Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review MASTER BIBLIOGRAPHY Prepared by: Ala Szczepura, Warwick Medical School Diane Clay, Warwick Medical School Julia Hyde, Warwick Medical School Deidre Wild, The University of the West of England Sara Nelson, The University of the West of England Address for correspondence: Professor Ala Szczepura University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL ala.szczepura@warwick.ac.uk (JRF project: A Comparative Study of Different Models of Improved Care in Care Homes) Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Aaronson, W., Zinn, J. et al (1994) Do for-profit and not-for-profit nursing homes behave differently? The Gerontologist, 34(6), 775-786. Aaronson, A., Zinn, W.E. and J.S. (1995) Structure, environment and strategic outcome. A study of Pennsylvania nursing homes, Health Services Management Research, 8(1), 23-37. AARP (2003) ‘Long-term Care in Developed Nations. A brief overview’, Washington: AARP. AARP (2005) “We Shall Travel On.’ Quality of care, economic development, and the international migration of long-term care worker’, Washington DC: AARP Public Policy Institute. AARP (2006) ‘Training Programs for Certified Nursing Assistants’, Washington: AARP, available online at http://www.aarp.org/research/longtermcare/nursinghomes/2006_08_cna.html (accessed on 14 Sept 2008). AARP (2007) Quality Assurance for Long-Term Care. The Experiences of England, Australia, Germany and Japan, Publication ID, 2007-05, available online at http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/il/2007_05_ltc.pdf Abdallah, L. M. (2005) EverCare nurse practitioner practice activities, similarities and differences across five sites, Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 17(9), 355-62. Abood, S. (2002) Quality improvement initiative in nursing homes, American Journal of Nursing, 102, (6), 23. Access Economics (2004) ‘Delaying the Onset of Alzheimer’s Disease. Projections and issues’, Canberra: Alzheimers Australia, August, available online at www.alzheimers.org.au/upload/ AccessReport.pdf (accessed on 14 March 2008). Achterberg, W.P., van Campen, C. et al (1999) Effects of the Resident Assessment Instrument on the care process and health outcomes in nursing homes. A review of the literature, Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 31(3), 131-7. Adams, T. (2005) From person-centred to relationship-centred care, Generations Review, 15 (1), 4-7. Adams, A., Lugsden, E., Chase, J., Arber, S. and Bond, S. (2000) Skill mix changes and work intensification in nursing, Work, Employment and Society, 14, 541-555. Adams, T. and Gardiner, P. (2005) Communion and interaction with dementia care triads – developing a theory for relationship-centred care, Dementia, 4 (2), 185-205. Age Concern (2007) ‘Improving services and support for older people with mental health problems. The second report from the UK inquiry into Mental health and Well-Being in Later Life’, London: Age Concern. Age Concern (2004) ‘Fair Enough? Research on the implementation of the Department of Health guidance fairer charging policies for home care and other non-residential social services’, London: Age Concern. Age Concern (2004) ‘Older people in the United Kingdom. Some basic facts 2004’, available from <http.//www.ageconcern.org.uk/AgeConcern/media/factcard2004.pdf Age Concern (2004) ‘Care home Closures, Information Sheet’, available from http.//www.ageconcern.org.uk/AgeConcern/media/IS10Carehomeclosures.pdf Age Concern (2005) ‘The Successful Activity Co-ordinator’, London: Age Concern. 1 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Age Concern (2005) ‘Local authority assessment for community care services’, available from <http.//www.ageconcern.org.uk/AgeConcern/Documents/FS41__0605,pdf Age Concern (2005) ‘Continuing NHS health care.NHS funded registered nursing care and intermediate care’, available from http.//www.ageconcern.org.uk/AgeConcern/Documents/FS20__0505,pdf Ahlstrom, A., Clements, E., Tumlinson, A. and Lambrew, J. (2004) The Long-Term Care Partnership Program. Issues and options, Washington: The Brookings Institution, available online at www.brookings.edu/views/papers/200412retirement.htm (accessed on 22 December 2007). Aigner, M.J., Drew, S. et al (2004) A comparative study of nursing home resident outcomes between care provided by nurse practitioners/physicians versus physicians only, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 5(1), 16-23. Aiken, L., Smith, H. and Lake, E. (1994) Lower Medicare mortality among a set of hospitals known for good nursing care, Medical Care, vol 32, no 8, pp 771–87. Aitken, L. et al (2002) Hospital nurse staffing and patient mortality, nurse burnout and job dissatisfaction, Journal of American Medical Administration, 288(160), 1987-93. Aitken, L. et al (2003) Educational levels of hospital nurses and surgical patient mortality, Journal of American Medical Administration, 290(12), 1617-23. Aitken, M. (1995) The human cost of performing the nursing assistant's role, Canadian Nursing Home, 6(2), 6-13. Akinci, F. and Krolikowski, D. (2005) Nurse staffing levels and quality of care in Northeastern Pennsylvania nursing homes, Applied Nursing Research, 18(3), 130-7. Albanese, T. H. (1995) The impact of work role relationships on nursing assistants' job stress and wellbeing, The University of Akron, 179. Albans, K. (2003) Looking at spirituality to enhance client wellbeing, Nursing & Residential Care, 5 (5), 234-37. Alber, J. (1992) Residential care for the elderly, Journal of Health Politics, Policy & Law, 17(4), 92957. Alexander, J. A., Lichtenstein, R. et al (1998) A causal model of voluntary turnover among nursing personnel in long-term psychiatric settings, Research in Nursing & Health, 21(5), 415-27. Allan, H.T. (2007) The rhetoric of caring and the recruitment of overseas nurses, the social production of a care gap, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 16(12), 2204-12. Allan, K. (2002) ‘Hearing the voices of people with dementia’, in S. Benson (ed) Dementia Topics for the Millennium and Beyond, London: Hawker Publications, 95-105. Allcock, N., McGarry, J. and Elkan, R. (2002) Management of pain in older people within the nursing home, a preliminary study, Health and Social Care in the Community, 10, 464-471. Allen, C. I. and Turner, P.S. (1991) The effect of an intervention programme on interactions on a continuing care ward for older people, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 16(10), 1172-7. Alvine, C. (2005) Improving Quality of Care Through Systems Research. A Guide for Managers and Practitioners, Geriatric Nursing, 26(5), 294-299. Alzheimer Scotland (2003) ‘A positive choice, choosing long-stay care for a person with dementia’, Edinburgh: Alzheimer Scotland. 2 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Alzheimer Scotland (2005) ‘Letting go without giving up, continuing to care for the person with dementia’, Edinburgh: Alzheimer Scotland. Alzheimer Scotland (2006) ‘Lighting up Lives. A report on the palliative care needs of people with end stage dementia living in Dumfries and Galloway-2004/2006’, Edinburgh: Alzheimer Scotland. Alzheimer’s Society (2001) ‘Quality Dementia Care in Care Homes. Person-centred Standards’, London: Alzheimer’s Society. Alzheimers’s Research Trust (2003) ‘Cognitive Impairment in Older People. Its implications for future demand for services and costs’, London: Alzheimer’s Research Trust, PSSRU discussion paper no. 1728. Ames, D. (2005) Nursing homes, Psychiatry, 4(2), 79-82. Anchor Housing (2005) ‘Factors influencing staff turnover in long-term care. Report to Anchor Housing’, Sheffield: University of Sheffield. Anchor Trust (1998) ‘Living in a home - the experience of living and working in residential care in the 1990s’, Kidlington: Anchor Trust. Andersen, B. R. (1987) What makes excellent nursing homes different from ordinary nursing homes, Danish Medical Bulletin Gerontology, Oct, Suppl 5, 7-11. Anderson, G. and Hussey, P. (2000) Population aging, a comparison among industrialized countries, Health Affairs, vol 19, no 3, pp 191–203, available online at http.//content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/abstract/19/3/191 (accessed on 14 March 2008). Andersson, G. and Karlberg, I. (2000) Integrated care for the elderly. The background and effects of the reform of Swedish care of the elderly, International Journal of Integrated Care (IJIC), 1(0), available online at, www.ijic.org. Andrews, G.J. and Kendall, S.A. (2000) Dreams that lie in tatters, the changing fortunes of nurses who left the British NHS to own and run residential homes for elderly people, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31(4), 900-908. Andrews, G. and Phillips, D. (2000) Moral dilemmas and the management of private residential homes, the impact of care in the community reforms in the UK, Ageing and Society, vol 20, pp 599–622. Anderson, I. (2006) Should health care assistants apply compression bandages? Nursing Times, 102(4), 36-7. Andersson, M. and Gottfries, C.G. (1991) Nursing home care, factors influencing the quality of life in a restricted life situation, Aging-Clinical & Experimental Research, 3(3), 229-39. Anderson, M.A., Aird, T.R. et al (1991) How satisfied are nursing home staff? Geriatric Nursing, 2(2), 85-7. Anderson, R. A., Hsieh, P. et al (1998) Resource allocation and resident outcomes in nursing homes, comparisons between the best and worst, Research in Nursing & Health, 21(4), 297-313. Anderson, R. and Lawhorne, L. (1999) Variations in staffing and resident care patterns in Michigan nursing homes, Annals of Long Term Care, 7(11), 399-404. Anderson, R. A. and McDaniel Jnr., R.R. (1999) RN participation in organizational decision making and improvements in resident outcomes, Health Care Management Review, 24(1), 7-16. 3 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Anderson, R.A., Su, H.F. et al (1999) Case mix adjustment in nursing systems research, the case of resident outcomes in nursing homes, Research in Nursing & Health, 22(4), 271-83. Anderson, R., Issel, L.M. & McDaniel, R.R. (2003) Nursing homes as complex adaptive systems, relationship between management practice and resident outcomes, Nursing Research, 52 (1), 12-21. Anderson, R.A., Corrazzini-Gomez, K. and McDaniel, R.R. (2004) Complexity science and the dynamics of climate and communication, reducing nursing home turnover, Gerontologist, 44 (3), 378– 388. Anderson, R.A., Ammarell, N., Bailey, D., Colon-Emeric, C., Corazzini, K., Lekan-Rutledge, D., Pivan, M. and Utley-Smith, Q. (2005) The Power of Relationships for High-quality Long-term Care, Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 20 (2), 103-106. Anderson, R. A., Ammarell, A. et al (2005) Quality improvement in long-term care. The power of relationship for high-quality long-term care, Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 20(2), 103-6. Anderson, R.I., Hobbs, B.K. et al (2005) Quality of care and nursing home cost-efficiency research, Journal of real estate literature, 13(3), 325-336. Anderson, W. (2004) Specialist support teams, influencing the nursing care of older people, Nursing Older People, 16(1), 18-20. Andrucci-Armstrong, G. L. (2001) A longitudinal study examining the stability of occupational stressors identified by nursing home administrators, Old Dominion University, 170. Angelelli, J., Gifford, D. et al (2001) External threats and nursing home administrator turnover, Health Care Management Review, 26(3), 52-62. Angus. J., and Nay, R. (2003) The paradox of the Aged Care Act 1997, the marginalisation of nursing discourse, Nursing Inquiry, 10(2), 130-8. Anonymous (1991) TTQ monitor, Community Health News, September, 5-6. Anonymous (1994) ‘Living Independently’, London: HMSO. Anonymous (1999) How is the practice of gerontological nursing changing in your field or setting? How do you see your role evolving in the next 5 years? Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 25(9), 414. Anonymous (1999) Overworked RNs, social workers cause high nursing assistant turnover in nursing homes, Data Strategies & Benchmarks, 3(4), 55-6. Anonymous (2000) New checklist enables nursing assistants to effectively monitor the health of nursing home residents, Research Activities, 244, 11. Anonymous (2000) Regulation and quality of care standards in nursing facilities, J Am Geriatr Soc., 48(11), 1519-1520. Anonymous (2000) Stats & facts. Nursing staff shortages in long-term care facilities, Managed Care Interface, 13(11), 46-7. Anonymous (2001) Influential research group says quality of care in many nursing homes continues to be problematic, LTC Regulatory Risk & Liability Advisor, 9(1), 6-8. Anonymous (2002) Long-term care, Health Which? Survey reveals poor staff checks, Nursing Times, 98(7), 7. Anonymous (2002) ‘Carers 2000’, London: The Stationery Office. 4 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Anonymous (2002) ‘Health Survey for England 2000. Care homes and their residents’, London: The Stationery Office. Anonymous (2004) Improving the workplace environment to promote quality of care, Quality Letter for Healthcare Leaders, 16(4), 2-9. Anonymous (2005) Nursing homes that employ physician extenders and provide training for nurses' aides have fewer hospitalizations, Research Activities, 293, 21. Anstey, K. (2003) The Nurse’s Role in Promoting the Involvement of Older Patients and Informal Carers in the Assessment of their Individual Continuing Health and Social Care Needs, Unpublished thesis, City University, London. Arblaster, G., Streather, C., Hugill, L., McKenzie, M. and Missenden, J. (2004) A training programme for healthcare support workers, Nursing Standard, 18, 33-37. Argyle, C., Bright, L. and Clarke, A. (2000) The choice is yours? An account of the pressures faced by older people looking for care homes, London: Counsel and Care. Arksey, H. and Hirst, M. (2005) Unpaid carers’ access to and use of primary care services, Primary Health Care Research and Development, vol 6, no 2, pp 101–16. Arling, G., Nordquist, R.H. et al (1987) Nursing home case mix. Patient classification by nursing resource use, Medical Care, 25(1), 9-19. Armstrong-Esther, C.A. (1994) Long-term care reform in Alberta, Canada, the role of the resident classification system, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 19(1), 105-13. Aroskar, M. A., Urv-Wong, E.K. et al (1990) ‘Building an effective caregiving staff. Transforming the nursing service’, in R. A. Kane and A. L. Caplan (eds) Everyday ethics. Resolving dilemmas in nursing home life, New York: Springer Publishing Co, 271-290. Artz, A. S., Fergusson, D. et al (2004) Prevalence of anemia in skilled-nursing home residents, Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics, 39(3), 201-6. Ashburner, C., Meyer, J., Johnson, B. and Smith, C. (2004) Using Action Research to address loss of personhood in a continuing care setting, Illness, Crisis and Loss, 12 (1), 23-37. Ashburner, C. (2005) Person-centred care using systemic psychodynamically informed action research, Unpublished Doctoral thesis, City University, London. Ashburner, C.H. (2005) Person-centred care, change through action research, Unpublished doctoral thesis, City University, London. Association of Charity Officers (2005) ‘General Practice- Special Practice’, London, ACO. Association of Directors of Social Services (2005) ‘Independence, Well-being and Choice. The ADSS response to the Green Paper on adult social care’, London: ADSS. Astles, J. (2006) Extended nurse prescribing, improving care for older people, British Journal of Nursing, 15(3), 150-1. Atchison, J. H. (1996) Perceived job satisfaction factors of nursing assistants employed in midwest nursing homes, Indiana State University, 63. Atherton, J. (1989) Interpreting Residential Life, London: Routledge. 5 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Aud, M.A., Rantz, M.J., Zwygart-Stauffacher, M. And Manion, P. (2004) Developing a residential care facility version of the observable indicators of Nursing Home Care Quality Instrument, J Nurs Care Qual, 19(1),48-57. Audit Commission (1986) ‘Making a Reality of Community Care’, London: HMSO. Audit Commission (1999) ‘Forget Me Not, Mental Health Services for Older People’, London: Audit Commission. Audit Commission (2000) ‘Charging with Care. How councils charge for home care’, London: Audit Commission. Audit Commission (2001) ‘Hidden Talents, education, training and development for healthcare staff in NHS Trusts’, London: Audit Commission. Audit Commission (2004) ‘Older people, Implementing telecare’, London: Audit Commission. Audit Commission (2004) ‘The Effectiveness and Cost-effectiveness of Support and Services to Informal Carers of Older People’, London: Audit Commission and PSSRU. Australian Department of Community Services and Health, Deakin University, Institute of Nursing Research (1990) ‘Optimal skills mix for desired resident outcomes in non-government nursing homes, report to the Minister for Aged, Family and Health Services’, Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. Aveyard, B. and Davies, S. (2006) Moving forward together, evaluation of an Action Group involving staff and relatives within a nursing home for older people with dementia, International Journal of Older People Nursing, 1 (2), 95-104. Baker, R., Holloway, J., Holtkamp, C. et al (2003) Effects of multi-sensory stimulation for people with dementia, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 43 (5), 465-477. Baker, S., Williams, B. et al (2001) The Pendine pathways project in the independent sector, Nursing Standard, 15(28), 41-2. Balas, E. and Lakovidis, I. (1999) Distance technologies for patient monitoring, British Medical Journal, vol 319, pp 1309. Baldelli, M. V., Boiardi, R. et al (2002) Institutionalized elderly, professional burden and job burnout, Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics, 35(SUPPL, 8), 23-28. Baldwin, J. et al (2003) The role of the support worker in nursing homes, a consideration of key issues, Journal of Nursing Management, 11(6), 410-420. Ball, J., Ford, P. et al (2005) Working in care homes, a survey, Nursing Standard, 20(6), 41-6. Ballard, C., O'Brien, J., James, L. et al (2001) Quality of life for people with dementia living in residential and nursing home care, the impact of performance on activities of daily living, behavioral and psychological symptoms, language skills, and psychotropic drugs, International Psychogeriatrics, 13 (1), 93-106. Ballard, C. et al (2001) Quality of care in private sector and NHS facilities for people with dementia, cross sectional survey, British Medical Journal, 323(7310), 426-427. Bamford, L. and Bruce, E. (2000) Defining the outcomes of community care, the perspectives of older people with dementia and their carers, Ageing and Society, 20 (5), 543-70. Banaszak-Holl, J. and Hines, M.A. (1996) Factors associated with nursing home staff turnover, Gerontologist, 36 (4), 512-7. 6 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Banaszak-Holl, J., Berta, W.B. et al (2002) The rise of human service chains, antecedents to acquisitions and their effects on the quality of care in U,S, nursing homes, Managerial and Decision Economics, 23(4-5), 261-282. Bandolier (2005) Caring for Older People after Acute Illness, available online at www.jr2.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/mgmt/careold.html (accessed on 29 December 2007). Barba, B.E. (2002) Nursing Home Environments, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 28 (3), 5-6. Barlett, H. and Burnip, S. (1998) Quality of care in nursing homes for older people, providers' perspectives and priorities, NT Research, 3(4), 257-68. Barlow, J., Bayer, S. and Curry, R. (2003) New Care Delivery Models and the Deployment of Telecare, London: Imperial College London, paper delivered at 3rd International Conference on the Management of Healthcare & Medical Techology, Warwick. Barlow, J., Bayer, S. and Curry, R. (2003) Flexible homes, flexible care, inflexible attitudes? The role of telecare in supporting independence, Housing Studies, vol 20, no 3, pp 441–56. Barlow, J., Bayer, S., Castleton, B. and Curry, R. (2005) Meeting government objectives for telecare in moving from local implementation to mainstream services, Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 2005, vol 11, suppl 1, pp 49–51. Barney, S. M. (2002) The nursing shortage. Why is it happening? Journal of Healthcare Management, 47(3), 153-155. Barodawala, S., Kesavan, S. and Young, J. (2001) A survey of physiotherapy and occupational therapy provision in UK nursing homes, Clinical Rehabilitation, 15, 607-610. Barr, N. (2004) The Economics of the Welfare State, 4th ed, Oxford: Oxford University Press and Stanford University Press. Barry, C. R., Brown, K. et al (2002) Assessment, Nursing assessment of ill nursing home residents, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 28(5), 4-7. Barry, T. (2002) The impact of nurse aide empowerment strategies on nursing home resident outcomes, The Pennsylvania State University, 167, Barry, T., Brannon, D. et al (2005) Nurse aide empowerment strategies and staff stability. Effects on nursing home resident outcomes, Gerontologist, 45(3), 309-317. Bartels, S.J., Moak, G.S. and Dums, A.R. (2002) Models of Mental Health Services in Nursing Homes. A Review of the Literature, Psychiatr Serv, 53:1390-1396. Bartholomeyczik, S. (2003) Correlation between staff and patient structures in nursing homes [German], PR-Internet fur die Pflege, 5(6), 73-81. Bartlett, H. and Burnip, S. (1998) Quality of care in nursing homes for older people, providers' perspectives and priorities, Nursing Times Research, 3, no, 4, 1998. Bartlett, H. and Boldy, D. (2001) Approaches to improving quality in nursing and residential homes, recent developments in Australia and their relevance to the UK, Quality in Ageing, Policy, Practice and Research, 2(3), 3-14. Bates-Jensen, B. M., Schnelle, J.F. et al (2004) The effects of staffing on in-bed times of nursing home residents, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52(6), 931-8. Bauer, M. C. (2001) Staffing ratios and research, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 27(1), 6. 7 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Bauer, M. and Nay, R. (2003) Family and staff partnerships in long-term care. A review of the literature, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 29(10), 46-53. Bauld, L., Chesterman, J., Davies, B., Judge, K. and Mangalore, R. (2000) Caring for Older People. An assessment of community care in the 1990s, Aldershot: Ashgate. Baum, C. M. (1995) The contribution of occupation to function in persons with Alzheimer’s disease, Journal of Occupational Science, Australia, 2 (2), 59-67. Baun, M.M. and McCabe, B.W. (2000) ‘The role animals play in enhancing quality of life for the elderly’, in A.H. Fine (ed) Handbook on animal-assisted therapy, theoretical foundations and guidelines for practice, San Diego: Academic Press, 237-250. Bayer, M., Bresloff, L. et al (1986) The enhancement project, a program to improve the quality of residents' life, Geriatric Nursing, 7(4), 192-5. Bayer, S., Barlow, J, and Curry, R. (2005) Assessing the Impact of a Care Innovation, Telecare, London: Imperial College. Beaulieu, R., Shamian, J. et al (1997) Empowerment and commitment of nurses in long-term care, Nursing Economics, 15(1), 32-41. Beavis, D., Simpson, S. and Graham, I. (2002) A literature review of dementia care mapping, methodological considerations and efficacy, Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 9, (6),725-36. Beck, C. (2001) Identification and assessment of effective services and interventions, the nursing home perspective, Aging and Mental Health, 5 (supplement 1), S99-S111. Beck, C., Heacock, P et al (2005) Sustaining a best-care practice in a nursing home, Journal for Healthcare Quality, 27(4), 5-16. Bednash, G. (2000) The Decreasing Supply of Registered Nurses. Inevitable Future or Call for Action? Journal of the American Medical Association, 283, 2985-2987. Beglinger, J. E. (2006) Quantifying patient care intensity, an evidence-based approach to determining staffing requirements, Nursing Administration Quarterly, 30(3), 193-202. Bell, D. and Bowes, A. (2006) Financial Care Models in Scotland and the UK, A review of the introduction of free personal care for older people in Scotland, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, available online at www.jrf.org.uk/bookshop/eBooks/1859354408.pdf (accessed on 15 February 2008). Bennett, M., Smith, E., Victor, C.R. and Millard, P.H. (2000) The right person? The right place? The right time? A pilot study of the appropriateness of nursing home placements, Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 31, 55-64. Bergin, A., Leggat, S.G. et al (2005) A case study on easing an institutional bottleneck in aged care, Australian Health Review, 29(3), 327-31. Bergland, A. and Kirkevold, M. (2001) Thriving -a useful theoretical perspective to capture the experience of well-being among frail elderly in nursing homes? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 36(3), 426-32. Bergman, R., Eckerling, S. et al (1984) Staff composition, job perceptions, and work retention of nursing personnel in geriatric institutions, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 21(4), 279-93. Bergman-Evans, B. (2004) Beyond the basics, effects of the Eden Alternative Model on quality of life issues, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 30 (6), 27-34. 8 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Beringer, T.R.O. and Crawford, V.L.S. (2003) Admissions to elderly care institutions in the United Kingdom, Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 13(1), 95-101. Berkhout, A. J., Boumans, N.P. et al (2001) ‘Effects of resident-oriented care on job characteristics of nursing caregivers and on their psychological and behavioural reactions’, in J. de Jonge, P. Vlerick, A. Bussing and W. B. Schaufeli (eds) Organizational psychology and health care at the start of a new millennium, Munich, Germany: Rainer Hampp Verlag, 159-174. Berkhout, A, J., Boumans, N., P. et al (2003) Effects of resident-oriented care on job characteristics of nursing caregivers, Work & Stress 17(4), 337-353. Berkhout, A., Boumans, N. et al (2004) Resident-oriented care in nursing homes, effects on nurses, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 45(6), 631-2. Berlowitz, D. R., Du, W. et al (1995) Health-related quality of life of nursing home residents, differences in patient and provider perceptions, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 43(7), 799802. Berlowitz, D. R., Young, G.J. et al (2001) Clinical practice guidelines in the nursing home, American Journal of Medical Quality, 16(6), 189-95. Berlowitz, D. R., Young, G.J. et al (2003) Quality improvement implementation in the nursing home, Health Services Research, 38(1 Pt 1), 65-83. Bermejo, I. and Muthny, F.A. (1993) Burnout and the need for psychosocial education and supervision in inpatient care of the aged, Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie, 43(3-4), 11020. Bernabie, R., Landi, F., Gambassi, G. et al (1998) Integration of services for elderly people reduced costs and use of health services, British Medical Journal, 316, 1348-51. Bernabei, R., Gambassi, G. et al (1999) Characteristics of the SAGE database, a new resource for research on outcomes in long-term care, SAGE (Systematic Assessment of Geriatric drug use via Epidemiology) Study Group, Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences, 54(1), M25-33. Berndt, J. (2004) When death comes in a nursing home. A ritual to say good-bye, Generations, 28 (2), 53-54. Bernhaut, J., Mackay, K. (2002) Extended nursing roles in intermediate care. A cost benefit evaluation, Nursing Times, vol 98, no 21, pp 37–9. Berry, R. M. and Raleigh, E.D.H (2004) Diabetic foot care in a long-term facility, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 30(4), 8-13. Better Regulation Task Force (1999) ‘Self-regulation, Interim Report’, London: British Geriatrics Society/RSAS AgeCare. Beveridge, W. (1942) Social Insurance and Allied Services, London: HMSO (Cmd 6404). BGS/RSAS AgeCare (1999) ‘The Training Care Home, an option for professional training’, London: British Geriatrics Society/RSAS AgeCare. Biedenharn, P. J. (1994) Quality of care, exploring the relationship between governmental, nursing staff member, and resident satisfaction with care provision in nursing home facilities, University of Notre Dame, 144. 9 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Billings, J., Dixon, J., Mijanovich, T. and Wennberg, D. (2006) Case finding for patients at risk of readmission to hospital: development of algorithm to identify high risk patients, British Medical Journal, 12;333(7563):327. Birmingham Health Services Management Centre (2006) ‘A National Evaluation of the Costs and Outcomes of Intermediate Care for Older People’, Birmingham: Health Services Management Centre, available online at www.hsmc.bham.ac.uk/news/Int-CareExecSummaryJan06.pdf (accessed on 14 February 2008). Birnie, S., Booth, J., Dodd, L., Jones, D., Petty, J., Price, J. and Telford, D. (2003) Bridging the gap, addressing the educational needs of nursing home staff, Nursing Older People, 15 (2), 14-16. Bjorkgren, M. A., Hakkinen, U. et al (2001) Measuring efficiency of long-term care units in Finland, Health Care Management Science, 4(3), 193-200. Black, D. and Bowman, C. (1997) Editorial – Community institutional care for frail elderly people, British Medical Journal, 315, 441-442. Blank, J. L. and Eggink, E. (2001) A quality-adjusted cost function in a regulated industry, the case of Dutch nursing homes, Health Care Management Science, 4(3), 201-11. Black, N. (2004) Health care workforce, how research can help, Journal of Health Services Research and Policy, 9, Suppl January. Black, T. (1999) Outcomes, what's all the fuss about? Rehabilitation Nursing, 24(5), 188-9. Blegen, M., Goode, C., and Reed, L. (1998) Nurse staffing and patient outcomes, Nursing Research, 47, 43-50. Bliesmer, M. and Earle, P. (1993) Research considerations, nursing home quality perceptions, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 19(6), 27-34. Bliesmer, M. M. (1994) Outcomes of Minnesota nursing home residents and their relationship to facility structural and process-related attributes, Rush University, College of Nursing, 70. Bliesmer, M. M., Smayling, M. et al (1998) The relationship between nursing staffing levels and nursing home outcomes, Journal of Aging & Health, 10(3), 351-71. BMA Committee on Community Care (2003) ‘Continuing NHS Care’, available on line at http://www.bma.org.uk/ap.nsf/Content/continuingnhscare. Boeije, H., Neivaard, A. et al (1997) Coping strategies of enrolled nurses in nursing homes. Shifting between organizational imperatives and residents' needs, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 34(5), 358-366. Bollen, C., Warren, J. et al (2005) Introduction of electronic prescribing in an aged care facility, Australian Family Physician, 34(4), 283-7. Bond, J. (2000) The impact of staff factors on nursing-home residents, Aging & Mental Health, 4(1), 58. Boockvar, K.S. and Burack, O.R. (2007) Organisational Relationships Between Nursing Homes and Hospitals and Quality of Care During Hospital-Nursing Home patient Transfers, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 55(7), 1078-1084. Bookvar, H., Brodie, D. and Lachs, M. (2000) Nursing assistants detect behaviour changes in nursing home residents that precede acute illness: Development and validation of an illness warning instrument, Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 48, 1086-1991. 10 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Boockvar, K., Fishman, E. et al (2004) Adverse events due to discontinuations in drug use and dose changes in patients transferred between acute and long-term care facilities, Archives of Internal Medicine, 164(5), 545-50. Boockvar, K. S., Gruber-Baldini, A.L. et al (2005) Outcomes of infection in nursing home residents with and without early hospital transfer, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 590-6. Booth, A. (1991) Job-related formal training. Who receives it and what is it worth, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 53(3), 281-95. Bostick, J. E. (2004) Relationship of nursing personnel and nursing home care quality, Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 19(2), 130-6. Bostick, J. E., Rantz, M.J. et al (2006) Systematic review of studies of staffing and quality in nursing homes, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 7(6), 366-76. Bowers, B., and Becker, M. (1992) Nurse's aides in nursing homes, the relationship between organization and quality, Gerontologist, 32(3), 360-6. Bowers, B. J., Esmond, S. et al (2000) The relationship between staffing and quality in long-term care facilities, exploring the views of nurse aides, Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 14(4), 55-64; quiz 735. Bowers, B. J., Fibich, B. and Jacobson, N. (2001) Care-as-service, care-as-relating, care-as-comfort, understanding nursing home residents' definitions of quality, The Gerontologist, 41 (4), 539-45. Bowers, B. J., Lauring, C. et al (2001) How nurses manage time and work in long-term care, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 33(4), 484-491. Bowers, B. J., Esmond, S. et al (2003) Turnover reinterpreted CNAs talk about why they leave, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 29(3), 36-43. Bowling, A. (2001) Measuring Disease, a Review of Disease Specific Quality of Life Measurement Scales, 2nd edition, Buckinghamshire: Open University Press. Bowman, C., Whistler, J. and Ellerby, M. (2004) A national census of care home residents, Age and Ageing, 33, 561-566. Boyle, G. (2004) Facilitating choice and control for older people in long-term care, Health and Social Care in the Community, 12 (3), 212-220. Boyle, G. (2005) The role of autonomy in explaining mental ill-health and depression among older people in long-term care settings, Ageing & Society, 25 741-748. Bradford Dementia Group (2002) ‘Well-being Profiling Tool’, Bradford: University of Bradford. Bradford Dementia Group (2005) ‘Dementia Care Mapping’, www.bradford.ac.uk/health/dementia/dcm/ (accessed on 28 April 2008). Braithwaite, V., Braithwaite, J. et al (1992) Progress in assessing the quality of Australian nursing home care, Australian Journal of Public Health, 16(1), 89-97. Brannon, D., Zinn, J.S et al (2002) An exploration of job, organizational, and environmental factors associated with high and low nursing assistant turnover, Gerontologist, 42(2), 159-168. Brannon, D., Smyer, M.A. et al. Strategies for improving nursing home care, a research roundtable, Journal of Long Term Care Administration, 20(4), 18-20. 11 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Bratan, T., Choudrie, J., Clarke, M., Jones, R. and Larkworthy, A. (2007) Human and organisational aspects of remote patient monitoring in residential care homes, International Journal of Electronic Healthcare, 3, (1): 123-134. Braun, B. I. (1991) The effect of nursing home quality on patient outcome, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 39(4), 329-38. Bravo, G., De Wals, P. et al (1999) Correlates of care quality in long-term care facilities, a multilevel analysis, Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 54(3), P180-8. Brazil, K., Royle, J.A. et al (2004) Moving to evidence-based practice in long-term care, the role of a Best Practise Resource Centre in two long-term care settings, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 30(3), 14-9. Brazil, K., McAiney,C., Caron-O’Brien, M., Kelley, M. et al (2004) Quality End of Life Care in Long term facilities. Service Providers Perspective, Journal of Palliative Care, 20 (2), 85-92. Brechin, A. (1998) ‘What makes for good care?’, in A. Brechin, J. Walmsley, J. Katz and S. Peace (eds) Care Matters, Concepts, Practice and Research in Health and Social Care, London: Sage, 17087. Brennan, P. L. and Moos, R.H. (1990) Physical design, social climate, and staff turnover in skilled nursing facilities, Journal of Long Term Care Administration, 18(2), 22-7. Bridges Initiative (2004) ‘Developing quality end of life care in eight independent nursing homes through the implementation of an integrated care pathway in the last days of life’, available at www.stcolumbashospice.org.uk. Bridges, J. (2004) Workforce Matters. Evaluating the role of the interprofessional care co-ordinator, Unpublished PhD thesis, City University. Briggs, K. and Batchelor, J. (2004) What are the core values of care? Journal of Dementia Care, 12, (6), 14-5. Bright, L. and Clarke, A. (2006) Moving Stories, London: Relatives and Residents Association. British Diabetic Association (1999) ‘Guidelines of Practice for Residents with Diabetes in Care Homes. A report prepared by a Working Party of the British Diabetic Association on behalfof the Diabetes Care Advisory Committee. A British Diabetic Association Report’, available online at http://www.diabetes.org.uk/Documents/Reports/guideline_residents.pdf. Brittis, S. (1996) Sharing destinies, staff and residents' perspectives on excellence in high quality nursing homes in London, England and New York City, United States of America, Case Western Reserve University, 321. Brocklehurst, N. (1997) Clinical supervision in nursing homes, Nursing Times, 93 (12), 48-9. Brodaty, H., Draper, B. and Low, L. (2003) Nursing Home staff attitudes towards residents with dementia, strain and satisfaction at work, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 44 (6), 583-590. Brodsky, J., Habib, J. and Hirschfeld, M. (2003) Key Policy Issues in Long-term Care, Geneva: World Health Organisation. Brooker, D. (1995) Looking at them, looking at me. A review of observational studies into the quality of institutional care for elderly people with dementia, Journal of Mental Health, 4, 145-156. Brooker, D. (2001) ‘Therapeutic Activity’, in Caroline Cantley (ed) A Handbook of Dementia Care, Buckingham: Open University Press, 146-159. 12 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Brooker, D. (2004) What is person-centred care in dementia? Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 13, 215-222. Brooker, D. (2005) Dementia Care Mapping, a review of the research literature, Gerontologist, 45, (1), Special Issue 1, 11-8. Brooker, D. and Duce, L. (2000) Well-being and activity in dementia, a comparison of group reminiscence therapy, structured goal-directed group activity and unstructured time, Aging and Mental Health, 4, 356-360. Broussard, P.C. (2001) The relationship among governmental regulations, perceived quality of care, and perceived quality of life in nursing facility residents, Unpublished PhD thesis, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Nursing, Louisiana. Brown, C. and Thompson, K. (1994) A quality life, searching for quality of life in residential service for elderly people, Australian Journal on Ageing, 13(3), 131-133. Brown, J. (2006) Student Nurses’ Experience of Learning to Care for Older People in Enriched Environments, a Constructivist Inquiry, Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Sheffield. Brown, M. (2005) Learning in later life, oldering or empowerment? A third-age researcher’s interpretation of some voices of third-age learners, Generations Review, 15 (4), 8-12. Brown, N.M., Lapane, K.L, and Luisi, A.F. (2002) The management of depression in older nursing home residents, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50, 69-76. Brown, N.C. (1993) On recent research conducted on staff in Australian nursing homes, Contemporary Nurse, 2(2), 54. Browne, A. and Odell, M. (2004) A review of nursing skill-mix to optimise care in an acute trust, Nursing Times, 100,34-8. Brownsell, S., Bradley, D., Bragg, R., Catlin, P. and Carlier, J. (2000) Do community alarm users want telecare? Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, vol 6, pp 199–204. Brownsell, S., Bradley, D., Bragg, R., Catling, P. and Carlier, J. (2001) An attributable cost model for a telecare system using advanced community alarms, Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, vol 7, pp 63–72. Brownsell, S. and Bradley, D. (2003) Assistive Technology and Telecare. Forging solutions for independent living, Bristol: The Policy Press. Brownsell, S. and Hawley, M. (2004) Fall Detectors, Do they work or reduce the fear of falling? Housing, Care and Support, vol 7, no 1, pp 18–24. Brown-Wilson, C. (2000) Rehabilitation, philosophy into practice, Elderly Care, 12 (1), 8-10. Buchan, J. and Dal Poz, M. (2002) Skill mix in the health care workforce, reviewing the evidence, Bulletin of the World Health Organisation, 80, 575-580. Buckwalter, K.C., Cusack, D., Kruckeberg, T. and Shoemaker, A. (1991) Family involvement with communication impaired residents in long-term care settings, Applied Nursing Research, 4 (2), 77-84. Buckwalter, K.C. (2000) Awareness is key, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 26(6), 3. Buckwalter, K., Maas, M.L. et al (2001) Public policy… HCFA's report on appropriateness of minimum nurse staffing ratios in nursing homes, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 27(2), 15-6. 13 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Buckwalter, K.C. (2002) A different view of quality care, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 28(9), 45. Buelow, J. R, and Whittemore, A. (1996) Residents' morale can be improved through organizational changes, Journal of Long Term Care Administration, 24(1), 33-7. Buelow, J. R. and Fee, F.A. (2000) Perceptions of care and satisfaction in assisted living facilities, Health Marketing Quarterly, 17(3), 13-24. Buhr, G.T. and White, H.K. (2006) Quality improvement initiative for chronic pain assessment and management in the nursing home, a pilot study, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 7(4), 246-53. Bunce, J. (2004) Mary and Matha, Dance Movement with the Elderly, Generations Review, 14 (20), 20-21. Burack, O. and Chichin, E. (2001) A support group for nursing assistants. Caring for nursing home residents at the end of life, Geriatric Nursing, 22 (6), 299-305. Burack, O. R., Jefferson, P. and Libow, L.S. (2002) Individualized music, a route to improving the quality of life for long-term care residents, Activities, Adaptation and Aging, 27 (1), 63-76. Burggraf, V. and Barry, R. (1998) Gerontological nursing in the 21st century, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 24(6), 29-35. Burgio, L.D., Fisher, S.E., Fairchild, J.K., Scilley, K. and Hardin, J.M. (2004) Quality of care in the nursing home, effects of staff assignment and work shift, Gerontologist, 44 (3), 368-77. Burke, G., III, Summers, J. et al (2001) Quality in long-term care, what we can learn from certified nursing assistants, Annals of Long-Term Care, 9(2), 29-35. Burns, A., Byrne, J., Ballard, C. et al (2002) Sensory stimulation in dementia, an effective option for managing behavioural problems, British Medical Journal, 325, 1312-1313. Burstow, P. (2006) Mind the protection gap, Nursing Older People, 17 (10), 6. Burton Jones, J. (2001) Involving relatives and friends, a good practice guide for homes for older people, London: Relatives and Residents Association. Butterworth, C. (2005) Ongoing consent to care for older people in care homes, Nursing Standard, 19 (20), 40-45. Byers, S. (2004) Art therapy with elderly people, Generations Review, 14 (2), 22-23. Cameron, J. M. (1985) Case-mix and resource use in long-term care, Medical Care, 23(4), 296-309. Campbell, J. and Ikegami, N. (2003) Japan’s radical reform of long-term care, Social Policy & Administration, vol 37, no 1, pp 21–34. Campbell, S. L. (2003) Empowering nursing staff and residents in long-term care, Geriatric Nursing, 24 (3), 170-5. Campbell, S.L. (2005) Resident attractiveness, an influential factor in the quality of care in nursing homes, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 31 (8), 18-2. Campbell, S. L. (2005) Conceptual model of attractiveness as a factor influencing quality of care and outcomes of residents in nursing home settings, Advances in Nursing Science, 28(2), 107-15. 14 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Caplan, G. A., Williams, A.J. et al (2004) A randomized, controlled trial of comprehensive geriatric assessment and multidisciplinary intervention after discharge of elderly from the emergency department--the DEED II study, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52(9), 1417-23. Caprio, T. V. (2006) Physician practice in the nursing home, collaboration with nurse practitioners and physician assistants, Annals of Long-Term Care, 14(3), 17-24. Cardona, P., Tappen, R.M. et al (1997) Nursing staff time allocation in long-term care, a work sampling study, Journal of Nursing Administration, 27(2), 28-36. Care Commission (2004) ‘A Review of the quality of care homes in Scotland 2004’, Dundee: Care Commission. Care of Children Committee (1946) ‘Report of the Care of Children Committee’, London: HMSO, Cmd 6922. Caring Times (2004) ‘The Consumer Perspective of Quality. What Relatives Want’, London: Hawker Publications. Carlisle, R. (1999) Do nursing home residents use high levels of general practice services? British Journal of General Practice, 49(445), 645-646. Carlson, A., Jacek, M. et al (1981) Resident classification in an extended-care setting, Dimensions in Health Service, 58(11), 14-6. Carpenter, B. D. (2002) Family, peer, and staff social support in nursing home patients. Contributions to psychological well-being, Journal of Applied Gerontology, 21(3), 275-293. Carpenter, G. I., Turner, G.F. et al (1997) Casemix for inpatient care of elderly people, rehabilitation and post-acute care, Age and Ageing, 26(2), 123-31. Carpenter, G.I., Ikegami, N. et al (1997) RUG-III and resource allocation, comparing the relationship of direct care time with patient characteristics in five countries… Resource Utilization Groups, Age and Ageing, 26(Suppl 2), 61-5. Carpenter, G. I., Perry, M. et al (2003) Identification of registered nursing care of residents in English nursing homes using the Minimum Data Set Resident Assessment Instrument (MDS/RAI) and Resource Utilisation Groups version III (RUG-III), Age & Ageing, 32(3), 279-285. Carpenter, I. and Perry, M. (2002) ‘Nursing Hours. Identifying the level of registered nursing care provided to UK nursing home residents’, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Carpenter, I., Perry, M. et al (2003) Erratum. Identification of registered nursing care of residents in English nursing homes using the minimum data set resident assessment instrument (MDS/RAI) and resource utilisation groups version III (RUG-III), (Age and Ageing (2003) vol, 32 (3) (279-286)), Age & Ageing, 32(6), 686. Carter, M. and Phillips, C. (1987) What's wrong with working in a nursing home? An analysis of nurses' comments, Australian Nurses' Journal, 16(11), 49-51. Carter, M.W. and Porell, F.W. (2003) Variations in hospitalization rates among nursing home residents, the role of facility and market attributes, Gerontologist, 43(2), 175-91. Cass Business School (2004) ‘An International Comparison of Long-term Care Arrangements. An investigation into the equity, efficiency and sustainability of the long-term care systems in Germany, Japan, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States’, London: Cass Business School, available online at www.cass.city.ac.uk/arc/reports/ARP%20156.pdf (accessed on 8 November 2007). 15 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Castle, N.G. (2001) Administrator turnover and quality of care in nursing homes, Gerontologist, 41(6), 757-67. Castle, N.G. (2001) Relocation of the elderly, Medical Care Research & Review, 58(3), 291-333. Castle, N.G., (2004) Facility charter and quality of care for board and care residents, Journal of Health & Social Policy, 20(1), 23-42. Castle, N.G. (2005) Does quality pay for nursing homes? Journal of Health & Social Policy, 21(2), 3551. Castle, N.G., (2005) Nursing home closures and quality of care, Medical Research and Review. no 1, Feb 2005. Castle, N.G. (2005) Turnover begets turnover, Gerontologist, 45(2), 186-95. Castle, N.G. (2006) Measuring staff turnover in nursing homes, Gerontologist, 46(2), 210-9. Castle, N.G. (2006) Organizational commitment and turnover of nursing home administrators, Health Care Management Review, 31(2), 156-165. Castle, N.G. and Mor, V. (1996) Hospitalization of nursing home residents, a review of the literature, 1980-1995, Medical Care Research & Review, 53(2), 123-48. Castle, N.G., Fogel, B.S. et al (1996) Study shows higher quality of care in facilities administered by ACHCA members, Journal of Long-Term Care Administration, 24(2), 11-6. Castle, N.G. and Shea, D.G. (1998) The effects of for-profit and not-for-profit facility status on the quality of care for nursing home residents with mental illnesses, Research on Aging, 20(2), 246-263. Castle, N.G. and Fogel, B.S. (2002) Professional association membership by nursing facility administrators and quality of care, Health Care Management Review, 27(2), 7-17. Castle, N.G. and Engberg, J. (2005) Staff turnover and quality of care in nursing homes, Medical Care, 43(6), 616-26. Castle, N.G. and Shugarman, L.R. (2005) The effects of top management professional development on administrator turnover, Journal of Applied Gerontology, 24(5), 404-418. Castle, N.G. and Engberg, J. (2006) Organizational characteristics associated with staff turnover in nursing homes, Gerontologist, 46(1), 62-73. Castle, N.G. and Myers, S. (2006) Mental health care deficiency citations in nursing homes and caregiver staffing, Administration & Policy in Mental Health, 33(2), 215-25. Castle, N.G., Degenholtz, H. et al (2006) Determinants of staff job satisfaction of caregivers in two nursing homes in Pennsylvania, BMC Health Services Research, 6(60). Caudill, M. and Patrick, M. (1989) Nursing assistant turnover in nursing homes and need satisfaction, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 15(6), 24-30. Caudill, M. E. and Patrick, M. (1991) Turnover among nursing assistants, why they leave and why they stay, Journal of Long Term Care Administration, 19(4), 29-32. Caughey, M.R. and Chang, B.L. (1998) Computerized data collection, example of a time-motion study, Western Journal of Nursing Research, 20(2), 251-6. Cavaiola, L.J. and Young, J.P. (1980) An integrated system for patient assessment and classification and nurse staff allocation for long term care facilities, Health Services Research, 15(3), 281-306. 16 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Central and North West London Mental Health NHS Trust (2004) ‘Activities Manual’, (unpublished). Centre for Health Economics (1995) ‘Fewer Doctors? More Nurses? A Review of the Knowledge Base of Doctor-Nurse Substitution’, York: Centre for Health Economics, University of York, Discussion Paper 135. Centre for Health Economics (1996) ‘Measuring Skill-mix in Primary Care. Dilemmas of delegation and diversification’, York: Centre for Health Economics, University of York, Discussion Paper 144. Centre for Health Economics (2003) ‘Improving the effectiveness of the nursing workforce’, York: Centre for Health Economics, University of York. Centre for Policy on Ageing (1984) ‘Home Life. A Code of Practice for Residential Care’, London: CPA,. Centre for Policy on Ageing (1996) ‘A Better Home Life, A Code of Good Practice for Residential and Nursing Care,’ London: CPA. Centre for Policy on Ageing (2001) ‘Trained to care? Investigating the skills and competencies of care assistants in homes for older people’, London: CPA. Centre for Policy on Ageing/Methodist Homes (2000) ‘A choice well made, mutuality as a governing principle in residential care’, London: CPA/Methodist Homes. Centre of Research into Aged Care Services (2002) ‘Exploring Residents' Views in Aged Care Facilities’, Perth: Curtin University of Technology. CESSA (1992) ‘Inside Quality Assurance. The IQA Action Pack. Centre for Environmental and Social Studies in Ageing’, London: CESSA. Chaffin, P. (1976) Nurse practitioners, nursing's contribution to quality care in nursing homes, Nurse Practitioner, 1(5), 24-6. Challiner, Y., Watson, R. et al (1994) A postal survey of the quality of long-term institutional care, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 9(8), 619-625. Challiner, Y., Julious, S. et al (1996) Quality of care, quality of life and the relationship between them, in long-term care institutions for the elderly, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11(10), 883-888. Challis, D., Mozley, C.G., Sutcliffe, C., Bagley, H., Price, L., Burns, A., Huxley, P. and Cordingley, L. (2000) Dependency in older people recently admitted to care homes, Age and Ageing, 29, 255-260. Challis, D., Hughes, J., Jacobs, S., Stewart, K. and Weiner, K. (2007) Are different forms of caremanagement for older people in England associated with variations in case-mix, service use and caremanagers’ use of time? Ageing and Society, 27, 25-48. Challis, L. and Bartleet, H. (1987) Old and ill. Private Nursing Homes for Older People, London: Age Concern. Chambers, J. D. (1989) Organizational characteristics, organizational climate, and group characteristics, a predictive study of turnover of licensed nurses in skilled long-term facilities, The University of Texas at Austin, 228. Chambers, J. D. (1990) Predicting licensed nurse turnover in skilled long-term care--organizational characteristics, climate, and group characteristics, Nursing & Health Care, 11(9), 474-7. 17 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Chandler, M. (2003) Professional interest. Assistants in nursing, their emergence, roles and utilisation in aged care, Geriaction, 21(4), 17-21. Chandler, M., Madison, J. et al (2005) Australian residential aged care, skills mix and funding post 1997 reforms, Geriaction, 23(1), 5-11. Chang, B. L. (1991) Use of computers for nursing minimum data set and nursing home cost studies, Western Journal of Nursing Research, 13(6), 789-93. Chao, S. and Roth, P. (2005) Dimensions of quality in long-term care facilities in Taiwan, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 52(6), 609-18. Chappell, N. L. and Novak, M. (1992) The role of support in alleviating stress among nursing assistants, Gerontologist, 32(3), 351-9. Chaudhury, H. (2003) Quality of life and place-therapy, Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 17 (1/2), 85-103. Cheek, J., Ballantyne, A. et al (2003) Ensuring excellence, an investigation of the issues that impact on the registered nurse providing residential care to older Australians, International Journal of Nursing Practice, 9(2), 103-11. Chen, C., Su, H. et al (2003) The relationship between facility characteristics and the quality of care in nursing homes [Chinese], Journal of Nursing (China) 50(3), 62-70. Cheng, H. Y., Tonorezos, E. et al (2006) Inpatient care for nursing home patients, an opportunity to improve transitional care, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 7(6), 383-7. Chenoweth, L. and Kilstoff, K. (2002) Organizational and structural reform in aged care organizations, empowerment towards a change process, Journal of Nursing Management, 10(4), 235-244. Cherry, R. L. (1991) Agents of nursing home quality of care, ombudsmen and staff ratios revisited [see comment], Gerontologist, 31(3), 302-8. Cherry, R. L. (1993) Community presence and nursing home quality of care, the ombudsman as a complementary role, Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 34(4), 336-45. Cho, S. (2003) Methods. Using multilevel analysis in patient and organizational outcomes research, Nursing Research, 52(1), 61-5. Chou, S-C., Boldy, D.P. and Lee, A.H. (2002) Staff satisfaction and its components in residential aged care, International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 14 (3), 207-217. Chou, S.C., Boldly, D.P. et al (2002) Measuring job satisfaction in residential aged care, International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 14(1), 49-54. Chou, S.C., Boldy, D.P. et al (2002) Staff satisfaction and its components in residential aged care, International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 14(3), 207-17. Chou, S.C., Boldy, D.P. et al (2003) Factors influencing residents' satisfaction in residential aged care, Gerontologist, 43(4), 459-72. Chow, E. (2003) Long-term care. A health promotion challenge, Perspectives Canada, 27(2), 16-21. Christensen, C. and Beaver, S. (1996) Correlation between administrator turnover and survey results, Journal of Long Term Care Administration, 24(2), 4-7. Christian Council on Ageing (2000) ‘Spiritual care, guidelines for care plans’, Derby: Christian Council on Ageing, Leeds: Faith in Elderly People. 18 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review City University (2003) ‘Does NICE Have a Cost-effectiveness Threshold and What Other Factors Influence its Decisions. A discrete choice analysis’, London: Department of Economics, City University, Discussion Paper 03/0. City University (2004) ‘Partnership with Care Home Project Proposal. Towards a Community of Practice in Care Homes for Older People in Hackney’, London: City University. Clark, H., Dyer, S. and Horwood, J. (1998) ‘That Bit of Help’ The high value of low level preventative services for older people, London: The Policy Press. Clark, L., Fink, R. et al (2006) Nurses' reflections on pain management in a nursing home setting, Pain Management Nursing, 7(2), 71-7. Clarke, M., Jones, R.W., Bratan, T. and Larkworthy, A. (2004) Providing remote patient monitoring services in residential care homes, Current Perspectives in Healthcare Computing, 114-122. Clelland, J. and McCann, M. (1999) The role of podiatry in nursing and residential care, Nursing and Residential Care, 1 (9), 502-505. Clelland, J., Scott, D. and McKenzie, D. (2005) An analysis of allied health professional training in care homes for older people in Glasgow, Quality in Ageing – Policy, Practice and Research, 6 (3), 2436. Cocco, E., Gatti, M. et al (2003) A comparative study of stress and burnout among staff caregivers in nursing homes and acute geriatric wards, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(1), 78-85. Coffey, A. (2004) Perceptions of training for care attendants employed in the care of older people, Journal of Nursing Management, 12 (5), 322-328. Cohen, J. W. and Dubay, L.C. (1990) The effects of Medicaid reimbursement method and ownership on nursing home costs, case mix, and staffing, Inquiry, 27(2), 183-200. Cohen, J. W. and Spector, W.D. (1996) The effect of Medicaid reimbursement on quality of care in nursing homes, Journal of Health Economics, 15(1), 23-48. Cohen-Mansfield, J. (1989) Sources of satisfaction and stress in nursing home caregivers, preliminary results, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 14(5), 383-8. Cohen-Mansfield, J. (1995) Stress in nursing home staff. A review and a theoretical model, Journal of Applied Gerontology, 14(4), 444-466. Cohen-Mansfield, J. (1997) Turnover among nursing home staff, a review, Nursing Management, 28(5), 59-60 62, 64. Cohen-Mansfield, J. and Rosenthal, A.S. (1989) Absenteeism of nursing staff in a nursing home, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 26(2), 187-94. COI Communications (2001) ‘Perceptions of Social Work and Social Care Report of Findings (On Behalf of The Department of Health)’, London: Research Works Limited. Cole, A. (1989) View from the frontline. (Comments by auxiliary nurses on the support worker scheme), Nursing Times and Nursing Mirror, 85, 32-33. Cole, A. and Williams, H. (2004) Life story work as an aid to well-being, Signpost, 9 (2), 14-18. Coleman, P. (2004) Religion, the friend of ageing, Generations Review, 14 (4), 4-8. College of Occupational Therapists/NAPA (2005) ‘Occupation Matters for Older People (Joint statement)’, London: COT/NAPA. 19 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Colman, P. and O’Hanlon, A. (2004) Ageing and Development, London: Arnold. Colon-Emeric, C. S., Ammarell, N., Bailey, C., Kirsten, C., Lekan-Rutledge D., Piven, M. and Anderson, R. (2005) Care-planning in skilled nursing facilities through a complexity science lens, Journal of The American Geriatrics Society, 53 Supplement 1,S52, April 2005. Comas-Herrera, A., Wittenberg, R., and Pickard, L. (2004) ‘Long-term care for older people in the United Kingdom, structure and challenges’, in A. Festschrift for D. Bleddyn, M. Knapp, J-L. Fernández, D. Challis, A. Netten (eds) Long-Term Care, Matching resources and needs, Aldershot: Ashgate, 17–34. Commission for Social Care Inspection (2004) ‘Direct Payments. What are the barriers?’ London: CSCI. Commission for Social Care Inspection (2004) ‘The management of medication in care services 200203’, London: CSCI. Commission for Social Care Inspection (2005) ‘The state of social care in England 2004-2005’, London: Commission for Social Care Inspection. Commission for Social Care Inspection (2005) ‘Performance Indicators website’, Available online at www.csci.org.uk/council_performance/paf/performance_indicators.htm (accessed on 10 February 2008). Commission for Social Care Inspection (2005) ‘The State of Social Care in England 2004–05’, London: CSCI, Available online at www.csci.org.uk/publications/national_reports/state_social_care_summary.htm (accessed on 14 March 2006). Commission for Social Care Inspection (2006) ‘Handled with Care? Managing medication for residents of care homes and children’s homes – a follow up study’, London: Commission for Social Care Inspection, available online at www.csci.org.uk/about_csci/news/handle_care,pdf. Commission for Social Care Inspection (2006) ‘Highlight of the Day? Improving meals for older people in care homes’, London: Commission for Social Care Inspection, Newsletter 1, March 2006. Commission for Social Care Inspection (2007) ‘A fair contract with older people? A special study of people’s experiences when finding a care home’, London: CSCI. Congdon, J.G. and Magilvy, J.K. (2004) Hallmarks of quality, generating knowledge to assist consumers of long-term care, 37th Annual Communicating Nursing Research Conference/18th Annual WIN Assembly, Hallmarks of Quality, Generating and Using Knowledge, held April 22-24, 2004, Portland Marriott Downtown, Portland, Oregon, Communicating Nursing Research, 37, 39-49. Continuing Care Conference (2006) ‘Census of BUPA care home residents launched on June 30 2006’, London: BUPA Care Homes. Cook, G. (2006) Living with care rather than as an object of care, A hermeneutic inquiry of life as a care home resident, Forthcoming PhD thesis, Northumbria University. Cook, G. (2006) The risk to enduring friendships following the move to a care home, International Journal of Older People Nursing, 1 (3), 182-185. Cookman, C.A. (1996) Older people and attachment to things, places, pets, and ideas, Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 28 (3), 227-31. Cornes, M. and Manthorpe, J. (2005) Someone to expect each day, Community Care online, Available online at www.communitycare.co.uk/Articles/2005/12/08/52055/Someone+to+expect+each+day.html. 20 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Cotler, M.P. and Kane, R. (1988) Registered nurses and nursing home shortages, job conditions and attitudes among RNs, Journal of Long Term Care Administration, 16(4), 13-8. Cotter, A. (1998) A new lease of life, Nursing Times, 94, (20), 58-59. Cotter, A. (2002) ‘The challenge of change, a personal account’, in S. Benson (ed) Dementia Topics for the Millenium and Beyond, London: Hawker Publications, 44-47. Cotter, A. (2002) ‘Healing where light and shadows meet’, in S. Benson (ed) Dementia Topics for the Millenium and Beyond, London: Hawker Publications, 149-151. Counsel and Care (1999) ‘Moving to Quality’, London: Counsel and Care. Counsel and Care (2005) ‘The Counsel and Care National Falls Survey. Progress in implementing standard 6 of the National Service Framework for Older People’, London: Counsel and Care. Courtney, B. M. and Spencer, L. (2000) What's best? Clinical indicators of quality in residential aged care facilities, Collegian, Journal of the Royal College of Nursing, Australia, 7(2), 14-9. Cowan, D.T., Fitzpatrick, J.M., Roberts, J.D., While, A.E., Baldwin ,J. (2003) The assessment and management of pain among older people in care homes, current status and future directions, Int J Nurs Stud 40(3),291-8. Cowan, D.T., Roberts, J.D., Fitzpatrick, J.M. and While, A.E. (2003) The need for effective assessment of pain among older people in care homes, Reviews in Clinical Gerontology. 13, 335-341. Cowan, D.T., Roberts, J.D., Fitzpatrick, J.M., While, A.E. and Baldwin, J. (2003) Nutritional status of older people on long term care settings, current status and future directions, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 41, 225-237. Coward, R.T., Hogan, T.L. et al (1995) Job satisfaction of nurses employed in rural and urban longterm care facilities, Research in Nursing & Health, 18(3), 271-84. Cox, H., Burns, I. and Savage, S. (2004) Multisensory environments for leisure, promoting well-being in nursing-home residents with dementia, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 30 (2), 37-45. CPA (2001) ‘Residential care and older people’, CPA briefings, Available from http./www.cpa.org.uk/policy/briefings/residential_care_and_older_people.pdf. CPA (2005) ‘What Price Care in Old Age? Three years on from SPAIN’s ‘Underfunding of social care’ paper, what has changed?’ available online at http://www.cpa.org.uk/cpa/cpa_what_price_care.pdf Craig, G. (1995) Problems in the delivery of medical care to the frail elderly in the community, Journal Management of Medicine, 9, 30-33. Crain, M. (2001) Control beliefs of the frail elderly, Care Management Journals, 3 (1), 42-46. Crickard, K. B. (2005) A West Virginia nursing facility structure and its effects on quality outcomes, Nova Southeastern University, 92. Cronin, S.N. and Becherer, D. (1999) Recognition of staff nurse job performance and achievements, staff and manager perceptions, Journal of Nursing Administration, 29 26-31. Crotty, M., Halbert, J., Rowett, D., Giles, L., Birks, R., Williams, H. and Whitehead, C. (2004) An outreach geriatric medication advisory service in residential aged care, a randomised controlled trial of case conferencing, Age & Ageing, 33 (6), 612-617. 21 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Crotty, M., Whitehead, C., Rowett, D., Halbert, J., Weller, D., Finucane, P., Esterman, A. (2004) An outreach intervention to implement evidence based practice in residential care, a randomized controlled trial, BMC Health Serv Res, 6;4(1),6. Crotty, M., D, Rowett, et al (2004) Does the addition of a pharmacist transition coordinator improve evidence-based medication management and health outcomes in older adults moving from the hospital to a long-term care facility? Results of a randomized, controlled trial, American Journal Geriatric Pharmacotherapy, 2(4), 257-64. Crotty, M., Halbert, J. et al (2004) An outreach geriatric medication advisory service in residential aged care, a randomised controlled trial of case conferencing, Age & Ageing, 33(6), 612-7. Crotty, M., Whitehead, C.H. et al (2005) Transitional care facility for elderly people in hospital awaiting a long term care bed, randomised controlled trial, British Medical Journal, 331(7525), 1110. CSCI (2006) ‘Inspecting for better lives’, Available from http.//www.csci.org.uk/care_professional/service_providers/inspecting_for_better_lives/changes_to_th e_types_of_inspec.aspx. Curtis, C. (1985) Nursing homes in Australia, staffing and standards, Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 3(1), 11-26. Cyr, A.B. (1983) Proxy case mix measures for nursing homes, Inquiry, 20(4), 350-60. Daly, J.M., McCloskey, J.C. et al (1994) Nursing interventions classification use in long-term care, Geriatric Nursing, 15(1), 41-6. Dalley, G. (2005) The Counsel and Care National Falls Survey. Progress in implementing standard 6 of the National Service Framework for Older People, London: Counsel and Care. Darton, R., Netten, A. and Forder, J. (2003) The cost implications of the changing population and characteristics of care homes, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 236-243. Davidson, S., Koritsas, S., O’Connor, D. and Clarke, D. (2006) The feasibility of a GP led screening intervention for depression among nursing home residents, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(11), 1026-1030. Davies, B. and Fernandez, J.L. (1998) ‘Royal Commission Secretariat meeting with PSSRU – evaluating community care for elderly people’, Kent: Personal Services Research Unit: Kent, PSSRU Discussion Paper 1409. Davies, B., Fernández, J-L., with Nomer, B. (2000) Equity and Efficiency Policy in Community Care, Aldershot: Ashgate. Davies, C. (1999) ‘Rethinking regulation in the health professions in the UK. Institutions, ideals and identities’, in I. Hellberg, M. Saks, and Benoit, C. (eds) Professional Identities in Transition, Crosscultural Dimensions, Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International. Davies, C. (2004) Regulating the health care workforce, next steps for research, Journal of Health Services Research and Policy, 9, Suppl 1 S1,55-61. Davies, S.M. (1992) Consequences of the division of nursing labour for elderly patients in a continuing care setting, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17(5), 582-9. Davies, S., Slack, R. et al (1999) The educational preparation of staff in nursing homes, relationship with resident autonomy, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29(1), 208-17. 22 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Davies, S. (2001) ‘The care needs of older people and family caregivers in continuing care settings’, in M. Nolan, S. Davies, G. Grant (eds) Working with older people and their families, Buckingham: Open University Press, 75-97. Davies S (2001) Relatives’ experiences of nursing home entry, a constructivist inquiry, Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Sheffield. Davies, S., Gell, L., Tetley, J. and Aveyard, B. (2002) Learning to nurse in care homes, student support, Nursing Standard, 17 (13), 39-42. Davies, S., Powell, A. and Aveyard, B. (2002) Developing partnerships in care, towards a teaching nursing home, British Journal of Nursing, 11, (20), 1320-1328. Davies, S. and Nolan, M. (2002) Comment, Culture of care in care homes in need of further research, British Journal of Nursing, 11(2), 78. Davies, S. and Seymour, J. (2002) ‘Historical and policy contexts’, in J. Hockley and D. Clark (eds) Palliative Care for Older People in Care Homes, Buckingham: Open University Press, 4-33. Davies S (2003) ‘Creating community, the basis for caring partnerships in nursing homes’, in M. Nolan, G. Grant, J. Keady, U. Lundh (eds) Partnerships in Family Care, Maidenhead: Open University Press, 218- 237. Davies, S. and Nolan, M. (2003) ‘Making the best of things’, relatives’ experiences of decision about care-home entry, Ageing and Society, 23, 429-450. Davies, S., Darlington, E., Powell, A. and Aveyard, B. (2003) Developing partnerships at 67 Birch Avenue Nursing Home, the support 67 Action Group Quality in Ageing, Policy Practice and Research, 4 (4), 32-37. Davies, S. and Nolan, M. (2004) ‘Making the move’, relatives’ experiences of the transition to a care home, Health and Social Care in the Community, 12 (6), 517-526. Davies, S., Aveyard, B, and Norman, I. (2005) ‘Person-centered dementia care’, in S. Redfern and F. Ross (eds) Nursing Older People (4th Edn), Edinburgh: Elsevier. Davies, S. and Nolan, M.R. (2006) ‘Making it better', self-perceived roles of family caregivers of older people living in care homes; a qualitative study, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 43 (2), 281291. Davies-Gray, M. (2003) Nurse-led fast track for vulnerable older people, Emergency Nurse, vol 11, no 5, pp 34–38. Davis, R. (2000) Holographic Community, reconceptualising the meaning of community in an era of health care reform, Nursing Outlook, 48, 294-301. Davis, M.A., Sebastian, J.G. et al (1997) Measuring quality of nursing home service, residents' perspective, Psychological Reports, 81(2), 531-42. Davis, M.A., Freeman, J.W. et al (1998) Nursing home performance under case-mix reimbursement, responding to heavy-care incentives and market changes, Health Services Research, 33(4 Pt 1), 815-34. Davis, R. and Kelly, T. (1988) Reducing staff turnover, a program that worked, Contemporary LongTerm Care, 11(3), 71-2. Day, P., Larder, D. et al (1986) Nursing manpower in private and voluntary nursing homes for the elderly, Bath: University of Bath. 23 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Deakin, T.A. and Littley, M.D. (2001) Diabetes care in residential homes, staff training makes a difference, Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 14, 443-447. DeCicco, J., Laschinger, H. et al (2006) Perceptions of empowerment and respect, effect on nurses' organizational commitment in nursing homes, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 32(5), 49-56. Deckard, G.J., Hicks, L.L. et al (1986) Long-term care nursing, how satisfying is it? Nursing Economics, 4(4), 194-200. Deckard, G.J., Rountree, B.H. et al (1988) Nursing productivity, a qualitative view of performance, Nursing Economics, 6(4), 184-8. Decker, F.H. (2006) Nursing staff and the outcomes of nursing home stays, Medical Care, 44(9), 81221. Deeming, C. (2001) A Fair Deal for Older People. Public views on the funding of long term care, London: King’s Fund. Deeming, C. and Keen, J. (2002) Paying for old age, Can people on lower incomes afford domiciliary care costs? Social Policy & Administration, vol 3, no 5. Deeming, C. and Keen, J. (2003) A fair deal for care in older age? Public attitudes towards the funding of long-term care, Policy & Politics, vol 31, no 4. Deitzer, D., Wessell, J. et al (1992) Agency nurses, the right solution to staffing problems? Journal of Long Term Care Administration, 20(3), 29-33. Dellefield, M.E. (2000) The relationship between nurse staffing in nursing homes and quality indicators, a literature review, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 26(6), 14-28. Dellefield, M.E. (2006) Organizational correlates of the risk-adjusted pressure ulcer prevalence and subsequent survey deficiency citation in California nursing homes, Research in Nursing & Health, 29(4), 345-58. Dellefield, M.E. (2006) Using the Resource Utilization Groups (RUG-III) system as a staffing tool in nursing homes, Geriatric Nursing, 27(3), 160-5. Deming-Murphy, J. (1989) Management system improves staff utilization, Contemporary Long-Term Care, 12(14), 43-5. DEMOS (2003) ‘The New Old. Why baby boomers won’t be pensioned off’, London: DEMOS. Department for Constitutional Affairs (2005) ‘The Mental Capacity Act’, http.//www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2005/20050009.htm (accessed 28 April 2008). Department for Education and Skills (2003) ‘Briefing Report 495, The Role and Impact of the Statutory Framework for Training in the Social Care Sector’, London: DES, Available online at www.dfes.gov.uk/research/data/uploadfiles/RB495.doc Department for Work and Pensions (2005) ‘Carers’ aspirations and decisions around work and retirement’, London: DWP, Research Report No 290. Department of Health (1984) ‘Registered Homes Act’, London: The Stationery Office. Department of Health (1989) ‘Caring for People. Community care in the next decade and beyond’, London: Department of Health, Cmnd 849. Department of Health (1997) ‘The New NHS, Modern, Dependable’, London: Department of Health. 24 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Department of Health (1998) ‘Modernising Social Services. Promoting independence, improving protection, raising standards’, London: Department of Health, Cmnd 4169. Department of Health (1998) ‘A First Class Service. Quality in the New NHS’, London: Department of Health. Department of Health (1998) ‘Building on the Benefits of Occupational Standards and NVQs’, London: Department of Health. Department of Health (1998) ‘NHS Hospital and Community Health Services Non-Medical Workforce Census, England, 30 September 1998’, London: Department of Health. Department of Health (1998) ‘Our Healthier Nation. A Contract for Health’, London: Department of Health. Department of Health (1998) ‘Personal Social Services Staff of Social Services Departments at 30 September 1998’, London: Department of Health. Department of Health (1999) ‘Caring about Carers. A national strategy for carers’, London: Department of Health, Available online at www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/04/93/23/04049323.pdf (accessed on 4 November 2007). Department of Health (1999) ‘Fit for the Future? National Required Standards for Residential and Nursing Homes for Older People’, London: Department of Health. Department of Health (1999) ‘Making a Difference a Difference, Strengthening the Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting Contribution to Health and Healthcare’, London: The Department of Health. Department of Health (1999) ‘Making a difference. Strengthening the Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting Contribution to Health and Healthcare’, London: The Department of Health. Department of Health (2000) ‘Care Standards Act’, London: The Stationery Office. Department of Health (2000) ‘NHS Plan. A Plan for Investment. A Plan for Reform’, London: The Stationery Office. Department of Health (2000) ‘A Health Service of All the Talents, Developing the NHS Workforce’, London: The Department of Health. Department of Health (2000) ‘A Health Service of All the Talents, Developing the NHS workforce. Consultation document on the review of workforce planning’, London: Department of Health. Department of Health (2000) ‘The NHS Plan’, London: The Department of Health. Department of Health (2000) ‘The NHS Plan. A plan for investment, a plan for reform’, London: The Stationery Office, Cmnd 4818-I. Department of Health (2000) ‘Patient and Public Involvement in the New NHS,’ London, The Department of Health Department of Health (2000) ‘The NHS Plan. The Government’s response to the Royal Commission on Long Term Care’, London: The Stationery Office, Cmnd 4818-II. Department of Health (2000) ‘Shaping the Future NHS. Long term planning for hospitals and related services, consultation document on the findings of the National Beds Inquiry’, London: Department of Health. 25 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Department of Health (2001) ‘Building capacity and partnership in care’, London: Department of Health. Department of Health (2001) ‘Desk Research on Recruitment and Retention in Social Care and Social Work’, London: Department of Health. Department of Health (2001) ‘National Service Framework for Older People’, London: Department of Health. Department of Health (2001) ‘Occupational code manual’, Leeds: NHS Executive. Department of Health (2001) ‘HSC 2001/01, LAC (2001 1)’, London: The Stationery Office. Department of Health (2001) ‘Care Homes for Old People. National Minimum Standards’, London: The Stationery Office. Department of Health (2001) ‘NHS Funded Nursing Care in Nursing Homes. A guide for people living in or going into nursing homes, their families and their carers’, London: Department of Health, Available online at www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/07/09/17/04070917.pdf (accessed on 8 November 2007). Department of Health (2001) ‘Fairer Charging Policies for Home Care and Other Non-residential Social Services – Guidance for councils with social services responsibilities’, London: Department of Health, Local Authority Circular (2001)32. Department of Health (2002) ‘Care homes for older people. Minimum standards’, London: Department of Health. Department of Health (2002) ‘National Service Framework for Older People. Intermediate Care. Moving Forward’, London: The Stationery Office. Department of Health (2002) ‘Changing Workforce Programme. New ways of working in health care’, London: Department of Health. Department of Health (2002) ‘Health Survey for England 2000. The health of older people’, London: Department of Health, available online at www.dh.gov.uk/PublicationsAndStatistics/PublishedSurvey/HealthSurveyForEngland/HealthSurveyRe sults/HealthSurveyResultsArticle/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4015537&chk=RTIFmU (accessed on 14 March 2008). Department of Health (2002) ‘The residential care and nursing home sector for older people, an analysis of past trends, current and future demand’, available from http.//www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/05/94/83/04059483.pdf> Department of Health (2002) ‘National Service Framework for Older People – Intermediate Care, Moving forward’, London: Department of Health. Department of Health (2002) ‘Securing our future health, taking a long-term view,’ London, Department of Health. Department of Health (2003) ‘Delivering the HR in the NHS Plan’, London: Department of Health. Department of Health (2003) ‘New Ways of Working, London, Modernisation Agency’, London: Department of Health. Department of Health (2003) ‘Care Homes for Older People. National Minimum Standards, 3rd Edition’, London: The Stationary Office. 26 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Department of Health (2003) ‘The Use of Information and Communication Technology to Support Independent Living for Older and Disabled People’, London: Department of Health. Department of Health (2003) ‘What makes older people choose residential care, and are there alternatives?’ South Gloucestershire Housing Learning and Improvement Network, available from http.//ipc.brookes.ac.uk/ChoosingResidentialCareSGlos.pdf> (accessed on 16 January 2008). Department of Health (2003) ‘Fairer Charging Policies for Home Care and other Non-residential Social Services. Guidance for councils with social services responsibilities’, London: Department of Health, available online at www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/10/72/94/04107294.pdf (accessed on 4 November 2007). Department of Health (2003) ‘How Can we Help Older People Not to Fall Again? Implementing the Older People’s National Service Framework Falls Standard. Support for commissioning good services’, London: Department of Health. Department of Health (2003) ‘National Service Framework for Older People. A report of progress and future challenges’, London: Department of Health. Department of Health (2004) ‘Statistical Bulletin 2004/05’, Leeds: NHS Executive. Department of Health (2004) ‘National Standards. Local Action, Health and Social Care Standards and Planning Framework 2005/06 – 2007/08’, London: Department of Health, available online at www.dh.gov.uk/PublicationsAndStatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/PublicationsP olicyAndGuidanceArticle/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4086057&chk=ypFWoL (accessed on 8 December 2007). Department of Health (2004) ‘The NHS Improvement Plan. Putting people at the heart of public services’, London: The Stationery Office. Department of Health (2004) ‘The Social Care Workforce. Developing a new national agenda’, London: Department of Health. Department of Health (2005) ‘Futurecare@home. A collection of papers for the Housing Learning & Improvement Network’, London: J. Porteus. Department of Health (2005) ‘Building Telecare in England’, London: Department of Health, Available online at www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/11/56/44/04115644.pdf (accessed on 9 November 2007). Department of Health (2005) ‘Caring about Carers. Government information for carers’, Available online at www.carers.gov.uk/ (accessed on 14 November 2007). Department of Health (2005) ‘Charging for Residential Accommodation Guide (CRAG)’, London: Department of Health, available online at www.dh.ov.uk/assetRoot/04/10/72/94/04107294.pdf (accessed on 4 November 2007). Department of Health (2005) ‘Community Care Statistics 2003–2004. Referrals, Assessments and Packages of Care, for adults. Report of findings from the 2003–04 RAP collection – information for England for the period 1 April 2003 to 31 March 2004’, London: Department of Health, available online at www.dh.gov.uk/PublicationsAndStatistics/Publications/PublicationsStatistics/PublicationsStatisticsArti cle/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4104361&chk=JzAYv/. Department of Health (2005) ‘Independence, Well-being and Choice. Our vision for the future of social care for adults in England’, London: The Stationery Office, Cmnd 6499. 27 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Department of Health (2005) ‘Personal Social Services Staff of Social Services Departments at 30 September 2004 England, Bulletin’, London: Department of Health, Available online at www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/10/70/53/04107053.pdf (accessed on 2 February 2008). Department of Health (2005) ‘Response to Health Select Committee Report on Continuing Care’, London: The Stationery Office, Cmnd 6650, available online at www.community.synergynewmedia.co.uk/files/active/0/6_report_response.pdf Department of Health (2005) ‘Strategic Business Case. Models for telecare’, London: Department of Health, Available online at www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/11/56/65/04115665.pdf (accessed on 9 November 2005). Department of Health (2005) ‘Supporting People with Long Term Conditions. An NHS and social care model to support local innovation and integration’, London, Department of Health. Department of Health (2005) ‘Telecare. Getting Started pack’, Available online at www.pasa.nhs.uk/eat/telecare.stm (accessed on 9 November 2007). Department of Health (2006) ‘Our Health, Our Care, Our Say. A new direction for community services’, London: The Stationery Office, Cmnd 6737. Department of Health (2006) ‘The regulation of the non-medical healthcare professions, a review by the Department of Health, London’, London: Department of Health. Department of Health (Scotland) (1999) ‘Aiming for Excellence. Modernising Social Work Services in Scotland’, London: Department of Health. Department of Health (Scotland) (2000) ‘Regulating Private and Voluntary Healthcare’, London: Department of Health. Department of Health and Aged Care (1999) ‘International trends in health expectancies. Do they provide evidence for expansion or compression of morbidity?’ in Compression of Morbidity (Department of Health and Aged Care Occasional Papers Series no 4), Canberra: Department of Health and Aged Care. Department of Health and Social Security (1976) ‘Priorities for Health and Personal Social Services in England. A consultative document’, London: HMSO. Department of Health and Social Services Inspectorate (1989) ‘Homes are for living in (HALFI). A Model for evaluating quality of care provided and quality of life experienced in residential homes for older people’, London: HMSO. Department of Health Modernisation Agency (2004) ‘10 High Impact Changes for Service Improvement and Delivery’, London: Department of Health. Department of Health Modernisation Agency (2004) ‘A Career Framework for the NHS, discussion document – version 2’, London: Department of Health. Department of Health National Electronic Library for Health (2006) ‘Managing long term conditions, workforce’, London: National Electronic Library for Health. Department of Health website ‘Health Act 1999 partnership arrangements’, available online at www.dh.gov.uk/PolicyAndGuidance/OrganisationPolicy/IntegratedCare/HealthAct1999PartnershipArr angements/fs/en (accessed on 7 February 2008). Department of Health website ‘Older People’s NSF Standards. Standard Three – Intermediate care’, available online at www.dh.gov.uk/PolicyAndGuidance/HealthAndSocialCareTopics/OlderPeoplesServices/OlderPeople Article/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4002288&chk=KTYh5B (accessed on 7 February 2008). 28 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Department of Health website ‘Partnerships for Older People Projects’, available online at www.dh.gov.uk/PolicyAndGuidance/HealthAndSocialCareTopics/OlderPeoplesServices/OlderPeople Article/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4099198&chk=5OV7NB( accessed on 10 February 2008). Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety (2001) ‘The Health and Personal Social Services Act (Northern Ireland) 2001’, available from http.//www.opsi.gov.uk/legislation/northernireland/acts/acts2001/20010003,htm. Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety (2004) ‘Community statistics 1st April 2003 – 31st March 2004’, available from http.//www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/publications/2005/CommunityStats03_04,pdf> Department of Social Security (1999) ‘Attitudes and aspirations of older people. A review of the literature’, London: The Stationery Office, Department of Social Security, Research Report No 101. Department of Trade and Industry (2005) ‘Response to Office of Fair Trading Care Homes Study’, London: DTI, Available online at www.dti.gov.uk/ccp/topics2/pdf2/N0000C69.pdf (accessed on 4 November 2007). Department of Work and Pensions (2001) ‘Self-funded Admissions to Care Homes’, London: Personal Social Services Research Unit. Dermody, S. M. (1993) Do nurses' aides aid nurses or residents? Identifying the tasks they perform, Journal of Long Term Care Administration, 21(2), 19-22. Deutschman, M. (2001) Redefining quality & excellence in the nursing home culture, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 27(8), 28-36. Deutschman, M. T. (2005) An ethnographic study of nursing home culture to define organizational realities of culture change, Journal of Health & Human Services Administration, 28(2), 246-81. Dewar, B., Tocher, R. and Watson, W. (2003) Enhancing partnerships with relatives in care settings, Nursing Standard, 17 (40), 33-9. Dewar, B. (2005) Beyond tokenistic involvement of older people in research, a framework for future development and understanding, International Journal of Nursing Older People, 14 (3a), 48-53. Dewing, J. (2004) Concerns relating to the application of frameworks to promote person-centredness in nursing with older people, International Journal of Older People Nursing, 13 (s1), 39-44. DfEE (2000) ‘Learning in Later Life, Motivation and Impact’, Nottingham: DfEE. D'Hoore, W., Guisset, A.L. et al (1997) Increased nursing-time requirements due to pressure sores in long-term-care residents in Quebec, Clinical Performance & Quality Health Care, 5(4), 189-94. Di Tella, R., MacCulloch, R., Layard, R. (2002) Income, happiness and inequality as measures of welfare, Paper delivered at ‘Why Inequality Matters. Lessons for policy from the economics of happiness’, Brookings Warwick Conference, 5–6 June 2003. Diamond, T. (1986) Social policy and everyday life in nursing homes, a critical ethnography, Social Science & Medicine, 23(12), 1287-95. Diamond, T. (1992) Making gray gold, narratives of nursing home care, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Dijkstra, K., Bourgeois, M., Burgio, L. and Allen, R. (2002) Effects of a communication intervention on the discourse of nursing home residents with dementia and their nursing assistants, Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology, 10 (2), 143-57. 29 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Dimant, J. (2003) Roles and responsibilities of attending physicians in skilled nursing facilities, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 4(4), 231–243. Dimant, J. (2003) The role of the consultant in long-term care facilities, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 4(5), 274–280. Dimant, J. (2005) Bariatric programs in nursing homes, Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 21(4), 767-92. Donald, I., Cope, B. et al (2002) District nursing and care homes, a census view of care delivery in Gloucestershire, Journal of Community Nursing, 16(7), available online at http://www.jcn.co.uk/journal.asp?MonthNum=07&YearNum=2002&Type=backissue&ArticleID=485. Donoghue, C. and Castle, N.G. (2006) Voluntary and involuntary nursing home staff turnover, Research on Aging, 28(4), 454-472. Doran, T., Drever, F. and Whitehead, M. (2003) Health of young and elderly informal carers, Analysis of UK census data, British Medical Journal, vol 327, p 1388. Dorr, D. A., Horn, S.D. et al (2005) Cost analysis of nursing home registered nurse staffing times, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(5), 840-5. Doyal, L. and Cameron, A. (2000) Reshaping the NHS workforce, British Medical Journal, 320, 102324. Doyle, C. J. (1995) Effect of staff turnover and the social environment on depressive symptoms in nursing home residents, International Psychogeriatrics, 7(1), 51-61. Drevdahl, D.J. (2002) Home and border, the contradictions of community, Advances in Nursing Science, 24 (3), 8-20. Drwiega, M.W. (1999) Endnotes. Managing long-term care facilities, three myths about nurse aide work, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 25(5), 52-5. Duffin, C. (2001) HCA take on more nursing tasks, Nursing Standard, 16, 9. Duggelby, W. (2005) End of life challenges in residential aged care facilities, International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 11 (3), 129. Duncan, C. (2000) Defining nursing and personal care, Nursing Older People, 12(7), 32-3. Dunckley, M., Aspinal, F. et al (2005) A research study to identify facilitators and barriers to outcome measure implementation, International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 11(5), 218-25. Dunn, L. A., Rout, U. et al (1994) Occupational stress amongst care staff working in nursing homes, an empirical investigation, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 3(3), 177-83. Durrant, J. and Snape, J. (2003) Urinary incontinence in nursing homes for older people, Age & Ageing, 32(1), 12-8. Dyck, M. J. (2004) Nursing staffing and resident outcomes in nursing homes, The University of Iowa, 176. Dyck, M. J. (2005) Evidence-based administrative guideline, quality improvement in nursing homes, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 31(2), 4-10. Eales, J., Keating, N. and Damsma, A. (2001) Senior’s Experiences of Client-centred Residential Care, Ageing & Society, 21, 279-96. Eaton, A. (1996) Meeting the skills crisis in nursing homes, Nursing Standard, 7 February, 10(20), 20. 30 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Eaton, A. and Gibson, M.A. (1996) Opinion. Meeting the skills crisis in nursing homes, Nursing Standard, 10(20), 20. Eaton, S. C. (2000) Beyond 'unloving care', linking human resource management and patient care quality in nursing homes, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 11(3), 591-616. Ebrahim, S. (2000) ‘Cost-effectiveness of stroke prevention’, British Medical Bulletin, vol 56, no 2, pp 557–570. Edwards, H., Courtney, M. and Spencer, L. (2003) Consumer expectations of residential aged care, reflections on the literature, International Journal of Nursing Practice, 9 (2), 70-77. Edwards, N. E. and Beck, A. M. (2002) Animal-assisted therapy and nutrition in Alzheimer's disease, Western Journal of Nursing Research, 24(6), 697-712. Ehrlich, F. (1994) Maintaining quality of aged care in institutions, from structure to outcome, Journal of Quality in Clinical Practice, 14(4), 187-93. Eichenberger, M. L. (2000) An analysis of turnover costs/retention measures for nursing assistants in Maryland nursing homes, University of Rochester School of Nursing, 216. Eliopoulos, C. (1983) Nurse staffing in long-term care facilities, the case against a high ratio of RNs, Journal of Nursing Administration, 13(10), 29-31. Ellershaw, J. and Wilkinson, S. (eds) (2003) A pathway to excellence, Oxford: Oxford University Press. English Community Care Association, P&G Professional, Laing and Buisson (2004) ‘Improving Life, Improving Lives’, London: English Community Care Association. English National Board for Nursing, Midwifery and Health (2002) ‘Longitudinal Study of the Effectiveness of Educational Preparation to Meet the Needs of Older People and Carers, The AGEIN Project AGEIN (Advancing Gerontological Education in Nursing)’, London: English National Board for Nursing, Midwifery and Health. Epstein, W. M. (1981) A comparison between the Veteran Administration's long-term nursing home care program and three examples of similar care outside of the V.A., International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 13(1), 61-9. Erwin-Toth, P. (1995) Cost-effective pressure ulcer management in extended care, Ostomy Wound Management, 41(7A Suppl), 64S-68S; discussion 69S. ESRC (2000) ‘Exploring Perceptions of Quality of Life of Frail Older People During and After Their Transition to Institutional Care’, Swindon: ESRC Getting Older programme (summary findings). ESRC (2002) ‘Adding Quality to Quantity, Older people’s views on their quality of life and its enhancement’, Sheffield: ESRC Growing Older Programme, Research Findings 7. ESRC (2002) ‘Evaluating the Impact of Reminiscence on the Quality of Life of Older People,’ Sheffield: Economic and Social Research Council, Growing Older Programme, http://www.growingolder.group.shef.ac.uk/GoFindings.htm. ESRC Growing Older Programme (2002) ‘Adding Quality to Quantity. Older people’s views on their quality of life and its enhancement’, Sheffield, University of Sheffield, , Research Findings 7. ESRC (2003) ‘Loneliness, Social Isolation and Living Alone in Later Life’, Sheffield: University of Sheffield, ESRC Growing Older Programme, Research Findings 17. ESRC (2005) ‘Assistants make a difference in public services’, Sheffield: ESRC. 31 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review European Commission (2003) ‘Act of Accession’, available online at, http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/negotiations/treaty_of_accession_2003/pdf/4_final_act/aa00043 _re03_en03.pdf. European Social Fund (2006) ‘Valuing and Recognising the Talents of a Diverse Healthcare Workforce End of Project Report’, University of Surrey: European Social Fund, http://portal.surrey.ac.uk/reoh. Evaluating Community Care for Elderly People website, available online at, www:lse.ac.uk/collections/LSEHealthAndSocialCare/researchProjects/evaluationOfSocialCare.htm. Evans, B., Crogan, N. and Shultz, J. (2005) The Meaning of Mealtimes. Connection to the Social World of the Nursing Home, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 31 (2),11-17. Evans, J. M. (2001) Staffing ratios in Nursing facilities. Where do we stand? Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 2(2), 94-95. Evercare (2004) ‘Implementing the Evercare Programme, Interim report’, available online at, www:natpact.nhs.uk/uploads/Advancing%20the%20National%20Health%20Service%20Interim%20204%20final.doc (accessed on 10 February 2008). Eyers, I. (2000) Education and Training, Do They ‘Really, Really Want it?’ A Comparative Study of Care Home Staff in England and Germany, Education and Ageing, 15 (2), 2000. Eyers, I. (2000) Care assistants overlooked? A cross-national study of care home staff in England and Germany, Quality in Ageing, 1(1), 15-26. Eyers, I. (2003) Meeting the Needs of Older People? A comparative study of care home staff in England and Germany, University of Surrey PhD. Fahey, T. A., Montgomery, A. et al (2003) Quality of care for elderly residents in nursing homes and elderly people living at home, controlled observational study, British Medical Journal, 326(7389), 580583. Fair Rate for Care for Older People (2002) ‘Let’s set a fair rate for care. A discussion of some current issues’, in Calling for the proper planning and funding of long-term care, available at http://www.helptheaged.org.uk/NR/rdonlyres/1568CD11-4F90-47CEAFF5-7EEEEE1558A7/0/fair_rate_for_care.pdf Faulkner, M., Davies, S., Nolan, M. R. (2006) Development of the Combined Assessment of Residential Environments (CARE) Profiles, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 55(6), 664-77. Felton, B. B. (1993) How organization of nursing care and resident health status affect nursing home costs, Nursing Outlook, 41(1), 10-4. Feng, Z., Katz, P. R. et al (2005) Physician and nurse staffing in nursing homes, the role and limitations of the Online Survey Certification and Reporting (OSCAR) system, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 6(1), 27-33. Field, D. and Froggatt, K. (2003) ‘Issues for palliative care in nursing and residential homes’, in J.Katz and S. Peace (eds) End of Life in Care Homes. A Palliative Care Approach, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 175-194. Field, L. and Smith, B. (2003) An essential care course for healthcare assistants, Nursing Standard, 17(44) 33-35. Finch, J. (1995) ‘Responsibilities, obligations and commitments’, in I. Allen and E. Perkins (eds) The Future of Family Care for Older People, London: HMSO. 32 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Finn, J. C., Flicker, L. et al (2006) Interface between residential aged care facilities and a teaching hospital emergency department in Western Australia, Medical Journal of Australia, 184(9), 432-5. Finnema, E., Droes, R-M. et al (2005) The effect of integrated emotion-oriented care versus usual care on elderly persons with dementia in the nursing home and on nursing assistants, a randomized clinical trial, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(4), 330-43. Finnick, M., Reis, J. et al (1990) How nurse aides perceive quality care, Nursing Homes and Senior Citizen Care, 39(3/4), 12-6. Fitzpatrick, J. M. and Roberts, J. D. (2004) Challenges for care homes, education and training of healthcare assistants, British Journal of Nursing, 13 (21), 1258-1261. Flesner, M. K. and Rantz, M. J. (2004) Mutual Empowerment and Respect. Effect on Nursing Home Quality of Care, Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 19 (3), 193-196. Fletcher, J. (2000) The role of the resident, a personal view, Nursing & Residential Care, 2 (3), 114-6. Flick, C. L. (1999) Stroke rehabilitation, 4. Stroke outcome and psychosocial consequences, Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 80 (5 Suppl 1), S21-6. Foote, C. and Stanners, C. (2002) Integrating Care for Older People, new care for old a systems approach, London: Jessica Kingsley. Forbes, S., Bern-Klug, M. and Gessert, C. (2000) End-of-Life Decision Making for Nursing Home Residents with Dementia, Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 32 (3), 251-258. Ford, P. and McCormack, B. (1999) Determining older people's need for registered nursing in continuing healthcare, the contribution of the Royal College of Nursing's Older People Assessment Tool, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 8(6), 731-42. Forder, J. and Netten, A. (2000) The price of placements in residential and nursing home care, Health Economics, vol 9, no 7, pp 643–57. Forsen, L., Sandvig, S. et al (2004) Compliance with external hip protectors in nursing homes in Norway, Injury Prevention, 10(6), 344-9. Forte, D., Cotter, A. and Wells, D. (2006) ‘Sexuality and relationships in later life’, in S. Redfern and F. Ross (eds) Nursing care of older people, Edinburgh: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, 437-55. Fowler, V. (2003) Health care assistants, developing their role to include nursing tasks, Nursing Times, 99(36) 34-37. Francese, T. and Mohler, M. (1994) Long-term care nurse staffing requirements, has OBRA really helped? Geriatric Nursing, 15(3), 139-41. Francis, B. and Humphreys, J. (2000) Professional education as a structural barrier to lifelong learning in the NHS, Journal of Education Policy, 15, 281-292. Francis-Felsen, L., Coward, C. R. T. et al (1996) Factors influencing intentions of nursing personnel to leave employment in long-term care settings, Journal of Applied Gerontology, 15(4), 450-470. Frank, L., Kleinman, L. et al (2004) The effect of risperidone on nursing burden associated with caring for patients with dementia, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52(9), 1449-55. Frazier, S. C. (2005) Health outcomes and polypharmacy in elderly individuals, an integrated literature review, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 31(9), 4-11. 33 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Friedman, S. M., Steinwachs, D. M. et al (2005) Characteristics predicting nursing home admission in the program of all-inclusive care for elderly people, Gerontologist, 45(2), 157-66. Fries, B. E., Schneider, D. P. et al (1994) Refining a case-mix measure for nursing homes, Resource Utilization Groups (RUG-III), Medical Care, 32(7), 668-85. Froggatt, K. (2001) Palliative care and nursing homes, where next? Palliative Medicine, 15, 42-48. Froggatt, K. (2002) ‘Changing care practices through staff development, beyond education and training to practice development’, in J. Hockley and D. Clark (eds) Palliative Care for Older People in Care Homes, Buckingham: Open University Press, 151-164. Froggatt, K. and Hoult, L. (2002) Developing palliative care practice in nursing and residential care homes, the role of the clinical nurse specialist, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 11, 802-808. Froggatt, K. A., Poole, K. and Hoult, L. (2002), The provision of palliative care in nursing homes and residential care homes, a survey of clinical nurse specialist work, Palliative Medicine, 16(6),481-7. Froggatt, K. (2005) Choice over care at the end of Life, Implications for the end of life care initiative for older people in care homes, Journal of Research in Nursing, 10 (2), 189-202. Froggatt, K., Wilson, D., Justice, C., MacAdam, M., Leibovici, K., Kinch, J., Thomas, R. and Jaeyoung, C. (2006) End of life in long term care settings for older people, a literature review, International Journal of Older People Nursing, 1(1), 45-50. Froggatt, K. A. and Payne, S. (2006), A Survey of end-of-life care in care homes. Issues of Definition and Practice, Health and Social Care in the Community, 14(4), 341-348. Furman, E. F. (2006) Undernutrition in older adults across the continuum of care, nutritional assessment, barriers, and interventions, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 32(1), 22-7. Furniaux, J. and Mitchel, T. (2004) Mental health training helps care home staff, Mental Health Nursing, 24 (1), 4-8. Furniss, L., Burns, A., Craig, S. K., Scobie, S., Cooke, J. and Faragher, B. (2000) Effects of pharmacist’s medication review in nursing homes. Randomised controlled trial, British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 563-7. Furniss, L. (2002) Use of medicines in nursing homes for older people, Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 8, 198-204. Gabriel, Z. and Bowling, A. (2004) Quality of life from the perspectives of older people, Ageing and Society, 24, 675-691. Gaddy, T. and Bechtel, G. A. (1995) Nonlicensed employee turnover in a long-term care facility, Health Care Supervisor, 13(4), 54-60. Gallagher, P. F., Barry, P. J., Ryan, C., Hartigan, I. and O’Mahoney, D. (2008) Inappropriate prescribing in an acutely ill population of elderly patients as determined by Beer’s Criteria, Age and Ageing, 37: 96-101. Gallichan, M. (2002) A diabetes education initiative for residential care home staff, Professional Nurse, 17(7),432-5. Ganz, D. A., Simmons, S. F. et al (2005) Cost-effectiveness of recommended nurse staffing levels for short-stay skilled nursing facility patients, BMC Health Services Research, 5(1), 35. Garcia-Lizana, F. and Sarria-Santemera, A. (2007) New technologies for chronic disease management and control, a systematic review, Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 13, 62-68. 34 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Garland, T. and Schirm, V. (1998) Nurses' perceptions of the nurse assistant role in providing quality care in the nursing home, Gerontology & Geriatrics Education, 18(4), 71-83. Garrard, J., Kane, R. L. et al (1990) Impact of geriatric nurse practitioners on nursing-home residents' functional status, satisfaction, and discharge outcomes, Medical Care, 28(3), 271-283. Garrard, J., Kane, R. L. et al (1991) ‘The impact of nurse practitioners on the care of nursing home residents’, in P. R. Katz, R. L. Kane and M. D. Mezey Advances in long-term care, Vol 1, New York: Springer Publishing Co., 169-185. Gates, D., Fitzwater, E., Telintelo, S., Succop, P. and Sommers, M. (2002) Preventing assaults by nursing home residents, nursing assistant’s knowledge and confidence- a pilot study, Journal of American Medical Directors Association, 3, 366-370. Gattuso, S. and Bevan, C. (2000) ‘Mother, daughter, patient, nurse’, women's emotion work in aged care, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31 (4), 892-9. Gaugler, J. E., Pearlin, L. I., Leitsch, S. A. and Davey, A. (2001) Relinquishing in-home dementia care, difficulties and perceived helpfulness during the nursing home transition, American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and other Dementias, 16 (1), 32-42. Geiger-Brown, J., Muntaner, C. et al (2004) Demanding work schedules and mental health in nursing assistants working in nursing homes, Work & Stress, 18(4), 292-304. Gelinas, L. S. and Loh, D. Y. (2004) Patient safety. The effect of workforce issues on patient safety, Nursing Economics, 22(5), 266-72. General Medical Services Committee of the British Medical Association (1996) ‘GMSC Core Services, Taking the initiative’, London: British Medical Association. General Social Care Council (2002) ‘Code of Practice for Social Care Workers and Code of Practice for Employers of Social Care Workers’, London: GSCC. Geraedts, M., Heller, G. and Harrington, C. (2000) Germany’s long-term care insurance, Putting a social insurance model into practice, The Millbank Quarterly vol 78, no 3, pp 375–401. Gerdman, A. (1989) Klient Praktikant Handledare – om att utveckla en egen yrkesteori (Client, practitioner, supervisor – how to develop and individual professional theory,) Stockholm: Wahlstrom & Widstrand. Gerritsen, D. L., Steverink, N., Ooms, M. E. and Ribbe, M. W. (2004) Finding a useful conceptual basis for enhancing the quality of life of nursing home residents, Quality of Life Research, 13, 611-624. Ghusn, H. F., Hyde, D., Stevens, E. S., Hyde, M. and Teasdale, T. A. (1996) Enhancing satisfaction in later life, what makes a difference for nursing home residents? Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 26 (1/2), 24-47. Gibbs, I. and Sinclair, I. (1992) Residential care for elderly people - the correlates of quality, Ageing and Society, 12(4), 463-482. Gibbs-Ward, A. J. and Keller, H. H. (2005) Mealtimes as active processes in long-term care facilities, Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research, 66 (1), 5-11. Girvin, J. (1999) Casting light on NVQs, Nursing Management, 5, 10-16. Glasby, J. (2004) Social services and the Single Assessment Process. Early warning signs? Journal of Interprofessional Care, vol 18, no 2, pp 129–39. 35 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Glasby, J. and Littlechild, R. (2004) The Health and Social Care Divide. The experiences of older people, 2nd ed, Bristol: Policy Press. Glass, A. P. (1988) Improving quality of care and life in nursing homes, Journal of Applied Gerontology, 7(3), 406-419. Glass, A. P. (1991) Nursing home quality, a framework for analysis, Journal of Applied Gerontology, 10(1), 5-18. Glasser, K., Evandrou, M. and Tomassini, C. (2005) The health consequences of multiple roles at older ages in the UK, Health and Social Care in the Community, vol 13, no 5, pp 470–77. Glendinning, C., Jacobs, S., Alborz, A. and Hann, M. (2002) A survey of access to medical services in nursing and residential homes in England, British Journal of General Practice, 52, 545-548. Glendinning, C., Davies, B., Pickard, L. and Comas-Herrera, A. (2004) Funding Long-term Care for Older People, Lessons from other countries, York:Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Glennerster, H. and Korman, N. (1989) Hospital Closure, A political and economic study, Milton Keynes: Open University Press. Godfrey, M. (1999) Preventive Strategies for Older People, Mapping the literature on effectiveness and outcomes, York: Joseph Rowntree Trust. Goldsmith, M. (1996) Hearing the voices of people with dementia, opportunities and obstacles, London: Jessica Kingsley. Goodall, D. and Etters, L. (2005) The Therapeutic Use of Music on Agitated Behavior in Those With Dementia, Holistic Nursing Practice, 19 (6), 258-262. Goodman, C., Rob, N., Drennan, V. and Woolley, R. (2005) Partnership working by default, district nurses and care home staff providing care for older people, Health & Social Care in the Community, 13(6),553-562. Goodman, C., Woolley, R. and Knight, D. (2003) District nurses' experiences of providing care in residential care home settings, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 12 (1),67-76. Goodman, C., Woolley, R. and Knight, D. (2003) District nurse involvement in providing palliative care to older people in residential care homes, International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 9 (12), 521527,. Goodman, C. and Woolley, R. (2004) Older people in care homes and the primary care nursing contribution, a review of relevant research, Primary Health Care Research & Development, 5(3), 211218. Goodwin, M. E. (1986) Medicare's prospective payment system for hospitals, the impact on nursing home quality, Qrb Quality Review Bulletin, 12(6), 198-201. Goodwin, S., Bailey, L., Downe, S., Rigge, M., Andrews, J. and Bolger, T. (1990) Helpers are at hand, Nursing Times, 15 August, 86, 333. Gordon, M. and Sokolowski, M. (2004) Sexuality in long-term care, ethics and action Annals of LongTerm Care, 12 (9), 45-48. Gorski, M. S. (2004) Quality of care in nursing homes, the relationship between state level health care policy and selected quality measures, Loyola University of Chicago, 264. Gould, D. Carr, G. Kelly, D. and Brown, P. (2004) Healthcare assistants, the new registration route, Nursing Standard, 28, 37-40. 36 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Grabowski, D. C. (2001) Medicaid reimbursement and the quality of nursing home care, Journal of Health Economics, 20(4), 549-570. Grabowski, D. C. Does an increase in the Medicaid reimbursement rate improve nursing home quality? Journals of Gerontology, 56B (2), S84-93. Graf, C. (2006) Functional decline in hospitalized older adults, American Journal of Nursing, 106(1), 58-67. Graneheim, U. H., Norberg, A. and Jansson, L. (2001) Interaction relating to privacy, identity, autonomy and security, An observational study focusing on a woman with dementia and 'behavioural disturbances', and on her care providers, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 36 (2), 256-265. Grant, N, K., Reimer, M. et al (1996) Indicators of quality in long-term care facilities, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 33(5), 469-78. Grasser, C. (1996) The enduring spirit, selected conference papers, Reciprocity in staff/resident interactions in nursing homes, Journal of Women & Aging, 8 (1), 5-19. Grau, L., Chandler, B. and Saunders, C. (1995) Nursing home residents' perceptions of the quality of their care, Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 33 (5), 34-43. Gravelle, H., Dusheiko, M., Sheaff, R., Sargent, P., Boaden, R., Pickard, S., Parker, S. and Roland, M. (2006) Impact of case management (Evercare) on frail elderly patients, controlled before an after analysis of quantitative outcome data, British Medical Journal Online, BMJ, doi.10,1136/bmj.39020.413310.55. Gray-Siracusa, K. (2005) Acuity-based staffing in long term care, does it influence quality? University of Maryland, Baltimore, 140. Green, S. and Acheson Cooper, B. (2000) Occupation as a quality of life constituent, a nursing home perspective, British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 63 (1), 17-24. Greene, V., Ondrich, J. and Laditka, S. (1998) Can home care services achieve cost savings in longterm care for older people? Journal of Gerontology, Social Sciences, vol 53, pp S228–S238. Greenhalgh, C. (1999) Adult vocational training and government policy in France and Britain, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 15, 97-113. Griffiths, P., Edwards, M. et al (2005) Post-acute intermediate care in nursing-led units, a systematic review of effectiveness, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 42(1), 107-16. Griffiths, P., Edwards, M., Forbes, A. and Harris, R. (2005) Post-acute intermediate care in nursing-led units, a systematic review of effectiveness, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 42(1), 107-16. Grodner, M., Anderson, S. L. and DeYoung, S. (2000) Foundations and clinical applications of nutrition, a nursing approach, Mosby Year Book Inc. 2nd Edition, St Louis: MO. Groom, L., Avery, A. J., Boot, D., O'Neill, C., Thornhill, K., Brown, K. and Jones, R. (2000) The impact of nursing home patients on general practitioners' workload, British Journal of General Practice, 50 (455), 473-476. Gross, D. (2000) Earth Angels on call. A group of volunteer’s dedicated to help the dying reach their final goals, Nursing Homes Long Term Care Management, 49, 80-81. Grundy, E. (1999) Changing role of the family and community in providing support for the elderly, Population Studies, vol 53, no 3. 37 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Gruss, V., McCann, J. J., Edelman, P. and Farran, C. J. (2004) Job Stress Among Nursing Home Certified Nursing Assistants. Comparison of Empowered and Nonempowered Work Environments, Alzheimer's Care Quarterly, 5 (3), 207-216. Gubrium, J. (1993) Speaking of life, horizons of meaning for nursing home residents, New York: Aldine de Gruter, 128-129. Gurwitz, J. H., Field, T. S, et al (2005) The incidence of adverse drug events in two large academic long-term care facilities, American Journal of Medicine, 118(3), 251-8. Gustafson, D. H., Fiss C. J, Jr. et al (1980) Measuring the quality of care in nursing homes, a pilot study in Wisconsin, Public Health Reports, 95(4), 336-343. Hagen, B., Armstrong-Esther, C. and Sandilands, M. (2003) On a happier note, validation of musical exercise for older persons in long-term care settings, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 40, 347357. Halbur, B. T. and Fears, N. (1986) Nursing personnel turnover rates turned over, potential positive effects on resident outcomes in nursing homes, Gerontologist, 26(1), 70-6. Hall, J., Mottram, D. and Cairns, C. (2001) Working alongside nursing staff to review medication in nursing homes, The International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 9 (suppl), R28. Hall, L., Doran, M. D. et al (2004) Nurse staffing models, nursing hours, and patient safety outcomes, Journal of Nursing Administration, 34(1), 41-5. Hall, L. M., McGilton, K. S., Krejci, J., Pringle, D., Johnston, E., Fairley, L. and Brown, M. (2005) Enhancing the Quality of Supportive Supervisory Behavior in Long-term Care Facilities, Journal of Nursing Administration, 35 (4),181-187. Halton, W. (1994) ‘Some unconscious aspects of organizational life, contributions from psychoanalysis’, in A. Obholzer and V. Zagier Roberts (eds) The unconscious at work, individual and organizational stress in the human services, London: Routledge 11-18. Hancock, G., Woods, B., Challis, D. and Orrell, M. (2006) The needs of older people with dementia in residential care, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21 (1), 43-49. Hancock, R., Comas-Herrera, A., Wittenberg, R. and Pickard, L. (2003) Who will pay for long-term care in the UK? Projections linking macro- and micro-simulation models, Fiscal Studies, vol 24, no 4. Hancock, R., Pudney, S., Barker, G., Hernandez, M. and Sutherland, H. (2004) The take-up of multiple meanstested benefits by British pensioners, Evidence from the Family Resources Survey, Fiscal Studies, vol 25, no 3. Hankley, G. and Warlow, C. (1999) The treatment and secondary prevention of stroke, Evidence, costs and effects on individuals and populations, The Lancet, vol 354, no 1457. Hannan, S., Norman, I. J. et al (2001) Care work and quality of care for older people, a review of the research literature, Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 11(2), 189-203. Hansebo, G. and Kihlgren, M. (2002) Carers interactions with patients suffering from severe dementia, a difficult balance to facilitate mutual togetherness, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 11 (2), 225-236. Hanson, E. J., Tetley, J. and Clarke, A. (1999) Creative ways of providing education, information and support to family carers and frail older people in their own homes, the empirically-based, ‘getting a break’ and ‘planning ahead’ multi-media programmes, Gerontologist, 39 (6), 736-741. Hanson, E. J., Tetley, J. and Shewan, J. (2000) Supporting family carers using interactive multimedia, British Journal of Nursing, 9 (11), 713-719. 38 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Hanson, J., Kellaher, L., Rowlands, M., Percival, J., Marcoux, J. and Zako, R. (2003) Profiling the housing stock for older people from domesticity to caring, available from http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/research/space/housingfutures/2-EQUAL/UCL_EQUAL.pdf Hantikainen, V. (2001) Nursing staff perceptions of the behaviour of older nursing home residents and decision making on restraint use, a qualitative and interpretative study, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 10 (2), 246-56. Hardy, B., Mur-Veemanu, I., Steenbergen, M. and Wistow, G. (1999b) Inter-agency services in England and The Netherlands – A comparative study of integrated care development and delivery, Health Policy, vol 48, no 2, pp 87–105. Harrington, C., Kovner, C. et al (2000) Experts recommend minimum nurse staffing standards for nursing facilities in the United States, Gerontologist, 40(1), 5-16. Harrington, C., Zimmerman, D. et al (2000) Nursing home staffing and its relationship to deficiencies, Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 55(5), S278-87. Harrington, C. (2001) Regulating nursing homes, Residential nursing facilities in the United States, British Medical Journal, 323, 507-510. Harrington, C. (2001) Nursing counts, Strengthening the caregiving workforce, improving the quality of long-term care, American Journal of Nursing, 101(9), 55-6. Harrington, C. (2001) Nursing home staffing, a need for humane policy, Nursing facility staffing policy, a case study for political change, Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 2(2), 117-27. Harrington, C. (2001) Research brief. Gerontologic advanced practice nurses, a new role for APNs in improving nursing home outcomes, American Journal of Nursing, 101(9), 56. Harrington, C. and Swan, J. H. (2003) Nursing home staffing, turnover, and case mix, Medical Care Research & Review, 60(3), 366-92; discussion 393-9. Harrington, C., O'Meara, J. et al (2003) Nursing indicators of quality in nursing homes. A Web-based approach, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 29(10), 5-11. Harrington, C. (2005) Nurse staffing in nursing homes in the United States, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 31(2), 18-23. Harrington, C. (2005) Nurse staffing in nursing homes in the United States. Part II, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 31(3), 9-15. Harrington, C. (2005) Quality of care in nursing home organizations, establishing a health services research agenda, Nursing Outlook, 53(6), 300-4. Harrop, S. (2004) Pets as Therapy, an insight into the impact animals can have on patients in long-term care, Generations Review, 14 (2), 24-25. Hart, E., Lymbery, M. and Gladman, J.R.F. (2005) Away from home, an ethnographic study of a transitional rehabilitation scheme for older people in the UK, Social Science and Medicine, 60, 12411250. Hawes, C., Morris, J. N. et al (1997) Development of the nursing home Resident Assessment Instrument in the USA, Age & Ageing, 26 Suppl 2, 19-25. Hayes, N. and Martin, F. (2004) Supporting care homes, the older people’s specialist nurse, British Journal of Nursing, 13 (21), 1250-1257. 39 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Hays, T. and Minichiello, V. (2005) The contribution of music to quality of life in older people, an Australian qualitative study, Ageing and Society, 25, 261-278. Healey, P. (1996) Protecting the weakest, Nursing Standard, 11 September, 10(51), 24-25. Health Canada (2000) ‘A Guide to End-of-Life Care for Seniors’, Ottawa: Health Canada Health Canada (2001) ‘Substudy 14, Evaluation of the Cost-Effectiveness of the Quick Response Program of Saskatoon District Health’, Saskatoon: Health Canada. Healthwork UK (2001) ‘Sector Workforce Development Plan, London’, London: Healthwork UK (http://census.ac.uk). Hearn, C. R. and Hearn, C. J. (1986) A study of patient dependency and nurse staffing in nursing homes for the elderly in three Australian states, Community Health Studies, 10(3 Suppl), 20s-34s. Heath, H., McCormack, B. et al (1996) Developing outcome indicators in continuing care, part 1, Nursing Standard, 10(46), 41-5. Heath, H. (2006) The work of Registered Nurses and Care Assistants with older people in care homes, Can the outcomes be distinguished? Unpublished PhD Thesis, Brunel University, London. Heeks, P. (2004) Meaning-making in later life, Generations Review, 14 (4), 27-30. Heeley-Creed, D., Brown, K. and Hill, J. (2006) Carlisle and District diabetes training in nursing and residential care homes, Practical Diabetes International, 24 (1), 15-18. Help the Aged (1999) ‘Later Lifestyles. A survey by Help the Aged’, London: Help the Aged. Help the Aged, Orders of St John Trust, University of Sheffield's School of Nursing and Midwifery (1999) ‘Dignity on the ward: promoting excellence in care’, London: Help the Aged. Help the Aged (2005) ‘Care Homes, helping you to help yourself’, London: Help the Aged. Hendricks, M., van Haastregt, J., Diederiks, J., Evers, S., Crebolder, H. and van Eijk, J. (2005) Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a multidisciplinary intervention programme to prevent new falls and functional decline among elderly persons at risk. Design of a replicated randomised controlled trial, BMC Public Health, Jan 14, vol 5, p 6. Hendrix, T. J. and Foreman, S. E. (2001) Optimal long-term care nurse-staffing levels, Nursing Economics, 19(4), 164-75. Hertzberg, A., Ekman, S. and Axelsson, K. (2001) Staff activities and behaviour are the source of many feelings, interactions and relationships with staff in nursing homes, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 10, 380-388. Hertzberg, A. and Ekman, S. (2003) 'We, not them and us?' Views on the relationships and interactions between staff and relatives of older people permanently living in nursing homes, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31 (3), 614-22. Heseltine, D. (2001) Community outreach rehabilitation, Age and Ageing,, 30 (S3), 40-42. Heymanson, C. (2003) Sexuality and intimacy in care homes, Journal of Dementia Care, 11 (5), 10-11. Hickey, E. C., Young, G. J. et al (2005) The effects of changes in nursing home staffing on pressure ulcer rates, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 6(1), 50-3. Hicks, A. (2001) Developments in education and training for nursing home staff, British Journal of Community Nursing, 6(11), 565-8. 40 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review High, D. M. and Rowles, D. G. (1995) Nursing home residents, families and decision-making. Towards an understanding of progressive surrogacy, Journal of Aging Studies, 9 (2), 101-117. Hinman, M. R. and Heyl, D. M. (2002) Influence of the Eden Alternative on the Functional Status of Nursing Home Residents, Physical and Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics, 20 (2), 1-20. Hirsch, D. (2005) Facing the Cost of Long-term Care. Towards a sustainable funding system, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Hirsch, D. (2006) Five costed reforms for long-term care funding, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Hirst, M. (2001) Trends in informal care in Great Britain during the 1990, Health and Social Care in the Community, vol 9, no 6, pp 348–57. Hirst, M. (2002) Transitions to informal care in Great Britain during the 1990s, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol 56, pp 579–87. Hirst, M. (2005) Carer distress. A prospective, population-based study, Social Science and Medicine, vol 61, pp 697–708. Hirst, P. (2004) Establishing specialist palliative care provision for care homes, Cancer Nursing Practice, 3 (2), 29-32. HM Treasury (2002) ‘Health survey for England 2000. Care homes and their residents’, London: The Stationary Office. HM Treasury (2002) ‘Securing Our Future Health. Taking a long-term view’, London: HM Treasury. Griffiths, R. (1988) Community Care: Agenda for Action. A report to the Secretary of State for Social Services. London: HMSO. Hockley, J. (2002) ‘Organisational studies for enhancing standards of palliative care’, in J. Hockley and D. Clark (eds) Palliative care for older people in care homes, Milton Keynes: Open University Press. Hockley, J., Dewar, B. and Watson, J. (2005) Promoting end of life care in nursing homes using an integrated care pathway for the last days of life, Journal of Nursing Research, 10 (2), 135-152. Hodgson, T. A. and Cohen, A. J. (1999) Medical care expenditures for selected circulatory diseases, opportunities for reducing national health expenditures, Medical Care, 37(10), 994-1012. Hoe, J., Hancock, G., Livingston, G. and Orrell, M. (2006) Quality of life of people with dementia in residential care homes, British Journal of Psychiatry, 188,460-4. Hogan, A. J. (1997) Methodological issues in linking costs and health outcomes in research on differing care delivery systems, Medical Care, 35(11 Suppl), NS96-105. Holman, C. and Jackson, S. (2001) A team education project, an evaluation of a collaborative education and practice development in a continuing care unit for older people, Nurse Education Today, 21, 97103. Holman, C., Meyer, J. and Cotter, A. (2004) The complexity of loss in continuing care institutions for Older people. A review of the literature, Illness Crisis and Loss, 12, 38-51. Holmström, I. and Dall’Alba, G. (2002) ‘Carer and gatekeeper’ – conflicting demand in nurses’ experience of telephone advisory services, Scandanavian Journal of Caring Science, 16, 142-14. Holtkamp, C. C, Kerkstra, A. et al (2000) The relation between quality of co-ordination of nursing care and quality of life in Dutch nursing homes, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32(6), 1364-73. 41 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Horn, S. D., Buerhaus, P. et al (2005) RN staffing time and outcomes of long-stay nursing home residents, pressure ulcers and other adverse outcomes are less likely as RNs spend more time on direct patient care, American Journal of Nursing, 105(11), 58-70. House of Commons Health Committee (2005) ‘Select Committee on Health Sixth Report’, available from http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmhealth/399/39902.htm Housing and Older People Development Group (2005) ‘Delivering Housing for an Ageing Population. Informing housing strategies and planning policies’, London: Housing and Older People Development Group. Howard, J. B. and Strong, K. E. (1977) Evaluating the quality of nursing home care, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 25(11), 525-6. Hsu, M. C., Venturato, L., Moyle, W. and Creedy, D. (2004) Mental health knowledge in residential aged care, a descriptive review of the literature, Contempory Nurse, 17(3),231-9. Hudson, B. (1994) ‘Local authorities and community care’, in P. Merry (ed) NHS Handbook 1994/95, Wadhurst: National Association of Health Authorities and Trusts, JMH Publishing. Hudson, B. and Henwood, M. (2002) The NHS and social care. The final countdown? Policy & Politics, vol 30, no 2, pp 153–66. Hughes, S., Ulasevich, A., Weaver, F., Henderson, W., Manhein, L., Kubal, J. and Bonarigo, F. (1997) Impact of home care on hospital days. A meta analysis, Health Services Research, vol 32, no 4, pp 415–532. Hughes, C. M. and Lapane, K. L. (2005) Administrative initiatives for reducing inappropriate prescribing of psychotropic drugs in nursing homes, how successful have they been? Drugs & Aging, 22(4), 339-51. Hurst, K. (1997) Multi-skilled health carers. Nature, purpose and implications, Health Manpower Management, vol 23, no 6, pp 197–211. Hurtley, R. (2003) Job Satisfaction and Motivation for Staff in Long-term Care, Unpublished MSc thesis, University of Surrey. Hurtly, R. (2004) ‘The developing culture in its political context’, in T. Perrin (ed) The New Culture of Therapeutic Activity with Older People, Oxon: Speechmark Publishing Ltd. Hurtley, R. (2005) Provision of Activities in a Care Setting, Tadcaster: Network Training Publishing. Husebo, B., Husebo, S. and Dahl, B. (2004) Old and given up for dying? Palliative Care units in nursing homes, Illness, Crisis and Loss, 12, 75-89. Huston, C. (2001) Contemporary staffing mix changes, the impact on postoperative pain management, Pain Management Nursing, 2, 65-72. IDEA ‘Reducing Hospital Admissions of Older People’, available online at, http://www.communities.gov.uk/archived/generalcontent/localgovernment/reducinghospitaladmissions/ Ikegami, N. and Campbell, J. (2002) Choices, policy logics and problems in the design of long-term care systems, Social Policy & Administration, vol 36, no 7, pp 719–34. Ilminen, G. R. (2001) Lack of staff contributes to poor nursing home care [corrected] [published erratum appears in NURS SPECTRUM (CHICAGO ILLINOIS INDIANA) 2001 Jun 4; 14(11),5], Nursing Spectrum, 14(8), 12. 42 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Imperial College (2005) ‘Assessing the Impact of a Care Innovation, Telecare’, London: Imperial College. Imperial College London (2003) ‘New Care Delivery Models and the Deployment of Telecare’, London: Imperial College London, Paper delivered at 3rd International Conference on the Management of Healthcare & Medical Technology, Warwick. Institute for Fiscal Studies (2004) ‘English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Health, wealth and lifestyles of the older population in England’, London: Institute for Fiscal Studies. Institute for Jewish Policy Research (2002) ‘Facing the future, the provision of long-term care facilities for older Jewish people in the United Kingdom’, available from <http.//www.jpr.org.uk/Reports/PJC_Reports/no_1_2002/main2.htm> (Accessed on 2 Nov 2007). Institute for Public Policy Research (2005) ‘Using Housing Wealth. Is there a role for government?’ London: Institute for Public Policy Research. Institute of Health Sciences and Public Research (2005a) ‘An Evaluation of Intermediate Care for Older People’, Leeds: University of Leeds. Institute of Medicine (1996) ‘Nursing Staff in Hospitals and Nursing Homes. Is It Adequate?’ Washington DC: National Academy Press, available online at http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=5151#toc. Institute of Medicine (2001) ‘Improving the quality of long-term care’, Washington: National Academy Press. Institute of Public Policy Research (2002) ‘Regulation of health care assistants. The Future Health Worker’, London: Institute of Public Policy Research. Intrator, O., Zinn, J. et al (2004) Nursing home characteristics and potentially preventable hospitalizations of long-stay residents, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52(10), 1730-6. J.M.Consulting (1998) ‘The Regulation of Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors; Report on a Review of the Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors Act 1997’, London: JM Consulting Ltd. Jablonski, R. A., Reed, D. and Maas, M. (2005) Care interventions for older adults with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. Effect of family involvement on cognitive and functional outcomes in nursing homes, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 32 (6), 38-48. Jackson, D., Mannix, J. et al (2003) Nursing staff shortages, issues in Australian residential aged care, Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 21(1), 42-5. Jackson, E. M. (1991) Dimensions of nursing home care, perspectives of patients, family members, and care providers, University of Missouri - Columbia, 205. Jackson, M. M. and Schafer, K. (1993) Identifying clues to infections in nursing home residents. The role of the nurses' aide, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 19(7), 33-42. Jackson, E. M. (1997) Dimensions of care in five United States nursing homes, identifying invisible work in care-giving, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 34(3), 192-200. Jacobs, S. (2003) Addressing the problems associated with general practitioners' workload in nursing and residential homes, findings from a qualitative study, British Journal of General Practice, 53, 113119. Jacobs, S. and Glendinning, C. (2001) The twilight zone? NHS services for older people in residential and nursing homes, Quality in Ageing - Policy, Practice and Research, 2 (2), 3-12. 43 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Jacobs, S. and Rummary, K. (2002) Nursing homes in England and their capacity to provide rehabilitation and intermediate care services, Social Policy and Administration, 36 (7), 735-752. Jacobs, S, (2003) Addressing the problems associated with general practitioners' workload in nursing and residential homes, findings from a qualitative study, British Journal of General Practice, 53(487), 113-9. Jagger C, Matthews R, Spiers N, Brayne C, Comas-Herrera A, Robinson T, Lindesay J, Croft P (2006) Compression or Expansion of Disability? Forecasting future disability levels under changing patterns of diseases. Wanless Social Care Review Research Report. Leicester: Leicester Nuffield Research Unit, University of Leicester. James, N. (1992) Care-organisation, physical labour, emotional labour, Sociology of Health and Illness, 14, 488-509. Janzon, K., Law, S., Watts, C. and Pollock, A. (2000) Lost and confused, Health Services Journal, 110 (5730), 26-29. Jarvis, A. (2006) Commentary on Haddad, M., Plummer, S., Teverner, A., Gray, R, Lee, S., Payne, F. & Knight, D. (2005) District nurses’ involvement and attitudes to mental health problems, a three-area corss-sectional study, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 14, 976-985,. Jehan, W. and Nelson, C. (2006) Advanced primary nursing, liberating the talent, Nursing Management 12, 20-23. Jenkins, H. and Allen, C. (1998) The relationship between staff burnout/distress and interactions with residents in two residential homes for older people, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13(7), 466-72. Jensdottir, A., Rantz, M. et al (2003) International comparison of quality indicators in United States, Icelandic and Canadian nursing facilities, International Nursing Review, 50(2), 79-84. Jeong, S. Y. and Keatinge, D. (2004) Innovative leadership and management in a nursing home, Journal of Nursing Management, 12(6), 445-51. Jervis, L. (2002) Working in and around the 'chain of command', power relations among nursing staff in an urban nursing home, Nursing Inquiry, 9 (1),12-23. Jette, D. U., Warren, R. L. et al (2004) Rehabilitation in skilled nursing facilities, effect of nursing staff level and therapy intensity on outcomes, American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 83(9), 704-12. Jewell, A. (2004) Ageing, spirituality and well-being, London: Jessica Kingsley. Jinnett, K. and Alexander, J. A. (1999) The influence of organizational context on quitting intention. An examination of treatment staff in long-term mental health care settings, Research on Aging, 21(2), 176-204. Jogerst, G. J., Daly, J. M. et al (2006) Iowa nursing home characteristics associated with reported abuse, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 7(4), 203-7. Johnson, M., Hoyes, L. et al. (1996) Regulating long-term care: proposals for a single registered care home. Bristol: School for Policy Studies. Johnson-Pawlson, J. and Infeld, D. L. (1996) Nurse staffing and quality of care in nursing facilities, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 22(8), 36-45. 44 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Johnson-Pawlson, J. E. (1993) The relationship between nursing staff variables and quality of care in nursing facilities, The George Washington University, 163. Johnston, D. and Mayers, C. (2005) Spirituality, a review of how occupational therapists acknowledge, assess and meet spiritual needs, British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68 (9), 386-392. Johri, M., Beland, F. and Bergman, H. (2003) International experiments in integrated care for the elderly, A synthesis of the evidence, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, vol 18, no 3, 222– 35. Jones, C. (2007) Supporting care homes in England. Available at: http://npa2007.co.uk/practice2007/supporting-care-homes-in-england.html (Accessed 14 Sept 2008). Jones, R. (2007) A Journey through the Years. Ageing and Social Care, Ageing Horizons, 6, 42-51. Jones, K. (2006) Effective pain management, lessons from a nursing home research study, Journal for Healthcare Quality, 28(1), 41-7. Jordan, F. M., Worral, L. E., Hickson, L. M. and Dodd, B. J. (1993) The evaluation of intervention programmes for communicatively impaired elderly people, European Journal of Disorders in Communication, 28 (1), 63-85. Joseph Rowntree Foundation (1995) ‘Care Standards in the Residential Care Sector. Quality and qualification, implication for users, providers and purchasers’, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2002) ‘Facing the future, the provision of long-term care facilities for older Jewish people in the United Kingdom’, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation,. Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2004) ‘Future Demand For Long-term Care in the UK. A summary of projections of long-term care finance for older people to 2051’, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2004) ‘Making Direct Payments Work for Older People. Findings’, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2005) ‘The Older People’s Inquiry. That little bit of help’, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, available online at www.jrf.org.uk/bookshop/ebooks/Briefing03.pdf. Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2006) ‘The Report of the Older People’s Inquiry into ‘that bit of help’, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Jost, T. S. (1989) Regulation of the quality of nursing home care in the United States, Quality Assurance in Health Care, 1(4), 223-8. Jumpamool, A. (2003) Relationships among nursing demographics, nursing unit characteristics and quality of care in Thailand, University of California, San Francisco, 221. Kahler, R. D. (1990) Burnout in the long-term care provider, an assessment of burnout factors among clinical employees in nursing homes, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 135. Kales, H. C., Chen, P. et al (2005) Rates of clinical depression diagnosis, functional impairment, and nursing home placement in coexisting dementia and depression, American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13(6), 441-9. Kanda, K. and Mezey, M. (1991) Registered nurse staffing in Pennsylvania nursing homes, comparison before and after implementation of Medicare's Prospective Payment System, Gerontologist, 31(3), 31824. Kane, R. A. (1988) Assessing quality in nursing homes, Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 4(3), 655-66. 45 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Kane, R. L., Garrard, J. et al (1989) Effects of a geriatric nurse practitioner on process and outcome of nursing home care, American Journal of Public Health, 79(9), 1271-7. Kane, R. L. (1995) Improving the quality of long-term care, Journal American Medical Association, 273(17), 1376-80. Kane, R, L., Chen, Q. et al (1996) Do rehabilitative nursing homes improve the outcomes of care?[see comment], Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 44(5), 545-54. Kane, R. A., Caplan A. L., Urv-Wong, E. K., Freeman, I. C., Aroskar, M. A. and Finch, M. (1997) Everyday matters in the lives of nursing home residents, wish for and perception of choice and control, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 45 (9), 1086-93. Kane, R. L. (1997) Improving outcomes in rehabilitation, A call to arms (and legs), Medical Care, 35(6 Suppl), JS21-7. Kane, R. L., Flood, S. et al (2001) How EverCare nurse practitioners spend their time, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 49(11), 1530-4. Kane, R., Keckhafer, G. and Robst, J. (2002) Evaluation of the Evercare Demonstration Program, Final Report, Minnesota: University of Minnesota. Kane, R. A. (2003) Definition, measurement, and correlates of quality of life in nursing homes, toward a reasonable practice, research, and policy agenda, Gerontologist, 43(Spec No, 2),28–36. Kane, R. A., Kling, K. C., Bershadsky, B., Kane, R. L., Giles, K., Degenholtz, H. B., Liu, J. and Cutler, L. J. (2003) Quality of life measures for nursing home residents, Journals of Gerontology, Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 58A(3), 240-8. Kane, R. A. (2003) Definition, measurement and correlates of quality of life in nursing homes, toward a reasonable practice, research and policy agenda, Gerontologist, vol 43, special issue 2, Apr 2003. Kane, R. (2004) Commentary, Nursing Home Staffing - More Is Necessary but Not Necessarily Sufficient, Health Services Research, 39, 251. Kane, R. L., Flood, S. et al (2004) Effect of an innovative medicare managed care program on the quality of care for nursing home residents, Gerontologist, 44(1), 95-103. Kane, R. L., Rockwood, T. et al (2005) Rating the importance of nursing home residents' quality of life, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(12), 2076-82. Kane, R. L., Rockwood, T. et al (2006) Nursing home staff's perceived ability to influence quality of life, Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 21(3), 248-55. Kapp, M. (2003) At least Mom will be safe there, the role of resident safety in nursing home quality, Quality and Safety in Health Care, 12, (3), 201-204. Karlsson, M. (2007) Distributional Effects of Reform in Long-term Care, Ageing Horizons, 6, 33-41. Karon, S. L. and Zimmerman D. R. (1996) Using indicators to structure quality improvement initiatives in long-term care, Quality Management in Health Care, 4(3), 54-66. Karon, S. L. and Zimmerman D. R. (1998) Nursing home quality indicators and quality improvement initiatives, Topics in Health Information Management, 18(4), 46-58. Karsh, B., Booske, B. et al (2005) Job and organizational determinants of nursing home employee commitment, job satisfaction and intent to turnover, Ergonomics, 48(10), 1260-1281. 46 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Karuza, J. and Katz, P. R. (1994) Physician staffing patterns correlates of nursing home care, an initial inquiry and consideration of policy implications, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 42(7), 787-93. Katsaliaki, K., Brailsfor, S., Browning, D. and Knight, P. (2005) Mapping care pathways for the elderly, Journal of Health Organization and Management, 19, 57-72. Katz, J. S., Sidell, M., and Komaromy, C. (2000) Death in homes, bereavement needs of residents, relatives and staff, International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 6 (6) 274-279. Katz, J., Sidell, M. and Komaromy, C. (2001) Dying in long term care facilities. Support needs of other residents, relatives and staff, American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care, 18(5), 321-32. Katz, J. (2003) ‘Managing dying residents’, in J. Katz and S. Peace (eds) End of Life in Care Homes A Palliative Care Approach, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Katz, J. S. and Peace, S. M. (2003) End of life in care homes, a palliative care approach, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Katz, J. S. (2003) ‘Dealing with death’, in J. Katz and S. Peace (eds) End of Life in Care Homes. A Palliative Care Approach, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 75-86. Katz, J. S. (2003) ‘Practical Implications of the principles and practices of palliative care to the residential sector’, in J. Katz and S. Peace (eds) End of Life in Care Homes, A Palliative Care Approach, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 131-156. Katz, J. S. (2004) ‘Palliative care in institution’, in S. Payne, J. Seymour and C. Ingleton (eds) Palliative Care Nursing, Principles and Evidence for Practice, Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 414-431. Katz, P. R., Mezey, M. and Kapp, M. (2003) ‘Physician practice in long-term care, workforce shortages and implications for the future’, in P. Katz, M. Mezey and M. Kapp (eds) Advances in Long-Term Care, Vol, 5, New York: Springer Publishing Co. Katz, P. R. (2003) A silver lining, Journal of the American Medical Directors Assoiation, 4(4) 222. Kavanagh, S., Schneider, J., Knapp, M., Beecham, J. and Netten, A. (1993) Elderly people with cognitive impairment, costing possible changes in the balance of care, Health and Social Care in the Community, vol 2, pp 69–80. Kayser-Jones, J. S. (1982) Institutional structures, catalysts of or barriers to quality care for the institutionalized aged in Scotland and the U.S. Social Science & Medicine, 16(9), 935-44. Kayser-Jones, J. (1989) The environment and quality of care in long-term care institutions, NLN Publications, (20-2292), 87-107. Kayser-Jones, J. (1997) Inadequate staffing at mealtime, implications for nursing and health policy, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 23(8), 14-21. Kayser-Jones, J. and Schell, E. S. (1997) Staffing and the mealtime experience of nursing home residents of a special care unit, American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 12(2), 67-72. Kayser-Jones, J. and Schell, E. (1997) The effect of staffing on the quality of care at mealtime, Nursing Outlook, 45(2), 64-72. Kayser-Jones, J., Schell, E. S. et al (1999) Factors contributing to dehydration in nursing homes, inadequate staffing and lack of professional supervision, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 47(10), 1187-94. 47 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Kayser-Jones, J. (2003) Continuing to conduct research in nursing homes despite controversial findings, reflections by a research scientist, Qualitative Health Research, 13(1), 114-28. Kayser-Jones, J., Schell, E. et al (2003) Factors that influence end-of-life care in nursing homes, the physical environment, inadequate staffing, and lack of supervision, Gerontologist, 43 Spec No 2, 7684. Keady, J. (1997) Relatives' views of care in residential/nursing homes, British Journal of Nursing, 6(11), 606. Keefe, J. and Fancey, P. (2000) The care continues, responsibility for elderly relatives before and after admission to a long-term care facility, Family Relations, 49 (3), 235-44. Keepnews, D. (1996) After the IOM study on nurse staffing, policy priorities for nursing. Institute of Medicine, Nursing Trends & Issues, 1(1), 1-12. Kellett, U. M. (1999) Searching for new possibilities to care, a qualitative analysis of family caring involvement in nursing homes, Nursing Inquiry, 6 (1), 9-16. Kellett, U. M. (2000) Bound within the limits, facing constraints to family caring in nursing homes, International Journal of Nursing Practice, 6, 317-323. Kelly, D. (2005) Smart support at home. The integration of telecare technology with primary and community care systems, British Journal of Healthcare Computing & Information Management, vol 22, no 3. Kemper, S. (1994) Elderspeak. Speech accommodations to older adults, Aging and Cognition, 1, 17– 28. Kendall, V. (2000) Are you achieving the required standard? Nursing & Residential Care, 2(1), 8-11. Kennedy, B. (2005) Stress and burnout of nursing staff working with geriatric clients in long-term care, Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 37(4), 381-2. Kennedy, B. R. (1999) Stress and burnout of nursing staff working with geriatric patients in long-term care, Walden U, US, Kennedy: Bernice Roberts. Kenny, C. (2002) Care home staff denied training, Nursing Times, 98(40), 14. Kerrison, S. and Pollock, A. (2001) Regulating nursing homes. Caring for older people in the private sector in Engalnd, British Medical Journal, 323, 566-569. Kerrison, S. H. and Pollock, A. M. (2001) Absent voices compromise the effectiveness of nursing home regulation, a critique of regulatory reform in the UK nursing home industry, Health and Social Care in the Community, 9, (6), 490-494. Khanchandani, R. and Gillam, S. (1999) The ethnic minority linkworker. A key member of the primary health care team? British Journal of General Practice, 49, 993-94,. Khunti, K. and Kinsella, B. (2000) Effect of systematic review of medication by general practitioner on drug consumption among nursing-home residents, Age and Ageing, 29, 451-45. Kiely, D. and Flacker, J. (2003) The protective effect of social engagement on 1-year mortality in a long-stay nursing home population, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 56, 472-8. Killick, J. (1998) Climb up the family tree and look at the vista from up there, writing work with people with dementia, The Journal of the Oral History Society, 26 (1), 81-85. 48 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Killick, J. and Allan, K. (2001) Communication and the care of people with dementia, Buckingham: Open University Press. Killick J (2004) ‘Magic mirrors, what people with dementia show us about ourselves’, in A. Jewell (ed) Ageing, spirituality and well-being, London: Jessica Kingsley, 143-52. King, M. A. and Roberts, M. S. (2001) Multidisciplinary case conference reviews, improving outcomes for nursing home residents, carers and health professionals, Pharm World Sci, 23(2),41-5. Kirkevold, O. and Engedal, K. (2006) The quality of care in Norwegian nursing homes, Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 20(2), 177-83. Kirkwood, A. and Astle, J. (1996) Long-term Care. A framework for reform, London: Institute of Community Studies. Kitwood, T. and Bredin, K. (1992) A new approach to the evaluation of dementia care, Journal of Advances in Health and Nursing Care, 1 (5), 41-60. Kitwood, T. and Benson, S. (1995) The new culture of dementia care, London: Hawker Publications. Kitwood, T. (1997) Dementia Reconsidered, Buckingham: Open University Press. Kivnick, H. Q. and Murray, S. U. (1997) Vital involvement, an overlooked source of identity in frail elders, Journal of Aging and Identity, 2 (3), 205-225. Klay, M. and Marfyak, K. (2005) Use of a continence nurse specialist in an extended care facility, Urologic Nursing, 25(2), 101-2. Klein, B. and Cook, A. (1998) Concepts of Quality in Residential care and Nursing homes, UK and German Perspectives, Health Care in Later Life, 3 (1) 47-51. Klein, W. C. and Jess, C. (2002) One last pleasure? Alcohol use among elderly people in nursing homes, Health and Social Work, 27 (3), 193-203. Kleinman, C. S.and Saccomano, S. J. (2006) Registered nurses and unlicensed assistive personnel, an uneasy alliance, J Contin Educ Nurs, 37(4),162-70. Klepping, G. (2000) Medication review in elderly care homes, Primary Care Pharmacy Review 1, 1058. Knapp, M. and Harissis, K. (1981) Staff vacancies and turnover in British old people's homes, Gerontologist, 21(1), 76-84. Knapp, M. and Missiakoulis, S. (1983) Predicting turnover rates among the staff of English and Welsh old people's homes, Social Science & Medicine. 17(1), 29-36. Knibb, W. (2005) The use of and training provision for healthcare assistants and support workers in the NHS in England, PhD Thesis, University of Surrey. Kodner, D. and Kyriacou, C. (2000) Fully integrated care for the frail elderly, two American models, International Journal of Integrated Care, vol 1, available online at, www.ijic.org/ (accessed on 8 December 2007). Kodner, D. and Spreeuwenberg, C. (2002) Integrated care. Meaning, logic, applications, and implications – a discussion paper, International Journal of Integrated Care, vol 2, available online at www.ijic.org/publish/articles/000089/index.html (accessed on 14 March 2008). 49 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Komaromy, C. (2003) ‘The needs of relatives and other residents when a death occurs’, in J. Katz and S. Peace (eds) End of Life in Care Homes. A Palliative Care Approach, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Konetzka, R. T., Yi, D. et al (2004) Effects of Medicare payment changes on nursing home staffing and deficiencies, Health Services Research, 39(3), 463-88. Konetzka, R. T., Spector, W. et al (2004) Effects of nursing home ownership type and resident payer source on hospitalization for suspected pneumonia, Medical Care, 42(10), 1001-8. Konetzka, R., Stearns, S. C. et al (2005) Personal Care Aide Turnover in Residential Care Settings. An Assessment of Ownership, Economic, and Environmental Factors, Journal of Applied Gerontology, 24(2), 87-107. Koritsas, S., Davidson, S., Clarke, D. and O’Connor, D. (2006) Diagnosing and treating Depression in Nursing Home Residents. Challenges for GPs, Australian Journal of Primary Health, 12(3), 104-108. Kotilainen, H. (1998) Users' experiences--the basis for better quality nursing environments in long-term care, Studies in Health Technology & Informatics, 48, 305-8. Kotynia-English, R., McGowan, H. et al (2005) A randomized trial of early psychiatric intervention in residential care, impact on health outcomes, International Psychogeriatrics, 17(3), 475-85. Kovner, C., Stave, C. M. et al (1994) An analysis of vacancy rates, turnover, and wages among nursing occupations in New York state hospitals, nursing homes, and diagnostic and treatment facilities, Journal of the New York State Nurses Association, 25(3), 20-7. Kovner, C. T. and Schore, J. (1998) Differentiated levels of nursing work force demand, Journal of Professional Nursing, 14(4), 242-53. Kovner, C., Mezey, M. et al (2000) Research priorities for staffing, case mix, and quality of care in US nursing homes, Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 32(1), 77-80. Kovner, C. T. and Harrington, C. (2000) Nursing counts. Quality of care linked to nurse staffing levels, American Journal of Nursing, 100(9), 54. Kovner, C. (2001) The impact of staffing and the organization of work on patient outcomes and health care workers in health care organizations, Joint Commission Journal on Quality Improvement, 27(9), 458-68. Kovner, C. T. and Harrington. C. (2001) Strengthening the caregiving workforce, American Journal of Nursing, 101(9), 55-6. Kovner, C. T. and Harrington, C. (2002) CMS study, correlation between staffing and quality, American Journal of Nursing, 102(9), 65-6. Kramer, M. and Schmalenberg, C. (1991) Job satisfaction and retention. Insights for the 90s. Part 2, Nursing, vol 21, no 3, pp 51–5. Kramer, K. R. (1997) An analysis of the impact of the mandatory nurse aide training component of federal legislation (OBRA '87, Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987) on the quality of resident care and nurse aide turnover rates in Pennsylvania's county-sponsored nursing homes, Temple University, 162. Krapohl, G. and Larson, E. (1996) The impact of unlicensed assistive personnel on nursing care delivery, Nursing Economics, 14, 45-54. Krichbaum, K. E., Pearson, V. et al (2000) Better care in nursing homes, advanced practice nurses' strategies for improving staff use of protocols, Clinical Nurse Specialist, 14(1), 40-6. 50 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Krichbaum, K., Pearson, V. et al (2005) Improving resident outcomes with GAPN organization level interventions, Western Journal of Nursing Research, 27(3), 322-37. Kristjanson, L., Walton, J. and Toye, C. (2005) End of life challenges in residential aged care facilities, International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 11 (3), 127-129. Kruse, R. L., Mehr, D. R. et al (2004) Does hospitalization impact survival after lower respiratory infection in nursing home residents? Medical Care, 42(9), 860-70. Kruzich, J. M. (1992) Personal and environmental influences on nursing home satisfaction, The Gerontologist, 1992 June, vol 32 no 3. Kruzich, J. M., Clinton, J. F. et al (1992) Personal and environmental influences on nursing home satisfaction, Gerontologist, 32(3), 342-50. Kruzich, J. M. (1995) Empowering organizational contexts, patterns and predictors of perceived decision-making influence among staff in nursing homes, Gerontologist, 35(2), 207-16. Kuruvilla, G., Davison, T. E., Mccabe, M., Mellor, D. and Moore, K. (2007) Treatment of depression in low-level residential care facilities for the elderly, International Psychogeriatrics, 19 (6), 1153-1160. Ladyman, S. (2005) Technology and Delivery of Care for Older People. Speech to DTI, Global Watch Mission seminar, available online at, www.dh.gov.uk/NewsHome/Speeches/SpeechesList/SpeechesArticle/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4105328& chk=aQeR3x (accessed on 10 November 2007). Lai, C.K.Y., Chi, I. and Kayser-Jones, J. (2004) A randomized controlled trial of a specific reminiscence approach to promote the well-being of nursing home residents with dementia International Psychogeriatrics, 16 (1), 33-49. Lai, S. M., Alter, M., Friday, G., Lai, S.L. and Sobel, E. (1999) Stroke survival after discharge from an acute care hospital, Neuroepidemiology, 18, 210-217. Laine, J. and et al (2005) Measuring the productive efficiency and clinical quality of institutional longterm care for the elderly, Health Economics, 14(3), 245-256. Laine, J. et al (2005) The association between quality of care and technical efficiency in long-term care, International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 17(3), 259-267. Laine, J., Linna, M. et al (2005) The cost efficiency and clinical quality of institutional long-term care for the elderly, Health Care Management Science, 18(2), 149-156. Laine, J. (2006) RUG-III for exploring the association between staffing levels and cost-efficiency in nursing facility care in Finland, Health Care Management Review, 31(1), 73-7. Laing & Buisson (2004) Flexible Staffing in Health and Health Care Markets 2004, London: Laing & Buisson. Laing and Buisson (2004) Laings’ healthcare market review 2004-2005, incorporating the Fitzhugh directory of independent healthcare financial information, 17th Ed, London: Laing and Buisson. Laing and Buisson (2004) ‘Long term care’, available from http.//www.laingbuisson.co.uk/longtermcare.htm> Laing & Buisson (2005) Care of Elderly People. Market survey 2005, London: Laing & Buisson. Laird, C. (1979) Limbo, a Memoir of Life in a Nursing Home by a Survivor, Novato, California: Chandler and Sharp. 51 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Lange, J. W. (2002) Patient identification of caregivers' titles, do they know who you are? Applied Nursing Research, 15(1), 11-8. Langley, D. (2004) Dramatherapy with elderly people with mental health problems, Generations Review, 14 (2), 12-14. Lankshear, A., Sheldon, T., Maynard, A. and Smith, K. (2005) Nursing Challenges, are changes in the nursing role and skill mix improving patient care? Health Policy Matters, 10, 1-8. Lansley, P., McCreadie, C., Tinker, A., Flanagan, S., Goodacre K. and Turner-Smith, A. (2004) Adapting the homes of older people. A case study of costs and savings, Building Research & Information, vol 32, no 6, pp 468–83. Lapane, K. L. and Hughes, C. M. (2004) Which organizational characteristics are associated with increased management of depression using antidepressants in US nursing homes? Medical Care, 42(10), 992-1000. Lau, D. T., Kasper, J. D. et al (2005) Hospitalization and death associated with potentially inappropriate medication prescriptions among elderly nursing home residents, Archives of Internal Medicine, 165(1), 68-74. Layard, R. (2005) Happiness. Lessons from a new science (annexes), London: Allen Lane. Le Grand, J. (2003) Motivation, Agency and Public Policy. Of knights and knaves, pawns and queens, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Leadbeater, C. (2004) Personalisation Through Participation. A new script for public services, London: Demos. Lee, C., Liu, T. et al (2002) Cost and care quality between licensed nursing homes under different types of ownership, Journal of Nursing Research, 10(2), 151-60. Lee, D.T.F., Woo, J. and Mackenzie, A. E. (2002) A review of older people’s experiences with residential care placement, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 37 (1), 19-27. Leeds, L., Meara, J. and Hobson, P. (2004) The impact of discharge to a care home on longer term stroke outcomes, Clinical Rehabilitation, 18, 924-928. Lee-Treweek, G. (2005) Book review. Gray Areas. Ethnographic Encounters with Nursing Home Culture, Sociology of Health & Illness, 27(2), 297-298. Leicester Nuffield Research Unit (2006) ‘Compression or Expansion of Disability? Forecasting future disability levels under changing patterns of diseases’, Leicester: University of Leicester, Wanless Social Care Review Research Report. Lenaghan, E., Holland, R. and Brooks, A. (2007) Home-based medication review in a high risk elderly population in primary care--the POLYMED randomised controlled trial, Age Ageing, 36(3),292-7. Lengyel, C. O., Smith, J. T., Whiting, S. J. and Zello, G. A. (2004) A questionnaire to examine food service satisfaction of elderly residents in long-term care facilities, Journal of Nutrition for the Elderly, 24 (2), 5-18. Leppa, C. J. (1999) Measuring nursing work in long-term care. The reliability and validity of the Leatt Measure of Nursing Technology, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 25(10), 40-5. Levine, C. (2003) Family caregivers, health care professionals, and policy makers, the diverse cultures of long-term care, Journal of Social Work in Long Term Care, 2(1/2), 111-23. 52 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Levy, C. R. and Kramer, A. M. (2005) Physician practice patterns in nursing homes, Long-Term Care Interface, 6(12), 17-23. Li, I. C. and Yin, T. J-C. (2005) Care needs of residents in community-based long-term care facilities in Taiwan, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 14(6), 711-8. Lin, S., Yin, T. J-C. et al (2002) An exploration of work stressors and correlators for nurse's aides in long-term care facilities, Journal of Nursing Research, 10(3), 177-86. Linn, M. W., Gurel, L. et al (1977) Patient outcome as a measure of quality of nursing home care, American Journal of Public Health, 67(4), 337-44. Lloyd, L. and Cameron, A. (2005) Significant life events, developing knowledge for care at the end of life in old age, Journal of Integrated Care, 13 (3), 4-39. Loeb, M., Carusone, S. C. et al (2006) Effect of a clinical pathway to reduce hospitalizations in nursing home residents with pneumonia, a randomized controlled trial, Journal of the American Medical Association, 295(21), 2503-10. London School of Economics (2002) ‘The Contribution of Community-based Health and Social Care to Inpatient Hospital Use’, London: London School of Economics, LSE Health and Social Care Discussion Papers. London School of Economics (2002) ‘The Importance of Social Care in Achieving an Efficient Health Care System. The case for reducing hospital delay discharge rates’, London: London School of Economics, LSE Health and Social Care Discussion Paper Number 07. London School of Economics (2005) ‘All for All. Equality and social trust’, London: LSE Health and Social Care discussion paper 15, available online at www.lse.ac.uk/collections/LSEHealthAndSocialCare/pdf/DiscussionPaperSeries/DP15_2005.pdf. London School of Economics (2006) ‘Analysis to Support the Development of FSS Formulae for Older People. Final report’, Canterbury: PSSRU, University of Kent and London School of Economics, PSSRU Discussion Paper 2265. London School of Economics (2006) ‘Projections for Wanless Review of Social Care. Wanless Social Care Review Research Report’, London: PSSRU, London School of Economics. Longest, B. B., Jr., Foster, L. A. et al (1975) An empirical analysis of the relationship of selected structural factors to quality of patient care in nursing homes, Journal of Long Term Care Administration, 3(2), 16-26. Lowin, A., Knapp, M. and McCrone, P. (2001) Alzheimer’s disease in the UK, comparative evidence on cost of illness and volume of health services research funding, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, vol 16, no 12, pp 1143–48. Lundh, U., Sandberg, J. and Nolan, M.R. (2000) ‘I don’t have any other choice’, spouses’ experiences of placing a partner in a care home for older people in Sweden, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32 (5), 1178-1186. Lundh, U., Nolan, M. and Hellstrom, I. (2003) ‘Quality care for people with dementia, the views of family and professional carers’, in M. Nolan, U. Lundh, G. Grant, J, Keady (eds) Partnerships in Family Care, understanding the caregiving career, Maidenhead: Open University Press, 72-89. Lunn, J., Chan, K., Donoghue, J., Riley, B., Walley, T. (1997) A study of the appropriateness of prescribing in nursing homes, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice, 5,6-10. Lutwack-Bloom, P., Wijewickrama, R. and Smith, B. (2005) Effects of pets versus people visits with nursing home residents, Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 44 (3/4), 137-59. 53 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Lynn, J. and Adamson, D. (2003) Living Well at the End of Life. Adapting Health Care to Serious Chronic Illness in Old Age, Santa Monica, CA: RAND Health. Ma, E., Coleman, M. E. et al (2004) Quantifying posthospital care transitions in older patients, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 5(2), 71-4. Maas, M. L., Kelley, L.S. et al (2002) Issues in conducting research in nursing homes, Western Journal of Nursing Research, 24(4), 373-89. Maas, M., Johnson, M. et al (2003) Evaluation of the reliability and validity of nursing outcomes of classification patient outcomes and measures, Journal of Nursing Measurement, 11(2), 97-117. Maas, M.L., Reed, D., Park, M, Specht, J.P., Schutte, D., Kelley, L.S., Swanson, E.A., Trip-Reimer, T. and Buckwalter, K. C. (2004) Outcomes of Family Involvement in Care Intervention for Caregivers of Individuals With Dementia, Nursing Research, 53 (2), 76-86. Mackenzie, A. (2001) Training to Engage Residents with Dementia in Activities, International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 8 (11), 406-409. MacKinlay, E. (2001) The spiritual dimension of ageing, London: Jessica Kingsley. MacKinlay, E. (2004) ‘The spiritual dimension of ageing’ in A. Jewell (ed) Ageing, spirituality and well-being, London: Jessica Kingsley, 72-85. MacMillan, D. W. and Chavin, D.M. (1986) Sense of community, a definition and theory, Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 6-24. Maddocks, I. and Parker, D. (2001) ‘Palliative care in nursing homes’, in M. Addington-Hall and I. J. Higginson (eds) Palliative Care for Non-Cancer Patients, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 147-157. Maddox, G. L. (2003) Making a house a home, The Gerontologist, 43, 931-934. Magaziner, J., Zimmerman, S. et al (2005) Mortality and adverse health events in newly admitted nursing home residents with and without dementia, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(11), 1858-66. Malim, T. and Birch, A. (1997) Research Methods and Statistics, Hampshire: Macmillan,. Mallott, O. W., Whifield, K. and Oliver, T. (2001) Enhancement of the breakfast eating experience in a dementia care unit, University of Waterloo. Manchester Centre for Healthcare Management (2002) ‘Policy Issues and Management Challenges in the Nursing Home Sector’, Manchester: Manchester Centre for Healthcare Management. Mangnall, J., Taylor, P., Thomas, S. and Watterson, L. (2006) Continence problems in care homes, auditing assessment and treatment, Nursing Older People, 18 (2), 20-22. Manias, E. (1998) Medication management in residents of aged care facilities, Contempory Nurse, 7(2), 53-9. Mann, A.H., Schneider, J., Mozley, C.G., Levin, E., Blizard, R., Netten, A., Kharicha, K., Egelstaff, R., Abbey, A. and Todd, C. (2000) Depression and the response of residential homes to physical health needs, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 1105-1112. Marie Curie Centre (2001) ‘Hospice as a Resource Centre Pilot Project, Final Report’, Glasgow: Marie Curie Centre. 54 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Mark, B. A., Salyer, J. et al (2003) Professional nursing practice, impact on organizational and patient outcomes, Journal of Nursing Administration, 33(4), 224-34. Marken, D. (2004) Enhancing the dining experience in long-term care, Dining with Dignity program, Journal of Nutrition for the Elderly, 23 (3), 99-109. Markle- Reid, M. and Browne, G. (2003) Conceptualizations of frailty in relation to older adults, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 44 (1), 58-68. Markle-Reid, M., Weir, R., Browne, G., Roberts, J., Gafni, A. and Henderson, S. (2006) Health promotion for frail older home care clients, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 54(3),381-95. Marshall, M. (2001) ‘Care settings and the care environment’, in C. Cantley (ed) A Handbook of Dementia Care, Buckingham: Open University Press, 173-186. Marshall, M. J. and Hutchinson, S.A. (2001) A critique of research on the use of activities with persons with Alzheimer’s disease, a systematic literature review, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 35 (4), 488496. Martin, C. M. (2000) The emperor has no clothes, a misguided case for long-term acute-care facilities, Critical Care Medicine, 28(2), 576-7. Martin, G. P., Nancarrow, S. A. et al (2005) Place, policy and practitioners, on rehabilitation, independence and the therapeutic landscape in the changing geography of care provision to older people in the UK, Social Science & Medicine, 61(9), 1893-904. Martin, G. P., Nancarrow, S. A. et al (2005) Place, policy and practitioners, on rehabilitation, independence and the therapeutic landscape in the changing geography of care provision to older people in the UK, Social Science & Medicine, 61(9), 1893-904. Martinen, M. and Freundl, M. (2004) Managing congestive heart failure in long-term care, development of an interdisciplinary protocol, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 30(12), 5-12. Masterson, A. (2004) Towards an ideal skill mix in nursing homes, Nursing Older People, 16(4), 14-6. Matosevic, T., Knapp, M., Kendall, J., Henderson, C. and Fernandez, J-L. (2007) Care-home providers as professionals, understanding the motivation of care-home providers in England, Ageing & Society, 27, 103-126. Matthews, F. and Dening, T. (2002) Prevalence of dementia in institutional care, The Lancet, vol 360, no 9328, pp 225–26. Mattiasson, A. C., and Andersson, L. (1995) Organizational environment and the support of patient autonomy in nursing home care, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 22(6), 1149-57. Mattiasson, A. and Andersson, L. (1997) Quality of nursing home care assessed by competent nursing home patients, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26 (6), 1117-24. Mayers, C. (2004) Towards an Understanding of Spirituality, British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67, (5), 191. McBride, A. (2000) Nursing and gerontology, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 26 (7), 18-27. McCabe, B.W., Baun, M.M., Speich, D. and Agrawal, S. (2002) Resident dog in the Alzheimer's special care unit, Western Journal of Nursing Research, 24 (6), 684-96. McCormack, B. (2001) Negotiating partnerships with older people. A person centred approach, Aldershot: Ashgate. 55 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review McCormack, B. and McKenna, H. (2001) Challenges to quality monitoring systems in care homes, Quality in Health Care, 10 (4), 200-201. McCormack, B. (2004) Person-centredness in gerontological nursing, an overview of the literature, International Journal of Older People Nursing, 13(s1), 31-38. McCue, M., Mark, B.A. et al (2003) Nurse staffing, quality, and financial performance, Journal of Health Care Finance, 29(4), 54-76. McDaid, D. (2001) Estimating the costs of informal care for people with Alzheimer’s disease. Methodological and practical challenges, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, vol 16, no 4, pp 400– 05. McDerment, L., Ackroyd, J., Tealer, R. and Sutton, J. (1997) As others see us. A study of relationships in homes for older people, London: Relatives Association. McElroy, D. and Herbelin, K. (1989) Assuring quality of care in long-term facilities, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 15(7), 8-10. McFadyean, M. and Rowland, D. (2002) Selling off the twilight years, the transfer of Birmingham's homes for the elderly, London: Menard Press. McGillis Hall, L. (2003) Nursing staff mix models and outcomes, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 44, 217-226. McGilton, K. S. and Pringle, D. M. (1999) The effects of perceived and preferred control on nurses' job satisfaction in long term care environments, Research in Nursing & Health, 22(3), 251-61. McGilton, K., O’Brien-Pallas, L., Darlington, G., Evans, M., Wynn, F. and Pringle, D. (2003) Effects of a relationship-enhancing programme of care on outcomes, Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 35 (2), 151-6. McGrath, C., Mezey, M. et al (2006) RN staffing and long-term care… RN staffing time and outcomes of long-stay nursing home residents (Original research, a new look at the old, November 2005), American Journal of Nursing, 106(3), 15. McGregor, M. J., Cohen, M. et al (2005) Staffing levels in not-for-profit and for-profit long-term care facilities, does type of ownership matter? Canadian Medical Association Journal, 172(5), 645-9. McGregor, M. J., Tate, R. B. et al (2006) Care outcomes in long-term care facilities in British Columbia, Canada. Does ownership matter? Medical Care, 44(10), 929-35. McKee, K., Parker, C., Barnes, S., Morgan, K., Tregenza, P. and Torrington, J. (2004) Supporting successful ageing in residential homes - the role of the physical environment, Psychology & Health, 19, Supplement, 111-112. McKee, K., Downs, M., Gilhooly, M., Gilhooly, K., Tester, S. and Wilson, F. (2005) ‘Frailty, identity and the quality of later life’, in A.Walker (ed) Understanding quality of life in older age, Maidenhead: Open University Press, 117-129. McKenna, H. (1995) Nursing skill mix substitutions and quality of care, an exploration of assumptions from the research literature, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 21, 452-459. McKenna, H., Hasson, F. and Keeney, S. (2004) Patient safety and quality of care, the role of the health care assistant, Journal of Nursing Management, 12, 452-459. McKenna, H. P. (2004) Editorial “Role drift” to unlicensed assistants, risks to quality and safety, Qual Saf Health Care, 13,410-41. 56 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review McKeown, C. and Thompson, J. (1999) Sharing the caseload, Elderly Care, 11(4), 8-11. McNamee, P., Bond, J. and Buck, D. (2001) Costs of dementia in England and Wales in the 21st century, British Journal of Psychiatry, vol 179, pp 261–66. Means, R. (1986) ‘The development of social services for elderly people. Historical perspectives’, in C. Phillipson and A. Walker (eds) Ageing and Social Policy. A critical assessment, Aldershot: Gower. Meehan, L., Meyer, J. and Winter, J. (2002) Partnership with care homes, a new approach to collaborative working, NT Research, 7 (5), 348-359. Meek, I. (1996) Evaluation of the role of the health care assistant within a community mental health intensive care team, Journal of Nursing Management, 6(11), 11-19. Meek, J. and Gopee, N. (1995) Quality assurance in a nursing home, Nursing Standard, 10(1), 37-9. Meijer, A., Campen, C. V. et al (2000) A comparative study of the financing provision and quality of care in nursing homes. The approach of four European countries, Belgium, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32(3), 554-561. Melis, R., Olde Rikkert, M., Parker, S. and van Eijken, M. (2004) What is intermediate care? British Medical Journal, vol 329, no 7462, pp 360–61, available online at http://bmj.bmjjournals.com. Melling, S. and Hewitt-Taylor, J. (2003) New flexible healthcare roles and the purpose of nursing, British Journal of Nursing, 12(21), 1264-70,. Menzies, I. E.P. (1977) The functioning of social systems as a defence against anxiety, London: The Tavistock Institute of Human Relations. Messinger-Rapport, B.J. (2004) Evidence-based medicine, is it relevant to long-term care? Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 5(5), 328-32. Metlen, S., Eveleth, D. et al (2005) Management support and perceived consumer satisfaction in skilled nursing facilities, Health Services Management Research, 18(3), 198-210. Mezey, M. D., Lynaugh, J. E. and Cartier, M. M. (1988) The Teaching Nursing Home Programme, 1982-87, a report card, Nursing Outlook, 36(6), 285-9. Mezey, M., Dubler, M.M., Mitty, E. and Brody, A.A. (2002) What impact do setting and transitions have on the quality of life and end of life and the quality of the dying process? Gerontologist, 42 (Special Issue 3), 54-67. Mezey, M., Boltz, M. et al (2005) Evolving models of Geriatric Nursing care, Geriatric Nursing, 26(1), 11-5. Mezey, M., Greene Burger, S. et al (2005) Experts recommend strategies for strengthening the use of advanced practice nurses in nursing homes, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(10), 17907. Midlov, P., Bergkvist, A .et al (2005) Medication errors when transferring elderly patients between primary health care and hospital care, Pharmacy World & Science, 27(2), 116-20. Miller, E. A. and Weissert, W. G. (2000) Predicting elderly people's risk for nursing home placement, hospitalization, functional impairment, and mortality, a synthesis, Medical Care Research & Review, 57(3), 259-97. Miller, E. A. and Weissert, W. G. (2001) Incidence of four adverse outc.mes in the elderly population, implications for home care policy and research, Home Health Care Services Quarterly, 20(4), 17-47. 57 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Miller, E. A. and Weissert, W. G. (2003) Models, Measures, and Methods. Variability in Aging Research, Home Health Care Services Quarterly, 22(2), 43-67. Minardi, H. and Hayes, N. (2003) Nursing older adults with mental health problems, therapeutic interventions, part 1, Nursing Older People, 15 (6), 22-26. Mitchell, E. (2004) Reducing the Risk of Falls, OT News, April, 27. Mitchell, G., Salmon, J. R. et al (2006) The relative benefits and cost of medicaid home- and community-based services in Florida, Gerontologist, 46(4), 483-94. Mitchell, P. and Koch, T. (1997) An attempt to give nursing home residents a voice in the quality improvement process, the challenge of frailty, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 6 (6), 453-461. Mitchell, P. H. and Shortell, S. M. (1997) Adverse outcomes and variations in organization of care delivery, Medical Care, 35(11 Suppl), NS19-32. Mitty, E. (2004) Assisted Living. Aging in Place and Palliative Care, Geriatric Nursing, 25 (3), 149– 156,163. Mohide, E. A., Tugwell, P. X. et al (1988) A randomized trial of quality assurance in nursing homes, Medical Care, 26(6), 554-65. Moiden, N. (2002) Leadership in the elderly care home sector, Nursing Management, 9 (1), 24-8. Mold, F., Fitzpatrick, J.M. and Roberts J.D. (2005) Minority ethnic elders in care homes, a review of the literature, Age and Ageing, 34, (2), 107-113. Mold, F., Fitzpatrick, J.M. and Roberts J.D. (2005) Caring for minority ethnic older people in nursing care homes, British Journal of Nursing, 41 (11), pp, 601-606. Monahan, D. J. and Hopkins, K. (2002) Nurses, long-term care, and eldercare, impact on work performance, Nursing Economics, 20(6), 266-72. Monarch, K. (2005) The quality of care provided in nursing homes, nurses can help facilities do the right things, American Journal of Nursing, 105(5), 70-2. Moore, L. E. (1998) The relationship between organizational climate, personality and performance of nursing staff and patient outcomes on long-term care units, University of Massachusetts, US. Mor, V. (2006) Defining and Measuring Quality Outcomes in Long-Term Care, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 7, 532-540. Morgan, D. (1997) Focus groups as qualitative research, 2nd ed, London: Sage. Morrell, C. (2003) Improving the nutritional status of elderly people in residential care, Journal of Community Nursing, 17 (9), 40-44. Morrison, R. S., Chichin, E. et al (2005) The effect of a social work intervention to enhance advance care planning documentation in the nursing home, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(2), 290-4. Moseley, C. B. (1990) Nursing home ownership and quality of care, Virginia Commonwealth University, 210. Moseley, C. B. and Jones, L. (2003) Registered nurse staffing and OBRA deficiencies in Nevada nursing facilities, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 29(3), 44-50. 58 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Moss M. S., Moss, A.Z., Rubinstein, R.L. and Black, H.K. (2003) The metaphor of ‘family’ I, staff communication about dying and death, Journals of Gerontology Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58, 5, S290–S296 ,[ISI]. Mottram, P., Pitkala, K. and Lees, C. (2002) Institutional versus at-home long term care for functionally dependent older people, Cochrane database of systematic reviews, Vol 1, 1-10. Moyle, W., Edwards, H. and Clinton, M. (2002) Living with Loss, Dementia and the family care giver, Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 19 (3), 26-31. Moyle, W., Skinner, J., Rowe, G. and Gork, C. (2003) Views of job satisfaction and dis-satisfaction in Australian long-term care, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 12 (2), 168-76. Mozley, C., Sutcliffe, C., Bagley, H., Cordingley, L., Challis, D., Huxley, P. and Burns, A. (2004) Towards Quality Care, outcomes for older people in care homes, Aldershot: Ashgate. Mozley, C., Sutcliffe, C. et al (2005) Towards quality care, outcomes for older people in care homes, Ageing and Society, 25(5), 795-796. Mueller, C. (2000) A framework for nurse staffing in long-term care facilities, Geriatric Nursing, 21(5), 262-7. Mueller, C. (2000) The RUG-III case mix classification system for long-term care nursing facilities, is it adequate for nurse staffing? Journal of Nursing Administration, 30(11), 535-43. Mueller, C. (2002) Nurse staffing in long-term care facilities, Journal of Nursing Administration, 32(12), 640-7. Mueller, C. (2002) Quality care in nursing homes, when the resources aren't there, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50(8), 1458-60. Mueller, C. (2003) Staffing problems in long-term care. Let's do something about it! Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 29(3), 3-4. Mueller, C., Degenholtz, H. et al (2004) Do evidence-based clinical and administrative policies/practices in nursing homes influence quality? Nursing and Health Policy Review, 3(1), 35-47. Mueller, C. and Karon, S. L. (2004) ANA nurse sensitive quality indicators for long-term care facilities, Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 19(1), 39-47. Mueller, C., Arling, G. et al (2006) Nursing home staffing standards, their relationship to nurse staffing levels, Gerontologist, 46(1), 74-80. Mueller-Heine, C. A. (1995) Validation of nurse staffing time associated with a case-mix classification system for long-term care nursing facilities, University of Maryland at Baltimore, 277. Mullins, L. C., Nelson, C. E. et al (1988) Job satisfaction among nursing home personnel, the impact of organizational structure and supervisory power, Journal of Long Term Care Administration, 16(1), 128. Munro, J. F., Brazier, J. E., Davey, R., Nicholl, J. P. (1997) Physical activity for the over-65s. Could it be a costeffective exercise for the NHS? Journal of Public Health Medicine, vol 19, no 4, pp 397–402. Munroe, D. J. (1988) The influence of registered nurse staffing on the quality and cost of nursing home care, University of Southern California. Munroe, D. J. (1990) The influence of registered nurse staffing on the quality of nursing home care, Research in Nursing & Health, 13(4), 263-70. 59 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Murphy, J., Tester, S., Hubbard, G., Downs, M. and MacDonald, C. (2005) Enabling frail older people with a communication difficulty to express their views, the use of Talking Mats [TM] as an interview tool, Health & Social Care in the Community, 13 (2), 95-107. Murray, A., Shepherd, G., Onyett, S., and Muijen, M. (1997) ‘More than a Friend. The Role of Support Workers in Community Mental Health Services’, London: Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health. Murray, P. K., Dawson, N. V. et al (2005) Are we selecting the right patients for stroke rehabilitation in nursing homes? Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 86(5), 876-80. Murray, P. K., Love, T. E. et al (2005) Rehabilitation services after the implementation of the nursing home prospective payment system, differences related to patient and nursing home characteristics, Medical Care, 43(11), 1109-15. MUST - Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool 'MUST' Report (ISBN 1 899 467 701 X). http://www.bapen.org.uk/res_press_rel12.html. (accessed on 8 Sept 2008) Naleppa, M. J. (1996) Families and the institutionalised elderly, a review, Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 27, (1/2), 87-111. Nancarrow, S., Shuttleworth, P., Tongue, A. and Brown, L. (2005) Support workers in intermediate care, Health and Social Care in the Community, vol 13, no 4, pp 338–44, available online at www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/hsc (accessed on 14 March 2008). National Assembly for Wales (2003) ‘Digest of Welsh local area statistics 2003’, available from http.//www.wales.gov.uk/keypubstatisticsforwales/content/publication/compendia/2003/dwlas2003/dwl as2003-ch2/dwlas2003-ch2.htm> National Audit Office (1987) ‘Community Care Developments’, London: HMSO. National Care Standards Commission (2004) ‘How do we care? The availability of registered care homes and children’s homes in England and their performance against National Minimum Standards 2002-2003’, London: The Stationery Office. National Consumer Council (1999) ‘Self-regulation of Professionals in Health Care, Consumer Issues’, London: National Consumer Council. National Council for Hospice and Specialist Palliative Care Services (1995) ‘Working Party on clinical Guidelines in Palliative Care. Information for Purchasers, National Council for Hospice and Specialist Palliative Care Services’, Northamptonshire: NCOP. National Council for Palliative Care (2005) ‘Improving palliative care provision for older people in care homes. Focus on Care Homes’, London: NCOP. National Council on Ageing (2002) ‘End of Life Issues, Policy Position Paper’, London: National Council on Ageing. National Health Service (2003) ‘Patient safety, a mapping of the research literature’, York: NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. National Health Service (2006) ‘Expert Patient Programme. Moving from patient to person’, available online at www.expertpatients.nhs.uk/ (accessed on 14 March 2008). National Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting Advisory Committee of the Scottish Executive (1999) 'Protecting the Vulnerable. Caring Enough?’ available online at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/1999/12/NationalNursing. Nay, R. and Koch, S. (2006) Overcoming Restraint Use. Examining Barriers in Australian Aged Care Facilities, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 32(1), 33-38. 60 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Nazarko, L. (1998) Quality of care in nursing homes, Nursing Management (UK) 5(8), 17-20, Nazarko, L. (2000), A New Broom. The Care Standards Act, Nursing Management, 7 (8), 6-9. Nazarko, L. (2002) Caring for older people through the National Service Framework, Professional Nurse, 18(1), 43-46. Nazarko, L. (2005) Reducing the Risk of Falls Among Older People, Nursing and Residential Care, 7 (2), 67-70. Nazarko, L. (2007) Education needs of nurses working in nursing homes, Nursing Times, 103(7), 3233. Neil, R., Casey, T. and Kennedy, M. (1982) Nursing homes for initial clinical experience, some specific advantages, Nursing and Health Care, 3, 319-23. Neill, C. O. et al (2000) Variations in GP nursing home patient workload, results of a multivariate analysis, Public Health, 114(6), 446-450. Nelson, H. W. (2000) Injustice and conflict in nursing homes, towards advocacy and exchange, Journal of Aging Studies, 14 (1), 39-61. Nelson, R. (2005) AJN reports. Certified medication aides, do they free up nurses' time? Or do they water down care? American Journal of Nursing, 105(9), 28-9. Netten, A., Bebbington, A., Darton, R. and Forder, J. (2001) Care Homes for Older People, Volume 1, Facilities, Residents and Costs, Canterbury: PSSRU. Netten, A. and Curtis, L. (2003) Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2003, Canterbury: Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent. Netten, A. and Darton, R. (2003) The effect of financial incentives and access to services on selffunded admissions to long-term care, Journal of Social Policy & Administration, vol 37, no 5, pp 483– 97. Netten, A., Darton, R. and Williams, J. (2003) Nursing home closures, effects on capacity and reasons for closure, Age & Ageing, 32 (3), 332-337. Netten, A., Darton, R. and Williams, J. (2003) Roles, quality and cost of care homes, PSSRU Bulletin, 14, 20-21. NHS Health and Social Care Information Centre (2005) ‘Community Care Statistics 2004–05, Referrals, Assessments And Packages Of Care For Adults, England, National Summary’, London: NHS Health and Social Care Information Centre, available online at www.ic.nhs.uk/pubs/commcare05adultengsum/NationalSummary2004-05v4.pdf/file (accessed on 15 February 2008). NHS Policy Research Programme (2004) ‘Literature review, nurse staffing and healthcare’, York: University of York. NHS SDO R&D Programme (2003) ‘Scoping exercise, skill mix in secondary care’, London: NCC SDO. NIACE (2000) ‘The Fourth Age Learning Report’, Sudbury: Department for Education and Employment. NICE (2004) ‘The assessment and prevention of falls in older people. Clinical Guidelines’, London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence. 61 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Nichol, K. L. (2005) Influenza vaccination in the elderly, impact on hospitalisation and mortality, Drugs & Aging, 22(6), 495-515. Nichols, C. L. and Willis, L. A. (2004) The paired RAI/MDS specialist model. Improving outcomes in Veterans Affairs nursing home care units [erratum appears in J Gerontol Nurs, 2004 Nov;30(11),45], Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 30(10), 6-11. NISW (1993) ‘Positive Answers. Final report of the Wagner Development Group’, London: HMSO. Nolan, M. and Grant, G. (1993) Rust out and therapeutic reciprocity, concepts to advance the nursing care of older people, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18, 1305-1314. Nolan, M. R. and Keady, J. (1996) Training in long-term care, the road to better quality, Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 6, 333-42. Nolan, M. R., Grant, G. and Keady, J. (1996) Understanding Family Care, Buckingham: Open University Press. Nolan, M. R., Walker, G., Nolan, J., Williams, S., Poland, F., Curran, M. and Kent, B. C. (1996) Entry to care, positive choice or fait accompli? Developing a more proactive nursing response to the needs of older people and their carers, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 24 (2), 265-274. Nolan, M. R. (1997) ‘Health and Social Care, What the future holds for nursing’, Keynote address at the 3rd RCN Older Person European Conference, Harrogate. Nolan, M. (1999) ‘Enhancing the quality of care in residential and nursing homes, more than just a professional responsibility’, in F. Glendenning and P. Kingston (eds) Elder Abuse and Neglect in Residential Settings, Philadephia, US: The Haworth Press. Nolan, M. and Dellasega, C. (1999) ‘It’s not the same as him being at home’, creating caring partnerships following nursing home placement, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 8 (6), 723-30. Nolan, M. and Tolson, D. (2000) Gerontological nursing, 3, Valuing nursing homes and valuing staff, British Journal of Nursing, 9(3), 157-60. Nolan, M., Davies, S. and Grant, G. (2001) Working with Older People and their Families. Key issues in policy and practice, Buckingham: Open University Press. Nolan, M., Davies, S. and Brown, J. (2006) Transitions in care homes, towards relationship-centred care using the ‘Senses Framework’, Quality in Ageing , Policy, Practice and Research, 7(3), 5-14. Noone, I., Fan, C. W. and Tarrant, H. (2001) What happens to stroke patients after hospital discharge? Irish Medical Journal, 94, 151-152. Noone, J. (2004) Staff turnover rates and quality of care in nursing homes, University of Toledo, US. Norman, I. J. (1997) Assessing quality in the care of older people. A review of approaches, Health Care in Later Life, 2, (1), 26, 45. North East London Strategic Health Authority (2004) ‘Care Homes Training Collaborative. Unpublished report’, London: North East London Strategic Health Authority. Norwood-Chapman, L. and Burchfield, S. B. (1999) Nursing home personnel knowledge and attitudes about hearing loss and hearing aids, Gerontology & Geriatrics Education, 20 (2), 37-47. Nuffield Community Care Studies Unit (2000) ‘Charging for Care in Later life. Analysing the effects of reforming the means-tests’, Leicester: Nuffield Community Care Studies Unit, University of Leicester, Working Paper NF86. 62 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Nuffield Institute for Health (1999a) ‘Provider Relationships with Local Authority Purchasers’, Leeds: Nuffield Institute for Health, University of Leeds, MEOC Discussion Paper. Nyman, J. A. (1988) Excess demand, the percentage of Medicaid patients, and the quality of nursing home care, Journal of Human Resources, 23(1), p76-92. Nyman, J. A. (1989) Excess demand, consumer rationality, and the quality of care in regulated nursing homes, Health Services Research, 24(1), 105-27. O'Dea, G., Kerrison, S. H. and Pollock, A. M. (2000) Access to health care in nursing homes, a survey in one English Health Authority, Health and Social Care in the Community, 8 (3), 180-185. O'Dowd, A. (2004) Concerns raised over number of RNs working in care homes, Nursing Times, 100(44), 4. O'Halloran, P. D., Cran, G. W. et al (2004) A cluster randomised controlled trial to evaluate a policy of making hip protectors available to residents of nursing homes, Age & Ageing, 33(6), 582-8. O'Kell, S. (2002) Care staff recruitment and retention, what is happening in the independent care sector? Housing, Care and Support, 5(2), 21-4. O’Shea, E. and O’Reilly, S. (2000) The economic and social cost of dementia in Ireland, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, vol 15, pp 208–18. OECD (1999) ‘Ageing and Care for Frail Elderly Persons. An overview of international perspectives’, Paris: OECD, Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Paper No 38. OECD (2005) ‘Consumer Direction and Choice in Long-Term Care for Older Persons, Including Payments for Informal Care, How can it help improve care outcomes, employment and fiscal sustainability?’ Paris: OECD, OECD Health Working Paper no 20, available online at www.oecd.org/dataoecd/53/62/34897775.pdf. Office of Fair Trading (1998) ‘Older people as consumers in care homes’, London: Office of Fair Trading. Office of Fair Trading (2005) ‘Care homes for older people in the UK. A market study’, London: Office of Fair Trading. Office of Fair Trading (2005) ‘Consumer behaviour and care home - a literature assessment’, London: Office of Fair Trading. Office of Fair Trading (2005) ‘Survey of older people in care homes. Annexe F’, London: Office of Fair Trading. Office of National Statistics (2003) ‘National Statistical Bulletin. Statistics of education, vocational qualifications in the UK, 2001/02’, London: Office of Fair Trading. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (2006) Making Life Better for Older People. An economic case for preventative services and activities, Wetherby: ODPM. Oldman, C., Quilgars, D. and Carlisle, J. (1998) Living in a Home. The experience of living and working in residential care in the 1990s, Oxford: Anchor Trust. Oleson, M., Heading, C. et al (1994) Quality of life in long-stay institutions in England, nurse and resident perceptions, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 20(1), 23-32. Oliver, D. P., Porock, D. and Zweig, S. (2004) End-of-life care in U,S, nursing homes, a review of the evidence, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 5(3),147-55. 63 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Onega, L. L. (2006) Assessment of psychoemotional and behavioral status in patients with dementia, Nursing Clinics of North America, 41(1), 23-41. O'Neill, C,, Groom, L. et al (2000) Variations in GP nursing home patient workload, results of a multivariate analysis, Public Health, 114(6), 446-50. O'Neill, C., Harrington, C. et al (2003) Quality of care in nursing homes, an analysis of relationships among profit, quality, and ownership, Medical Care, 41(12), 1318-30. Ooi, W. L., Morris, J. N. et al (1999) Nursing home characteristics and the development of pressure sores and disruptive behaviour, Age & Ageing, 28(1), 45-52. Openshaw, S. (1984) Literature review, measurement of adequate care, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 21(4), 295-304. Oppenheim, A. (1992) Questionnaire Design, Interviewing and Attitude Measurement, 2nd ed, London: Pinter. Orchard, H. and Clark, D. (2001) Tending the soul as well as the body, spiritual care in nursing and residential homes, International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 7 (11), 541-546. Page, S. and Komaromy, C. (2005) Professional performances. The case of unexpected and expected deaths, Mortalit, 10 (4), 294-307. Parker, C., Barnes, S., McKee, K., Morgan, K., Torrington, J. and Tregenza, P. (2004) Quality of life and building design in residential and nursing homes for older people, Ageing and Society, 24, 941962. Parker, D. and McLeod, A. (2002) ‘Assessment of need in care homes’, in J. Hockley and D. Parker (eds) Palliative Care for Older People in Care Homes, Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 34-51. Parker, D., Grbich, C., Brown, M., Maddocks, I., Willis, E. and Roe, P. (2005) A palliative approach or specialist palliative care? What happens in aged care facilities for residents with a noncancer diagnosis? Journal of Palliative Care, 21(2),80-7. Parker, G. and Clarke, H. (1997) Will you still need me, will you still feed me? Paying for care in old age, Journal of Social Policy & Administration, vol 31, no 2, 119–35. Parker, G., Bhakta, P. et al (2000) Best place of care for older people after acute and during subacute illness, a systematic review, Journal of Health Services Research and Policy, 5(3), 176-89. Parker-Oliver, D., Porock, D. and Zweig, S. (2004) End-of-Life Care in U.S. Nursing Homes. A Review of the Evidence, Journal of American Medical Directors Association, 5 (3), 147-155. Parmelee, P. A. (2004) Quality improvement in nursing homes, the elephants in the room, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52(12), 2138-40. Parry, R. and Vass, C. (1997) Training and assessment of physiotherapy assistants, Physiotherapy, 83(1), 33-39. Parsons, P. L. (2004) Evaluation of the relationships among structure, process, and outcome in the changing nursing home environment, Virginia Commonwealth University, 185. Parsons, S., Parker, S. K. et al (1998) A blueprint for reducing turnover among nursing assistants, a Louisiana study, Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society, 150(11), 545-53. Parsons, S. K., Simmons, W. P. et al (2003) Determinants of satisfaction and turnover among nursing assistants. The results of a statewide survey, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 29(3), 51-8. 64 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Pasman. H., Roeline, W., Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B., Ooms, M., van Wigcheren, P., van der Wal, G. and Ribbe, M. (2004) Forgoing Artificial Nutrition and Hydration in Nursing Home Patients With Dementia, Patients, Decision Making, and Participants, Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders, 18 (3), 154-162. Patchner, M. A. and Patchner, L. S. (1993) Essential staffing for improved nursing home care, the permanent assignment model, Nursing Homes Long Term Care Management, 42(5), 37-9. Patterson, S. M., Mcdonal, C. M., Hughes, C. M. (2005) A qualitative approach to adopting a United States model of pharmaceutical care for nursing home residents in the United kingdom, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice, 13, R16. Paulus, A., Van Raak, A. et al (2005) Informal and formal caregivers' involvement in nursing home care activities, impact of integrated care, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 49(4), 354-66. Paulus, T. G., van Raak, A. J. A. and Keijzer, F. B. (2006) Nursing home care, whodunit? Journal of Clinical Nursing, 15; 1426-1439. Payne, J. L., Sheppard, J. E., Steinberg, M., Warren, A., Baker, A., Steele, C., Brandt, J. and Lyketsos, C. G. (2002) Incidence, prevalence and outcomes of depression of residents in a long-term care facility with dementia, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 247-253. Peace, S., Kellaher, L. and Willcocks, D. (1997) Re-evaluating residential care, Buckingham: Open University Press. Peace, S. and Holland, C. (2001) Homely residential care, a contradiction in terms? Journal of Social Policy, 30 (3), 393-410. Peak, T. and Sinclair, S. V. (2002) Using customer satisfaction surveys to improve quality of care in nursing homes, Health & Social Work, 27(1), 75-79. Pearcey, P. (2000) Role perceptions of auxiliary nurses, an exploratory study, Nursing Times Research, 5(1), 55-64. Pearson, A., Hocking, S., Mott, S. and Riggs, A. (1992) Skills mix in Australian nursing homes, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17 (7), 767-76. Pearson, A., Hocking, S. et al (1992) Management and leadership in Australian nursing homes, Nursing Practice, 5(2), 24-8. Pearson, A., Hocking, S. et al (1993) Staff in Australian nursing homes, their qualifications, experience and attitudes, Contemporary Nurse, 2(1), 15-22. Pearson, A., Hocking, S., Mott, S. and Riggs, A. (1993) Quality of Care in nursing Homes, from the resident’s perspective, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18, 20-24. Pearson, A., Fitzgerald, M. and Nay, R. (2003) Mealtimes In Nursing Homes. The Role of Nursing Staff, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 29 (6), 40-4. Peck, E., Towell, D. and Gulliver, P. (2002) Joint commissioning. Going halves, Health Service Journal, vol 112, no 5801, pp 26–7. Pederson, L. (1998) ‘Health and social care for older people in Denmark. A public solution under threat?’in C. Glendinning (ed) Rights and Realities. Comparing new developments in long-term care for older people, Bristol: Policy Press. 65 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Peet, S. (2004) Models of Delivery of Health Care to Older People in Long-term Care. A Systematic Review, The Research Findings Register, Summary number 1297, Retrieved from <http.//www.eFeR.nhs.net.uk> Pell, J. and Williams, S. (1999) Do nursing home residents make greater demands on GPs? A prospective comparative study, British Journal of General Practice, 49(444), 527-30. Pennington, K., Scott, J. and Magilvy, K. (2003) The role of certified nursing assistants in nursing homes, Journal of Nursing Administration, 33, 578-84. Perri, M., Menon, A. M. 3rd et al (2005) Adverse outcomes associated with inappropriate drug use in nursing homes, Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 39(3), 405-11. Perrin, T. (1997) Occupational need in severe dementia, a descriptive study, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25 (5), 934-941. Perrin, T. and May, H. (2000) Wellbeing in Dementia- an occupational approach for therapists and carers, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Perrin, T. (2001) Don’t Despise the Fluffy Bunny, a reflection from practice, Journal of Occupational Therapy, 64 (3), 129-134. Perrin, T. (2004) The New Culture of Therapeutic Activity with Older People, Oxon: Speechmark. Perry, M., Carpenter, I., Challis, D. and Hope, K. (2003) Understanding the roles of registered nurses and care assistants in UK nursing homes, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 42 (5), 497-505. Personal Social Services Research Unit (2001), ‘Care homes for older people. Volume 2. Admissions, needs and outcomes’, Canterbury: PSSRU. Personal Social Services Research Unit (2002) ‘The Development of a Measure of Social Care Outcome for Older People’, Canterbury: Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent, Discussion Paper 1690/2. Personal Social Services Research Unit (2003) ‘Cognitive Impairment in Older People. Its implications for future demand for services and costs’, London: Alzheimer’s Research Trust, discussion paper no 1728. Personal Social Services Research Unit (2004) ‘Performance and Quality. User experiences of home care services’, Canterbury: Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent, PSSRU Discussion Paper 2104/3. Personal Social Services Research Unit (2005) ‘Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2005’, Canterbury: Personal Social Services Research Unit. Personal Social Services Research Unit (2005) ‘Measuring and Understanding Social Services Outputs’, Canterbury: Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent, Discussion Paper 2132/2. Personal Social Services Research Unit (2005) ‘Developing a Measure of PSS Outputs, interim report’, Canterbury: Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent, Discussion Paper 2234. Personal Social Services Research Unit (2006) ‘Measuring PSS Outputs for National Accounts, Services for Older People’, Canterbury: Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent, Discussion Paper 2267/3. Personal Social Services Research Unit (2006) ‘Wanless Review of Social Care. Wanless Social Care Review Research Report’, London: PSSRU, London School of Economics. 66 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Petryshen, P., Pallas, L. L. O. et al (1995) Outcomes monitoring, adjusting for risk factors, severity of illness, and complexity of care, Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 2(4), 243-9. Phillips, C. (1987) Staff turnover in nursing homes for the aged, a review and research proposal, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 24(1), 45-57. Phillips, C. and Carter, M. (1988) Quantifying discontent in the nursing profession, a study of staff mobility in Victorian nursing homes, Australian Health Review, 11(4), 256-65. Phillips, J., Davidson, P.M., Jackson, D., Kristjanson, L., Daly, J. and Curran, J. (2006) Residential aged care, the last frontier for palliative care, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 55(4),416-24. Pickard, L., Wittenberg, R., Comas-Herrera, A., Davies, B. and Darton, R. (2000) Relying on informal care in the new century? Informal care for elderly people in England to 2031, Ageing and Society, vol 20, no 6, pp 745–72. Pickering, G., Deteix, A., Eschalier, A. and Dubray, C. (2001) Impact of pain on recreational activities of nursing home residents, Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 13 (1), 44-48. Pillemer, K., Suitor, J., Henderson, C. et al (2003) A cooperative communication intervention for nursing home staff and family members of residents, The Gerontologist, 43, Special Issue II, 96-106. Pitsillides, B., Pitsillides, A., Samaras, G., Christodoulou, E., Panteli, N., Andreou, P. and Georgiadis, D. (2004) ‘User perspective of DITIS, virtual collaborative teams for home-healthcare’, in I. Lakovidis, P.Wilson, J Healy (eds) E-Health: Current situation and examples of implemented and beneficial ehealth, US: IOS Press. Plochg, T., Delnoij, D.M.J. et al (2005) Intermediate care, for better or worse? Process evaluation of an intermediate care model between a university hospital and a residential home, BMC Health Services Research, 5(1), 38. Pool, J. (2002) The Pool Activity Level (PAL) Instrument for Occupational Profiling. A Practical Resource for Carers of People with Cognitive Impairment, Second Edition, Bradford Dementia Group Good Practice Guidelines, London: Jessica Kingsley. Popejoy, L. L., Rantz, M. J. et al (2000) Improving quality of care in nursing facilities, Gerontological clinical nurse specialist as research nurse consultant, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 26(4), 6-13. Porell, F., Caro, F. G. et al (1998) A longitudinal analysis of nursing home outcomes, Health Services Research, 33(4 Pt 1), 835-65. Portelli, R., Lowe, D. et al (2005) Institutionalization after stroke, Clinical Rehabilitation, 19(1), 97108. Powell, J. (2000) Care to communicate, helping the older person with dementia, London: Hawker Publications Ltd. Powers, B. A. (1992) The roles staff play in the social networks of elderly institutionalized people, Social Science and Medicine, 34 (12), 1335-43. Powers, B. A. (1996) Relationships among older women living in a nursing home, Journal of Women & Aging, 8 (3/4), 179-9. Pritchard, E. and Dewing, J. (1999) Screening for dementia and depression in older people, Nursing Standard, 14 (5), 45-52. Proctor, R., Stratton Powell, H., Burns, A., Tarrier, N., Reeves, D., Emerson, E. and Hatton, C. (1998) An observational study to evaluate the impact of a specialist outreach team on the quality of care in nursing and residential homes, Aging and Mental Health, 2 (3), 232-23. 67 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Proenca, E. J. and Shewchuk, R. M. (1997) Organizational tenure and the perceived importance of retention factors in nursing homes, Health Care Management Review, 22(2), 65-73. Pruchno, R. A. and Rose, M. S. (2002) Time use by frail older people in different care settings, Journal of Applied Gerontology, 21 (1), 5-23. Przybylski, B. R., Dumont, E. D. et al (1996) Outcomes of enhanced physical and occupational therapy service in a nursing home setting, Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 77(6), 554-61. Puttnam, R. (2001) ‘Social capital, measurement and consequences’, in J.F. Helliwell (ed) The Contribution of Human and Social Capital to Sustained Economic Growth and Well- Being, Ottawa: OECD/HRDC. Quilliam, B. J. and Lapane, K. L. (2001) Clinical correlates and drug treatment of residents with stroke in long-term care, Stroke, 32, 1385-1393. Quinn, M. E, Johnson, M. A. et al (1999) Health characteristics of elderly personal care home residents, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 30(2), 410-7. Rafnsdottir, G. L., and Gunnarsdottir, H.K. et al (2004) Work organization, well-being and health in geriatric care, Work, 22(1), 49-55. Ramirez, M., Teresi, J. et al (2006) Demoralization and attitudes toward residents among certified nurse assistants in relation to job stressors and work resources, cultural diversity in long term care, Journal of Cultural Diversity, 13(2), 119-25. Ramsay, J. D., Sainfort, F. et al (1995) An empirical test of the structure, process, and outcome quality paradigm using resident-based, nursing facility assessment data, American Journal of Medical Quality, 10(2), 63-75. Rantz, M. J. (1995) Quality measurement in nursing, where are we now? Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 9(2), 1-7. Rantz, M. J., Mehr, D. R. et al (1998) Nursing home care quality, a multidimensional theoretical model, Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 12(3), 30-46 69-70. Rantz, M. J., Zwygart-Stauffacher, M., Popejoy, L., Grando, V.T., Mehr, D.R,, Hicks, L.L., Conn, V.S., Wipke-Tevis, D., Porter, R., Bostick, J. and Maas, M.M. (1999) Nursing home care quality, a multidimensional theoretical model integrating the views of consumers and providers, Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 14 (1), 16-37. Rantz, M J. (2000) Initial field testing of an instrument to measure, observable indicators of nursing home care quality, Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 14(3), 1-12. Rantz, M. J., Popejoy, L. et al (2001) Randomized clinical trial of a quality improvement intervention in nursing homes, The Gerontologist, 41(4), 525-536. Rantz, M.J., Jensdottir, A.B. and Hjaltadottir, I. (2002) International field test results of the observable indicators of nursing home care quality instrument, International Nursing Review, 49, 234–242. Rantz, M. J. (2003) Does good quality care in nursing homes cost more or less than poor quality care? Nursing Outlook, 51(2), 93-4. Rantz ,M.J., Grando, V., Conn, V., Zwygart-Staffacher, M., Hicks, L., Flesner, M., Scott, J., Manion, P., Minner, D., Porter, R. and Maas, M. (2003) Innovations in long-term care. Getting the basics right, care delivery in nursing homes, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 29 (11), 15-25. 68 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Rantz, M. J., Hicks, L. et al (2003) High-quality nursing home care is more cost effective than lowquality care, Long-Term Care Interface, 4(9), 18-20. Rantz, M. J., Hicks, L. et al (2004) Nursing home quality, cost, staffing, and staff mix, Gerontologist, 44(1), 24-38. Rantz, M. J. and Connolly, R. P. (2004) Measuring nursing care quality and using large data sets in nonacute care settings, state of the science, Nursing Outlook, 52(1), 23-37. Rantz, M., Zwygart-Stauffacher, M. and Flesner, M. (2005) Advances in Measuring Quality of Care in Nursing Homes. A New Tool for Providers, Consumers, Regulators, and Researchers, Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 20 (4), 293-296. Rapp, M. P. (2003) Opportunities for advance practice nurses in the nursing facility, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 4(6), 337-43. Raynes, N. V. (1998) Involving residents in quality specification, Ageing and Society, 18 (1), 65-77. Redfern, S. (1993) In pursuit of quality of nursing care, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 2, 141-148. Redfern, S., Hannan, S., Norman, I. and Martin, F. (2002) Work satisfaction, stress, quality of care and morale of older people in a nursing home, Health and Social Care in the Community, 10 (6), 512-517. Reed, J. and Payton, V .R. (1996) Constructing familiarity and managing the self, ways of adapting to life in nursing and residential homes for older people, Ageing and Society, 16 (5), 543-560. Reed, J. and Payton, V. (1997) Understanding the dynamics of life in care-homes for older people. Implications for de-institutionalising practice, Health and Social Care in the Community, 5 (4), 261268. Reed, J., Payton, V.R. and Bond, S. (1998) The importance of place for older people moving into care homes, Social Science and Medicine, 46 (7), 859-867. Reed, J., Cook, G. and Stanley, D. (1999) Promoting partnership with older people through quality assurance systems, issues arising in care homes, NT Research, 4 (5), 257-267. Reed, J. (1999) ‘Keeping a Distance, the reactions of older people in care homes to confused fellow residents’, in T. Adams and C Clarke (eds) Dementia Care, Developing Partnerships in practice, London: Bailliere Tindall, 165-186. Reed, J., Cook, G. and Burridge, G. (2001) ‘Loss and change’, in J. Hockley and D. Clark, (eds) Palliative Care for Older People in Care Homes, Buckingham: Open University Press, 151-164. Reed, J., Klein, B. et al (2003) Quality improvement in German and UK care homes, International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 16, no, 4 and 5, 2003. Reeve, J. (1994) Nurses’ attitudes towards health care assistants, Nursing Times, 90 (26), 43-46. Reilly, K. E., Mueller, C. et al (2006) A nurse-staffing taxonomy for decision making in long-term care nursing facilities, Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 21(2), 176-86. Reimer, M. A., Slaughter, S., Donaldson, C., Currie, G. and Eliasziw, M. (2004) Special care facility compared with traditional environments for dementia care, a longitudinal study of quality of life, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 52 (7), 1085-1092. Relatives and Residents Association (2001) ‘Involving relatives and friends, a good practice guide for homes for older people’, London: Relatives and Residents Association. 69 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Relatives and Residents Association (2006) ‘Moving Stories’, London: Relatives and Residents Association. Relatives Association (1997) ‘As others see us. A study of relationships in homes for older people’, London: Relatives Association. Remington, R. (2002) Calming music and hand massage with agitated elderly, Nursing Research, 51 (5), 317-323. Remsburg, R. E., Armacost, K. A. et al (1999) Improving nursing assistant turnover and stability rates in a long-term care facility, Geriatric Nursing, 20(4), 203-8. Residential Forum, Social Care Association, (2002) ‘Care staffing in care homes for older people’, London: Residential Forum. Residential Staffs Inquiry (1992) ‘The Quality of care, report of the Residential Staffs Inquiry’, London: Local Government Management Board. Rhodes, L. (1994) What can HCAs be asked to do? Nursing Times, 90, 33-35. Rhys Hearn, C. (1987) Resident dependency and quality of care in nursing homes, Australian Health Review, 10(4), p307-320. Ricauda, N. A., Bo, M. et al (2004) Home hospitalization service for acute uncomplicated first ischemic stroke in elderly patients, a randomized trial [see comment], Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52(2), 278-83. Rich, A. (2004) Corticosteroids and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the nursing home, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 5(1), 31-7. Richards, C. L., Darradji, Jr., M., et al (2005) Antimicrobial use in post-acute care, a retrospective descriptive analysis in seven long-term care facilities in Georgia, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 6(2), 109-12. Richards, K.C., Beck, C., O'Sullivan, P.S. and Shue, V. (2005) Effect of Individualized Social Activity on Sleep in Nursing Home Residents with Dementia, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53 (9),1510-1517. Richards, M. (2001) Long-term Care for Older People. Law and Financial Planning, Bristol: Jordan. Richardson, G., Griffiths, P., Wilson-Barnett, J., Spilsbury, K. and Batehup, L. (2001) Economic evaluation of a nursing-led intermediate care unit, International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, vol 17, no 3, pp 442–450. Richeson, N.E. (2003) Effects of animal-assisted therapy on agitated behaviors and social interactions of older adults with dementia, an evidence-based therapeutic recreation intervention, American Journal of Recreation Therapy, 2 (4), 9-16. Rizzo, J,, Baker, D., McAvay, G. and Tinetti, M. (1996) The cost-effectiveness of a multifactorial targeted prevention program for falls among community elderly persons, Medical Care, vol 34, no 9, pp 954–69. Roach, S. M. (2002) Sexual behaviour of nursing home residents, staff perceptions and responses, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48 (4), 371-379. Roberts, D. (1993) ‘Community, the value of social synergy’, in R. Young (ed) Identifying and implementing the essential value of the profession, San Francisco: Jossey Bass. 70 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Robertson, E., Higgens, L., Rozmus, C. and Robinson, J. (1999) Association between continuing education and job satisfaction of nurses employed in long term care facilities, The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 30 (3), 108-113. Robinson, J., Lucas, J., Castle, N. and Lowe, T. (2004) Consumer Satisfaction in Nursing Homes. Current Practices and Resident Priorities, Research on Aging, 26, 454-480. Roe, B., Whattam, M., Young, H. and Dimond, M. (2001) Elders' perceptions of formal and informal care, aspects of getting and receiving help for their activities of daily living, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 10 (3), 398-405. Rohrer, J. E. and Hogan, A. J. (1987) Modeling the outcomes of nursing home care, Social Science & Medicine, 24(3), 219-23. Rohrer, J. E., Momany, E. T. et al (1993) Organizational predictors of outcomes of long-stay nursing home residents, Social Science & Medicine, 37(4), 549-54. Rohrer, J. E. Buckwalter, K. et al (1993) Organizational and employee predictors of outcomes of longstay nursing home residents, Clinical Performance & Quality Health Care, 1(3), 129-33. Roland, M., Dusheiko, M., Gravelle, H. and Parker, S. (2005) Follow up of people aged 65 and over with a history of emergency admissions. Analysis of routine admission data, British Medical Journal, vol 330, no 7486, pp 289–92. Ronch, J. L. (2004) Changing Institutional Culture. Can we re-value the nursing home? Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 43 (1), 61-82. Rondeau, K. V. and Wagar, T. H. (2001) Impact of human resource management practices on nursing home performance, Health Services Management Research, 14(3), 192-202. Rondeau, K. V. and Wagar, T. H. (2006) Nurse and resident satisfaction in magnet long-term care organizations, do high involvement approaches matter? Journal of Nursing Management, 14(3), 24450. Rosen, J., Mittal, V., Degenholtz, H., Castle, N., Mulsant, B., Rhee, Y.J., Hulland, S., Nace, D. and Rubin, F. (2005) Organizational change and quality improvement in nursing homes, approaching success, Journal for Healthcare Quality, 27 (6), 6-14, 21, 44. Rosen, J., Mittal, V. et al (2006) Ability, incentives, and management feedback, organizational change to reduce pressure ulcers in a nursing home, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 7(3), 141-6. Rosen, J., Mittal, V. et al (2006) Pressure ulcer prevention in black and white nursing home residents. A QI initiative of enhanced ability, incentives, and management feedback, Advances in Skin & Wound Care, 19(5), 262-8. Rosenfeld, P., Kobayashi, M. et al (2004) Utilization of nurse practitioners in long-term care, findings and implications of a national survey, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 5(1), 915. Rosenfeld, V. (1999) The value of care national vocational qualifications, what impact do NVQs have on care organisations in Hertfordshire? International Journal of Training and Development, 3, 142155. Ross, H. M., Rosenthal, C. J. and Dawson, P. (1997) Spousal caregiving in the residential setting visiting, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 6 (6), 473-83. 71 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Ross, M. M., Carswell, A., Dalziel, W. B. and Aminzadeh, F. (2001) Continuing education for staff in long-term care facilities, corporate philosophies and approaches, Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 32(2), 68-76. Ross, M. M., Carswell, A. et al (2002) Quality of workplace environments in long-term care facilities. Geriatrics Today, Journal of the Canadian Geriatrics Society, 5(1), 29-33. Ross-Smith, A., Chesterman, C. and Peters, M. (2005) Watch Out Here Comes Feeling, International Journal of Work Organisation and Emotion, 1, 48-66. Rothera, I., Jones, R., Harwood, R., Avery, A. and Waite, J. (2003) Health status and assessed need for a cohort of older people admitted to nursing and residential homes, Age Ageing, 32(3),303-9. Rothschild, J. M, Bates, D. W. et al (2000) Preventable medical injuries in older patients, Archives of Internal Medicine, 160(18), 2717-28. Roush, R., Teasdale, T., Murphy, J. and Kirk, M. (1995) Impact of a personal emergency response system on hospital utilisation by community residing elders, Southern Medical Journal, vol 88, no 9, pp 917–22. Rowles, G. D. and High, D. M. (2003) ‘Family involvement in nursing home facilities, a decisionmaking perspective’, in P. B. Stafford (ed) Gray Matters. Ethnographic Encounters with Nursing Home Culture, Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 173-201. Rowlingson, K. (2005) Attitudes to Inheritance in Britain, Bristol: The Policy Press. Royal College of Nursing (2003) ‘The future nurse, evidence of the impact of registered nurses’, London: RCN. Royal College of Nursing (2004) ‘RCN care home survey 2004: Impact of low fees for care homes in the UK’, London: Royal College of Nursing available online at http://www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/78628/002455.pdf Royal College of Nursing (2004) ‘The Future Nurse. Evidence of the Impact of Registered Nurses 2004’, London: RCN. Royal College of Nursing (2005) ‘Charging for the privilege of being ill? Problems and opportunities with long term care. A view from the RCN’, London: RCN. Royal College of Nursing (2005) ‘Setting appropriate nurse staffing levels’, London: RCN Policy Unit Briefing, Royal College of Nursing. Royal College of Nursing (2005) ‘The future nurse, evidence of the impact of registered nurses’, London: RCN. Royal College of Nursing (2006) ‘Guide to fully funded NHS care’, London: RCN. Available from http.//www.rcn.org.uk/publications/pdf/rcn_nhs_continuing_care.pdf. Royal College of Nursing Institute (2004) ‘Changing patients’ worlds through nursing practice expertise. A research report’, London: Royal College of Nursing Institute. Royal College of Physicians (2005) ‘National Audit of Continence Care for Older People’, London: RCP. Royal College of Physicians, Royal College of Nursing, British Geriatrics Society (2000) ‘The Health and Care of Older People in Care Homes. A comprehensive interdisciplinary approach. A report of a joint working party’, London: Royal College of Physicians. 72 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Royal Commission on Long-term Care (1999) ‘With Respect to Old Age. Long term care – rights and responsibilities’, London: The Stationery Office. Rozzini, L., Cornali, C. et al (2006) Predictors of institutionalization in demented patients discharged from a rehabilitation unit, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 7(6), 345-9. Ruckdeschel, K. and Van Haitsma, K. (2001) The impacts of live-in animals and plants on nursing home residents, a pilot longitudinal investigation, Alzheimer's Care Quarterly, 2 (4), 17-27. Runciman, P., Dewar, B. and Goulbourne, A. (2002) Newly qualified Project 2000 staff nurses in Scottish nursing homes, issues for education, Nurse Education Today, 22, 593-601. Rurup, M. L., Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D. et al (2006) Attitudes of physicians, nurses and relatives towards end-of-life decisions concerning nursing home patients with dementia, Patient Education & Counseling, 61(3), 372-80. Russell, J. and Gallen, D. (2003) Influencing factors on antibiotic prescribing in nursing homes, Primary Health Care Research and Development, 4, 69-75. Ryan, A. A. and Scullion, H. F. (2000) Nursing home placement, an exploration of the experiences of family carers, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32 (5), 1187-1195. Ryan, A. A. and Scullion, H. F. (2000) Family and staff perceptions of the role of families in nursing homes, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32 (3), 626-34. Ryan, A. (2003) Rights, risks and autonomy, a new interpretation of falls in nursing homes, Quality and Safety in Health Care, 12, 166-167. Rydwik, E., Frandin, K. and Akner, G. (2004) Systematic Review. Effects of physical training on physical performance in institutionalised elderly patients (70+) with multiple diagnoses, Age and Ageing, 33, 13-23. Sackley, C. M. and Dewey, M. E. (2001) Recovery from severely disabling stroke, Clinical Rehabilitation, 15 (4), 455. Sackley, C. M., Gatt, J. and Walker, M. (2001) Use of rehabilitation in private nursing homes, Age and Ageing, 30 (6), 532-533. Sackley, C. M., Copley Atkinson, J. and Walker, M. F. (2004) Occupational therapy in nursing and residential care settings, a description of a randomised controlled trial intervention, British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67 (3), 104-110. SAGE (2003) ‘Family Care, Work and Quality of Life. Findings from the ESRC project’, London: SAGE Research Group. Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health (1997) ‘More than a Friend. The Role of Support Workers in Community Mental Health Services’, London: Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health. Salgado, R., Ehrlich, F., Banks, C., Browne, E., Buckman, S. and Burraston, B. (1995) A mobile rehabilitation team program to assist patients in nursing-homes rehabilitate and return to their homes, Archives of Gerontology and Geriatric, 20 (3), 255-61. Saliba, D., Kington, R., Buchanan, J., et al (2000) Appropriateness of the decision to transfer nursing facility residents to the hospital, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 48(2), 154–163,. Saliba, D. and Schnelle, J. F. (2002) Indicators of the quality of nursing home residential care,[see comment], Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50(8), 1421-30. 73 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Saliba, D., Solomon, D. et al (2004) Feasibility of quality indicators for the management of geriatric syndromes in nursing home residents, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 5(5), 310-9. Samson, J. and Katz, J. (2005) Palliative Care in residential care facilities, a brief review, International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 11 (2), 80-83. Sandberg, J., Lundh, U. and Nolan, M. R. (2001) Placing a spouse in a care home, the importance of keeping, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 10, 406-416. Sandberg, J., Nolan, M. R. and Lundh, U. (2002) ‘Entering a new world', empathic awareness as the key to positive family/staff relationships in care homes, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 395, 507-15. Sandberg, J., Nolan, M. R. and Lundh, U. (2002) The role of community staff in care home placement in Sweden, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 11, 488-497. Sander, R. and Russell, P. (2001) Care for dying people in nursing homes, Nursing Older People, 13 (2), 21-24. Sangl, J., Saliba, D. et al (2005) Challenges in measuring nursing home and home health quality, lessons from the first national healthcare quality report, Medical Care, 43(3), I-24 - I-32. Sapp, S. (2004) Well-being in older people, the role and importance of religion and spirituality, Signpost, 9 (2), 9-14. Saunders, L. (1997) Issues involved in delegation to assistants, Physiotherapy, 83(3), 141-47. Saunders, L. (1998) Managing delegation. A field study of a systematic approach to delegation in outpatient physiotherapy, Physiotherapy, 84(11), 547-55. Savishinsky, J. S. (1991) The Ends of Time. Life and Work in a Nursing Home, New York: Bergin and Garvey. Savishinsky, J. S. (1992) Intimacy, domesticity and pet therapy with the elderly, expectation and experience among nursing home volunteers, Social Science & Medicine, 34 (12), 1325-34. Sawka, A., Boulos, M. P. et al (2005) Do hip protectors decrease the risk of hip fracture in institutional and community-dwelling elderly? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Osteoporosis International, 16(12), 1461-74. Saysell, E. and Routley, C. (2004) Pilot project of an intermediate palliative care unit within a registered care home, International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 10 (8), 393-398. Schaefer, J. A. and Moos, R. H. (1996) Effects of work stressors and work climate on long-term care staff's job morale and functioning, Research in Nursing & Health, 19(1), 63-73. Scharf, T., Phillipson, C. and Smith, A. E. (2005) Social exclusion and quality of life of excluded older people, Working With Older People, 9, (3), 32-36. Schirm, V., Albanese, T. et al (1999) Understanding nursing home quality of care, incorporating caregivers' perceptions through structure, process, and outcome, Quality Management in Health Care, 8(1), 55-63. Schirm, V., Albanese, T. et al (2000) Caregiving in nursing homes. Views of licensed nurses and nursing assistants, Clinical Nursing Research, 9(3), 280-297. Schmidt, I., Claesson, C. B. et al (1998) Resident characteristics and organizational factors influencing the quality of drug use in Swedish nursing homes, Social Science & Medicine, 47(7), 961-71. 74 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Schneider, J. Netten, A. et al (1998) Care homes. Home truths, Health Service Journal, 108 (5587), 301. Schnelle, J.F., Cadogan, M.P., Yoshii, J., Al-Samarrai, N.R., Osterweil, D., Bates-Jensen, B.M., Simmons, S.F. (2003) The minimum data set urinary incontinence quality indicators, do they reflect differences in care processes related to incontinence? Medical Care, 41(8), 909-22. Schnelle, J. F., Ouslander, J. G. et al (1993) Total quality management, administrative and clinical applications in nursing homes, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 41(11), 1259-66. Schnelle, J. F., McNees, M. et al (1993) ‘Managing nurse aides to promote quality of care in the nursing home’, in L. Z. Rubenstein and D. Wieland (eds) Improving care in the nursing home. Comprehensive reviews of clinical research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 314-331. Schnelle, J.F., Simmons, S.F., Harrington, C., Cadogan, M., Garcia, E. and Bates-Jenson, B.M. (2004) Relationship of Nursing Home staffing to Quality of Care, Health Services Research, 39 (2), 225-250. Schnelle, J. F. (2004) Determining the Relationship Between Staffing and Quality, Gerontologist, 44(1), 10-12. Schnelle, J. F., Bates-Jensen, B. M. et al (2004) Accuracy of nursing home medical record information about care-process delivery, implications for staff management and improvement, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52(8), 1378-83. Schnelle, J. F., Simmons, S. F. et al (2004) Relationship of nursing home staffing to quality of care, Health Services Research, 39(2), 225-50. Schols, J. M. G. A. and de Veer, A. J. E. (2005) Information exchange between General Practitioners and Nursing Home Physician in the Netherlands, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 6, 219-225. Schols, J. M. G. A. and van der Schriek-van Meel, C. (2006) Day care for demented elderly in a dairy farm setting, positive first impressions, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 7(7), 456-9. School of Architecture, University of Sheffield (2005) ‘Architecture, Nature and Care, the importance of connection to nature with reference to older people and dementia’, Sheffield: School of Architecture, University of Sheffield. School of Health and Related Research (1995) ‘The Training Needs Assessment of Qualified Nurses in Private Nursing Homes in Trent’, Sheffield: School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield. Schulz, R., Belle, S. H. et al (2004) Long-term care placement of dementia patients and caregiver health and well-being, Journal of the American Medical Association, 292(8), 961-7. Schumacher, K. L., Stewart, B. J. and Archbold, P. G. (1998) Conceptualisation and measurement of doing caregiving well, Image, Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 30 (1), 63-70. Schweizer, A. K., Hughes, C. M. et al (2005) Managing urinary tract infections in nursing homes, a qualitative assessment, Pharmacy World & Science, 27(3), 159-65. Scilley, K. M. (1998) Permanent versus rotating staff assignment and quality of care in the nursing home, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 95. Scoins, H. (2006) ‘An Evaluation of the Care technician Mainstreaming Programme. Sponsored and led by Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire SHA’, available online at http://www.diabetes.nhs.uk/downloads/Care_Technician_Evaluation_Final_Report.pdf . 75 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Scott-Cawiezell, J., Schenkman, M. et al (2004) Exploring nursing home staff's perceptions of communication and leadership to facilitate quality improvement, Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 19(3), 242-52. Scott-Cawiezell, J., Main, D. L. et al (2005) Linking nursing home working conditions to organizational performance, Health Care Management Review, 30(4), 372-80. Scottish Consumer Council (1994) ‘Ages of Experience. A survey of attitudes and concerns among older people living in Scotland’, Glasgow: Scottish Consumer Council. Scottish Executive (2000) ‘The Adults with Incapacity Act (Scotland)’, Edinburgh: The Scottish Executive. Scottish Executive (2001) ‘Providing Free Personal Care for Older People. Research commissioned to inform the work of the Care Development Group’, Edinburgh: Scottish Executive Central Research Unit. Scottish Executive (2001) ‘Regulation of Care (Scotland) Act 2001’, Edinburgh: Scottish Executive, available from http.//www.opsi.gov.uk/legislation/scotland/acts2001/20010008.htm Scottish Executive (2003) ‘Scottish Community Care Statistics 2002’, Edinburgh: The Scottish Executive, available from <http.//www.scotland.gov.uk/stats/bulletins/00309.pdf> Scottish Executive (2003) ‘The Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act’, Edinburgh: The Scottish Executive. Scottish Executive (2004) ‘National Care Standards. Care Homes for older people’, Edinburgh: The Scottish Executive. http.//www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Health/care/17652/9836 Scottish Executive (2005) ‘Statistics Release. Care homes, Scotland. March 2005’, Available from <http.//www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/69582/0017805.pdf> Scottish Executive (2005) ‘Thinking about moving into a care home?’ Edinburgh: Scottish Executive. Scottish Executive Central Research Unit (2001) ‘Informal Care of the Elderly in Scotland and the UK’, Edinburgh: Scottish Executive Central Research Unit, Health and Community Care Research Findings No, 8. Scottish Executive Central Research Unit (2005) ‘Informal Care of the Elderly in Scotland and the UK, Health and Community Care Research Findings No 8’, Edinburgh: Scottish Executive Central Research Unit. Scottish Home and Health Department (1976) ‘The Measurement of Need in Old People’, Edinburgh: Scottish Home and Health Department. Scuffham, P., Chaplin, S., Legood, R. (2003) Incidence and costs of unintentional falls in older people in the UK, Journal of Epidemiology of Community Health, vol 57, pp 740–44. Sebern, M. (2005) Shared Care, elder and family member skills used to manage burden, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 52 (2),170-179. Secrest, J., Iorio, D. H. (2005) The meaning of work for nursing assistants who stay in long-term care, Journal of Clinical Nursing,14(8B), 90-7. Seymour, J.and Hanson, E. (2001) ‘Palliative care and older people’, in M. Nolan, S. Davies and G. Grant (eds) Working with older people and their families. Key issues in policy and practice, Milton Keynes: Open University Press. 76 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Seymour, J., Gott, M., Bellamy, G., Amhedzai, S., and Clark, D. (2004) Planning for the end of life, the views of older people about advance care statements, Social Science and Medicine, 59 (1), 57-68. Seymour, J., Witherspoon, R., Gott, M., Ross, H., Payne, S. and Owen, T. (2005) End-of-life-car., Promoting comfort, choice and well being for older people, London: Policy Press. Sharon, E., Straus, M., Sumit, R., Majumdar, M., Finlay, A., McAlister, M. (2002) New evidence for stroke prevention, Journal of the American Medical Association, vol 288, pp 1388–95. Sharp, C. A. , Langa, K., Chernew, M., Kabeto, M., Herzog, A., Ofstedal, M., Willis, R., Wallace, R., Mucha, L., Straus, W. and Fendrick, A. (2001) National estimates of the quantity and cost of informal caregiving for the elderly with dementia, Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, (11), 770–78. Shaw, J. D. and Whelan, R. E. (1989) QA outcome measures in long-term care, Journal of Nursing Quality Assurance, 4(1), 48-61. Sheild, R.R. (2003) ‘Wary Partners. Family-CAN Relationships in Nursing Homes’, in P. B. Stafford (ed) Gray Matters. Ethnographic Encounters with Nursing Home Culture, Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 203-234. Shinoda-Tagawa, T., Leonard, R. et al (2004) Resident-to-resident violent incidents in nursing homes, Journal of the American Medical Association, 291(5), 591-8. Shipman, C., Addington-Hall, J., Richardson, A., Burt, J., Ream, E., Beynon, T. (2005) Palliative care services in England, a survey of district nurses' views, British Journal of Community Nursing, 10(8),381-6. Shojania, K. G., Duncan, B. W. et al (2001) Making health care safer, a critical analysis of patient safety practices, Evidence Report, Technology Assessment, (Summary) (43), i-x, available online at http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/ptsafety/pdf/ptsafety.pdf Shubrook, J., Schwartz, F. and Holt, R. (2007) Diabetes Care in Extended Care Facilities. Appropriate Intensity of Care? Diabetes Care, 30:1454-1458. Sibbald, B., Shen, J. and McBride, A. (2004) Changing the skill mix of the health care workforce, Journal of Health Research and Policy, 9, Suppl,1, S28-38. Siddell, M. (1995) Health in Old Age, Buckingham: Open University Press. Sidell, M. and Komaromy, C. (2003) ‘Who dies in care homes for older people?’ in J. Katz and S. Peace (eds) End-of-life-care in Care Home., A Palliative Care Approach, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Silverstein, B., Findley, P. A. et al (2006) Usefulness of the nursing home quality measures and quality indicators for assessing skilled nursing facility rehabilitation outcomes, Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 87(8), 1021-5. Sim, A., Milner, J., Love, J. and Lishman, J. (1998) Definitions of need. Can disabled people and care professionals agree? Disability & Society, vol 13, no 1, pp 53–74. Simmons, S. F., Osterweil, D. et al (2001) Improving food intake in nursing home residents with feeding assistance, a staffing analysis, Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences, 56(12), M790-4. Simmons, S. F. and Schnelle, J. F. (2004) Individualized feeding assistance care for nursing home residents, staffing requirements to implement two interventions, Journals of Gerontology Series ABiological Sciences & Medical Sciences, 59(9), M966-73. 77 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Simmons, S. F. and Ouslander, J. G. (2005) Resident and family satisfaction with incontinence and mobility care, sensitivity to intervention effects? Gerontologist, 45(3), 318-26. Simonson, W. and Feinberg, J. L. (2005) Medication-related problems in the elderly, defining the issues and identifying solutions, Drugs & Aging, 22(7), 559-69. Singh, D. A., Amidon, R. L. et al (1996) Predictors of quality of care in nursing facilities, Journal of Long-Term Care Administration, 24(3), 22-6. Singh, D. A. and Schwab, R. C, (2000) Predicting turnover and retention in nursing home administrators, management and policy implications, Gerontologist, 40(3), 310-9. Singh, S., Sun, H. et al (2004) Cost-effectiveness of hip protectors in the prevention of osteoporosis related hip fractures in elderly nursing home residents, Journal of Rheumatology, 31(8), 1607-13. Sitwell, P. and Kerslake, A. (2004) What makes older people choose residential care, and are there alternatives? Housing, Care and Support, vol 7, pp 4–8, available online at www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4133/is_200412/ai_n13635232/pg_2 (accessed on 29 November 2007) Skelton, D. (2004) Staying Upright…Keeping involved, Better Balance, Mobility and Quality of Life – falls Prevention Exercises in Residential Settings, University of Manchester. Skills for Care (2005) ‘National Minimum Data Set for Social Care Employers Pack’, Leeds: Skills for Care. Skills for Care (2005) ‘The State of the Social Care Workforce 2004. The second Skills Research & Intelligence annual report’, Leeds: Skills for Care. Skog, M., Negussie, B. and Grafstrom, M. (2000) Learning dementia care in three contexts, practical training in day-care, group dwelling and nursing home, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32 (1), 148-157. Slade, A., Fear, J. et al (2006) Identifying patients at risk of nursing home admission. The Leeds Elderly Assessment Dependency Screening tool (LEADS), BMC Health Services Research, 6, 31. Slettebo, A. and Haugen Bunch, E. (2004) Ethics in nursing homes, experience and casuistry, International Journal of Nursing Practice, 10(4), 159-65. Slettebo, A. (2006) Empowerment in nursing homes, lessons for district nursing? British Journal of Community Nursing, 11(3), 115-8. Smith, B., Kerse, N. et al (2005) Quality of residential care for older people, does education for healthcare assistants make a difference, New Zealand Medical Journal, 118(1214), U1437. Smith, J. P. (1992) Optimal skills mix for the institutional care of elderly people, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17(2), 125. Smith, M., Gerdner, L. A. et al (2004) History, development, and future of the progressively lowered stress threshold, a conceptual model for dementia care, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52(10), 1755-60. Snowden, M. and Roy-Byrne, P. (1998) Mental Illness and Nursing Home Reform, OBRA-87 Ten Years Later, Psychiatric Serv, 49, 229-233. Snowden, M., McCormick, W. et al (1999) Validity and responsiveness of the Minimum Data Set, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 47(8), 1000-4. Snowdon, J., Day, S. and Baker, W. (2006) Audits of medication use in Sydney nursing homes, Age and Ageing, 35, 403-40. 78 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Social Care Association (Education) and Help the Aged (1992) ‘The Lost Potential’, London: Social Care Association (Education), Coventry, Help the Aged. Social Care Association (Education) and Help the Aged (1994) ‘Giving good care, an introductory guide for care assistants’, London: Help the Aged. Social Care Institute for Excellence (2005) ‘Developing Social Care. The past, the present and the future’, London: Social Care Institute for Excellence, available online at www.scie.org.uk/publications/positionpapers/pp4/index,asp Social Care Institute for Excellence SCIE (2004) ‘Terminal Care in Care Homes’, Report 10, www.scie.org.uk/publications/briefings/briefing10/ Somerford, P. J., Lee, A. H. et al (2004) Ischemic stroke hospital stay and discharge destination, Annals of Epidemiology, 14(10), 773-7. Sovie, M. D. (1996) Nursing Staff in Hospitals and Nursing Homes, is it Adequate? A review and commentary, Nursing Outlook, 44(2), 100-1. Specht, J. (1989) RNs, Rx essential in nursing home care, Journal of Gerontological Nursin, 15(4), 5. Specht, J., Kelley, L., Manion, P., Maas, M., Reed, D. and Rantz, M. (2000) Who’s the boss? Family/Staff Partnership in care of persons with dementia, Nursing Administration Quarterly, 24 (3), 64-77. Spector, W. D. and Takada, H. A. (1991) Characteristics of nursing homes that affect resident outcomes, Journal of Aging & Health, 3(4), 427-54. Spilsbury, K. and Meyer, J. (2001) Defining the Nursing Contribution to Patient Outcome. Lessons from a Review of the Literature examining Nursing Outcomes, Skill Mix and Changing Roles, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 10 (1), 3-14. Spilsbury, K. and Meyer, J. (2004) Use, misuse and non-use of health care assistants. Understanding the work of health care assistants in a hospital setting, Journal of Nursing Management, 12, 411-418. Springfield, F. (2002) Lesbians, gays and transsexuals in care homes, Nursing and Residential Care, 4 (12), 586-588. Srivastava, M. and Deal, C. (2002) Osteoporosis in elderly, prevention and treatment, Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 18(3), 529-55. Stafford, P. B. (2003) ‘Homebodies, voices of place in a North American community’, in P. B. Stafford (ed) Gray Matters. Ethnographic Encounters with Nursing Home Culture, Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 121-152. Stanley, D. and Reed, J. (1999) Opening Up Care. Achieving principled practice in health and social care institutions, London: Arnold. Starkey, K. B., Weech-Maldonado, R. et al (2005) Market competition and quality of care in the nursing home industry, Journal of Health Care Finance, 32(1), 67-81. Steed, H. N. and Smith, B. S. (2002) Animal assisted activities for geriatric patients, Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 27 (1), 49-61. Steffen, T. M. and Nystrom, P. C. (1997) Organizational determinants of service quality in nursing homes, Hospital & Health Services Administration, 42(2), 179-91. 79 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Stein, S., Linn, M. W. et al (1986) The relationship between nursing home residents' perceptions of nursing staff and quality of nursing home care, Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 8(3-4), 143-156. Stein, S., Linn, M. W. et al (1987) Patients and staff assess social climate of different quality nursing homes. Comprehensive Gerontology Section B, Behavioural, Social & Applied Sciences, 1(1), 41-6. Stevens, A. B., Burgio, L. D., Bailey, E., Burgio, K. L., Paul, P., Capilouto, E., Nicovich, P. and Hale, G. (1998) Teaching and maintaining behaviour management skills with assistants in a nursing home, Gerontologist, 38 (3), 379-84. Stevenson, D. G. (2005) Nursing home consumer complaints and their potential role in assessing quality of care, Medical Care, 43(2), 102-11. Stevenson, D. G. (2006) Nursing home consumer complaints and quality of care, a national view, Medical Care Research & Review, 63(3), 347-68. Stevenson, J. G., Beck, C. et al (2000) A conceptual framework for achieving high-quality care in nursing homes, Journal for Healthcare Quality, 22(4), 31-6. Stillman, D., Strumpf, N. et al (2005) Staff perceptions concerning barriers and facilitators to end-oflife care in the nursing home, Geriatric Nursing, 26(4), 259-64. Stirling, West Lothian Council and the University of Stirling (2005) ‘Smart Technology at Home, users’ and carers’ perspectives, interim report’, Stirling: West Lothian Council and the University of Stirling. Stoddart, H., Whitley, E., Harvey, I. Sharp, D. (2002) What determines the use of home care services by elderly people? Health and Social Care in the Community, vol 10, no 5, pp 348–60. Stokes, J. A., Purdie, D. M. et al (2004) Factors influencing PRN medication use in nursing homes, Pharmacy World & Science, 26(3), 148-54. Storey, L. and Jones, L. (1997) Care assistants share our aims, Nursing Standard, 20 August, 11(48), 22-25. Storey, L., Pemberton, C. and O’Donnell, L. (2003) Place of death. Hobson’s choice or patient choice? Cancer Nursing Practice, 2 (4), 33-38. Stotts, N. A. (2005) What is quality care in nursing homes? Online Journal of Clinical Innovations, 8(3), 2. Streit, A. and Brannon, D. (1994) The effect of primary nursing job design dimensions on caregiving technology and job performance in nursing homes, Health Services Management Research, 7(4), 27181. Stroke Unit Trialists’ Collaboration (2001) Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, vol 3, no CD000197. Stuck, A., Walthert, J., Nikolaus, T., Buela, C., Hohmann, C. and Beck, J. (1999) Risk factors for functional status decline in community-living elderly people. A systematic literature review, Social Science Medicine, no 48, pp 445–69. Sumaya-Smith, I. (1995) Caregiver/resident relationships, surrogate family bonds and surrogate grieving in a skilled nursing facility, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 21, (3), 447-51. Surr, C., Brooker, D. and Edwards, P. (2006) Care practice, dementia care mapping update, DCM 8 is ready for action, Journal of Dementia Care, 14 (1), 17-9. 80 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Sutton, J., Valentine, J. and Rayment, K. (2004) Staff views on the extended role of health care assistants in the critical care unit, Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 20, 249-56. Sykes, R. and Leather, P. (1997) Grey Matter. A Survey of Older People in England, Oxford: Anchor Trust. Szczepura, A; Nelson, S; Wild, D. (2008). In-reach specialist nursing teams for residential care homes: uptake of services, impact on care provision and cost-effectiveness. BMC: Health Services Research, 8, 269. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/8/269 Szczepura, A; Nelson, S; Wild. D (2008) Audit of In-Reach Team (IRT): Activity, Costs, Benefits & Impacts on Long-Term Care. University of Warwick, Coventry, UK and University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. http://carehomes-research.org.uk Szczepura A; Nelson S; Wild D. (2008). Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: a thematic literature review. JRF Findings. http://www.jrf.org.uk/knowledge/findings/socialcare/pdf/2326.pdf Tacconelli, E. (2006) New strategies to identify patients harbouring antibiotic-resistant bacteria at hospital admission, Clinical Microbiology & Infection, 12(2), 102-9. Taft, L., Stolder, M. E., Knutson, A. B., Tamke, K., Platt, J. and Bowlds, T. (2004) Oral History. Validating Contributions of Elders, Geriatric Nursing, 25 (1), 38-43. Tarzian, A. J. and Hoffmann, D. E. (2004) Barriers to managing pain in the nursing home, findings from a statewide survey, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 5(2), 82-8. Tattersal, R. and Page, S. (1998) Managing diabetes in residential and nursing homes, British Medical Journal, 316, 8. Teno, J. M., Gabumotot, G., Wetle, T., Roy, J. and Mor, V. (2004) Daily pain that was excruciating at some time in the previous week, prevalence, characteristics and outcomes in nursing home residents, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52, 762-767. Teno, J. M., Clarridge, B. R. et al (2004) Family perspectives on end-of-life care at the last place of care, Journal of the American Medical Association, 291(1), 88-93. Teresi, J., Holmes, D., Benenson, E., Monaco, C., Barrett, V., Ramirez, M. and Koren, M. J. (1993) A primary care nursing model in long-term care facilities, evaluation of impact on affect, behavior, and socialization, Gerontologist, 33, (5), 667-74. Tesh, A. S., McNutt, K., Courts, N. F. and Barba, B. E. (2002) Characteristics of nursing homes, adopting environmental transformations, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 28 (3), 28-34. Tester, S., Hubbard, G., Downs, M. et al (2003) Perceptions of quality of life of frail older people in care homes. Unsettling the Ordinary, changing ideas about ageing, The 32nd annual conference of the British Society of Gerontology, Newcastle upon Tyne, 4th to 6th September 2003. Tester, S., Hubbard, G., Downs, M., MacDonald, C. and Murphy, J. (2003), Exploring perceptions of quality of life of frail older people during and after their transition to institutional care, GO Findings, 24, 1-4. Tester, S., Hubbard, G., Downs, M., MacDonald, C. and Murphy, J. (2004) What does quality of life mean for frail residents? Nursing & Residential Care, 6 (2), 89-92. The Actuarial Profession (2005) ‘Equity Release Report 2005’, Oxford: The Actuarial Profession, available online at www.actuaries.org.uk/files/pdf/equity_release/equityreleaserepjan05V1.pdf (accessed on 14 March 2008) 81 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review The Brookings Institution (2004) ‘The Long-Term Care Partnership Program. Issues and options’, Washington: The Brookings Institution, available online at www.brookings.edu/views/papers/200412retirement.htm (accessed on 22 December 2007) The Brookings Institution (2004) ‘Linking Reverse Mortgages and Long-term Care Insurance’, Washington: Brookings Institution, available online at www.brookings.edu/views/papers/orszag/20040317.htm (accessed on 22 December 2007) The City of Edinburgh (2002) ‘‘What I want is a double bed’ Person centred planning and the development of community links in a residential home for older people’, Edinburgh: The City of Edinburgh Council. The Commonweath Fund (2002) ‘Evaluation of the Wellspring model for improving nursing home quality’, New York, The Commonwealth Fund. The Gold Standards Framework in Care homes (2006) ‘Programme Summary so far – March 06’, available online at http://www.goldstandardsframework.nhs.uk/care_homes.php. The Growing Older Programme (2003) ‘Older People and Lifelong Learning. Choices and Experiences’, University of Sheffield: The Growing Older Programme. The King’s Fund (1991) ‘All Things Come (to Those who Wait?). Causes and consequences of the community care delays’, London: King’s Fund Institute. The King’s Fund (2000) ‘The Last Straw, explaining the NHS nursing shortage’, London: The King’s Fund. The King’s Fund (2001) ‘Future imperfect. Report of the King's Fund care and support worker inquiry’, London: King's Fund. The King’s Fund (2002) ‘Developing Intermediate Care. A guide for health and social service’, London: The Kind’s Fund. The King’s Fund (2005) ‘The Business of Caring. King’s Fund inquiry into care services for older people in London’, London: King’s Fund. The King’s Fund (2006) ‘Securing Good Care for Older People. Taking a long-term view’, London: King’s Fund. The Leveson Centre for the Study of Ageing (2003) ‘Dementia, improving quality of life’, Solihull: The Leveson Centre for the study of Ageing, Spirituality and Social Policy. The Leveson Centre of the Study of Ageing (2002) ‘Committed to the asylum? The long term care of older people’, Solihull: The Leveson Centre for the study of Ageing, Spirituality and Social Policy. The National Council for Palliative Care (2004) ‘Palliative Care in Care Homes for Older People’, London: The National Council for Palliative Care, London. The National Organisation for Adult Learning (2000) ‘Fourth Age Learning Report’, Leicester: The National Organisation for Adult Learning. The Princess Royal Trust for Carers (2002) ‘Carers Speak Out Project. Report on finding and recommendations’, London: The Princess Royal Trust for Carers. The Quinn Centre(2003) ‘The Domiciliary Care Sector Today’, Southampton: The Quinn Centre, available online at www.thequinncentre.co.uk/Documents/TheDomiciliaryCareSectorToday.pdf (accessed on 14 March 2008). 82 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review The Stroke Association (2003) ‘Stroke Prevention in Action’, Kingston upon Hull: The Stroke Association. The UK Inquiry into Mental Health and Well-Being in Later Life (2005) ‘Prevention and Service Provision: Mental health problems in later life. Final Report’, available from http://www.mhilli.org/documents/FinalReport.pdf Thomas Coram Research Unit (2002) ‘Informal Care and Work after 50. JRF Findings’, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, available online at www.jrf.org.uk/knowledge/findings/socialpolicy/032.asp Thomas, K. (2003) Caring for the Dying at Home, Abingdon: Radcliffe Medical Press. Thomas, W. (1995) The Eden Alternative, nature, hope and nursing homes, New York: Eden Alternative Foundation. Thomas, W. H. (1996) Life worth living, Acton, MA: VanderWyk & Burnham. Thompson, L. (2005) Is it possible to conceptualise and measure quality of life for people with severe Alzheimer’s Disease? Generations Review, 15, (1), 22-24. Thompson, T. P. and Brown, H. N. (2002) Turnover of licensed nurses in skilled nursing facilities, Nursing Economics, 20(2), 66-9. Thomson O'Brien, M. A., Oxman, A. D. et al (2000) Educational outreach visits, effects on professional practice and health care outcomes, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2), CD000409. Tinker, A. and Lansley, P. (2005) Introducing assistive technology into the existing homes of older people, Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, vol 11 (Supplement 1). Titman, A. (2003) The homeliness in care homes, Working with Older People, 7 (2), 30-34. Tobin, S. S. (1991) Personhood in Advanced Age. Implications for Practice, New York: Springer. Todd, C., Freeman, C., Camilleri-Ferrante, C., Palmer, C., Hyder, A., Laxton, C., Parker, M., Payne, B. and Rushton, N. (1995) East Anglian Hip Fracture Study, British Medical Journal, no 310, pp 904–8. Tolson, D., Maclaren, W. et al (2005) Influence of policies on nursing practice in long-term care environments for older people, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 50(6), 661-71. TOPSS England (2000) ‘Modernising the Social Care Workforce. The First National Training Strategy for England, October 1999’, available online at http://www.topssengland.net/files/1%20MSCW%20training%20strategy%20FINAL.pdf . Touhy, T., Brown, C. and Smith, C. (2005) Spiritual Caring. End of life in a nursing Home, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 30 (9), 27-35. Towles, G. D. and High, D. M. (1996) Individualizing care, family roles in nursing home decisionmaking, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 22 (3), 20-25. Townsend, P. (1964) The Last Refuge, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Ungerson, C. (2000) Thinking about the production and consumption of long-term care in Britain. Does gender still matter? Journal of Social Policy, vol 29, pp 623–43. Tresloni, C. P. and the Pew-Fetzer Task Force (1994) ‘Health Professions Education and RelationshipCentred Care. A Report of the Pew-Fetzer Taskforce on Advancing Psychosocial Education’, San Francisco: Pew Health Professions Commission. 83 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Tune, P. and Bowie, P. (2000) The quality of residential and nursing home care for people with dementia, Age and Ageing, 29, 325-328. Turner, I. (1996) The measurement of quality in nursing home care, Baseline, 60, 2-17. Turner, J. T., Lee, V. et al (2001) Measuring quality of care with an inpatient elderly population, the Geriatric Resource Nurse Model, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 27(3), 8-18. Turrel, A. (2001) Nursing homes, a suitable alternative to hospital care for older people in the UK? Age and Ageing, 30 (3), 24-32. Tutton, E. and Ager, L. (2003) Frail older people, participation in care, Nursing Older People, 15 (8), 18-22. UK Home Care Association (2004) ‘Who Cares Now? An updated profile of the independent sector home care workforce in England,’ Carshalton Beeches, UK: Home Care Association, available online at www.ukhca.co.uk/pdfs/whocaresnow.pdf (accessed on 8 November 2007). UKCC (1992) ‘The Scope of Professional Practice’, available at: http://www.nmcuk.org/aFrameDisplay.aspx?DocumentID=1719 UKCC (1996) ‘Guidelines for Professional Practice’, available at: http://www.nmcuk.org/aFrameDisplay.aspx?DocumentID=630 UKCC (1999) ‘Practitioner-Client Relationships and the Prevention of Abuse’, revised version (2002) available at http://www.positive-options.com/news/downloads/NMC_-_PractitionerClient_relationships_and_Abuse_-_2002.pdf Unison (1997) ‘The Invisible Workers’, London: UNISON. Unison (1999) ‘Out of Sight, Out of Mind’, London: UNISON,. Unison (2001) ‘Non-registered nurses in the NHS – an update’, London: UNISON. University of Leeds (2005) ‘An Evaluation of Intermediate Care for Older People’, Leeds: Institute of Health Sciences and Public Research, University of Leeds. Unruh, L. and Wan, T. T. (2004) A systems framework for evaluating nursing care quality in nursing homes, Journal of Medical Systems, 28(2), 197-214. Valentine, P. (1996) Nursing, a ghettoised profession relegated to women’s sphere, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 33 (1) 98-106. van den Berg, T. I. J., Landeweerd, J. A. et al (2006) A comparative study of organisational characteristics, work characteristics and nurses' psychological work reactions in a hospital and nursing home setting, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 43(4), 491-505. Van Rensbergen, G., Nawrot, T. S. et al (2006) Where do the elderly die? The impact of nursing home utilisation on the place of death. Observations from a mortality cohort study in Flanders, BMC Public Health, 6, 178. Vaughan, J. (2002) Drive to raise standards of dementia care in care homes, Professional Nurse, 27 (5), 316. Vetter, N. (2005) Intermediate care, policy before evidence, British Medical Journal, vol 33, no 7512, p 320, available online at http.//bmj.bmjjournals.com Voelkl, J. E., Fires, B. E. and Galecki, A. T. (1995) Predictors of nursing home residents' participation in activity programs, Gerontologist, 35, (1), 44-51. 84 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Voutilainen, P., Isola A. et al (2005) The relationship between nurse staffing and the quality of nursing care in long-term care of older people [Finnish], Hoitotiede, 17(3), 166-75. Voutilainen, P., Backman, K. et al (2006) Family members' perceptions of the quality of long-term care, Clinical Nursing Research, 15(2), 135-49. Wagner, C., van der Wal, G., Groenewegen, P. and de Bakker, D. H. (2001) The effectiveness of quality assurance systems in care homes, Quality in Health Care, 10 (4), 211-2177. Wagner, C., Klein Ikkink, K., van der Wal, G., Spreeuwenberg, P., de Bakker, D. H. and Groenewegen, P. P. (2006) Quality management systems and clinical outcomes in Dutch nursing homes, Health Policy, 75(2),230-40. Walsh, M. B. and Herbold, J. (2006) Outcome after rehabilitation for total joint replacement at IRF and SNF, a case-controlled comparison, American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 85(1), 15. Wan, T. T. H., Zhang, N. J. and Unruh, L. (2006) Predictors of Resident Outcome Improvement in Nursing Homes, Western Journal of Nursing Research, 28(8), 974-993. Wan, T. T. (2003) Nursing care quality in nursing homes, cross-sectional versus longitudinal analysis, Journal of Medical Systems, 27(3), 283-95. Ward, D., Severs, M et al (2003) Care home versus hospital and own home environments for rehabilitation of older people, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2), CD003164. Ward, D., Severs, M. and Dean, T. (2004) Care home rehabilitation schemes. Further findings from a national survey, Journal of Integrated Care, 12 (5), 36-45. Ware, T., Matosevic, T., Hardy, B., Knapp, M., Kendall, J. and Forder, J. (2003) Commissioning care services for older people in England. The view from care managers, users and carers, Ageing and Society, vol 23, no 4, pp 411–28. Warr, J. (2002) Experiences and perceptions of newly prepared Health Care Assistants (Level 3 NVQ), Nurse Education Today, 22, 241-250. Waters, A. (2003) It’s all in the mix, Nursing Standard, 17, 14-17. Webber, P. A, Breuer, W. et al (1995) Alzheimer's special care units vs, integrated nursing homes, A comparison of resident outcomes, Journal of Clinical Geropsycholog, 1(3), 189-205. Weech-Maldonado, R., Neff, G. et al (2003) The relationship between quality of care and financial performance in nursing homes, Journal of Health Care Finance, 29(3), 48-60. Weech-Maldonado, R,, L, Meret-Hanke, et al (2004) Nurse staffing patterns and quality of care in nursing homes, Health Care Management Review 29(2), 107-16, Wells, D. (2005) ‘Biographical and developmental approaches’, in H. Heath and R. Watson (eds) Older people, assessment for health and social care, London: Age Concern. Welsh Assembly Government (2006) ‘Estimating the Cost of Free Home Care for Disabled People in Wales’, available online at www.wales.gov.uk/subisocialpolicy/content/report/estimating-the-costreport-e.pdf (accessed on 14 March 2008). Wenborn, J. (2005) Making Occupation Matter for Older People in Care Homes, British Journal of Occupational Therapists, 68, (8), 337. 85 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review West, G.E., Ouellette, D. and Ouellette, S. (2003) Resident and staff ratings of foodservices in longterm care, implications for autonomy and quality of life, The Journal of Applied Gerontology, 22 (1), 57-75. Weston, M. A. (1996) Case management, integrating roles in the subacute setting, MEDSURG Nursing, 5(1), 23-8. WhichOnline (2006) ‘Equity release schemes cost homeowners dear’, available online at www.which.co.uk/news/money/06/jan/equity-release.html (accessed on 15 February 2008). White, C. (2005) Medicare's prospective payment system for skilled nursing facilities, effects on staffing and quality of care, Inquiry, 42(4), 351-66. WHOQoL Group (1998) The World Health Organisation Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQoL), development and general psychometric properties, Social Science and Medicine, 46 (12), 1569-85. Wicke, D., Coppin, R. and Payne, S. (2004) Teamworking in nursing homes, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 45 (2), 197-204. Wiener, J.M., Tilly, J., Howe, A., Doyle, C., Evans Cuellar, A., Campbell, J. and Ikegami, N. (2007) Quality Assurance for Long-Term Care: The Experiences of England, Australia, Germany and Japan, available on line at http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/il/2007_05_ltc.pdf Wild, D., Fear, T. and Means, R. (2005) Using a scoping exercise to guide the development of a care homes learning network, Nursing Older People, 17 (4), 20-23. Wild, D; Szczepura, A; Nelson, S (2008) The In Reach Model Described from the Perspectives of Stakeholders, Home Managers, Care Staff, and the In Reach Team. University of the West of England, Bristol, UK and University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. http://carehomes-research.org.uk Williams, K., Kemper, S. and Hummert, M. L. (2003) Practice concepts, Improving nursing home communication, an intervention to reduce elderspeak, Gerontologist, 43 (2), 242-7. Williams, K., Kemper, S. and Hummert, M. L. (2005) Enhancing Communication With Older Adults. Overcoming Elderspeak, Journal of Psychosocial Nursing & Mental Health Services, 43 (5),12-16. Wilson, H. (2004) Thinking outside the tickboxes. A report of a programme of training in person centred practice within services for older people, Unpublished report. Wistow, G. (2002) ‘The future aims and objectives of social care’, in L. Kendall and L. Harker (eds) From Welfare to Wellbeing, London: IPPR, 38–67. Wittenberg, R., Pickard, L., Comas-Herrera, A., Davies, B. and Darton, R. (1998) ‘Demand for Longterm Care. Projections of long-term care finance for elderly people’, Canterbury: PSSRU. Wittenberg, R. and Comas-Herrera, A. (2003) ‘Trends in economic growth and real costs of care European Study of Long-Term Care Expenditure. Report to the European Commission, Employment and Social Affairs DG’, Canterbury: PSSRU, PSSRU Discussion Paper 1840. Wittenberg, R., Comas-Herrera, R., Pickard, L. and Hancock, R. (2004) Future Demand For Longterm Care in the UK. A summary of projections of long-term care finance for older people to 2051, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Wittenberg, R. and Malley, J. (2007) Financing Long-term Care for Older People in England, Ageing Horizons, 6, 28-32. Woo, J., Chi, I. et al (2005) Low staffing level is associated with malnutrition in long-term residential care homes, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 59(4), 474-9. 86 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Wood, J. and Daley, J. (1992) Care of the Frail Elderly in Community-Based Nursing homes supported by PHC, European Journal of Public Health, 2(3-4):182-184. Wood, P., and Castleden, M. (1993) Dependency, quality and staffing of institutions for elderly people, Health Trends, 25(3), 97-101. Wootton, R., Loane, M., Mair, F., Harrisson, S., Sivananthan, S., Allen, A., Doolittle, G. and McLernan, A. (1998) The potential for telemedicine in home nursing, Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, vol 4, no 4, pp 214–18. World Health Organisation (2000) ‘Long-term Care Laws in 5 Developed countries. A review’, Jerusalem: Brokedale Institution. Wright, D. (2002) Tablet crushing is a widespread practice but it is not safe and may not be legal, The Pharmaceutical Journal, 269, 132. Wright, F. (2000) The role of family care-givers for an older person resident in a care home, British Journal of Social Work, 30, 649-661. Wright, F. (2002) Asset Stripping. Local authorities and older homeowners paying for a care home place, Bristol: Policy Press. Wright, F. (2003) Discrimination against self-funding residents in long-term residential care in England, Ageing & Society, vol 23, pp 603–24. Wright, J., McCormack, B., Coffey, A. and McCarthy, G. (2006) Developing a tool to assess personcentred continence care, Nursing Older People, 18 (6), 23-28. Wunderlich, G. S., Kohler, P. O. (2001) ‘Strengthening the caregiving work force’, in G. Wunderlich and P. Kohler (eds) Improving Quality in Long-Term Care, Washington DC: National Academy Press. Yang, K. A., Simms, L. M. et al (1999) Factors influencing nursing-sensitive outcomes in Taiwanese nursing homes, Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 3(55). Yeatts, D. E. and Seward, R. R. (2000) Practice concepts. Reducing turnover and improving health care in nursing homes, the potential effects of self-managed work teams, Gerontologist, 40, 358-63. Yeh, S-C. J., and Lo, S. K. (2004) Is rehabilitation associated with change in functional status among nursing home residents? Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 19(1), 58-66. Yoshikawa, T. T. (2002) Antimicrobial resistance and aging, beginning of the end of the antibiotic era? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50(7 Suppl), S226-9. Youll, P. J. and McCourt-Perring (1993) Raising voices , ensuring quality in residential care, an evaluation of the Caring in Homes Initiative, London: HMSO. Young, H., Grundy, E. and Kalogirou, S. (2005) Who cares? Geographic variation in unpaid caregiving in England and Wales, Evidence from the 2001 Census, Population Trend, vol 120, pp 23–34. Young, J., Forster, A. and Green, J. (2003) An estimate of post-acute intermediate care need in an elderly care department for older people, Health Social Care in the Community, vol 11, no 3, pp 229– 31. Young, J., Robinson, M., Chell, S., Sanderson, D., Chaplin, S., Burns, E. and Fear, J. (2005) A prospective baseline study of frail older people before the introduction of an intermediate care service, Health and Social Care in the Community, vol 13, no 4, pp 307–12, available online at www.blackwellsynergy.com/loi/hsc 87 Models for providing improved care in residential care homes: A thematic literature review Young, J. and Sykes, A. (2005) The evidence base for intermediate care, CME Geriatric Medicine, vol 7, no 3, pp 117–25. Young, J. B., Robinson, M. et al (2005) A whole system study of intermediate care services for older people, Age & Ageing, 34(6), 577-83. Zagier Roberts, V. (1994) ‘Till death do us part, caring and uncaring in work with the elderly’, in A. Obholzer and V. Zagier Roberts (eds) The unconscious at work, individual and organizational stress in the human services, London: Routledge, 75-83. Zgola, J. M. (1999) Care that works, a relationship approach to persons with dementia, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. Zhang, N. J., Unruh, L. et al (2006) Minimum nurse staffing ratios for nursing homes, Nursing Economics, 24(2), 78-85. Zhang, X. and Grabowski, D. C. (2004) Nursing home staffing and quality under the nursing home reform act, Gerontologist, 44(1), 13-23. Zimmer, J. G. and Hall, W. J. (1997) Nursing home-acquired pneumonia, avoiding the hospital, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 45(3), 380-1. Zimmerman, S., Gruber-Baldini, A. L., Hebel, J. R., Sloan, P. D. and Magaziner, J. (2002) Nursing Home Facility Risk Factors for Infection and Hospitalization, Importance of Registered Nurse Turnover, Administration, and Social Factors, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50(2), 1987-199. Zimmerman, S., Sloane, P. D., Williams, C. S., Reed, P. S., Preisser, J. S., Eckert, J. K., Boustani, M. and Dobbs, D. (2005) Dementia care and quality of life in assisted living and nursing homes, The Gerontologist, Special Issue No, 1, 133-146. Zinn, I. J. and More, V. (2004) Nursing home characteristics and potentially preventable hospitalizations of long-stay residents, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52, 1730-1736. Zinn, J. S., Brannon, D. et al (1995) Organizing for nursing home quality, Quality Management in Health Care, 3(4), 37-46. Zinn, J. S. and Mor, V. (1998) Organizational structure and the delivery of primary care to older Americans, Health Services Research, 33(2 Pt Ii), 354-80. Zinn, J S. (2003) Nursing home staffing, turnover, and case mix. Commentary, Medical Care Research & Review, 60(3), 393-399. 88