British Mus. Dupl.) 7.79
e. Hirsch XXXI, May 1912, 95 8.30
6. Die of No. 5.
a. Berlin 7.42
b. Vienna 7.50
c. Headlam Coll., Sotheby, May 1916, 192 8.04
d. Glasgow Hunter Coll. p. 126, 2 7.92
e. Schlessinger XIII, Feb. 1935, (Her-
mitage Dupl.), 163 7.60
f. South Italian Hoard (Noe 507), Cf.
pi. XVII, 31 7.76
6A. Inscr. as on Nos. 5 and 6. Figure
of Apollo heavier, 1. forearm elongated.
Baseline longer. Slender daimon, nearly
upright, holds short branches.

Thick base line for the stag.
a. B. Y. Berry Coll.
8.02
7. Similar. Initial stroke of A curved
convexly. Daimon very nearly upright.
a. Naples -.
b. Berlin -.
c. British Museum -.
8. Die of No. 7.
a. Boston, Regling-Warren, 139 Brett, 173 8.27
b. Sir Hermann Weber Coll., 982 7.94
c. Aberdeen SNG, 33 7.78
d. Hirsch XIV, Nov. 1905, 127 7.80
e. Cahn LXXV, May 1932, 123 8.69
ex Helbing, Nov. 1928, 3433 8.63
f. Ratto, Jan. 1926, 666 8.28
g. Piatt, May 1921, 26 ex Rollin and
Feuardent, June 1906, 323, ex H. P.
Smith Coll., Sotheby, June 1905, 43 -.
ex Hirsch XVI, Dec. 1906, 158 8.33
f. Hirsch XXXII, Nov. 1912, 7 8.00
g. Ratto, Jan. 1926, 667 ex Engel Gros
Coll., Feuardent, Dec. 1921,10 8.13
h. Benson Coll., Sotheby, Feb. 1909, 99 8.42
i. Merzbacher, Nov. 1909, 2334 8.24
Base line for the stag longer than in No. 5.
Figure of daimon seldom distinct.
g. South Italian Hoard (Noe 507), Cf.
p. 60, No. 30 7.50
h. Seaby II, 1929, 141 ex Cahn LXVIII,
Nov. 1930, 1023 ex Sambon-Canessa,
Paris, June 1927, 487 8.10
i. Cahn LX, July 1928, 134 8.05
j. Naville XV, July 1930, 226 8.03
ex Hirsch XXI, Weber Coll., 440
The outlined daimon figure exception-
ally slender.
Horns of the stag sometimes not visible.
Daimon figure leans forward.
d. Cambridge SNG, 723 7.85
e. SchlessingerXIII, Feb. 1935, (Hermitage
Dupl.), 164 7.80
f. Luneau Coll., Piatt, 1922, 172
Catalogue
23
g. Die of Nos. 7 and 8.
a. ANS
b. ANS - J. B. Cammann Coll.
8.54
8.25
10. Similar. The A as in No. 5. The
thumb of Apollo's outstretched hand is
prominent. The stag larger in scale and
slightly higher on flan than heretofore.
a. Paris -.
b. Berlin -.
c. ANS 8.17
d. Boston, Regling-Warren, 138 Brett, 172 7.82
e. R. Jameson Coll., 408 7.82
ex Nervegna Coll., Nov. 1907, 562
11. Similar. The daimon wears chlamys
and winged sandals and holds sword or club
in r. hand, branch in 1. Feet of Apollo follow
curve at rim.
Slight differences in the daimon figure,
and in proportions of stag.
c. Lockett Coll. SNG 579, Sale 464, Vol. III 7.89
The daimon's figure and the branch held
by Apollo often all but invisible.
f. Glasgow, Hunterian Cat. p. 126, 1
162

g. von Wotoch Coll., Sambon, Dec. 1901,
h. Piatt, June 1925, 87
i. Ratto, Apr. 1927, 276
j. Hirsch XV, 1906, 758
The daimon holds branch as in No.
Exergual line follows rim.
7.93
7.75
8.05
8.09
a. Naville XVI, 1933, 304
ex Hirsch XII, 1904, 37
12. Die of No. 11.
7.55
a. London -.
b. Hess, Mar. 1935,237 ex Hirsch XXXIII,
Nov. 1913, 237 7.25
13. Die of No. 11-12; a die break connects
the tip of the fingers of Apollo with the rim.
a. ANS-EtN, ex Hirsch XXVI, 1910, 42 8.15
b. Barrachin Coll., Ciani, Dec. 1924, 158
ex Rousset Coll., Bourgey, Apr. 1908, 40 7.93
14. Die of No. 11-13. Die-break at knees.
a. Berlin -.
b. Cambridge, McClean Coll., 1591, PI. 50,
No. 4 8.08
15. Die of Nos. 11-14.
a. Boston, Regling-Warren 135, Brett 169 8.26
b. British Museum Guide, PI. 8, 17 8.29
c. Naville V, (British Mus. Dupl.), June
1923, 651 8.11
The attempt to indicate the ear of Apollo
is noteworthy. The ears, (but not the horns)
of stag are indicated.
Daimon figure differs from Nos. 11 and 12.
c. Ratto, Num. Stran. 1909, 1007 8.20
d. Egger, Nov. 1909, 69 7.93
The figure of the daimon is so heavily
outlined as to seem modelled.
c. Commerce (N. Y.) ex I. N. Phelps Stokes
Coll. 7.86
The figure of the daimon absent and the
24
16. The letters are similar in form to those
of the preceding die. The daimon does not
wear chlamys; the branch held in his 1. hand
differs from that in the r.
a. Arthur S. Dewing Coll., Boston
8.20
The daimon figure is intaglio on the coin
rather than indicated by raised lines. The
head of Apollo unusually small in scale.
17. Similar to No. 11 in that daimon wears
chlamys; he is without winged sandals.
Inscription more compact than in No. 16.
a. Boston, Regling-Warren Coll., 137;
Brett 171
b. Naples
8.03
Figure of daimon is outlined. Apollo's
branch sketchy. Stag without antlers.
c. Berlin
d. The Hague
8.25
18. Die of No. 17.
a. Paris
b. Paris, De Luynes Coll., 679
The branch held by Apollo is larger in

scale than heretofore, and treatment of hair
is distinctive.
-. c. Hartwig Coll., Santamaria, Mar. 1910,
7.91 416 7.10
d. Hamburger, May 1929, 86 8.40
19. Die of No. 17.
a. Naville XV, July 1930, 225,
ex Burel Coll., Feuardent, June 1913, 39
Similar to No. 17 in that no branch is
visible. The daimon figure differs. Base lines
for both stag and Apollo differentiate this
die from those of Nos. 17 and 18.
7.92
20. Similar. The inscription has a large V
with curved strokes. A die flaw( ?) sometimes
described as a plant, between the legs of the
stag. Daimon without chlamys.
a. Berlin -.
b. Boston, Mass. Historical Society -.
c. Carfrae Coll., Sotheby, May 1894, 24 8.37
d. Berlin Dupl. Riechmann XXX, Dec.
1924, 129 7.69
e. Munzhandlung Basel X, 1938, 66 7.71
f. Schulman, Nov. 1913, 97, ex Schulman,
May 1912, 35 7.90
21. Inscription similar to No. 20 but letters
smaller.
a. ANS - ex Hoyt Miller Coll., ex Ciani,
June 1920, 19 (with two test marks). 7.84
b. Booth Coll., Sotheby, July 1900, 19 7.43
c. Cahn LXXXIV, Nov. 1933, 84 7.80
The stag has a small head and a thick,
barrel shaped body.
g. Helbing, Mar. 1928, 56 7.70
Note: This is the variety on which Garrucci
reads IKETEII in tiny letters - the
first three to the 1. of the head of
Apollo, the others to the r. (La Monete
dell'Italia Antica, Pt. II, p. 186, No. 17,
PI. CXXV, 17.)
The hind legs of the stag longer than front
ones; a die-break crosses the stag's body.
d. Naville XIV, 1929, 60 8.03
Catalogue
25
22. Similar. The base lines for both Apollo
and the stag are continuous rather than
dotted as heretofore. The thumb of Apollo's
r. hand oversized.
a. Munich
b. Vienna
c. Berlin
d. ANS - W. G. Beatty Coll.
8.70
7.92
7.96
The basis for the stag consists of two lines.
e. Seaby II, July 1929, 142 -.
f. Hess, Apr. 1936, 394, 7.82
ex Basel Miinzhandlung IV, Oct. 1935,
357 7.70
23. Inscription similar to No. 22 save that
the A has its cross stroke downward to
right. A die fault(?) between the inscription
and the rim. The left arm of Apollo sharply
bent at the elbow.
a. So. Italian Hoard (Noe 507), cf. p. 60,
No. 33 7.99
b. Naples -.
c. Vienna 6.68

d. S.P. Noe Coll. 7.70
e. Vogel Coll., Hess CXCIV, Mar.1929,100 7.95
f. Caprotti Coll., Clerici, Mar. 1910, 248 7.40
g. ProweColl.,EggerXL, May 1912,238,st. 7.80
h. Basel Miinzhandlung X, Mar. 1938, 65 8.02
i. Naville XVI, 1933, 306 7.92
Similar to No. 22 save for the bent arm
and differing daimon figure.
j. Grabow, July 1930,147 ex J. Schulman,
May 1912, 34 7.80
k. Cahn LXVIII, Nov. 1930, 1022, 7.87
ex Helbing, Nov. 1928, 3435 7.87
1. Brandis Coll., Canessa, May 1922, 115 7.90
m. Hess CCVII, Dec. 1931, 100 7.91
n. Hess, Apr. 1936, 512 7.80
o. Helbing LXX, Dec. 1932, 476 7.70
p. Cahn LXV, Oct. 1929, 42 7.89
q. Baranowsky, Feb. 1931, 246 7.66
24. Inscription in straight lines strokes
and vertica1. Apollo's 1. arm bent as in
No. 23. The stag's base line slopes downward
to the right.
a. B. Y. Berry Coll.
Stag's head as well as antlers outlined.
-. b. Berlin
25. Inscription similar to No. 24 save that
the A and V have curved strokes. Apollo's
bent 1. arm short and the daimon figure larger
in scale than usua1.
a. Naville XII, Oct. 1926, 548
7.90
Daimon figure sketchily outlined. The eye
of Apollo unduly large; his feet wedge-
shaped.
26. Inscription nearly vertical but reading
downward and retrograde (counter clock-
wise). A die-break extends from the ankle of
Apollo's 1. foot to the rim.
a. ANS-ETN 8.04
b. Berlin -.
Apollo, with branch replacing the daimon
figure. The rim differs from the preceding
forms.
26
Group B
27. Inscription similar to scale of No. 24,
and in form of letters to No. 22. The daimon
holds branch as in Nos. 18 and 19. In the
field, above the hindquarters of the stag, an
annulet.
a. Boston, Regling-Warren, 136; Brett 170 7.90
b. Cambridge, SNG 724 7.88
c. Naville XVI, 1933, 303 7.90
d. Schulman, June 1924, 291 8.10
e. Schulman, May 1938, 51 7.25
Note: In Dr. Regling's Catalogue of the
Warren Collection, the annulet is
read as the letter O and conse-
No daimon figure. The annulet in the 1.
field is smaller than on the obverse. The
coarse border is similar in the manner of its
cutting to that of Group A (except No. 26).
quently the fifth letter of the
ethnic. On the reverse dies of 39
and 40, there is a pellet at the
center of the annulet. In view of
the preponderence of dies without
this pellet, it seems questionable
to interpret it as the letter Theta.

28. Die of No. 27. The die is badly worn
and the annulet barely visible.
a. BMC 7
b. Munich
c. Schulman, Mar. 1925, 26
7.67
6.19
6.63
Similar to No. 27. A large annulet just
below the elbow is visible on b and d.
The stag has shorter legs than in No. 27.
d. Schulman, Dec. 1327, 70 7.84
ex Bement Coll., Naville VI, Jan. 1924,
264 7.83
e. Schulman Fixed Price Cat. LXII, 1915,
85 (Ordones Coll.). 7.73
29. Four-letter inscription, reading upward
from the rim (the A inverted). The daimon
figure crude. The annulet in the right field
has a pellet at its center and resembles the
letter theta.
a. Fiorelli Coll., Naples, 3318
b. Santamaria, Jan. 1938, 60
O in the left field; no daimon figure. Note
linear treatment of torso.
-. c. Curinga Hoard (Noe 285), Atti e Mem. Ill,
6.97 1917. PI- II. 7
30. The four-letter inscription reads
counter clockwise. A die-break shows below
the r. arm of Apollo, and another just below
the letter A.
a. Naville XII, Oct. 1926, 546 7.98
ex Hess, Mar. 1918, 120,
ex Hirsch XXX, May 1911, 268 8.00
The inscription in four letters, and reading
clockwise, fills the r. field. A second branch,
instead of the daimon figure, fills the space
above the arm of Apollo.
31. Die of No. 30. The A now has the
triangle above the cross bar filled by a die-
break.
Similar to No. 30 except that there are
three letters, and the second branch in the 1.
Catalogue
27
32. Die of No. 30; possibly intermediate
between 30 and 31.
Similar to No 30 with differences in the
form of the letters and of the branch.
a. J. P. Morgan Coll. Cat., 93
b. Berlin
33. Die of No. 30.
a. Commerce
Die of No.
8.00 c. BMC, No. 5
7.43
new die-break
34. Die ot Mo. 30. A
extending from the 1. ankle of Apollo to just
before the foreleg of the stag, shows faintly.
The V of the inscription now shows the
defect of the A.
a. Berlin -.
b. Vienna 7.44
c. C. C. Browne Coll., Sotheby, Mar. 1935,
17.
35. Die of No. 30 - the die-break seen in
No. 34 is more pronounced.
a. ANS-ETN, ex Caprotti Coll., Clerici,
Mar. 1910, 247 7.50

b. Berlin -.
c. British Museum 7.56
d. Vienna 7.01
36. Die of No. 30. The die-break previously
noticed now prominently visible. A further
break follows the line of Apollo's r. leg from
the knee to the rim.
a. ANS, ex Naville XVI, 1933, 302, and
So. Italian Hoard (Noe 507), Plate
XVIII, 35. 7.96
37. The inscription in four letters is to be
read upward from the rim. A small annulet
in the r. field - between the legs of Apollo,
a retrograde epsilon or digamma.
a. ANS-ETN, ex Nervegna Coll., Nov.
1907,561 7.96
b. Br. Mus.-Lloyd SNG 573 8.02
8.05
Similar to No. 32 as to inscription - the
letter A has a rounded top. No branch in
1. field.
The inscription similar to No. 32. A
letter(?) resembling a repeated theta(7)
beneath the arm of Apollo in the 1. field.
The second branch held by Apollo is short
and faint.
ex Booth Coll., Sotheby, July, 1900, 19 7.32
d. Glendining, Mar. 1931, 860,
ex Naville XV, July 1930, 224 7.88
ex Cahn XXXV, Nov. 1913, 102 8.10
Four-letter inscription. Traces of a large
annulet above the hind-quarters of the stag.
The space above the arm of Apollo now
occupied by an involved figure. The head of
Apollo is very crude.
e. Lockett SNG 580, 465
ex Sambon-Canessa, Sale June 1927,
486 8.03
f. So. Italian Hoard, cf. p. 60, No. 34,
Plate XVIII, 34 8.13
Four-letter inscription. The branch above
Apollo's outstretched arm is well defined.
The space between the stag and the rim is
28
38. Die of No. 37.
a. Cambridge, McClean Coll., 1592, PI. 50, 5 7.60
b. Glasgow, Coates Coll. -.
39. Die of No. 37 and 38.
a. Paris -.
b. Berlin -.
40. Four-letter inscription reading clockwise
with the V inverted. The daimon figure
extremely crude and the 1. hand of Apollo
pronouncedly oversized. The base line for
the stag slants slightly upward to the r.
What may be a letter (sigma ?) is to be read
in the exergue.
a. Cambridge, SNG, 726
41. Die of No. 40.
7-65
The four-letter inscription, reading clock-
wise, is KAVA. The daimon figure is
replaced by a branch.
c. Ratto, Jan. 1926, 665 6.98
A four-letter inscription in the r. field,
retrograde, and to be read counter clock-
wise. Between the legs of Apollo the letter
which occurs in the same position on the
obverse. A full-size theta in the customary

position. A branch above the out-stretched
arm of Apollo.
c. Cambridge SNG, 725 (Plated)
d. Strozzi Coll., Sangiorgi, Apr. 1907,1168
6.90
7-95
Die of No. 39.
Four-letter inscription with the V in-
verted. The figure of the daimon seems to be
cut over a branch. The exergual line is not
continuous; it is visible under the r. foot of
Apollo and questionable under the other.
a. Glendining, May 1941, 52
Group C
42. Five-letter inscription reading counter
clockwise. The daimon holds large branch in
r. hand. In the r. field above the hind-
quarters of the stag, a long-necked water-
bird (heron ?). The workmanship throughout
is poor. Diameter of die 27 mm.
a. Paris
b. The Hague
c. British Museum
d. Naples, Fiorelli Coll., 3321
e. Cambridge, SNG, 727
7.88
7.70
7.88
7.46
Five-letter inscription in a vertical line
reading downward from the rim. The
daimon figure in relief.
f. Lockett Coll., SNG 581, Sale 466, 7.89
ex Naville V, June 1923, 647 7.90
ex Nervegna Coll., Nov. 1907, 565
g. Naville XVI, 1933, 3o1 7.89
h. Helbing, Nov. 1928, 3432 7.88
ex Ratto, Apr. 1911, 105
Catalogue
29
43. Die of No. 42.
a. Paris, De Luynes Coll., 681 8.05
44. Die of Nos. 42 and 43.
a. Sambon-Canessa, June 1927, 489 7.35
45. Die of No. 42-44. Note die-break in
exergue.
a. R. Jameson Coll., 409
7.64
46. Die of No. 42-45. Enlarged die-break
shows in exergue.
a. ANS-ETN 8.43
b. Berlin
c. Berlin
d. Vogel Coll., Hess CXCIV, Mar. 1929,101
(Plated ?) 6.97
Five-letter inscription in vertical line to
be read counter clockwise from the center.
Whether the daimon figure is present is not
clear from the single specimen recorded.
Note conventionalized branch.
Inscription reads as in No. 43, but follows
the line of the rim. The prominent exergual
line is well defined and curved.
Inscription reads as in No. 43, but is
separated from the figure by a wider

interva1.
Five-letter inscription following curve of
the rim, to be read counter clockwise.
Daimon figure in relief.
e. Hirsch XVII, 289a ex Ratto, May 1912,
320 7.67
f. Schlessinger, Feb. 1935, Hermitage
Dupl. 162 7.80
g. Curinga Hoard (Noe 285), AHi e Mem.
III, 1917, Pl . II, 9 -.
Group D
47. A three-letter inscription to be read
upward from the rim. Triple base line
beneath the stag. Workmanship crude
throughout, especially in the branch and in
the outstretched hand of Apollo.
8.05
a. Vienna
b. Paris
c. Ball, Fixed Price Cat. XXXIX, 1937,101
d. Hamburger, May 1929, 75
8.00
7.55
48. Die of No. 47, with a probable re-
cutting of the body of Apollo and of the
stag.
a. Berlin
b. ANS
Modelling crude - neither branch nor
daimon figure present. The hair of Apollo is
given a quilted effect.
e. Hess, Apr. 1936, 395 7.70
ex Cahn LXVIII, 1930, 1025 7.77
ex Ratto, Jan. 1926, 664 7.71
ex Hirsch Fixed Price Cat. XVII, Feb.
1907, 289a 7.67
Branch held by Apollo fills the r. field,
extending vertically nearly to base line.
-. c. Toronto,Royal Ontario Archeol. Museum -..
7.46
30
49. Five-letter inscription with smaller
letters than heretofore and reading upward
from the rim. The base line for the stag
slants slightly upward to the r. The exergual
line double.
a. London -.
b. Berlin -.
Five-letter inscription in r. field to be
read upward from the center. The daimon
figure in relief.
c. Vienna
d. Copenhagen SNG, 1701
8.00
6.46
50. Five-letter inscription to be read
counter clockwise from center, the last two
letters crowded. The base line for the stag
double.
a. American Numismatic Society
b. Berlin
c. Copenhagen SNG, 1700
8.02
7.76
The stag without base line. No branch; no
daimon.

d. Baranowsky, Feb. 1931, 248 7.88
ex Ratto, Jan. 1926, 663 7.92
ex Naville V, June 1923, British Mus.
Dupl. 648 7.88
51. Similar to No. 50. The head of Apollo Similar to No. 50 but differs in position of
is larger. the figure of the stag.
a. Munich
b. Munich
7.30
7.32
c. Berlin
52. Five-letter inscription similar to No. 50
but less crowded. The base line for the stag
slants upward to the r. The exergual line is
formed of heavy beads.
a. Berlin
b. Naples, Fiorelli Coll.
Similar to Nos. 50-51 with differences in
the proportions of the stag. The r. field is
occupied by a vertical branch.
-. c. Lockett SNG, 582, Sale 467
7.68
53. Five-letter inscription as in Nos. 51-52;
the large daimon figure crowds the space
above the arm of Apollo.
a. Naville XVII, Oct. 1934, 86 7.51
ex Lobbecke, Hess, Jan. 1926, 74 7.60
b. Cahn LXXV, May 1932, 125 8.04
ex Helbing, Oct. 24, 1927, 2592, 8.00
ex Naville XII, Oct. 1926, 545 7.98
Five-letter inscription reading upward in
r. field, close to figure of Apollo. Long
branch in extreme r. field.
c. Curinga Hoard (Noe 285), Atti e Mem.
III, 1917, PI. II, 8 -.
54. Similar to No. 53; the daimon figure
and stag differ.
a. Berlin -.
b. Berlin -.
c. Paris, De Luynes Coll., 683 8.11
d. Naville XVI, 1933, 308 8.22
ex Naville VI, 1923, 263 8.01
ex Sambon-Canessa, Dec. 1907, 51 8.05
Catalogue
31
55. The five-letter inscription following
the line of the rim reads counter clockwise
from center. The head of Apollo shows die
defects; the stag leans forward.
a. Berlin -.
56. Five-letter inscription, reading down-
ward from the rim. Apollo's outstretched
hand, the long hair tresses and the attitude
of the daimon holding branches in each
hand, are distinctive. Border now of beads
between two fines.
a. Toronto, Royal Ontario Archaeol. Mus.
ex Naville IV, June 1922, 148 8.11
57. Die of No. 56.
a. Cambridge, SNG 728, Vol. IV 8.27
58. Die of No. 56.
a. Cambridge, McClean Coll., 1593 7.46
b. Brandis Coll., Canessa, May 1922, 116 7.97
59. Three-letter inscription, reading up-
ward from the rim. The daimon figure is
short and the branch held by Apollo is
long. The basis for the stag has a straight
line above a dotted one, while the exergual
line is dotted. Die has diameter of 22 mm.
a. ANS-ETN 7.98

b. Paris, De Luynes Coll., 685 8.09
c. Sir Hermann Weber Coll., 984 7.90
60. Four-letter inscription, reading up-
ward from the rim. A die-break disfigures
the hindquarters of the stag.
b. Berlin -.
c. Berlin -.
d. Vienna 7.88
e. Glasgow, Hunter Cal. p. 126, 4 7.60
61. Five-letter inscription, reading upward
from the rim. The basis for the stag is
double lined.
a. Berlin
Crudely cut die with conventionalized
branch as in No. 48. No daimon figure.
b. Cambridge SNG, 729 7.53
Five-letter inscription, reading downward
from the rim. The daimon figure is in relief
and the branch held by Apollo is stylized.
For Apollo's head, pellets indicate the eye
and ear, the fillet binding the hair is plainly
indicated.
ex Sir Hermann Weber Coll., 983 8.12
b. Berlin -.
Similar to the die of No. 56; the letters
are larger and the branch differs.
Very crude figure of Apollo, without
daimon figure, branch or inscription.
c. Sambon-Canessa, June 1927, 488 8.00
Double base line beneath the stag. In
the r. field, a heron facing r.
d. A. S. Dewing Coll. 7.93
e. Naville XII, Oct. 1926, 549 8.06
ex Ratto, Jan. 1926, 669 8.10
Similar to No. 59 but both Apollo and the
stag are shorter, and there is but a single
base line beneath the stag.
f. Glasgow, Hunter Cal. p. 126, 5 7.39
g. Ratto, Apr. 1927, 278 7.80
h. Baranowsky, Feb. 1931, 249
ex Ratto, Jan. 1926, 670 7.95
Similar to No. 59 in its proportions.
32
DOUBLE RELIEF STATERS
Group E
62. Type as on the incuse coins. The
branch held by Apollo is pinnate. The
exergual line for the figure and the base line
for the stag are dotted. The stag without
antlers. The inscription KAV is in very
small letters and reads clockwise from
center. Cable border.
a. fBerlin
b. Vienna 7.79
c. Dresden 8.10
63. Die of No. 62.
a. British Museum 7.93
b. Naples, Fiorelli Coll., 3330 -.
c. Baranowsky, Fixed Price Cat., 1929,
1490a -.
64. Similar to No. 63 - differences in the
branch and placing of inscription.
a. ANS ex Helbing LXX, Dec. 1932, 477 7.80
ex Naville XVI, 309 (overstruck on
Selinus didrachm) from So. Italian
Hoard, cf. pi. XVIII, 36
65. KAV in 1. field, reading counter
clockwise. The flan, figure and letters of

inscription larger than onNo.64. A die-break
at the end of the nose of the stag. Border of
dots on a raised rim.
a. Lockett, SNG, 584; 469
ex Naville V, June 1923 (British Mus.
Dupl.), 655 8.14
66. KAV in 1. field. The cutting of cable
border is distinctive. Base line of stag
linear; exergual line dotted.
a. Berlin
b. *British Museum (over archaic Corinth)
ex Von Wotoch, Sambon, Dec. 1901,164 7.32
c. ANS-ETN 7.86
Stag to 1. Exergual line dotted. The
border of dots is on a countersunk rim
which does not recur at Caulonia. Traces of
letters( ?) on body of stag on specimen illus-
trated on plate may indicate that it was
overstruck.
d. British Museum 7-89
e. Cambridge, SNG, 734 8.02
Stag to r., antlers often not struck up.
A border of dots shows in specimen a.
d. Cahn LXXV, May 1932, 126 8.18
ex Helbing, Nov. 1928, 3436 8.15
Stag to r.; exergual line doubled.
b. *Vienna 7.85
c. Schulman, June 1910, 68 8.30
d. Copenhagen, SNG, 1705 7.23
Stag with long antlers to 1. Exergual line
and border dotted.
b. ANS-ETN 8.06
c. Sir Hermann Weber Coll., 990 7.81
Stag to r. Exergual line straight. Border
of very fine dots (cf. specimen b).
d. Cahn LXXI, Oct. 1931, 112 7.92
e. Cahn LXXXIV, Nov. 1933, 85 7.91
ex Hamburger, May 29, 1929, 77 7.80
Catalogue
33
67. Die of No. 66.
a. Berlin
b. *Berlin (struck over Thasos ?)
c. Vienna 7.92
d. Brussels
e. Munich 7.36
f. Paris (De Luynes Coll., 688) 8.00
Similar to No. 66 but exergual line
curved and dotted (cf. b.).
g. Oxford, Ashmolean Museum 7.92
h. E. S. G. Robinson Coll., London
i. De Sartiges Coll., Paris, 61
ex Hirsch XVI, Dec. 1906, 161 1o.o6(l)
j. Lobbecke Coll., Hess, Jan. 1926, 76 7.80
68. Die of No. 66. Stag larger in scale than heretofore.
Heavy exergual line.
a. Sambon-Canessa, June 1927, 490
(struck over Sybaris? - cf. No. 98b.) 7.65
69. Die of No. 66.
a. Cambridge, McClean Coll., 1598 (over-
struck on Agrigentum didrachm) 7.82
b. Vienna 7.75
c. Vienna 7.70
d. *Berlin (over Leontini)
e. Paris, De Luynes Coll., 687 8.03

f. E.S.G. Robinson (o/s Agrigentum) 7.90
Stag to r. with wreath about neck.
Antlers do not show on specimens cited.
g. Athens, G. Empedocles Coll.,
ex Cahn LX, July 1928, 135 8.14
h. Ratto, Jan. 1926, 671 7.85
i. Commerce 8.00
j. Seaby Sale II, July 1929, 144
70. Die of No. 66. Stag to r. with wreath diagonally across
its neck. Antlers short and nearly straight.
On its body, traces of a die-break formed
like an H.
a. ANS 7.90 c. Cte. Chandon de Briailles Coll. 8.20
b. Copenhagen, SNG, 1704 7.81 d. J. Schulman, June 1931, 37 8.16
71. Die of No. 66.
Stag to r., without the wreath and in
higher relief than in preceding varieties.
Differences in the antlers and elongated
head.
a. British Museum
b. Cte. Chandon de Briailles Coll.
c. Athens, G. Empedocles Coll.
d. E. Zygman Coll., N. Y.
7.90 e. Schulman, Dec. 1926, 71 7.87
7.85 ex Naville VI, 1924, 266 7.86
-. exProweColl.,EggerXL, May 1912,240 7.86
7.40 f. Copenhagen, SNG, 1703 7.60
72. KAV reading upward from the rim.
Apollo figure similar to No. 71.
a. ANS-ETN 8.15
b. Vienna 7.18
The long-necked stag, with wreath as in
No. 70, is of larger proportions than hereto-
fore.
c. Cahn LXVIII, Nov. 1930, 1026 7.94
34
73. KAV upward, reading from the rim.
Workmanship exceedingly crude. The di-
agonal strokes of the K do not meet, and
both A and V are lop-sided. A single front
leg of the stag shows; the fillet (?) of Apollo
exaggerated. Torso shows die-fault. The
daimon faces (?) Apollo. A faint border of
dots is crude and ineffectual.
Stag to r. with wreath about its neck.
a. tBerlin (over struck on ?)
.. b. Gotha
74. Die of No. 73.
a. Berlin
b. Vienna
c. Frankfurt
d. Cte. Chandon de Briailles
8.00
7.91
The stag smaller and with short antlers
and disproportionate head.
e. Schulman, May 1938, 53
ex Glendining, Mar. 1931, 863
ex Naville XV, July 1930, 229
f. G. Hirsch, June, 1935, 4^
7.98

8.50
75. Die of No. 73.
a. Berlin -.
b. Berlin -.
c. Vienna 7.88
d. ANS-ETN 8.15
e. Pozzi Coll., Naville I, Apr. 1921, 273 7.95
Similar to No. 74. The ears are unduly
long and the wreath heavier. The legs are
barely differentiated. Exergual line is of
heavy dots.
f. NavilleV, June 1923,BritishMus. Dupl.,
654 8.09
g. Naville XV, July 1930, 228 7.90
h. Santamaria, Jan. 1938, 61 8.05
76. KAA (?) upward, reading from center.
Similar in style to No. 73.
a. E. S. G. Robinson, London; overstruck 7.80
b. *Lockett, SNG, 585 (Over Corinth) 7.76
c. Dresden 7.14
77. Die of No. 76.
a. BM-Lloyd, SNG, 577 7.83
b. Vienna 7.52
c. Copenhagen Syll. 1707 7.76
d. Sambon-Canessa, June 1927, 492 7.75
Stag to r. Smaller than on No. 75. The
antlers are shorter and spread more. A short
exergual line is present. No wreath.
e. Allotte de la Fuye Coll., Florange Ciani,
Feb. 1925, 90 7.90
f. Berlin -.
g. Athens, Empedocles Coll. -.
h. Rosenberg LXXII, 1932, 124 8.20
Similar in scale to No. 76. The antlers and
the wreath formed by a series of dots. The
exergual line is short.
e. Hamburger XCVIII, Apr. 1933, 67 7.96
ex Sambon-Canessa, June 1927, 491 7.90
f. Ratto, Jan. 1926, 672 8.34
Catalogue
35
Group F
78. Four-letter inscription reading upward
from rim. Exergual line and line under stag
dotted. Raised border. Workmanship excel-
lent.
a. British Museum, ex Sir Hermann Weber
Coll., 985 7.94
b. Paris -.
c. Berlin -.
d. Dresden 7.85
e. Cambridge, SNG, 735 8.10
79. Inscription as in No. 78.
a. Cahn LXI, Dec. 1928, 29 7.35
KAV horizontal above the stag's back,
reading clockwise from the rim. Stag facing
r. with a large lanceolate leaf to the r.
Border of dots. Die flaws obscure exergue
and hindlegs of the stag.
f. Naples, Fiorelli Coll., 3351 -.
g. Capt. Hollschek Coll., Vienna 7.85
h. Pozzi Coll., Naville I, Apr. 1921, 278 8.05
i. Ratto, Jan. 1926, 675 7.93
j. Grabow XIV, 1939, 97 8.00
Three-letter inscription reading r. to 1.
Otherwise similar to No. 78.

80. Closely similar to No. 78 in style. Four-
letter inscription to be read counter
clockwise from center.
a. E. S. G. Robinson Coll., London
b. BMC, 18
c. Brussels
Four-letter inscription (retrograde). In
field to r. in front of stag, a single curved
branch, with alternate leaves.
8.04
7-94
-. f. Glasgow, Hunter Coll., 9
d. Munich
e. Glasgow, Hunter Coll., 8
7.90
7-73
7.70
81. Closely similar to No. 80 with dif-
ferences in stag and the first two letters
the A is larger.
a. BM-Lloyd, SNG, 576
b. BMC, 18
7.76
7-94
Die of No. 80.
c. Paris, De Luynes Coll., 692
8.02
82. Die of No. 81.
a. Berlin
b. Berlin
c. Vienna
d. The Hague
8.12
7.90
Similar to No. 81, but inscription in much
larger letters. Border of heavy dots.
e. ANS-ETN 7.96
f. Ratto, Apr. 1927, 283 7.97
g. Naville XVI, 1933, 315 7.85
83. Crudely cut die. The stag's base line
slants upward to r.
a. Merzbacher, Nov. 1909, 2366 8.10
exWhite-King Coll., Sotheby, Apr. 1909,
36
84. Similar to No. 82 but the K of the
inscription has the diagonal strokes on the
right. Workmanship poor.
a. Berlin
b. Munich
c. Copenhagen, SNG, 1711
7.85
7.88
Four-letter inscription similar to that of
No. 80. The branch in front of the stag much
larger in scale, the lowest leaf being on 1. of
stem.
d. Naville XVI, 1933, 310 7.83
e. Riechmann XXX, Dec. 1924, Berlin
Dupl., 130 7.97
85. Similar to No. 81, the stag notably Die of No. 84.
smaller and high on the flan.
a. Copenhagen, SNG, 1710
86. Die of No. 84.
a. British Museum
b. Berlin
c. Ciani, June 1920, 20
8.28 b. Capt. Hollschek Coll., Vienna
8.00
7.82

Closely similar to No. 85. The lowest leaf
is large and on the r. of the stem. The
border is heavy.
d. Seaby II, July 1929, 146
ex Feuardent, June 1924, 25 -.
e. Helbing, Mar. 1928, 58 8.00
f. Miinzhandlung, Basel, Oct. 1935, 358 8.01
87. Four-letter inscription, counter clock-
wise. The A is distinctive. The head of
Apollo is out of proportion. The antlers of
the stag, vertica1.
a. Gotha
7.83
Diminutive, weakly cut branch; the stag
is larger in scale.
88. Similar to No. 87.
a. BMC-Lloyd, SNG, 575 7.74
b. Berlin -.
c. Paris -.
d. Cahn LXXX, Feb. 1933, 67
ex Cahn LX, July 1928, 136 8.00
89. Die of No. 88.
a. Berlin -.
b. Dr. Giesecke Coll. 7.92
c. Polese Coll., Canessa V, June 1928, 407
d. Brandis Coll., Canessa, May 1922, 118 7.85
e. Sambon-Canessa, June 1927, 494 7.30
f. Ratto, Jan. 1926, 673 7.87
Three-letter inscription (retrograde). In
front of stag, a growth or bough having
three branches.
e. Cte. Chandon de Briailles Coll.,
ex Bertone Coll., Piatt, Dec. 1931, 156,
ex Collignon Coll., Feuardent, Dec. 1919,
56 7.39
f. Riechmann XXX, Dec. 1924, Berlin
Dupl. 131 8.02
g. Commerce (Ravel) -.
The K of the inscription has very short
diagonal strokes. The weakly cut bough has
a small branch on either side of main stem.
g. Ratto, Oct. 1934, 39
Catalogue
37
90. Die of Nos. 88 and 89.
a. Capt. Hollschek Coll., Vienna
b. Vienna
c. ANS ex Schlessinger XIII, Feb. 1935,
Hermitage Dupl. 168
7.87
7.80
7.80
91. Four-letter inscription. The A with
crossbar upward to r. Die-break (in its
beginning stages in specimen a.) shows near
the extremity of outstretched hand. (It
obliterates the daimon figure in No. 92).
a. ANS-ETN 7.95
b. Cte. Chandon de Briailles Coll. 7.90
c. Pozzi Coll., Naville I, Apr. 1921, 277 7.36
d. Cambridge, SNG, 733 7.94
92. Die of No. 91. Die break obliterates the
figure of the daimon.
a. Berlin -.
b. Copenhagen, SNG, 1712 8.06
c. British Museum ex Bunbury Coll.,
Sotheby, June, 1896, 195 8.02
d. Athens, G. Empedocles Coll. -.
93. Four-letter inscription, clockwise. The

daimon figure seems running toward Apollo.
a. Berlin -.
b. Munich 7.19
c. Gotha 7.83
d. The Hague 6.70
e. Paris -.
f. British Museum Cat., 23 7.10
g. British Museum Cat., 20 8.04
h. ANS-ETN 7.82
i. N. Y., Metropolitan Museum, Ward
Coll., 99 7.92
j. Cambridge, SNG, 731 7.76
k. Cte. Chandon de Briailles Coll.
ex Chabanet Coll., Bourgey, Pt. II,
1911, 26 7.68
1. E. Gagliardi Coll. 8.02
ex Naville XIII, June 1928, 153 7.96
m. Eyndhoven Coll., Schulman, Mar. 1924,
18 7.90
n. Lockett, SNG, 586; Sale 471 8.16
ex Stanford Coll., Sotheby,Dec. 1907,17 8.25
Similar to No. 89, (possibly the same die),
but legs of stag disproportionately long.
There is a branch to the r. below the second
leaf from the top of bough.
d. Seaby II, July 1929, 143 -.
e. Cahn LXXI, Oct. 1931, 113 7.95
f. Baranowsky, Fixed Price Cat., 1929,
1490c
ex Brandis Coll., Canessa, May 1922,118 7.85
Four-letter inscription with small di-
agonal strokes for the K. The bough has
two well-defined branches of equal length.
e. Helbing, Apr. 1927, 1582
f. Helbing LXX, Dec. 1932, 478
ex Helbing, Jan. 1930, 77
ex Vilatini, Mar. 1891, 44
7.85
7.90
The bough shows two branches with three
leaves below their junction.
e. Dr. Bernhard Coll., St. Moritz -.
f. Naville XVI, July 1933, 311 7.93
38
wise.
a. Naville XII, Oct. 1926, 554
8.05
95. Four-letter inscription as in No. 93.
The stag with prominent ears and single
vertical antler.
a. Berlin -.
wise. The stag similar to that of No. 91
but smaller in scale.
a. ANS-ETN
b. Berlin
c. Vienna (much worn)
7-95
6.24
97. Four-letter inscription as on No. 96.
The stag smaller than on any of the pre-
ceding coins. A die break (?) makes the hair
of Apollo seem to extend in a long lock
down to his breast.
a. Arthur S. Dewing Coll., Boston ex Merz-
bacher, Nov. 1910, 150 8.06
98. Die of No. 97.
a. Naville XII, Oct. 1926, 550 8.05

b. *ANS-ETN, struck over rare Sybaris
issue; cf. Cat. De Luynes Coll., 557 &
ANSMN VII, p. 30.
99. Inscription as in No. 96. The neck of
the stag longer than in the immediately
preceding pieces.
a. Munich 8.00
b. Copenhagen, SNG, 1709 7.61
c. BMC, 22 7.80
d. E. Gagliardi Coll. 7.45
ex Polese Coll., Canessa V. June 1928,
408
1oo. Four-letter inscription, reading as on
No. 96. The antlers of the stag are vertical.
Figure of Apollo very slender.
a. Boston, Regling-Warren Cat., 141,
Brett 174 7.91
Die of No. 93.
Four-letter inscription in large crude
letters. The branch in front of the stag
larger in scale than No. 93.
Three-letter inscription. The bough has
three branches. Compare with No. 88.
d. Naville V, June, 1923, British Museum
Dupl. 656 8.13
e. Hamburger XCVIII, Apr. 1933, 68 ex
Polese Coll., Cannessa V, June 1928, 405 7.85
Three-letter inscription (retrograde); K
with diagonal strokes very short. Neck of
stag badly modelled.
b. Hirsch XXI, Nov. 1908, 444
8.11
Three-letter inscription. The branch or
bush is weakly cut.
c. Dresden 7.94
Three-letter inscription. The initial letter
distinctive.
e. Hamburger, May 29, 1929, 78 7.88
f. Cahn LXVIII, Nov. 1930, 1027 7.92
Compact inscription of three letters, the
vertical stroke of the K doubled. The
Catalogue
39
101. Die of No. 1oo, possibly deepened. Stag, crudely cut, to r. The first four
letters of inscription in the field above the
back of the animal. The O to the 1. of the
hocks, and N and I below the body. The
border is linear. A die break runs from the K
to the neck of the stag.
a. Berlin -. c. Cte. Chandon de Briailles Coll. 7.91
b. Berlin, struck over? -.
Group G
102. KAV counter clockwise. Youthful
figure of Apollo (with hair in knot) striding
vigorously to r.; the torso almost frontal.
Figure of stag high on die. The daimon
figure minimized. Border of coarse dots.
a. tBerlin
b. Munich
7.90
103. Die of No. 102.
a. Vienna
104. Four-letter inscription to 1., counter
clockwise. The back of the crudely modelled
stag touches the kneecap of Apollo. Border
of large dots.
7-85
tANS-ETN

BementColl., Naville VI, Jan. 1923,269
(struck over Corcyra) and SNG III, 587
Berlin -.
Munich 7.94
7-83
e. Copenhagen SNG, 1713
7-52
105. Apollo with a broad fillet in two
folds hanging from his extended 1. arm. In
field to 1., an owl facing to 1. Linear border.
No daimon figure and no stag.
a. Berlin
Stag bounding to 1. The inscription begins
just below the antlers, the first four letters
parallel with the back of the stag, ONI in
the field to the r. and behind the animal,
AT beneath the body, another A just
above the fore-legs, while the final sigma is
diagonally above the initial letter of the
inscription. Below and between the legs of
the animal is a branch with five heart-
shaped leaves. The border of coarse dots
differs markedly from its neighbors.
c. Cambridge, McClean Coll., 1604 6.34
Standing stag, 1.; above KAV. The
border is of dots between lines. A huge
gouge disfigures this piece.
Stag to 1., with first four letters of the
inscription in front clockwise, and O above
its hindquarters. Linear border.
f. Oxford, Ashmolean Museum (Balliol)
g. Providence, Rhode Island School of
Design
h. Naville XVII, Oct. 1934, 88
ex Hirsch XXXI, May 1912, 96
i. Ratto, Jan. 1926, 674
Die of No. 104.
7-58
7.81
8.07
7.89
-. b. Cte. Chandon de Briailles Coll.
7.98
40
106. Die of No. 105.
a. fE. Gagliardi Coll.
ex Schlessinger XIII, 1935,
Hermitage Dupl. 172
7.92
7.70
107. Beautifully modelled figure of Apollo
(hair in knot). The stag (on a beaded base
line) is in high relief. In the field to the 1., in
very low relief, a tree with four pairs of
branches, not perpendicular to the exergual
line. The daimon figure is weakly cut.
a. t Paris (the coin is pierced).
108. Apollo striding to r. with daimon on
outstretched 1. arm. In field to 1., a wolf's (?)
scalp, in a diamond-shaped frame formed by
the branches of a tree. In the field to r., stag
to r. on a statue basis resembling a Doric
capita1. Die breaks obscure the figure of the
daimon.
a. Berlin
b. Paris
c. Vienna
d. Glasgow, Hunter Cat., 10
109. Die of No. 108.
7.13

7.89
a. fBerlin
b. 'Cambridge, Leake Coll., 737
c. British Museum
d. Cambridge, SNG, 736
e. Copenhagen, SNG, 1714
6.71
6.65
7.67
7.92
11o. Apollo striding to r. In the field to r.,
a bush or shrub similar to that appearing on
Nos. 96 to 99. Heavy linear border.
a. Berlin -.
b. Berlin -.
c. Benson Coll., Sotheby, Feb. 1909, 101
ex Bunbury Coll., Sotheby, June 1896,
197 6.99
Stag bounding to r. The eight-letter
inscription begins near the rim, to the r. of
the hindlegs of the animal, and finishes
above the back of the anima1. Linear border.
b. Berlin
c. Munich
d. ANS-ETN
7.35
7.92
Stag to r. The last three letters the in-
scription KAVAONIA TAM in the field
to r. Inscription begins at the lower 1. The I
is curved instead of being of the usual three-
stroke form.
Stag to r. Inscription, following the rim,
is on the 1. and reads upward; the final letter
a sigma, (M), is in front of the nose of the
stag.
e. ANS-ETN 7.76
f. Cahn LXXX, Feb. 1933, 68 7.73
g. SNG Lockett, SNG, 588, Sale 473 7.91
ex Pozzi Coll., Naville I, Apr. 1921, 274
The inscription begins beneath the nose of
the stag and uses the archaistic Y and A;
Catalogue
4I
1n. Die of No. no.
a. Berlin -.
b. Berlin -.
112. Apollo as before. In field to 1., a
wreath. In field to r., long-legged stag to r. on
an outlined capital or basis. Daimon figure
omitted. Linear border.
a. tParis, De Luynes Coll., 690
b. Berlin
7-97
a. Berlin
b. *Paris, De Luynes Coll., 696
Struck over stater of Ambracia, type
Ravel No. 87
7.90
115. Die of No. 113.
116. Apollo to r., with stag to r. but
without daimon figure. In field to 1., a spray
of three ivy (?) leaves.
a. Vienna 7.79
Closely similar to no. The antlers differ
and the letters of the inscription though
similarly arranged are not spaced or formed
alike. A strange die imperfection (a sinking

of the surface?) extends from the antlers
downward to and beyond the body of the
stag. There may have been a re-cutting of the
die of no in an effort to minimize the defect.
c. ANS
d. Lockett, SNG 592, Sale 477
6.68
7-74
Stag bounding to r. Above its back, KAY.
Linear border.
c. G. Empedocles Coll., Athens,
ex Ratto, Apr. 1909, 1010
7.80
113. Apollo to r., holding an exceptionally
long branch. The daimon and the stag both
present. In field to 1. a heron (?) with
upraised wings.
a. fBerlin -. b. ANS
114. Die of No. 113.
Stag bounding to r. In front and to the r.,
KAV, reading clockwise. Beneath the body
of the stag and inverted AONIA.
7.90
Stag bounding to r. Inscription following
the rim begins beneath the nose of the stag,
reads downward and is divided so that the
letters ATAM (inverted) come to the 1. of
the forefeet. Linear border.
c. Sambon-Canessa, June 1927, 500 7.65
d. ANS, ex Cahn LXXXIV, Nov. 1933, 86 7.65
Stag to r. but standing instead of
bounding. In field to r. and following the
line of the rim KAVAONIA, the final A
almost touching the forefeet of the stag. A
die break intersects the forelegs diagonally.
Linear border.
b. Copenhagen, SNG, 1715
Die of No. 115.
7.70
42
117. Similar to No. 116 save that the Die of Nos. 115 and 116 with the die
spray is replaced by a single heart-shaped break advanced,
leaf of ivy (?).
a. Berlin -.
Group H
118. Apollo with stag, (head reverted).
Inscription in field to 1. KAVA vertical,
reading clockwise.
a. Hamburger, May, 1929, 87 8.00
119. Apollo to r. wearing wreath; a tress
hangs down over his r. shoulder. Stag,
small figure and inscription all wanting.
a. BMC, 26 7.65
b. Cte. Chandon de Briailles Coll.,
ex Brandis Coll. 119 7.87
120. Die of No. 119.
Stag to r. In field above its hindquarters,
a spray with two leaves and two berries, the
upper berry being noticeably larger.
Die of No. 118.
c. Naville XVI, 1933, 314
ex Hirsch XXVI, May 1910, 318
d. Vienna (identification uncertain)
7.89
7.92

7.91
Standing stag to r. In field to 1. above
hindquarters of stag, a twig (three leaves
and two berries) with stem noticeably
thickened. A die-crack shows beneath the
body of the stag. No inscription.
a. Vienna
7.00 b. Cte. Chandon de Briailles Coll.
7.41
121. Apollo with long hair tresses to r.,
without daimon. Stag to r., on a statue basis
or a capital (?). In field to 1., a fly (?)
diagonally upward to 1. No border visible.
No inscription.
a. Vienna
b. tBerlin
7.80
Die of No. 120.
c. E. S. G. Robinson Coll., London
d. Cte. Chandon de Briailles Coll.
6.93
7.80
122. Die of No. 121.
a. BM-Lloyd, SNG, 583
7.06
123. Die of Nos. 121 and 122, badly worn( ?).
a. Naples, Fiorelli Coll., 3328 -.
Similar to No. 121 with differences in the
twig and with the body of the stag slightly
larger and in higher relief.
b. N. Y., ANS, E. T. Newell Coll. 7.76
Die of No. 119.
Catalogue
43
124. Apollo to r. with branch in upraised
r. hand, and with long ringlets of hair over
his shoulders. In the field to r., a statue basis
with the figure of stag or bull (?) with
lowered head to r.
a. tBritish Museum ex Bunbury Coll.,
Sotheby, June 1896, 195 7.80
b. 'Vienna 7.58
c. Berlin -.
Stag to r. The inscription begins above
the head of the stag and terminates with a
final Z in the exergue (cf. rev. of No. 125).
Above the hindquarters of the animal, a
twig similar to that of No. 122. Note Q
instead of O.
d. Munich 7.97
f. E. Gagliardi Coll. 7.52
125. Die of No. 124, badly broken in the
figure and just above and parallel with the
exergual line.
a. BM-Lloyd, SNG II, 554 8.03
Die of No. 124. The exergual line is seen
to be double for part of its length.
126. Weakly modelled figure of Apollo

holding stylized branch. Large stag in field
to r. No inscription.
a. Capt. Hollschek Coll., Vienna; (fourree ?) 6.85
Similar to No. 124. Spray of
possibly re-cut. Die fault in 1. field.
leaves
127. Similar to No. 121, with both stag Standing stag to r. The inscription follow
and insect differing. The tresses of Apollo,
so prominent in the preceding die, are
replaced by short curly hair.
a. Berlin
b. ANS-ETN
7.71
ing the rim, begins beneath the nose of the
stag and has the first six letters (with O) in
front and to the r., and IATAN to the 1.
Between the legs and above the thin
exergual line are the inverted letters AE.
c. Cambridge, McClean Coll., 1617
ex Nervegna Coll., Sambon, Nov. 1907,
574 7-82
d. BMC, 35 (plated) 6.16
128. Die of No. 127. A die break has
developed in front of the torso of Apollo.
a. Vienna 7.90
129. Die of Nos. 127 and 128.
a. BMC, 36 7.83
Similar to No. 127. The first five letters of
the ethnic are in the field to the r.; the
remaining ones (MIATAN) are in the 1. field
and read upward. Beneath the body of the
stag, the letter delta.
Stag to r. on heavily beaded base line.
In field to r., a conventionalized pine (?) tree
with four pairs of branches.
b. Vienna 7.60
44
130. Apollo to r., without either stag or
daimon. The inscription is in a vertical line
and reads downwards from the rim. On the
two specimens cited, KAYAflNI is legible.
Linear border.
a. Berlin -.
131. KAVAflNIATAI on the 1. in an
almost vertical line reading upward and
clockwise. Diminutive stag on statue basis
in field to the r. Beaded border.
a. BMC, 33 7.49
132. Die of No. 131.
a. Berlin
b. Berlin
c. Vienna
d. Munich
e. BMC, 34
133. Die of No. 131.
a. Cambridge, McClean Coll., 1619
b. Berlin
7.45
7.77
7.92
7.86
134. The vertical inscription reads up-

wards (retrograde) and ends with T beneath
the arm of Apollo. Fiorelli gives it as
TAIMMY. The 1. hand is unduly large.
The stag on the pedestal is poorly modelled.
Questionable style possible plated.
135. Apollo to r.; the branch has been
eliminated by the inscription so that merely
the stem shows. The inscription begins at
the lower 1., employs the omega, has the
letters ATA to the r. of Apollo and above
his outstretched hand, and the final letter N
above the head of the tiny stag on a statue
basis which occupies the field to the r.
Beaded border.
b. Berlin -.
Stag to r. In field to 1., crudely cut spray
of three leaves and two nuts or berries.
Inscription in tiny letters starts just above
stag's head and reads clockwise. The letters
KAV are all that are certain on specimens
examined. The ethnic was probably com-
pleted as in No. 124.
b. Cambridge, McClean Coll., 1628 7.60
Die of No. 130.
Stag to 1., with long-stemmed leaf in 1.
field. Linear border.
f. tANS 6.62
g. R. Jameson Coll., 416 7.86
h. Cte. Chandon de Briailles Coll. 7.85
i. SchlessingerXIII,Feb.1935, Hermitage
Dupl. 173 7.80
Similar to No. 132 - the antlers and leaf
stem differ.
c. Lockett, SNG, 589; Sale 474 7.59
ex Munzhandlung Basel IV, Oct. 1935,
361
Similar to No. 133. The leaf is large and
not well indicated.
Stag to 1. with leaf in front. Note die
break.
c. Copenhagen, SNG, 1722
Catalogue
45
136. Similar to No. 135, with difference in
inscription.
a. Berlin -.
137. Apollo, with hair in knot, facing r.
Inscription, KAYAQN1 in I. field, reading
downward from rim.
a. S. P. Noe Coll. (graffito AE) 7.73
138. Die of No. 137.
139. Standing figure of Apollo to r. without
daimon, stag or symbol. Traces of the first
five letters of inscription, which follows the
rim are visible beneath the 1. arm. The fifth
letter is an omega.
a. tANS-ETN 8.17
140. Apollo figure (heavy and badly
modelled) on short, doubled base line. In
1. field, a lion-head fountain discharging
into a basin, similar to that on rev. of
No. 155. In r. field, ithyphallic herm to r.,
with a filleted bucranium above it. Faint
linear border.
Similar to No. 132.
Die of No. 135.

b. Vienna 7.76
Stag to r. In field to r., KAYA reading
upwards from rim. Above the hindquarters
of the stag, a leaf with curved stem.
Stag standing to r. From the antlers,
which are off flan, a loop and two loose ends
of a fillet are hanging. The ends cross the
body and extend below it. Slight traces of an
inscription are visible the letters TAM
reading downwards, beneath the nose of the
stag.
Stag to r., with exceptionally heavy base-
line. The inscription begins at the 1., with
KAV reading upwards. In a horizontal line
above the back of the stag, AflNIA. In
vertical line, in front of stag, TAM.
b. *Paris, De Luynes Coll., 694 7.30
Group I
141. Apollo holds short straight branch.
In field to 1., an octopus (?). No recorded
specimen shows the beginning of the in-
scription. On 'a.', the letters ONIAT are
visible to the 1. of the head and on 'b', AN
to the r.; above the outstretched arm, leaf
with curved stem. The stag has short,
straight antlers.
a. Cambridge, McClean Coll., 1616
b. "Glasgow, Hunter Coll., 11
c. Vienna
8.31
7-45
8.00
In front of the stag, a leaf, tip upwards,
and with curved stem. Inscription to 1.
follows rim.
d. Naples, Fiorelli Coll., 3336
e. Naville XVII, Oct. 1934, 89
7.56
46
142. Apollo to r. with tiny <t> below elbow
in 1. field. Stag in field to r. Inscription in
tiny letters follows the rim to the 1. It is
poorly preserved on all specimens recorded
but seems to employ the three-stroke I
and the last five letters are certainly IATAN.
a. BMC, 31 7.88
b. Vienna 7.70
c. Oxford, Ashmolean (overstruck on Co-
rinthian stater) 7.12
143. Apollo to r.; the very short branch he
is holding is conventionalized. Beneath the
stag in field to r. O. The inscription in larger
letters than in No. 142 KAVAONIATAM.
The last two letters are above the head of
Apollo and separated from the rest of the
inscription by the branch.
Stag to r. with exergual line of dots
between lines, above which <D(?) between
the feet of the stag. In field to r., a crab with
claws upward. The inscription in tiny letters
follows the linear border and reads
KAVAONIATAN.
d. Pozzi Coll., Naville I, Apr. 1921, 276
e. Cte. Chandon de Briailles Coll.
7.76
7.85

Die of No. 142 now defective.
a. BMC, 30
7.93
144. Die of No. 143.
a. Berlin
145. Die of No. 143.
Oversized stag with badly modelled neck,
to r. The inscription in a vertical line reads
downward and consists of the letters KA VA.
-. b. Cte. Chandon de Briailles Coll. (This
piece probably plated) 6.19
Similar to No. 144, possibly the same die
after breaks have developed. The first
crosses the body of the stag and the second
is to the 1. of his forefeet. [The faint traces
of the inscription seem different from those
of Nos. 143 and 144.]
a. Naples, Fiorelli Coll., 3334
7.77
c. ANS-ETN
d. Cte. Chandon de Briailles Coll.
7.90
7.45
146. Die of No. 143.
a. BMC, 22 7.75
b. British Museum - second specimen
shows advanced die breaks 7.76
147. Apollo with stag to r. Above the
rump of the stag, an ivy leaf with curved
stem. Beneath his hindlegs, the letter phi.
a. Berlin -.
Stag to r. In field to r., in a vertical fine
and reading upward, KAVAQ.
c. Naville IV, June 1922, 151
ex Sir Hermann Weber Coll., 989
7-74
Stag to r. - KAV. . in front, counter
clockwise.
b. Cambridge, McClean Coll., 1615
7.81
Catalogue
47
148. The branch held by Apollo is short.
The tips of the stag's antlers touch the
outstretched arm.
a. Munich 7.85
b. BMC, 17 7.93
c. Copenhagen, SNG, 1723 7.52
Stag to r. The inscription begins at
lower 1., reading KAVAONIATAN the
last four letters in r. field.
d. Cambridge, SNG, 740 7.69
e. Cambridge, SNG 739 7.91
149. Die of No. 148. Similar to No. 148, but with phi or theta
above the exergual line between the stag's
legs. The inscription is divided as in No. 148.
a. Paris -. b. Vienna 7.23
150. Apollo without stag, to r., between
his legs, theta. The inscription following the
rim has KAV between his head and the
outstretched hand. The remainder .. NIA
terminates at the 1. foot.
a. Berlin -.
b. "Paris -.
Stag to r. with octopus in field to r.
Ivy leaf, pointing upward, above the back
of the stag, and phi beneath its body. The

inscription, reading clockwise, follows the
rim at the 1., KAVAONIATAN.
c. ANS-ETN 7.53
d. S. P. Noe 7.70
151. Apollo with stag to r. Wreath of laurel
branches with tips downward in field to 1.
The inscription in 1. field between the border
and the wreath, is KAVAONIATAN,
clockwise.
a. fANS-ETN
b. British Museum
c. BM-Lloyd, SNG, 581
ex Num. Straniero, 1009
d. Berlin
7.35
7.81
8.02
8.04
Die of No. 150 with a break through the
octopus beginning to show.
e. Munich
f. Copenhagen, SNG, 1725
g. Cte. Chandon de Briailles Coll.
h. Hirsch XI, May 1904, 64
7.84
7.82
7.45
152. Apollo to r. with OE between legs. Die of Nos. 150 and 151.
Stag in field to r. KAYAft reading upwards
in field to 1.
a. BMC, 29 7.66
153. Long-haired Apollo to r. A fillet hangs Stag to r. Four (?) letter inscription, in 1.
in two lines from the 1. wrist and another field, reading clockwise,
from the r. elbow. In field to r., OE.
Linear border.
a. tANS-ETN 7.55 c. Glasgow, Coates Coll., 2831 -.
b. Naples, Fiorelii Coll., 3339 -. d. ANS-ETN 6.72
48
154. Die of No. 153.
a. ANS
b. ANS-ETN
c. Vienna
8.02
7.90
7.78
Stag to r. Five letters of the inscription
follow the rim, beginning beneath the nose
of the stag in the r. field; IATAN in 1.
field. Between the inscription and the stag's
body, an ivy leaf pointed upward. Above
the back of the stag, the letter phi. There is
an exergual line.
ex Hirsch XXXI, May 1912, 100
155. In field to 1., reading clockwise, KAV.
In field to r., an altar(?), at the corners of
which, palmette-finials.
a. ANS ex R. Jameson Coll., 413 7.92
b. tANS-ETN 7.73
c. Vienna 7.58
e. BM-Lloyd, SNG, 586
ex Benson Coll., Sotheby, Feb. 1909,102 7.54

f. Strozzi Coll., Sangiorgi, Apr. 1907, 1187 7.95
Stag to r. with OE between its legs. In
field to r., a bird (duck?) with upraised
wings in a basin on a fluted pedestal.
Inscription starts at the lower 1. and
terminates in a sigma near the tip of the
antlers; to be read on e, but off flan on most
specimens.
g. Egger XLI, Nov. 1912, 78 7.92
h. Hirsch XXX, May 1911, 271
ex Nervegna Coll., Sambon, Nov. 1907,
575 7-40
i. Cte. Chandon de Briailles Coll. 7.43
j. Athens, G. Empedocles Coll. -.
156. Apollo to r. Between the legs of the
figure, a B reversed. Inscription KAY reads
counter clockwise.
Die of No. 155.
a. Berlin
b. Paris
c. Berlin
d. Copenhagen, SNG, 1728
7.76
e. Feuardent, June 1913, 59
f. Sambon-Canessa, June 1927, 501 7.85
157. Apollo with unusually large stag to r.
Inscription off flan?
Stag to r. with OE between legs. No
other inscription visible.
a. Coates Coll., Glasgow, 2832
b. Vienna
7-52
158. Apollo running to r. with an unusually
long and stylized branch in his r. hand. No
symbol or inscription. Border of widely
spaced dots.
a. British Museum Cat., 25 7.81
b. Berlin -.
Die of No. 157. Break to the r. of the E is
now larger. Specimen b. shows break above
the head of the stag.
c. Berlin -.
Catalogue
49
159. Die of No. 158.
a. tANS-ETN 7.66
160. Die of No. 159.
a. Athens, G. Empedocles Coll. -.
161. Die of No. 159, with extended die
break.
b. 'Vienna 7.82
Similar to reverses of 158-160; without
letters beneath stag and with K]AY[A in
right field. An imperfect striking.
Similar to No. 159, but without inscrip-
tion.
Stag to 1. with a possible symbol (die
break ?) in the field to lower 1.
c. Naples, Fiorelli Coll., 3326 -.
d. Sambon-Canessa, June 1927, 502 6.75
Group J
162. Apollo to r. with hair in a pronounced
knot at the back of his head and with
weight carried by his left leg. A large stag
in field to r. In the field to 1., a sea turtle (?)
with its head downward.
Stag to r. The inscription beginning at the

lower 1. reads KAVAONIATAM, the last
two letters (AM) are in the r. field.
b. Calm LXVIII, Nov. 1930, 1029 7.88
163. Die of No. 162.
a. Berlin
b. Paris
c. Vienna
d. Frankfurt
e. ANS-ETN
Similar to No. 162 except that the last
four letters of inscription are in the field to
the r.
-. f. Naples, Fiorelli Coll., 3335
-. g. Cambridge, SNG 730 7.94
6.68 h. Cte. Chandon de Briailles ex Caron Coll.,
-. Florange, Feb. 1926, 121 7.70
7.78 i. S. P. Noe Coll. 7.68
164. Similar to No. 162, but without Die of No. 163.
symbo1. Apollo with cropped hair. Stag with
diminutive antlers.
a. Oxford Ashmolean Museum 7.80
165 Similar to No. 164 - possibly a Later stage of the die of No. 163.
deepened die. Both Apollo and stag in high
relief. Linear border.
a. Berlin -.
50
166. Die of No. 164.
b. BMC, 32 7.15
c. Oxford, Ashmolean Museum (Keble) 7.42
167. Apollo to r. Large stag in field to r.
in high relief and without base line.
a. BM-Lloyd, SNG II, 578 7.65
168. Apollo to r. In field to 1., the letter
theta. Linear border.
a. Berlin -.
169. Similar to No. 168 with a letter - phi
or theta - (possibly a die flaw) in field to 1.
a. ANS-ETN 7.85
b. Glasgow, Hunter Coll., 12 7.47
170. In a linear circle, Apollo to r. with a
dolphin head downward in field to r., and
another head upward in field to 1.
a. BMC, 37 7.96
b. Berlin -.
c. Munich 7.67
171. Die of No. 170.
Stag to r. with eight-rayed star beneath
its body. The inscription beginning in front

of the forefeet reads KAVAONIATAZ;
it reads upwards and the last three letters
are to the 1. of the stag's head.
d. Cte. Chandon de Briailles Coll. 8.22
e. E. Zygman Coll., N. Y. -.
Die of No. 166.
b. exHartwig Coll., Santamaria, Mar. 1910,
426 7.60
Stag to r. with A beneath its body. The
inscription (in small letters) has KAYAO to
the r., beginning beneath the nose of the
stag and NIATAN (both Ns reversed and
the I a single-stroke letter) to the 1. (clock-
wise).
b. Cte. Chandon de Briailles Coll., ex
Pozzi Coll., Naville I, Apr. 1921, 280 7.64
Die of No. 168.
c. Matteotti Coll., Ratto, Nov. 1908, 182 7.80
d. Cahn, LXXI, Oct. 1931, 115 7.82
Stag to r. with A beneath its body. The
first five letters of inscription, (with Q
instead of O to end of coinage, excepting
No. 179) in r. field, are to be read clockwise.
The remainder (read from the rim) to the 1.
and above the stag's body, the 1 having an
upright form for the first time.
f. ANS-ETN 7.74
g. Hess, Mar. 1918, 122 ex Hirsch XXX,
May 1911, 270 7.70
h. Naville XII, Oct. 1926, 557 7.73
Similar to No. 170. The A nearer the body
of the stag; variations in the inscription. A
die-break shows at the hoof of the 1. forefoot.
a. Berlin
b. Paris
c. Vienna
d. ANS - Hoyt Miller Coll.
e. Siracusa - E. Gagliardi Coll.
7.60
7.76
Catalogue
51
172. Die of Nos. 170-171. A die-break at
the r. knee is further developed.
a. Berlin
Similar to No. 170. The body of the stag
in higher relief and the antlers more
extended; further differences in the in-
scription.
-. c. Glasgow, Hunter Coll., 13
7.24
7.43
173. Similar to No. 170. The dolphins are
in higher relief, and between the legs of
Apollo there is a theta.
a. Lockett SNG 595, Sale Naville XVII,
Oct. 1934, 89, ex Pozzi Coll.,
Naville I.Apr. 1921,279,exStrozziColl.,
Similar to No. 172; the antlers differ.
Sangiorgi, Apr. 1907, 1192 7.83
b. Helbing, Mar. I928, 59 7.50
174. Die of No. 173.
a. Berlin -.
b. Vienna 7.02
c. ANS-ETN ex Hirsch XIII, Rouso-
poulos, May 1905, 214 7.75

Similar to No. 172 as to dividing of
inscription, but no letter beneath the body
of the stag.
d. R. Jameson Coll., 415, ex MaddalenaColl.,
Sambon, May 1903, 496 7.69
e. Cahn LXV, Oct. 1929, 43 ex Sambon-
Canessa, June 1927, 503 7.35
175. Die of Nos. 173-174.
a. Berlin
b. Paris
c. Copenhagen Syll. 1729
d. Cambridge, McClean Coll., 1633
7.70
7.92
176. Apollo to r. with fillet hanging in a
single line from extended 1. arm; in field to
1., a fibula (?) or bird-trap (?).
a. ANS-ETN
7.85
177. Similar to No. 176; fillet in two
sections hangs over arm of Apollo. Faint
exergual line.
a. J. P. Morgan Coll., N. Y.
b. Cte. Chandon de Briailles Coll.
Beneath the body of the stag, E; the
inscription divided as in the foregoing
specimens, the final letter () even with the
tip of the curved antlers.
e. Naples, Fiorelli Coll., 3337
f. Glasgow, Hunter Coll., 14
g. ANS - W. G. Beatty Coll.
7.22
7.93
Stag to r. The inscription, beginning in
field to 1., is very weakly cut, the drill
having been used for the extremities of the
letters. A die fracture extends across the
neck and curves back across the forelegs of
the stag. The inscription divides so that the
last three letters are in the field to the r.
b. Lockett SNG, 593, Sale 478 ex Sir
Hermann Weber Coll., 988 7.73
Die of No. 176.
52
178. Similar to No. 177 - possibly the
same die with fillet and symbol re-cut.
a. BMC, 27 7.63
b. Munich 7.69
c. Archaeologist's Coll., Southeby, Jan.
1898, 25 7-58
179. Similar to No. 177 - probably the
same die.
a. Otto Coll., Hess CCVII, Dec. 1931, 101
ex Naville X, June 1925, 129, ex Na-
ville IV, June 1922, 149, ex Sir Her-
mann Weber Coll., 987 7.64
b. Berlin -.
c. Berlin -.
d. Munich 7.83
e. Vienna 7.33
f. Copenhagen, SNG, 1729 7.70
g. fBM-Lloyd, SNG, 579 7-97
k. Naville XVI, 1933, 312, ex Naville VI,
Jan. 1923, 271, ex Strozzi Coll., San-
giorgi, Apr. 1907, 1190 7.76
i. Hirsch XXXI, May 1912, 98 7.72
180. Die of No. 179, with die break at
center.
a. British Museum Cat., 28 7.59

b. BM-Lloyd, SNG, 580 7.86
ex Strozzi Coll., Sangiorgi, Apr. 1907,
1191
c. Berlin -.
d. Berlin -.
e. Berlin -.
f. Paris -.
g. Munich 7.80
h. Brussels -.
i. ANS - Daniel Parish Coll. 7.93
j. ANS-ETN 7.80
k. E. S. G. Robinson Coll., London 7.84
181. Similar to Nos. 178-179. Die-breaks
between the legs and elsewhere. The symbol
larger than in earlier dies.
Stag to r. in high relief. The inscription in
coarse letters, starts at the 1. and follows the
rim, reading clockwise. It is divided after the
sixth letter and terminates with a sigma.
d. Sir Hermann Weber Coll., 986 7.66
e. Schlessinger XIII, Feb. 1935, Hermi-
tage Dupl., 170 7.60
f. Hirsch XXXI, May 1912, 97 7.70
The inscription in weak letters begins to
the r. at the feet of the stag and reads
upward. The omicron is used instead of the
omega; the iota has three strokes, and the
lambda is archaic.
m. Cahn LXVIII, Nov. 1930, 1028,
ex Rosenberg LV, Sept. 1924, 70 7.40
ex Naville V, June 1923, British
Museum Dupl., 662 7.36
n. Cahn LXXXIV, Nov. 1933, 88
ex Naville XVI, 313 6.95
0. Hamburger XCVIII, Apr. 1933, 70,
ex Polese Coll., Canessa V, June 1928,
403, ex Sambon-Canessa, J une 192 7,505 6.10
p. Helbing, Nov. 1928, 3437
q. Rosenberg LXIV, June 1928, 1383 7.60
r. Cahn LXXI, Oct. 1931, 114 7.60
Inscription seen best in specimen b.; it
starts at the lower r. and divides after the
Catalogue
53
FRACTIONS
Period of Incuse Format
201. Type of incuse staters - cf. Plate V.
Three letter inscription in 1. field reading
counter clockwise from center. Beaded
groundline. Diameter 17 mm.
a. Vienna 2.32
202. Similar to 201; inscription more
compact. Base line doubled. Diameter
17.5 mm.
a. Berlin
203. Similar; inscription KAVAO in 1.
field. The heavy base line of stag slants
slightly downward to 1. Diameter 16.8 mm.
a. Berlin
b. Paris, De Luynes 686
2.86
204. Similar. Five letter inscription,
reading clockwise from rim (border of dots
between lines). Diameter 17.4 mm.
a. Lockett, SNG, 583 ex Pozzi, Naville I,
1921,272 2.37
b. British Museum ex Lloyd, SNG, 574
(rev. inscription eroded) 2.28
205. Similar to 204 except for figure of

daimon and shorter exergual line.
a. BMC, 15
2-45
206. Triskeles with pellet at each knee and
in center.
a. BMC, 16 (wood-cut) Q-499
207. Similar to 206 but with center pellet
encircled and knee pellets omitted.
a. Cambridge, McClean, 1596 0.73
Similar to obv. but incuse; figure of
daimon omitted. Inscription obliterated (?)
Similar to 201 - KAV in r. field.
b. Berlin
Similar, but no daimon figure and no
inscription.
c. Copenhagen, Syll. 1702
d. Vienna
2.40
2-55
Four-letter inscription, reading counter
clockwise from center. No daimon figure.
c. Cambridge, McClean 1595 2.44
d. ANS-ETN 2.17
e. SchlessingerXIII, 1935, Hermitage Dupl. 2.60
f. Naville V, 1923, 653 2.33
Similar to 204; probably same die.
b. Hirsch XIII, 1905, 210 2.44
First five letters of ethnic with three
pellets. Border off-flan.
Five-letter inscription as in 206 with rim
like those of incuse staters and thirds,
b. Paris -.
Double Relief Period
208. Apollo (without daimon) and stag Stag to r.; border of dots on a sunken rim
to r. Four-letter inscription. Border of dots - cf. No. 62. Raised exergual line with
on raised rim. heavy beading.
a. Munich
2.38 b. ANS
2.49
54
209. Similar; figure of Apollo shows die
break at r. elbow. Inscription KAY.
Diameter 14.3 mm.
a. Vienna
2.52
Stag to r. with widely separated antlers.
Border of dots.
210. Apollo and stag to r. Three-letter
inscription in 1. field. Diameter 11 mm.
a. BMC, 42 1.20
Stag r. with four-letter inscription above
back and large leaf in front. Cf. Nos. 78-79.
211. Apollo and stag to r. with faintly
indicated figure of daimon. Three-letter
inscription, reading clockwise from center.
Diameter 15.5 mm. Stag small and low on
flan. Cf. Plate VIII.
a. ANS-ETN 2.30
b. British Museum ex Lloyd, SNG 587 2.30
c. Cambridge, Fitzwilliam SNG 741 2.43
d. Vienna 2.20
Stag to r. with pinnate branch as in No. 80.
Three-letter inscription above back of stag.
Border heavy.
e. Vienna

f. Naville V, 1923, 660
g. Naville V, 1923, 659
h. Riechmann XXX, 1924, 132
2.01
2.41
2-13
2.14
212. Similar to 211. The torso of Apollo Three-letter inscription (retrograde) above
heart shaped. Figure of daimon uncertain, stag facing r.; branch in r. field.
a. British Museum ex Lloyd, SNG 588, ex
Naville VI, 1923, 270 2.30
b. ANS 2.50
c. ANS 2.11
d. Berlin -.
e. Naville X, 1925,131, ex Weber Coll., 992 2.24
f. Riechmann XXX, 1924 (Berlin Dupl.) 2.34
g. Lockett Coll., SNG 590 2.22
h. Sambon-Canessa, 1927, 499 -.
i. Ratto, 1926, 676 2.32
j. Vienna 2.32
k. Vienna 2.35
213. Apollo, stag and tiny daimon figure
facing left. Three-letter inscription in r.
field, reading clockwise. Diameter 15 mm.
a. Paris, De Luynes, 697
b. ANS-ETN
c. Copenhagen, SNG 1717
d. Ratto, 1926, 677
2.37
2.34
2.29
2.34
Die of 212.
e. Lockett Coll., SNG 591, ex Weber Coll.,
991
f. Brandis Coll., Canessa 1922, 120
2.65
2.40
214. Similar to 213 except that inscription
has four letters.
a. British Museum ex Howorth Coll.
2.60
Similar to 213 - the branch is slenderer.
Catalogue
55
216. Apollo and stag to r. KAV in 1. field
reading clockwise from center. In second
stage, a fillet hanging from 1. arm of Apollo
has been added. Diameter 15.2-17.2 mm.
a. BMC, 41 (without fillet) 2.53
b. tMunich (Obv. illustrated) 2.07
c. fMunich (rev. illustrated) 2.09
d. ANS-ETN Coll. 2.18
e. ANS-ETN Coll. 2.36
217. Similar, with fillet hanging in two
sections and without stag. In 1. field a sprig
with two leaves. Diameter 16.4 mm.
a. Vienna 2.18
218. Apollo and stag to r. with inscription
occupying place of daimon. [KJAVAON1 in
1. field, AT above 1. arm of Apollo, A
above and M (?) in front of stag. Cf. No. 135.
a. Paris, De Luynes, 698 1.90
219. Apollo to r. without stag or dairnon
and with fillet hanging from extended arm.
In r. field, KA;in 1., V.
a. British Museum ex Lloyd, SNG 589 and
Sir H. Weber Coll. 994 1.01
220. Similar to 219 but without fillet;
figure slender.

a. BMC, 45 0.96
221. Similar to 220, the figure heavier.
a. Naville X, 1925, 132,
ex Pozzi, Naville I, 1921, 281 1.09
222. Apollo to r.; no (?) inscription.
Diameter 15 mm.
a. BMC, 40 2.35
Stag with short antlers to r. with
kantharos above and letter phi below body.
The inscription reads counter clockwise from
center KAVAONI to r. and ATAN
to 1. In late stage, a die break makes letter
phi look like a ewer.
f. Copenhagen, Syll. 1718 2.07
g. Cahn 84, 1933, 87 2.26
h. Naville XII, 1926, 558 1.81
i. Vienna 1.70
Stag to r. with badly proportioned
kantharos in upper 1. field.
b. Copenhagen SNG 1732 1.93
Stag to r.; kantharos between antlers and
body of stag.
Three(?) letter inscription in front of
stag to r.; ivy( ?) leaf above.
Stag to r. Inscription KAVAO clockwise
from center; the letters widely spaced, the
V between legs of stag.
b. Munich 1.29
Three letter inscription clockwise from
center in r. field. A pellet above haunches of
stag.
Stag to 1. with leaf as in No. 132. No
inscription.
56
223. Apollo and stag to r. K in 1. field.
Diameter 11.5 mm.
a. Copenhagen, SNG, 1719 1.28
224. Apollo and stag to r. with daimon, In
1. field K. Diameter 12 mm.
Stag to r. K over stag's back.
a. ANS-ETN Coll.
b. BMC, 44
1.oo
1.26
225. Apollo to r. without inscription or
subsidiary figures; a die break in 1. field.
Diameter 13.2 mm.
a. ANS-ETN Coll.
ex Ratto, 1/25/26, 678 1.02
226. Die of 225. Diameter 12.2 mm.
a. Vienna 1.10
227. Similar but with uncertain objects in
r. and 1. fields.
a. BMC, 43
1.13
228. Apollo to r.; no inscription. Diameter
11 mm.
a. Copenhagen, SNG 1721
0.44

229. Wreathed youthful head to r.
(Apollo?) in linear circle. Hair in club knot
at back.
a. BMC 47
230. Die of 229.
a. BMC, 46
0.66
0.76
231. Youthful head to r. with small horn
or projecting lock of hair, surrounded by
inscription. KAVAONIATAM. Diameter
11.5 mm.
a. tParis, De Luynes, 700
0.87
232. Youthful head r. with first six letters
of ethnic in front and IA behind head.
b. Berlin .-
Stag with long legs, to 1. Base line high.
c. Vienna 1.10
d. Naville V, 1926, 661 1.31
Long-necked stag to r.; no inscription
Stag to r. in circle of widely separated
dots. No inscription and no exergual line.
Die of 226.
Stag to r.; no inscription.
Stag to r.; KA on r., V to 1., A above.
Stag to r.; KAV to r. Ivy leaf above
stag.
b. Paris, De Luynes, 699 0.78
Stag to r.
Stag to r.; heavy linear border.
a. fBMC, 48
0.79 b. BMC, 49
0.94
Catalogue
57
Bronze Coins (Plate XVI).
233. Head similar to that of No. 232, but
facing 1. Diameter n mm.
a. Marchese E. Gagliardi Coll.
1.20
Stag to r.; KAY in r. field reading
upward.
234. Head similar to that of No. 232, with
projecting lock or horn. Diameter 15 mm.
Stag to r.; letter A of inscription visible.
a. Marchese E. Gagliardi Coll.
3.10 b. Same Coll.
2.90
Plated Co1ns (Plate XVI)
Incuse
P1. Four-letter inscription reading counter
clockwise. The protruding eye ball of Apollo,
the curved branch, and the figure of the
daimon are all at variance with the Caulonia
type. The silver plating is broken away so
that the copper core shows for almost the
entire torso. Border of dots between two
lines. Diameter 29 mm.
N. Y., ANS. 7.80
Apollo and stag incuse, but without

daimon or lustral branch. The rim shows the
die cutter completely at a loss. The cut
surface of the die smaller than obverse.
Double relief
P2. Cf. Plate VIII for prototype. Three-
letter inscription.
Hunterian Coll. Cat. I, p. 127, No. 7 -.
P3. Four-letter inscription the letters
are oversized. The beads of the border are
too large. No exergual line.
London, BMC 24 7.06
P4. Four-let ter inscription. Head of Apollo
disproportionately large.
London, BMC 21 7.19
P5. Four-letter inscription. Stag nearly
obliterated by hole through flan.
Three-letter inscription. The formalized
branch is abnormal. Cf. No. 82.
Stag to 1. it is not so found among the
genuine staters with the branch as part of
the design.
Four-letter inscription. Three-fold branch
in front of stag. Cf. No. 96.
Four-letter inscription. Three-fold branch
in front of stag. Cf. No. 96.
Vienna
6.56
58
P6. Inscription KAM reading counter
clockwise. Poor workmanship.
Berlin -.
P7. Inscription obliterated. Stag faces to 1.
N. Y., ANS
8.51
P8. Three-letter inscription. T between
the legs of Apollo. Traces of brockage at
lower r.
Naville XVI, 316, ex Naville VI, 68 8.45
P9. The fly (?) symbol is like that on
No. 121.
Copenhagen
P1o. Similar to No. 127.
London, BMC 35
5.22
6.16
P11. Body of Apollo over-large in scale;
between his legs, TAN (?).
Cambridge, McClean Coll. 1609
7-94
P12. Five-letter inscription reading down-
ward from rim. Crudely modelled stag higl1
on flan. The lustral branch of unusual form.
Berlin -.

P13. Inscription and daimon figure lacking.
KAV retrograde above the back of the
stag, V between its legs. Two-fold branch
in front, but shorter than on prototype.
Three-letter inscription and two-fold
branch which is out of scale.
Three-letter inscription above stag, and T
between legs. The stag's antlers and the
branch are abnormal.
Similar to No. no.
Similar to No. 127, the E obliterated by
a surface cavity.
Four-letter inscription above the back of
the stag which has 1. fore leg raised awk-
wardly. Crude three-fold branch in front.
Stag similar to form in group H.
N. Y., ANS
Stag to r. In r. field letters AM, the
termination of the inscription.
7.10
THE SOUTH ITALIAN HOARD
This hoard is said to have been found in 1929 southeast of Taranto near the coast. The
facts known about it have been generously communicated to me by a numismatist who
wishes his name withheld. According to his information, the hoard did not contain more
than thirty-eight coins. Similar hoards previously unearthed in South Italy have been
inadequately recorded, if at all, and therefore the value of studying this find is enhanced.
What may be learned from this hoard could probably have been deduced from earlier
discoveries if we had an accurate statement regarding them. Since almost all of the pieces
have been reproduced on the plates and since those not so reproduced have their dies
identified with published pieces to which reference is comparatively easy, the descriptions
have been abbreviated. The entry in the Hoard Bibliography NNM 78 is under No. 507.
The catalogue follows:
TARENTUM
Weight
1. Obv. Taras r., holding squid. Rev. Hippocamp 1. with scallop shell. Dies of McClean 533,
PI. XXI, 5. Not on Plates. 7.85
2. Obv. Taras on dolphin r. with shell. Rev. Oekist seated r., holding kantharos. Vlasto, Taras
Oikistes, type 7a. Now BM, Lloyd SNG 131. 7.92
METAPONTUM
3. Obv. Barley ear with MET on r. Rev. Barley ear incuse.
4. Cf. Noe, Metapontum I,58 7.85
4. Similar. Metapontum l,59. 6.92
5. Similar. Metapontum I,85. 7.85
6. Inscription divided. Cf. Metapontum l,89 for obv., 94 for rev. 7.64
7. Metapontum I,92. 7.64
8. Obv. Barley ear w. META in 1. field and ram's head downward on r. Rev. Die-break in r.
field. Now BM ex A.H. Lloyd Coll., Syll. ll,306. 7.83

9. Four letter inscription on r. A new obv. die. Cf. Metapontum I,73-78 for obv. and 76 for rev. 7.86
10. Not listed in Metapontum, I, but cf. 134. 7.79
14. Cf. Metapontum I,187 (inscription differs slightly). 7.85
SYBARIS
15. Obv. Bull 1. with VM in exergue. Rev. Same type incuse. 7.67
16. Similar. Naville Sale XVI, 228. 7.78
17. Similar. Not illustrated. 7.61
18. Similar. A fragment broken away. Not illustrated. 6.76
19. Similar except that inscription is above the bull. 7.85
6o
croton
20. Obv. Tripod w. three-letter inscription in 1 field. Rev. Tripod incuse. 8.20
21. Similar. 7-49
22. Similar but flan slightly smaller than above. Not illustrated 7,61
23. Obv. Tripod w. crab in 1. field and three-letter inscription in r. Rev. Type incuse w. chelys in 1.
field and three-letter inscription on r. 7.88
24. Similar to above but sharper. 7-53
25. Obv. similar to 23 above, but flan reduced to 23 mm. Rev. Dolphin in r. field and three-letter
inscription on 1. 7-55
26. Obv. Three-letter inscription to 1. of tripod, heron or crane on r. Rev. without inscription or
symbol. 7.88
27. Similar except that inscription reads upward. Naville Sale XVL324. 7.95
28. Similar to 26 and 27 above except that inscription is on r. and heron in 1. field. 7.<>4
29. Obv. Tripod w. three-letter inscription in small letters on 1. Rev. Eagle flying r. on sunken
field. Diameter 20 mm. Naville Sale XVI,328. 7.3
CAULONIA
30. No. 6f in Catalogue, p. 22. 7.5
31. Same dies as 30 above; 6g in Catalogue, p. 22. 7.76
32. No. 23a in Catalogue, p. 25. 7.67
33. Same dies as above. 7.99
34. No. 35! in Catalogue, p. 27. 8.13
35. No 36a in Catalogue, p. 27. 7.96
36. No. 64a in Catalogue, p. 32. Now ANS ex Helbing Sale LXX, 1922, 427 andNaville XVI,309.
Overstruck on didrachm of Selinus. 7.80
POSEIDONIA

37. Obv. Poseidon r., four-letter inscription. Rev. Bull l., four-letter inscription. Cf. BMC 25. 7.99
GELA
38. Obv. Androcephalous bull r. Rev. Nike crowning horses drawing biga to r. Tetradrachm.
Cf. Babelon, Traiti 2266, PI. LXXVII, 13. 16.77
Because the study of this South Italian hoard had to be made from casts or photo-
graphs without reference to the coins themselves except in a few instances, deductions from
relative wear are not dependable. Nos. 2, 36 and 37 in double relief are comparatively the
sharper. The stater of Poseidonia seems weakly struck rather than worn. The staters of
Sybaris show more wear than the earliest staters of Metapontum, and the late small-flan
issues of Croton are sharper than the spread-flan varieties. There is, consequently, con-
firmation of the accepted belief in the gradual constriction of the flans for the coinage of
Metapontum and Croton. The presence of the tetradrachm of Gela suggests a relationship
between Magna Graecia and Sicily (not sufficiently recognized hitherto) for which over-
strikes (cf. no. 36) offer supporting evidence as I have tried to show in a separate paper.**
The double-relief stater of Poseidonia (no. 37) along with the one of Caulonia (no. 36)
and the Tarentine seated-oekist type (no. 2) have great significance considering the length
of the output of their respective mints. Tarentum had always favored the small flan staters
** ANSMN VII, 1957, pp. 24ff.
Catalogue
61
except for a brief dallying with the incuse form, which, however, never approached the
30 mm. diameter reached by the finest incuse pieces of nearby Metapontum (cf. no. 8).
Gela, Agrigentum and Leontini were growing in importance at this time, and all three
were putting forth extensive issues of didrachms. Can it be that their example had some
influence on Caulonia and Poseidonia ? Applying Keary's theory of morphology,45 the choice
of the smaller, thick flanned form might have been induced by competition in a market in
which such forms were prevalent. Velia and Naples would have provided this condition for
Poseidonia since neither of these cities had struck incuse coins. Only in weight do these
coins resemble the Corinthian staters struck at this time.
As Babelon46 recognized, the change to the size of the Sicilian didrachms at Meta-
pontum can be dated rather closely, since a Metapontum stater (no. 234) is struck over a
scarce didrachm of Syracuse which Boehringer47 dates after 474 b.c. If this is so, the Meta-
pontum overstrike would have been struck after 474 b.c.; at present a more exact date
cannot be determined.
Considering that the present hoard is said to have been found not far to the southeast
of Taranto and near the coast, it seems strange that there should have been only two coins
of that city among the thirty-eight. Evans48 thought that the seated-oekist type was
initiated in 473 b.c., in which year the army of the Tarentines was defeated by the Messa-
pians and many of the younger men of the city were slain. Vlasto48 dates the introduction of
this type as c. 485 b.c. The oekist-type coin in this hoard shows wear. The style seems to
indicate a date earlier than 473 b.c. Vlasto's date, therefore, seems preferable.
The defeat of the Tarentines could have provided ample inducement for the secretion
of this hoard in 473 b.c. The numerical preponderance of staters from Metapontum and
Croton in a hoard found not far from Tarentum is striking. A fleeing citizen of Tarentum
might have hastily gathered these coins in the belief that they would have been more

easily exchangeable than the staters of his own city. The preponderance of issues other than
Tarentine might be interpreted as indicating the holdings of a maritime trader. It is
difficult, however, to read any significant evidence from the make-up of the accumulation.
In any event the staters of Sybaris, destroyed more than two decades previously, must have
been still circulating at Tarentum. The total amount, seventy-eight drachms, hardly
indicates a wealthy owner. I believe that these sparse findings point to a quick gathering
together of resources rather than to savings made over a period of years.
No close parallel is provided by any of the three comparable published hoards. The
Taranto Hoard, to judge from the portion published by Babelon,50 is earlier, but it gives very
little help. The Cittanuova Find (Bibliography 253) is inadequately described and is
without illustrations; it seems to have been buried shortly after this one. The Curinga
Hoard was found at a considerable distance from Tarentum, and had no Tarentine issues
in the portion published it offers the closest analogies, especially as to the date of buria1.
There is the same heavy proportion of Metapontum staters, the same inclusion of a few
45 Charles F. Keary, Morphology of Coins (1886).
Babelon, Traits, no. 2078, PI. LXVI, 16.
47 Boehringer, E. Die Miinzen von Syrakus (Berlin, 1929) no. 497, PI. 30, Z 4.
48 Evans, op. cit., pp. 3 and 32.
* M. P. Vlasto, Taras Oikistes, NNM 15 (1922), p. 23.
50 E. Babelon, "Trouvaille de Tarente," RN XVI (1912), pp. 1-40.
62
staters of Sybaris and a showing of the staters of Croton and Caulonia similar to that in this
South Italy Hoard. Although the Curinga Hoard is not intact, there is good reason to
think that a dependable cross-section is provided in what is recorded. Its burial must have
come close to 470 b.c., possibly a little later.
There would be a step forward if we could use the presence of no. 36 to fix the date for
the change at Caulonia from the incuse form to double relief, for we should then have
determined the length of the period during which the coinage had both sides in relief, since
the date for the destruction of the city in 389/388 is unquestioned. Within these years, a
period slightly less than a century, there are seventy-six obverse dies recorded in this study.
Since for several years there have been no additions to this list despite diligent searching,
additions in any considerable number seem improbable. But to reason that we can estimate
the average life of these obverse dies by dividing the number of years in this period by the
number of dies is over-simplification. In the first place there are indications that the coinage
of this moderate-sized colony of Croton was not continuous. Regling is of the opinion that
this was true for Terina, where he records only thirty-eight obverse dies for its entire
coinage.61 Head suggests that in some cities coining may have been coincident with agonistic
festivals periodic rather than annua1.62 The stater commemorating games in honor of
Achelous at Metapontum offers an illustration of such an issue. A group of Caulonian
tetrobols have for symbol an amphora, and this symbol does not occur in the stater issues.
An interval during which only tetrobols were struck seems highly probable. Secondly a
steady or regular supply of silver ore is unlikely. The coinage needs of the city must have
varied from year to year. Finally, the obverse die frequently outlived the reverse. There are
nineteen combinations of one obverse with two reverses, nine with three and one with no
less than six; in consequence there must have been variance in the period during which the
individual dies were in use. Under these circumstances the "life span" can have little

chronological dependability.
It is probable that the defeat of the Tarentines in 473 b.c. caused the secretion of
other accumulations, and the value of our find may be greater for comparison than for its
inherent evidence. It clearly seems to indicate that Poseidonia and Caulonia had changed
the form of their coinages to double relief some years before it was buried and that Croton
and Metapontum had not done so, and this deduction is supported by the Cittanuovo and
Paestum hoards. Vlasto's date (c. 485) for the introduction of the seated-oekist type53 gains
support as against that of Evans. The presence of the single tetradrachm of Gela bolsters the
implication of commercial relations with Sicily which is further emphasized by overstruck
coins of that island. Finally, the continuing circulation of the staters of Sybaris is an
interesting phenomenon.
51 Kurt Regling. "Terina," Program z. Winckelmannsfeste, 1906.
"HN*, p. 99.
53 Vlasto, op. cit., p. 15.



PLATES

GROUP A
1-2-3-4 5-6 6A 7~8~9 10 11~

GROUP A
-12-13-14-15 16 17-18-19 20 21 22

GROUP A
23 24 25 26
GROUP B
27-28 29 30-31-32-33-

GROUP B
-34-35-36 37-38-39-40-41
GROUP C
42-43-44-45-46


VI
GROUP E
62-63 64 65 66-67-68-69-70-71 72


VIII
GROI P F
84-86 87 88-89-90 91"92 93_94 95 96 97~98 99

IX
GROUP F
100-101
GROUP G
102-103 104-105-106 107 108-109 110 111 112 113~



XII
GROI P I
141 142_143-144-145-146 147 148-149 150_151_152 153~

GROUP I
-154 155-156 157 158-159-160-161
GROUP J
162-163_164_165-166

XIV
GROUP J
167 168_169 170-171-172 173-174-175 176_177 178"179~180 181


XVI

XVII
SOUTH ITALIAN HOARD

XVIII
SOUTH ITALIAN HOARD

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The Numismatic History of Late Medieval North Africa / by Harry W. Hazard

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The Numismatic History of Late Medieval North Africa / by Harry W. Hazard

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Generated for anonymous on 2015-02-15 20:33 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.

THE NUMISMATIC HISTORY

OF LATE MEDIEVAL NORTH AFRICA

THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY

Historical Background: Late Medieval North Africa 9

Mints in North Africa and in Spain 11

Conventional Inscriptions 3&

Epigraphy and Ornamentation 45

'Abbasids in North Africa 50

'Fatimids in North Africa 52

Hammadids of Eastern Algeria 5&

Hammudids in North Africa 57

Hudids in North Africa 68

Hafsids of Tunisia and Eastern Algeria 69

Ziyanids of Western Algeria 75

Nasrids in North Africa 84

Ottomans in North Africa 86

Generated for anonymous on 2015-02-15 20:33 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015011225003

Zirid Gold 1-24 a 9

Hammadid Gold 25 9&

Numismatic History of Late Medieval North Africa

Murabit Gold 26-446 97

Muwahhid Gold 446a-539 143

Hudid Gold 540-541 158

Hafsid Gold 542-644 159

Ziyanid Gold 645-672 182

Marinid Gold 673-867 193

Nasrid Gold 868 228

Wattasid Gold 869-870 229

Ottoman Gold 230

Hybrid Gold H1-H14 231

Gold Medal M1 232

Zirid Silver 871 233

Hammudid Silver 872-887 234

Murabit Silver and Electrum 888-1056 236

Muwahhid Silver 1057-1116 263

Hudid Silver 1117-1121 272

Hafsid Silver 1122-1132 273

Marinid Silver 1133-1152 275

Nasrid Silver 1153 279

Wattasid Silver 1154-1156 280

Hammudid Copper 1157-1160 281

Murabit Copper 1161-1169 282

Muwahhid Copper 1170-1171 283

Hafsid Copper 1172-1174 284

Generated for anonymous on 2015-02-15 20:33 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015011225003

Numismatic Bibliography with Key to Abbreviations 286

Sources of Coins 307

Weights and Diameters 325

Generated for anonymous on 2015-02-15 20:33 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015011225003

Proper Names and Epithets 360

Key to the Plates 374

covered, for the duration of such rule.

Tripolitania, and the Sharifian victory over the Wattasids in Morocco.

evidence: medieval Arabic historians and geographers, inscriptions on buildings and

bibliographies which follow the corpus of coins.

Generated for anonymous on 2015-02-15 20:33 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015011225003

What I have endeavored to accomplish is to compile a definitive corp us of the coins

Numismatic History of Late Medieval North Africa

piling a comprehensive list of published coins I gratefully acknowledge my debt to the

of the Nationalmuseet in Copenhagen, to Dr. J. G. Milne of the Ashmolean Museum in

Numismatic Society (for emendations on coins in the Bibliotheque Nationale). For

descriptions of unpublished coins I am deeply indebted to Mr. Milne, M. Farrugia de Candia,