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heses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
2010
Distribution of Stamped Dressel 20 Amphorae
Produced at Axati in Roman Baetica: A
Quantitative Study of Olive Oil Consumption
Levels at Military and Civilian Sites
Ryan Hughes
Wilrid Laurier University
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Consumption Levels at Military and Civilian Sites" (2010). heses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). Paper 1017.
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Distribution of Stamped Dressel 20 Amphorae Produced at Axati in Roman Baetica:
A Quantitative Study of Olive Oil Consumption Levels at Military and Civilian Sites
by
Ryan Hughes
Bachelor of Arts, Wilfrid Launer University, 2009
THESIS
Submitted to the Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies
m partial fulfilment of the requirements for
Master of Arts
Wilfrid Launer University
2010
©Ryan Hughes 2010
Abstract
The Roman province of Baetica in southern Spain produced vast amounts of olive oil
during the first three centuries CE The small town of Axati is situated in an area now known as
Lora del Rio along the Baetis River, the modern Guadalquivir This town exported large amounts
of olive oil which was distributed throughout the Roman Empire from northern Britain to
Alexandna This study will look at the stamped olive oil amphorae, Dressel 20 type, which were
produced there and transported throughout the Empire The distribution and consumption levels
evidenced by these stamped amphorae are quantified here in order to compare the amounts
consumed by military and civilian populations Through this comparison it is demonstrated that
the primary consumers were the city of Rome and the civilian settlements withm the frontier
provmces
i
Acknowledgments
This work is dedicated to my family for their unending support and encouragement
After completing this thesis there are a large number of individuals that deserve thanks
for their aid I would like to first thank my advisor, Dr Gerald Schaus, for his guidance
throughout my B A and M A as well as helping to condense and clanfy my final thesis I would
also like to thank my committee members, Dr Christopher Simpson, Dr Leonard Curchin, and
Dr Jonathan Edmondson who helped to refine the finer points and add clarity to many sections
Thanks are also necessary for the WLU Archaeology and Classical Studies and UW Classical
Studies faculties for their guidance and teaching both at the undergraduate and graduate level
I would next like to thank my family for their support and aid whenever it was needed I
would especially like to thank my parents, Edward and Mildred, for helping me to keep
everything in perspective and a roof over my head As well I must thank my brother Colin for his
support and aid through all my years of university especially in the final months of the M A
program Without them enduring my long absences and working during those rare visits this
work would not have been completed
I would also like to thank my friends Kyle Derringer, Drake Merntt, Paul Evans, Dan
Lamont, Rhys Stevenson, A J Renaud, and all the rest, for helping to make my years at Wilfrid
Launer as memorable and enjoyable as they were I would like to thank Dr Alexis Young and
Dr Ronald Ross for their friendship and guidance throughout my time at WLU The entire ARA
archaeology team also deserves thanks for helping me to make it through the final months while
showing me that there is still more to experience outside of studying trade amphorae at a desk
Lastly, I would like to thank Sarah Nash for always being there when I needed her and
making the M A program more enjoyable
II
Table of Contents
Introduction
Chronological Range
Axati
Terminology
Methodology
Previous Scholarship
Roman Economy
Olive Oil Studies
Amphorae
The Dressel 20 Amphora
Amphora Studies
Amphora Epigraphy
Olive Oil Production
Monte Testaccio
Amphora Markings
Stamps
Tituh Picti
Graffiti
Incomplete and Umque Stamps of Axati
Incomplete Stamps
Unique Stamps
Quantifications
Empire-Wide Study
Distribution Routes
Representativeness of Axati
Provmcial Studies
Western Provinces
Britannia
Gallia Lugdunensis
Gallia Aquitama
Gallia Narbonensis
Germania Inferior
Germania Superior
Raetia
Hispania Citenor and Baleares
Hispania Lusitania
Hispania Baetica
North African Provmces
Mauretania Tingitana
1
3
4
5
6
9
9
13
15
17
23
25
27
31
36
36
56
53
54
54
55
58
59
62
66
67
67
67
78
82
84
89
93
106
109
113
114
120
120
HI
Numidia Africa
Eastern Provmces
Pannoma
Dalmatia
Achaia
Syria
Aegyptus
Conclusions
Italia
Rome
Monte Testaccio
Conclusions
Maps
Bibliography
Readmg the Catalogue
121
123
123
124
125
126
127
128
130
132
138
145
149
159
167
Quantifications
Quantifications of the Provinces
Lora del Rio (Axati) Catalogue
Lora del Rio (Axati) Stamps Across the Empire Catalogue
Stamps Bearing Tituh Picti
IV
List of Tables
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7
Table 8
Table 9
Table 10
Table 11
Table 12
Table 13
Table 14
Table 15
Table 16
Table 17
Table 18
Axati stamped amphorae in Britannia
Axati stamped amphorae in Gallia Lugdunensis
Axati stamped amphorae in Gallia Aquitania
Axati stamped amphorae in Gallia Narbonensis
Axati stamped amphorae in Germania Inferior
Axati stamped amphorae in Germania Superior
Axati stamped amphorae in Raetia
Axati stamped amphorae in Hispama Citenor and Baleares
Axati stamped amphorae in Hispama Lusitania
Axati stamped amphorae in Hispama Baetica
Axati stamped amphorae in Mauretania Tmgitana
Axati stamped amphorae in Numidia Africa
Axati stamped amphorae in Pannonia
Axati stamped amphorae in Dalmatia
Axati stamped amphorae in Achaia
Axati stamped amphorae in Syria
Axati stamped amphorae in Aegyptus
Axati stamped amphorae in Italia
V
67
78
82
84
89
93
106
109
113
114
120
121
123
124
125
126
127
130
List of Figures
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14
Figure 15
Figure 16
Figure 17
Figure 18
Figure 19
Figure 20
Figure 21
Figure 22
Figure 23
Figure 24
Figure 25
Figure 26
Figure 27
Figure 28
Figure 29
Figure 30
Dressel 20 Amphorae
Dressel 20 Form I
Dressel 20 Form II
Dressel 20 Form III
Dressel 20 Form IV
Dressel 20 Form V
Evolution of Dressel 20 handles and position of stamps
Layout of the Catoman trapetum
Topographical distribution of Monte Testaccio
Examples of stamps found on Dressel 20 amphorae
Location of amphora marks and location of stamps on Dressel 20 amphorae
Symbols and ornaments found on Dressel 20 amphora stamps
Forms of punctuation encountered in stamps
Tituh Picti
Distnbution of stamped amphorae produced at Axati
Distnbution of stamped amphorae produced at Axati showing the pnmary
trade routes
Distnbution of all Dressel 20 stamped amphorae produced in Baetica
Distnbution of stamped amphorae within Britannia
Distnbution of stamps in Gallia Lugdunensis to the Rhine
Distribution of stamps within Gallia Aquitania
Distnbution of stamps from Gallia Narbonensis
Distnbution of stamps in Germania Infenor
Stamped amphorae in Germania Supenor and Raetia
Distnbution of stamped amphorae throughout the Hispamae
Stamped amphorae produced at Axati (flagged) in Baetica
Distnbution of stamps within Mauretama Tmgitana and the Lower Baetis
Valley
Stamp distribution in the Province of Pannoma
Stamps from Axati found within the Eastern Mediterranean
Distnbution of Axati stamps within Italia, Dalmatia andNumidia
Distnbution of stamped amphorae produced at Axati along the Germanic
Frontiers
VI
17
19
20
20
20
21
22
29
33
36
37
44
46
47
149
150
151
152
152
153
153
154
154
155
155
156
156
157
157
158
Amphora markings are one of the most prolific and informative features of the olive oil
industry of Roman Baetica dunng the 1st through 3 rd centunes CE Due to the wide distribution
of Baetican olive oil, marked Dressel 20 amphorae are found throughout the Empire with a
concentration in the Western provinces, at Rome and along the military frontiers The stamps
are found pnmanly on the handles and upper body of the transport amphorae identifying the
owner of the olive oil On the neck and shoulder are wntten the tituhpicti which are the most
informative of the markings and also the most complex and poorly preserved Graffiti are found
on some vessels and if applied pnor to firing (ante cocturam), they can provide information on
the ongin of the vessels If applied after finng (post cocturam), they may show reuse of the
amphora or its reception at its destination
This study will focus on the stamps and other markings, where applicable, found on
Dressel 20 amphorae produced at Lora del Rio, ancient Axati, in Roman Baetica Unless stated
otherwise, all amphorae and stamps discussed onginated at Axati The stamps which were
produced there were determined through archaeological excavations and surveys The stamps
will be the primary focus of this study because of their abundance They typically bear the tria
nomina of the owner of the olive oil contained m the vessel although they can also bear the
names of the kiln owners or the slaves who produced the vessels Using the names found in the
stamps, it is possible to identify prominent individuals of Baetica who are also recorded by
ancient authors or mscnptions By studying the distribution of stamps from Axati alone, it will
be possible to determine distnbution routes and consumption patterns across the Empire
1
Aside from stamps, tituhpicti and graffiti are also found on some vessels, although only
a few bear Axati stamps, which provide relative dates, weights and the name of the central
processing city Using this information it is possible to track the early transport of these
amphorae prior to their distnbution across the Empire
By studying the stamps on amphorae from a single city m Baetica, it is possible to
determine the general distribution and consumption of Baetican olive oil throughout the Empire
Limiting this study to stamps from a single site allows for a manageable yet representative
quantity of material Although this also limits the number of sites and regions where the
amphorae reached, the patterns shown by the Axati amphorae are representative of the wider
production and distribution for the whole of Baetica to a significant degree
A focused study of the Lora del Rio region, ancient Axati, was conducted m a
preliminary form by Jose Remesal Rodriguez in 1983 through a program of surveying and
excavations Despite this early work, there is still little known about Axati and its olive oil
production 1 This study will take a quantitative approach using the stamps and other markings
which were produced at Axati and transported around the Empire It will focus on the
proportions of amphorae which have been recovered from civilian settlements in contrast to
military sites and a companson of the proportions consumed in each province By comparmg the
levels of acquisition and consumption at civilian sites with that at military sites, the question of
distnbution routes and primary consumers will be addressed Such a quantitative study of
amphorae, produced at Axati and consumed throughout the Empire has not been attempted
1
This 1983 work of J Remesal Rodriguez on the Lora del Rio region was not available to the current author
2
previously In the end it will reveal that the primary consumers of this olive oil were the city of
Rome and civilian settlements throughout the Western provinces
Chronological Range
The chronological range of this study begins in the second quarter of the 1st century CE,
around 30 CE when the Dressel 20 amphora was first introduced, and lasts until 284 CE about 33
years after the amphorae had stopped being shipped to Monte Testaccio in Rome The Dressel 20
amphora shape was used for approximately 250 years during the height of olive oil production
both at Axati and withm Baetica Due to the origins of the Dressel 20 amphora form in the 1st
century CE all dates in the present study will be CE unless stated otherwise
The Axati stamps have been dated using four techniques with varying levels of accuracy
The first requires the presence of tituh picti on the stamped amphorae These provide consular
dates when preserved complete, thus giving exact dates for the associated stamp When these are
not available, as most are not, thosefromMonte Testaccio are dated using a second technique
based on their position withm the mound The dates which were established by Heinrich Dressel
and E Rodriguez Almeida for each sector of the mound provide a brief date range usually
around 15 to 30 years When these also are not available, the dates have been established using
the third technique based on the archaeological context of the amphorae around the Empire By
taking the earliest and latest contextual dates, a typically wide date range can be established for
the amphora arriving at its deposition site In order to narrow these ranges, a fourth technique is
used, based on the morphology of the vessel and its handles Only 14 stampsfromAxati, and
only 1 within the Empire, have not been dated using these four techniques The wide date ranges
3
for many of the stamps prevent an accurate study of distribution chronologically at the moment
although further study may allow for this later
The chronological issues involving evidence for the olive oil industry of Axati and
Roman Baetica raised by this quantitative study of the stamped amphorae are many and
complex Studying the spread of Axati stamps based on their chronology may yield a pattern of
distribution that shows the expansion of the Roman Empire and military frontiers, the
development of oil distribution routes and the changes which occurred at all levels of civilian
society following the intrusion of Romans into a region Although a thorough study of the
chronological aspects of the stamps may be an interesting and potentially rewarding avenue, it is
outside the range of this study and would require an in-depth study of the stamps and their forms
Axati
Little is known about the history of Axati, modern Lora del Rio, during the Roman
period Remesal Rodriguez's excavations determined that there was a prehistoric village within
the town The date of the first Roman settlement is unknown Axati itself is first mentioned by
Pliny the Elder m his Naturahs Historia 3 3 11 when he locates it between the cities of Penaflor
and Arva along the Guadalquivir River The city is next mentioned in connection to the Flavian
expansion of Latin rights in Baetica when the city became a mumcipium Flavium included in the
voting tribe of the Quirina Apart from this little information about its location and political
status after the Flavian period, there is little else recorded 2
2
Hubner, 1956,137
4
Terminology
The terms "trade" and "distribution" are used here to describe the mechanism by which
olive oil from Axati contained in transport amphorae called Dressel 20's reached regions in the
Roman Empire outside Baetica "Trade" is herein defined as the act of relinquishing a
commodity, such as olive oil contained in Dressel 20 amphorae, by a producer, supplier or seller,
and the concomitant acquisition of the commodity by a purchaser, merchant, government agent
or consumer, in exchange for another commodity or for the equivalent value in money This type
of exchange is well attested throughout the Roman Empire and is likely the mechanism by which
many of the amphorae reached their final destination There is, however, no verifiable way to
determine which amphorae were purchased by private merchants or consumers, and which were
acquired by state traders Nor can one tell which ones were simply requisitioned by the State, or
produced on imperial properties, and then distributed Due to the connotations of monetary or
commodity exchange inherent in the term "trade," another term, "distribution," is preferred since
it is more neutral with regard to the fiscal ramifications of the exchange mechanism It better
accommodates all forms of acquisition and movement of goods encountered within the Roman
Empire
The concept of "Romamzation" is a complex and much debated issue within scholarship
on the Roman provinces "Romamzation" is used here to explam the appearance of certain
Roman cultural adaptations, such as preferences for fashions and customs associated with Rome
or more broadly with Latin Italy, in areas where they were not previously found These customs
mclude the use of olive oil in bathing, eating and lighting as well as in other contexts
"Romamzation" is especially apparent with the distribution and consumption of olive oil since
5
the olive is geographically limited to the Mediterranean basin, was a common feature of Roman
life, and only became popular in non-olive producing areas of Europe in particular after the
conquest of those areas by Roman legions and their control and administration withm the
Empire Consumption of olive oil in areas where there was little previous knowledge of the olive
closely follows the intrusion of Roman armies and subsequent infiltration of Roman or
Mediterranean civilian populations, such as is clearly evidenced by the transport amphorae
found in northern Britannia and Germania Superior and Inferior The construction of typically
Roman buildings and urban features such asfora, basihcae and curiae can be found as another
feature of Romamzation, particularly at many of the sites where Axati stamped amphorae were
recovered Although the concept of Romamzation together with its indicative features is highly
debated, the term is used in this study to descnbe the adoption of Roman customs generally, and
the consumption of olive oil especially, within the provinces where the olive is not typically
cultivated
Methodology
The present study began by using Dressel 20 amphora stamps recovered from Roman
Axati Through the stamps from the surrounding production sites, it was determined which ones
were produced at Axati itself and which ones were produced elsewhere and imported to Axati
Those which were imported to Axati were eliminated from the study and are discussed in
connection with their own production regions in Baetica Those stamps which were produced at
Axati were then explored using the CEIPAC Corpus, along with published catalogues of stamps,
6
to determine where else in the Empire the stamps had been recovered 3 The distribution of these
sites around the Empire was mapped using ArcMap 9 3 (produced by ESRI Incorporated)
Based on the site where each stamp was recovered, the type of site was established as
well as its history and function m the Roman world The site type was determined by using
archaeological surveys, excavations reports, and site publications along with the Princeton
Encyclopedia of Classical Sites They are divided into seven main categories 1) civilian
settlements, 2) combined military and civilian settlements, 3) military fortifications, 4)
shipwrecks, 5) miscellaneous occupation, 6) Rome and 7) Monte Testaccio Further divisions
within these categories mcluded colomae, municipia, civitates, provincial capitals, forts and
fortresses, farming sites and a variety of other site designations Based on these divisions, the
proportions of sites which served a civilian function and those which served a military function
were determined Since many military sites are closely associated with civilian occupations, the
category of civilian and military function was employed to categorize them Using the
proportions of stamps found at each site, the consumption levels at civilian settlements were
compared with those at military sites
Following the division of the sites into types, the proportions of stamps found within each
province and each category were established The numbers of stamps found m each province,
and each type of settlement within that province, were laid out in charts for ease of analysis and
companson The results are included with the catalogue Using the stamps produced at Axati and
3
CEIPAC is an acronym for the Centro para el Estudio de la Interdependence Provincial en la Antiguedad Clasica
(Center for the Study of Provincial Interdependence in Classical Antiquity) which was established in 1995 under the
guidance of J RemesaI Rodriguez
7
exported around the Empire, a preliminary analysis of the Baetican olive oil industry and
consumption levels around the Empire has been conducted
Previous Scholarship
Roman Economy
Modern study of the Roman economy began in the 1890s in Germany Since then it has
developed contemporaneously with changing social and economic conditions and the advance of
both technology and methodology Early German scholars focused on the performance of the
economy how much was produced, the distribution of costs and the stability of production 4
These scholars, who were later called 'pnmitivists', proposed a household economy for the
Roman Empire which did not permit outside influence and was largely self-sufficient5
'Modernists' arose opposmg the 'pnmitivists' claiming that the Roman economy was equivalent
to early modern Europe in its scale and function Some scholars, led by Max Weber, proposed
that studying the Roman economy strictly on a primitive to modern scale was unimportant and
that instead the focus should be placed on understanding the structure of the economy and the
effects which social status had on the production, distribution and consumption of produce 6 By
the beginning of World War I, Roman economic historians favoured a modernist approach in
their studies
After the War, Mikhail Rostovtzeff re-initiated interest in the Roman economy with his
survey of Roman history and ancient economic practices 7 He proposed a broad focus on ancient
markets and how these allowed for large-scale urban development to arise He noted the
disparities which existed between the poverty of the plebeians, the majority of the Roman
population, and the elite classes in terms of access to foodstuffs, luxury goods and markets This
4
Morns, Sailer and Scheidel, 2008, 2
They did allow for slight outside involvement in urban contexts and at rural markets to explain the transfer of
luxury goods and materials not available in the region
6
Love, 1986,105
7
Rostovtzeff 1941
5
9
broad focus on markets and their performance was found to be insufficient m the 1950s through
the 1970s with the resulting rise of substantivism under Karl Polanyi
In 1957, Polanyi proposed three mechanisms to explain the distribution of produce
Q
reciprocity, redistribution and market economy The mechanisms of reciprocity and
redistribution were based on social practices and institutions such as the patronus-chens
relationships in Roman society Market economies allowed for the individuals involved to
become unattached members of society who could be solely interested in profit
Recent scholarship has revived the question of the level of sophistication and complexity
of the Roman economy This was addressed by Tenney Frank in 1959 with his publication of an
Economic Survey of Ancient Rome 9 Since then scholars have been divided between those who
argue that the bureaucratic structure of the Roman Empire was insufficient to support a complex
economic system and those who argue that it was The debate revolves around the degree of
control and integration which the Roman government had in local, regional and long-distance
trade and the level of sophistication that this signifies
10
The next major scholar to address the issue, Moses Finley, was influenced by Polanyi and
his substantivist approach although he disagreed with his interpretations In 1973, Finley
published a major study, The Ancient Economy, which emphasized the importance of structure
over performance in the Roman world He argued that the overwhelming concern for status and
citizenship resulted in delaying, or altogether preventing, the development of markets in land,
8
Polanyi et a l , 1957, 250
Frank, 1959
10
See A H M Jones, 1974, Duncan-Jones, 1982, Garnsey and Sailer, 1987
9
10
labour and capital The limitations placed on these markets also affected the development of
trade and new technologies These limitations m turn restricted the wealthy from purchasmg the
labour of poor citizens, resulting m the increased exploitation of slave labour over that of free
citizens n The processes of lending and trading between citizens, along with financial
institutions, were looked down on by the elite resulting in these sectors of the economy being
controlled by liberti, foreigners or the equestnan class in Rome Urban structure was maintained
through the exploitation of rural rents, taxes and tribute rather than trading urban goods for rural
produce Fmley believed that this mindset of the Romans emphasized expansionism and war in
order to fill the treasury rather than the development of trade and markets 12
Fmley's work strongly influenced subsequent scholarship on the Roman economy His
views were continued and expanded by his successor at Cambridge University, Keith Hopkins,
who stressed the 'cellular self-sufficiency' of the Roman economy which Finley had begun to
present In this model "each farm, each district, each region, grew and made nearly all that it
needed " 13 The majority of the Roman population was directly involved in agriculture, which
was the basis of aristocratic status, with a few widespread urban communities which fed off the
surplus Small towns throughout the Empire provided any goods which could not be made in the
home, such as metal implements and pottery, as well as supplying a market to sell surplus goods
Hopkins stressed that the level of interregional and long-distance trade was limited by the high
price of transport, especially by land, as well as the poverty of the majority of both rural and
11
Fmley, 1973,128
12
Morris, Sailer and Scheidel, 2008, 3 Current scholarship suggests that the emphasis on war and expansionism in
Roman culture was due to the pursuit of gloria amongst the elite
13
Hopkins, 1983, xi
11
urban populace He elaborated on the models of Finley allowing them to accommodate economic
growth and decline 14
Since the early work of Hopkins, focus has shifted to interpreting the per capita
production levels of the Roman Empire and attempting to identify trends therein The work of
Richard Sailer has identified that there was a slight increase, of 0 1 percent per annum,
throughout the Western Roman Empire from 200 BCE to 100 CE Although the increase seems
insignificant, it accumulated over time, resulting in an increased standard of living for even the
poor citizens 15 The trends which he identified follow this increase in per capita production with
an increase in long distance trade and an increased consumption level for luxury goods Sailer
continues to work on the Roman economy, focusing on the growth of markets and the
development of economic institutions during the Imperial period 16
The early concepts advanced by the 'pnmitivists' of the performance of the Roman
economy, have been revived by recent economic historians This shift has resulted in increased
interest in the expansion of the economy as the Roman Empire expanded This resulted in a
centralized market and consumer, Rome, which was fed from the production of the provinces
through taxation, tribute and trade Current trends in scholarships are interested in determining
consumption levels for the poorer classes, based in grain equivalent, as well as the per capita
gross domestic product (GDP) of the Roman Empire 17 This trend is accompamed by a focus on
14
For a detailed view of Hopkins' models see Hopkins, 1983, xv-xx
Morris, Sailer and Scheidel, 2008,11
16
Morris, Sailer and Scheidel, 2008
17
See Bowman and Wilson, 2009
15
12
quantifying the archaeological record and incorporating the small amount of information
supplied by ancient authors on the economy
Our understanding of the Roman economy has advanced significantly smce the late 19th
century The most recent studies on the Roman economy by Alan Bowman and Andrew Wilson
were done as part of a series of monographs under the title, Oxford Studies on the Roman
Economy, the first of which was published m 2009 Alongside this, Cambridge University has
updated its economic overview with the publication of The Cambridge Economic History of the
Greco-Roman World m 2008, by Ian Morns, Richard Sailer and Walter Scheidel This updates
an earlier monograph with the same title This brief outline displays the trends and concepts
which are current in scholarship of the Roman economy without delving in-depth into its
complexity
Olive Oil Studies
Study of the olive oil industry of Roman Baetica began with the work of Heinnch Dressel
at Monte Testaccio in 1878 He concluded that in order to advance our understanding of this
industry, the site of Monte Testaccio must undergo extensive study and excavation, and intensive
surveys of Baetica needed to be conducted The extensive study of Monte Testaccio was taken
up by E Rodriguez Almeida in 1972 as is discussed in detail below (see below, page 28) The
first survey of Baetica was conducted in 1899 by W E Clark Maxwell who surveyed the
countryside identifying sites and towns as well as compiling the first corpus of stamps from the
provmce Intensive surveys were later conducted by G E Bonsor, Michel Ponsich and G Chic
13
Garcia These covered most of Baetica and have provided most of the stamps and information
available about the industry and the province
The first intensive survey of Baetica was conducted by G E Bonsor and published in
1931 under the title The Archaeological Expedition along the Guadalquivir 1889-1901 This
survey provided the method and outline for later surveys which occurred after World War II He
also provided a large corpus of stamps which allowed for early studies of the olive oil industry
In 1974 and 1979 Michel Ponsich conducted the two most intensive and well planned surveys of
the province His two publications, both entitled Implantation rurale antique sur le basGuadalquivir, contain extensive lists of stamps as well as identifications of the majonty of kilns,
farms, villas and sites within the province He categorized the sites based on the surface spread
of artefacts, along with literary evidence G Chic Garcia supplemented these with his survey,
Epigrafia anforica de la Betica I Las marcas impresas en el barro sobre dnforas oleanas
(Dressel 19, 20, 23), published in 1985 which revealed stamps and sites which were not visible
during the surveys of M Ponsich 18
In 1978, Jose Remesal Rodriguez published his work, Economia oleicola Betica nuevas
formas de andlisis, which brought the stamps of the Guadalquivir valley to the forefront of olive
oil studies, alongside the earlier excavation reports from Monte Testaccio This work has been
continued by Remesal Rodriguez along with his colleagues P Berni Millet, J M Blazquez
Martinez and E Rodriguez Almeida in Baetica and throughout the Empire The study of the
olive oil industry of Baetica is closely tied with that of amphora studies and epigraphy, since the
18
With the passing of time archaeological sites can be both revealed and obliterated due to modern construction,
farming and expansion, resulting in an ever changing archaeological landscape revealed by surface surveying
14
transport amphorae and their markings, are the most common archaeological find for the
industry
Amphorae
The study of transport amphorae m antiquity is complicated by the lack of a concise
definition which can be applied universally to all regions within a time frame This problem is
exacerbated by the large number of cultural groups who contributed their pottery to the Roman
Empire and its provmces Although several scholars have advanced tentative definitions to
identify amphorae, the most comprehensive and applicable cntena were put forward by Virginia
Grace m 1961 She states that
"There is a vanety of shapes, but they have in common a mouth narrow enough to be
corked, two opposite vertical handles and at the bottom usually a tip or knob which serves as a
third handle, below the weight, needed when one inverts a heavy vessel to pour from it " I 9
These cntena can be easily applied to the Dressel 20 amphora used to distribute Baetican olive
oil
Amphorae were first developed m the 18th century BCE by the Canaamtes of the eastern
Mediterranean coast as a thick-walled undecorated vessel likely made specifically for
transporting large quantities of goods throughout the Mediterranean The Canaamte jar can be
found at a many sites in Palestine, Egypt, mainland Greece and Crete The importation of these
vessels into Egypt led the Egyptians to develop their own form, based largely on the Canaamte
vessel, with a slim and tall body The nse of the Phoenicians in the Levant spread the Canaamte
jar throughout the eastern Mediterranean and into sites of the western Meditenanean The
19
Grace, 1961, 22
15
Phoenician vessels were slimmer but larger than their predecessors with a long cylindrical
body 20
Although the Canaanite jar was introduced into Greece during the Mycenaean period, it
did not supplant the stirrup jar as the primary transport vessel 21 The transport amphora was not
produced in Greece until the 7 th century BCE although the origin of these vessels, whether from
Egyptian or Levantine forms, is unclear based on the style The introduction of the amphora form
into Greece resulted in a large number of styles and forms to emerge developed by individual
regions and city-states The vanations in style and decoration could have been used by merchants
and consumers to identify the region from which the products came or the type of commodity
which was contained withm 22
Following the adoption of transport amphorae by the Greeks, stamps were introduced on
the handles and bodies These were as varied in style and form as the amphorae themselves
Some stamps contained the symbols or initials of the producing city-state while others recorded
the name of the current ephor, which at times were accompanied by the production month
The
information contained in the stamps could have been a type of certification of the weight or
contents of the vessel for tax or consumption purposes Alternately it may have been used by the
merchant or consumer to identify the region where the contents were harvested or produced 24
20
Callender, 1970,4
The stirrup jar has a rounded body with two handles rising from the shoulder to either side of the neck which is
tall and rounded These could be decorated or plain and served as transport vessels
22
Peacock and Williams, 1986, 22
23
These closely dated stamps were likely used on wine amphorae
24
Garnsey, Hopkins and Whittaker, 1983, 33
21
16
Although some amphorae did contain stamps, beginning the tradition which the Romans adopted
and led to this study, the majority did not
The large scale production of amphorae in the Greek world led to the importation of the
vessels into southern Italy and Sicily These vessels reached the Greek colonies as imports
primarily from then- mother city limiting the number of forms which arrived in Italia 25 From
these vessels the Greco-Italic style arose in the late 4 th or early 3 rd century BCE Early Roman
amphorae were based on this form which would later evolve mto a variety of vessels including
the Dressel 20 amphora in the 1st century CE
The Dressel 20 Amphora
The Dressel 20 amphora (Fig. 1) is also referred to as
Beltran V, Ostia I, Callender 2, Peacock and Williams Class
25 and simply as a 'globular amphora' The wide vanety of
names is due to the differing systems of classification used
by scholars In this study the classification of Heinnch
Dressel will be used The amphora has a large globular body,
oval in shape with sharply bent, thick handles The neck is
short, the mouth has a concave run and there is a small knob
found on the bottom of most vessels The amphora
developed from the Dressel 25 amphora, also called
Oberaden 83, Haltern 71 and Peacock and Williams Class
Peacock, 1986, 23
17
C
Figure 1. Dressel 20 Amphorae.
F r o m . P e a c o c k a n d w ^ m s , i986?
139.
24, which had an oval shape with a narrow mouth The Dressel 20 amphora has a distinctive
shape and features which allow for easy identification of incomplete vessels '
The Dressel 20 amphora is a large vessel for which the capacity and weight have been
recorded by both ancient and modern authors The amphorae themselves stood between 62 and
78 centimeters in height with a belly which was around two-thirds the height The capacity of the
vessels ranges from 40 to 80 modern litres with the average capacity recorded on the amphorae
themselves between 61 and 70 litres The weight of the filled vessels ranged from 80 to 100
kilograms as recorded in tituhpicti and graffiti These large vessels were used only as transport
amphorae with the olive oil being transferred to smaller containers prior to being consumed
The Dressel 20 amphora was introduced in the 2nd quarter of the 1st century, although its
exact introduction date is unclear, with its most extensive use during the Claudian and Flavian
periods It continued in common usage until the end of the 3 rd century when it declined sharply
and altogether ceases at Monte Testaccio 26 When the transition from the Dressel 25 amphora to
Dressel 20 occurred in Baetica is unclear Despite this, the Dressel 25 amphora was completely
replaced in the archaeological record by the mid-1 st century although some vessels were later
reused The reason for the sudden cessation of the Dressel 20 is also unclear The vessel may
have evolved into the later Dressel 23 amphora about the mid-3rd century Several attempts have
been made to produce an evolutionary timeline based on the shapes of the rims, handles and
slight variations in body and proportions The earliest of these was attempted by E Pehchet in
This occurred in 251 at Monte Testaccio although the vessel was still used in a limited capacity until the early 4
century throughout the Empire
18
1946, while the one employed in this study was advanced by P Berni Millet in 2008 The
Dressel 20 amphora was one of the most common amphorae in the Western provmces of the
Roman Empire and was produced and m use for three centuries solely for the distribution of
Baetican olive oil
Although the Dressel 20 amphora maintained its signature globular shape throughout its
use, there was an evolution in the morphology of the vessel It expenenced five distinct phases
(Figs. 2-6) which have a relatively closed chronology based on consular dates found in titulipicti
at Monte Testaccio and throughout the Empire Along with the changes in amphora form, the
handles changed as well (Fig. 7) Each of these forms will be discussed in detail due to their
importance for dating the stamps 28
Form One, (shown on right in Fig. 2) dating to
the later Juho-Claudian period (30 to 50), represents the
earliest form with its charactenstic globular body These
amphorae have a rounded bottom with a prominent tip
while the nm is rounded and thick The handles are
round m section They curl smoothly away from their
attachment directly below the nm to the shoulder of the
vessel Form One vessels became wider and shorter over
time
Pehchet, 1946,191
Berni Millet, 2008, 59-61
19
50
Figure 2. Dressel 20 Form I.
From: Berni Millet, 2008,64
Form Two (Fig. 3) is found during the reigns of Nero and
i
T
Vespasian (50 to 80) This form has the widest waist of all Dressel
20 amphorae The rim becomes flatter and more triangular than
if
those found in the Juho-Claudian period Handles are more
triangular in cross-section than Form One and rise upwards near
the ran before descending in a slightly rounded form to
50
an
Figure 3. Dressel 20 Form II.
From: Berni Millet, 2008,64
attach to the shoulder
Form Three (Fig. 4) is found under the Flavians, Trajan
and Hadrian (80-130) The vessels are more refined than their
predecessors while maintaining the globular body The rims
become flatter and more compressed resulting in a wide and large
flaring mouth The handles return to bemg round in cross-section
and are attached horizontally to the neck They curl slightly
Figure 4. Dressel 20 Form III.
From: Berni Millet, 2008,64
to reach their maximum distance from the neck, which is
greater than on later handles, before descending nearly
vertically to the shoulder
Vessels of Form Four (Fig. 5) are found in the Antonine
period (130-190) They became shorter and more robust m form
Due to this they have a smaller internal capacity than is
found in the earlier Forms Two and Three The rim
becomes triangular and thicker, curling away from the
20
Figure 5. Dressel 20 Form IV.
From: Berni Millet, 2008,64
mouth of the vessel The handles of Form Four are smaller than Form Three while maintaming
the rounded cross-section They curl smoothly from near the middle of the neck down to the
shoulder
The final phase, Form Five, is found during the
Severan and post-Severan period of the 3rd century (Fig.
6) This form corresponds to a small rise m exports from
Baetica which had decreased during the Antonine
f
\
/
period The vessels have a low medial waist resulting m
a sack-like shape with a more straight-sided upper body
190
The rims, and mouths, are smaller than those found on
Figure 6. Dressel 20 Form V.
previous forms while maintaining the triangular shape of
From: Berni Millet, 2008, 64
the previous form This form has smaller handles than
Form Four which became flatter in cross-section The handles run from the short neck,
sometimes beginning from the body if there is no discernible neck, and curl sharply to the
shoulder of the vessel
The Dressel 20 amphora developed from Form Five into the Dressel 23 amphora, which
was significantly smaller in size as well as less widely distributed Due to slight changes m body
and handle forms for the Dressel 20 amphora from the 1st to the 3rd centunes it is possible to date
stamps, rims, handles and vessels within a relative narrow range corresponding to identifiable
emperors and periods
21
Figure 7. Evolution of Dressel 20 handles and position of stamps. From: Berni Millet, 2008, 84.
Dressel 20 amphorae were manufactured solely along the banks of the Guadalquivir
River and its tributaries in Baetica The clay has-been traced, using fabric analysis, to the
deposits around the Sierra Morena mountain range and the clay beds of the Baetis Valley The
fabric was thick and rough with a high sand content Vessels are found in three main colours
buff, light reddish-brown and grey The fabric has also been traced through petrological analysis
and visible charactenstics The petrological composition of these amphorae is similar throughout
the Roman Empire and can be traced to the Guadalquivir valley, and kilns along its river
Dressel 20 amphorae are used in this study because of their geographic limits of
production and their direct association with Baetican olive oil They were produced along the
Guadalquivir River and nowhere else Chemical analyses have revealed no other substances
within these vessels except olive oil These limitations on the uses and production region for the
amphorae make the vessels excellent for the study of the oil industry in Baetica The
chronological difficulties evident in the long history of use of the amphorae are a minor
drawback which has been mamly overcome by the development of morphological chronologies
29
Peacock and Williams, 1986,140
22
The stamps on Dressel 20 amphorae are examined here and when a stamp is found on another
vessel type it will be distinguished
Amphora Studies
The study of amphorae involved in the olive oil industry began when Theodor Mommsen
assigned Heinnch Dressel to catalogue and study the amphorae which he recovered from Monte
Testaccio in 1878-1899 This work was published primarily in the first edition of the Corpus
Inscriptionum Latinarum XV in 1891 along with a classification system developed by Dressel to
interpret changes in form and style This system is still used when discussing amphorae, and is
found here with slight expansion and revision based on amphorae recovered since the time of
publication, and a re-evaluation of the variants in form and style Prior to Dressel's publication,
some scholars had discussed transport amphorae and their uses in passing but had not studied the
vessels in detail Following the publication of CIL XV, interest in amphorae and stamps all but
disappeared until the expansion of underwater archaeology in the 1950s This was due to the
importance of amphorae aboard shipwrecks and the large corpus of intact vessels which were
beginning to be recovered and studied by archaeologists
The first two conferences on amphorae were held in the 1970s by the French Academy in
Rome They brought together large groups of scholars and expanded our knowledge of amphorae
and methods of studying and classifying them Developing from these conferences large scale
surveys were conducted in 1974 and 1979 by M Ponsich, followed by G Chic Garcia in 1985
These identified many production sites within Baetica Interest in amphorae and the information
they provided increased following these early conferences
23
The French conferences also revived interest in Monte Testaccio Following Dressel's
suggestion that Monte Testaccio be systematically excavated, the Spanish scholars E Rodriguez
Almeida, J, Remesal Rodriguez and J M Blazquez Martinez began their work at the site in 1972
The early seasons were spread throughout the 1970s and the mound has been consistently
excavated and surveyed smce the 1980s Publication of results is distributed primarily through
CEIPAC, a group of scholars who study Spain and the Roman olive oil industry This group has
expanded to include scholars worldwide
Extensive studies of amphora forms, types and distributions have been attempted by
several scholars Most notable among those are by David Peacock and the earlier work of M H
Callender
In his discussion of stamps found on amphorae, Callender advanced his own
classification system which is employed alongside that of Dressel The study of amphora forms
has been continued by Peacock who publishes extensively on typologies, fabrics, origins and
uses of many amphora types He employs scientific methods including fabric analysis, thin
section analysis and residue analysis to determine the origin of the clay and the product
transported in the vessel Peacock's work has clarified and elaborated earlier work and has
greatly advanced the use of scientific analysis
Along with these advances has been the study of product residues These studies,
although inconclusive in a large number of cases, have been used to identify the transported
substances in a wide range of amphorae Some amphorae were coated with a resin or amurca
sealant which alters the results
30
31
Residue analysis has identified the production regions as well
D P S Peacock, 1977,1982 and 1986 and M H Callender, 1970
Peacock and Williams, 1986,18 No Dressel 20 amphorae have been found with a resin sealant
24
as products earned in some of the most common types including the Dressel 20 amphora and its
sole usage as an olive oil container
The study of amphorae and their stamps has increased smce the 1950s and has
established itself as a principal means for studying the Roman economy Although amphorae
were used primarily to transport liquid commodities, and may not have been used in all periods
of history, their high level of preservation makes them ideal for studying the trade and
distribution of goods Their use for basic foodstuffs also reveals the high level of trade and wide
range of distribution of basic produce which is not revealed by studying the rarer luxury goods
Despite the advancement of this field there is no consensus on classifications, typologies, ongins
of most forms or even the times when forms were used in modern scholarship
Amphora Epigraphy
This work began with the excavations of Heinnch Dressel at Monte Testaccio in the late
19th century He published his early results in 1878 under the title Ricerche sul Monte Testaccio
He attempted the first interpretation of the stamps on Dressel 20 amphorae and he continued with
his work in CIL XV Dressel was able to identify a large number of stamp groups, or families, as
well as conclude that many of the stamps bore tria nomina initials or names despite there being a
wide vanety of forms and styles used He organized his stamps based on the first initial of the
tria nomina, or if absent the first letter, which was later altered by Remesal Rodriguez to begin
with the second initial, the nomen
25
Dressel also identified the abbreviation 'FIG' found in many stamps as identifying the
workshop, fighna, from which the vessel was produced The 'F' which is found in many stamps
was typically associated with the name of a slave, in which case it identified the producer of the
vessel using the -word fecit32 He also was able to determine that 'OF' found on some stamps was
the officina and was commonly found with a control number He identified the first societies and
workshops, many of which were found in Baetica by later surveys, as identified by the numbers
associated with names or initials
Dressel's pioneering work laid the groundwork for later
epigraphic studies Many of his interpretations are still used
Since Dressel's time, great advances have been made in this field of epigraphy due
largely to the increased corpus of amphorae as well as the systematic excavation, survey and
analysis of sites and pottery in Baetica and throughout the Empire In 1978, Remesal Rodriguez
re-initiated the interest of scholars in amphora markings while also supplying a new method of
interpretation and organization This work reinterpreted the markings on amphorae as being
associated with ownership, control and consumption of olive oil rather than the producers of the
vessels Since then the study of stamps has been advanced primarily by Remesal Rodriguez and
his associates m CEIPAC Increased survey, excavation and publication of stamps and markings
found throughout Baetica has allowed scholars to identify the kilns from which certain stamps
came as well as to understand and interpret obscure or incomplete stamps Due to the importance
of each form of amphora mark, stamps, tituhpicti and graffiti, they will be discussed
individually m this work, associated with the information presented from the stamps originating
from Axati
32
The names of slaves are found in both the nominative and genitive usually in association with the name of the
figlina The name could also be found in these forms without identifying the workshop
33
Dressel 1879,146
26
Olive Oil Production
Production methods used by the Romans for olive oil are well known Three ancient
authors wrote treatises on agricultural practices and the expectations of a profitable farm, from
an aristocratic view In the Republican period, Marcus Porcius Cato (234-149 BCE) wrote De
agri cultura which became the basis for Roman agricultural writings and practices by many
anstocratic land owners Later m the Republican period, Marcus Terentius Varro (116-27 BCE)
wrote his treatise entitled De re rustica which expanded on the work of Cato and introduced new
ideas and methods developed since Cato In the 1st century CE, Lucius Junius Moderatus
Columella (4-70 CE), a native of Cadiz in Baetica, wrote the final treatise on agriculture and
farm management which survive from the Roman period His immense works, entitled De re
rustica and De arboribus, drew on many lost treatises, along with Cato and Varro, and his own
ideas These works provide a detailed description of all stages of olive oil production from the
preparation of the soil for olive trees through to pressing and shipping the finished oil
Following the harvest the picked olives were divided into two sections, those for eating
and those for olive oil 3 4 The harvest was conducted as the olives were beginning to mature and
blacken Cato advocated obtaining olive oil from those green olives which had fallen off the trees
prior to the harvest due to the weather The oil produced by these olives was of higher quality,
and thus higher m price It was much sought after Most of the oil however was produced from
ye
•
black olives due to the higher quantity of oil in the olives while maintaining a quality taste
34
For our purposes discussion of soils, planting and harvesting have been omitted For details on these stages of
olive growth see Cato De agri cultura 1 64-1 68 and Varro De re rustica 1 36-1 47
35
Cato De agri cultura 1 64
27
After the harvest the olives were brought into a small room near the pressing room and
stored on a concrete floor The floor was supposed to be of smooth concrete as were the lower
walls to avoid damaging the olives36 There they remained, for as little time as possible, until
they were placed in the mill and ground If the olives remained too long on the floor they began
to spoil and would produce lower quality oil 3?
Once the harvest was complete, the olives were brought to the mill to be crushed The
Romans developed several sophisticated methods for crushing the olives without damaging the
pits
The simplest method was to use a pounder in a stone basin or a heavy stone roller on a
large flat stone These methods were highly disliked by the Romans due to the high number of
olive pits which would be crushed along with the flesh Rotary mills were developed in the
Hellenistic period in the western Mediterranean 39 These were composed of one or two
cylindrical millstones which were placed in a concave basin leaving a slight space between the
two surfaces to avoid crushing the pits A large axle was placed through the middle of the stones,
which was turned either by animals or men This type of mill was common in the Roman period
and was heavily employed in the Western provinces 40
The trapetum developed as a more sophisticated version of the rotary mill and was highly
advocated by Cato It was known as the 'Catoman trapetum' as shown in Figure 8 (shown below
on right) It was composed of two convex millstones with a central turning post fitted together
36
Some oil was also released from the olives during this time and would be retained on a smooth concrete floor
If they did have to sit for more than a day, Varro advocated stirring the piles to allow for air flow, Varro, Rerum
rustica de agri cultura 1 55 6
38
Cato argued strongly against crushing the pits due to the belief that they made the oil bitter and of lower quality
39
They were potentially developed within Italy itself although that is still unclear
'"'Tyree and Stefanoudaki, 1996, pg 171
37
28
with metal pins withm a concave basin The millstones
had an uneven distance from the interior of the basin
with the centre being approximately one Roman inch
from the surface while the sides flared slightly towards
the centre The basin rose to approximately a third of the
height of the millstones A central axle was placed
through the centre of the millstones to be turned by
animals or humans This type of mill was sophisticated,
despite bemg non-adjustable for fruit size, and
Figure 8. Layout of the Catonian
trapetum. From: Tyree and
Stefanoudaki, 1996,173.
expensive, limiting its use to the wealthier farmers and
villa owners
41
The flesh of the olives was stripped off the pit by the millstones and basin resulting in the
production of some olive oil This was removed and marketed as high quality oil A paste of
flesh, skin and the odd broken pit would then be crushed to obtain the oil within was also
produced 42 The pressing was done in a separate pressing room which was kept warm 43 The
paste was mixed to allow the oil droplets to coalesce in order to promote the flow of oil when
pressed It was then placed mto woven sacks, or baskets or circular mats, which were then placed
under the press The press would squeeze the paste releasing the oil, along with amurca, which
flowed into the base and through a spout into an adjoining lead basin or into a large dolium sunk
Tyree and Stefanoudaki, 1996, pg 172
Of the olive itself the oil content is 22% with most being contained in the flesh There is a negligible amount in
the skin while the pit contains approximately 2-4% of the oil content
43
Columella proposed the construction of a hypocaust under the room
42
29
in the floor From the basm the liquid was allowed to separate, with the heavier amurca settling
to the bottom, while the oil was ladled from the top into other basins This process was slow and
required constant attention from the worker to ensure that no amurca or pits were transferred
between basins Once the oil had been separated, it was transferred mto storage jars and placed in
a warm storeroom until it could be consumed or sold
The primary type of press used by the Romans was the beam press 45 This consisted of a
long wooden beam fixed at one end, usually in the wall of the press room, which served as the
lever The bundled paste was placed on the flat pressing board which was typically a stone with
the centre removed and a spout or hole for the oil to flow out 46 The sacks, baskets or discs of
paste were stacked atop each other and a pressing stone was placed on top, onto which the lever
would be lowered In order to compress the paste sufficiently to release the oil, heavy weights
were placed on the free end of the lever 47 The use of detachable weights allowed for the weight
to be adjusted based on the number of times the paste had been pressed
The quality of the olive oil depended on a number of factors, ranging from the type of
tree, harvesting methods, and the number of pressings that the paste had experienced The first
pressing was the highest in quality and could be sold, along with that produced from green
olives, at a much higher pnce The final pressing produced low quality oil which would typically
be given to the workers of the press and the farm The differences in oil quality were due also to
the amount of fruit substances which were crushed and transferred mto the oil itself The
Any pits which had been mixed into the paste were not likely to be crushed by the press
The screw press was also used based on the water screw of Archimedes
Alternately it could be a stone into which channels had been cut which flowed into the basins
The weights could be pierced stones, metal weights or sacks filled with rocks or other heavy items
30
production of olive oil differed from region to region, however, the methods described above are
the best known from the Roman world and were employed in Baetica
Monte Testaccio
The site of Monte Testaccio is located along the Tiber River within the Aurehan walls at
the foot of the Aventine Hill of Rome in Augustan regio XIII The site is composed of fragments
of amphorae that had been imported into the city from the 2 nd through 3 rd centuries It is
approximately a kilometer in circumference and reaches a height of more than 40 meters Within
the hill are contained an estimated 25 000 000 amphorae, most of which are from Baetica The
stamps which have been published from excavations represent a sample of the total amphorae
recovered The immense size and the large corpus of stamps related directly to the olive oil
industry of Baetica, and the city of Axati, excavated from the site warrant a brief discussion of its
history and composition
Monte Testaccio, or 'Potsherd Mountain', was used as an amphora dump from 145
through to 251 based on recovered tituhpicti The bottom layers may date prior to this, however,
this has not been confirmed in excavations smce it is largely inaccessible to archaeologists The
materials which compose the hill are amphorae, primarily Dressel 20 and Africana varieties,
which once contained olive oil only The amphorae were mostly from Baetica although they
were replaced by North African imports, the Africana amphora types, in the mid-3rd century The
amphorae were brought onto the mound and broken in situ and carefully arranged to produce
distinct levels and platforms The careful organization of the amphorae can also be seen by the
31
wall which separates two of the main platforms
The reasons for the cessation of Baetican olive
oil imports to the site in 251, under the emperor Galhenus, are currently unclear
Excavations began in 1872 under the direction of H Dressel, aided by P Luigi Bruzza
He divided the hill into four horizontal zones which he labeled and later split into ten sectors
These four main divisions, Septentrw (North), Oriens (East), Occidens (West) and Mendies
(South), can still be found in discussions of the composition of the hill although the later letter
divisions of Rodriguez Almeida have largely replaced them Dressel was quickly able to
distinguish that certain stamps were repeated within a limited area of the hill Using this
information, along with his transcriptions and studies of tituli picti, he was able to determine
relative dates for each of the quadrants 49 Following Dressel there was little interest in Monte
Testaccio and it was abandoned by archaeologists Interest resurged in 1968 when Rodriguez
Almeida began a survey of the mound as well as a remterpretation of Dressel's work The early
survey divided the mound into equal 20 m2 squares with a zero point at the summit 50 This
survey identified the earlier divisions and excavated zones of Dressel and was followed up a
decade later with intensive excavations (Fig. 9 below)
48
Keay, 1998,195
Dressel, 1878,172-174
50
Near to the large cross which was placed on top of the hill when it began to be used as a Christian pilgrimage
site
49
32
Sellos
^ p St HON in situ
/ ^
/
QS Tituli
I ituk in situ
Figure 9. Topographical distribution of Monte Testaccio showing the sections of Heinnch Dressel
and £. Rodriguez Almeida. From: Berni Millet, 1999, Fig. 101.
Rodriguez Almeida returned to Monte Testaccio in 1978 under the auspices of L 'Ecole
frangaise de Rome and the Recherches sur les amphores romaines project He began with a
similar survey as his previous one along with a collection and cataloguing of the amphorae and
stamps which had ended up in private collections, museums and other contexts He divided the
hill into twelve letter designations, ranging from A through M omitting J, which are now
commonly used by scholars Rodriguez Almeida identified the various regions based on date
usmg the same methods as Dressel He identified sectors A and B as covering the years 145 to
33
149 Sectors C, D, E, F and G were associated with 145 to 161 214 to 223 were identified with
sectors H and I, while the late 2nd century was covered by sectors K, L and M He was able to
date the sectors within narrow ranges due to the consular dates found on amphorae in each
section51
Following the work of Rodriguez Almeida, excavations were resumed at Monte
Testaccio under Blazquez Martinez and Remesal Rodriguez m 1989 They continued till 1997
with a short break, and excavations have resumed recently with the most recent publications of
their work in 2007 The excavators set out with two well-defined objectives, to study the
epigraphy revealed by the amphorae of the mound and to understand the overall composition of
the site The first of these is an ongoing effort that spans the Empire and is being conducted by
numerous scholars using a variety of methods The second part was aided dunng the first season
of excavations by the identification of two distinct mounds composing the site These were
separated by a wall of amphora sherds that were carefully arranged These two platforms were
composed at different times in the construction of the mound and were later supplemented by a
third composed primarily of 2nd century North African amphorae 52 The continued excavations of
the mound have yielded an increasingly large corpus of amphorae, stamps, tituhpicti and
graffiti The excavations of Rodriguez Almeida, Remesal Rodriguez and Blazquez Martinez
have mcreased the corpus of datafromMonte Testaccio exponentially and much of this is still in
need of careful analysis and publication
51
Keay, 1998,194-195
52
See Blazquez Martinez, 2003, 399-411 and Blazquez Martinez, 2007, 317-344 for the most recent discussions
and analysis of the Afncana amphorae recovered from Monte Testaccio
34
The purpose for the construction and the significance of Monte Testaccio has been
debated since before Dressel's excavations Roman tradition stated that it was composed of the
tribute from around the Empire and was used by the Roman populace to display the wealth and
power of the Empire This idea was altered when the vessels which composed the mound were
found to be pnmanly Dressel 20 amphorae beanng olive oil from Baetica The site was used by
Christian pilgrims during the Medieval and Renaissance penods and the summit of the mound
still bears a large cross to commemorate the medieval festivals associated with Lent53 Although
the ways of acquiring the amphorae vaned, between confiscation, purchase and the produce of
impenal estates, the impressive mound which arose from the shattered amphorae is a testament
to the productivity of Baetican and North African olive groves under the Roman Empire and the
immense demand that Rome placed on the provinces for quality oil
53
Pons Pujol, 2000, 29
35
Amphora Markings
Stamps
Stamps are found m a variety of forms and in a number
of places on Dressel 20 amphorae (Fig. 10) Most of the stamps
are found on the handles although they are also placed on the
shoulders, body or base in rare cases The stamps typically bear
the tria nomina of a free individual, whether a Roman or a
Spaniard is not always clear, who has been determined to be
the owner of the olive oil 5 4 The letters in the stamps can
Figure 10. Examples of stamps
found on Dressel 20 amphorae.
From: CEIPAC Corpus.
also be associated with fighna, slaves or societates of
individuals The stamps are frequently found within a writing box which is produced when the
die is impressed into the wet clay The impression leaves the letters, symbols or numbers, which
are usually raised, m the clay These are of varying degrees of formality and legibility, and
punctuation marks can be found separating letters or words as well as being purely decorative
Letters are commonly linked or combined when possible within the stamp to save space The
stamps can take a variety of forms and patterns which will be discussed in detail in order to
provide a comprehensive view of the stamping system employed by the olive oil industry of
Baetica
Positions
On Dressel 20 amphorae the stamps are found in different places They are most
commonly on the handle although the rim, neck, shoulder, lower belly and foot have also been
54
Dressel postulated that the names were those of the producer of the vessel, however, this was refuted by J
Remesal Rodriguez based on inscriptions from Baetica which name some of the individuals also named in stamps
36
stamped (Fig. 11 below nght) About 97% of the stamps in the Empire are found on handles The
nm was commonly used for stamps only in the Julio-Claudian period on early Dressel 20
amphorae and is rarely found on any later vessels 55 The position of the stamp vanes throughout
the history of the Dressel 20 although along the handle remained the dominant position and thus
the position of the stamp has been ignored here
Figure 11. Location of amphora marks and location of stamps on Dressel 20 amphorae. From:
Berni Millet, 2008, 84.
Of those stamps on the handles, there is a chronological sequence based on then- location
along the handles The changing position of the stamp is mainly connected to the changes in
handle size and shape throughout the first three centuries CE In the Julio-Claudian period the
stamp is found high on the handle above the downward curve Under the Flavians and Trajan the
stamp is found directly over the curving part of the handle In the Antonine penod smaller
Berni Millet, 2008,83 and Etienne and Mayet, 2004,81 (yielding 96 58% of 3 780 stamps were found on the
handles)
37
handles resulted in the stamp being placed on the middle of the handle and being curved In the
3 rd century the stamp returned to a place high on the deeply curved handle nearer to the position
it held in the Juho-Claudian period The position of the stamp, along with the chronological
variations of handle forms previously discussed, allows for clarifications of dates in many
instances and can be used to date stamped handles independently56
Direction
The direction of reading for a stamp differs based on the form of the stamp as well as the
orientation of the letters and the personal preference of the owner or producer of the stamp The
direction of reading can either be direct, left to nght, or retrograde, nght to left, or a combination
of both The preference for the direction of reading is based on the style, orientation and form of
the stamp, the workshop, the individual or the association and has been used to combine obscure
or mcomplete stamps with known examples The letters within the stamps can also be reversed
or inverted dependmg on style Inverted or reversed letters and stamps seem to have been an
aesthetic touch placed on undecorated transport amphorae or could have resulted from a
damaged or poorly produced die
Some stamps can be read both from left to nght and nght to left This ambiguity causes
confusion when the initials represent a proper tria nomina in both directions Increasing this
confusion is the use of inverted or reversed letters which can complicate determining the correct
direction This confusion is especially pertinent in the stamps with letters which can be read
properly in both directions, such as the MAT stamp and its reverse reading TAM which yield
two distinct individuals The only way to determine the conect readmgs of these directionally
56
Funan, 1996,17
38
ambiguous stamps is to compare them to others of the same fighna or connected to the same
individuals who might be named in the stamp 57
Writing Box
The writing box contains the letters of the stamp It is produced when the die is impressed
mto the clay in order to make the stamp and has been found in a wide vanety of forms and sizes
Most boxes associated with Dressel 20 amphorae are rectangular or quadrangular with either
rounded or straight edges There are also stamps which are circular, square, oval, curved and
elliptical Within these broad categories are found many different styles and shapes based on the
decorative tastes of the stamp owners or pottery workshop The box typically contains the entire
stamp although in some instances decorative elements are placed outside the box or along its
edges Although a box is commonly found containing the letters there are some which are not
contained, these date primarily to the 2nd century The changes m the shape of the writing boxes
can be used to make connections between stamps based on their decorative styles and shapes
The preference for particular shapes vanes with time as well as the generation of die
Dies and Relief
The signaculum, die, is rarely found in archaeological contexts in Baetica, with only three
having been found which are associated with the olive oil industry The poor preservation of
these important items is due to their composition in scrap metal, clay or wood, with clay dies
bemg the only type which has been recovered to date The dies are typically incised with the
letters, symbols and writing box, which will be stamped into the clay resulting in the letters of
57
58
Callender, 1970, 255
Grace, 1935,422
39
the stamp being raised on the amphora The dies used by the potters of Baetica are an important
part of the production process of Dressel 20 amphorae which are poorly preserved in the
archaeological record
Like com dies, stamp dies were worn down with time resultmg m the production of
copies Of the ongmal dies many are read from left to nght with incised letters, this is not always
the case for the copies made from them The copies can be made directly from the ongmal die
bemg impressed into the new die This results in the letters being reversed, and read from nght to
left, as well as the letters of the die being raised, resulting in impressed letters when used They
can also be made from the impression of the ongmal die already found on a fired amphora This
produced a stamp read m the same direction as the ongmal and the letters would remain raised in
subsequent uses The stamps can also become contracted based on the generation of the die If
the new die is produced from the fired version found on an amphora, it typically produced a
contracted version due to the contraction of the clay dunng firing The letters of the die can also
become obscure or disappear entirely based on the age of the die or the generation of the die
This process can be traced through a companson of similar stamps and can be largely recovered
based on analogous stamps The stamps found on amphorae were produced by the application of
a die to the clay, whether the ongmal or a copy, and the generations of dies for the same stamp
can be traced m some instances 59
Letters
The letters on stamps produced in Baetica vary m style, composition and legibility
throughout the use of Dressel 20 amphorae There are two main styles of letters, capitahs
59
Grace, 1935,428
40
quadrata and capitahs rustica Capitahs quadrata are large block letters which are commonly
found in monumental private stone inscriptions These are upright and squared with the writing
box of the stamp Capitahs rustica vanes to a much greater degree than quadrata They are of
varying quality and are generally smaller, less well formed, less legible and appear to have been
written more rapidly in a less formal style 60 These two types of letters cover all those found on
olive oil stamps from Baetica
There are three types of relief letters on stamps produced from dies Raised letters, htteris
extantibus, comprise about 95% of the stamps They were produced from incised dies Incised
letters, htteris cavis, were produced from raised letters on the dies and are found in
approximately 4 8% of the stamps A combination of both incised and excised letters, htteris
simul extantibus et cavis, is found m approximately 0 09% of cases The majonty of those which
are mcised or both excised and incised are found dunng the 3 rd century due to a currently
unidentified preference for those types of letters at that time 61
Changes in letter styles and forms can be used to date stamps independently The
morphology, depth and size of the letters, along with ligatures, changed over time The 1st
century saw formalized letters, capitahs quadrata, as the dominant form with a high degree of
ligature between neighbounng letters In the 2 nd century the formality of the letters decreased and
there was an mcreased use of the capitahs rustica style This trend increased farther in the 3 rd
century with capitahs rustica becoming the dominant style Although the use of letter styles to
date stamps is quite broad, it can be used to differentiate between stamps used for long durations
61
For a detailed discussion of the variety of letter forms see Berni Millet, 2008, pgs 94-101
Berni Millet, 2008, 77
41
as well as to aid other forms of dating The stamps in general become less legible and more
confusing with time as the use of similar looking letters to represent others increases, for
example an F for an E 62
Ligatures
Ligatures occur between neighbouring letters in a large number of stamps These can be
found m many different forms based on the wide variety of letters which are connected
Ligatures within stamps are the merging of two letters or the inclusion of one letter within
another Merged letters can be two or more in a number of juxtapositions with the next letter
attached to the top, bottom, or side of the base letter These can also be a simple additional
feature attached to a letter
The letters which are merged are usually those with straight lines
that can easily accommodate the next letter if it begins with a straight line as is the case of A and
E 64 Inclusion ligatures are where the next letter (or letters) is contained within the previous letter
or simply filling the empty space provided by the letter on the stamp 65 Apart from these two
basic types, there are also hybrid ligatures which combine both to create a variety of complex
combinations 6<s
Numerals
The numerals found within stamps are associated primarily with the names of workshops
or societates The societates, associations of individuals, are usually those who have the same
62
Although it has yet to be decisively discussed, this could be directly connected to the literacy level of the workers
associated with the olive oil or amphora production industries
63
This is most commonly found with the letter ' I ' which can be found in the widest variety of positions
64
For a detailed list of the types of ligatures encountered, see Berni Millet, 2008, pgs 108-11
65
For discussion of inclusion ligatures, see Berni Millet, 2008, 111
66
For hybrid ligatures, see Berni Millet, 2008, pg 112
42
names and are commonly family associations The number of individuals involved is identified
by the numeral found before the name of the association, for example IIIENNTVL produced at
Huerta del Rio m the territory of Axati The identification of the Ennii lulu in this stamp
mdicates that there are three individuals involved in its production and based on the names were
likely associated by familial ties The numerals associated with workshops are more enigmatic
and may be associated with those who own the fighna or are found in association with an
amphora production number 67
Some numerals can also be associated with the legal status of the individual, or
individuals, or with a region or city of Baetica Those showing the status of the individuals
mvolved, for example IIQQETCFS found at Axati, indicate the legal position of the named
individuals In the case of this stamp, the individuals, Q Q( ) and C F() S( ), were duovin for
the city, identified by II, with their initials separated by et This type of information can be used
to identify the individuals involved in the olive oil industry if they are prominent members of the
community who also left monuments or inscriptions or are mentioned in literary documents
Stamps which contain numerals associated with regional names or cities identify the region of
production68 Numerals associated with cities and political statuses are not as common as those
associated with fighna or societates
67
68
No stamps with production numbers are found at Axati
No stamps of this type were found at Axati
43
Symbols and Ornaments
Symbols and ornaments are
found on many stamps over the
H if $
%
^•
8
9
10
1
12
13
range of Dressel 20 amphorae and
the olive oil industry of Baetica
2*
^ £
There are five primary forms of
y
29
symbols with the three most
*
<?•
33
£0
36
common being the ramus palmae,
J
30
0 0 <._JXJ <^>
37
38
39
Figure 12. Symbols and ornaments found
on Dressel 20 amphora stamps: branches
(1-24), crowns (25-28), leaves (29-30),
caduceus (31-32), crosses (33-34), sun and
moon (35-36) and amphorae (37-40). From:
Berm Millet, 2008,118.
corona and the dolphm The caduceus and
amphorae, whether cylindrical or globular, are
also represented on stamps (Fig. 12 on nght) 69
These symbols served to decorate the stamp as well as provide mformation about the city, cargo,
person or region from which the olive oil was exported In the 2 nd century the cross, sun and the
moon were also introduced into the decorative elements of olive oil stamps 70
The ramus palmae, a palm branch, is found on a large number of amphorae exported
from Axati and Baetica It seems to be emblematic of Baetica since it is not found on other types
of amphorae It may have been identified solely with the olive oil industry of the province It is
found m a variety of decorative forms on monuments within Baetica as well as on coins minted
69
The caduceus is often shown with one or two snakes connecting the symbol to Mercury and trade The
amphorae can be globular, perhaps to denote the Dressel 20 amphora, as well as in a more generic cylindrical
form The amphorae are found on a number of stamps associated with the kilns of La Catria in the area of Axati
70
Berm Millet, 2008,118
44
40
at the major cities
Although the ramus palmae may have identified exports of olive oil from
Baetica, it is not found on all oil amphorae from the province, its symbolism is not determined
The corona is found on a number of amphorae from Baetica It could be either a religious
crown, depictmg laurel wreaths, or a civic crown The laurel wreaths are used primarily on
comage as an emblem of victory or religious piety The civic crown is used on coinage to denote
the civitas of the city or region where it is produced The olive leaf crown is used solely in the
Hispaniae, primarily m Baetica, to symbolize the province itself The similar forms of crowns
may suggest that the symbol on Baetican amphorae carry the same connotations The crowns
increased in number in the Antonine period and the late 2 nd century and may be connected to the
mcreased presence of Spaniards in the Roman imperial administration and the increase in
political status of many cities after the Flavian expansion of Latinitas to the provinces 72
Punctuation Styles
There are many different forms of punctuation on Baetican stamps Punctuation marks
fall into three mam categories systematic, syllabic and decorative Systematic punctuation marks
separate words, initials or abbreviations in a stamp Syllabic punctuations are used to separate the
syllables on the stamp Decorative punctuation marks are found on many stamps and have no
syllabic or systematic function They can be found at any pomt within the stamp mcludmg above
or below the letters and at the ends of the writing box The three types of punctuation found m
amphora stamps can be separated based on their function (Fig. 13 below)
1
72
Keay# 1998,158
Keay, 1998,159
45
1
2
13 14
15
3
16
17
4
5
18
6
19
7
8
20
21
0^V
10
9
22
23
11
24
12
25
26
Figure 13. Forms of punctuation encountered in stamps: triangular (1-2), circular (3-7), dashes (89) branches (10-12) and leaves (13-26). From: Berni Millet, 2008,115.
The punctuation marks can also be split into different categories based on their imagery
Triangular marks are the most common and tend to be used systematically or syllabically
Circular punctuations tend to be used in a more decorative function Branches, of varying plant
forms but commonly palm or olive, are found in a number of stamps as a decorative feature as
discussed under Symbols and Ornaments Leaves are a form of punctuation which have been
found on some stamps These take a vanety of forms based on the stamp and the complexity, and
skill, of the drawing Triangular and circular punctuation marks are found more than twice as
often as the more decorative branch or leaf styles
Tituli Picti
Tituhpicti are pamted mscnptions on the body and shoulder of Dressel 20 amphorae
Heinnch Dressel, during his excavations of Monte Testaccio, was the first to study these and
identify the four main forms (Fig 14 below) The mscnptions are found m varying complexity
and numbers, containing anywhere from one to four of the forms The interpretation of the
mscnptions is further complicated by the illegibility of the wntmg due to their hurned nature and
73
Berni Millet, 2008,115
46
the fragmentary state of many of the amphorae (Fig. 14) 74 Dressel began his study of the tituli
picti early in his excavations and published his interpretations and a number of inscnptions in the
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum XV He organized the inscnptions based on then location on
the vessel using the first four letters of the Greek alphabet Unfortunately tituli picti are simply
painted inscnptions on clay which do not survive well unless specific conditions are met, which
limit their finds mainly to northern Bntannia, Monte Testaccio and Germania Supenor
xcs
0 d aim |ATT1C[ TROPHIMIANI
desideratur [CCIIIS]
i\
scnpturs caret
a
in omnibus nomioa
XX . . . •
DD
b XX . . .
c
| •
CAECILIORVM)
7
X . .
i
i:
P-
n
OB
mm*
HOSPITALIS ET A\ATERNJ
\
S
desideratur
9
vel
• . A. . •
d XXC . , .
e
I D D
CAECILIORVM
desideratur . H O S P I T A L I S E T A\ATERIJ
/
desideratur
Integra \el fere Integra
CXCIIIS
ccur
Figure 14. Tituli Pictu Top left: original on amphora; top right: transcribed; bottom: studied and
organized. From: CEIPAC Corpus.
The composition of Monte Testaccio is of vessels which were broken systematically in place resulting in many of
the tituli picti being able to be reconstructed from surrounding sherds with a reasonable level of certainty
47
The first location of the titulipicti, a, is on the neck of the vessel Dressel interpreted this
as the weight of the empty amphora and this remams the consensus in scholarship For the
amphorae of this study the weight signified in a has an average of 83 Roman pounds Below a is
found P which is composed of a name in the genitive, for example Q Conni Vernfae] found on
an amphora in this study from Rome Although Dressel identified this as the producer of the
olive oil, it is now thought to indicate the trader or transporter responsible for the vessel The
gross weight of the vessel is located below p and is identified as y This is the weight of the
vessel combined with that of the olive oil and is usually around 180 to 220 Roman pounds The
most complex of the inscriptions is labeled as 8 It is located to the right of y and can be written
with different orientations The organization of the titulipicti used by Dressel is still employed in
current scholarship 75
Since Dressel's publication there have been other interpretations of the inscriptions found
in the P position Although it is clear that the titulipicti refer to the name of an individual, the
role of that person within the olive oil industry is unclear Named individuals have been thought
to be diffusores, negotiatores, mercatores and navicularn or the owners of the olive oil or a
variety of combinations therein 76 These roles in the Roman Empire are themselves unclear and
evolved over the centuries The role, or roles, of the individuals named in the P titulipicti pertain
to the trade, transport, distribution or reception of the olive oil and were applied either
immediately before shipping or after they were received
75
76
Keay, 1998,191-192
Lowe, 2009,136
48
The y tituhpicti present the most important and detailed information on amphorae and
are also the most complex and thus least understood The inscriptions typically begin with an R
which is struck through The meaning of this is frequently revised, however, currently Remesal
Rodriguez identifies this as the "record of the control earned out" He thinks the R stands for
recensitum 77 Following the R is a place name corresponding to a city or region of Baetica, in
this study the region named in all preserved inscnptions is Astigi, modern Ecija The city named
in this section has been identified as the site from which the amphora was processed and
exported This information can be used quantitatively to study the productivity of regions of
Baetica over time and the amount of oil which they sent to Rome and the Empire, where tituli
picti are preserved, as well as the role of the fiscus or annona in the olive oil industry 78 There
are other aspects of these inscnptions which show consular dates, and so date the stamps
accurately, regions of production or the location of the kiln used to produce the amphora as well
as other information which has not yet been deciphered The y inscnptions indicate the reception
of the amphora, typically at Rome and the frontiers where these inscnptions survive, and show
the complexity of the Roman economic system and the level of control which was exerted on the
olive oil industry
Tituhpicti are found on a number of vessels recovered from Monte Testaccio and
throughout the Empire In this study only 15 amphorae have their tituhpicti preserved to any
degree These are found in Rome as well as in Germama Supenor, Raetia and Britannia The
markings require a dry environment, or an enclosed space, to protect the paint from sunlight and
the elements in order to be preserved It is believed that a thin layer of veneer was applied over
77
78
Remesal Rodriguez in S Keay, 1998,192
Blazquez Martinez, 1978, 509
49
the inscnptions, or possibly underneath them, when they were written so that they endured until
they arrived at their destination 79 Due to the poor preservation of the paint, and the application
of the inscriptions at the time of shipment or at the destination, these markings are rarely found at
production sites and none were found in Baetica relatmg to Axati The weights of both the vessel
and contents are clearly indicated and were invaluable to the merchants, transporters and
receivers of the amphorae to ensure their quantity and contents
The few tituhpich that have
been recovered in connection with Axati olive oil production will be discussed more fully due to
the importance of this information
15 tituhpicti were found on amphorae from Axati around the Roman Empire The site of
Monte Testaccio yielded 8, while the Villa Ludovisi from Rome also yielded one From
Britannia came two, one from Balmuildy along the Antonine Wall and the other from the civitas
and fort of Carlisle From Raetia came a single titulus pictus from the 2 nd century fort and vicus
of Faimingen Three were recovered from Germania Superior One came from the fortress and
civitas at Heddemheim while the fort and Augustan colonia of Augst and the civitas and Trajanic
colonia of Avenches also yielded one each The few amphorae bearing legible tituhpicti, and
their widespread distribution, is due primarily to the poor preservation level of the paints used to
make the marks
Many of the tituhpicti on stamped amphorae from Axati are incomplete, they are either
missing sections, as is the case with the amphorae from Balmuildy and Heddemheim as well as
two from Monte Testaccio, or simply missing letters Whether this was an intentional shortening
79
Remesal Rodriguez in Keay, 1998,193
These numbers were also recently used to determine that the Dressel 20 amphora did in fact contain olive oil as
well as to verify the quantities of oil which could be contained within
80
50
of the words in order to be scrawled on the amphora or whether it is the lack of preservation that
presents these conditions is unclear Due to the incomplete nature of many of the titulipicti
deciphering the information has proved to be difficult This study will focus on the stamps, the
titulipicti are presented as support for the stamp evidence mstead of being interpreted separately
Of particular mterest are four amphorae, from Augst, the Villa Ludovisi, Heddernheim,
and Monte Testaccio These bear the word 'astig' with the remaining letter missing This has
been reconstructed to read 'Astigi', modern Ecija, the conventus capital upstream of Axati, which
may have been the primary collection and redistribution site of the olive oil produced at Axati
The amphorae were marked with the name of the receiving city, along with the stroked-through
R, when they were received by the processors and counted The distribution of these received
amphorae shows that they were not shipped only to Rome but that at least two other major cities
received amphorae processed at Ecija The connection of Axati with the city of Astigi as its
central processing site is peculiar since politically Axati is located in the conventus of Hispahs 81
Although Hispahs was the conventus capital for Axati, the amphorae were processed at Astigi
and shipped throughout the Roman Empire 82
Three amphorae, all recovered from Monte Testaccio, bear the titulipicti of the Jiscus
These bear 'fisci rationis patrimom provinciae Baeticae' in varying degrees of completeness
Two amphorae from Monte Testaccio only bear this marking along with the weight of the vessel
at 98 Roman pounds The other amphora also bears the recensitum mark, although the city is
Hubner, 1956,137
None of the amphorae bear markings identifying Hispalis or any other city in Baetica
51
missing, as well as the name Antonio Augusto and several missing sections after
83
The presence
of this tituhpicti on the amphorae connects them to the Severan period since they were destined
for the annona and its distribution of olive oil The absence of other markings on two of the
amphorae shows that they were produced on impenal estates pnor to shipping to Rome while the
other may have been acquired through a pnvate producer These markings show the Severan
confiscations at Axati as well as the potential ways to differentiate between those shipped to the
annona from Impenal estates, and those which had been produced, and were likely shipped,
pnvately
Although few tituhpicti were found on amphorae from Axati, they reveal valuable
information about trade and distribution Those amphorae which bear the name 'Astigi' identify
the primary redistribution city through which Axati olive oil travelled The absence of other city
names shows that although there is potential that other cities in the Baetis Valley redistributed
Axati olive oil, only the city of Astigi is recorded Those tituh beanng the marks of the Jiscus are
dated to the Severan penod by their presence These amphorae were bound for Rome and the
annona and have only been recovered from there The tituhpicti are the most important and
complex markings found on olive oil amphorae and are used here to support the evidence
presented by the stamps produced at Axati
83
The names found in tituh picti are hotly disputed and will not be discussed here
52
Graffiti
There are two forms of graffiti found on Baetican olive oil amphorae 84 The first type is
ante cocturam, which are ones placed on the vessels prior to firing This type provides
information about amphora production helping to indicate the number of amphorae produced at a
firing There are numerous forms of this type of graffiti many of which are numbers and
symbols The purpose of these graffiti is poorly understood and none have been recovered on
amphorae bearing stamps from Axati
The second type is carved or painted on the vessel after firing and are termed post
cocturam graffiti They were likely placed on the amphora at the destination, although they are
separate from titulipicti, and may contain information regardmg the reception of the vessel since
they typically contain initials as well as a number These graffiti may also have been connected
with the re-use of the amphora and may not be associated with the distribution of olive oil The
information contained mpost cocturam graffiti can be deciphered in some cases, however, it is
Of
unclear whether it refers to the reception of the vessel or its re-use
84
Although there were no graffiti found on stamped amphorae produced at Axati, a brief discussion is included to
explain the complexities and variety of marks found on these amphorae
85
Keay, 1998,191
53
Incomplete and Unique Stamps from Axati
Incomplete Stamps
There are 65 stamps on Axati amphorae which are incomplete The reasons for this could
be many, including those which occurred during antiquity and since deposition In antiquity the
die might have been poorly applied to the stamp resulting in missing letters, or the stamp and
handle might have been worn through use and transportation Alternately it may simply have
been written illegibly At the time of deposition or afterward the stamp could have been broken
or degraded The incomplete stamps, listed in the footnotes according to then* number in the
catalogue, were not included in this study
Those that could be interpreted based on their
similarity to other complete stamps from the same region, allowing for a reasonable level of
certainty in their reconstruction, are included along with those stamps However, the inclusion of
the incomplete stamps with those that are likely the same is only tentative and cannot be
decisively established without the remainder of the stamp Incomplete stamps from Axati are
listed in the catalogue due to their presence in the region, however, due to the nature of this
work, they were excluded from the study
There were only two stamps from Axati which were not associated with Dressel 20
amphorae These two, 480 and 867, are included in the catalogue although they have no
corresponding stamps in the Roman Empire Stamp 480 is associated with an uncertain form of
amphora Stamp 867 is found on the nm of a dolium (a large storage vessel usually recessed into
the floor of the room and holding large quantities of liquid) Whether this vessel was associated
86
The incomplete stamps listed by their catalogue number are 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,
18,19, 23, 31,43,48, 59, 68, 76, 79, 80, 82,151,152,190, 192, 237, 241, 266, 267, 373, 380, 383, 401, 422, 429,
430,431, 432,465, 472, 479, 484, 527, 546, 565, 569, 585, 601, 602, 640, 644, 701, 760, 765, 768, 786, 789, 852,
861
54
with the olive oil industry is unclear, although it is likely, given the number of olive groves
nearby and its association with a production site of Dressel 20 amphorae Due to the uncertain
amphora type of 480 and the presence of 867 on a dohum, these two stamps are omitted from the
study
Unique Stamps
There is a large corpus of stamps, a total of 157, found from Axati which have no direct
parallels recovered from other sites in the Roman Empire These stamps, listed below accordmg
to their catalogue number, present no information regarding the distribution and consumption of
olive oil from the region
However, they do display that, despite the large number of stamps
which have been recovered throughout the Empire, we have but a sample and that many more
were circulated during the Roman Empire with direct connections to Axati and the Baetican
olive oil industry
There are several reasons why there would be such a large quantity of unique stamps
from the Axati region The main one is archaeological The level of preservation for amphorae
and stamps on their solid handles is higher than that for other artefacts, however, it is not
complete In addition, the site of Monte Testaccio and many major sites throughout the Empire
have not been fully excavated, due to the immense number, size, complexity of finds and the
presence of modern occupation, limiting the number of stamps which have been retrieved and
87
The unique stamps of the Lora del Rio region are 20, 29, 30,42, 56, 57, 60, 61, 77, 81,133,134,135,136,137,
138,139,140,141142,143,144,145,191,192,194, 209, 212, 213, 218, 235, 238, 239, 240, 242, 243, 244, 265,
269, 270, 278, 279, 280, 281, 287, 288, 318, 321, 336, 337, 338, 344, 345, 346, 349, 369, 374, 381, 384, 385, 404,
423, 424,425, 426,435, 436, 437,438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443,444, 445,446, 448, 449, 460, 464, 469, 470, 471,
473, 474,477, 480,481, 482, 483, 524, 525, 526, 528, 529, 537, 538, 564, 566, 567, 568, 599, 603, 636, 637, 638,
639, 642, 643, 673, 674, 675, 676, 677, 694, 696, 697, 699, 700, 731, 732, 733, 734, 735, 759, 762, 763, 764, 767,
769, 770, 772, 776, 777, 778, 787, 788, 864, 865, 866, and 867
55
published from the amphorae heap as well as from around the Roman Empire Further
excavations at Monte Testaccio and throughout the Empire will increase the corpus Underwater
archaeology reveals large numbers of amphorae in closed contexts and further exploration of the
Mediterranean Sea will certainly mcrease the corpus
There is one stamp from Axati which has only one parallel on a Dressel 20 amphora but
has many occurrences on other vessel types This stamp, number 58 in the catalogue, is simply
marked with a ' C The Axati stamp on a Dressel 20 amphora also occurs on one from London in
Britannia although the preservation of the London stamp
|(-)C(-)|, shows that it may be
mcomplete and not associated with the one from Axati The stamp has also been found on
Afhcana 1 piccolo, Dressel 1, Dressel 2-4 Tarraconensis, Dressel 6A, Greco-Italic, Lambogha 2,
Late Roman North African, Lusitania 3 and Pascual 1 Tarraconensis amphorae, as well as
several whose type could not be determined The simplicity of this stamp and its presence on a
wide range of amphorae from different production regions and associated with a variety of
commodities implies that it was a relatively generic stamp The information it provides is
negligible and so has been excluded from this study due to its limited association with Dressel 20
amphorae as well as the distorted chronology and interpretations which would accompany it
Stamp 167, 'CRISPF, in the catalogue has only one parallel, found on a Dressel 2-4
Tarraconensis The Dressel 2-4 Tarraconensis type was used primarily to export wme and was
produced throughout the western provinces and Baetica
The parallel stamp was found in
Hispania Baleares at the site of Alayor Although the stamp at Axati is found on a Dressel 20
Peacock and Williams, 1986,106
56
amphora it is unclear whether it can be directly associated with the export of olive oil and for this
reason it too will be omitted from this study
Due to the importance of the CEIPAC Corpus of amphora stamps from throughout the
Empire a further restriction is placed on this study The Corpus is the most complete collection
of stamps and amphora markings pertaining to the Baetican olive oil industry 89 It includes the
collection of stamps found in CIL XV, and its supplements, as well as the works of Callender on
Roman amphorae, the regional surveys of Bonsor, Chic and Ponsich in Baetica and P P Funan's
catalogue of stamps from Britain In addition the published studies of Remesal Rodriguez,
Blazquez Martinez and Rodriguez Almeida are included in the Corpus These sources provide
the majority of stamps recovered from published excavations However, due to the continuation
of excavations and the addition of new works to the Corpus, it is continuously changmg and
expanding This results in changes to the available information as well as the number of stamps
The CEIPAC Corpus provides the majority of stamps used here, so the CEIPAC number is
mcluded in the catalogue to aid in cross-referencing the stamps
89
The Corpus includes all of the sources available to the author as well as many which were not
57
Quantifications
858 stamps, including incomplete or umque ones, were recovered from the region of
Axati These can be organized into 288 different groups 120 of these 288 stamp groups were
found throughout the Roman Empire These 120 stamp groups comprise a corpus of 1726 total
stamped amphorae havmg their origins at Axati The stamps have been found at 242 separate
sites throughout the Empire Those stamps which were not found throughout the Empire could
be due to their mcomplete nature or the lack of the stamp in published materials The stamps
which have parallels from around the Empire will be quantified m this study to determine the
distribution and consumption patterns for olive oil produced in the Axati region
Due to the complexity of quantifying the large corpus and the widespread distribution of
stamps at a variety of site types throughout the Empire, this study will discuss overall
distnbution as well as distribution in each province The distnbution of Axati stamps throughout
the Empire will be considered first along with the distnbution routes which they reveal
Following this a study of the individual provinces will be conducted These will focus on the
differences in quantities and stamps based on site types as well as geographical locations and
chronological considerations Based on this evidence, a companson of the quantities found at
military sites and those found at civilian sites will be conducted The study will conclude by
drawing together all of this evidence to determine whether olive oilfromAxati was distnbuted
pnmanly to the militaryfrontiersor whether the consumption level within civilian sites has been
underestimated
58
Empire-wide Study
There are seven broad divisions for the provenience of stamps from around the Empire
The first is purely military forts with no clear civilian occupation or accompanying vicus The
second is those sites which are of a civilian nature including the provincial and conventus
capitals, civitates, municipia, colomae, vici and villas The third is a combination of the first two,
sites which served both a military and civilian function This category is due to an inability to
distinguish between stamps found within the military fort itself and those which were from the
accompanying civilian settlement The fourth category includes stamps found in Rome including
Monte Testaccio Shipwrecks compose a separate fifth category due to their ambiguous nature,
the uncertainty as to the ultimate destination of the cargo and the unique information which they
can provide about the transportation of olive oil amphorae Miscellaneous sites are included in a
sixth category which includes a farm field, kilns, a palace and other sites of neither civilian nor
military function The final category includes stamps from sites whose function cannot be
determined due to either poor recording of provenience or uncertainty about the nature of the site
(Fig. 15) Prior to the discussion of each provmce a quantification of the number of stamps
recovered is provided along with the number of sites of each type (in square brackets)
47 sites of a purely military nature contain a total of 71 stamps originating from Axati Of
these 26 came from 22 sites m Britannia, 7 from 3 forts in Germania Inferior, 32 from 17 sites in
Germama Superior, 3 from 3 sites in Pannoma and 3 from 2 sites in Raetia These forts range in
foundation date from the 1st century BCE to the 3 rd century under the Severans which spans
beyond the entire usage of the Dressel 20 amphora The location of these sites is primarily along
59
the frontier lines, both along the Danube and Rhine as well as in Bntannia, which protected the
borders of the Roman Empire and were pnmanly supplied by nearby markets and settlements
andfromthe military supply lines for those goods not available locally
There are 472 stamps found at 117 sites which are of a purely civilian nature without
evidence of military occupation dunng the first three centimes Of these, 108 were recovered
from 6 provmcial capitals, pnmanly London in Bntannia 8 were found at the conventus capitals
of Cadiz and Ecya m Baetica itself90 At 19 civitates a total of 81 stamps were found At 9
coloniae, 74 stamps were recovered and from 18 mumcipia there were 72 stamps excavated
Villas yielded a total of 18 stamps at 11 sites throughout the western provmces and Baetica
Excavations of vici, without an accompanying fort, compnse the largest corpus of sites with 110
stamps recovered from 52 sites Civilian sites have provided the largest number of find spots
with the largest number of stamps, outside of Rome itself
Sites of a joint military and civilian nature yielded 384 stamps from 50 different sites
Included in this are those forts associated with via, of which 33 altogether yielded 174 stamps
The forts accompanied by coloniae yielded 46 stamps found at 5 sites Forts associated with a
mumcipia contributed 7 stamps The civitates which were accompanied by a Roman military
presence were 8 m number with 84 stamps The provincial capital of the mihtanzed province of
Germania Supenor, Mainz, was accompanied by a fort andfromthis site were recovered 65
stamps Budapest, the provincial capital of Pannoma, was also accompanied by a fort and yielded
a single stamp The military forts which were accompanied by civilian settlements are located
Ecija is identified as the central processing city for olive oil from Axati as discussed on page 49 and 104
60
throughout the western provmces but primarily along the militarized frontiers of Germania
Superior and Britannia
Excavations in Rome have recovered 706 Axati stamps from 7 different regions of the
city These were found primarily at two sites, Monte Testaccio and the neighbouring horte
Torlonia Monte Testaccio provided 601 stamps for this study The horte Torlonia are gardens of
a 19th century villa built in Rome over the ancient emporion, Horrea Galbae and on the eastern
slope of Monte Testaccio The excavations of Dressel at the site recovered 683 stamps of which
58 have their origins at Axati Stamps have also been recovered from the Tiber River, the
Esquiline region, the Castra Praetona, the Villa Ludovisi and within Rome in general The
regions withm Rome are differentiated within the catalogue due to their importance for the study
of olive oil stamps and the quantities in which they were discovered
Shipwrecks provide a closed context for Dressel 20 amphorae bearing stamps from Axati
56 stamps have been recovered from 4 closely grouped shipwrecks Three of these are along the
coast of Gallia Narbonensis while one is nearby in Hispama Citenor 91 The ships were travelling
from Baetica, with a cargo of Dressel 20 amphorae as well as other Spanish goods, along the
north shore of the Mediterranean Shipwreck evidence will be used with care here since it is a
unique form of information when contrasted with land sites and regions
91
Using shipwreck evidence comes with certain difficulties and limitations The location at which these ships were
found is one of the most popular regions for both pleasure diving and underwater archaeology For in-depth
discussions of the difficulties presented by shipwrecks see Gibbins, 2001, 273-283, Davies, 2006, 84-85 and Morley
2008, 572-573
61
7 sites which were neither military nor civilian settlements have yielded 19 stamps Most
of these would have been attached to civilian settlements, however, since the amphorae were not
recovered from the settlements but from another context they are kept separate These sites
mclude a farm field in Britannia, the Fishbourne palace near Chichester and two industrial sites
which each yielded a single stamp 92 Within Baetica, 12 stamps were recovered from the Cortyo
del Alamo which, based on the survey of M Ponsich and later excavations, was primarily a
necropolis and kiln site Hispama Lusitama yielded a single stamp in this category recovered
from the Troia penmsula where a large settlement was discovered nearby Within the Baleares
two stamps on the Isla de Cabrera were found within the ancient port These sites are
distinguished from the civilian and military sites due to their disassociation from a settlement
Context types for 18 stamps from 10 sites could not be determined Of these 8 stamps
were not supplied with a provenience apart from the modern country in which they were
recovered The other 10 stamps came from archaeological contexts although there is no record of
the function of the site or publication of the archaeological excavations These sites will be
largely omitted from the quantification and are included solely for the completeness of the study
Distribution Routes
Stamps originating from Axati are found throughout the western provinces, in great
abundance m the city of Rome and in limited numbers in eastern provinces These stamps have
been recovered from most major cities, including crvitates and provincial capitals, as well as
from the frontiers of Germania and Britannia Despite the large numbers from the militarized
92
The amphora recovered from Fishbourne has been identified by the excavator, Barry Cunliffe, with a level dated
before 75 CE This contradicts the dating of the stamp itself, from the mid to late 2nd century CE
62
provinces (shown in Fig. 15) more stamps have been recovered from civilian contexts than from
military sites The widespread distribution of stamps from a small production area indicates the
immense quantities of olive oil which were distributed and consumed throughout the Empire at
both military and civilian settlements
The distribution of stamps in the western provinces indicates three distribution routes
connecting distant cities and frontiers These extendfromAxati along the Guadalquivir River to
the Atlantic Ocean near the Straits of Gibraltar Along the coast of the Atlantic some amphorae
may have been filtered through the conventus capital of Cadiz 93 On reaching open waters, the
amphorae travelled along the Atlantic coast to Britannia as well as through the Straits of
Gibraltar into the Mediterranean Sea (Fig. 16) 94
The northern distribution route is clearly evidenced by the abundance of amphorae found
m southern Bntannia as well as at sites along the coast of eastern Hispania and Gallia The route
extendedfromthe Guadalquivir River along the coast of Hispania Lusitama as evidenced by the
finds at the Troia penmsula as well as at the site of Alcacer do Sal Although there are few
stamped amphorae from Axati along the coast of Hispania Lusitama, and none werefromthe
Atlantic coast of Hispania Citenor, the route is evidenced once again at the eastern and northern
coastal sites of Gallia Lugdunensis and Aquitama The distribution of sites shows that the ships
clung close to the shore on their way to Bntannia although some may have ventured across the
open waters On reachmg Britannia the ships could have distnbuted the olive oil directly to the
93
Based on there being only a single stamp from the site and no amphorae which bear Cadiz in their tituli picti, this
is unlikely
94
These distribution routes are also identified by P Berni Millet, 1998, pg 67 in his work on the presence of
Baetican olive oil amphorae within Roman Cataluna
63
southern coastal sites, including many civitates, or continued up the Thames to the capital of
London The abundance of stamps from London when contrasted with those along the southern
coast implies that the amphorae were likely shipped to the provincial capital before bemg
distributed to the residents of Britannia as far north as the Severan fortress of Carpow, north of
the Antonine Wall
The northern distribution route may have continued past Britannia along the coast of
Gallia Lugdunensis into Germama Infenor and the Rhine valley From there they were either
unloaded at sites near the coast, as evidenced by the finds at the later site of Voorburg, or they
continued along the Rhine into the interior of the provmce Farther past the mouth of the Rhme,
there are no sites where Axati stamps were recovered Although few stamps occurred from the
northern coast of Germama Infenor, the presence of stamped amphorae along the coast indicates
that the northern distribution route likely extended past Bntanma to the mouth of the Rhme
Distribution routes distributed olive oil from Axati from the Guadalquivir River through
the Straits of Gibraltar into the Meditenanean Sea The first of these extends along the coast of
Gallia Narbonensis while the second travels across the open waters using the Baleares and
Sardinia as stopping points pnor to reaching Ostia and Rome The evidence for these two
distribution routes may indicate differences between ships which earned pnmanly pnvate
cargoes and those which were employed by the Roman state to supply the city of Rome The
larger ships, which would be employed to supply the immense demands of Rome, would have
64
risked the open water more often than the smaller private ships which tended to stay along the
shoreline 95
The route which extended along the coast ran from the Guadalquivir River through the
Straits of Gibraltar The site of Tangier, along the northern tip of Mauretama Tingitana m the
straits, indicates that ships docked there prior to continuing mto the Mediterranean They
continued along the coast of Hispama Citenor where the sites of Alicante and Empunes were
supplied with a large number of stamped amphorae They continued to follow the coast of Gallia
Narbonensis where many sites were found to contain olive oil stamps from Axati Shipwreck
evidence along the coast of Gallia Narbonensis and Hispama Citenor, at Cap de Creus, Bay of
Cannes, Golfe de Fos and Port-Vendres, indicates that large numbers of ships traversed these
waters carrying olive oil from Axati as early as 50 until 284 The final destination of the Gallia
Narbonensis route was the city of Rome and its insatiable demand for olive oil
The second Mediterranean distnbution route went directly to Rome from the coast of
Hispama Citenor with these ships likely departing from the cities of Alicante and Santa Pola to
the Baleares as evidenced by stamps from the Isla de Cabrera From the Baleares the ships sailed
across the open waters to Sardinia where stamps have been recovered from the site of San
Giovanni di Sims 96 From Sardinia it was a short journey to the port of Ostia These three
distnbution routes are clearly indicated in Figure 12 by the distnbution of stamped amphorae
from Axati
Casson, 1991, 87
The other stamp found on Sardinia, from the site of Turns Libyssonis, was on the handle of an Afncana amphora
with the common tna nomma of MAR This amphora was unlikely to have been carrying olive oil from Axati
96
65
Representativeness of Axati
Olive oil production from Axati was chosen as the primary focus of this study due to the
major place it held within the Baetican production area, and its readily identifiable stamps on
Dressel 20 amphorae, themselves easily recognizable as containers for Baetican olive oil
transport Altogether, 17,063 stamps on Dressel 20 amphorae have been published in available
scholarly literature from the entire Roman Empire The location of these amphorae is shown in
Figure 17 Of these stamps, 2,591 have been identified as originating from Axati Amphora
stamps produced at Axati represent 15% of all published stamps on Dressel 20 olive oil of
Roman Baetica The proportion of Axati stamps discovered in each Roman provmce certainly
vanes, therefore, in the discussion of the stamps from each province, the representative nature of
the sample in each case will be presented After Axati, the site with the most published stamps is
Homachuelos along the Guadalquivir River 9? From this site, 516 stamped amphorae were found,
pnmanly connected with the Scahanensis/jg/wa Therefore, Axati represents the most
thoroughly studied site m Roman Baetica and is the most representative site for studying the
olive oil industry of the province of Baetica
97
This site was also studied by the author, however, due to the high occurrence of Scalensianensis figlma stamps
and the lesser representativeness of the site it was discarded in favour of Axati for this study
66
Provincial Studies
Western Provinces
Britannia
Provincial Capital
49 [1]
Civrtas
38 [8]
Cofoma
22 [1]
Fort
Fort/Vicus FoifCobma Fort/Crvitas
26 [22] 79 fill
20 [4]
13 PI
VKUS ViDa Miscellaneous
8 [8] H I ]
4 [41
Stamps
Sites
22
26
Crvihan
118
19
Mflrtary/Crvihan
112
17
Other
4
4
4
4
Indeterminate
Total
264
66
Military
The province of Britannia can be divided into three distinct zones for Axati amphorae In
total the province yielded 264 stamped amphorae over 66 sites (Fig. 18)
98
The first zone is the
highly militanzed northern frontier including the defensive frontier walls as well as several
settlements as far south as York The second, Wales, was a militanzed zone as well as a civilian
occupied region The third, and largest, of the regions is central and southern Bntannia which
extends from York to the southern coast omitting the Welsh terntory This region was mamly
pacified and civilian m nature as shown by the distnbution of Axati stamped amphorae The
general distnbution of stamps across Britannia corresponds to the pattern determined by P P
Funan "
From the provmce of Britannia a total of 1,953 stamps on Dressel 20 amphorae have been
recovered and published Of these, 264 stamps were produced at Axati which is 14% of the total
This high proportion of stamped amphorae found in Britannia which onginated from Axati
After Germama Superior there are more stamps found in Britannia than in any other province of the Roman
Empire
99
Funan, 1996
67
shows that Axati is representative of the Baetican olive oil industry and the distnbution of olive
oil production throughout the province
Northern Britannia
The sites in northern Britannia are primarily military forts which were accompanied by
civilian settlements The dominance of military sites for these stamps reflects the political and
social situation of the region The northern frontiers of Britannia, with both the Antomne Wall
and Hadrian's Wall, are clearly represented along with the subsidiary forts located between the
walls and beyond the frontier These frontiers were supplied with olive oil as part of the rations
of the soldiers stationed there Distribution along the frontier was likely conducted, or at least
supervised, by the Roman government to ensure a consistent supply for the soldiers 10°
Associated with the Antomne Wall (built from 142 to 154) are eight military sites Four
of these, Bearsden, Camelon, Bar Hill and Rough Castle, are located directly along the wall
Except for Camelon, which yielded two stamps, the forts contained a single stamp each The
sites of Cadder and Cramond, each yielding two stamps from Axati, are located to the south of
the wall while the Flavian fortress of Strageath and the later Severan fortress of Carpow, each
with a smgle stamp, were located to the north of the wall Of these eight sites only Cramond was
accompanied by a civilian settlement, a vicus, while the rest served a purely military function
The use of these eight forts during the mid-2nd century is clearly reflected in the abundance of
stamps found there
Blazquez Martinez, 1992,176
68
Hadrian's Wall can be clearly identified by the distribution of Axati olive oil amphorae
Forts include Poltross Burn, Housesteads, Chesterholm, Corbndge, Benwell and South Shields
The forts of Poltross Burn, Benwell and South Shields yielded a smgle stamp each The forts at
Corbndge, Chesterholm and Housesteads also had civilian settlements Due to the presence of
both civilian and military populations more stamps are found here than elsewhere along the wall
The site of Housesteads yielded two stamps while the large fort at Chesterholm had 12
Corbndge was a major military fort along the wall from which 26 stamped amphorae from Axati
were recovered The military forts of Hadnan's Wall yielded amphorae ranging in date from
their foundation in the early 2 n century through to 224
The fort and vicus of Corbndge contained the second highest count of Axati amphora
stamps m Bntannia, 26 Only the provincial capital of London had more Many of these can be
grouped into families of stamps including the prolific Ennn lulu and SNR families The high
occurrence of stamps at the site, as well as its central location along Hadnan's Wall, is indicative
of the status of this major fort It began as a smaller frontier fort incorporated into the wall, and
expanded, during the time of Hadnan After the Antonine Wall was abandoned, the site became a
major military post in the defense of the northern frontier
101
The fort of Birrens is located to the north of Hadnan's Wall while the earlier fort of
Maryport, and the accompanying civitas of the Carvetn, is located to the south of the wall These
two sites each yielded a single stamped amphora from Axati Halfway between the frontier walls
is the fort of Newstead, built dunng the time of Agncola as a forward base pnor to the
Hind, 1980,170
69
construction of the wall and was enlarged dunng the Antonine penod
It yielded two stamped
amphorae, beanng ALFO and MIM, in the mid-2nd century Although the fort at Maryport was
accompamed by a civitas, the low number of olive oil amphorae from Axati contrasted with
other civitates in the province may indicate a lower level of Romamzation at the site
Away from the frontiers there are no amphorae beanng stamps from Axati north of
ancient York This town served as a fort established between 41 and 54 and expanded into a
legionary fortress by the Legw IXHispana after their transfer from Lincoln A colonia was later
established on the opposing bank of the nver Ouse to accomodate the veterans The site
produced 10 stamps from Axati primarily dating from the 2 nd century The presence of the
colonia and the legion is clearly evident by the large number of stamped amphorae found at the
site
103
The absence of stamps from other civilian contexts in northern Bntannia reflects the
customs of the Bntons and the lack of Romamzation in the northern region The amphorae in
northern Bntannia are closely associated with the military forts and the ration supply, sponsored
by the state, smce they are not found in any civilian contexts without an accompanying military
presence
Wales
The area of Wales is dominated by military forts where Axati stamped amphorae have
been recovered The region contained five forts, without accompanying vici, at Caerphilly Castle,
Frere, 1987,106
Frere, 1987,171
70
Brecon Gaer, Gelhgaer, Loughor and Shorden Brae Each fort, except at Brecon Gaer and
Loughor, yielded only a single stamp Brecon Gaer produced three stamps including a SALS
stamp from Alcolea del Rio, not Axati The other two stamps were produced at Axati and bear
the mark of the Ennn lulu societas These stamps date shortly after the foundation of the fort in
75 The military fort of Loughor yielded two stamps bearing the tria nomina GAF which date
from 145 to 224 The forts in Wales were first constructed in the mid-1 st century with the final
fort erected in the early 2 nd century
Two forts in the Welsh region, at Caersws and Caerleon, were accompanied by a civilian
settlement From Caersws there was only a single stamp, HISPSAEN These forts were built in
75 to protect the vulnerable frontier The fort at Caerleon yielded 5 stamps which originated in
Axati, dating primarily from the mid-2nd century
The legionary fortress at Chester has provided 13 stamps for the study dated from the 2 nd
century through the early 3 rd century The fortress was established in the mid-1st century and
housed the soldiers of the Legio IIAdiutrix until approximately 84 when they were replaced by
the Legio XX104 The site was supplied by state supported distnbution in order to ensure that the
soldier received their oil rations The larger number of stamps recovered from this site is due to
the presence of Roman troops and the influence that they had on the tastes and Romanization of
the neighbouring elite
The vicus of Kenchester and the civitates at Wroxeter and Caerwent represent the only
three civilian settlements in Wales Kenchester yielded a single stamp, LIT, dating from the mid104
Somerset Fry, 1984, 86 The amphorae recovered from the site date predominantly to the Legio XX period
71
2n century through to the late 3 r century Wroxeter served as the civitas of theCornovu in the
2 nd century which was centred on the earlier fort built by Agricola 105 10 stamps were recovered
from the site which illustrates Romanizing influence on the native elite of the town as well as the
presence of soldiers at the military fort The civitas of Caerwent served as a fort in the 1st century
prior to becoming a civilian settlement106 The single amphora from Axati found at the site dates
from the mid-2nd to 3 rd century and so its oil was more likely to have been consumed by the
civilian rather than the military occupants
Central and Southern Britannia
Sites within central and southern Britannia contain a large number of Axati stamps at
civitates, vici, military forts, the provincial capital, villas and at miscellaneous sites The majonty
were recovered from civilian contexts which reflects the social situation of the region The
distribution favours the Romanized southern coast with more stamps found at the Romanized
civitates of the Britons and the capital at London than throughout the interior of the provmce
This reflects the distribution of the Roman and elite population who resided primarily in the
pacified south
Outside of Wales there are only six forts with stamps originating from Axati in central
and southern Britannia The forts of Dover and Richborough were established early m the 1st
century at the south-eastern edge of the island at the closest point to the coast of Gallia
Lugdunensis These served as military bases early m the conquest of the island and were later
converted mto civilian settlements after the establishment of a strong Roman presence on the
105
106
Somerset Fry, 1984,44
Somerset Fry, 1984,471
72
island
The fort of Dover yielded only a single stamp while Richborough was richly supplied
with 13 stamped amphorae ranging from the Claudian penod to 284 The supply of amphorae at
these sites is connected primarily with the civilian occupation of each site
Extending north are the forts of Ilkley and Ribchester which also served as civilian sites
after the establishment of the frontier at Hadrian's Wall The auxiliary fort and vicus of
Ribchester yielded two stamps bearing the tria nomina CIS The fort and vicus of Ilkley is
located in central Britannia and yielded a single stamp It was built in 78 and was abandoned
around 120 108 The sites of Ilkley and Ribchester represent the early frontier of the Roman
expansion in Britannia during the time of Agricola and did not serve a major military function
from the 2nd century onwards
The legionary fortress of Lincoln yielded three amphorae from Axati The fortress lost
importance with the establishment of York by the Legio IXHispana After this a coloma was
established at the site while maintaining a reduced military presence The smaller number of
amphorae recovered at the fortress and coloma is likely due to the concentration of military
personnel in the northern forts
109
Although there have been only three amphorae found from
Axati at Lincoln it served as a major military and civilian site throughout the Roman occupation
of Britannia
Four sites m southern Britannia have been categorized as miscellaneous Fishbourne
served as the palace of British kings and was closely associated with the neighbounng civitas at
Frere, 1987,48
Frere, 1987,156
Somerset Fry, 1984, 382
73
Chichester
uo
Fishtoft on the eastern coast of central Bntannia is a farming site which had
neither large scale buildings, which might indicate the presence of a villa, nor signs of a civilian
settlement It was a civilian region, although, due to its disassociation from any excavated
settlement it has been classified as miscellaneous The region of Holt, from which a single stamp
was found, was a pottery and tile kiln which was associated with the legionary fortress at
Chester i n Charterhouse-in-Mendip is an industnal site closely connected to the exploitation of
lead and other metals as well as a small vicus m These sites contained a single stamp from Axati
each and represent a variety of types reflecting the diversity of sites at which Axati amphorae
have been recovered
There are four vici where amphora stamps have been recovered in central and southern
Bntannia Warrington is located near Chester and Ribchester in central Britannia Old Sleaford,
Denver and Stoke Ash are located between Lincoln and London These settlements were not
accompanied by any military occupation at any point in their history despite their central
location Warrington produced two stamps while Denver, Old Sleaford and Stoke Ash each
yielded one The distribution of via in Bntannia is solely withm the pacified central and southern
regions of the island This distnbution corresponds to the spread of Roman customs, and the taste
for olive oil, among the local inhabitants of smaller towns or the presence of Romans who had
decided to live in small towns of the Britons
The city of Colchester represents the only coloma in Bntannia where olive oil from Axati
was consumed The site was settled in 49 by veterans of the earlier Claudian conquest It is
110
Somerset Fry, 1984, 345
Somerset Fry, 1984, 249 The stamp found at this site may be an accidental find due to the nature of the site
112
Frere, 1987,40
111
74
located along the eastern coast of the island 23 stamps were found there which clearly
demonstrates a Roman presence at the site when contrasted with nearby cities and sites The
colonia of Colchester was a major Roman settlement and political centre which helped to spread
Roman customs to the Britons by the mid-1st century The city was destroyed in the Boudiccan
revolt m 60 resulting in the administrative capital being moved to London 113
Nine civitates of the Britons produced 44 stamped amphorae from Axati These sites are
centred mainly within the far southern region of the island and are not accompanied by military
occupation Leicester, in south-central Britannia, is the farthest north of the identified civitates,
and yielded 5 stamps Nearer to London and the Thames are found the civitates of Saint Albans,
with 5 stamps, and Cirencester with 11 stamps South of London is Silchester, yielding 11
stamps, Winchester with 2 stamps and Exeter with 6 stamps Farther south Dorset and Chichester
each yielded a single stamped amphora while Canterbury yielded two These civitates represent
the Romanized Britons of the southern coast, many of which were under Roman influence since
the time of Claudius and had contact with Roman culture since the time of Julius Caesar
The south coast civitates may have been the primary importation sites for the amphorae,
however, more amphora stamps have been found from Cirencester and Silchester than are found
at Chichester, Dorset and Exeter combined The distribution of stamps favours the more northern
civitates at the expense of those along the coast An explanation for this may be that the majonty
of the amphorae were imported to the coastal civitates and then shipped by land to the other
civitates resulting m their final deposition farther from their point of initial importation This
Somerset Fry, 1984,46
75
may also be due to the importation of amphorae by way of London from which they were
redistributed to the closer civitates before extending to those farther away
There is a smgle villa from which a stamped amphora originating from Axati has been
recovered in Britannia The villa, at Wmterton, was built dunng the 2 nd century along the eastern
coast near Stoke Ash U 4 The Dressel 20 amphora recovered from the ruins bears the tria nomina,
MAR, common at many sites and on different types of amphorae throughout the Empire
The provincial capital, Londomum Augusta, under modern London, was the pnmary
importer of olive oil from Axati in Bntamua Of the 264 stamps found in Bntam 49 stamps came
from London U 5 They range in date from the time of Claudius to the Post-Severan penod
spannmg the entire penod for Dressel 20 amphorae The city was likely the primary importation
site for Baetican olive oil and was responsible for redistributing the amphorae throughout the
island 116 The capital served as the centre for the Roman civilian and military administration of
the island and was responsible for the supply lines leading to the frontiers The importance of
London and the Romans and Romanized natives who inhabited the city is clearly shown by the
abundance of stamps from Axati 117
The political and social situation of the island is reflected in the distnbution of Axati
stamps The lack of municipia shows that the Romans did not grant this status to many sites on
114
Somerset Fry, 1984, 225
The next highest amount from a single site in Britannia is Corbndge which yielded 26
116
The excellent access that the Thames provided to the city and its close proximity to the coast of Gallia
Lugdunensis allowed for the ships to reach the city easily along the northern distribution route
117
The abundance of amphora stamps found at the capital may also be indicative of the establishment of an
annona system within the city Although there is no literary evidence for an annona in London, it is recorded at
other provincial capitals in the west
115
76
the island and none to which olive oil from Axati was distributed The stamps at the colonia of
Colchester, as well as the highfrequencyof stamps at London, indicate a strong Roman presence
in the southern part of the island The abundance of stamps found at civitates in Britannia
displays the Romamzation of the native elite and the access which they were able to have
Baetican olive oil Several of the sites he along the major Roman road of Fosse Way running
from Exeter to Lincoln This road was one of the major supply routes for the cities in central and
northern Britannia and was a likely route along which olive oil was travelled
The presence of stamps at a large number of military forts along the northern frontiers
110
and within Wales shows the military supply lines of the soldiers
The military forts throughout
Britannia were supplied with olive oil through state sponsored and private merchants The
consistent supply of oil to the forts is shown by the date ranges for the amphorae from Axati
Many of the sites withm Britannia maintained a level of military occupation throughout their
history including the larger civilian centres along the southern coast The continued occupation
of these sites by military personnel ensured that there was a supply of olive oil to the sites
through state merchants Although the distribution favours the southern military and civilian
settlements many forts are represented including those within Wales and along the northern
frontiers at Hadnan's Wall and the later Antomne Wall and the Fosse Way stretching through the
interior
Although there are not many stamps found at the frontier forts, those which have been recovered represent
only a single production site in Baetica and this does not represent the total supply which would have been
available to the soldiers
77
Gallia Lugdunensis
Provincial Caprtal/Coloma Crvrtas Coloma Fort/Vicus Vicus
13 [4] 17 [1]
2[1]
49 [14]
40 [1]
Stamps
Mihtary
Civihan
Mihtary/Civihan
Other
Indeterminate
Total
Sites
0
119
2
0
0
121
0
20
1
0
0
21
Gallia Lugdunensis was a largely pacified province during the first three centuries which
is clearly reflected in the sites to which olive oil from Axati was distributed Only one mihtary
fort, with an accompanying vicus, yielded Axati stamps, located at Titelberg m modern
Switzerland near the border of Germama Superior (Fig. 19) Apart from this fort, stamps came
from civitates, via, a municipium, a coloma, the provincial capital of Lyon and a single villa
The civilian nature of Lugdunensis is clearly shown in the distnbution of stamps as is the level of
Romamzation apparent amongst the elite of the capital and civitates
122 stamped amphorae from Axati were recovered from Gallia Lugdunensis representing
11% of the 1,159 Dressel 20 amphorae currently published from the province This province
represents one of the largest civilian consumption regions for Baetican olive oil as is shown by
the number of Axati stamps found here
Lyon, the capital of Lugdunensis, is well represented by Dressel 20 amphorae from
Axati Forty stamps have been recovered from the city although one is not certainly attributed to
the capital The location of Lyon is within the southern extension of the province near the border
of Germama Superior and Gallia Narbonensis The abundance of stamps from Lyon, when
78
contrasted with sites elsewhere in the province, indicates that there was a central redistribution of
olive oil from the city to those sites within the region or that the residents of the city enjoyed an
annona system Lyon was also a central distribution site for the frontiers of Germama Superior
and its capital of Mainz The importation of oil occurred from the Mediterranean coast of
Narbonensis which was then brought up the Rhone River to the capital, Lyon
There are three civitates with Axati stamps The central civitas of Orleans yielded a
single stamp The more eastern civitas of Metz, near the border with Germama Superior,
produced 6 amphorae bearing stamps The civitas of the Nervn, at Bavay, located close to the
border with Germama Inferior yielded 3 amphorae These three sites represent the northern
Germanic peoples who had begun the process of Romamzation as reflected by the political status
of the city as well as the presence of Baetican olive oil The two civitates near the borders with
the Germaniae, Metz and Bavay, were situated along the supply route to the frontier forts from
which they presumably were able to obtain oil for their own purposes The more centralized
civitas at Orleans is poorly supplied by stamped amphorae from Axati and may have had only
limited access to oil due to its inland location and distance from the frontiers despite being
situated along major roadways 119 The presence of olive oil amphorae at three civitates in
Lugdunensis shows that there was a degree of Romamzation during the early Empire, although,
based on the evidence of Axati stamps, this was to a lesser degree than in neighbouring Gallia
Narbonensis or Britannia
Fourteen vici spread throughout Gallia Lugdunensis yielded Axati stamps The farthest
east of these, Roanne and Dieulouard, he near the border with Germama Superior and Inferior
119
Mackendnck, 1972,154
79
and may at times have been within the junsdiction of those provinces These sites each yielded a
single stamped amphora The southern most of the vici is at La Buisse and Annecy which he near
the border with Gallia Narbonensis These settlements added three stamps and one stamp to the
corpus respectively In between is found the vicus of Ahse-Sainte-Reine which had four stamps
From Grand came 6 stamps, while Macon, Arras and Amiens each had three stamps The vicus
of Sancerre and Saint-Gems produced a single stamp while at Nuits-Saint-Georges there were 9
stamps The large number of vici at which stamped amphorae were recovered within the
province is significantly higher than other provinces, revealing the civilian nature, and the
accompanying high demand for olive oil, of the smaller towns there
Geneva is the sole municipium in the province where Axati stamps were found It has
yielded 9 stamp-beanng amphorae ranging in date from 60 to 161 Three of these bear the stamp
MIM A total of 15 of the MIM stamps are found in the province, including high numbers at
Lyon It is a common stamp throughout the Empire The higher number of oil amphorae from
Axati in Geneva mdicates the presence of Romans and the effects they had on the native elite of
the cities
The colonia of Vienne is located immediately south of Lyon The presence of large
numbers of Romans, and their taste for olive oil, is attested by the 17 Axati stamps recovered
there There are more found at Vienne than at all the civitates and the municipium combined,
giving a clear indication of the intrusion of Romans into the area Its location, very close to the
capital, identifies the importance of the site, as well as the potential reason it was established
80
there, and the access which it had to olive oil The amphorae from the site are dated between 50
and 180 representing the period when the Roman inhabitants had access to Axati olive oil
There is no consistent pattern for the distribution of the stamped amphorae within the vici
of Lugdunensis Many are found along Roman roads, however, some vici are not situated near
major roads and yet were able to acquire olive oil from Axati At La Buisse and Annecy, near
Lyon, there are fewer stamps than in the central portion of the province Sites along the north
coast opposite Britannia are well represented, however, the site of Honfleur on the English
Channel has only a single stamp while farther inland at Amiens, Arras and Macon there are more
amphorae The distribution of stamps through the vici of Lugdunensis implies more than a single
distribution route and may be indicative of social conditions or the presence of Romanized elite,
or Romans, in the interior of the province although further study is necessary
The 121 stamped amphorae from Axati found in Gallia Lugdunensis are almost
exclusively in civilian contexts due to the nature of the province and its inhabitants The unusual
number of via is not paralleled by any other provmce This is due to the military supply lines
which extended from the coasts and main cities to the frontier armies passing by many of the
major cities and vici It may also be an indication of a high degree of Romamzation or Roman
settlement within the province The presence of the municipmm and colonia within the southern
extension of the province is directly related to the presence of Romans near the capital which
itself was controlled by the Roman governor and his administration The distribution of stamps
in Lugdunensis is mirrored by the neighbouring province of Gallia Aquitama on a lesser scale
81
Gallia Aquitania
Provincial Capital
irn
Crvitas
4 [3]
Colonia
4[1]
Stamps
Mihtary
Cwihan
Mihtary/Civihan
Other
Indeterminate
Total
0
19
0
0
1
20
Municipnim
2[1]
Vicus ViDa
1[1] 7[1]
Sites
0
8
0
0
1
9
20 stamps from 9 sites have been excavated within Aquitania (Fig. 20) All of these sites
are civilian settlements except for Astaffort, yielding a single stamp, which is unidentified
although it too was likely a civilian settlement There is a single vicus found within the province,
at Atur, from which a single stamp, MAR, was recovered The sole municipium of Boulogne
yielded two stamps which date from the mid-2nd century
Gallia Aquitania must have had less access to Baetican olive oil amphorae than the
neighbouring provinces of Lugdunensis and Narbonensis since only 73 stamped Dressel 20
amphorae have been identified The 20 produced at Axati represents 27% of the corpus with all
of the major sites yielding them For Aquitania, the pattern and level of consumption shown by
the Axati stamps found there is highly representative of the overall distnbution of Baetican olive
oil in the province
There are two sites in Aquitania where Axati stamps have been recovered that may have
been inhabited by Romans or by Romanized natives At the colonia latina of Toulouse, 4 stamps
were recovered, the second most prolific site in the province after Sainte-Colombe The stamps
from Toulouse date primarily from the 1st century although one can be dated as late as 199 The
82
presence of Romanized natives, as indicated by the Latin status of the city, is also evident in the
higher number of stamps 120 The villas at Samt-Colombe contained 7 stamps They are located
near Bordeaux which implies a close association between these residences and the capital They
may have been supplied directly by the city or perhaps the owners of the villas were from the
city The villas display a variety of stamps with no clear association to a single owner or
supplier The presence of 7 stamps here demonstrates the wealth of the owners as well as their
high degree of Romanization, if they were not in fact Roman These two sites may have been
inhabited by Romans, or at least by Romanized elite, based on the high numbers of Axati stamps
There are four civitates, including the one at Bordeaux, which served as the provincial
capital, scattered around the small provmce of Aquitama Saintes, Bordeaux and Cahors each
yielded a single stamped amphora Saintes is located near the Atlantic coastline along a small
nver Bordeaux is located on a major mland waterway near to the coast The city of Cahors is
farther inland from Saintes and Bordeaux along the nver which extends deep into the province of
Lugdunensis The civitas at Poitiers yielded two amphorae It is located inland from Saintes The
small number of olive oil amphorae revealed by this study at the civitates in Aquitama indicates
that there was a lower degree of Romanization than in the neighbounng provinces of
Lugdunensis and Narbonensis
The site of Bordeaux is the sole site in Aquitama located along the Atlantic coast The
100
capital of Aquitama also served as a civitas for the Bitunges
The ships which travelled north
>
towards Bntannia and the northern cities probably distnbuted this amphora The presence of only
120
Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976, 928
Expanding the study to include all sources of olive oil from Baetica may alter this perspective
122
MacKendnck, 1972, 60
121
83
a smgle amphorafromAxati at the provincial capital suggests that citizens of the city, and
provmce, only had limited access to olive oil from Axati
Many of the 20 amphorae from Aquitania can be dated from the late 1st to mid-2nd
centunes implying an early connection with Axati olive oil that was not continued on the same
scale in the later 2nd and 3rd centunes The distribution of the sites favours those farther inland
though they were likely supplied by ports along the coast Ships sailing for the northern coast of
Lugdunensis and Bntanma may have distnbuted these amphorae to the coast Alternately, the
amphorae could have been brought to the smaller provincefromneighbouring Narbonensis along
terrestrial and nvenne routes especially the navigable Rhone River
Gallia Narbonensis
Provincial Capital
5[1]
Colonia Municipium
3 [2]
9[1]
Stamps
Military
Civilian
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
0
32
0
54
1
87
Shipwreck Vicus
Villa
54 [3]
13 [10] 2 m
Sites
0
15
0
3
1
19
The sites where stamped amphorae from Axati have been recovered within Narbonensis
are clustered along the Mediterranean coast with few sites being far from the sea There are 87
stamps from 19 sites within the province Many were found in shipwrecks and thus cannot be
connected to a particular city The settlement sites are all civilian which reflects the peaceful
nature of the province and the highly Romanized coastal cities (Fig. 21)
84
The 87 stamps originating from Axati that were recovered from this province represents
10% of the 871 stamped Dressel 20 amphorae found here The clustering of the Axati stamped
amphorae along the Mediterranean coast is closely representative of the overall distribution of
Baetican olive oil
Three shipwrecks along the shores of Gallia Narbonensis produced Axati stamped
amphorae The largest is the shipwreck at the Golfe de Fos which sank between 149 and 154
The ship was carrying a mixed cargo, the majority of the transport amphorae were Dressel 20
ones along with Beltran 2B amphorae produced along the southern coast of Hispania and used to
transport fish-based products 48 of the Dressel 20 amphorae werefromAxati123 The ship
represents one of the largest single collections of stamps outside of Rome, Lyon and London
The destination of the ship is unclear although stamps in the cargo were common at Monte
Testaccio and Rome which was likely the final destination 124
The ship at the Bay of Cannes sank during the 3rd century It contained only two stamped
amphoraefromAxati, both bearing the tria nomina LIT, although the primary cargo of the ship
is not recorded The presence of only a single stamp on two amphorae on the ship identifies the
shippmg methods for some olive oil producers The ship bore amphorae from a single producer
from Axati which were added to a larger cargo and transported along the Mediterranean coast
with other products of the Hispamae 125
Peacock and Williams, 1986,125
Amar and Liou, 1984,146
Pollmo, 1976,125
85
At Port-Vendres (II) is an mteresting shipwreck which is located close to the one at Cap
de Creus in Hispania Citenor The ship sank between 41 and 42 while transporting a variety of
Spanish products towards Gallia and Italia It held metal ingots, likely a product either of the
mines in northern Hispania Citenor or the Sierra Morena region, as well as Dressel 20 amphorae
and other amphora-borne commodities The mixed nature of the cargo shows the nature of trade
and shipping within the Early Roman Empire Although a number of Dressel 20 amphorae were
recovered from the cargo, there were 207 stamped amphorae in total, only 4 were from Axati
The metals were far more valuable a commodity and likely composed the pnmary cargo 126 The
Port-Vendres (II) shipwreck is closely dated and so provides important information about the
nature of shipping and trade in the Roman world I27
At the site of Saint-Gilles-du-Gard a single stamped amphora beanng the stamp SNR was
found This stamp is widespread in the Empire The nature of this site could not be determined It
is located near the Mediterranean coast and has vici on either side Despite not being clearly
identified, based on the nature of the province and its coastal location, it was likely a civilian
settlement
From the provmcial capital, and coloma, of Narbonne, on the Mediterranean coast, 5
stamps rangmg in date from 69 to 180 were recovered The site served as a major market for the
region, however, based on the stamp evidence from Axati, it does not appear to have been as
prolific an importer of oil as London or other western provincial capitals There was no annona
All of the amphorae from Axati recovered from the wreck bear the stamp SISEN which is also found at the Golfe
de Fos shipwreck
127
Colls e t o / , 1977,16
86
system for the citizens for olive oil as there may have been at other capitals The capital served
1 ^o
as a major stopping point along the distribution route to Italy
The colonia of Frejus yielded 9 stamps 129 It was colonized by veterans during the time of
Julius Caesar and was established by Augustus as a major port in Narbonensis with the
placement of a naval base at the city 13° This city served as a primary port along the
Mediterranean where large numbers of merchant ships, both large and small, stopped The
evidence based on amphora stamps from Axati indicates that the residents had consistent access
to Baetican olive oil throughout the 1st and 2nd centunes and that the ships travelling to the Italian
markets docked there and distnbutiond small amounts of their cargoes to the citizens The
presence of Romans may be indicated by the number of stamps found at the city
There are 2 mumcipia with stamped amphorae from Axati The city of Nissan-LezEnserune contamed the common stamp MAR on a Dressel 20 amphora, while the city of
Murviel-les-Montpellier contained two stamped amphorae dating to the mid-2nd century Nissanlez-Enserune is located directly on the coast while Murviel-les-Montpellier is a few miles inland
The preference for the coastal region of the province by the Romans and native elite is reflected
by the proximity to the coast of the only 2 mumcipia in the province which received olive oil
from Axati
Of the vici of Narbonensis, only Le Barroux is located in the interior of the province
From Le Barroux a single stamp from Axati, MMRP, was recovered The vicus of Chateau
128
MacKendnck, 1972, 34
One of the stamps found here, SALS, was produced at Alcolea del Rio along the Guadalquivir Valley
130
MacKendnck, 1972, 74
129
87
Roussillon yielded a single stamp bearing the name LVTROPHIMI Around the mumcipium at
Nissan-lez-Enserune are clustered three vici, Valras-Plage, Vendres and Capestang These sites
each contributed a single amphora stamp although the one at Capestang is associated with the
figlina Marsianensis which was produced at the Baetican city of Posados The vici of Agde, Sete,
Lattes and Lansargues are found on the coast between Samt-Gilles-du-Gard and Nissan-lezEnserune These vici yielded a total of 6 stamps, with 3 from Agatha and one from each of the
others The vicus at Cavalaire is located near Frejus and contained a single stamped amphora
The vici of Gallia Narbonensis with Axati stamped amphorae are strung along the Mediterranean
coast but clustered near the larger cities
The villa at Saint-Romain-de-Jahonas is located near Murviel-les-Montpelher Two
stamped amphorae were recovered from the site bearing the marks of PANNIRVF and
CALPVRNB The villa was supplied by two separate producers from the Axati region showing
that it was not private trade between elites but that the amphorae were likely acquired through
the nearby cities during the 1st century
The prevalence of shipwrecks in Gallia Narbonensis attests to the large numbers of ships
which sailed here from Baetica during the Imperial period Their discovery may be partly due to
the high level of pleasure and archaeological diving which occurs off the southern coast of
France The ships could be easily spotted by their cargo of amphorae, including Dressel 20
vessels, leadmg archaeologists to excavate in this area more often The absence of pleasure
diving elsewhere around the Mediterranean may explain the relative lack of shipwrecks carrying
olive oil amphorae produced at Axati from the waters of other provinces
88
The peaceful nature of Narbonensis meant that there were no military sites in the
provmce 87 stamps were identified spanning the entire history of the Dressel 20 amphora The
tight concentration of the sites along the Mediterranean coast clearly identifies the distnbution
route along which amphorae were transported to the provmce Although Le Barroux speaks to a
more mland distribution from the coast there are no other mland sites where Axati stamped
amphorae were found The presence of Romans along the coastline is attested in literary
documentation and inscriptions
The clustering along the Mediterranean coast clearly shows
that the inhabitants of these larger southern cities desired olive oil to a higher degree than the
smaller vici scatted m the interior
Germania Inferior
Provincial Capital/Fort
7[1]
Civitas Fort Fort/Vicus Fort/Colonia Fort/Civrtas Vicus
13 [1]
3[1]
1[1] 7 [3]
1[1]
1[1]
Sites
Stamps
Military
Civilian
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
7
2
24
0
0
33
3
2
4
0
0
9
9 sites within Germania Inferior produced 33 stamped amphorae These include two
civitates, a vicus, the capital at Cologne, a single fort with a colonia, three forts without
accompanying civilian settlement and one with an accompanying vicus The military nature of
the frontier province is reflected m the distribution of sites and the presence of a number of
military outposts The sites, excluding Duren and Voorburg, are located along the Rhine or are
only slightly removed from the central waterway This distnbution clearly shows the supply lines
131
Sayo, 2000, 74
89
which used the river frontier to transport amphorae to both the military encampments and
civilian settlements (Fig. 22)
From Germania Inferior 289 stamped Dressel 20 amphorae have been published with the
33 from Axati representing 11% of the total corpus The lower level of distribution and
consumption of olive oil in the province is well represented by the Axati stamps
Two civitates acquired stamped amphorae from Axati The first, Voorburg, is located
near the mouth of the Rhine The site produced a single amphora from the Severan penod and is
unlikely to have been an important distribution site for oil despite its location The civitas of the
Batavi, at Nijmegen, served as both a major legionary fortress, built by the Legio X Gemma, and
a civilian settlement on the Lower Rhine 132 The site is located directly on the nver and has the
highest frequency of stamps from the province The 13 stamps from the site range from 50
through to 284 Nijmegen was an important legionary base which acquired a large number of oil
amphorae from Axati although the amount consumed by the Romanized elite compared to the
Roman soldiers is unknown
Of the five forts with Axati oil only Xanten and Neuss had both a civilian and military
function Xanten, farther inland from Nijmegen along the Rhine, was a legionary fortress which
was also settled in the early 1st century as a coloma for veterans who served on the frontier The
fortress was originally occupied by the Legio VI Victrix until 122 when they were transferred to
Schonberger, 1969,155
90
Bntannia and the Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix occupied the base
It yielded only a single amphora
bearing the stamp MIM which has been dated to either 50 to 70 or 145 to 161
The fortress at Neuss was accompanied by a civilian vicus The fortress was established
during the campaigns in Germama under Augustus Under Claudius the Legio XVI was
transferred there until 70 when they were disbanded Legio VI Victrix rebuilt the fort and was
stationed there until 104 when it became an auxiliary fort 134 From this site came 3 stamped
amphorae It is located near Nettesheim between Cologne and Xanten directly on the Rhine
Three forts in this province served only a military function Rossum, producing a single
stamp, is found in the lower reaches of the Rhine Valley, past Nijmegen, near the coast The site
is on the river and served as a frontier fort Nettesheim, with a single stamp, is inland between
Cologne and Xanten Bonn is also located on the Rhine near the border with Germama Superior
This large Augustan legionary and auxilary fort yielded 5 stamped amphorae from Axati The
number of forts and the number of amphorae attests to the militarized nature of the province
A single vicus m this province, Duren, produced a single stamp It is located towards the
interior of the provmce near the Rhine and the border with Germama Supenor The amphora
bore the tria nomina LIT A lower level of Romanization and Roman presence in the province is
suggested by the smaller number of amphorae found at vici in the province when compared to
the neighbouring province of Lugdunensis which shared the same major roadways and supply
lines
133
134
Schonberger, 1969,151
Schonberger, 1969,153
91
The provincial capital of Germama Inferior, Colonia Claudia Ara Agnppenensium,
modern Cologne, yielded 7 stamps associated with Axati The site served as both the
administrative capital and a major fortress, housing both the Legio I Germamca and the Legio
XX Valeria Victrix, along the Rhme frontier 135 It is on the Rhine between Bonn and Nettesheim
The location of the capital, and its military function, is indicative of the military nature of the
provmce and the Roman military occupation of the region The amphorae are less abundant here
than at the more northern civitas and legionary fortress of Nijmegen although it is likely that oil
from Cologne was sent along the Rhme to the frontier forts
Amphorae are more prevalent at the civilian capital and legionary fortress of Cologne as
well as the civitas and legionary fortress at Nijmegen compared to those found at the strictly
military forts of the province This may be due to the higher number of Roman soldiers at these
two main fortresses as well as a higher degree of Romamzation withm their associated civilian
settlements than elsewhere m the province The province imitates the larger neighbourmg
provmce of Germama Superior in its distribution of stamps primarily along the frontier and the
military nature of the sites which dominate the corpus
135
Schonberger, 1969,145
92
Germania Superior
Provincial Capital/Fort
65 [1]
Qvitas
Fort/Vicus
Fort
24 [2]
32 [17]
Fort/Colonia
30 [1]
63 [9]
Stamps
32
17
Civilian
45
15
217
15
0
0
Other
Indeterminate
Total
7[1]
Fort/Crvitas
51 [3]
Mumcipium Vicus Villa
2 [2]
17 [9] 2 [2]
Sites
Military
Military/Civilian
Fort/Mumcipium
1
1
295
48
Germania Superior has the largest corpus of stamped amphorae from Axati outside of
Rome (Fig. 23) Within the province 48 sites produced a total of 295 stamps These are
connected primarily with the military frontier although mumcipia, colomae, civitates, the
provmcial capital at Mainz and two villas also yielded examples The wide variety and large
number of stamps cause difficulties in discussing the distribution in detail In order to reduce
these difficulties, sites north of the capital of Mainz, mcludmg the city, will be discussed first,
followed by those located south of the capital
2,061 stamped Dressel 20 amphorae have been recovered and published from Germania
Superior Of these, 295 amphorae, or 14%, were produced at Axati based on the stamps The
overall distribution and consumption of Baetican olive oil within the province is clearly well
represented by those produced at Axati
There is a single site within the province whose function could not be determined This is
Adenau north of Mainz near the vicus at Monrealer Wald on the west side of the Rhine It is at a
distance from the Rhine and may have been a civilian settlement similar to those nearby
93
Although the type of site could not be determined conclusively, it yielded a smgle amphora
bearing the stamp GAF dated 145-224
North of Mainz
From Mainz northward, 14 sites yielded stamped amphorae All but one of these,
Hirschberg, were military forts, many of which were also accompanied by a civilian settlement
These frontier forts served as the primary line of defense for the Roman Empire against the
Germanic tribes 136 Amphorae found within military forts would have been part of the rations of
the officers and soldiers and may have been supplied by an annona mihtaris, although private
1 ^7
distributors are also attested for such parts
The mumcipium of Aachen is located mland from the vicus of Duren to the east of the
Rhine A smgle stamp, HISPSAENI, dating from the late 1st to mid-2nd century occurred here
The stamp has been traced to both C Ennius Hispanus and the Saenianensia workshop of
Axati
Aachen represents one of only two civilian sites in the northern part of the province that
did not serve as a military fortification as well
Hirschberg represents an odd situation for the Germanic frontier It is located on the
eastern side of the Rhine near the outer border of the province It was identified as a villa rustica
by the excavators 139 A single amphora from Axati bearmg the stamp PMS, dated between the 3 rd
century and the m i d ^ century (one of the latest Dressel 20 amphorae), was found here The late
136
Schonberger, 1969, Fig 20
Blazquez Martinez, 1992,176
138
Berni Millet, 2008, 357
139
Remesal Rodriguez and Schallmayer, 1988, 395
137
94
date of the stamp at this villa far across the frontier in Germama is peculiar since the villa may
have been overrun shortly after this time An example of the PMS stamp has also been recovered
from Mainz, Zugmantel and Heddemheim in northern Germama Supenor The nature of this site
is unclear based on a smgle stamp and tells nothmg of the consumption of Axati oil 140
The vicus at Monrealer Wald represents the only other civilian site without an
accompanying military presence north of Mainz It is located west of the Rhine towards the
interior of the provmce Its location is close to Gallia Lugdunensis and was a Gallic or Germanic
settlement that acquired one olive oil amphora from Axati between 30 and 80 The presence of
this amphora at the vicus may suggest that a supply line ran from Lugdunensis through or near
the site to the frontiers along the Rhine although the evidence is insufficient The acquisition of
this amphora from a nearby supply line is possible although the existence of the line is not
certain since it could have been acquired from, or been travelling towards, either Mainz or
Cologne
Four forts without an adjoining civilian settlement are found along the lower Rhine
These are Kastell Heddesdorf, Urmitz, Koblenz and Kastell Ems They served as frontier forts
during the 1st century Those at Urmitz and Koblenz were constructed during the Augustan
period while those at Heddesdorf and Ems were erected between 83 and 85 141 Each yielded a
smgle amphora The supply to the military forts north of Mainz does not seem to suggest a single
The presence of the stamp at the site may also have been unconnected to its place of consumption During the
3 rd century the Germanic tribes had begun raiding across the frontier line and this may represent plunder which
was taken back into Germama and by coincidence was found associated with the villa
141
Schonberger, 1969,151
95
supplier, or a smgle source in Baetica, since a wide range of Dressel 20 stamps have been found
along the river from many different production sites
To the east of the Rhine, frontier forts were established at Oberflorstadt, Kastell
Ruckingen, Hanau and Frankfurt142 Each of these was built between 83 and 85 dunng the
expansion of Roman terntory The forts have each yielded a single stamped amphora from Axati
They range in date from the establishment of the forts to the end of the 3 rd century These smaller
forts served as frontier stations manned pnmanly by auxihanes, while the larger legionary bases
were located at Zugmantel and Heddernheim
The legionary fortress at Heddernheim was accompanied by the civitas of the Taunensn
and served as a primary military base along the Rhine frontier north of Mainz It was built dunng
the Flavian penod and became a major administrative centre for the region dunng the 2 nd century
with the establishment of the civitas 143 The site yielded 36 stamps ranging from the Flavian
penod to the late 3 rd century They display consistencies with those found at Mainz and Rome
particularly Monte Testaccio The presence of portus stamps dunng the Severan penod may
indicate the presence of a centralized acquisition system for olive oil along the frontier and at the
fortress The influence of the annona mihtaris may be evidenced by the large number of
Baetican stamps as well as the soldiers of Meditenanean ongins who appreciated olive oil
Within the city the amphorae could have been associated with the legionnaires stationed at the
fort, the administrative officials withm the city or the Romanized elite of the city
Frankfurt was close to Heddernheim and was later combined with and identified as the same site of Nida
Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976, 624
96
The auxilary fort of Zugmantel is a well excavated and published military base north of
Mainz which was accompanied by a civilian vicus 144 It was established in 83 at the same time as
many of the nearby forts It is located to the east of the Rhine along the eastern border of the
province During excavations, 24 Axati stamps were recovered These date primarily to the mid2 nd century and are mirrored by those at the nearby fortress of Heddernheim and at Mainz The
presence of a large corpus of 2 nd century stamps attests to the importance of this base during the
period with its large number of soldiers as well as its central location along the Rhine frontier
Saalburg is a cohort fort with an attached vicus located near both Zugmantel and
Heddernheim m northern Germania Superior It was built m 83 and served as the base of the
Cohors II Raetorum civium Romanorum equitata throughout the Roman occupation of the
region 145 17 stamps were recovered which attest to the size of the base as well as the large
numbers of Roman soldiers in the area The same types of stamps have also been recovered from
Heddernheim, Zugmantel and Mainz connecting these major forts to a single supply route along
the river
The provincial capital of Mainz is located directly on the Rhine and served as an
administrative centre for the province as well as a military fortress built during the Augustan
period The fortress was the home of several legions throughout its occupation including Legio
XIII Gemma, XVI Galhca, XXII Primigenia, III Macedonica, I Adiutrix, XXI Rapax and A7F
Gemma
146
It has yielded 65 stamps from Axati which is more than any other site outside of
Rome The stamps date from the Flavian period to the late 3 rd century The presence of so many
144
Schonberger, 1969,171
Schonberger, 1969,160
146
Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976, 587
145
97
stamped amphorae from Axati indicates the presence of large numbers of Romans, both
administrators and soldiers, as well as a high degree of Romamzation amongst the local
population who may have also been involved in the military and civilian administration of the
region Due to the similarity of stamp types to those of other sites in the region, Mainz seems to
have served a redistnbutive function The city and fortress is centrally located along the Rhine
with easy access to those sites to the south and in Raetia as well as those to the north into
Germania Inferior
South of Mainz
The majority of sites within Germania Superior, 35, are located south of Mainz These
mclude several civilian settlements, a mumcipium, civitates, several vici and a single villa as well
as 11 military forts They are spread along the frontier lmes and the Rhine with a large clustenng
of forts between the Danube and Rhine Rivers
The villa at Saint-Ulnch is located immediately east of Lyon, the capital of Lugdunensis,
but it likely falls within the jurisdiction of Germania Superior A single stamped amphora was
recovered here with the stamp GAF The villa is located near both Lyon and the colonia of
Vienne mdicatmg the presence of wealthy Romans or Romanized natives in the area The owner
was likely either a wealthy Roman or Romanized elite who constructed the villa m the frontier
provmce and was able to acquire olive oil from Axati sometime between 145 to 224 AD
Of the three civitates found south of Mainz, two of these, at Worms and Avenches,
served as purely civilian settlements while Strasbourg was accompanied by a military fort
98
Worms, which is located along the Rhine directly across the river from the independent frontier
fort at Hofheim, produced 7 stamps The city was the civitas of the Vangiones who, based on the
stamp evidence, received quantities of olive oil beginning in the mid-2nd century 14? The
Romanized elite of the town lived along the Rhine behind the frontier forts and were able to
import Axati olive oil to satisfy their needs
The civitas of Avenches provides 17 stamps from Axati many of which contain the marks
of the portus during the 1st and early 2 nd century It is located south of the Rhine withm the
southernmost extension of the province It is not located near the frontier line which is why there
is no accompanying fort, and provides evidence for the Romanization of the Germanic elite
During the reign of Trajan, Roman citizens were sent to the settlement resulting in the addition
of a Roman population and the acquisition of colonia status 148 The large corpus of stamps
clearly shows the presence of the Roman colonists as well as the Romanizing effect that they had
on the local elite
The civitas of Strasbourg was established, along with an accompanying legionary
fortress, during the early 1st century 149 It is situated on the western bank of the Rhine along the
early frontier It yielded 10 stamps ranging from the reign of Claudius to the end of the Severans
Presumably the civitas of Strasbourg was able to acquire amphorae from Axati to satisfy the
olive oil needs of both its soldiers and Romanized elite although the proportions consumed by
either group cannot be determined
Grant, 1986,116
Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976,131
Grant, 1986, 61
99
The fort and coloma of Trier is located near the capital, Mainz, and removed from the
Rhine towards the interior of the province It yielded 4 stamps related to the Ennu lulu and the
closely associatedy?^/wa Saemanensia The presence of only stamps from a single societas and
fighna at the site may be connected to a limitation on distribution to the site controlled by the
family or the acquisition of the Axati amphorae from a single distributor who only had those
amphorae at the time
The mumcipium of Rheinzabern is situated between Worms and Strasbourg along the
western bank of the Rhine It was not accompanied by a military fortification despite its frontier
position Only one Axati stamp, LAF, was found dated between 142 and 165 based on titulipicti
Also at the city were large-scale pottery factories used to produce Samian ware 15° The
mumcipium is the only large city found south of Mainz and only one of two, with Aachen, within
Germania Superior that enjoyed mumcipium status, even though only a single olive oil amphora
from Axati has been discovered to this point
Eight vici located south of Mainz in Germania Superior were not directly associated with
any military occupation On the eastern side of the Rhine are the vici of Dieburg and BadenBaden The former was founded by Trajan to the south-east of Mainz between the forts at GropGerau and Kastell Stockstadt From the site 3 stamped amphorae were found, two bearing the
mark PARVA and one SNR 151 These date from the late 2 nd century and the SNR stamp was also
the only one found at the fort of GroP-Gerau At Baden-Baden healing baths were frequented by
large numbers of Romans and natives Here a single amphora, bearing CRKAL, from Axati was
150
151
Comfort, 1946, 502
The PARVA stamp is poorly preserved at Axati and may in fact have been produced elsewhere in Baetica
100
recovered Baden-Baden is the only site outside of Axati at which this stamp has been found to
date
The vicus of Eincheville is located near the border with Lugdunensis and the city of
Metz It yielded a single stamped amphora bearing the stamp HISPSAENI connecting the site to
C Ennius Hispanus and the Saemanensia/zg/zwa Near Eincheville is the vicus of Eguisheim
which produced a single Axati stamp Also in the intenor of the province is the vicus of
Mandeure just south of Eincheville It has yielded two stamped amphorae of which one is also
connected to C Ennius Hispanus, CENHISPSAE, and the Saenianensia_//g/z«a The similarities
between the stamps at these two intenor vici display the wide distribution of the Hispanus stamps
and the Saenianensia/zg/wa within the province as well as the importance of this producer and
workshop to Germama Superior
The vici at Ehl and Sierentz are both found on the western bank of the Rhine The site of
Ehl yielded 4 stamped amphorae from Axati while Sierentz had 3 The via are located between
Strasbourg and Augst, and each has yielded a comparatively large number of stamps The
presence of large numbers of stamps on either side of these sites indicates that the region was
well supplied The presence of more stamps at the nvenne vici compared to the more inland ones
attests to the presence of a supply line along the nver and the use of the Rhine to transport large
quantities of the heavy olive oil amphorae
101
Alzey and Bad Kreuznach were two vici located south-west of Mainz which were
provided with military fortifications in the late 4 th century 152 Due to the addition of these forts
after Dressel 20 amphorae had declined in use, they are classified as vici with an attached fort
rather than as forts with an adjoined vicus From Alzey came 2 stamps dating to the 3 rd century
From Bad Kreuznach 6 stamps were recovered dating from the tune of Claudius to 161 The
abundance of stamps at these two sites attests to their prominent location near Mainz as well as
the civitates at Trier and Worms Apparently the inhabitants of Bad Kreuznach were able to
acquire olive oil amphorae from Baetica throughout the 1st and 2 nd centuries and Alzey only at
the beginning of the 3 rd century
The site of Augst produced the largest corpus in the province outside of Mainz From the
fort and colonia 28 stamps ranging in dated from 41 to the mid-2nd century with 2 stamps
belongmg to the Severan period The fort was established prior to 16 with the addition of the
colonia, likely for veterans of the fort and region, during the time of Augustus The site was
temporarily occupied by troops from Vindonissa, Legio lAdiutrix and Legio VII Gemma Felix as
well as an auxilary contingent I53 Its central location along the southwestern bend of the Rhine
provided easy access to both Raetia and the Rhine forts and cities This city and fort may have
served as a pnmary distributor for the southern Rhine valley frontiers based on the large corpus
of stamps from the site contrasted with those nearby and the presence of the same stamps at
nearby sites The contents of the large numbers of amphorae may also have been consumed by
the soldiers or Roman colonists
Schonberger, 1969,182
Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976,117
102
The military fort at Rottweil is located on the Danube River along the border of
Germama Superior and Raetia The fort was founded prior to 83 and was accompanied by a
municipwm 7 amphora stamps were found here none of which are the same The fort served as a
station along the frontier in the 1st century until it was succeeded by the forward bases at
Rottenburg and later Kongen and Stuttgart deep in Germanic territory After this the fort was
largely abandoned in favour of the civilian settlement154 The stamps date primarily from the
time of the civilian settlement, however, due to the dual nature of the city and the ambiguity of
the amphorae within the site itself, it is classified as a military fort with an accompanying
civilian municipwm
Two forts south of Mainz were accompanied by vici The first, Ohnngen, is located along
the eastern border of the province with Raetia, and is the farthest advanced of the sites in
Germanic territory to which amphorae from Axati were exported The site was founded m the 2 nd
century and only a single stamp, LCANTP dating from 130 to 161, was recovered there The
second, Rottenburg, is located between Kongen and Rottweil and served as a frontier fort during
the expansion of 83 It became an imperial estate later in its history Its one stamp, QMS, dates to
the use of the fort and vicus in the late 2 nd century
An additional fort and vicus with Axati stamps is located south of Mainz This is
Bliesbruck, one of the most ambiguous and multi-faceted sites within this study It was
established as a frontier fort prior to 83 After the advance of the frontiers, a villa was built at the
site The dates for its various uses are unknown resulting in difficulties in classifying the
Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976, 82
103
association of the stamps with a particular civilian or military function
The 12 stamps
recovered from the site date from the Claudian to the post-Severan penod spanning all three uses
of the site A third of these stamps bear the tria nomina LIT The late date of these stamps, from
the mid-2nd to late 3 rd century, may connect them to the villa and indicate ownership or a
connection between elites, although this is not conclusive
The fort and vicus at Solothurn is located near Avenches south of the Rhine The fort was
built m the Augustan penod as a military encampment when the frontier was being established
A single stamp, dated from the mid-1 st to mid-2nd century was recovered The fort of Usspann
cannot be located accurately due to poor preservation and recording It yielded a single stamp,
SNR, and served as a military fort dunng the 1st century
Pnor to 83, four forts were established south of Mainz in Germama Supenor that
acquired olive oil from Axati These forts are located along the Rhine with the northernmost, at
GroP-Gerau, yielding 4 stamps It is located across the nver from Mainz from which the
amphorae likely came The fort of Hofheim is on the opposite, eastern, bank of the Rhine from
Worms and produced 6 stamps perhaps from its favourable location near large civilian cities
Located farther south is the fort at Ladenburg, with an accompanymg vicus on the eastern side of
the nver Here a single stamp bearing the initials LIT was found The southern Rhine valley
contains the fort of Biesheim near the vicus of Eguisheim 4 stamps dating from the late 1st
century to the end of the 2 nd century were recovered These forts represent the frontier lines pnor
Baudoux, 1993, 23
104
to the Flavian expansion after which they lost their importance and were largely abandoned in
favour of the more forward forts, although civilian and military occupation did continue
During the Flavian expansion into Germania seven forts were built between 83 to 85 CE
where olive oil amphorae from Axati were sent Apart from the fort at Stockstadt, east of Mainz,
the other forts are all located in an arc stretching from the Rhine to the Danube Stockstadt
yielded a single stamp connected to the Ennn lulu of Axati The fort of Bad Wimpfen, the most
northern of the clustered forts, yielded a single stamp bearing the tria nomina LIT Just to the
south is the fort at Walheim from which a single Ennn lulu stamp was recovered South of
Walheim is the fort at Stuttgart which has yielded 3 stamps including an Ennn lulu stamp
Southeast of Stuttgart is Kongen where 8 stamps were recovered dating from the mid-2nd through
early 3 rd century The fort at Altenstadt is the southernmost of the forts near the Danube It
yielded a single stamp, LFFV, dating from the late 2 nd century The uneven distribution of
amphorae at these clustered forts does not produce a clear pattern Oil may have been distnbuted
from a number of sources in the region
To summarize, 295 stamps from Axati have been recovered from 48 sites in Germania
Superior Away from the frontier lines large numbers of stamps are found in civilian contexts or
civilian settlements which accompanied a military fort The distribution of these sites indicates
that there may have been a number of supply routes through the province from the major Gallic
cities, the capital Mainz and the civitates of Germania Superior The majority of the stamps have
been recovered from those sites which served both a civilian and a military function with more
stamps from purely civilian contexts than from strictly military sites The large numbers of
105
amphorae found at combined military and civilian sites suggests both the presence of large
numbers of Roman troops as well as the Romanizing effect that the heavy Roman presence had
on the local elite
Raetia
Fort
Fort/Vicus Vicus
3 [2]
27 [11]
1[1]
Stamps
Military
Civilian
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
Sites
3
2
1
1
27
11
0
0
1
1
32
15
The province of Raetia is located between Germania Superior and Noncum along the
Danube frontier with Germania (Fig. 24) 156 The northern frontier of this highly militarized
province is clearly reflected by the sites at which stamped amphorae from Axati have been
recovered with all but 2 of the 32 stamps from sites which had an element of military occupation
The site of Lengnau, and its one stamp, is of an unknown type Due to its location along the
Danube frontier, and close to forts, it likely also was a fort although this cannot be proven The
other stamp not associated with a military site was recovered from the vicus of Lenzburg near the
forts at Wmdisch and Olten although it is not connected to either These two stamps represent the
only ones found at sites without an identified military occupation, at an unknown site type and a
civilian vicus
From the province of Noncum there were no sites which had acquired olive oil amphorae from Axati
106
The 31 Axati stamps recovered from this province represents 15% of the 202 total
Dressel 20 stamped amphorae so far identified The lower number of Dressel 20 amphorae
recovered from Raetia than the neighbouring frontier provinces is also reflected closely by the
number of Axati stamps from the province
11 forts with an accompanying civilian settlement produced Axati stamps The large
legionary fortress at Wmdisch yielded 8 stamps The vicus and fort of Curia Raetorum, modern
Chur, in the southern part of the province along the southern bend in the Rhine, produced a
single stamped amphora bearing SNRP The fort at Bregenz along the southern extension of the
Rhine, behind the final frontier lines of the Trajanic period, near the border with Germama
Superior, yielded 4 stamped amphorae from Axati demonstrating its access to the supply lines
along the Rhine The site of Gunzburg on the Danube had 3 stamps while at the neighbouring
fort at Faimingen a single stamp was recovered Fnedberg, farther towards the interior of the
provmce to the south of the Rhine, yielded a single stamp, SALS, which, as discussed in
connection with Hispama Baetica, was produced at the site of Alcolea del Rio not Axati Bingen
on the Danube had a single stamp, LCMY At the nearby fort of Hedelberg came three stamps
This fort is located farther south of the Danube Oberwinterthur yielded a single stamp The fort
at Olten in the interior of the province served as an early fort established in Augustus' time while
continumg as a promment civilian settlement It yielded a single amphora bearing the stamp
QANTR These eleven forts with stamps originating from Axati were accompanied by via and
are located near to if not on the Danube frontier with Germama
107
Within Raetia there were two forts which were not accompanied by a civilian settlement
Hufingen and nearby Kleinkastell Hainhaus are located on the Germanic side of the Danube
within two branches of the river Hufingen provided two stamps, LCM and the closely related
stamp LCMY, while Hainhaus yielded a single stamp bearing IIIENNTVL which was produced
by the Ennn lulu societas and is found throughout the Germanic frontier
The large legionary fortress at Regensburg, which started as an auxiliary fort, was placed
on the Danube frontier near the border of Raetia and Noncum It is separated from the other sites
to which amphorae from Axati were distributed in Raetia by a fair distance This large fortress,
inhabited by the Legio IHItalica, served as a central military post, as well as a civilian vicus 157 4
stamped amphorae were found which would have been provided to the soldiers and officers of
the encampment as part of their rations The fortress housed a large administrative and legionary
population although this is not reflected in the numbers of stamped amphorae from Axati
recovered from the site compared to the legionary bases of Germania Superior
The militarized nature of the Danube frontier of Raetia is clearly reflected in the
distribution of the 32 stamped amphorae from 15 sites The majority of the stamps, all but two,
were recovered from sites with a military function The absence of Romans outside the frontier
forts is clearly shown by the absence of colonia and municipia identified by the study The
provmce of Raetia displays the characteristics of a frontier zone which is also shown by the
eastern borders of Germania Superior and Germania Infenor and the northern forts of Bntannia
Schonberger, 1969,172
108
Hispania Citerior and Baleares
Municipnim
19 [4]
Ship wreck
Vicus
2[1]
1[1]
Stamps
Military
Civilian
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
Villa
2 [2]
Miscellaneous
2[1]
Sites
0
24
0
2
1
27
0
8
0
1
1
10
9 sites yielded a total of 25 stamps from the province of Hispania Citerior (Fig. 24)
Seven of these were found at the major port, and marketplace, of the mumcipium of Empunes
along the Mediterranean coast The mumcipium of Alicante on the coast yielded 8 stamps
Barcelona, Argentona and Santa Pola each yielded a single stamp along with the villas at
Viladamat and Terrassa From a shipwreck off Cap de Creus came two stamps At Las Animas
there are potentially three stamps although two of these are questionable These sites are
predominantly along the Mediterranean coast with none found in the northwestern and interior
part of the province
From Hispania Citenor 326 Dressel 20 amphorae were recovered with 8%, 25 amphorae,
being produced at Axati Although the percentage of stamps from Axati is lower than other
provmces, the distribution of sites follows the same pattern From the Baleares 19 stamps were
published of which 2, or 11%, are from Axati The additional stamps from the Balearic Islands
fill in the pattern of finds from the smaller islands as well as more clearly show the distnbution
route across the Mediterranean to Rome
109
Empuries was a major municipium near the border with Gallia Narbonensis It served as
a major port and marketplace, as is implied by its original Greek colonial name Emponon It
enjoyed a high degree of prosperity throughout the Carthaginian, Greek and Roman occupation
of Hispama 158 The city served as a trading node between the Hispamae and Gallia Narbonensis
The stamps range from 60 through to 284 representing the entire period of Dressel 20 amphora
usage The amphorae have a variety of stamps with only 2 of the 7 being the same Empuries was
a major stoppmg pomt on the route from Baetica through Gallia Narbonensis to Rome through
which large amounts of olive oil must have passed
The municipium of Alicante served as a port and major importer of a particular producer
of olive oil at Axati There are 8 stamps, all of which bear SEXIRVF This stamp is found only at
one other site m the Roman world, at Geneva in Gallia Narbonensis Alicante seems to be
intimately connected with the owner of this stamp since there is the same number of amphorae
found at Alicante as at the kiln at Axati The high frequency of this stamp at Alicante, and its
limited geographic distribution outside Hispama, indicates that it was not highly distributed in
the Empire and may have been a small-scale producer from 60 to 70 CE The presence of 8
stamps at both Axati and Alicante, and only one example outside these sites, may indicate that
the owner of the kiln or villa at Axati was in some form connected with Alicante Alternately,
they could have been part of a single shipment received by the city
Two villas in Hispama Citenor had stamped amphorae from Axati These villas, at
Viladamat and Terrassa, are located in the northeastern corner of the province near the Pyrenees
and Empuries The Terrassa example bears the stamp MAR while the Viladamat amphora bears
158
Lowe, 2009,40
110
CENHISPSAE These stamps were both widely distributed throughout the Roman world
especially among the frontier provinces Due to their wide distribution at a variety of sites, they
do not identify the owners of the villas or their potential connections with the production region
of Axati
Barcelona had a different character from the other coloniae in this study It was supplied
with only a single amphora from Axati which is unexpected given the quantities found at other
coloniae m the Empire The single stamp may be indicative of local production of olive oil or the
importation of oil to the city from a separate region or city Santa Pola represents a similar
situation This vicus had a single stamped amphora, CAS, dating 214-224 The relative absence
of Axati amphorae here may be evidence of local production or acquisition from another site It
may also be explained by the use of perishable containers to transport the olive oil the short
distances to these cities from the Guadalquivir valley
Las Animas is located close to the Guadalquivir valley in the interior of the province It is
identified as a municipium which was able to acquire the amphorae from the Guadalquivir valley
by land Three stamps occurred here although two are of uncertain provenience and may not be
from the site Las Animas represents the only inland site in Hispama Citenor which received
olive oil amphorae from Axati
Apart from Las Animas no other sites away from the coast yielded Axati stamps The site
Argentona is some distance removed but its status in the Roman world is uncertain It is situated
at the base of the Pyrenees nearest to the city of Barcelona The coastal sites are mamly clustered
111
m bays which provided harbours, both natural and man-made, where ships could dock The high
number of sites with Axati stamps along the coast at the foot of the Pyrenees and Narbonensis
mdicates the major route which supplied the southern Gallic coast and extended to Rome The
presence of amphorae primarily along the coast with only two inland sites may mdicate the
transportation of olive oil in perishable containers, such as barrels, to these sites while those
along the coasts received olive oil in amphorae
The shipwreck at Cap de Creus dates to the Flavian period based on the excavator's
analysis of the cargo, which consisted primarily of Dressel 20 amphorae from Baetica
159
The
presence of two stamps from Axati, amongst many other Baetican olive oil amphorae, shows that
the amphorae from a given city were transported along with the produce of other regions and
other products The Dressel 20 amphorae were shipped along the nver to the open water before
sailmg eastward along the coast of Hispania Citenor near the Pyrenees and the shipwrecks within
Gallia Narbonensis
The Balearic island of Isla de Cabrera produced two stamped amphorae, MAR and
POPVLI, from Axati This small island off the southern coast of the larger island of Mallorca
now serves as a national park and preservation site The presence of stamps at the site shows that
ships visited this port while sailing to Sardinia and Rome across the open Mediterranean The
POPVLI stamp is found predominantly at Rome and has been dated 214-224 dunng the reigns of
Caracalla and Alexander Severus The stamp is closely associated with the annona of Rome and
the Severan confiscations of Baetican estates Although the Baleanc Islands yielded only two
Amar and Liou, 1984, 210
112
stamps m total from Axati, it is likely that there are further stamps not recovered or recorded
since this was a stopping point on the way to Rome for the large trade ships transporting oil
The 25 stamps withm Hispania Citenor and 2 from the Baleares are solely within civilian
contexts, along with a shipwreck and one site whose status could not be determined The absence
of military sites in the province is obvious Apart from the northwestern region, where no
stamped amphorae from Axati were recovered, the province was largely pacified since the 1st
century Although it was not as Romanized as Baetica and Gallia Narbonensis, the presence of
Romans and Romanized elite is attested at many sites along the Mediterranean coast The
absence of amphorae from the interior of the province corresponds to the location of the native
populace who had either not acquired the Roman taste for Baetican olive oil or, more likely, the
use of local produce instead The Roman populace of Hispania Citenor was mainly clustered
along the Mediterranean coast, as seems evident from the distribution of stamps from Axati
Hispania Lusitania
Vicus
Villa
1[1]
1[1]
Miscellaneous
1[1]
Srtes
Stamps
Military
Civilian
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
0
2
0
1
0
3
0
2
0
1
0
3
Excavations in the province of Lusitania have yielded 3 sites with one stamped amphora
each (Fig. 24) The stamp MAR has been found at the Troia Peninsula as well as at the vicus of
Alcacer do Sal, although the provenience of the latter is not certain At the villa of Torres Novas
113
a smgle amphora bearing the letters ALFO was found These three sites are located along the
western coast of the province where the amphorae were likely acquired from those ships sailing
north to Bntannia and the northern provinces It is less likely that they came across land from
Baetica due to the lack of sites between
13 Dressel 20 stamped amphorae have been recovered from the province with 3
amphorae, or 23% of the total, bearing stampsfromAxati Although the corpus of stamps from
the provmce is small, the Axati stamps are representative of the distribution
Lusitama has few stamps from Axati despite its proximity to Baetica and the Axati
production region This might be explained in several ways The first is the possible use of
penshable materials to transport oil from Baetica to the province A second is that the olive oil
consumed in Lusitama may have been imported from a different region of Baetica or produced
locally in Lusitama The only certainty is that the sites favour the coast where the ships sailing
for Bntannia and the northern provinces could easily dock, and the purely civilian nature of the
Roman presence at these sites
Hispania Baetica
Conventus Capital
Municipium
8 [2]
Vicus
16 [4]
Villa
3 [2]
Stamps
3 [2]
Sites
Military
0
0
Civilian
30
10
0
0
12
1
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
Miscellaneous
0
0
42
11
114
12 [1]
The province of Baetica was a primary exporter of olive oil in the Roman Empire during
the 1st through 3rd centuries It was slowly superseded by North African olive oil dunng this time
and was replaced by 251, at least in Rome Within Baetica, distribution of olive oil occurred
between regions and cities resulting in a mixture of stamps from each site The regional
distribution of olive oil resulted in Axati stamped amphorae being found at a number of sites
within the province and the produce of other sites being found at Axati Because of the
complexity and importance of the regional distribution along the Guadalquivir River each site
and its stamps will be discussed separately (Fig. 25)
Dressel 20 amphorae were produced in Baetica and this has resulted in 3,542 total stamps
being recovered 26% of these, or 909 stamps, were produced at Axati itself Within Baetica, the
site of Axati is fully representative of the olive oil industry and Dressel 20 distribution and
production
The conventus capital of Ecya, ancient Astigi, is distinguished in tituhpicti found at
Monte Testaccio and elsewhere as being the central processing site for olive oil produced at
Axati Despite the inclusion of Axati in the conventus of Hispahs, which is not found in tituh
picti on Axati amphorae, the amphorae may have been transported upstream to the Genii River
which runs through Ecya, from where they were collected and exported
At the city the stamps
LAF, MIM and SIP were recovered The site of Ecya was an important node at the beginning of
the distribution of olive oil from Axati
Berni Millet, 2008, 219
115
The conventus capital of Cadiz, ancient Gades, is on the Atlantic at the mouth of the
Guadalquivir River It produced a single stamped amphora, bearing the tria nomina MAR The
presence of this stamp here says little as to the use of Cadiz as an export site since the stamp is
quite common throughout the Empire Although it is possible that Cadiz served as an export
centre for Axati olive oil, it is not named in any tituhpicti
The mumcipium of Alcolea del Rio located on the Guadalquivir River yielded 13 stamps
from Axati The stamp SALS is found five times, and only once at Axati, suggesting that Alcolea
del Rio was the production region for the amphorae bearing these stamps 161 For this reason the
SALS stamps has been omitted from discussions of the distribution of Axati olive oil In addition
the stamp QFRMAED may have originated in the kilns of Alcolea del Rio The stamps CMM,
GANNIRVFINI, IIIENNIVL, MAEM and MIM were also found there These were produced at
Axati showing that Alcolea del Rio imported from the neighbouring region as well as exported
its own stamped amphorae to Axati This site exemplifies the regional distribution of olive oil
along the Guadalquivir
The mumcipium of Carmona, located along a southern branch of the Guadalquivir River
was downstream from Axati and yielded two stamps, ACHB and GAF The presence of these
stamps, and none which were produced at Carmona and found at Axati, indicates that the city
imported oil from upstream while none of its own production was imported in amphorae by
Axati
Berni Millet, 2008, 301
116
The municipia of Santiponce and Penaflor are located on either side of Axati along the
Guadalquivir River They had three stamped amphorae each which were produced at Axati while
none of their produce was found among the stamps at Axati The absence of the produce of these
sites at Axati indicates that they only imported olive oil from there and did not export any of
their own amphorae to Axati These sites are important points, along with Carmona, along the
Guadalquivir River which also produced large quantities of olive oil
The region of Cortijo del Alamo represents a major amphora and olive oil production
region within the Guadalquivir Valley 162 It is located close to Axati along the river and was also
connected to Ecija as its primary exporter and processing centre The stamps GAVFL, ILFT, LIT
and MMRP have been found there The stamp GAVFL may have been produced in this region as
well as at Axati or it may have been produced at one site and transported to the other 163 The
stamp ILFT was produced at Axati and then transported to Cortijo del Alamo along with the
amphorae bearing the stamp MMRP The LIT stamp can be connected closely with both sites
The tria nomina may represent a single individual who produced amphorae in both production
regions or may represent two individuals who used the same initials Although the Cortijo del
Alamo site has 5 of these stamps, there were 6 found at Axati resulting in complications in
identifying their production site The stamps were likely produced in both regions, however, for
the purposes of this study they are included within the production of Axati Cortijo del Alamo is
an excellent example of an olive oil producing region which participated actively in regional
exchange both by importing oil from Axati and exporting to the city
Berni Millet, 2008, 349
There is an alternate reading of this stamp, GAVEL, which has been identified by this study
117
There are two vici within Baetica where stamped amphorae from Axati were recovered
The first is at Palma del Rio located outside of Penaflor along the Guadalquivir The site has
produced a smgle Axati stamp beanng the tria nomina QMS Farther upstream two stamps, both
CPC, came from the site of Almodovar del Rio Amphorae beanng these stamps were produced
at Almodovar del Rio then exported to Axati 164 The vici of Baetica show the two types of
regional sites, one of an importer from Axati and one of an exporter to Axati of oil
Three villas in Baetica contained stamps produced at Axati The first, at Posados, is
upstream from Axati along the nver past the city of Penaflor Stamps found here are all
associated with ihejighna Marsianensis located on the properties 165 These stamped amphorae
were exported to Axati The villa was owned and operated by a resident associated with the
nearby city of Penaflor Due to the close connection of the stamps with the villa, it is clear that
they were not produced at Axati and therefore have been omitted from the discussion of olive oil
distnbuted from the city
The other two villas in Baetica are located downstream from Axati At Villa Clara the
stamp PORCPR was found This was commonly exported throughout the Empire The villa at El
Judio is located on the nver and produced two amphorae beanng the Severan penod stamp CAS,
which may have been produced at the villa then exported to Axati, and to Rome and the frontiers
of Germama and Britannia The connection of this stamp pnmanly with Rome and the frontiers
may help identify one of the main supplies of olive oil for the annona system The villas of
Berni Millet, 2008,496
Berni Millet, 2008,428
118
Baetica represent the residences and production sites of the elites which not only exported large
amounts of their oil but imported from other areas
The presence of olive oil amphorae from a neighbouring region can be explained in many
different ways Pnvate trade probably occurred between wealthy landowners or between villas of
the same owners This may also be an indication of a poor production year, or years, in a
particular region which did not affect the neighbouring region's harvest Personal distribution,
trade and gift giving between elites and city officials, was an important Roman custom which
was employed to establish and maintain personal ties as well as to acquire goods from other
villas or regions which were not produced locally This may explain the relatively low numbers
of amphorae found at villas throughout the Empire including Baetica
Although the scale of regional distribution appears to be limited, due to the overall
prosperity of Baetica and the large scale production of olive oil at most of the sites involved, it
cannot be fully quantified based on amphora stamps from Axati alone In order to determine the
degree of regional exchange along the Guadalquivir River, a more thorough study of all the sites
in the provmce would be necessary
119
North African Provinces
Mauretania Tingitana
Mumcipium Vicus
Colonia
19 [2]
11 [1]
11 [2]
Stamps
Military
Civilian
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
Sites
0
41
0
0
0
41
0
5
0
0
0
5
41 stamps came from 5 civilian sites within Mauretania Tingitana (Fig. 26) Along the
Atlantic coast the colonia of Tangiers yielded two stamps, the vicus of Sidi Ah ben Ahmed,
ancient Thamusida, had 4, and the vicus of Rabat, ancient Sala, 7 Farther inland Volubilis, the
modern city of Ksar Pharnoun, with 11 stamps was granted mumcipium status under Caligula
Farther south at the Augustan colonia of Banasa, 17 stamps were recovered The distribution of
the amphorae, favouring inland sites, demonstrates that although the amphorae were unloaded
along the coast, they were transported along the major roadways to where there was higher
demand, at the inland settlements where Romans lived The fewer amphorae found at the vici
shows the influence that the presence of Roman colonists could have on the inhabitants of a
provmce and their use of olive oil
From Mauretania Tingitana, 252 stamped Dressel 20 amphorae have been recovered Of
this total, 16%, or 41 stamps, can be connected with Axati For the province of Mauretania
Tingitana the site of Axati is clearly representative of the olive oil industry of Roman Baetica as
a whole
120
Mauretama Tingitana was itself a major producer of olive oil beginning in the late I s
century and mcreasing until the mid-3rd century after which it entirely replaced Baetican oil in
Rome along with other North African oil The importance of this province in the study is shown
by the high number of amphorae from Axati found within an oil producmg region Although
Tingitana produced olive oil in surplus, it still imported oil from Axati for its people The reasons
for this are unclear, however, the dates of the amphorae found in the provmce range widely from
the 1st century through to the late 3 rd century and the proportions of amphorae imported m
specific years cannot be determined Many of the amphorae can be dated between the mid-1 st and
mid-2nd centuries with fewer from the 3 rd century This pattern may reflect the increase in
production of local olive oil in the province Mauretama Tingitana was a major producer of olive
oil during the 2 nd and 3 rd centuries, but it maintained a steady importation of olive oil from Axati
during the height of its own olive oil industry 166
Numidia Africa
Provincial Capital
1[1]
Coioma
1[1]
Stamps
Military
Civilian
Military /Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
Sites
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
2
In Numidia Africa, one stamped amphora has been recovered at Carthage and one at
Hammamet (Fig. 29), but the type of amphora could not be determined with certainty The
presence of these 2 amphorae, if indeed they prove to be Dressel 20, may suggest a distribution
166
Williams and Carreras, 1995, 234
121
route running along the coast of North Africa where ships could load North African olive oil
amphorae before continumg to Rome The presence of only a smgle example of an Axati stamp
at Carthage tells little about the distribution of olive oil when compared with the thousands of
amphorae recovered from the site
Numidia Africa provides a complex situation in terms of stamped amphorae The two
amphorae which bear Axati stamps are of uncertain identification as are many of those found
throughout the provmce There have been 7 uncertain amphorae and 1 Dressel 20 recovered Of
the uncertain amphorae those bearing Axati stamps represent 29%, however, due to the uncertain
identification of the amphorae and the distribution of olive oil to the province, it is impossible to
determine whether Axati is representative of Baetican olive oil m this region
122
Eastern Provinces
Pannonia
Provincial Capital/Fort
1[1]
Fort
3 [3]
Fort/Co lonia
2[1]
Stamps
Military
Sites
3
3
Civilian
1
1
Military/Civilian
2
1
Other
0
0
Indeterminate
1
1
Total
7
6
In Pannonia 7 stamps were found from 6 sites (Fig. 27) The provincial capital, and fort,
at Budapest and the fort at Wien each yielded a single stamp bearing the tria nomina LCM The
fort of Acs-Vaspuszta gave the stamp LCMY while the fort and colonia at Ptuj yielded 2
amphorae each with the stamp GMMF The fort of Altenburg yielded an amphora bearing the
stamp PMS while the unidentified site of Rosskopf had the stamp QIMS Although the site of
Rosskopf could not be determined conclusively, its location along the Danube frontier and its
proximity to two forts implies that it also was a military fortification
The 7 Axati stamps from Pannonia represents 26% of the 27 stamped amphorae
published from the province The sites with Axati stamps represent all but one where Dressel 20
amphorae were recovered
The 6 sites within Pannonia, all located on the Danube River, served as the frontier of the
provmce with the Germanic tribes to the north The location of the sites on the nver implies that
the amphorae arrived aboard nver barges which would have been part of a supply line along the
Danube The relatively lower number of stamps recovered from the province contrasted with the
123
other Germanic frontiers indicates that it was not as heavily fortified as Germama Superior and
that the soldiers had more limited access to olive oil from Axati The amphorae were distributed
directly to the frontier forts from a major supplier, or city, farther along the Danube in Raetia or
Germama Superior
Dalmatia
Vicus
3[1]
Stamps
Military
Civilian
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
Sites
0
3
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
0
0
1
3 stamps came from Split in Dalmatia (Fig. 29) Two bear the stamp OCPA and the other
bears LPMS Split was a small settlement, a vicus, prior to the establishment of the palace of
Diocletian nearby in the early 4 th century The OCPA stamps date between 80 and 190 while
LPMS has been dated between 150 and 284 Both of these dates are prior to the reign of
Diocletian and are connected with the civilian occupation of the site The OCPA stamps have not
been recovered at any other site of the Empire outside of Split and Axati The LPMS stamp has
been found primarily in civilian contexts in Britannia and Germama Superior and is entirely
absent from Monte Testaccio and Rome As with other limited finds in the eastern provinces
these amphorae may be evidence of reuse although the presence of three at a single site makes
this less likely The only three amphorae from Axati recovered from Dalmatia thus far are from
the coastal vicus of Split which illustrates the access which could be achieved by an eastern
settlement to olive oil produced m distant Baetica
124
From Dalmatia 17 stamps on Dressel 20 amphorae have been excavated and published
Of these, 18%, or 3 amphorae, bore stamps from Axati This proportion is representative for the
province and its low level of acquisition of Dressel 20 amphorae from Baetica
Achaia
Municipium
Sites
Stamps
Military
Civilian
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
Corinth, the capital of the Roman province of Achaia, has been excavated since 1896
while the Athenian Agora has been carefully excavated for 80 years, yet only a single Axati
stamped amphora has been found (Fig. 28) It comes from Athens and bears the stamp
PCAEHER dating between 69 and 117 The stamp was found on a Dressel 20 amphora although
the use of the amphora at the site is not determined It may be evidence of reuse Amphorae were
reused to transport additional commodities as well as used in building materials and drainage
pipes
The deposition of this amphora stamp in Athens and its potential use is not recorded in
the excavation reports of R Thouvenot published in 1940 168 Other Dressel 20 amphorae have
been recovered from Achaia, although few in number, which indicates that the province did have
access to Baetican olive oil on a limited scale The discovery of a single stamp from Axati in the
Callender, 1970, 23-36
Thouvenot, 1940,117
125
mumcipium of Athens on its own cannot be used to include Achaia in the general distribution of
Axati and Baetican olive oil
There was a single stamped amphora from Axati recovered from Achaia along with 8
other Dressel 20 amphorae The Axati stamp represents 11% of the total from this provmce
which also includes the sites of Rhodes, Delos and Corinth Although only a single stamp from
Axati has been found so far, the sample of only 9 Dressel 20 amphorae is very small, mdicating
that olive oil in Greece came from other, no doubt closer, sources
Syria
Provincial Capital
Stamps
Military
Sites
0
0
Civilian
1
1
Military/Civilian
0
0
Other
0
0
Indeterminate
0
0
Total
1
1
One stamp-bearing amphora from Axati was recovered in the provmcial capital of Syria
at Antioch (Fig. 28) This stamp, GMMF, is found elsewhere as far east as Pannoma It has been
recorded primarily at military sites as well as at Rome and other provincial capitals The
association of this stamp with Pannoma indicates that it did reach into the central provinces and
may m fact be found farther east than is currently clear, however, it is unlikely that this single
stamp is evidence of a distnbution route bringing oil from Axati to Antioch The amphora was
likely acquired through redistribution by ships sailing from Rome Since the stamp is not found
126
anywhere else farther east than Pannoma, it may simply be evidence of reuse and on its own says
nothing about the consumption of olive oil from Baetica by the Syrian populace
The Axati stamp recovered at Antioch represents the only stamped Dressel 20 amphora
from the entire provmce of Syria At 100% of the known Baetican distribution to the eastern
provmce, it can hardly be taken as representative
Aegyptus
Provincial Capital
12 [1]
Stamps
Sites
Military
0
0
Civilian
12
1
Military/Civilian
0
0
Other
0
0
Indeterminate
0
0
12
1
Total
The site of Alexandria represents an interesting anomaly m the eastern distribution of
olive oilfromAxati (Fig. 28) It has yielded 12 stamps of which only two are related The date
range isfrom30 to 284, indicating that Alexandria was able to import olive oil over the entire
period of use of Dressel 20 amphorae The variety of stamps and wide date ranges imply that
there was no single supplier and that inhabitants were able to acquire olive oil from as far as
Spam m considerable quantities
The stamps are found only at Alexandria in Aegyptus The special status, both social and
political, of this city within both Egypt and the Roman Empire is well documented169 The city
169
Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976, 37
127
served as the primary port for the province as well as the centre of the Egyptian grain trade and
the port of the annona transport ships The economic influence of Alexandria may have reached
distant Baetica, however, it is more likely that the amphorae were brought to the city from Rome
All but two of the stamps at Alexandria have also been recovered from Monte Testaccio which
shows that the stamps were available at the ports of Rome as well It is highly likely that the
amphorae found at Alexandria were brought to the city by the annona merchants and private
traders sailing from Rome to the great port of Alexandria
Stamps at Alexandria are important due to their high number m comparison with the
other eastern Mediterranean provinces Alexandria represents the only eastern city, past
Pannoma and Split, where more than a smgle amphora has been recovered It defines the farthest
east that the olive oil industry of Axati was able to reach on a consistent basis The choice to
import olive oil from Baetica attests to the widespread consumption of the high quality Baetican
oil even when oil was produced locally or at nearer cities and provmces
A total of 74 Dressel 20 stamped amphorae have been recovered from Alexandria
representing the entire corpus of stamps published from the province of Aegyptus Of these, 12
were produced at Axati representing 16% of the total corpus The site of Axati is representative
for the province with all the stamped amphorae being recovered from the primary city and port
Eastern Provinces Conclusions
The eastern provmces of the Empire, outside of Pannoma, show a minimal supply of
olive oil from Axati and Baetica Apart from Aegyptus, only 5 amphorae were found Aegyptus
128
with 12 stamps illustrates the special treatment of the city of Alexandria under the Roman
Empire as well as the greater demand which Romans at the capital city had for Baetican olive oil
The few amphorae recovered from the eastern provmces may have been received at Rome then
transported along with other goods to the east There is no clear evidence for a distnbution route
which would have extended past Rome into the eastern Mediterranean based on the stamp
evidence The amphorae in Dalmatia and Aegyptus were perhaps acquired from Rome which
redistributed the olive oil to these two eastern areas The amphorae m Achaia and Syria may be
evidence of reuse of the amphorae It is not currently clear without further study of the amphorae
themselves The eastern provinces were poorly supplied by olive oil from Axati, and likely
Baetica as a whole, due primarily to distance as well as the production of olive oil in the eastern
Mediterranean
129
Italia
Roma
103 [6]
Testaccio Colonia Mumcipium
16 [1]
601 [1]
3 [3]
Stamps
Military
Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
0
726
0
0
726
Vicus
2 [2]
Sites
0
12
0
0
12
Italia, outside of Rome, is poorly represented in this study (Fig. 29) 21 stamps were
found m Italia with 16 of them from the port of Rome at Ostia The stamps of Ostia are likely
connected with the importation of olive oil at Rome where on arrival they were unloaded and
placed on river barges and sent up the river to the region of Monte Testaccio Ostia served as a
primary port for the Imperial city throughout its history as is also reflected by literary evidence
and the relatively low population of the mumcipium The port was expanded dunng the Flavian,
Antonine and Severan periods and served alongside the Claudian and Trajanic port at Portus in
supplying the immense demands of the Imperial capital 170
The importance of the stamps at Ostia is from the presence of the same stamps bemg at
the city of Rome and especially abundant at Monte Testaccio This demonstrates that most of the
amphorae brought to the port were transported farther inland to Rome where they were received,
distributed and consumed The earliest of the Ostia stamps date to the Trajanic period with the
last dated 284 Although the port of Ostia was responsible for receiving immense quantities of
olive oil from Baetica and Axati, most of the amphorae continued inland to Rome Those which
Oxford Classical Dictionary3,1996,1081-1082 The absence of stamps recovered from Portus suggests that
there was a division of commodities which each port received with Ostia supplying Rome with Baetican olive oil
170
130
were broken on arrival, discarded by the receivers or meant to supply the port populace remained
and are represented in this study
Outside of Ostia, in northern Italia, south of the Alps, two stamped amphorae occurred at
two colomae The city of Modena in central Italia to the north of the Apennines was founded in
the 3 rd century BCE 1?1 The Dressel 20 amphora recovered from the city bears one of the most
common stamps, MAR The city of Tortona immediately south of the Alps, was founded during
i Ty
the late Republican or early Augustan penod
The type of amphora found at the site could not
be determined although it bore the tria nomina LCH These two sites, if indeed the amphora at
Tortona was a Dressel 20, represent the only stamps found in Italia which were not directly
connected to Rome although they may have been shipped northward from Rome
On Sardinia and Elba three stamps were found Porto Azzuro on Elba had an unidentified
amphora type which bore the stamp CPC As discussed previously this stamp was likely
produced at Almodovar del Rio in Baetica and does not indicate distribution to the site from
Axati Two amphorae were recovered from the larger island of Sardinia, one is a Dressel 20
while the other is an Africana amphora The site of San Giovanni di Smis on the western coast of
the island produced a Dressel 20 amphora with the stamp MLMOPSI which was produced at La
Catria within the territory of Axati This port is on a direct line from the coast of Hispama
Citenor and is evidence of the open water route which is also shown at the Baleares The port
city of Porto Torres revealed an Africana amphora bearing the stamp MAR Although this is not
related directly to the olive oil industry of Axati, it may indicate that the same producer m
171
172
Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976, 600
Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976,427
131
Baetica also possessed land and production facilities in North Africa
The stamps found in
Sardinia hint at the presence of a distribution route across open waters directly from Hispama
Citerior, they are inconclusive in proving it based on the stamps from Axati alone
The stamps from Italia and the neighbouring islands demonstrate that although immense
j
quantities of olive oil were shipped to the province from Axati, the amphorae were sent mainly
to Rome with few being distributed elsewhere in the province The absence of stamped Dressel
20 amphorae at major cities in the province may indicate that other sources, including local
Italian and other Baetican produce, were exploited The use of barrels or other perishable
containers may have been used to distribute Baetican olive oil throughout the province after the
amphorae were imported into Rome Italia, outside of Rome, contrasts sharply with the other
Western provinces of the Empire and was found to contain fewer stamped amphorae from Axati
than even distant Alexandria in Aegyptus
Italia represents the largest corpus of stamps recovered from a single region with 5723
stamped Dressel 20 amphorae Axati stamps represent 13% of these, with 723 recovered,
including from Rome and Monte Testaccio For Italia, Axati therefore may be taken as
representative of the entire Baetican olive oil distribution to the region
Rome
The stamped amphorae from Rome have been divided based on their location in the city
Six distinct areas are identified as well as a group which has a provenience simply of Rome The
largest corpus of these stamps is found at Monte Testaccio which will be discussed in detail due
173
This is also supported by the presence of the MAR stamp on a large number of Afncana type amphorae
132
to its immense importance in discussing the olive oil industry of Baetica Each of the other areas
will be discussed separately
103 stamps were recovered from Rome, excludmg Monte Testaccio, which represents 8%
of the 1240 stamped Dressel 20 amphorae published from the city Although this percentage is
lower than m the provinces, and at Monte Testaccio, it still can be seen as representative of the
overall distribution of Baetican olive oil All of the areas within the city from which Dressel 20
stamps have been recovered are represented by those produced at Axati
18 stamps are simply listed as bemg from Rome without identifying a specific location
They date from 50 to 284 as is to be expected These stamps from 'Rome' are also well attested
at Monte Testaccio and other sites in the city and were received from Ostia by the warehouses
near Monte Testaccio Small quantities were then transported throughout the city
Castra Praetoria
The Castra Praetoria is located in the northeast corner of Rome outside the inhabited
areas The fort was first constructed by Tibenus in 21 to 23 to house the Praetorian Guard which
was responsible for the protection of the emperor and the city It was later incorporated into
Aurehan's wall as part of the fortifications of the city and the walls themselves were raised an
additional three metres The fort was constructed in the same fashion as most Roman military
forts with square fortification walls, crossroads and organized buildings inside the walls The site
was excavated in 1878 by Heinnch Dressel as part of his work at Monte Testaccio and elsewhere
in Rome Dressel concluded, based on the older forms of the stamps and the poor quality of the
133
tituhpicti, that the amphorae were all deposited there within 79 years, spanning most of the 1st
century until the early 2 nd century 174
There are 4 stamps from Axati from the Castra Praetona Three of these can be dated to
the 1st century although one has been firmly dated to the early 3 rd century The site contains two
stamps beanng the tria nomina MAR The other 1st century amphora bears the stamp PCAEHER
which is found at this site and at Monte Testaccio in Rome, and spread thinly throughout the
Empire including mto Achaia The stamp ILFT has been firmly dated between 220 and 224
based on its location at Monte Testaccio This contradicts the conclusions of Dressel who
thought the amphorae were all deposited during the 1st and early 2 nd centuries This stamp may
have been an accidental deposition at the site and not connected to the primary importation of
olive oil into the camp Alternatively it may indicate that the date range of consumption at the
fort needs to be expanded significantly to accommodate more recent evidence
Villa Ludovisi
The Villa Ludovisi was constructed in the 17th century in Rome over the ancient horti
Sallustiam These gardens were established in Rome with the acquisition of the property by the
historian Sallust after the death of Julius Caesar During the reign of Tiberius, the land was
acquired by theprinceps and maintained as a public garden and imperial residence It was
maintained until the 6th century at which time it was largely abandoned or built over by small
houses until the construction of the 17th century villa The region was filled in during the
Richardson, 1992, 78-79
134
expansion of Rome m early modern Italy removing most traces of the ancient area as well as
burying any further amphorae which may have been used at the site 175
The villa has yielded two amphorae, both bearing the stamp LVTROPHIMI, which was
produced at La Catna m Axati from the Flavian to Trajanic period, 70 to 121 The producer of
these stamps has been identified as L Valerius Trophimi of Baetica 176 The presence of only a
single stamp on two amphorae at the site may simply be coincidence based on discovery The
amphorae could also have been closely connected to the annona and Monte Testaccio and were
distnbuted and used by the imperial residence within the gardens These stamps have been found
primarily in civilian contexts throughout the Empire as well as at the shipwreck in the Golfe de
Fos There is only one example of this stamp from Monte Testaccio, however, there are an
additional 3 found within Rome
Tiber
The Tiber River itself has yielded 4 stamped amphorae from Axati dating primarily from
the mid-2nd century to 224 17T The location of the amphorae at the bottom of the river is not
recorded apart from bemg within the city The amphorae could have been deposited in a variety
of ways They could have been on route to Monte Testaccio from Ostia aboard river barges, or
they may also have been sent for distribution throughout the city using the river and been lost,
broken or discarded either before or after use
Richardson, 1992, 202-203
Berni Millet, 2008, 622
The stamp MIM may also be dated 50 to 70 AD
135
In Esquiliis
The Esquiline region of Rome is located on the eastern side of the city, formed into the
fifth regio dunng the Augustan reorganization Its boundaries were estabhshed by the aqueducts
which surrounded it The area contained a market as well as numerous villas, horti, and
residences In the 4 century the area was enclosed within the Aurehan Walls
17 Axati stamped amphorae have been found there Apart from two LFFV stamps and
three which are connected with the Ennu lulu societas, all the rest differ from each other The
direct association of these stamps with a particular site type is difficult to establish, however, it is
more likely that they were associated with the villas and market of the area than the later poor
residential quarters The amphorae were distributed here from Monte Testaccio, based on their
presence in higher quantities at the mound and the geographic layout of the city, where the oil
was then were either sold in the market in smaller containers or consumed directly by wealthy
Romans at suburban villas
Horte Torlonia
The Villa Torlonia was constructed in the 19th century over the ancient Horrea Galbae,
the ancient emponon of Rome and the eastern slope of Monte Testaccio A number of stamped
amphorae were recovered from the surrounding gardens The Horrea Galbae were immense
warehouses located between the Aventine hill and Monte Testaccio They were constructed
dunng the Republican period and became impenal property after the reign of Galba 179 They
served as the primary storage site for the grain of the annona pubhcus as well as olive oil, wine
178
Richardson, 1992,146
The exact foundation date is not recorded, however, it appears to have been after 144 BCE See Richardson,
1992, pg 193 for a more detailed discussion of the horrea
179
136
and other commodities Around the outside were small shopsfromwhich goods were distnbuted
and sold The adjoining emporion was well supplied by the large quantities of goods stored at the
horrea The later gardens were excavated in 1873 by Heinnch Dressel during his work at Monte
Testaccio
Because the area was used as a storehouse for imported olive oil, many of the stamps
1 Rft
found in Rome have been found there
58 stamps have been recovered from the gardens, of
which many can easily be grouped into related families The presence of 8 PORTO stamps and 6
POPVLI stamps, both of the Severan period, indicate its close association with the annona
dunng the 3rd century As well, several stamps bear the 'P' which was used as an abbreviation in
stamps for portus All of the stamps found within the gardens have also been found at Monte
Testaccio and many are found throughout the city as well
Many of the stamps can be grouped into related types which suggest that Rome acquired
amphorae based on the size of the production region from the producers in Baetica in order to
supply the city 181 The stamps can be dated mainly to the 3rd century, corresponding to the
eastern slope of Monte Testaccio, although there are also 19 stamps which date to the 1st and 2nd
centuries The increase m stamps dunng the 3rd century is connected with the Severan acquisition
of estates in Baetica to supply the annona which had expanded at this time to include a free
distnbution of olive oil to all eligible citizens
Only the mam mounds of Monte Testaccio have yielded more stamps in Rome
There is currently no evidence that the taxes were paid in olive oil although it may have been acquired using tax
monies See Hopkins, 1980,124
181
137
The distribution of olive oil amphorae from Axati clearly favours those sites which are
closest, if not connected, to Monte Testaccio, the primary storage site in the city Those stamps
noted simply as found within Rome, tell nothing of the internal distribution of olive oil The
Castra Praetona yielded 4 stamped amphorae from Axati in order to supply the elite soldiers of
the fort who were charged with the protection of the emperor The low number may be more
indicative of receipt of olive oil in other, perishable, containers rather than such a low
consumption level of olive oil by the elite soldiers of Rome The amphorae may also have been
disposed of more carefully than elsewhere The presence of amphorae in the Esquihne region
may show that the markets of the city were able to receive entire amphorae which were then
opened and the oil divided into smaller containers for sale The recovery of amphorae from the
Tiber demonstrates how the amphorae were transported within the city or how they were
disposed of after emptying The Horte Torloma represents a unique case where the modern site
was built over part of Monte Testaccio as well as the neighbouring warehouses and markets The
abundance of amphorae recovered from the Horte is to be expected The distribution of
amphorae within Rome favours the elite regions of the city as well as the market areas although
the majority of the oil would have been transferred into smaller more portable containers on
arrival at Monte Testaccio
Monte Testaccio
The site of Monte Testaccio presents the most complex, and largest, corpus of stamped
amphorae in the Roman world 601 stamps from Axati have been recovered here
These stamps
In addition 8 stamps are connected with the figlma Marsianensis of Alcolea del Rio and the CPC and figlma
Salsensia stamps of Almodovar del Rio These have been removed from the discussion of Monte Testaccio due to
their production outside of Axati
138
range from 50 to the end of the 4 th century with most falling between 150 and 224 183 In order to
analyze the site and the stamps, they have been divided into groups based on the number of
stamps recovered The first consists of those types with 50 or more examples The second group
ranges from 25 to 49 examples while the third is from 10 to 24 The fourth is 5 to 9 and the last
are those stamps with fewer than 5 examples These divisions will allow each stamp, and any
related stamps, to be discussed in relation to its abundance within the excavations of the mound
The sample of stamps published from Monte Testaccio includes 4196 stamps on Dressel
20 amphorae Axati represents 14% of these, with 601 published amphora stamps, showing that
the site is representative of the Baetican olive oil industry at the immense amphora dump
Although the sample size of published stamps from the mound is slight compared to the
immense quantities found there, those produced at the single site of Axati represent a fairly large
proportion There is no other singular site m Baetica which has contributed more stamps to the
published corpus from Monte Testaccio
Over fifty stamps
Two stamp families from Monte Testaccio had more than 50 examples The first is the
SNR stamp and its portus stamp SNRP 83 have been recovered so far in excavations The SNR
stamp is dated between 140 and 180 while SNRP can be narrowly dated between 145 and 161
The difference in dating is due to the narrower distribution of the SNRP stamp The second
stamp group is the ALFO stamp and its expanded version of AELFO 184 62 from this producer
were recovered from the site, and dated between 145 and 161 based on their position m the
183
Baetican imports to Monte Testaccio would have ceased by 251 AD even if they continued to be distributed
throughout the Empire
184
There is also a stamp ALF which may be related although none have been recovered from Axati currently
139
mound These two stamp families represent the two largest groups found in the mound and attest
to the immense quantities of olive oil which single producers of Axati oil contributed to Rome
dunng the mid-2nd century
Twenty-five to forty-nine stamps
Five stamp families representing a total of 178 stamps fall in the second group The
stamp ILFT was found 34 times, it has been narrowly dated between 220 and 224 based on its
location m the mound and tituhpicti185 The LIT stamp was found on 33 amphorae and is dated
from 150 to 284 based on archaeological excavations 186 The LCMY stamp is an expanded
version of LCM Of these related stamps 40 were recovered from the mound dating between 140
and 200
The family of stamps related to the Ennn lulu societas is found in large numbers at
Monte Testaccio and throughout the Empire and frontiers There are 39 stamps found at the site
of which 10 are also connected to the fighna Saenianensia of Axati The Ennn lulu stamps are
also found at Rome in the Esquihne region and without a provenience in the city This popular
stamp was distributed to the major cities of Germania Superior and Britannia as well as
throughout the western provinces in small quantities
The POPVLI stamps were used between 214 and 224 in connection with olive oil
destined for distribution by the annona They began with the acquisition of Baetican lands dunng
the confiscations of Septimius Severus 30 of these were found at the site of which 4 also bear
185
This is one of the most narrowly dated examples from Axati with none currently recovered from outside of this
four year period
186
Those recovered from Monte Testaccio would have arrived at the site prior to 251
140
the PORTO stamp on their handles and bodies The PORTO stamps are found in smaller
quantities at Monte Testaccio, 24 were recovered excluding those which are double stamped
The close relationship of the POPVLI and PORTO stamps is well attested by amphorae which
bear both stamps and both have been connected to the expansion of the annona under the
Severans
Ten to twenty-four stamps
13 types of stamps have been found with 10 to 24 examples from Monte Testaccio The
stamp GRADOS has been counted 21 times, and dated between 140 and 224 The stamp CAS
was found 20 times and can be dated between 214 and 224 From the years 200 to 235, 17
amphorae bear the stamp CONSFC The CORBEL stamp of the 2 nd to 3 rd century was found on
13 amphorae from the mound 15 stamps dating from the reign of Antoninus Pius bear the tria
nomina DIA Amphorae bearmg the stamp LCANTP occurred 11 times dating between 130 and
161 The tria nomina CRA occurred 11 times and has been dated to the post-Severan period
Also from this period are 13 amphorae bearmg the GAVFL stamp which may have been
produced at Cortijo del Alamo
The ambiguous MIM stamp was counted 22 times and dated both from 50 to 70 as well
as 145 to 161 The first of these dates is based on the archaeological context of the shipwreck at
the Golfe de Fos while the second was established based on its position in the mound Due to the
two possible date ranges, it presents some difficulties in analysis Although the stamp cannot be
firmly dated to either period, those at Monte Testaccio have been dated between 145 and 161
141
Both the PARVA and the PORODV stamps were found 10 times each at the mound 187
The former have been dated after 209 although a definitive date range has not been established
The latter stamps date from the second half of the 2nd century and present another ambiguous
stamp in this study due to its potential association with the city of Oduciae
There are two stamp families at Monte Testaccio which fall into this category The first
of these, LCH and the expansion LCHE, date from the 3rd century They were found 15 times at
the site and present the tria nomina of a Baetican producer The stamp QMS, and its related
version QIMS, were found 10 times at the site 188 These have been dated to the third quarter of
the 3rd century These two stamp families present the tria nomina of two unknown Baeticans who
were involved in the production or distribution of olive oil from Axati
Five to nine stamps
4 stamp types have been recovered with 5 to 9 examples The AQFVA stamp was
counted 9 times This is one of the most narrowly dated stamps in this study dating 160 to 161 189
The stamp CEFP was found on 5 amphorae belonging to the Flavian penod Also from this
penod were 6 amphorae bearing the PCAEHER stamp The GMMF stamp occurred 6 times and
can be dated between 180 and 220
The PORODV stamp may stand for Por(tus) Odu(ciae) identifying the ambiguous city of Oduciae See Berni
Millet, 2008,190 for a discussion of this possibility
188
The QIMS stamp may also be restored as QIMN since the letter which has been transcribed here as an S is in a
form which was also used to write an N on amphorae This study uses QIMS as the transcription since it is the most
used within current scholarship
189
This very narrow date range, based on consular dates in tituli picti, will likely be expanded as more of these
stamps are recovered
142
One to four stamps
There are 24 stamp types for which there are less than five examples Of these the most
frequently recovered is EFDS on 4 amphorae It can be placed within the 3 rd century The stamps
ACHB, dated 153 to 161, CLPV, dated 180 to 250, and GAF, dated 145 to 225, were each
recovered 3 times during excavations
Two examples of the following stamps were recovered from the mound CENHISPSAE,
popular throughout the Empire but lacking in numbers m Rome, has been dated to the Flavian
period as have the CALPVRNB stamps PANRVF is dated between 70 and 145 The LFFV
stamp has been dated from 175 to 225 Dating from 145 to 161 are the DATZCOL stamps while
the CIS stamps date from 150 to 210
There are two stamp families with fewer than five stamps recovered from the site The
family of GPC and the expansion GPCI is represented twice m the mound, and dated between
247 and 252 190 The stamps of Q Aelius Optatus, QAEOPO and QAEOPCOL, were both found
at Monte Testaccio There were 3 stamps of the former and one of the latter which are dated
between 125 and 175
11 stamps occur just once The stamp MSPO falls into this category and is the only stamp
excavated thus far from the mound for which no date has been ventured The stamp PORCPR is
dated to the 1st century while the similar stamp PORLFS is dated from 40 to 130 and PORLAR
from 50 to 150 The final portus stamp, PORPSI, has been dated 225 to 275 Ranging from the
190
Although very similar to the CPC stamps also found at Monte Testaccio, they have quite different distributions
and date ranges and are unlikely to have been the product of the same producer Further research is needed in
order to decide conclusively whether they are the same individual or not
143
1st to 2 nd century are the stamps of LVTROPfflMI, dated 70 to 121, and the LSLP stamp which
is dated between 98 and 138 Three stamps fall in the mid-2nd century VMFC has been
tentatively dated between 138 and 161 while TANP is dated from 140 to 190 and CAPF from
142 to 180 The stamp IIQQETCF ranges in date from 175 to 225 They were only found once,
thus far, at Monte Testaccio and display the broad range of quantities and producers who
contributed to the supply of olive oil for the markets and populace of Rome
The site of Monte Testaccio represents the largest accumulation of olive oil amphorae
from Baetica in the Roman Empire The city of Rome drew immense quantities of oil from the
province, and especially Axati, for three centuries and this is reflected in the over 25 million
amphorae which compose the mound Although excavations are ongoing, and will be for a long
time, the stamps revealed so far have ranged in number from a single stamp to as many as 83
examples from the same family This discrepancy in the proportions of each stamp may simply
be due to the location of the excavations, in which case the results could change with each future
publication Alternatively, the differences may be indicative of the size of the production
facilities for each producer or the selection of specific producers by the Romans to supply the
imperial capital and the annona Either way excavations at Monte Testaccio will continue to alter
our understanding of the mound itself as well as the immense quantities of olive oil from Axati
and the province of Baetica
144
Conclusions
The majority of the sites which yielded Axati amphorae are along major Roman
roadways The presence of roads throughout the Roman Empire allowed for the transportation of
large quantities of produce more quickly and cheaply than had been previously possible Roads
leadmg through Gallia towards the frontiers and Germama Superior allowed for large quantities
of oil to be brought from the Rhone, Rhine and other rivers, through the main cities with some
amphorae being left at smaller sites along the way The majority of these amphorae reached the
major towns of Germama Superior and Britannia where they were either consumed or sent
farther on to the frontier forts and cities
Within Baetica and the Gallic provinces, a high degree of riverine transport is evidenced
by Axati stamps The Rhone served as the primary supply route to the city of Lyon from which
the amphorae were further distributed along the roadways The same is true of those which
reached Cologne along the Rhine The abundance of amphorae from the site illustrates that it was
a major importer of olive oil, from which large quantities were distributed to nearby sites in
Germama Inferior as well as along the Rhine to the forts and cities of the frontiers The presence
of navigable overs throughout the western provinces allowed for olive oil produced at Axati to
be brought to a central location and transported primarily by water, and also by land, to sites
throughout the provmces
Despite the importance of the roadways and river systems in the western provinces for
distributing the olive oil, there are many sites which do not he along major roadways These are
primarily m the Gallic provinces as well as Germama Superior These amphorae were likely
145
acquired through trade with a major distribution point rather than being sold during the primary
transportation of the amphorae The majority of these sites are civilian vici and villae as well as
some of the smaller frontier forts
There are several sites throughout the western provinces from which only a smgle Axati
stamp has been recovered The civilian sites which have only yielded one are typically those
removed from the primary waterways and roadways including many of the villae and some vici
The military sites are pnmanly those which housed only a small garnson of auxilianes, typically
not Italian or Roman soldiers, along the outer frontiers On their own, the presence of a single
stamp at a site does not indicate the direct involvement of that populace with the distnbution of
Axati oil However, when viewed hohstically these single find sites follow the general
distnbution and consumption patterns shown by those sites which acquired larger numbers of
stamped amphorae
The distnbution of stamped amphorae onginating from Axati favours the mihtanzed
provmces of the Empire Within Germania Supenor and Inferior, Bntannia, Pannoma and Raetia
631 Axati stamped amphorae were found
191
Of these, 353 were recovered from sites which
served a military function Since these five provinces compose much of the Germanic frontier
and those of Britannia, they contain the majonty of military sites where amphorae were
recovered (Fig. 30) In addition, many of the sites which served a predominantly civilian
function did maintain a degree of military occupation The small military contingents which
occupied many of the settlements would have been supplied by state sponsored distnbution
Despite the presence of soldiers in a number of civilian settlements in these provmces the olive
191
The civilian provinces have yielded a total of 288 stamped amphorae from Axati
146
oil was likely consumed by the civilian inhabitants The large amounts of olive oil imported mto
the militarized provinces from Axati, and Baetica, demonstrate the large-scale presence of
Roman troops and officers in these provinces who were supplied with olive oil as part of their
rations, and the Romanizing effect which they had on the native populace
Despite the militarized provinces being the primary importers of olive oil, outside of
Rome, more stamped amphorae were recovered from purely civilian settlements than from ones
with a military function Those 117 sites which served a civilian function throughout the Empire
were responsible for the deposition of 472 stamped amphorae from Axati while the 50 sites
which served a military function, as well as the 47 which were both military and civilian in
nature, have yielded 455 stamps At those sites which served both a civilian and military
function, it is unclear the proportions which were consumed by the military occupants compared
to the civilian, however, a large proportion of the oil may have been consumed by the civilian
populace Despite the high number of olive oil amphorae received by the militarized provinces,
the distribution of the amphorae amongst military and civilian sites slightly favours those of a
civilian nature
Rome is excluded from the comparison of civilian and military consumption due to its
important position in the olive oil industry and the Roman Empire It is clear, based on the
quantities of stamps recovered from the city, and the quantity still to be excavated and published,
that it was the primary consumer for olive oil A large proportion of the produce of Baetica was
shipped directly to supply the Imperial city as is exemplified by the Axati stamp evidence The
amphorae imported mto Rome served to supply the Roman populace with oil which would
147
mclude these within the civilian category However, the special nature of the city and its
populace would dramatically obscure the results of the companson between military and civilian
consumption in favour of civilian sites Rome was the primary importer and consumer of olive
oil produced both at Axati and throughout Baetica
Olive oil amphorae from Axati were distributed throughout the western provinces, and
into some eastern towns, during the 1st to 3 rd centuries The stamps have been used here to trace
their distribution to military and civilian sites and to contrast their consumption levels The
amphorae from Axati favour the militarized provinces of the Roman Empire, however, there
have been slightly more stamps recovered from civilian settlements than military sites Previous
scholarship has focused on the frontiers and military forts as the primary consumers of Baetican
olive oil outside of Rome This study, however, has shown that the consumption level of the
civilian settlements within the Western provinces has been underestimated based on the evidence
of the stamped amphorae
148
Atlantic Ocean
Figure 15 Distribution of stamped amphorae produced at Axati
Legend for All Maps Black = Civilian, Red = Military, Blue = Military/Civilian, Purple = Shipwreck, Green = Miscellaneous
A = Civitas
runt«
rv„,*„i
=ro™,„„™oi
-_*_
^ =
Provincial Capital
X = Conventus Capital
»/„n,™™„™
•• =- Municipium
-• Colonia
™ = Lora del Rio (Ancient Axati) — ' = Unknown
=^Fort
•
:
Villa
=Miscellaneous
+ = Shipwreck
* = Vicus
Atlantic Ocean
o
/
/
Ae^ptu«
Figure 16 Distribution of stamped amphorae produced at Axati showing the primary trade routes.
1
»d
Sonk S^u
Atlantic Ocean
Hark S?a
in
J.*
g^^
Medmrrtmtan Std
Figure 17 Distribution of all Dressel 20 stamped amphorae produced m Baetica
• t
f
Beared en I
Figure 18 Distribution of stamped amphorae within Britannia
Figure 19 Distribution of stamps in Gallia Lugdunensis to the Rhine
152
fc*
Narbonensis
AstafFoit
*
o
X^~sj"
Figure 20 Distribution of stamps within Gallia Aquitania
Lugdunenss
J
Aquitania
J La Suisse
Gallia
J Cahors
Narbonensis
Figure 21. Distribution of stamps from Gallia Narbonensis
153
Annecy
o
/J.
Germania
Voorburg
Nijmegen
Inferior
A
Figure 22 Distribution of stamps in Germania Inferior
\
Figure 23. Stamped amphorae in Germania Superior and Raetia.
154
••
Figure 24 Distribution of stamped amphorae throughout the Hispaniae
^ J Tangier
Figure 25 Stamped amphorae produced at Axati (flagged) in Baetica
155
Bibliography
Ancient Authors
Augustus, Res Gestae Divi Augusti
Cato, Marcus Porcius, De agri cultura
Columella, De re rustica
Pliny the Elder, Naturahs Histona
Strabo, Geographica
Varro, Marcus Terentius, De re rustica
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Albertini, E , (1954) "Chapter XII Latin West Africa, Spain and Gaul," in S A Cook,FE
Adcock, M P Charlesworth (ed ), Cambridge Ancient History - Volume XI The Imperial
Peace AD 72-192 Cambridge Cambridge University Press
Amar, G , and B Liou, (1984) "Les estampilles sur amphores du golfe de Fos " Archaeonautica
4 145-211
Arnold, W T , (1974) The Roman System of Provincial Administration to the Accession of
Constantine the Great Chicago Ares Publishers
Badian, E , (1958) Foreign Clientelae 264-70 B C Chapter V Rome and the West Oxford
Clarendon Press
Barlow, Charles T , (1980) "The Roman Government and the Roman Economy 92-80 BC,"
American Journal of Philology 101 202-219
Baudoux, J , (1990) Les amphores d'Alsace et Lorraine Contribution a I'histoire de I'economie
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166
Reading the Catalogue
Two catalogues are included, the first deals with the stamps which have been recovered
from of Axati, modern Lora del Rio The second are those stamps from Axati which were found
throughout the Empire The former is listed alphabetically according to the first letter of the
stamp The latter is organized alphabetically based upon the Roman province from which the
stamp was found Within the province sites are listed alphabetically according to their modern
names and then according to the first letter of the stamp Below are the different markings which
have been used in the transcription of the stamps
ABC - Letters transcnbed directly from the stamp without indication of direction The letters are
written without indication of the letter style, links, ligatures, punctuation marks, ornaments or
figures
abc - The letters of the stamp are reversed contrary to the direction of reading of the stamp
ABC (ABC) - The apparent form of the stamp The false appearance of the stamp is shown in
the parentheses along with the form as corrected by the editor Usually letters are altered which
are not significant to the reading of the stamp, for example G to C
A'C, a'bc - The letter after the exclamation mark is inverted or turned
ABC/ABC - A lme division separates the two parts of the stamp
ABC + ABC - Two different stamps are found on the same amphora
((signum)) - Double parentheses are used to denote a symbol or ornament present on the stamp
The symbol is replaced by the Latin word or phrase
ABC?, ((SIGNUW)), ((?)), 9 - A doubtful transcription The transcription is marked by a
question mark if the transcription is m question or the letters or symbol is illegible
ABC & ABC - The transcription is ambiguous and can have two or more potentially accurate
readings This can be due to the ambiguity of one or more letters or the direction of readmg is
unclear
[ABC], [ABC?] - Inside square brackets the letters have been restored by the editor based on
other stamps If the transcription is uncertain a question mark is added to the text
167
ABC[—], ABC[—?] - Dashes represent letters which have not been able to be restored although
the number of missing letters is known A question mark denotes sections where there are
missing letters and the number of letters is unknown
[-], [—] - Unknown letters are missing from the stamp
(-), (—), (?) - A vacant space is found within the stamp The space is usually intentionally left
blank If the amount of space is unknown, relative to the number of letters which could fit m it, a
question mark is used
[[ABC]] - The letters are intentionally erased from the transcription These are most common on
the stamps dating to the period of Severan confiscations of land m Baetica
AB<C, A>BC, A B « C , A » B C - The letter is either higher or lower than the following letter
The sign < mdicates that the letter is h i g h e r , « means much higher, while > shows that the letter
is lower while » mdicates it is much lower If the letter is enclosed by these marks it indicates
that it is omitted on the stamp (see below) This does not relate to the ligature marks
$A$BC, $AB$C - Greek letters are used in the stamp with the letters separated by the dollar
sign The sound of the letter is transcribed mto Latin letters
|ABC|, | ABC, ABC|- The upright dashes indicate the end of the writing box is clearly visible for
the stamp showing that no letters could be missing from that end
|ABC|/|ABC| - The stamp covers two lmes with the dash indicating the line break The horizontal
dashes for each line of the stamp indicate that the writing box ends for both parts of the stamp
A~B~C, A~BC, AB~C - The ~ mark indicates a ligature between the adjoining letters
AABAC, AABC, ABAC - The letters are linked by fusion to each other
{AB} - The letters are linked by inclusion
{A/BC} - The letters are linked by inclusion covering two lines The letters are equivalent m
size to the base letter
{AABC}, {ABAC} - The letters are linked by both inclusion and fusion
A B C, A BC, AB C - Simple punctuation, either a triangular or circular mark, separates the
letters or words of the stamp
{A }BC - A simple punctuation mark is used within the space of a letter
A'B'C, A'BC, AB'C, A B C , A " B " C " - The letter, or letters, prior to the apostrophe are
doubtful in the transcription The letters have been reconstructed based on context and other
stamps If very doubtful the double apostrophe is used
168
<ABC>, A<B>C - The letters or letter within the marks is omitted by error or contraction of the
stamp The editor has added the appropriate letters to correct the error based upon similar
stamps
ABC+ AB+C - A gap is present between one or more letters
ABC*, AB*C - A gap between one or more letters may be present although it is uncertain
A&BC, AAB&CAB, ((signum))&((signum)) - The stamp is ambiguous There are various
interpretations and solutions to the reading of the stamp although it is unclear which one is
correct
(A%), (AB%,), ((signumVo)) - The letters or symbol which is present on the stamp is not fully
preserved or is cut off The missing part has been restored by the editor
169
Quantification of Axati Stamped Amphorae
Province
Prov Capital
Testaccio
Roma
Prov Capital/Fort
Conventus Capital
Civitas
Colonia
Fort
Fort/Vicus
Fort/Colonia
Fort/Municipium
Fort/Civitas
Achaia
Municipium
Shipwreck
Vicus
Villa
1[1]
Aegyptus
12[I]
Britannia
49 [1]
38 [8]
22 [1]
26 [22]
79 [11]
20 [4]
13 [2]
8 [8]
Dalmatia
1[1]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
40 [1]
Gallia (Narbonensis)
5[1]
Germania Inferior
5 [4]
4[1]
13 [4]
17[1]
2[1]
3 [2]
HI]
7 [3]
24 [2]
32 [17]
3[1]
63 [9]
Ml]
30[1]
54 [3]
13[1]
7[1]
51 [3]
8 [2]
Hispania (Baetica)
1[1]
49 [14]
2[1]
9[1]
7[1]
65 [1]
Germania Supenor
7[1]
1[1]
13 [10] 2[1]
2 [2]
1[1]
17 [9]
2 [2]
16 [4]
3 [2]
3 [2]
l[l]
2 [21
1[1]
1[1]
1(1]
19 [4]
Hispania (Citenor)
2[1]
Hispania (Lusitania)
103 [6]
Italia (Sardinia)
2(2]
16 [I]
1[1]
HI]
19 [2]
11 Ei]
Mauretania (Tingitana)
Numidia (Africa)
2[1]
3 [3]
1[1]
Raetia
Syria
II [2]
Hi]
1(1]
Pannoma
3 [2]
27 [11]
l[l]
1[1]
103
601
108
73
8
81
74
71
174
46
7
84
72
56
110
19
19
6
1
6
3
2
19
9
47
33
5
1
8
18
4
52
11
7
Stamps
Sites
Military
71
47
Civilian
472
117
Military/Civilian
384
50
Rome
704
7
Shipwrecks
56
4
Other
19
7
Indeterminate
18
10
1724
242
TOTAL
l[l]
601 [1]
Italia (Testaccio)
Site Totals
12[1]
2[1]
H ispania( Baleares)
Stamp Totals
4 [4]
3[1]
Gallia (Aquitania)
Italia
Miscellaneous
Quantification of Provinces
Achaia
Provincial Capital
Coloma
Civitas
Conventus Capital
Fort
Fort/Vicus
Fort/Colonia
Fort/Municipium
Fort/Civitas
Municipium
Shipwreck
Vicus
Villa Miscellaneous
Villa Miscellaneous
Mil
Sites
Stamps
Military
Civilian
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
Aegyptus
Provincial Capital
12 [11
Civitas
Conventus Capital
Stamps
Military
Civilian
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
Britannia
Provincial Capital
49 [11
Fort/Vicus
Fort/Colonia
Fort/Municipium
Fort/Civitas
Municipium
Shipwreck
Vicus
Fort
Fort/Vicus
26 [221
79 [111
Fort/Colonia
13 [21
Fort/Municipium
Fort/Civitas
20 [41
Municipium
Shipwreck
Vicus Villa Miscellaneous
8 [81 im
4 [41
Fort
Fort/Colonia
Fort/Municipium
Fort/Civitas
Municipium
Shipwreck
Vicus
Fort
0
1
0
0
0
1
Civitas Coloma
38 [81
22 [11
Conventus Capital
Stamps
Provincial Capital
Coloma
Sites
0
12
0
0
0
12
Military
Civilian
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
Dalmatia
0
1
0
0
0
I
0
1
0
0
0
1
Sites
26
118
112
4
4
264
22
19
17
4
4
66
Civitas
Conventus Capital
Coloma
Fort/Vicus
3fll
Sites
Stamps
Military
Civilian
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
0
3
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
0
0
1
Villa Miscellaneous
Gallia (Aquitania)
Provincial Capital
Conventus Capital
Civitas
4 [31
un
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
Provincial Capital/Colonia
40 [1]
Conventus Capital
Provincial Capital
Mumcipium
3 [2]
Shipwreck
54 [3]
Vicus Villa Miscellaneous
13 [10] 2[1]
Fort/Municipium
Fort/Civitas
Mumcipium
Shipwreck
Vicus
Colonia
9[1]
Fort
Fort/Vicus
Fort/Colonia
Colonia
Fort
7 [3]
Fort/Vicus
3(1]
Fort/Colonia
0
20
1
0
0
21
Sites
0
32
0
54
1
87
0
15
0
3
1
19
Civitas
Conventus Capital
1[1]
Sites
Stamps
Military
Civilian
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
Fort/Civitas
Fort/Municipium
Civitas
Conventus Capital
Stamps
Provincial Capital/Fort
7[1]
Fort/Municipium
Fort/Colonia
5[1]
Germania Inferior
Vicus Villa Miscellaneous
49 [14]
Fort/Vicus
2[1]
'Ml
0
8
0
0
1
9
0
119
2
0
0
121
Military
Civilian
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
Shipwreck
Fort
Fort/Civitas
Sites
Stamps
Gallia (Narbonensis)
Mumcipium
Fort/Municipium
Vicus
Villa Miscellaneous
7 [11
Fort/Civitas
Civitas Colonia
17 [1]
13 [4]
0
19
0
0
1
20
Military
Civilian
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
Fort/Colonia
Shipwreck
Fort
Sites
Stamps
Military
Civilian
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
Fort/Vicus
Mumcipium
2(11
Colonia
4 [11
7
2
24
0
0
33
3
2
4
0
0
9
nn
13 [1]
HI]
Villa Miscellaneous
Germania Supenor
Provincial Capital/Fort
Conventus Capital
Stamps
Provincial Capital
Fort/Municipium
7[1]
Fort/Civitas
51 [3]
Municipium
Fort/Colonia
Fort/Municipium
Fort/Civitas
Fort/Colonia
Fort/Municipium
Fort/Civitas
Fort
Fort/Vicus
32 [17]
63 [9]
Fort/Colonia
Colonia
Fort
Fort/Vicus
Colonia
Fort
Fort/Vicus
24 [2]
30 [1]
Municipium
16 [41
Shipwreck
Vicus Villa Miscellaneous
3 [21 3 [21
'2H1
Municipium
Shipwreck
Vicus
295
Conventus Capital
Civitas
Stamps
Military
Civilian
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
Provincial Capital
Vicus Villa Miscellaneous
17 [9] 2 [2]
Sites
ST2]_
Hispania (Baleares)
Shipwreck
2 [2]
32
45
217
Military
Civilian
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
Hispania (Baetica)
Colonia
Civitas
65 11]
Sites
30
10
12
42
Conventus Capital
Civitas
Stamps
Sites
Conventus Capital
Civitas
Villa Miscellaneous
JM.
Military
Civilian
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
Hispania (Citenor)
Provincial Capital
Stamps
Military
Civilian
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
Colonia
Sites
0
24
0
0
1
25
0
8
0
0
1
9
Fort
Fort/Vicus
Fort/Colonia
Fort/Municipium
Fort/Civitas
Municipium
19 [41
Shipwreck
2 [11
Vicus
ifi
Villa Miscellaneous
2 [21
Hispania (Lusitania)
Provincia] Capita]
Conventus Capital
Coloma
Civitas
Fort
Fort/Vicus
Fort/Colonia
Fort/Municipium
Fort/Civitas
Municipium
Shipwreck
Vicus
Mil
Stamps
Military
Civilian
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
Italia (Sardinia)
Provincial Capital
Sites
0
2
0
1
0
3
0
2
0
1
0
3
Civitas
Conventus Capital
Coloma
Fort
Fort/Vicus
Fort/Colonia
Fort/Municipium
Fort/Civitas
Municipium
Shipwreck
Stamps
Mauretania (Tingitana)
Provincial Capital
Conventus Capital
Provincial Capital
0
2
0
0
0
2
Civitas
Stamps
Numidia (Africa)
Coloma
19(21
Fort
Fort/Vicus
Fort/Colonia
Fort/Municipium
Fort/Civitas
Municipium
11(11
Shipwreck
Villa Miscellaneous
Vicus
11121
Coloma
Fort
Fort/Vicus
Fort/Colonia
Fort/Municipium
Fort/Civitas
Municipium
Shipwreck
Vicus
Sites
0
41
0
0
0
41
0
5
0
0
0
5
Conventus Capital
Civitas
Stamps
Sites
nn
Military
Civilian
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
Villa Miscellaneous
Sites
0
2
0
0
0
2
Military
Civilian
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
Vicus
nn
Mil
Military
Civilian
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
Villa Miscellaneous
111]
U'l
nn
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
2
Villa Miscellaneous
Pannoma
Provincial Capital/Fort
'111
Conventus Capital
Civitas
Stamps
Military
Civilian
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
Raetia
Provincial Capital/Fort
Conventus Capital
Provincial Capital
Fort/Colonia
2 [11
Fort/Municipium
Fort/Ci vitas
Municipium
Shipwreck
Vicus
Villa Miscellaneous
Colonia
Fort
Fort/Vicus
3 [21
27 [111
Fort/Col om a
Fort/Municipium
Fort/Civitas
Municipium
Shipwreck
Vicus
Villa Miscellaneous
Fort
Fort/Colonia
im
Sites
3
1
27
0
1
32
2
1
11
0
1
15
Civitas
Conventus Capital
Colonia
un
Sites
Stamps
Military
Civilian
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
Fort/Vicus
3
1
1
0
1
6
Civitas
Stamps
Syria
Fort
3 [3]
Sites
3
1
2
0
1
7
Military
Civilian
Military/Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
Total
Colonia
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
Fort/Vicus
Fort/Municipium
Fort/Civitas
Municipium
Shipwreck
Vicus
Villa Miscellaneous
Italia
Testaccio
601 [1]
Roma
103 [6]
Stamps
Civitas
Sites
Military
Civilian
Other
Indeterminate
0
723
0
0
Total
723
0
11
0
0
11
Colonia
2 [2]
Fort
Fort/Vicus
Fort/Colonia
Fort/Municipium
Fort/Civitas
Municipium
16 [1]
Shipwreck
Vicus
Ml]
Stamps recovered from Lora del Rio (Ancient Axati)
Catalogue ID
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
CEIPAC Number
12931
11199
06863
12948
12515
07138
12908
12938
06868
12909
13713
12905
11193
12481
12514
12906
06717
06718
06719
11130
13725
13726
06692
06858
06859
06860
06861
06867
06669
06857
06856
Find Spot
Stamp (Restored)
Date
Primary Publication
Amphora j
Huerta del Rio
Madre Vieja2
La Catria
Azanaque-Castillejo
La Catria
La Catria
La Maria
Huerta del Rio
La Catria
La Maria
Azanaque-Castillej o
La Maria
Madre Vieja 1
La Mayena
La Catria
La Maria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
Cortijo del Guerra
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
AENIANSA
AVB & ANB
BALF
CH
CPCP
CRROP
1CCRA
IXPS?
LFO
LSLVP
MEM
MST
NC
NIA
RL
ST
VCLF
VCLF
VCLF
AAS
ACHB
ACHB
ACIRC
AELFO
AELFO
AELFO
AELFO
AELFO
AEMOPTPO
ALF
ALF
70 AD
Bonsor, 1931, 140
Ponsich, 1979, CA-092A7 B,6
Remesal, 1977-78, 84a
Bonsor, 1931, 157
Chic, 1985, p 065-599
Remesal, 1977-78, 79a
Bonsor, 1931, 116
Bonsor, 1931, 147
Remesal, 1977-78, 38r
Bonsor, 1931, 117
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f81,05
Bonsor, 1931, 113
Ponsich, 1979, CA-091fl7 A,4
Chic, 1985, p 061-546
Chic, 1985, p 065-598
Bonsor, 1931, 114
Remesal, 1977-78, 19a-l
Remesal, 1977-78, 19a-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 19a-3
Ponsich, 1979, CA-075,14
Ponsich, 1974,LR,145f81,17
Ponsich, 1974,LR,145fBl,18
Remesal, 1977-78, 16a
Remesal, 1977-78, 38i
Remesal, 1977-78, 38j
Remesal, 1977-78, 38k-1
Remesal, 1977-78, 38k-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 38q
Remesal, 1977-78, 11a
Remesal, 1977-78, 38h
Remesal, 1977-78, 3 8g
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
230 -->
153-161
153-161
145-161
145-161
145-161
145-161
145-161
130-161
130-161
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
06849
06850
06851
06852
06853
06854
06855
06864
06865
06866
11222
06996
11216
11217
11281
11153
07137
11185
11186
11286
11287
11288
12480
12920
12921
12922
13740
12947
11132
11198
11196
11184
11183
11189
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
El Marchante
La Catria
El Marchante
El Marchante
El Berro 1
Huerta del Rio
La Catria
La Ramblilla
La Ramblilla
El Berro 2
El Berro 2
El Berro 2
La Mayena
La Mayena
La Mayena
La Mayena
La Estacada de Herrera
Azanaque-Castillejo
Cortyo del Guerra
Madre Vieja 2
Madre Vieja 2
La Ramblilla
La Ramblilla
La Ramblilla
ALFO
ALFO
ALFO
ALFO
ALFO
ALFO
ALFO
ALFO
ALFO
ALFO
AMGALOD
APCE?
APH
APH
AQFVA
ASAEN
ATITAC?
ATITTAE
ATITTAE
ATITTAE
ATITTAE
ATITTAE
ATITTAE
ATITTAE
AVIHR
AVIHR
C
CA
CAELICAMP
CALPD
CALPVRIN
CALPVRNB
CALPVRNC
CALPVRNC
130-161
130-161
130-161
130-161
130-161
130-161
130-161
130-161
130-161
130-161
30-80
98-138
98-138
98-138
160-161
30-150
69-96
69-96
69-96
69-96
69-96
69-96
69-96
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
Remesal, 1977-78, 38a
Remesal, 1977-78, 38b
Remesal, 1977-78, 38c
Remesal, 1977-78, 3 8d
Remesal, 1977-78, 38e-l
Remesal, 1977-78, 38e-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 3 8f
Remesal, 1977-78, 38n
Remesal, 1977-78, 38o
Remesal, 1977-78, 38p
Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl9,5
Remesal, 1977-78, 50a
Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,17
Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,18
Ponsich, 1979, PA-056B0,1
Ponsich, 1979, CA-079,16
Remesal, 1977-78, 78a
Ponsich, 1979, CA-089fl6,3
Ponsich, 1979, CA-089fl6,4
Ponsich, 1979, PA-056f30,6
Ponsich, 1979, PA-056B0J
Ponsich, 1979, PA-056G0,8
Chic, 1985, p 061-544
Bonsor, 1931, 128
Bonsor, 1931, 129
Bonsor, 1931, 130
Ponsich, 1974, LR,216,C
Bonsor, 1931, 156
Ponsich, 1979, CA-075,16
Ponsich, 1979, CA-092A7 B,5
Ponsich, 1979, CA-092A7 B,3
Ponsich, 1979, CA-089fl6,2
Ponsich, 1979, CA-089fl 6,1
Ponsich, 1979, CA-089pl-3
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
66
11194
Madre Vieja2
CALPVRNIB
69-117
Ponsich, 1979, CA-092fl7 B,l
Dr 20
67
11195
Madre Vieja 2
CALPVRPOT
69-117
Ponsich, 1979, CA-092fl7 B,2
Dr 20
68
11197
Madre Vieja2
CALPVRQ
69-117
Ponsich, 1979, CA-092fl7 B,4
Dr 20
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f82,03
Dr 20
69
13730
Azanaque-Castillejo
CAM
70
12946
Azanaque-Castillejo
CAPF
150-180
Bonsor, 1931, 155
Dr 20
71
13714
Azanaque-Castillejo
CAPF
150-180
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f81,06
Dr 20
Dr 20
72
13715
Azanaque-Castillejo
CAPF
150-180
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f81,07
73
13716
Azanaque-Castillej o
CAPF
150-180
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f81,08
Dr 20
74
13717
Azanaque-Castillejo
CAPF
150-180
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145fB 1,09
Dr 20
150-180
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f81,10
Dr 20
75
13718
Azanaque-Castillej o
CAPF
76
11225
El Marchante
CARLA *>
Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl9,8
Dr 20
77
11167
Huerta del Rio
CARNI
Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,13
Dr 20
78
06643
La Catria
CAS
214-224
Remesal, 1977-78, 07a
Dr 20
79
11092
Alamo Alto
CASH
235 -->
Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,15
Dr 20
80
11091
Alamo Alto
CAVE
Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,14
Dr 20
81
06730
La Catria
CCEFP
Remesal 1977-78, 23af
Dr 20
82
06722
La Catria
CEFH
Remesal 1977-78, 22a
Dr 20
83
06723
La Catria
CEFP
69-117
Remesal 1977-78, 23a-1
Dr 20
84
06724
La Catria
CEFP
69-117
Remesal 1977-78, 23a-2
Dr 20
85
06725
La Catria
CEFP
69-117
Remesal 1977-78, 23aa
Dr 20
86
06726
La Catria
CEFP
69-117
Remesal 1977-78, 23ab
Dr 20
87
06727
La Catria
CEFP
69-117
Remesal 1977-78, 23 ac
Dr 20
88
06728
La Catria
CEFP
69-117
Remesal 1977-78, 23ad
Dr 20
89
06729
La Catria
CEFP
69-117
Remesal 1977-78, 23ae
Dr 20
90
06732
La Catria
CEFP
69-117
Remesal 1977-78, 23ah-l
Dr 20
91
06733
La Catria
CEFP
69-117
Remesal 1977-78, 23ah-2
Dr 20
92
06736
La Catria
CEFP
69-117
Remesal 1977-78, 23ak
Dr 20
93
06737
La Catria
CEFP
69-117
Remesal 1977-78, 23al
Dr 20
94
06738
La Catria
CEFP
69-117
Remesal 1977-78, 23am
Dr 20
95
06739
La Catria
CEFP
69-117
Remesal 1977-78, 23an
Dr 20
96
06740
La Catria
CEFP
69-117
Remesal 1977-78, 23ao
Dr 20
97
06741
La Catria
CEFP
69-117
Remesal 1977-78, 23ap
Dr 20
98
06742
La Catria
CEFP
69-117
Remesal 1977-78, 23aq
Dr 20
99
06746
La Catria
CEFP
69-117
Remesal 1977-78, 23at
Dr 20
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
06747
06748
06750
06755
06758
06759
06760
06761
06762
06763
06764
06765
06766
06767
06769
06770
06771
06772
06773
06774
06775
06776
06777
06778
06781
06782
06783
06784
06756
06731
06734
06735
06785
06757
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFP
CEFPL
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
Remesal
1977-78, 23au-l
1977-78, 23au-2
1977-78, 23ax
1977-78, 23az-3
1977-78, 23bb
1977-78, 23c
1977-78, 23d
1977-78, 23e
1977-78, 23f
1977-78, 23g
1977-78, 23h
1977-78,231
1977-78, 23j
1977-78, 23k
1977-78, 23m-1
1977-78, 23m-2
1977-78, 23n
1977-78,230
1977-78, 23p
1977-78, 23q
1977-78, 23r
1977-78, 23s-1
1977-78, 23s-2
1977-78, 23s-3
1977-78, 23u
1977-78, 23v
1977-78, 23x
1977-78, 23y
1977-78, 23b
1977-78, 23ag
1977-78, 23ai
1977-78,23aj
1977-78, 23z
Remesal 1977-78, 23ba
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
06779
06780
06743
06744
06749
06768
06745
06751
06752
06753
06754
06755
06786
06787
13744
13745
11154
12934
06721
06845
06870
06871
06872
06873
06874
06875
06876
06877
06878
13703
13706
12941
12942
12943
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Estacada de Herrera
La Estacada de Herrera
Huerta del Rio
Huerta del Rio
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillej o
CEFPL
CEFPL
CEFPO
CEFPO
CEFPO
CEFPOR
CEFPOR
CEFPORTI
CEFPORT1
CEFPORTI
CEFPORTI
CEFPORTI
CENHISPSA
CENHISPSA
CENHISPSA
CENHISPSA
CENH1SPSAE
CENSAEN
CHRYSAN
CIS
CLPV
CLPV
CLPV
CLPV
CLPV
CLPV
CLPV
CLPV
CLPV
CMM
CMM
CONSFC
CONSFC
CONSFC
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
80-130
150-210
180-250
180-250
180-250
180-250
180-250
180-250
180-250
180-250
180-250
179-180"?
179-180'?
200-235
200-235
200-235
Remesal, 1977-78, 23t-l
Remesal, 1977-78, 23t-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 23ar-l
Remesal, 1977-78, 23ar-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 23 av
Remesal, 1977-78,231
Remesal, 1977-78, 23as
Remesal, 1977-78, 23ay-l
Remesal, 1977-78, 23ay-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 23az-l
Remesal, 1977-78, 23az-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 23az-3
Remesal, 1977-78, 24a-1
Remesal, 1977-78, 24a-2
Ponsich, 1974, LR,21607,11
Ponsich, 1974,LR,216f77,12
Ponsich, 1979, CA-079,17
Bonsor, 1931, 143
Remesal, 1977-78, 21a
Remesal, 1977-78, 36a
Remesal, 1977-78, 40a-1
Remesal, 1977-78, 40a-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 40b-1
Remesal, 1977-78,40b-2
Remesal, 1977-78,40c
Remesal, 1977-78, 40d
Remesal, 1977-78, 40e
Remesal, 1977-78, 40f
Remesal, 1977-78, 40g
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f80,18
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f80,21
Bonsor, 1931, 150
Bonsor, 1931, 151
Bonsor, 1931, 152
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
13722
13723
13724
13728
11144
07054
07063
11226
07143
12956
13719
13720
13721
11272
11283
12470
12474
06792
06793
06794
06791
06790
06670
12473
12904
06802
12935
12952
13683
13684
13685
13688
13689
13690
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
Cortijo del Guerre
La Catria
La Catria
El Marchante
La Catria
Azanaque-Castil lej o
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Casti 1 lej o
Azanaque-Castillejo
La Mayena
El Berro 2
La Maria
La Maria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Maria
La Maria
La Catria
Huerta del Rio
Azanaque-Casti 1 lej o
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Casti 1 lej o
Azanaque-Casti 1 lej o
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Casti 11 ej o
CONSFC
CONSFC
CONSFC
CORBEL
CPC
CQFP
CRA
CRISPI
CRKAL
DATZCOL
DATZCOL
DATZCOL
DATZCOL
DIA
DIA
DIA
DIA
EFDS
EFDS
EFDS
EXPEDIT
EXPEDITI
FANO?
FCRV
FGRVMESEAGGGNNNC
FPPOR
FRSAENIAE
GAF
GAF
GAF
GAF
GAF
GAF
GAF
200-235
200-235
200-235
100-300
175-225
235 -->
125-175"?
80-190
149-153
149-153
149-153
149-153
145-161
145-161
145-161
145-161
200-299
200-299
200-299
80-130
80-130
80-130
225-275
225-275
80-130
69-117
150-180
150-180
150-180
150-180
150-180
150-180
150-180
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145fBl,14
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145fBl,15
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f81,16
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f82,01
Ponsich, 1979, CA-075fl 1,12
Remesal, 1977-78, 54a
Remesal, 1977-78, 58a
Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl9,9
Remesal, 1977-78, 83a
Bonsor, 1931, 165
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f81,11
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f81,12
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f81,13
Ponsich, 1979, PA-028f28,l
Ponsich, 1979, PA-056D0,3
Chic, 1985, p 059-524
Chic, 1985, p 059-528
Remesal, 1977-78, 27a-1
Remesal, 1977-78, 27a-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 27a-3
Remesal, 1977-78, 26b
Remesal, 1977-78, 26a
Remesal, 1977-78, 12a
Chic, 1985, p 059-527
Bonsor, 1931, 112
Remesal, 1977-78, 30a
Bonsor, 1931, 144
Bonsor, 1931, 161
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145,GAF-1
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145,GAF-2
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145,GAF-3
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f80,01
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145fB0,02
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f80,03
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
13691
13692
13693
13694
13695
13696
13731
11152
13707
13931
11220
11221
11109
12518
12516
12517
13727
13702
12950
12951
13697
13697
13698
13699
13700
13701
13704
13705
13732
13933
06995
11142
11180
12483
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
Huerta del Rio
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
El Marchante
El Marchante
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillejo
La Catria
Cortijo del Guerra
Haza del Ohvo
La Mayena
GAF
GAF
GAF
GAF
GAF
GAF
GAF
GALI
GANNIRVFINI
GAPF
GAPMA
GAPMA
GAVEL
GAVFL
GAVFL
GAVFL
GEFR
GMMF
GMMF
GMMF
GMMF
GMMF
GMMF
GMMF
GMMF
GMMF
GMMF
GMMF
GMMF
GMMF
GPC
GPC1
GRADOS
HERRA
150-180
150-180
150-180
150-180
150-180
150-180
150-180
80-190
69-117
150-180
235 - >
235 - >
235 -->
235 - >
100-145
179-180
179-180
179-180
179-180
179-180
179-180
179-180
179-180
179-180
179-180
179-180
179-180
179-180
247-252
247-252
140-224
Ponsich, 1974,LR,145f80,04
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f80,05
Ponsich, 1974,LR,145f80,06
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f80,07
Ponsich, 1974,LR,145f80,08
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f80,09
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145p65 02
Ponsich, 1979, CA-079,15
Ponsich, 1974,LR,145f80,22
Ponsich, 1974, LR-145,med 1
Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl9,3
Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl 9,4
Ponsich, 1979, CA-073flO,03
Chic, 1985,p065-GAVF3
Chic, 1985,p065-GAVF 1
Chic, 1985,p065-GAVF2
Ponsich, 1974,LR,145fBl,19
Ponsich, 1974,LR,145f80,17
Bonsor, 1931, 159
Bonsor, 1931, 160
Ponsich, 1974,LR,145f80,10
Ponsich, 1974,LR,145f80,ll
Ponsich, 1974,LR,145f80,ll
Ponsich, 1974,LR,145f80,14
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f80,15
Ponsich, 1974,LR,145f80,16
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f80,19
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f80,20
Ponsich, 1974,LR,145p65 11
Ponsich, 1974, LR-145,ined 2
Remesal, 1977-78, 49a
Ponsich, 1979, CA-075fl 1,10
Ponsich, 1979, CA-084A 5,1
Chic, 1985, p 061-548
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
12933
11165
11164
11131
12930
11223
12910
11155
11156
06788
06789
12492
12493
12924
12925
13252
13253
13254
13255
12926
11162
11163
12491
12927
11157
11158
11159
11160
11161
12936
06668
07059
07057
07058
Huerta del Rio
Huerta del Rio
Huerta del Rio
Cortyo del Guerra
Huerta del Rio
El Marchante
La Maria
Huerta del Rio
Huerta del Rio
La Catria
La Catria
Huerta del Rio
Huerta del Rio
Huerta del Rio
Huerta del Rio
Huerta del Rio
Huerta del Rio
Huerta del Rio
Huerta del Rio
Huerta del Rio
Huerta del Rio
Huerta del Rio
Huerta del Rio
Huerta del Rio
Huerta del Rio
Huerta del Rio
Huerta del Rio
Huerta del Rio
Huerta del Rio
Huerta del Rio
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
HISPSAENI
HISPSAENI
HISPSAENIA
IARP
IASAENI
ICIFACF f
IFPV & LFPV
IIIENNEIVL
IIIENNEIVL
IIIENNIIVL
IIIENNIIVL
IIIENNIIVL
IIIENNIIVL
IIIENNIIVL
IIIENNIIVL
IIIENNIIVL
IIIENNIIVL
IIIENNIIVL
IIIENNIIVL
IIIENNIIVLI
IIIENNIORIVLSAE
1IIENNIORIVLSAE
IIIENNIORIVLSAE
IIIENNIORIVLSAE
11IENNIVL
IIIENNIVL
I1IENNIVL
IIIENNIVL
IIIENNIVL
IIIIMMIRIV
IIQAEET
IIQQETC
IIQQETCF
IIQQETCFS
80-140
80-140
80-140
117-161
117-161
117-161
117-161
117-161
117-161
117-161
117-161
117-161
117-161
117-161
117-161
117-161
117-161
117-161
117-161
117-161
117-161
117-161
117-161
117-161
117-161
175-225
175-225
175-225
Bonsor, 1931, 142
Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,ll
Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,10
Ponsich, 1979, CA-075,15
Bonsor, 1931, 139
Ponsich, 1979,CA-093fl9,6
Bonsor, 1931, 118
Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,01
Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,02
Remesal, 1977-78, 25a-1
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Remesal, 1977-78, 25a-2
Chic, 1985, p 063-567
Chic, 1985, p 063-568
Bonsor, 1931,133
Bonsor, 1931, 134
Maxwell, 1899, 135-b
Maxwell, 1899, 135-c
Maxwell, 1899, 135-d
Maxwell, 1899, 135-e
Bonsor, 1931, 135
Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,08
Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,09
Chic, 1985, p 063-566
Bonsor, 1931, 136
Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,03
Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,04
Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,05
Ponsich, 1979, CA-079f13,06
Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,07
Bonsor, 1931, 145
Remesal, 1977-78, 10a
Remesal, 1977-78, 56c
Remesal, 1977-78, 56a
Remesal, 1977-78, 56b
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
11143
11082
11083
11084
11085
11086
11087
11172
11273
07140
07141
13733
06620
06621
06622
06623
12508
11108
11187
06693
06694
06695
06696
06697
06698
06699
06700
06701
06702
06703
06704
06705
06706
06707
Cortijo del Guerra
Alamo Alto
Alamo Alto
Alamo Alto
Alamo Alto
Alamo Alto
Alamo Alto
Haza del Ohvo
La Mayena
La Catna
La Catna
Azanaque-Castillejo
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Rambhlla
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
IIQQTECF
ILFT
ILFT
ILFT
ILFT
ILFT
ILFT
IPC
KVFIGGVMCOLSICETASI
LAEPAE
LAEPAE
LAEQPCOL
LAF
LAF
LAF
LAF
LAF
LALF & LALP
LASS
LCANTP
LCANTP
LCANTP
LCANTP
LCANTP
LCANTP
LCANTP
LCANTP
LCANTP
LCANTP
LCANTP
LCANTP
LCANTP
LCANTP
LCANTP
175-225
220-224
220-224
220-224
220-224
220-224
220-224
230-260
80-130
80-130
80-130
142-165
142-165
142-165
142-165
142-165
145-161
160-161
160-161
160-161
160-161
160-161
160-161
160-161
160-161
160-161
160-161
160-161
160-161
160-161
160-161
160-161
Ponsich, 1979, CA-075fl 1,11
Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,05
Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,06
Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,07
Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,08
Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,09
Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,10
Ponsich, 1979, CA-083,4
Ponsich, 1979,PA-028f28,2
Remesal, 1977-78, 81a
Remesal, 1977-78, 81b
Ponsich, 1974,LR,145p66 15
Remesal, 1977-78, 03a-1
Remesal, 1977-78, 03a-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 03b
Remesal, 1977-78, 03c
Chic, 1985, p 065-592
Ponsich, 1979, CA-073flO,02
Ponsich, 1979, CA-089fl6,5
Remesal, 1977-78, 17a-l
Remesal, 1977-78, 17a-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 17a-3
Remesal, 1977-78, 17a-4
Remesal, 1977-78, 17a-5
Remesal, 1977-78, 17b
Remesal, 1977-78, 17c
Remesal, 1977-78, 17d-l
Remesal, 1977-78, 17d-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 17e
Remesal, 1977-78, 17f
Remesal, 1977-78, 17g
Remesal, 1977-78, 17h
Remesal, 1977-78, 17i
Remesal, 1977-78, 17j
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
11176
06708
06709
06714
06715
06716
06710
06711
06712
06713
11098
11099
06720
11179
11147
11100
11101
11277
11269
11270
11271
12484
12485
12486
11282
11078
11079
11080
11081
11103
12522
11178
07055
07056
Haza del Olivo
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
Catna Alta
Catna Alta
La Catna
Haza del Olivo
Cortijo del Guerra
Catna Alta
Catna Alta
La Mayena
La Mayena
La Mayena
La Mayena
La Mayena
La Mayena
La Mayena
El Berro 2
Alamo Alto
Alamo Alto
Alamo Alto
Alamo Alto
La Catna
Alamo Alto
Haza del Olivo
La Catna
La Catna
LCANTP
LCH
LCH
LCH
LCH
LCH
LCHE
LCHE
LCHE
LCHE
LCHE
LCHE
LCM
LCMY
LCN
LCSOL
LCSOL
LERP
LFFV
LFFV
LFFV
LFFV
LFFV
LFFV
LFS
LIT
LIT
LIT
LIT
LIT
LIT
LPMS
LQSP
LQSP
160-161
200-299
200-299
200-299
200-299
200-299
200-299
200-299
200-299
200-299
200-299
200-299
150-200
140-190
50-100
50-100
69-117
180-193
180-193
180-193
180-193
180-193
180-193
60-80
150-284
150-284
150-284
150-284
150-284
150-284
125-175
Ponsich, 1979, CA-083,8
Remesal, 1977-78, 18a
Remesal, 1977-78, 18b
Remesal, 1977-78, 18g-l
Remesal, 1977-78, 18g-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 18h
Remesal, 1977-78, 18c
Remesal, 1977-78, 18d
Remesal, 1977-78, 18e
Remesal, 1977-78, 18f
Ponsich, 1979, CA-072f09,5
Ponsich, 1979, CA-072fD9,6
Remesal, 1977-78,20a
Ponsich, 1979, CA-083fl4,2
Ponsich, 1979, CA-075fl 1,15
Ponsich, 1979, CA-072f09,7
Ponsich, 1979, CA-072f09,8
Ponsich, 1979,PA-028f28,6
Ponsich, 1979,PA-020f27,l
Ponsich, 1979, PA-020G7,2
Ponsich, 1979, PA-020f27,3
Chic, 1985, p 061-551
Chic, 1985, p 061-LFFV 1
Chic, 1985,p061-LFFV2
Ponsich, 1979,PA-056B0,2
Ponsich, 1979,CA-071f08,01
Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,02
Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,03
Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,04
Ponsich, 1979, CA-073,04
Chic, 1985, p 074-629
Ponsich, 1979, CA-083fl4,1
Remesal, 1977-78, 55a-1
Remesal, 1977-78, 55a-2
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
11121
12488
11209
11210
11211
11212
11208
11181
11182
07120
07121
07119
07102
07103
07104
07105
07106
07107
07108
07109
07110
07111
07112
07113
07114
07115
07116
07117
07118
12497
12499
12498
12472
12476
La Catna
El Acebuchal
El Marchante
El Marchante
El Marchante
El Marchante
El Marchante
Manuel Nieto
La Rambhlla
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Maria
La Maria
LQSP
LSELSENC
LSELSENC
LSELSENC
LSELSENC
LSELSENC
LSENSENC
LSERLV
LSERLV
LSERLVP
LSERLVP
LSERVILILVP
LSLP
LSLP
LSLP
LSLP
LSLP
LSLP
LSLP
LSLP
LSLP
LSLP
LSLP
LSLP
LSLP
LSLP
LSLP
LSLP
LSLP
LSLP
LSLP
LSLPP
LSLVPI
LSLVPI
117-138
117-138
117-138
117-138
117-138
117-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
Ponsich, 1979, CA-073flO,15
Chic, 1985, p 062-556
Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,10
Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,ll
Ponsich, 1979,CA-093fl8,12
Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,13
Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,09
Ponsich, 1979, CA-084A 5,2
Ponsich, 1979, CA-084A 5,3
Remesal 1977-78, 64n
Remesal 1977-78,640
Remesal 1977-78, 64m
Remesal 1977-78, 64a
Remesal 1977-78, 64b
Remesal 1977-78, 64c-1
Remesal 1977-78, 64c-2
Remesal 1977-78, 64d
Remesal 1977-78, 64e-l
Remesal 1977-78, 64e-2
Remesal 1977-78, 64f
Remesal 1977-78, 64g-l
Remesal 1977-78, 64g-2
Remesal 1977-78, 64h
Remesal 1977-78, 64i
Remesal 1977-78, 64j
Remesal 1977-78, 64k
Remesal 1977-78,641-1
Remesal 1977-78, 641-2
Remesal 1977-78,641-3
Chic, 1985, p 065-581
Chic, 1985, p 065-583
Chic, 1985, p 065-582
Chic, 1985, p 059-526
Chic, 1985, p 059-530
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
13741
12510
07127
12918
07131
07133
12939
13242
07136
07139
13712
13709
13710
13711
06639
06640
06641
06642
12945
11188
06644
11190
11191
11192
11094
11095
11096
12477
12903
12949
11218
11219
11125
06821
La Estacada de Herrera
La Catria
La Catria
El Acebuchal
La Catria
La Catria
Lora la Vieja
Lora la Vieja
La Catria
La Catria
Azanaque-Castillejo
Azanaque-Castillej o
Azanaque-Castillej o
Azanaque-Castillejo
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
Azanaque-Castillejo
La Ramblilla
La Catria
Madre Vieja 1
Madre Vieja 1
Madre Vieja 1
Catria Alta
Catria Alta
Catria Alta
La Maria
La Maria
Azanaque-Castillejo
El Marchante
El Marchante
Cortijo del Guerra
La Catria
LSR
LSRNAEBAN?
LSTERALB
LTEL
LVCVM
LVTROPHIMI
LVTROPH1MI
LVTROPHIMI
M OPSVR
MAEFPM
MAEM
MAEM
MAFAME
MAFAMF
MAR
MAR
MAR
MAR
MAR
MATDEFIGNASMARSI
MATDFMARS1ANESSES
MAVR1
MAVRI
MAVR1
MFABS
MFABS
MFABS
MFCEL
MFCEL
MHICAP
MIAPC
MIAPC
MIFR
MIM
200-299?
70-121
70-121
70-121
125-150
125-150
138-161
138-161
95-199
95-199
95-199
95-199
95-199
235 -->
235 -->
30-80
30-80
30-80
30-80
30-80
200-299
79-138
79-138
50-70 or
Ponsich, 1974, LR,216f77,08
Chic, 1985, p 065-594
Remesal, 1977-78, 69a
Bonsor, 1931, 126
Remesal, 1977-78, 73a
Remesal, 1977-78, 75a
Bonsor, 1931, 148
Maxwell, 1899, 113-b
Remesal, 1977-78, 77a
Remesal, 1977-78, 80a
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f81,04
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f81,01
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f81,02
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f81,03
Remesal, 1977-78, 06a
Remesal, 1977-78, 06b
Remesal, 1977-78, 06c
Remesal, 1977-78, 06d
Bonsor, 1931, 154
Ponsich, 1979, CA-089fl6,6
Remesal, 1977-78, 08a
Ponsich, 1979, CA-091fl7 A,l
Ponsich, 1979, CA-091fl7 A,2
Ponsich, 1979, CA-091fl7 A,3
Ponsich, 1979, CA-072f09,l
Ponsich, 1979, CA-072f09,2
Ponsich, 1979, CA-072f09,3
Chic, 1985, p 059-531
Bonsor, 1931, 111
Bonsor, 1931, 158
Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl9,1
Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl 9,2
Ponsich, 1979, CA-075,09
145-161 Remesal, 1977-78, 33a
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
06822
06823
06824
06825
06826
06827
06828
06829
06830
06831
06832
06833
06834
06835
12513
11127
06892
06888
06889
06886
06887
06890
11104
06891
13729
07098
07099
07096
07097
11274
11275
11173
11174
12957
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
Cortyo del Guerra
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
Azanaque-Castillejo
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Mayena
La Mayena
Haza del Ohvo
Haza del Ohvo
Azanaque-Casti 1 lej o
MIM
MIM
MIM
MIM
MIM
MIM
MIM
MIM
MIM
MIM
MIM
MIM
MIM
MIM
MIM
MIMOPSI
MMR
MMRCI
MMRCI
MMRO
MMRO
MMRP
MMRP
MMRP
MRIC
MSP
MSP
MSPO
MSPO
NER
NER
NERV
NERVAELVP
NIGRIN
50-70 or
50-70 or
50-70 or
50-70 or
50-70 or
50-70 or
50-70 or
50-70 or
50-70 or
50-70 or
50-70 or
50-70 or
50-70 or
50-70 or
50-70 or
50-70 or
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
98-138
54-79
54-79
54-79
54-79
200-299
145-161
145-161
145-161
145-161
145-161
145-161
145-161
145-161
145-161
145-161
145-161
145-161
145-161
145-161
145-161
145-161
Remesal, 1977-78, 33b
Remesal, 1977-78, 33c
Remesal, 1977-78, 33d
Remesal, 1977-78, 33e
Remesal, 1977-78, 33f
Remesal, 1977-78, 33g
Remesal, 1977-78, 33h-l
Remesal, 1977-78, 33h-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 33i
Remesal, 1977-78, 33j-l
Remesal, 1977-78, 33j-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 33j-3
Remesal, 1977-78, 33k
Remesal, 1977-78, 331
Chic, 1985, p 065-597
Ponsich, 1979, CA-075,11
Remesal, 1977-78,44f
Remesal, 1977-78, 44c-1
Remesal, 1977-78, 44c-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 44a
Remesal, 1977-78,44b
Remesal, 1977-78, 44d
Ponsich, 1979, CA-073,05
Remesal, 1977-78, 44e
Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f82,02
Remesal, 1977-78, 62b-1
Remesal, 1977-78, 62b-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 62a-1
Remesal, 1977-78, 62a-2
Ponsich, 1979, PA-028f28,3
Ponsich, 1979, PA-028G8,4
Ponsich, 1979, CA-083,5
Ponsich, 1979, CA-083,6
Bonsor, 1931, 166
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
06958
06959
06960
06961
06962
06963
06964
11278
13686
12940
06675
06674
06676
06677
06678
06679
06680
06681
06682
06683
06684
06671
06672
06673
11097
12500
11105
12482
12487
11168
12928
06619
06882
06883
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Mayena
Azanaque-Castillejo
Lora la Vieja
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
Catna Alta
La Catna
La Catna
La Mayena
La Mayena
Huerta del Rio
Huerta del Rio
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
NRVFIP
NRVFIP
NRVFIP
NRVFIP
NRVFIP
NRVFIP
NRVFIP
OCPA
OFA
ORFS
PANNIR (PAN1R)
PANNIRVF
PANR
PANR
PANR
PANR
PANR
PANR
PANR
PANR
PANRV
PANRVF
PANRVF
PANRVF
PARF
PARVA?
PAVR
PCAEHER
PCAEHER
PECSAEN
PECSAEN1
PLAC
PMH
PMHER
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
69-117
80-190
69-138
69-138
69-138
69-138
69-138
69-138
69-138
69-138
69-138
69-138
69-138
70-145
70-145
70-145
post-209
69-117
69-117
69-96
Remesal, 1977-78, 47a
Remesal, 1977-78, 47b-1
Remesal, 1977-78, 47b-2
Remesal, 1977-78,47b-3
Remesal, 1977-78,47b-4
Remesal, 1977-78, 47c-1
Remesal, 1977-78, 47c-2
Ponsich, 1979, PA-028f28,7
Ponsich, 1974,LR,145,OFA
Bonsor, 1931, 149
Remesal, 1977-78, 13e
Remesal, 1977-78, 13d
Remesal, 1977-78, 13f
Remesal, 1977-78, 13g
Remesal, 1977-78, 13h
Remesal, 1977-78, 13i
Remesal, 1977-78, 13j
Remesal, 1977-78, 13k
Remesal, 1977-78, 131
Remesal, 1977-78, 13m
Remesal, 1977-78, 13n
Remesal, 1977-78, 13a
Remesal, 1977-78, 13b
Remesal, 1977-78, 13c
Ponsich, 1979, CA-072f09,4
Chic, 1985, p 065-584
Ponsich, 1979, CA-073,08
Chic, 1985, p 061-547
Chic, 1985,p061-PCAEH
Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,14
Bonsor, 1931,137
Remesal, 1977-78, 02a
Remesal, 1977-78, 42b
Remesal, 1977-78,42c
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
06884
06881
11116
06885
11169
12937
13603
11076
06977
06978
06975
07004
07005
07006
07007
07008
07009
07010
07011
07012
07013
07014
07015
07016
07017
07018
07019
07020
07021
07022
07023
07024
07025
07026
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
Huerta del Rio
Huerta del Rio
Cerro Leon
Cortijo de los Mochales
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
PMHER
PMHPOR
PMHPOR
PMPPR
PMS
PMS?
PNIH
POBPOD
POCODV
POCODV
PODV
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
69-96
69-96
69-96
50-100
200-350
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
Remesal, 1977-78, 42d
Remesal, 1977-78, 42a
Ponsich, 1979, CA-073fl0,10
Remesal, 1977-78, 43a
Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,15
Bonsor, 1931, 146
Ponsich, 1974, LR,079f69
Ponsich, 1979, CA-067f07,4
Remesal 1977-78, 48g-l
Remesal 1977-78, 48g-2
Remesal 1977-78, 48e
Remesal 1977-78, 52b
Remesal 1977-78, 52c
Remesal 1977-78, 52d-l
Remesal 1977-78, 52d-2
Remesal 1977-78, 52e-l
Remesal 1977-78, 52e-2
Remesal 1977-78, 52f-l
Remesal 1977-78, 52f-2
Remesal 1977-78, 52g-l
Remesal 1977-78, 52g-2
Remesal 1977-78, 52g-3
Remesal 1977-78, 52h
Remesal 1977-78,52i
Remesal 1977-78, 52j-l
Remesal 1977-78, 52j-2
Remesal 1977-78, 52j-3
Remesal 1977-78, 52k-1
Remesal 1977-78, 52k-2
Remesal 1977-78,521
Remesal 1977-78, 52m
Remesal 1977-78, 52n-l
Remesal 1977-78, 52n-2
Remesal 1977-78, 52n-3
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Uncertain
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
07027
07028
07029
07030
07031
11113
11122
11123
11124
11133
11134
11135
11136
11137
11138
11139
07003
06818
06819
11073
06836
11110
06997
06998
06999
07000
07001
07002
11119
07124
07142
06632
06633
06634
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
Cortijo del Guerra
Cortijo del Guerra
Cortijo del Guerra
Cortijo del Guerra
Cortijo del Guerra
Cortijo del Guerra
Cortijo del Guerra
Cortijo del Guerra
Cortijo del Guerra
Cortijo del Guerra
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
Cortijo de los Mochales
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
POPVL1
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLI
POPVLII
POQHEHE
POQHEHE
POR
PORCIR
PORCIR
PORCPR
PORCPR
PORCPR
PORCPR
PORCPR
PORCPR
PORCPR
PORCSS
PORENSAE
PORLAR
PORLAR
PORLAR
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
120-125
120-125
69-96?
69-96?
1-99 (c 70)
1-99 (c 70)
1-99 (c 70)
1-99 (c 70)
1-99 (c 70)
1-99 (c 70)
1-99 (c 70)
69-117
69-117
50-105
50-105
50-105
Remesal, 1977-78, 52n-4
Remesal, 1977-78, 52o
Remesal, 1977-78, 52p
Remesal, 1977-78, 52q
Remesal, 1977-78, 52r
Ponsich, 1979, CA-073fl 0,07
Ponsich, 1979, CA-075,01-1
Ponsich, 1979, CA-075,01-2
Ponsich, 1979, CA-075,01-3
Ponsich, 1979, CA-075fl 1,01
Ponsich, 1979, CA-075fl 1,02
Ponsich, 1979, CA-075fl 1,03
Ponsich, 1979, CA-075fl 1,04
Ponsich, 1979, CA-075fl 1,05
Ponsich, 1979, CA-075H 1,06
Ponsich, 1979, CA-075fl 1,07
Remesal, 1977-78, 52a
Remesal, 1977-78, 32b-1
Remesal, 1977-78, 32b-2
Ponsich, 1979, CA-067f07,l
Remesal, 1977-78, 34a
Ponsich, 1979, CA-073fl0,04
Remesal, 1977-78, 51a
Remesal, 1977-78, 51b-1
Remesal, 1977-78, 51 b-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 51c-l
Remesal, 1977-78, 51 c-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 5Id
Ponsich, 1979, CA-073flO,13
Remesal, 1977-78, 67a
Remesal, 1977-78, 82a
Remesal, 1977-78, 05a
Remesal, 1977-78, 05b
Remesal, 1977-78, 05c-1
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
06635
11120
06636
06637
06638
11175
06803
06804
06805
06806
06807
06808
06809
06810
06811
06812
06813
06814
06815
06816
11112
12505
07100
07132
06992
06993
06994
06976
06979
06980
06981
06982
06983
06984
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
Haza del Ohvo
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catna
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
PORLAR
PORLAR
PORLAR
PORLAR
PORLARV
PORLES
PORLFS
PORLFS
PORLFS
PORLFS
PORLFS
PORLFS
PORLFS
PORLFS
PORLFS
PORLFS
PORLFS
PORLFS
PORLFS
PORLFS
PORLFS
PORLFS
PORMS
PORMV
POROCOD
POROCOD
POROCOD
POROCOD?
POROCODV
POROCODV
POROCODV
POROCODV
POROCODV
POROCODV
50-105
50-105
50-105
50-105
50-105
50-70
40-130
40-130
40-130
40-130
40-130
40-130
40-130
40-130
40-130
40-130
40-130
40-130
40-130
40-130
40-130
40-130 (c 60)
1-99
69-79
69-79
69-79
69-79
69-79
69-79
Remesal, 1977-78, 05c-2
Ponsich, 1979, CA-073flO,14
Remesal, 1977-78, 05d
Remesal, 1977-78, 05e
Remesal, 1977-78, 05f
Ponsich, 1979, CA-083,7
Remesal, 1977-78, 31a
Remesal, 1977-78, 31b
Remesal, 1977-78, 31c
Remesal, 1977-78, 3Id
Remesal, 1977-78, 3le
Remesal, 1977-78, 3If
Remesal, 1977-78, 3 lg
Remesal, 1977-78, 31 h-1
Remesal, 1977-78, 31 h-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 31 l-l
Remesal, 1977-78, 311-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 3 lj
Remesal, 1977-78, 31k
Remesal, 1977-78,311
Ponsich, 1979, CA-073flO,06
Chic, 1985, p 065-589
Remesal, 1977-78, 62c
Remesal, 1977-78, 74a
Remesal, 1977-78, 48m-1
Remesal, 1977-78, 48m-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 48n
Remesal, 1977-78, 48f
Remesal, 1977-78, 48h-l
Remesal, 1977-78, 48h-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 48h-3
Remesal, 1977-78, 48h-4
Remesal, 1977-78,48i-l
Remesal, 1977-78, 48i-2
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
06985
06986
06987
06988
06989
06990
06991
11074
11146
11177
06965
06966
06967
06968
06969
06970
06971
06972
06973
06974
11088
11114
11129
11285
11077
07130
11090
11075
07065
07066
07067
07068
07069
07070
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
Cortyo de los Mochales
Cortyo del Guerra
Haza del Ohvo
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
Alamo Alto
La Catna
Cortyo del Guerra
El Berro 2
Cortyo de los Mochales
La Catna
Alamo Alto
Cortyo de los Mochales
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
POROCODV
POROCODV
POROCODV
POROCODV
POROCODV
POROCODV
POROCODV
POROCODV
POROCODV
POROD
PORODV
PORODV
PORODV
PORODV
PORODV
PORODV
PORODV
PORODV
PORODV
PORODV
PORODV
PORODV
PORODV
POROIATITAE
POROODV
PORP
PORP
PORPOD
PORPS
PORPS
PORPS
PORPS
PORPS
PORPS
69-79
69-79
69-79
69-79
69-79
69-79
69-79
69-79
69-79
150-199
150-199
150-199
150-199
150-199
150-199
150-199
150-199
150-199
150-199
150-199
150-199
150-199
150-199
100-199
69-117
69-117
120-125
120-125
120-125
120-125
120-125
120-125
Remesal, 1977-78,48i-3
Remesal, 1977-78,48i-4
Remesal, 1977-78, 48j-l
Remesal, 1977-78, 48j-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 48j-3
Remesal, 1977-78, 48k
Remesal, 1977-78,481
Ponsich, 1979, CA-067f07,2
Ponsich, 1979, CA-075fl 1,14
Ponsich, 1979, CA-083,9
Remesal, 1977-78,48a-1
Remesal, 1977-78,48a-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 48a-3
Remesal, 1977-78, 48a-4
Remesal, 1977-78, 48a-5
Remesal, 1977-78, 48a-6
Remesal, 1977-78, 48b
Remesal, 1977-78,48c
Remesal, 1977-78,48d-l
Remesal, 1977-78,48d-2
Ponsich, 1979,CA-071fD8,ll
Ponsich, 1979, CA-073fl0,08
Ponsich, 1979, CA-075,13
Ponsich, 1979,PA-056B0,5
Ponsich, 1979, CA-067f07,5
Remesal, 1977-78, 72a
Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,13
Ponsich, 1979,CA-067fi)7,3
Remesal, 1977-78, 60a-1
Remesal, 1977-78, 60a-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 60b-1
Remesal, 1977-78, 60b-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 60c-1
Remesal, 1977-78, 60c-2
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
07071
07072
07073
07074
07075
07076
07077
07078
07079
07080
07081
07082
07083
07084
07085
07086
07087
07088
11111
07089
07090
07091
07092
11106
07093
07094
06817
11118
12506
12504
11089
07129
07125
07126
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
Alamo Alto
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
PORPS
PORPS
PORPS
PORPS
PORPS
PORPS
PORPS
PORPS
PORPS
PORPS
PORPS
PORPS
PORPS
PORPS
PORPS
PORPS
PORPS
PORPS
PORPS
PORPSA
PORPSA
PORPSA
PORPSA
PORPSA
PORPSI
PORPSI
PORQHEHE
PORQHEHE
PORQPA
PORQSB
PORS
PORSEDATI
PORSS
PORSS
120-125
120-125
120-125
120-125
120-125
120-125
120-125
120-125
120-125
120-125
120-125
120-125
120-125
120-125
120-125
120-125
120-125
120-125
120-125
225-275
225-275
50-150
50-150
50-70
69-117
Remesal, 1977-78, 60d
Remesal, 1977-78, 60e
Remesal, 1977-78, 60f-l
Remesal, 1977-78, 60f-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 60g-l
Remesal, 1977-78, 60g-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 60g-3
Remesal, 1977-78, 60h-l
Remesal, 1977-78, 60h-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 60i-l
Remesal, 1977-78, 60i-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 60i-3
Remesal, 1977-78, 60j
Remesal, 1977-78, 60k
Remesal, 1977-78, 601-1
Remesal, 1977-78,601-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 60m
Remesal, 1977-78, 60n
Ponsich, 1979, CA-073A0,05
Remesal, 1977-78, 6O0-I
Remesal, 1977-78, 60o-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 60p
Remesal, 1977-78, 60q
Ponsich, 1979, CA-073,13
Remesal, 1977-78, 60r
Remesal, 1977-78, 60s
Remesal, 1977-78, 32a
Ponsich, 1979, CA-073flO,12
Chic, 1985, p 065-590
Chic, 1985, p 065-588
Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,12
Remesal, 1977-78, 71a
Remesal, 1977-78, 68a-l
Remesal, 1977-78, 68a-2
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
12501
07032
07033
07034
07035
07036
07037
07038
07039
07040
07041
07042
07043
07044
07045
07046
07047
07048
07049
07050
07051
07052
07053
07175
11107
11140
12496
12502
12503
06616
06617
06618
07095
11141
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
Cortijo del Guerra
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
Cortijo del Guerra
PORTAV
PORTO
PORTO
PORTO
PORTO
PORTO
PORTO
PORTO
PORTO
PORTO
PORTO
PORTO
PORTO
PORTO
PORTO
PORTO
PORTO
PORTO
PORTO
PORTO
PORTO
PORTO
PORTO
PORTO
PORTO
PORTO
PORTO
PORTO
PORTO
PPAA
PPAA
PPAA
PPSQVPL1
PPSQVPL1
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
214-224
200-250
200-250
200-250
193—>
193—>
Chic, 1985, p 065-585
Remesal, 1977-78, 53a-l
Remesal, 1977-78, 53a-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 53a-3
Remesal, 1977-78, 53a-4
Remesal, 1977-78, 53b-1
Remesal, 1977-78, 53b-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 53b-3
Remesal, 1977-78, 53b-4
Remesal, 1977-78, 53b-5
Remesal, 1977-78, 53b-6
Remesal, 1977-78, 53b-7
Remesal, 1977-78, 53c
Remesal, 1977-78, 53d
Remesal, 1977-78, 53e-l
Remesal, 1977-78, 53e-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 53e-3
Remesal, 1977-78, 53e-4
Remesal, 1977-78, 53f
Remesal, 1977-78, 53g-l
Remesal, 1977-78, 53g-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 53h
Remesal, 1977-78, 53i
D Pena, 1967,02
Ponsich, 1979, CA-073fl0,01
Ponsich, 1979, CA-075fl 1,08
Chic, 1985, p 065-580
Chic, 1985, p 065-586
Chic, 1985, p 065-587
Remesal, 1977-78, Ola
Remesal, 1977-78, 01b
Remesal, 1977-78, 01c
Remesal, 1977-78, 61a
Ponsich, 1979, CA-075A 1,09
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
06624
06625
06626
06627
06628
06629
06630
06631
06798
06799
06800
06801
11117
06820
07101
11115
11126
11150
13742
12953
06653
06662
06667
12954
12955
06645
06646
06647
06648
06649
06650
06651
06655
06656
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
Cortyo del Guerra
Huerta del Rio
La Estacada de Herrera
Azanaque-Castillejo
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
Azanaque-Castillej o
Azanaque-Castillej o
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
PQAF
PQAF
PQAF
PQAF
PQAF
PQAF
PQAF
PQAF
PQFLFL
PQFLFL
PQFLFL
PQFLFL
PQFLFL
PQHEHE
PQSB
PQSB
PRTO
PSAENI
PVAFAN
QAELOPTATI
QAEO
QAEOP
QAEOP
QAEOPCO
QAEOPCOL
QAEOPO
QAEOPO
QAEOPO
QAEOPO
QAEOPO
QAEOPO
QAEOPO
QAEOPO
QAEOPO
125-175
125-175
125-175
125-175
125-175
125-175
125-175
125-175
69-96
69-96
69-96
69-96
69-96
120-125
50-70
50-70
117-161
125-175
125-175
125-175
125-175
125-175
125-175
125-175
125-175
125-175
125-175
125-175
125-175
125-175
125-175
125-175
Remesal, 1977-78, 04a
Remesal, 1977-78, 04b
Remesal, 1977-78, 04c
Remesal, 1977-78, 04d
Remesal, 1977-78, 04e
Remesal, 1977-78, 04f
Remesal, 1977-78, 04g
Remesal, 1977-78, 04h
Remesal, 1977-78, 29a-1
Remesal, 1977-78, 29a-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 29b
Remesal, 1977-78, 29c
Ponsich, 1979, CA-073fl 0,11
Remesal, 1977-78, 32c
Remesal, 1977-78, 63a
Ponsich, 1979, CA-073flO,09
Ponsich, 1979, CA-075,10
Ponsich, 1979, CA-079,1 Obis
Ponsich, 1974, LR,216f77,09
Bonsor, 1931, 162
Remesal, 1977-78, 09h
Remesal, 1977-78, 09q
Remesal, 1977-78, 09v
Bonsor, 1931, 163
Bonsor, 1931, 164
Remesal, 1977-78, 09a
Remesal, 1977-78, 09b
Remesal, 1977-78, 09c
Remesal, 1977-78, 09d
Remesal, 1977-78, 09e
Remesal, 1977-78, 09f-l
Remesal, 1977-78, 09f-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 09j
Remesal, 1977-78, 09k
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
06657
06658
06659
06660
06663
06664
06665
06666
06654
06685
06686
06687
06688
06689
12494
12495
12519
12520
12521
06690
06691
06652
06661
11151
12471
12475
12478
12479
12907
06795
06796
06797
11145
13687
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
Huerta del Rio
La Maria
La Maria
La Maria
La Maria
La Maria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
Cortijo del Guerra
Azanaque-Castillejo
QAEOPO
QAEOPO
QAEOPO
QAEOPO
QAEOPO
QAEOPO
QAEOPO
QAEOPO
QAEOPOR
QANTR
QANTR
QANTR
QANTR
QANTR
QANTR
QANTR
QANTR
QANTR
QANTR
QANTSAB
QANTSAB
QAOPO
QAOPO
QARSD
QCFCH
QCFCH
QCFCH
QCFCH
QCFCH
QFF
QFF
QFF
QFF
QFRMAED
125-175
125-175
125-175
125-175
125-175
125-175
125-175
125-175
125-175
41-96
41-96
41-96
41-96
41-96
41-96
41-96
41-96
41-96
41-96
125-175
125-175
89-117
69-117"?
69-117^
69-1171?
69-117'?
69-1171?
69-96
69-96
69-96
69-96
Remesal, 1977-78, 091
Remesal, 1977-78, 09m
Remesal, 1977-78, 09n
Remesal, 1977-78, 09o
Remesal, 1977-78, 09r
Remesal, 1977-78, 09s
Remesal, 1977-78, 09t
Remesal, 1977-78, 09u
Remesal, 1977-78, 09i
Remesal, 1977-78, 14a-l
Remesal, 1977-78, 14a-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 14a-3
Remesal, 1977-78, 14b
Remesal, 1977-78, 14c
Chic, 1985, p 065-578
Chic, 1985, p 065-579
Chic, 1985,p065-QANT 1
Chic, 1985,p065-QANT2
Chic, 1985,p065-QANT3
Remesal, 1977-78, 15a
Remesal, 1977-78, 15b
Remesal, 1977-78, 09g
Remesal, 1977-78, 09p
Ponsich, 1979, CA-079,14
Chic, 1985, p 059-525
Chic, 1985, p 059-529
Chic, 1985,p059-QCFC 1
Chic, 1985,p059-QCFC2
Bonsor, 1931, 115
Remesal, 1977-78, 28a
Remesal, 1977-78, 28b
Remesal, 1977-78, 28c
Ponsich, 1979, CA-075fl 1,13
Ponsich, 1974,LR,145,QFRMAED
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
111
778
779
11276
11170
11279
06893
06894
06895
06896
06897
06898
06899
06900
06901
06902
06869
11284
07122
07060
07061
07062
12919
07064
07123
11102
11166
12929
12932
13708
06862
07144
07128
13743
11224
06837
06838
La Mayena
Huerta del Rio
La Mayena
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
El Berro 2
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Mayena
La Catria
La Catria
Catria Alta
Huerta del Rio
Huerta del Rio
Huerta del Rio
Azanaque-Castillejo
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Estacada de Herrera
El Marchante
La Catria
La Catria
QFRME
QIM
QIMS
QMS
QMS
QMS
QMS
QMS
QMS
QMS
QMS
QMS
QMS
QQLL
QSERV
QSRP
QVINTP
QV1NTP
QVNTI
RATAN?
RVFPO
RVSR
S
SAENANS
SAENI
SAENIANS
SAES
SALALFO
SALALFO
SALS
SCOROBR
SELSEN
SEXIRVF
SEXIRVF
161-193
69-117
175-199
175-199
175-199
175-199
175-199
175-199
175-199
175-199
175-199
175-199
175-199
69-96
50-100
50-70?
50-70?
50-70
69-96
150-225
200-299
69-96
69-96
80-130
145-161
145-161
100-199
80-190
117-138
60-70
60-70
Ponsich, 1979, PA-028f28,5
Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,16
Ponsich, 1979, PA-028f28,8
Remesal, 1977-78, 45a
Remesal, 1977-78, 45b
Remesal, 1977-78, 45c-1
Remesal, 1977-78, 45c-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 45d
Remesal, 1977-78, 45e
Remesal, 1977-78, 45f
Remesal, 1977-78, 45g
Remesal, 1977-78, 45h
Remesal, 1977-78,45i
Remesal, 1977-78, 39a
Ponsich, 1979, PA-056f30,4
Remesal, 1977-78, 65a
Remesal, 1977-78, 57a
Remesal, 1977-78, 57b
Remesal, 1977-78, 57c
Bonsor, 1931, 127
Remesal, 1977-78, 59a
Remesal, 1977-78, 66a
Ponsich, 1979, CA-072f09,9
Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,12
Bonsor, 1931, 138
Bonsor, 1931, 141
Ponsich, 1974,LR,145f80,23
Remesal, 1977-78, 381
Remesal, 1977-78, 38m
Remesal, 1977-78, 70a
Ponsich, 1974, LR,216f77,10
Ponsich, 1979, CA-093f19,7
Remesal, 1977-78, 35a-1
Remesal, 1977-78, 35a-2
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
06839
06840
06841
06842
06843
06844
12507
07134
07135
12944
11171
06846
06847
06848
06903
06904
06905
06906
06907
06908
06909
06910
06911
06912
06913
06914
06915
06924
06925
06926
06927
06928
06929
06930
La C atria
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
Azanaque-Castillejo
Haza del Ohvo
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
La Catna
SEXIRVF
SEXIRVF
SEXIRVF
SEXIRVF
SEXIRVF
SEXIRVF
SEXN
SEXVRP
SEXVRP
SICOVN
SIP
SISEN
SISEN
SISEN
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
60-70
60-70
60-70
60-70
60-70
60-70
50-70
50-70
69-117?
41-55
41-55
41-55
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
Remesal, 1977-78, 3 5a-3
Remesal, 1977-78, 35a-4
Remesal, 1977-78, 3 5a-5
Remesal, 1977-78, 35b
Remesal, 1977-78, 35c-1
Remesal, 1977-78, 35c-2
Chic, 1985, p 065-591
Remesal, 1977-78, 76a
Remesal, 1977-78, 76b
Bonsor, 1931, 153
Ponsich, 1979, CA-083,3
Remesal 1977-78, 37a
Remesal 1977-78, 37b
Remesal 1977-78, 37c
Remesal 1977-78, 46a-1
Remesal 1977-78, 46a-2
Remesal 1977-78, 46aa
Remesal 1977-78, 46ab
Remesal 1977-78, 46ac
Remesal 1977-78, 46ad
Remesal 1977-78, 46ae
Remesal 1977-78, 46af
Remesal 1977-78, 46ag
Remesal 1977-78, 46ah
Remesal 1977-78, 46ai-l
Remesal 1977-78, 46ai-2
Remesal 1977-78, 46aj
Remesal 1977-78, 46ar
Remesal 1977-78, 46as
Remesal 1977-78, 46at
Remesal 1977-78, 46b
Remesal 1977-78, 46c-1
Remesal 1977-78, 46c-2
Remesal 1977-78,46d
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
06931
06932
06933
06934
06935
06936
06937
06938
06939
06940
06941
06942
06943
06944
06945
06946
06947
06948
06949
06950
06951
06952
06953
06954
06955
06956
06957
11128
12509
12511
06916
06917
06918
06919
La Catria
La Catna
La Catna
La Catria
La Catna
La Catria
La Catria
La Catna
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catna
La Catna
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catna
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catna
La Catria
La Catria
La Catna
La Catria
Cortijo del Guerra
La Catria
La Catria
La Catna
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNR
SNRP
SNRP
SNRP
SNRP
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
140-180
145-161
145-161
145-161
145-161
Remesal 1977-78, 46e
Remesal 1977-78, 46f
Remesal 1977-78, 46g
Remesal 1977-78, 46h
Remesal 1977-78,46i-l
Remesal 1977-78,461-2
Remesal 1977-78,461-3
Remesal 1977-78,461-4
Remesal 1977-78,46j-l
Remesal 1977-78, 46j-2
Remesal 1977-78, 46j-3
Remesal 1977-78,46k
Remesal 1977-78,461
Remesal 1977-78, 46m
Remesal 1977-78, 46n
Remesal 1977-78,460-1
Remesal 1977-78,460-2
Remesal 1977-78,46p
Remesal 1977-78, 46q
Remesal 1977-78, 46r
Remesal 1977-78, 46s
Remesal 1977-78, 46t
Remesal 1977-78, 46u
Remesal 1977-78, 46v
Remesal 1977-78,46x
Remesal 1977-78, 46y
Remesal 1977-78, 46z
Ponsich, 1979,CA-075,12
Chic, 1985, p 065-593
Chic, 1985, p 065-595
Remesal, 1977-78, 46ak-l
Remesal, 1977-78, 46ak-2
Remesal, 1977-78, 46al
Remesal, 1977-78,46am
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
06921
06922
06923
12512
06920
11200
11201
11202
11203
11204
11205
11206
11207
11093
06879
06880
11213
11214
11215
11280
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
La Catria
El Marchante
El Marchante
El Marchante
El Marchante
El Marchante
El Marchante
El Marchante
El Marchante
Alamo Alto
La Catria
La Catria
El Marchante
El Marchante
El Marchante
La Mayena
SNRP
SNRP
SNRP
SNRP
SNRP
TANP
TANP
TANP
TANP
TANP
TANP
TANP
TANP
VITALI
VMFC
VMFC
VPC
VPC
VPC
VTC
145-161
145-161
145-161
145-161
98-161
98-161
98-161
98-161
98-161
98-161
98-161
98-161
?
138-161?
138-161?
98-161
98-161
98-161
Remesal, 1977-78, 46ao
Remesal, 1977-78, 46ap
Remesal, 1977-78,46aq
Chic, 1985, p 065-596
Remesal, 1977-78, 46an
Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl 8,01
Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,02
Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,03
Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,04
Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,05
Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,06
Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl 8,07
Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,08
Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,16
Remesal, 1977-78, 41a
Remesal, 1977-78, 41b
Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,14
Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,15
Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,16
Ponsich, 1979,PA-028f28,9
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dr 20
Dohum
Stamps from Axati recovered from throughout the Roman Empire
msp&s
SswamAwe (fii&m-i)
-ifssWrn
(MefCgJ)
aita^lMfflsato
|SAAENAIAANS|
CANNOT BE DETERMINED
80 130
Lamour&Mayet 1981 106
CANNOT BE DETERMINED
140 224
Remesal 1997 270a
CANNOT BE DETERMINED
80 140
Remesal 1997 155b
IIIENNIIVL
CANNOT BE DETERMINED
117 161
Remesal 1997 098f
IIIENNIIVL
CANNOT BE DETERMINED
117 161
Remesal 1997 098(3)
CANNOT BE DETERMINED
98 138
Remesal 1997 286a
CANNOT BE DETERMINED
50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 I65f
§&im%
TOD9%ffi
FRANCE
QfflMEpKEBtasS
asoiipB
06239
UNKNOWN
SAENIANS
14826
GERMANY
UNKNOWN
GRADOS
14407
GERMANY
UNKNOWN
HISPSAENI
14263
GERMANY
UNKNOWN
14267
GERMANY
UNKNOWN
14855
GERMANY
UNKNOWN
LSLVPI
14468
GERMANY
UNKNOWN
MIM
23994
SPAIN
UNKNOWN
IIIENNIIVL
[I1I( )EN(NI) I(VL) (palma)]
CANNOT BE DETERMINED
117 161
Marquez&Molina, 2005 227
08819
Athens[Athenae]
Achaia
PCAEHER
[(P%)C(AE)(HE)R]
Municipium
69 117
Thouvenot, 1941 p9615
[HISPS(AE)(NI)(paIma)]
[MIM]
06503
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Aegyptus
CLPV
[C LPV]
Provmcial Capital[Impenal Prefecture]
180 250
LydingWill 1983 43
06473
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Aegyptus
GAPF
G(AP)F]
Provincial Capitalflmpenal Prefecture]
150 250
LydingWill 1983 13
06491
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Aegyptus
IIIENNIIVL
[IIIEN(NI)I(VL)(palma)
Provincial CapitaI[Impenal Prefecture]
117 161
LydingWill 1983 31
06500
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Aegyptus
LIT
[LIT
Provincial Capital[ImpenaI Prefecture]
150 284
LydingWill 1983 40
06467
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Aegyptus
MAR
[MAR]
Provincial Capital[Impenal Prefecture]
95 199
LydingWill 1983 07
06510
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Aegyptus
MAVRI
[(MA)(V%>+
Provincial Capital[Impenal Prefecture]
30 80
LydingWill 1983 50
06498
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Aegyptus
MIM
[MIM]
Provmcial Capital[Impenal Prefecture]
06470
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Aegyptus
QAEO
[Q(AE)0]
Provincial Capital[Impenal Prefecture]
50 70/145 161 LydingWill 1983 38
LydingWill 1983 10
125 175
06471
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Aegyptus
QAEOPOR
+(A%)(E%)0 POR]
Provincial Capital[Impenal Prefecture]
125 175
LydingWill 1983 11
06508
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Aegyptus
QMS
[QMS]
Provincial Capitalflmpenal Prefecture]
175 199
LydingWill 1983 48
06524
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Aegyptus
QSRP
[Q(hedera)S(hedera)R(hedera)+
Provincial Capital[Impenal Prefecture]
50 100
LydingWill 1983 64
06534
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Aegyptus
SISEN
[SI(SE)N
Provincial Capital[lmpenal Prefecture]
41 55
LydingWill 1983 74
15400
Balmuildy
Britannia
LAF
Fort (est 138 144 CE)
142 165
Carreras&Funan 1998 009 4
16499
Bar Hill
Britannia
SNR
Fort (est 142 154)CE
140 180
Carreras&Funan 1998 339 16
16500
Bearsden
Britannia
SNR
Fort (est 142 154CE)
140 180
Carreras&Funan 1998 339 17
15625
Benwell [Condercum]
Britannia
CAPF
Fort (est 122 126 CE)
142 180
Carreras&Funan 1998 066 8
15704
Birrens [Blatum Bulgium]
Britannia
LCANTP
[L C(ANT)P]
Fort (est 78 85 CE abandoned 180s CE)
130 161
Carreras&Funan 1998 102 a 1
15920
Brecon Gaer
Britannia
IIIENNIIVL
!IIIENNAHVAL((ramus palmae))
Fort (est 75 CE)
117 161
Callender 1965 f 07 14
15931
Brecon Gaer
Britannia
IIIENNIIVL
IIIEN(NI) I(VL)(hedera%)]
Fort (est 75 CE)
117 161
Carreras&Funan 1998 176112
15633
Bullmore
Britannia
CAPF
[C(AP)(P/.?)]
INDETERMINATE
142 180
Carreras&Funan 1998 066 g 7
16502
Cadder
Britannia
SNR
[SN(R%)
Fort (est 142 154CE)
140 180
Carreras&Funan 1998 339 al
16505
Cadder
Britannia
SNR
[SNR]
Fort (est 142 154CE)
140 180
Carreras&Funan 1998 339 d4
16307
Caerhun [Kanovium]
Britannia
ALFO
Fort (70s CE)/Vicus
130 161
Carreras&Funan 1998 277 6
15391
Caerhun [Kanovium]
Britannia
GAF
Fort (70s CE)/Vicus
145 224
Carreras&Funan 1998 007 8
16319
Caerleon [Isca]
Britannia
AELFO
[AELFO]
Fort (75 CE)/Vicus
145 161
Carreras&Funan 1998 278 c3
15393
Caerleon [Isca]
Britannia
GAF
|GAF|
Fort (75 CE)/Vicus
145 224
Callender 1965 f 04 37
15772
Caerleon [Isca]
Britannia
LCM
[LCM]
Fort (75 CE)/Vicus
150 200
Carreras&Funan 1998 121 f6
16570
Caerleon [Isca]
Britannia
PORODV
[PO(R%)(0%)DV]
Fort (75 CE)/Vicus
150 199
Carreras&Funan 1998 355 i9
16727
Caerleon [Isca]
Britannia
PORPS
[PO(R%?) PS]
Fort (75 CE)/Vicus
50 125
Carreras&Funan 1998 413 c3
16316
Caerphilly Castle
Britannia
AELFO
Fort (est 74 78 CE)
145 161
Carreras&Funan 1998 278 6
16069
Caersws
Britannia
HISPSAENI
Fort (est 59CE)/Vicus
80 140
Carreras&Funan 1998 233 8
16604
Caerwent [Venta Silurum]
Britannia
LPMS
[LPMS]
Civitas (of Silurum)/Fort (1st cent CE)
150 284
Carreras&Funan 1998 374 b2
15925
Camelon [Colania^]
Britannia
IIIENNIIVL
[III(%')(( /N)&(NI))(NI) I(VL)(hedera)]
Fort (Flavian)
117 161
Carreras&Funan 1998 176f6
16123
Camelon [Cdama**]
Britannia
MIM
Fort (Flavian)
50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 20
16196
Canterbury [Durovernum Cantiacorum]
Britannia
LIT
Civitas (of Cantiaci)
150 284
Carreras&Funan 1998 259 22
15559
Canterbury [Durovemum Cantiacorum]
Britannia
PANRVF
Civitas (of Cantiaci)
70 145
Carreras&Funan 1998 056 e 5
16607
Carlisle [Luguvahum Carvertiorum]
Britannia
FPPOR
[FPPOR|
Civitas (of Carvetn)/Fort (est 75 CE)
200 299
Callender 1965 f 13 21
16212
Carlisle [Luguvahum Carvertiorum]
Britannia
LIT
LIT]
Civitas (of Carvetii)/Fort (est 75 CE)
150 284
Carreras&Funan 1998 259 m!4
16061
Carlisle [Luguvahum Carvertiorum]
Britannia
PQHEHE
(P%)Q(HE)(HE)]
Civitas (of Carvetn)/Fort (est 75 CE)
50 150
Carreras&Funan 1998 228 c3
15641
Carpow
Britannia
PARVA
Fort (Severan)
post 209
Carreras&Funan 1998 068 g 7
16395
Charterhouse m Mendip
Britannia
PMS
PMS
Industial site (lead in 50CE)/Vicus
200 350
Carreras&Funan 1998 311 al
16318
Chester [Deva]
Britannia
AELFO
AELFO]
Fort (est 41 54 CE)/Vicus
145 161
Carreras&Funan 1998 278 b2
16313
Chester [Deva]
Britannia
ALFO
ALF»
Fort (est 41 54CE)/Vicus
130 161
Carreras&Funan 1998 277 d4
15477
Chester [Deva]
Britannia
CAS
[CAS
Fort (est 41 54 CE)/Vicus
214 224
Carreras&Funan 1998 032 b 2
16362
Chester [Deva]
Britannia
CMM
Fort (est 41 54 CE)/Vicus
179 180'
Carreras&Funan 1998 303 2
16683
Chester [Deva]
Britannia
GRADOS
Fort (est 41 54CE)/Vicus
140 224
Caneras&Funan 1998 401 al
15918
Chester [Deva]
Britannia
IIIENNIIVL
Fort (est 41 54 CE)/Vicus
117 161
Carreras&Funan 1998 176 22
15932
Chester [Deva]
Britannia
IHENNIIVL
[IIIENN I(VL)(hedera)]
Fort (est 41 54 CE)/Vicus
117 161
Carreras&Funan 1998 176 ml3
15767
Chester [Deva]
Britannia
LCM
[LCM]
Fort (est 41 54 CE)/Vicus
150 200
Carreras&Funan 1998 121 a 1
16759
Chester [Deva]
Britannia
LSLP
|LSLP((amphora))|
Fort (est 41 54 CEVVicus
98 138
Callender 1965 f09 46
15465
Chester [Deva]
Britannia
MAR
Fort (est 41 54CE)/Vicus
95 199
Carreras&Funan 1998 030 9
16112
Chester [Deva]
Britannia
MIAPC
Fort (est 41 54CE)/Vicus
79 138
Carreras&Funan 1998 239
15520
Chester [Deva]
Britannia
QAEOPO
[Q (AE)OPO]
Fort (est 41 54CE)/Vicus
125 175
Carreras&Funan 1998 040
16717
Chester [Deva]
Britannia
RVFPO
<RVF(%')PO>
Fort (est 41 54 CE)/Vicus
150 225
Carreras&Funan 1998 409 a 1
18723
Chesterholm [Vindolanda]
Britannia
APH
[APH]
Fort (est 80s CE)/Vicus
98 138
Marhere 2003 43
18720
Chesterholm [Vindolanda]
Britannia
CLPV
[CLPV
Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus
180 250
Marliere 2003 39
16689
Chesterholm [Vindolanda]
Britannia
GRADOS
[GRA/D(0%)(S%)]
Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus
140 224
Carreras&Funan 1998 401 g7
18727
Chesterholm [Vindolanda]
Britannia
GRADOS
+ADO(s%)
Fort (est 80s CE)/Vicus
140 224
Marliere 2003 48
18732
Chesterholm [Vindolanda]
Britannia
HISPSAENI
[HISP S(AE)(NI)(corona)]
Fort (est 80s CE)/Vicus
80 140
Marhere 2003 54
20442
18697
Chesterholm [Vindolanda]
Britannia
H1SPSAENI
+(AE)N(corona)]
Fort (est 80s CE)/Vicus
80 140
Marhere&Tcrres 2005 04
Chesterholm [Vindolanda]
Britannia
LCM
[LCM]
Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus
150 200
Marliere 2003 16
18698
Chesterholm [Vindolanda]
Britannia
LCM
CM]
Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus
150 200
Marhere 2003 17
18699
Chesterholm [Vindolanda]
Britannia
LCM
M]
Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus
150 200
Marhere 2003 18
18708
Chesterholm [Vindolanda]
Britannia
MIM
MIM]
Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus
18692
Chesterholm [Vindolanda]
Britannia
PARVA
18703
Chesterholm [Vindolanda]
Britannia
PORODV
[P(AR)(V%)
[PORODV]
50 70/145 161 Marhere 2003 27
Marhere 2003 09
post 209
Fort (est 80s CE)/Vicus
16126
Chichester [Noviomagus Regnensium]
Britannia
MIM
15842
Cirencester [Corineum Dobunnorum]
Britannia
CALPVRNIB
[C(ALP)(VR)(NI%)(C%)]
Civitas (of Dobunni)
Marhere 2003 22
150 199
50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 23
Carreras&Funan 1998 136 f6
69 117
15476
Cirencester [Corineum Dobunnorum]
Britannia
CAS
[CAS( ')]
Civitas (of Dobunni)
214 224
Carreras&Funan 1998 032 a 1
16071
Cirencester [Corineum Dobunnorum]
Britannia
HISPSAENI
[HISP S(AE)(Nl)(corona%)+
Civitas (of Dobunni)
80 140
Carreras&Funan 1998 233 a 1
15401
Cirencester [Corineum Dobunnorum]
Britannia
LAF
LAF]
Civitas (of Dobunni)
142 165
Carreras&Funan 1998 009 a 1
16940
Cirencester [Corineum Dobunnorum]
Britannia
LSELSENC
[(L%)(SE)L(SE)NC
Civitas (of Dobunni)
117 138
Carreras&Funan 1998 457 al
16428
Cirencester [Corineum Dobunnorum]
Britannia
MAVRJ
[(MA)VRI]
Civitas (of Dobunni)
30 80
Carreras&Funan 1998 321 al
16140
Cirencester [Corineum Dobunnorum]
Britannia
MIM
[M(I%)(M%)]
Civitas (of Dobunni)
50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 ml3
16141
Cirencester [Corineum Dobunnorum]
Britannia
MIM
[MIM]
Civitas (of Dobunni)
50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 n]4
15635
Cirencester [Corineum Dobunnorum]
Britannia
PARVA
[P(AR)VA]
Civitas (of Dobunni)
post 209
Carreras&Funan 1998 068 a 1
15456
Cirencester [Corineum Dobunnorum]
Britannia
PORLAR
[P(0<)RLAR]
Civitas (of Dobunni)
50 105
Carreras&Funan 1998 029 d 4
16027
Cirencester [Corineum Dobunnorum]
Britannia
PORLFS
[POR(%')(P/o)(S%)]
Civitas (of Dobunni)
40 130
Carreras&Funan 1998 209 c3
15630
Colchester [Camulodonum]
Britannia
CAPF
C A"P [F]|
Colonia (Veterans in 49CE)
142 180
Callender 1965 f 05 09
16588
Colchester [Camulodonum]
Britannia
CPC
|L PAE *|CPC((ramus pa!mae))|
Colonia (Veterans in 49CE)
175 225
Callender 1965 f06 12
20476
Colchester [Camulodonum]
Britannia
GAF
|G A [F]
Colonia (Veterans in 49CE)
145 224
Callender 1965 f04 32
16020
Colchester [Camulodonum]
Britannia
LFS
[LFS]
Colonia (Veterans m 49CE)
60 80
Callender 1965 f09 08
16603
Colchester [Camulodonum]
Britannia
LPMS
[LP M S]
Colonia (Veterans in 49CE)
150 284
Carreras&Funan 1998 374 al
16941
Colchester [Camulodonum]
Britannia
LSELSENC
[L(SE)L(SE)N C
Colonia (Veterans in 49CE)
117 138
Carreras&Funan 1998 457 b2
15472
Colchester [Camulodonum]
Britannia
MAR
[MAR]
Colonia (Veterans in 49CE)
95 199
Carreras&Funan 1998 030 g 7
16128
Colchester [Camulodonum]
Britannia
MIM
[MIM]
Colonia (Veterans in 49CE)
16131
Colchester [Camulodonum]
Britannia
MIM
[MIM]
Colonia (Veterans in 49CE)
50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 a 1
50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 d4
16136
Colchester [Camulodonum]
Britannia
MIM
[MIM]
Colonia (Veterans in 49CE)
50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 i9
15636
Colchester [Camulodonum]
Britannia
P<\RVA
|P AARVA|
Colonia (Veterans in 49CE)
post 209
Callender 1965 f 03 49
15459
Colchester [Camulodonum]
Britannia
PORLAR
PORLAR]
Colonia (Veterans in 49CE)
50 105
Carreras&Funan 1998 029 g 7
16023
Colchester [Camulodonum]
Britannia
PORLFS
[POR L F S ]
Colonia (Veterans in 49CE)
40 130
Carreras&Funan 1998 208 d4
16025
Colchester [Camulodonum]
Britannia
PORLFS
[PORLFS]
Colonia (Veterans in 49CE)
40 130
Carreras&Funan 1998 209 a 1
16026
Colchester [Camulodonum]
Britannia
PORLFS
1PORL FS<|
Colonia (Veterans m 49CE)
40 130
Callender 1965 f 13 28
16028
Colchester [Camulodonum]
Britannia
PORLFS
[POR L F S ]
Colonia (Veterans in 49CE)
40 130
Carreras&Funan 1998 209 d4
16575
Colchester [Camulodonum]
Britannia
POROCODV
Colonia (Veterans in 49CE)
69 79
Carreras&Funan 1998 355 n!4
16729
Colchester [Camulodonum]
Britannia
PORPSA
[GRADOS
Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus
Civitas (of Regenses)/Fort (45 75 CE)
[PORPS(A%?)
Colonia (Veterans in 49CE)
Carreras&Funan 1998 413 e5
Carreras&Funan 1998 220
16044
Colchester [Camulodonum]
Britannia
QFRME
[QFR(ME)]
Coloma (Veterans in 49CE)
16190
Colchester [Camulodonum]
Britannia
SISEN
|SISAEN
Coloma (Veterans in 49CE)
41 55
Carreras&Funan 1998 258 al
16191
Colchester [Camulodonum]
Britannia
SISEN
|SIS[AE]N
Coloma (Veterans in 49CE)
41 55
Callender 1965 f 17 16
25439
Colchester [Camulodonum]
Britannia
SISEN
|SISAEN|
Coloma (Veterans in 49CE)
41 55
Callender 1965 f 17 17
16310
Corbndge [Corstorpitum]
Bntannia
ALFO
|A L F 0 |
Fort (est 80s CEVVicus
130 161
Callender 1965 f03 19
15627
Corbndge [Corstorpitum]
Britannia
CAPF
|C AAP F
Fort (est 80s CE)/Vicus
142 180
Callender 1965 f 05 08
15628
Corbndge [Corstorpitum]
Britannia
CAPF
|C AAP F|
Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus
142 180
Callender 1965 f05 07
16189
Corbndge [Corstorpitum]
Britannia
1CI[]S|
Fort (est 80sCE)/Vlcus
150210
Callender 1965 f 05 38
16363
Corbndge [Corstorpitum]
Britannia
CIS
CMM
|CMM|
Fort (est 80s CEVVicus
179 180'
Callender 1965 f05 44
16078
Corbndge [Corstorpitum]
Bntannia
DIA
Fort (est 80s CEVVicus
145 161
Carreras&Funan 1998 234 3
15398
Corbndge [Corstorpitum]
Britannia
GAF
Fort (est 80s CEVVicus
145 224
Carreras&Funan 1998 007 b 6
16365
Corbndge [Corstorpitum]
Britannia
GMMF
Fort (est 80s CEVVicus
180 220
Carreras&Funan 1998 305 4
16366
Corbndge [Corstorpitum]
Britannia
GMMF
Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus
180 220
Callender 1965 f05 47
15919
Corbndge [Corstorpitum]
Britannia
IIIENNIIVL
Fort (est 80s CEVVicus
117 161
Carreras&Funan 1998 176 23
15921
Corbndge [Corstorpitum]
Britannia
IIIENNIIVL
[IIIEN(NI)I(VL(hedera)]
Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus
117 161
Carreras&Funan 1998 176 b2
15922
Corbndge [Corstorpitum]
Bntannia
IIIENNIIVL
[IlI]ENNAUVAL((ramus palmae))
Fort (est 80s CEVVicus
117 161
Callender 1965 f07 11
[GAF]
|G M M F|
15923
Corbndge [Corstorpitum]
Britannia
IIIENNIIVL
[IIIEN(NI) I(VL)(hedera)
Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus
117 161
Carreras&Funan 1998 176 d4
15402
Corbndge [Corstorpitum]
Britannia
LAF
|LAF
Fort (est 80s CEVVicus
142 165
Callender 1965 f08 12
15766
Corbndge [Corstorpitum]
Britannia
LCM
Fort (est 80s CE)/Vicus
150 200
Carreras&Funan 1998 121 8
16197
Corbndge [Corstorpitum]
Britannia
LIT
Fort (est 80s CEVVicus
150 284
Carreras&Funan 1998 259 23
16199
Corbndge [Corstorpitum]
Britannia
LIT
[LIT]
Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus
150 284
Carreras&Funan 1998 259 al
16200
Corbndge [Corstorpitum]
Britannia
LIT
|LIT|
Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus
150 284
Callender 1965 f09 15
16202
Corbndge [Corstorpitum]
Britannia
LIT
[L I T(T%)
Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus
150 284
Carreras&Funan 1998 259 d4
16007
Corbndge [Corstorpitum]
Britannia
QFF
|QFF|
Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus
69 96
Callender 1965 f 14 42
16398
Corbndge [Corstorpitum]
Britannia
QMS
Fort (est 80s CEVVicus
175 199
Callender 1965 f 15 21
16173
Corbndge [Corstorpitum]
Britannia
SIP
|S1P|
Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus
69 117'
Callender 1965 f 17 15
16503
Corbndge [Corstorpitum]
Britannia
SNR
|SNR|
Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus
140 180
Callender 1965 f 17 22
16504
Corbndge [Corstorpitum]
Britannia
SNR
|SNR|
Fort (est 80s CEVVicus
140 180
Callender 1965 f 17 21
16506
Corbndge [Corstorpitum]
Britannia
SNR
SNR
Fort (est 80s CEVVicus
140 180
Callender 1965 f 17 23
16514
Corbndge [Corstorpitum]
Britannia
SNR
l(s)N(R%)
Fort (est 80s CE)/Vicus
140 180
Carreras&Funan 1998 339 ml3
16761
Cramond
Britannia
LSLVPI
Fort (est 78 85CE)/Vicus/Stores Base
98 138
Carreras&Funan 1998 429 6
15637
Cramond
Britannia
PARVA
[P (AR)VA]
Fort (est 78 85CE)/Vicus/Stores Base
post 209
Carreras&Funan 1998 068 c 3
16209
Denver
Britannia
LIT
[LIT]
Vicus
150 284
Carreras&Funan 1998 259jll
16763
Dieulouard [Segontium]
Britannia
LSLVPI
[L S LVP(I%)]
Fort (est 78 85 CE)
98 138
Carreras&Funan 1998 429 b2
16019
Dorset [Dumovana]
Britannia
LFS
|LFS|
Civitas (of Durotnges)
60 80
Callender 1965 f09 07
16127
Dover [Dubris]
Britannia
MIM
Fort (est end of 1 st century CE)
50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 24
16311
Exeter [Isca Dumnoniorum]
Britannia
AELFO
AELFO]
Civitas (of Dumnonii)/Fort (47-48 CE)
145 161
Carreras&Funan 1998 277 b2
15895
Exeter [Isca Dumnoniorum]
Britannia
CEFP
Civitas (of DumnonnVFort (47 48 CE)
69 117
Carreras&Funan 1998 168 7
16758
Exeter [Isca Dumnoniorum]
Britannia
LSLP
Civitas (of Dumnonii)/Fort (47-48 CE)
98 138
Carreras&Funan 1998 428 3
16124
Exeter [Isca Dumnoniorum]
Britannia
MIM
Civitas (of Dumnonn)/Fort (47-48 CE)
50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 21
16149
Exeter [Isca Dumnoniorum]
Britannia
MIMOPSI
Civitas (of DumnonnVFort (47-48 CE)
50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 245 b3
15676
Exeter [Isca Dumnoniorum]
Britannia
PAVR
16210
Fishbourne
Britannia
LIT
15392
Fishtoft
Britannia
GAF
15900
Gelligaer
Britannia
CEFP
15928
Holt
Britannia
16367
Housesteads [Vercovicium]
16193
|((M%)&(N%))IMOPSI]
Carreras&Funan 1998 085
Civitas (of Dumnonu)/Fort (47 48 CE)
Palace (65 CE rebuilt 75 CE)
150 284
Carreras&Funan 1998 259 kl2
Farming Site
145 224
Carreras&Funan 1998 007 9
[C E F «P%)&I]
Forts (est early 2nd century CE)
69 117
Carreras&Funan 1998 168d4
IIIENNIIVL
[III]ENNAI rV[AL]((corona))|
Pottery and Tile Works
117 161
Carreras&Funan 1998 176 |9
Britannia
GMMF
IGMMF
Forties! 122 126CE)/Vicus
180 220
Callender 1965 f05 46
Housesteads [Vercovicium]
Britannia
LIT
Fort (est 122 126 CEVVicus
150 284
Carreras&Funan 1998 259 19
15896
Ilchester [Lindrnis]
Britannia
CEFP
Vicus
69 117
Carreras&Funan 1998 168 8
15897
Ilkley [Olenca]
Bntannia
CEFP
Fort (78 85 CE deserted 120CE)/Vicus
69 117
Callender 1965 f 05 19
16194
Kenchester [Magis]
Britannia
LIT
Vicus
150 284
Cirreras&Funan 1998 259 20
16073
Leicester [Ratae Contanorum]
Britannia
HISPSAENI
[HlSPS(AE)(Nl)(corona)]
Civitas (of Contani)
80 140
Carreras&Funan 1998 233 c3
15768
Leicester [Ratae Contanorum]
Britannia
LCM
[LCM]
Civitas (of Contani)
150 200
Carreras&Funan 1998 121b 2
16602
Leicester [Ratae Contanorum]
Britannia
LPMS
Civitas (of Contani)
150 284
Carreras&Funan 1998 374 4
16762
Leicester [Ratae Contanorum]
Britannia
LSLVPI
Civitas (of Contani)
98 138
Carreras&Funan 1998 429 al
[LIT]
|CEFP|
[L S(LV)PI]
Caneras&Funan 1998 413 7
16724
Leicester [Ratae Contanorum]
Britannia
PORPS
Civitas (of Contani)
50 125
15640
Lemonfield
Britannia
PARVA
INDETERMINATE
post 209
Caneras&Funan 1998 068 f 6
16201
Lincoln [Lindum Colonia]
Britannia
LIT
[LIT]
Fort (est 61 62 CE)/Colonia (Veterans)
150 284
Carreras&Funan 1998 259 c3
16139
Lincoln [Lindum Colonia]
Britannia
MIM
[MIM]
Fort (est 61 62 CE)/Colonia (Veterans)
50 70/145 161 Caneras&Funan 1998 244112
16822
Lincoln [Lindum Colonia]
Britannia
PSAENI
+(P&R)(hedera%)S(AE)(NI)]
Fort (est 61 62 CE)/Colonia (Veterans)
16308
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
ALFO
16314
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
ALFO
16824
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
16825
London [Londinium Augusta]
15670
Caneras&Funan 1998 447113
Provincial Capital
130 161
Caneras&Funan 1998 277 7
[A L FO]
Provincial Capital
130 161
Carreras&Funan 1998 277 e5
ASAEN
[A S(AE)N]
Provincial Capital
30 150
Carreras&Funan 1998 447 nl5
Britannia
ASAEN
[A S(AE)N]
Provincial Capital
30 150
Carreras&Funan 1998 447n!6
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
ATITTAE
|AATITTAAAE|
Provincial Capital
69 96
15437
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
CAM
|CAM|
Provincial Capital
15438
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
CAM
Provincial Capital
15626
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
CAPF
Provincial Capital
142 180
Carreras&Funan 1998 066 9
15629
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
CAPF
[C (AP) F+
Provincial Capital
142 180
Carreras&Funan 1998 066 c 3
15632
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
CAPF
[C(AP)F]
Provincial Capital
142 180
Carreras&Funan 1998 066 f 6
16326
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
CLPV
[CLPV(hedera)]
Provincial Capital
180 250
Caneras&Funan 1998 283 al
16328
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
CLPV
[C L (PL)V(hedera)]
Provincial Capital
180 250
Carreras&Funan 1998 283 c3
15394
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
GAF
[GAF*
Provincial Capital
145 224
Carreras&Funan 1998 007 a 2
15395
Britannia
Britannia
GAF
[GA
Provincial Capital
145 224
16684
London [Londinium Augusta]
London [Londinium Augusta]
GRADOS
[GRADOS]
Provincial Capital
140 224
Carreras&Funan 1998 007 a 3
Carreras&Funan 1998 401 b2
16074
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
H1SPSAENI
HISP S(AE)(NI)(corona)]
Provincial Capital
80 140
Carreras&Funan 1998 233 d4
15705
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
LCANTP
[L C(ANT)P]
Provincial Capital
130 161
Carreras&Funan 1998 102 b 2
15830
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
LCSOL
Provincial Capital
50 100
Carreras&Funan 1998 133 5
15831
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
LCSOL
[LC(S%)OL]
Provincial Capital
50 100
Carreras&Funan 1998 133 a 1
15832
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
LCSOL
[L C S OL]
Provincial Capital
50 100
Carreras&Funan 1998 133 b2
15833
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
LCSOL
[L C S OL]
Provincial Capital
50 100
Carreras&Funan 1998 133 b3
15834
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
LCSOL
[L C S OL]
Provincial Capital
50 100
Carreras&Funan 1998 133 c4
16203
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
LIT
|LIT|
Provincial Capital
150 284
Callender 1965 f09 16
16939
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
LSELSENC
Provincial Capital
117 138
Carreras&Funan 1998 457 4
16764
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
LSLVPI
[(L%)(S%)(LV)(P%)I]
Provincial Capital
98 138
Carreras&Funan 1998 429 c3
17058
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
LVTROPHIMI
|L V TAROPAHAIMAl|
Provincial Capital
70 121
Callender 1965 flO 14
15464
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
MAR
Provincial Capital
95 199
Carreras&Funan 1998 030 10
15466
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
MAR
|MAR|
Provincial Capital
95 199
Callender 1965 f 1037
15467
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
MAR
[MAR]
Provincial Capital
95 199
Callender 1965 f 10 38
15470
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
MAR
[MAR]
Provincial Capital
95 199
Carreras&Funan 1998 030 e 5
15471
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
MAR
[MAR]
Provincial Capital
95 199
Carreras&Funan 1998 030 f 6
16429
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
MAVRI
|MAAVRI
Provincial Capital
30 80
Callender 1965 f 10 43
16130
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
MIM
[MIM]
Provincial Capital
16132
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
MIM
[MIM]
Provincial Capital
50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 c3
50 70/145 161 Caneras&Funan 1998 244 e5
16133
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
MIM
[MIM]
Provincial Capital
50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 f6
16135
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
MIM
[MIM]
Provincial Capital
50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 h8
16143
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
MIM
[MIM]
Provincial Capital
50 70/145 161 Caneras&Funan 1998 244 pl6
16144
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
MIM
l( )MIM( )|
Provincial Capital
50 70/145 161 Callender 1965 f l l 17
16147
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
MIMOPSI
[M I MOPSI]
Provincial Capital
50 70/145 161 Caneras&Funan 1998 245 a 1
16148
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
MIMOPSI
[M I MOPSI]
Provincial Capital
50 70/145 161 Caneras&Funan 1998 245 a2
15639
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
PARVA
[P A(RVA)
Provincial Capital
post 209
Carreras&Funan 1998 068 e 5
16613
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
PORCPR
Provincial Capital
1 99 (c 70)
Carreras&Funan 1998 378 2
15453
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
PORLAR
[POR L AR]
Provincial Capita!
50 105
Caneras&Funan 1998 029 a 1
15457
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
PORLAR
[(P-O)RLAR]
Provincial Capital
50 105
Carreras&Funan 1998 029 e 5
Callender 1965 f 15 44
Callender 1965 f04 43
Carreras&Funan 1998 020 2
15458
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
PORLAR
[(P~0)R(LA)R]
Provincial Capital
50 105
Caneras&Funan 1998 029 f 6
16059
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
PQHEHE
[P Q (HE) (HE)]
Provincial Capital
50 150
Carreras&Funan 1998 228 a 1
16400
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
QMS
Provincial Capital
175 199
Carreras&Funan 1998 312 c3
16818
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
SAENIANS
|SAAENAIA~NS|
Provincial Capital
80 130
Callender 1965 f 15 49
16508
London [Londinium Augusta]
Britannia
SNR
[(S%)NR]
Provincial Capital
140 180
Carreras&Funan 1998 339 g7
15389
Loughor [Leucarum]
Britannia
GAF
Fort (est 75 CE)
145 224
Caneras&Funan 1998 007 10
145 224
150 284
Carreras&Funan 1998 007 a.4
Fort (Flavian/Hadrian)
Fort (est 78 85 CE)
130 161
Carreras&Funan 1998 277 c3
Fort (est 78 85 CE)
50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 22
50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 kll
15396
Loughor [Leucarum]
Britannia
GAF
16195
Maryport [Alauna]
Britannia
LIT
16312
Newstead [Tnmontium]
Britannia
ALFO
16125
Newstead [Tnmontium]
Britannia
MM
16138
Old Sleaford
Britannia
MIM
<MIM>
16511
Packenham
Britannia
SNR
[SNR]
INDETERMINATE
140 180
Carreras&Funan 1998 339jlO
16006
Poltross Bum
Britannia
OFF
Fort (est 122 126CE)
69 96
Carreras&Funan 1998 201 3
16187
Ribchester [Bremetennacum]
Britannia
CIS
Fort (est 78 CE)/Vicus
150 210
Carreras&Funan 1998 257 2
16188
Ribchester [Bremetennacum]
Britannia
CIS
Fort (est 78 CE)/Vicus
150 210
Carreras&Funan 1998 257 3
16596
Richborough [Rutupia]
Britannia
APH
[APH]
Fort (est 43 CE)/Vicus
98 138
Carreras&Funan 1998 371 al
15929
Richborough [Rutupia]
Britannia
IIIENNIIVL
[EN(NI) I(VL%')(corona)]
Fort (est 43 CE)/Vicus
117 161
Callender 1965 f 07 13
15403
Richborough [Rutupia]
Britannia
LAF
[LAm]
Fort (est 43 CE)/Vicus
142 165
Carreras&Funan 1998 009 c 3
16021
Richborough [Rutupia]
Britannia
LFS
[LFS]
Fort (est 43 CE)/Vicus
60 80
Carreras&Funan 1998 208 b2
16204
Richborough [Rutupia]
Britannia
LIT
LIT|
Fort (est 43 CE)/Vicus
150 284
Callender 1965 f09 17
16211
Richborough [Rutupia]
Britannia
LIT
[LIT]
Fort (est 43 CE)/Vicus
150 284
Carreras&Funan 1998 259113
16605
Richborough [Rutupia]
Britannia
LPMS
|L P M S|
Fort (est 43 CE)/Vicus
150 284
Callender 1965 f09 33
16760
Richborough [Rutupia]
Britannia
LSLVPI
[L S LVP(I%)]
Fort (est 43 CE)/Vicus
98 F38
Carreras&Funan 1998 428 b2
16614
Richborough [Rutupia]
Britannia
PORCPR
|POR C P R|
Fort (est 43 CE)/Vicus
1 99 (c 70)
Callender 1965 f 13 23
15454
Richborough [Rutupia]
Britannia
PORLAR
OR LA R]
Fort (est 43 CE)/Vicus
50 105
Carreras&Funan 1998 029 b 2
16725
Richborough [Rutupia]
Britannia
PORPS
[PORP S]
Fort (est 43 CE)/Vicus
50 125
Carreras&Funan 1998 413 al
15617
Richborough [Rutupia]
Britannia
QANTR
1QA*[N]ATR|
Fort (est 43 CE)/Vicus
41 96
Callender 1965 f 14 12
16008
Richborough [Rutupia]
Britannia
QFF
[QF(N%)]
Fort (est 43 CE)/Vicus
69 96
Carreras&Funan 1998 201 b2
Fort (est 142 154CE)
130 161
Carreras&Funan 1998 277 8
[HISPS(AE)(NI)((corona%)&0)]
Vicus
80 140
Carreras&Funan 1998 233 b2
[GAF]
|A LF O |
Fort (est 75 CE)
Vicus
Carreras&Funan 1998 259 21
16309
Rough Castle
Britannia
ALFO
16072
Sea Mills [Abonae]
Britannia
HISPSAENI
15916
Shorden Brae
Britannia
IIIENNIIVL
Fort (est 75CE)
117 161
Carreras&Funan 1998 176 20
16317
Silchester [Calleva Atrebatum]
Britannia
AELFO
[AELFO]
Civitas (of Atrebates)
145 161
Callender 1965 f03 18
15898
Silchester [Calleva Atrebatum]
Britannia
CEFP
|CEFP|
Civitas (of Atrebates)
69 117
Callender 1965 f05 20
15480
Silchester [Calleva Atrebatum]
Britannia
GAVEL
GAVEL
Civitas (of Atrebates)
235 >
Callender 1965 f05 14
15938
Silchester [Calleva Atrebatum]
Britannia
IIIENNIIVL
Civitas (of Atrebates)
117 161
Carreras&Funan 1998 176 si 9
15769
Silchester [Calleva Atrebatum]
Britannia
LCM
[LCM]
Civitas (of Atrebates)
150 200
Callender 1965 f08 34
15770
Silchester [Calleva Atrebatum]
Britannia
LCM
[LCM]
Civitas (of Atrebates)
150 200
Carreras&Funan 1998 121 d4
16205
Silchester [Calleva Atrebatum]
Britannia
LIT
[LIT]
Civitas (of Atrebates)
150 284
Carreras&Funan 1998 259 g7
16206
Silchester [Calleva Atrebatum]
Britannia
LIT
[LIT]
Civitas (of Atrebates)
150 284
Carreras&Funan 1998 259 g8
16058
Silchester [Calleva Atrebatum]
Britannia
PQHEHE
|P Q H"E[HAE]
Civitas (of Atrebates)
50 150
Callender 1965 f 13 46
16060
Silchester [Calleva Atrebatum]
Britannia
PQHEHE
[PQ(HE)F]
Civitas (of Atrebates)
50 150
Carreras&Funan 1998 228 b2
16510
15771
Silchester [Calleva Atrebatum]
Britannia
SNR
<SNR>
Civitas (of Atrebates)
140 180
Carreras&Funan 1998 33919
South Shields [Arbeia]
Britannia
LCM
[LCM]
Fort (est 117 138 CE)
150 200
Carreras&Funan 1998 121 e 5
16079
St Albans [Verulamium]
Britannia
DIA
Civitas (of Catuvelauni)
145 161
Carreras&Funan 1998 234 al
16685
St Albans [Verulamium]
Britannia
GRADOS
GRADOS|
Civitas (of Catuvelauni)
140 224
Callender 1965 f06 16
16207
St Albans [Verulamium]
Britannia
LIT
|L1T|
Civitas (of Catuvelauni)
150 284
Callender 1965 f09 18
16498
St Albans [Verulamium]
Britannia
SNR
Civitas (of Catuvelauni)
140 180
Carreras&Funan 1998 339 15
16509
St Albans [Verulamium]
Britannia
SNR
Civitas (of Catuvelauni)
140 180
Carreras&Funan 1998 339 h8
15917
Stoke Ash
Britannia
IIIENNIIVL
Vicus
117 161
Carreras&Funan 1998 176 21
16512
Strageath
Britannia
SNR
[SNR]
Fort (Flavian dismantled in Antonine)
140 180
Carreras&Funan 1998 339 kll
16597
Warrington
Britannia
APH
[A PH]
Vicus
98 138
Carreras&Funan 1998 371 b2
16129
Warrington
Britannia
MIM
[M I M]
Vicus
50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 b2
15556
Winchester [Venta Belgarum]
Britannia
PANRVF
[P(AN)(RV)F]
Civitas (of Belgae)
70 145
Carreras&Funan 1998 056 b 2
16399
Winchester [Venta Belgarum]
Britannia
QMS
Civitas (of Belgae)
175 199
Carreras&Funan 1998 312 b2
15469
Winterton
Britannia
MAR
Villa (est early 2nd century CE)
95 199
Carreras&Funan 1998 030 d 4
16315
Woodcuts village
Britannia
AELFO
INDETERMINATE
145 161
Carreras&Funan 1998 278 5
15631
Wroxeter [Viroconium Comoviorum]
Britannia
CAPF
Civitas (of Cornovn)/Fort (est 58 CE)
142 180
Carreras&Funan 1998 066 e 5
15390
Wroxeter [Viroconium Comoviorum]
Britannia
GAF
Civitas (of Comovn)/Fort (est 58 CE)
145 224
Carreras&Funan 1998 007 7
15930
Wroxeter [Viroconium Comoviorum]
Britannia
IIIENNIIVL
ENN 1((VL%)&(V )(F?&(hedera%))]
Civitas (of Comovu)/Fort (est 58 CE)
117 161
Carreras&Funan 1998 176 kll
16942
Wroxeter [Viroconium Comoviorum]
Britannia
LSELSENC
|L S"EL SAENC
Civitas (of Comovn)/Fort (est 58 CE)
117 138
Callender 1965 f 10 03
15468
Wroxeter [Viroconium Comoviorum]
Britannia
MAR
MAR]
Civitas (of Comovu)/Fort (est 58 CE)
95 199
Caneras&Funan 1998 030 c 3
I1EN(NI%')+
[S(N%)(R%)]
[MAR]
[CA P F]
15560
Wroxeter [Viroconium Comoviorum]
Britannia
PANRVF
Civitas(ofComovn)/Fort(est 58 CE)
70 145
Carreras&Funan 1998 056 f 6
16726
Wroxeter [Viroconium Comoviorum]
Britannia
PORPS
[POR P/S%)]
Civitas(ofComovn)/Fort(est 58 CE)
50 125
Carreras&Funan 1998 413 b2
16718
Wroxeter [Viroconium Comoviorum]
Britannia
RVFPO
[RVFP(0&Q)]
Civitas (of Cornovn)/Fort (est 58 CE)
150 225
Carreras&Funan 1998 4091>2
16507
Wroxeter [Viroconium Comoviorum]
Britannia
SNR
[SN(r)
Civitas (of Comovn)/Fort (est 58 CE)
140 180
Carreras&Funan 1998 339 f6
16513
Wroxeter [Viroconium Comoviorum]
Britannia
SNR
[SNR]
Civitas (of ComovnVFort (est 58 CE)
140 180
Carreras&Funan 1998 339112
15899
York [Eburacum]
Britannia
CEFP
[CEFP]
Fort (est 41 54 CEVColoma
69 117
Caneras&Funan 1998 168 c 3
16077
York [Eburacum]
Britannia
CENHISPSAE
[CEN]HAISPSAAE|
Fort (est 41 54 CEVColoma
69 117
Callender 1965 f 16 10
16327
York [Eburacum]
Britannia
CLPV
[CLPV(hedera)]
Fort (est 41 54 CEVColoma
180 250
Carreras&Funan 1998 283 b2
16070
York [Eburacum]
Britannia
H1SPSAENI
Fort (est 41 54 CEVColoma
80 140
Carreras&Funan 1998 233 9
16075
York [Eburacum]
Britannia
H1SPSAENI
|HISPSAAENAI((corona ))!
Fort (est 41 54 CE)/Coloma
80 140
Callender 1965 fI611
15927
York [Eburacum]
Britannia
I1IENNI1VL
[IIlENNI(VL)(hedera%)]
Fort (est 41 54 CEVColoma
117 161
Carreras&Funan 1998 176 h8
15765
York [Eburacum]
Bntannia
LCM
Fort (est 41 54 CEVColoma
150 200
Carreras&Funan 1998 121 7
16198
York [Eburacum]
Britannia
LIT
Fort (est 41 54 CEVColoma
150 284
Carreras&Funan 1998 259 24
16024
York [Eburacum]
Britannia
PORLFS
Fort (est 41 54 CEVColoma
40 130
Carreras&Funan 1998 209 5
16501
York [Eburacum]
Britannia
SNR
Fort (est 41 54 CEVColoma
140 180
Carreras&Funan 1998 339 18
06438
Split [Spalatum]
Dalmatia
LPMS
[L ( P) M S]
Vicus/Diocletian s Palace
150 284
Cambi 1983 f20
06434
Split [Spalatum]
Dalmatia
OCPA
+C(amphora)PA]
Vicus/Diocletian s Palace
80 190
Cambi 1983 f 17
06435
Split [Spalatum]
Dalmatia
OCPA
[OC(amphora)PA]
Vicus/Diocletian s Palace
80 190
21437
Astaffort
Gallia (Aquitama)
PMHPOR
[P M HP(0<)R]
INDETERMINATE
69 96
Cambi 1983 f06 8
Plot 1996 18
21248
Atur [Astrius]
Gallia (Aquitama)
MAR
[(MA)R]
Vicus
95 199
Gruat 1994 f2 1
07327
Bordeaux [Burdigala]
Gallia (Aquitama)
QCFCH
[Q(C~ )FC (H%)
Provincial Capital/Civitas (of Bituriges)
69 117?
Laubenheimer&Watier 1991 f30 19
25193
Boulogne [Gesonacum Bononia]
Gallia (Aquitama)
AELFO
AELFO
Mumcipium
145 161
Jacques 1991 50
25198
Boulogne [Gesonacum Bononia]
Gallia (Aquitama)
SNR
SNR
Mumcipium
140 180
Jacques 1991 55
10404
Cahors [Divona Cadurcorum]
Gallia (Aquitama)
CEFP
[CE FP]
Civitas (of Cadurci)
69 117
Labrousse 1977 f C 03
09066
Poitiers [Limonum Pictomum]
Gallia (Aquitama)
D1A
Civitas (of Pictones)
145 161
Thouvenot, 1980 11
09077
Poitiers [Limonum Pictomum]
Gallia (Aquitama)
QMS
Civitas (of Pictones)
175 199
Thouvenot 1980 22
24752
Samte Colombe
Gallia (Aquitama)
CALPVRNIB
[C(ALP)(VR)(NI)B]
Villas
69 117
CIL Xn 5683 060c
24783
Sainte Colombe
Gallia (Aquitama)
CEFP
CEFP
Villas
69 117
CIL XD 5683 083
24886
Sainte Colombe
Gallia (Aquitama)
LVTROPHIMI
[L V (TR)OP(HI)(MI)]
Villas
70 121
en. xn
24728
Samte Colombe
Gallia (Aquitama)
MAR
[MAR]
Villas
95 199
CIL Xfl 5683 013
24747
Sainte Colombe
Gallia (Aquitama)
MAVRI
[M AVR(I%)
Villas
30 80
CIL Xn 5683 040
24813
Sainte Colombe
Gallia (Aquitama)
MIM
MIM
Villas
24814
Samte Colombe
Gallia (Aquitama)
MIM
MIM
Villas
50 70/145 161 CIL Xfl 5683 136d 1
50 70/145 161 CIL Xn 5683 136d 2
23898
Saintes [Mediolanum Santonum]
Gallia (Aquitama)
SNR
|SNR|
Civitas (of Santoni)
140 180
Lauranceau, 1988 98
15035
Toulouse [Tolosa]
Gallia (Aquitama)
MAR
|M AR|
Colonia Latina
95 199
Blanc Bijon&al 1998 1059
10388
Toulouse [Tolosa]
Gallia (Aquitama)
PORLAR
[(P%)OR L A R]
Colonia Latina
50 105
Labrousse 1977 f T i l
10383
Toulouse [Tolosa]
Gallia (Aquitama)
POROCODV
[(P%) OCODV]
Colonia Latina
69 79
Labrousse 1977 f T06
13906
Toulouse [Tolosa]
Gallia (Aquitama)
SISEN
|SISAEN|
Colonia Latina
41 55
21079
Alise Sainte Reine [Alesia]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
CAM
[(C?)(A?)(M')]
Vicus
23868
Alise Samte Reine [Alesia]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
LVTROPHIMI
LVTROPHIMI
Vicus
70 121
23838
Alise Sainte Revne [Alesia]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
MAR
[MAR]
Vicus
95 199
LeGall 1983 03
23841
Alise Sainte Reine [Alesia]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
PARVA
[P (AR)VA]
Vicus
post 209
LeGall 1983 06
09146
Amiens [Samarobnva]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
LCMY
[L]CMAY
Vicus
140 190
Massy&Vasselle 1976 07
09155
Amiens [Samarobnva]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
PMHPOR
|PMH( )PO<R|
Vicus
69 96
Massy&Vasselle 1976 16
27050
Amiens [Samarobnva]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
SISEN
SIS+
Vicus
41 55
Carre&al 1995 422
20630
Annecy [Boutae]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
PCAEHER
|PC~AAEHAER|
Vicus
69 117
Callender 1965 f 12 39
04606
Arras [Nemetacum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
IIIENNIIVL
|IIIENNAIIV[AL]((corona))|
Civitas (of Atrebatum)
117 161
Jacques 1991 02
04608
Arras [Nemetacum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
MIM
|MIM|
Civitas (of Atrebatum)
50 70/145 161 Jacques 1991 04
04611
Arras [Nemetacum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
SNR
Civitas (of Atrebatum)
140 180
Jacques 1991 07
19656
Bavay [Bagacum Nerviorum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
CLPV
\C LPV((hedera))|
Civitas (of Nervn)
180 250
Jacques 1991 16
19660
Bavay [Bagacum Nerviorum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
IIIENNIORIVLSAE
|IHEnnIORIV{Ls}AE|
Civitas (of Nervn)
117 161
Jacques 1991 20
19673
Bavay [Bagacum Nerviorum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
MAR
|MAR|
Civitas (of Nervn)
95 199
Jacques 1991 30
07903
Dieulouard [Scarponna]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
PORLAR
(PORAL( )R|
Vicus
50 105
Billoret, 1987 fl 10
09463
Geneva [Genava]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
LFS
[LFS]
Vicus
60 80
Callender 1965 f09 07
09435
Geneva [Genava]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
LSELSENC
[L(SE)L(SE)NC]
Vicus
117 138
Paunier 1981 26
SABINI
Blanc Bijon&al 1998 1251
Olmer 2003 B33
LeGall 1983 33
09464
Geneva [Genava]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
LSLVPI
L S LVPI|
Vicus
98 138
09438
Geneva [Genava]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
MIM
[MIM]
Vicus
Callender 1965 f09 42
09439
Geneva [Genava]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
MIM
[MIM]
Vicus
50 70/145 161 Paunier 1981 40
50 70/145 161 Paunier 1981 41
09440
Geneva [Genava]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
MIM
[M M]
Vicus
50 70/145 161 Paunier 1981 43
09442
Geneva [Genava]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
PORPS
[POR P S]
Vicus
50 125
Paunier 1981 61
09486
Geneva [Genava]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
PORPS
Vicus
50 125
Paunier 1981 60
09496
Geneva [Genava]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
SEXIRVF
Vicus
60 70
Callender 1965 f 17 08
25414
Grand
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
IIIENNIOPJVLSAE
Vicus
117 161
Blanc Bijon&al 1998 1118
08015
Grand
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
LIT
Vicus
150 284
Baudoux 1990 3 a, 076f
25415
Grand
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
LIT
Vicus
150 284
Blanc Bijon&al 1998 1162
08051
Grand
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
SNR
Vicus
140 180
Baudoux 1990 3a, 093a
08052
Grand
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
SNR
|SNR|
Vicus
140 180
Baudoux 1990 3a, 093b
25420
Grand
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
SNR
[S]NR
Vicus
140 180
Blanc Bijon&al 1998 1198
23801
Honfleur
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
PORPS
[PORP(S%)]
Vicus
50 125
Demaux 1980 p71
CIL Xn 5683 337b
IIIENNIORIVLSAE
|LIT|
04620
La Buisse
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
LCSOL
LCSOL
Vicus
50 100
04618
La Buisse
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
MIM
MIM
Vicus
50 70/145 161 CIL Xn 5683 136d
04619
La Buisse
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
QANTR
Q (ANT) R
Vicus
41 96
Jospin 2004 p 20 2
09236
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
ALFO
IALFO
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
130 161
Rouquette 1992 5 01
17425
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
ALFO
|ALFO
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
130 161
Silvino 2001 18
18403
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
ALFO
[ALFO]
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
130 161
Test 2003 891a
25787
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
ATITTAE
|AATITTAAAE|
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
69 96
Etienne&Mayet 2004 0159a
25788
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
ATITTAE
|
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
69 96
Etienne&Mayet 2004 0159b
17407
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
GAF
|GAF
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
145 224
Silvmo 200] 03
17427
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
GMMF
|G MM[F]
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
180 220
Silvino 2001 20
24572
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
HISPSAENI
[HISPS(AE)(NI)(corona)]
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
80 140
Allmer&Dissard 1888 174
26413
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
LCANTP
|LCAANATP|
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
130 161
Etienne&Mayet 2004 0216c
17387
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
LCSOL
|LCS OL|
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
50 100
Bertrand, 1992 T08
24580
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
LCSOL
[L C S OL]
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
50 100
Allmer&Dissard 1888 182
17424
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
LIT
[L] I T|
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
150 284
Silvino 2001 17
24592
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
MAR
[MAR]
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
95 199
AHmerfLDissard 1888 193
24873
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
MAR
[MAR]
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
95 199
AllmeriDissard 1892 167
25695
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
MAR
|M A R |
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
95 199
Etienne&Mayet 2004 0064a
17415
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
MFABS
|M FAA((ramus palmae))B [S]
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
17389
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
MIM
|MIM|
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
50 70/145 161 Bertrand 1992 TlOa
A
A
T I T T
A
A
A
E
|
Silvino 2001 11
17390
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
MIM
MIM|
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
50 70/145 161 Bcrtrand 1992 TlOb
17391
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
MIM
|MIM
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
50 70/145 161 Bertrand 1992 TlOc
17392
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
MIM
|MIM|
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
50 70/145 161 Bertrand 1992 TlOd
17393
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
MIM
|MIM|
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
50 70/145 161 Bertrand 1992 TlOe
24595
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
MIM
[MIM]
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
24596
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
MIM
MIM]
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
50 70/145 161 Allmer&Dissard 1888 196
50 70/145 161 Allmer&Dissard 1888 197a
24597
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
MIM
MIM
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
50 70/145 161 Allmer&Dissard 1888 197b
24598
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
MIM
M IM
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
50 70/145 161 Allmer&Dissard 1888 197c
04941
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
PORCPR
|PORCPR|
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
1 99 (c 70)
Dangreaux&Desbat 1987 88 f 15 11
09254
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
PORLAR
|POR L A R|
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
50 105
Rouquene 1992 5 16
25693
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
PORLAR
|PO<R L A R|
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
50 105
EtiennerS-Mayet 2004 0061e
25694
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
PORLAR
|PO<RL~AR|
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
50 105
Etienne&Mayet 2004 006h
24789
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
PQFLFL
[PQFLFL]
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
69 96
AllmeriDissard 1892 065
24609
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
QANTR
[Q(ANT)R]
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
41 96
Allmer&Dissard 1888 207
24610
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
QANTR
[Q(ANT)(r)]
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
41 96
AllmeriDissard 1888 208
24611
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
QANTR
(Q%) (ANT) R]
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
41 96
Allmer&Dissard 1888 209
25760
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
QANTR
Q AANAT R|
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
41 96
Etienne&Mayel 2004 0134g
25761
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
QANTR
Q AANAT R|
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
41 96
Etienne&Mayet 2004 0134j
25762
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
QANTR
|Q AANAT r|
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
41 96
Enenne&Mayet 2004 0134k
17423
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
QIMS
QIMjISI
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
175 199
Silvino 2001 16
20139
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
SAENLANS
1(S%)(AE%)(NI%)ANS]
Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE)
80 130
Bornouf&Laubenheimer 1998 02
24626
Lyon [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
SAENIANS
[S(AE)(NI)ANS]
Provincial Capital/Coloma (43 BCE)
80 130
Allmer&Dissard 1888 223
25745
Lyon? [Lugdunum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
PANNIR
PAANAIR|
Provincial Capital/Coloma (43 BCE)
69 138
Etienne&Mayet, 2004 01251
20257
Macon [Matisco]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
LSELSENC
[L (SE)L (SE)NC]
Vicus
117 138
Cognot, 1983 05
20271
Macon [Matisco]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
PORPS
[POR PS]
Vicus
50 125
Cognot 1983 20
20284
Macon [Matisco]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
PORPS
[PORPS]
Vicus
50 125
Silvino 2003 12
20258
Macon [Matisco]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
PQHEHE
[P Q (HE)(HE)]
Vicus
50 150
Cognot, 1983 06
07970
Metz [Divodurum Mediomatricorum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
CENHISPSAE
Civitas (of Mediomatrici)
69 117
Baudoux, 1990 3a
08216
Metz [Divodurum Mediomatricorum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
IIIENNIORIVLSAE
Civitas (of Mediomatrici)
117 161
Baudoux, 1990 3a, 045e
08010
Metz [Divodurum Mediomatricorum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
LIT
Civitas (of Mediomatrici)
150 284
Baudoux 1990 3a, 076a
07904
Metz [Divodurum Mediomatricorum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
PORLAR
Civitas (of Mediomatrici)
50 105
Baudoux 1990 3a, 006c
07991
Metz [Divodurum Mediomatricorum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
PQHEHE
Civitas (of Mediomatrici)
50 150
Baudoux 1990 3a, 065b
08095
Metz [Divodurum Mediomatricorum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
SAENIANS
Civitas (of Mediomatrici)
80 130
Baudoux 1990 3a, 121a
20436
Nuits Saint Georges
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
CALPVRIN
Vicus
69 117
Olmer 2001 68
20419
Nuits Saint Georges
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
EFDS
[E(F/„) (D%)S]
Vicus
200 299
Thevenot, 1948 047
17463
Nuits Saint Georges
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
LSLP
[LSL P]
Vicus
98 138
Bertrand&Guyot 1932 33 050
23825
Nuits Saint Georges
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
LSLP
LSLP
Vicus
98 138
Thevenot, 1948 059
Thevenot, 1948 063
[IIIENNIORIVLSAE]
(VR)(I%)(N%)]
20402
Nuits Saint Georges
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
MAR
[MAR]
Vicus
95 199
20394
Nuits Saint Georges
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
MIM
[MIM
Vicus
50 70/145 161 Thevenot 1948 065
20390
Nuits Samt Georges
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
PANRVF
[(P~ )(ANRV)F]
Vicus
70 145
Thevenot 1948 067
20397
Nuits Saint Georges
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
SISEN
[SI(SE)N]
Vicus
41 55
Olmer 2001 29
20395
Nuits Saint Georges
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
SNR
[SNR]
Vicus
140 180
Thevenot 1948 080
27045
Orleans [Cenabum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
PMHPOR
[PMJHPOR
Civitas (of Aurehanorum)
69 96
Carre&al 1995 387
08340
Roanne [Roidumna]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
PQFLFL
[PQ]FLFL|
Vicus
69 96
Aulas 1980 81 041
08562
Sancerre
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
ATITTAE
[(AT)IT(TAE)]
Vicus
69 96
Thevenot, 1964 05
06085
St Gems
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
IHENNIIVL
|IIIENNAHVAL((corona))|
Vicus
117 161
Lamour&Mayet 1980 058
19878
Titelberg
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
APH
[APH]
Fort (est 19BCE
16CE)/Vicus
98 138
Laubenheimer&Henon 1998 21
19882
Titelberg
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
MAR
[MA(R%)]
Fort (est 19BCE
16CE)/Vicus
95 199
Laubenheimer&Henon 1998 25
18210
Vertault [Vertillum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
AELFO
AELFO
Vicus
145 161
Lonmy 1926 VH 16
18195
Vertault [Vertillum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
IHENNIIVL
+(I%)ENN I(VL)(palma)
Vicus
117 161
Lonmy 1926 VH 01
18208
Vertault [Vertillum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
1LFT
IL(hedera)FT
Vicus
220 224
Lonmy 1926 VD. 14
18218
Vertault [Vertillum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
LCM
(L%)(C%)(M%)
Vicus
150 200
Lonmy 1926 VD 24
18229
Vertault [Vertillum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
QFF
QFF
Vicus
69 96
Lonmy 1926 Vm 02
18236
Vertault [Vertillum]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
SISEN
SI(SE)N
Vicus
41 55
Lonmy 1926 Vm 09
25789
Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
ATITTAE
|AATITTAAAE|
Coloma
69 96
Etienne&Mayet, 2004 0159c
26457
Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
CALPVRNB
|CAALAPVARNB|
Coloma
69 117
Etienne&Mayet, 2004 0301d
26458
Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
CALPVRNB
|CAALAPVARN B|
Coloma
69 117
Etienne&Mayet 2004 030le
24777
Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
IHENNIIVL
IIIEN(NI) I(VL)(corona)
Coloma
117 161
CIL XH 5683 089c
24778
Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
IHENNIIVL
[IIIEN(NI)I(VL)(corona)]
Coloma
117 161
Allmer&Dissard 1892 053 2
24779
Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
IHENNIIVL
IIIEN(NI) I(VL)(corona)
Coloma
117 161
Allmer&Dissard 1892 053 3
24776
Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
IIIENNIORIVLSAE
[IIIENNIORIVLSAE]
Coloma
117 161
CIL XII 5683 089e
24875
Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
LSLP
[L(hedera)S(hedera)L(hedera)P]
Coloma
98 138
CIL XD 5683 254 1
24876
Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
LSLP
[L(hedera)S(hedera)L(hedera)P]
Coloma
98 138
CIL XD 5683 254 2
24885
Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
LVTROPHIMI
[L V TRO(PHI)(MI%)]
Coloma
70 121
Allmer&Dissard 1892 182
25144
Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
MIM
[MIM]
Coloma
50 70/145 161 Leblanc 1994 f94 n27 28
25146
Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
MIM
[MIM]
Coloma
50 70/145 161 Leblanc 1994 f 99 n 15 17
25148
Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
MIM
MIM]
Coloma
50 70/145 161 Leblanc 1994 fl02 n 24 25
24736
Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
PANR
P(AN)R
Coloma
69 138
CIL XH 5683 217
09232
Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
PORLAR
PORLAR
|PO<RLAR
Coloma
50 105
Rouquette 1992 2 06
09233
Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
PORLAR
PORLAR
|PO<RLAR
Coloma
50 105
Rouquette 1992 2 06a
24833
Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna]
Gallia (Lugdunensis)
SNR
[SNR]
Coloma
140 180
CIL XD 5683 176
08443
Agde [Agatha]
Gallia (Narbonensis)
LIT
Vicus
150 284
Fonquerle 1982 f08 4
21445
Agde [Agatha]
Gallia (Narbonensis)
POROCODV
Vicus
69 79
Piot, 1996 04
08448
Agde [Agatha]
Gallia (Narbonensis)
SNR
Vicus
140 180
Fonquerle 1982 f 09 2
08733
Bale de Cannes
Gallia (Narbonensis)
LIT
[LIT]
Shipwreck
150 284
Pollino 1976 ty 1 1
08734
Bale de Cannes
Gallia (Narbonensis)
LIT
[LIT]
Shipwreck
150 284
Polhno 1976 ty 1 2
(PO)ROCODV
26409
Cavalaire
Gallia (Narbonensis)
ALFO
|ALFO|
Vicus/Port
130 161
Carre&al 1995 359
15047
Chateau Roussillon [Ruscino]
Gallia (Narbonensis)
LVTROPH1MI
+(TR)(0<)(PHI)(MI)]
Vicus
70 121
Garrote 1996 11
19532
Frejus [Forum lulu]
Gallia (Narbonensis)
ALFO
[AL(P/»)0]
Colonia (Veterans)/Naval Base (Aug )
130 161
Brentchaloff&Rivet 2003 40
19564
Frejus [Forum lulu]
Gallia (Narbonensis)
ATITTAE
[(AT)IT(TAE)]
Colonia (Veterans)/Naval Base (Aug )
69 96
Brentchaloff&Rivet 2003 73
19535
Frejus [Forum lulu]
Gallia (Narbonensis)
GMMF
[C MMF]
Colonia (Veterans)/Naval Base (Aug )
180 220
BrentchalorT&Rivet, 2003 43
19544
Frejus [Forum lulu]
Gallia (Narbonensis)
LFS
[LFS]
Colonia (Veterans)/Naval Base (Aug )
60 80
Brentchaloff&Rivet 2003 53
06449
Frejus [Forum lulu]
Gallia (Narbonensis)
LVTROPHIMI
[L V TRO(PHI)(MI)]
Colonia (Veterans)/Naval Base (Aug )
70 121
Brentchaloff&Leque
19547
Frejus [Forum lulu]
Gallia (Narbonensis)
LVTROPHIMI
[LV (TR%)(0%)(PHI)(MI)]
Colonia (Veterans)/Naval Base (Aug )
70 121
Brentchaloff&Rivet 2003 56
06445
Frejus [Forum lulu]
Gallia (Narbonensis)
MIM
[MIM]
Colonia (Veterans)/Naval Base (Aug )
50 70/145 161 Brentchaloff&Leque 1978 10
19551
Frejus [Forum lulu]
Gallia (Narbonensis)
PANRVF
[P (ANRV)F]
Colonia (Veterans)/Naval Base (Aug )
70 145
Brentchaloff&Rivet 2003 60
06451
Frejus [Forum lulu]
Gallia (Narbonensis)
SNR
[SNR]
Colonia (Veterans)/Naval Base (Aug )
140 180
Brentchaloff&Leque
10080
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
AELFO
AAELFO| & IPORODV
Shipwreck
145 161
Amar&Liou 1984 104b
10079
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
AELFO
Shipwreck
145 161
Amar&Liou 1984 104a
10085
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
ATITTAE
|ATITTAAAE|
Shipwreck
69 96
Amar&Liou, 1984 108
10337
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
CEFP
|C E F P|
Shipwreck
69 117
Amar&Liou 1984 244
09845
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
CENHISPSAE
|CENH A ISPSAE|
Shipwreck
69 117
Amar&Liou 1989 123b
09846
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
CENHISPSAE
|CENHAISPS[AAE]
Shipwreck
69 117
Amar&Liou 1989 123c
10107
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
CENHISPSAE
Shipwreck
69 117
Amar&Liou, 1984 123
10099
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
GAVFL
|CENHAISPAE
GAVFL
Shipwreck
235 >
Amar&Liou, 1984 118
PORODV
1978 08
1978 15
10114
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
Shipwreck
140 224
Amar&Liou 1984 129
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
GRADOS
IIIENNIORIVLSAE
GRADOSl
10130
IIIEnnlORIVLS [AE]
Shipwreck
117 161
Amar&Liou 1984 132
10139
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
LCSOL
|L C SOL|
Shipwreck
50 100
Amar&Liou 1984 141a
10140
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
LCSOL
|L C SOL|
Shipwreck
50 100
AmanSLLiou 1984 141b
10141
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
LCSOL
]L C SOL|
Shipwreck
50 100
Amar&Liou 1984 141c
10142
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
LCSOL
|L C SOL|
Shipwreck
50 100
Amar&Liou 1984 141 d
10143
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
LCSOL
|L C SOL|
Shipwreck
50 100
Amar&Liou 1984 14 le
09851
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
LIT
LIT|
Shipwreck
150 284
Amar&Liou 1989 145b
10149
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
LIT
[L] 1 T|
Shipwreck
150 284
Amar&Liou 1984 145
10193
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
LSELSENC
117 138
Amar&Liou 1984 155b
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
LSLVPI
LSEALSAENC|
|L S LVPI|
Shipwreck
10195
Shipwreck
98 138
Amar&Liou 1984 157
10199
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
LVTROPHIMI
|LVTAROPHAIMAI
Shipwreck
70 121
Amar&Liou 1984 160b
10200
Gallia (Narbonensis)
LVTROPHIMI
|L V TAROPAHAIMAI|
Shipwreck
70 121
Amar&Liou 1984 160c
10201
Golfe de Fos
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
LVTROPHIMI
|L V TAROPAHAIMAI|
Shipwreck
70 121
Amar&Liou 1984 160d
09888
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
MAR
|M AR|
Shipwreck
95 199
Amar&Liou 1989 269
10339
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
MIAPC
|M 1 A PC|
Shipwreck
79 138
Amar&Liou 1984 246
09854
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
MIM
MIMj
Shipwreck
50 70/145 161 Amar&Liou 1989 168g
10210
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
MIM
|MIM|
Shipwreck
50 70/145 161 Amar&Liou 1984 168a
10211
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
MIM
|( )MIM|
Shipwreck
50 70/145 161 Amar&Liou 1984 168b
10212
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
MIM
|M1M|
Shipwreck
50 70/145 161 Amar&Liou 1984 168c
10213
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
MIM
|MIM|
Shipwreck
50 70/145 161 Amar&Liou 1984 168d
10214
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
MIM
|M 1 M|
Shipwreck
50 70/145 161 Amar&Liou 1984 168e
10215
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
MIM
|MIM|
Shipwreck
50 70/145 161 Amar&Liou 1984 I68f
10235
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
PORCPR
|PORCPR|
Shipwreck
1 99 (c 70)
Amar&Liou 1984 !79a
10236
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
PORCPR
|PORCPR|
Shipwreck
1 99 (c 70)
Amar&Liou 1984 179b
09894
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
PORLFS
|PORLFS|
Shipwreck
40 130
Amar&Liou 1989 273
10238
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
PORPS
1POR P S|
Shipwreck
50 125
Amar&Liou 1984 182
10247
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
QAEOPO
[QAA]EOPO|
Shipwreck
125 175
Amar&Liou 1984 186
08551
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
SAENIANS
1S(AE)(NI)ANS]
Shipwreck
80 130
Czysz 2002 06
09865
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
SAENIANS
|SVEN A !AN[S]|
Shipwreck
80 130
Amar&Liou 1989 205d
10282
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
SAENIANS
|S<\AENAIANS|
Shipwreck
80 130
Amar&Liou 1984 205a
10283
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
SAENIANS
|SAAEN[AI]ANS
Shipwreck
80 130
Amar&Liou 1984 205b
10284
Golle de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
SAENIANS
Shipwreck
80 130
Amar&Liou 1984 205c
09868
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
SISEN
[SAAENA]IANS|
|SISAE[N]
Shipwreck
41 55
Amar&Liou 1989 213g
10298
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
SISEN
|S1SAEN|
Shipwreck
41 55
Amar&Liou 1984 213a
10299
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
SISEN
|S1SAEN|
Shipwreck
41 55
Amar&Liou 1984 213b
10300
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
SISEN
|SISAEN|
Shipwreck
41 55
Amar&Liou 1984 213c
10301
Golfe de Fos
Galha (Narbonensis)
SISEN
|SISAEN|
Shipwreck
41 55
Amar&Liou 1984 213d
10302
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
SISEN
|SISAEN|
Shipwreck
41 55
Amar&Liou 1984 213e
10303
Golfe de Fos
Gallia (Narbonensis)
SISEN
|SISAEN|
Shipwreck
41 55
Amar&Liou 1984 213f
15050
Lansargues
Gallia (Narbonensis)
SISEN
[SI(SE)N]
Vicus
41 55
Laubenheimer 1979 03
07296
Lattes [Lattara]
Gallia (Narbonensis)
MIM
|MIM|
|P AAN RAVF|
Vicus
Vicus
50 70/145 161 Fediere&Rouquette 1989 f 5 4
Lamour&Mayet, 1981 100
70 145
06233
Lattes [Lattara]
Galha (Narbonensis)
PANRVF
06231
Le Barroux [Albaruffum ]
Galha (Narbonensis)
MMRP
Vicus
98 138
Lamour&Mayet, 1981 098
19785
Murviel les Montpelher [Castellasj
Galha (Narbonensis)
IIIENNIORIVLSAE
|IIENNIORIVLsA[E]
Mumcipium
117 161
Rouquette&al 1989 08
15079
Murviel les Montpelher [Castellas]
Galha (Narbonensis)
LSELSENC
[L (SE)L (SE)N C ]
Mumcipium
117 138
Rouquette 1994 95 04
06066
Narbonne [Colonia Narbo Martius]
Galha (Narbonensis)
ALFO
Provincial Capital/Coloma (118 BCE)
130 161
Lamour&Mayet 1980 040
06092
Narbonne [Colonia Narbo Martius]
Gallia (Narbonensis)
LVTROPHIMI
|L V TAROPHAIM[AI]|
Provincial Capital/Coloma (118 BCE)
70 121
Lamour&Mayet 1980 065
06099
Narbonne [Colonia Narbo Martius]
Gallia (Narbonensis)
PANRVF
|PAANRAVF|
Provincial Capital/Coloma (118 BCE)
70 145
Lamour&Mayet 1980 072
06110
Narbonne [Colonia Narbo Martius]
Galha (Narbonensis)
QFF
|QFF|
Provincial Capital/Coloma (118 BCE)
69 96
Lamour&Mayet 1980 084
17231
Narbonne [Colonia Narbo Martius]
Gallia (Narbonensis)
SNR
SNR]
Provincial Capital/Coloma (118 BCE)
140 180
Ganote&Bemi 1998 08
06193
Nissan Lez Enserune
Galha (Narbonensis)
MAR
|MAR|
Mumcipium
95 199
Lamour&Mayet 1981 060
05293
Port Vendres
Galha (Narbonensis)
SISEN
Shipwreck
41 55
Liou&al 1977 10 11 20
05294
Port Vendres
Galha (Narbonensis)
SISEN
Shipwreck
41 55
Liou&al 1977 10 1
05295
Port Vendres
Galha (Narbonensis)
SISEN
Shipwreck
41 55
Liou&al 1977 10 2
05392
Port Vendres
Gallia (Narbonensis)
SISEN
Shipwreck
41 55
ColIs&Leque 1980 07 01
04921
Saint GiHes du Gard
Galha (Narbonensis)
SNR
|SNR|
INDETERMINATE
140 180
Rouquette 1980 39
09214
Saint Romain de Jahonas
Galha (Narbonensis)
CALPVRNB
|CAALAPVARN B|
Villa
69 117
Rouquette 1992 1 01
09222
Saint Romain de Jahonas
Galha (Narbonensis)
PANNIRVF
]P ANAN[AI]ARAVF1
Villa
69 138
Rouquette 1992 1 08
08245
Sete [Setius]
Gallia (Narbonensis)
LIT
|LIT|
Vicus/Port
150 284
Rouquette 1970 08
08248
Sete [Setius]
Galha (Narbonensis)
LSLP
|L SLP((amphora))|
Vicus/Port
98 138
Rouquette 1970 II
08242
Valras Plage
Galha (Narbonensis)
IIIENNIVL
|IIIENNIVAL((corona))|
Vicus/Port
117 161
Rouquette 1970 05
08251
Vendres [Portus Veneris]
Galha (Narbonensis)
PMHPOR
|P M H P O « R
Vicus/Port
69 96
Rouquette 1970 14
14248
Bonn [Castra Bonnensia]
Germama Inferior
CEFP
Remesal 1997 095a
20477
Bonn [Castra Bonnensia]
Germania Inferior
GAF
14622
Bonn [Castra Bonnensia]
Germama Inferior
14254
Bonn [Castra Bonnensia]
14848
Bonn [Castra Bonnensia]
14044
Cologne [Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippenensium]
Germania Inferior
CAPF
[C(AP)F]
14767
Cologne [Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippenensium]
Germania Inferior
LPMS
13975
Cologne [Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippenensium]
Germania Inferior
14464
Cologne [Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippenensium]
Fort (est 19BCE
16CE)
69 117
Fort (est 19BCE
16 CE)
145 224
Callender 1965 f04 33
GMMF
Fort (est 19BCE
I6CE)
180 220
Remesal 1997 203 f
Germania Inferior
IIIENNIIVL
Fort (est 19BCE
16 CE)
117 161
Remesal 1997 098a(2)
Germama Inferior
PORPS
Fort (est 19BCE
16 CE)
50 125
Remesal 1997 283 d
Provincial Capital/Fortress
142 180
Remesal 1997 043
[LPMS]
Provincial Capital/Fortress
150 284
Remesal 1997 254
MAR
[(/M)A R]
Provincial Capital/Fortress
95 199
Remesal 1997 021
Germania Inferior
MIM
[MIM]
Provincial Capital/Fortress
50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 165c
|GA[F]
14476
Cologne [Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippenensium]
Germania Inferior
MIMOPSI
[M I MOPSI]
Provincial Capital/Fortress
50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 166
14385
Cologne [Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippenensium]
Germania Inferior
PQFLFL
[PQF*
Provincial Capital/Fortress
69 96
Remesal 1997 140a
14518
Cologne [Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippenensium]
Germania Inferior
SISEN
[SI(SE)N]
Provincial Capital/Fortress
41 55
Remesal 1997 174
14531
Duren
Germania Inferior
LIT
Vicus
150 284
Remesal 1997 1761
07337
Nettesheim
Germania Inferior
GMMF
14181
Neuss [Novaesium]
Germania Inferior
14470
Neuss [Novaesium]
Fort (est 19BCE
I6CE)
180 220
Blanc Bijon&al 1998 1187
LCM
Fort (est 19BCE
16CE)/Vicus
150 200
Remesal 1997 073(2)
Germania Inferior
MIM
Fort (est 19BCE
16CE)/Vicus
I6CE)/Vicus
50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 I65h
50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 I65i
|G M M F|
14471
Neuss [Novaesium]
Germania Inferior
MIM
[MIM]
Fort (est 19BCE
05649
Nijmegen [Noviomagus Batavorum]
Germania Inferior
LIT
[LIT]
Civitas (of BataviVFort (19BCE
16 CE)
150 284
Remesal 1986 148
05650
Nymegen [Noviomagus Batavorum]
Germania Inferior
LIT
[LIT]
Civitas (of Batavi)/Fort (19BCE
16 CE)
150 284
Remesal 1986 148a
Remesal 1986 275a
05701
Nijmegen [Noviomagus Batavorum]
Germania Inferior
LVTROPHIMI
|LVT A ROP A H A IM A l|
Civitas (of Batavi)/Fort (19BCE
16 CE)
70 121
05646
Nijmegen [Noviomagus Batavorum]
Germania Inferior
MIM
[MIM]
Civitas (of Batavi)/Fort (19BCE
16 CE)
50 70/145 161 Remesal 1986 I38c
05605
Nijmegen [Noviomagus Batavorum]
Germania Inferior
PANRVF
[P (ANRV)F]
Civitas (of Batavi)/Fort (19BCE
16CE)
70 145
Remesal 1986 034
05614
Nijmegen [Noviomagus Batavorum]
Germania Inferior
PARVA
[P (AR)VA]
Civitas (of Batavi)/Fort (19BCE
16CE)
post 209
Remesal 1986 048
05602
Nijmegen [Noviomagus Batavorum]
Germania Inferior
PORLAR
+(R%) L A R]
Civitas (of Batavi)/Fort (19BC E 16CE)
50 105
Remesal 1986 019
05641
Nijmegen [Noviomagus Batavorum]
Germania Inferior
PORLFS
+(R%) L F( ~S)
Civitas (of Batavi)/Fort (19BCE
16CE)
40 130
Remesal 1986 II 5a
05661
Nijmegen [Noviomagus Batavorum]
Germania Inferior
POROCODV
[(POR)OCODV]
Civitas (of Batavi )/Fort (19BC E
16CE)
69 79
Stuart 1977 426 1
05710
Nijmegen [Noviomagus Batavorum]
Germania Inferior
POROODV
Civitas (of Batavi)/Fort (19BCE
16CE)
150 199
Stuart 1977 426 2
05674
Nijmegen [Noviomagus Batavorum]
Germania Inferior
PORPS
Civitas (of Batavi)/Fort (19BCE
16CE)
50 125
Stuart 1977 436
Stuart 1977 437 1
05643
Nijmegen [Noviomagus Batavorum]
Germania Inferior
PQHEHE
Civitas(ofBatavi)/Fort(19BCE
16CE)
50 150
05673
Nijmegen [Noviomagus Batavorum]
Germama Inferior
RVFPO
Civitas(ofBatavi)/Fort(19BCE
16 CE)
150 225
Stuart 1977 441
05711
Rossum
Germania Inferior
POROCODV
Fort (presumed)
69 79
cn. xm 10002 0121
Callender 1965 f05 13
[P Q (HE) (HE)]
20491
Voorburg [Forum Hadriani]
Germania Inferior
CAS
CAS
Civitas (of Cananefates)
214 224
14469
Xanten [Vetera]
Germania Inferior
MIM
[MIM]
Fort (est 14CE)/Coloma (Veterans)
14406
Aachen [Aquae Granni]
Germania Supenor
HISPSAEN1
Municipium (1 St century CE)
50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 I65g
Remesal 1997 155a
80 140
13944
Adenau
Germania Supenor
GAF
INDETERMINATE
145 224
Remesal 1997 005(1)
14356
Altenstadt
Germania Supenor
LFFV
|LFFV|
Fort (est 83/85 CE)
180 193
Remesal 1997 121a
27389
Alzey [Altiaiensium]
Germania Superior
LCHE
[L]CHE|
Vicus/Fort (Late Roman 364 375 CE)
200 299
Ehmig 2007 T3 430
27394
Alzey [Altiaiensium]
Germania Superior
POPVLI
|POPVA[LI]
Vicus/Fort (Late Roman 364 375 CE)
214 224
Ehmig 2007 T4 387
07470
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Germania Superior
CALPVRNC
|CAALAPVARNC|
Fort (19BCE
16 CE)/Coloma (Aug )
69 117
Martin Kil 1987 1265
07477
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Germania Superior
CEFP
|CE F P
Fort(19BCE
16 CE)/Colonia (Aug)
69 117
Martin Kil 1987 1435
07482
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Germania Supenor
CENHISPSAE
C ETM HAISPSAAE|
Fort(19BCE
16 CE)/Coloma (Aug )
69 117
Callender 1965 f 16 08
07444
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Germania Supenor
GAVFL
GAVFL
Fort(19BCE
16 CE)/Colonia (Aug)
235
>
Martin Kil 1987 1458
07483
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Germania Supenor
HISPSAENI
|HISPSAAENAI((corona))|
Fort(19BCE
16CE)/Coloma(Aug)
80 140
Callender 1965 f 16 13
07500
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Germania Superior
ILFT
ILFT
Fort(19BCE
16CE)/Coloma(Aug)
220 224
Martin Kil 1987 1513
07446
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Germania Superior
LCANTP
LCAN A TP|
Fort(19BCE
16CE)/Colonia(Aug)
130 161
Martin Kil 1987 1465
07464
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Germania Supenor
LCSOL
|L CSOL|
Fort(l9BCE
16CE)/Colonia(Aug)
50 100
Martin Kil 1987 1182
07527
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
LIT
L IT
Fort(19BCE
16CE)/Coloma(Aug)
150 284
Martin Kil 1987 1509
07644
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Germania Superior
Germania Supenor
07595
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Germania Supenor
MAR
07408
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Germania Superior
07409
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
07410
|LVT A RO«P A H A IM[ A I]|
Fort(19BCE
16 CE)/Coloma (Aug )
70 121
Martin Kil 1987 1241
MAR|
Fort(19BCE
16CE)/Colonia(Aug)
95 199
Martin Kil 1987 1091
MAR
|M AR[
Fort (19BCE
16 CE)/Coloma (Aug )
95 199
Martin Kil 1987 1095
Germania Superior
MAR
|M A R |
Fort (19BCE
16 CE)/Colonia (Aug )
95 199
Martin Kil 1987 1119
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Germania Supenor
MAR
Fort (19BCE
16 CE)/Coloma (Aug )
95 199
Martin Kil 1987 1208
07411
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Germania Superior
MAR
|MAR|
|MAR|
Fort(19BCE
16 CE)/Coloma (Aug )
95 199
Martin Kil 1987 1098
07412
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Germania Supenor
MAR
|M[ ]A [R]
Fort(19BCE
16CE)/Colonia(Aug)
95 199
Martin Kil 1987 0326
07553
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Germania Supenor
MAVRI
|MAAVR1|
Fort(19BCE
16 CE)/Colonia (Aug )
30 80
Martm Kil 1987 1242
07496
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Germania Supenor
MFCEL
|MFCEL
Fort(19BCE
16 CE)/Coloma(Aug)
30 80
Callender 1965 f 11 06
07512
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Germania Superior
MIM
|MIM|
Fort(19BCE
16 CE)/CoIoma (Aug )
50 70/145 161 Martm Kil 1987 1122
50 70/145 161 Martin Kil 1987 1089
50 70/145 161 Martin Kil 1987 1072
LVTROPH1MI
PSAVITI
07513
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Germania Supenor
MIM
|MIM|
Fort(19BCE
16 CE)/Coloma (Aug )
07514
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Germania Supenor
MIM
|MIM|
Fort(19BCE
l6CE)/Coloma(Aug)
07515
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Germania Superior
MIM
|MIM|
Fort(19BCE
I6CE)/Coloma(Aug)
07516
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Germania Superior
MIM
|MIM|
Fort(19BCE
16CE)/Coloma(Aug)
50 70/145 161 Callender 1965 f II 16
50 70/145 161 Martin Kil 1987 1103
07517
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Germania Superior
MIM
MIM
Fort(l9BCE
16CE)/Colonia(Aug)
50 70/145 161 Martin Kil 1987 1102
07518
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Germania Supenor
MIMOPSI
|M IMOPSI|
Fort(19BCE
16CE)/Coloma(Aug)
50 70/145 161 Martin Kil 1987 1083
07565
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Germania Superior
PORCPR
]PORCPR|
Fort(19BCE
16 CE)/Colonia (Aug )
1 99 (c 70)
Martin Kil 1987 1337
04830
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Germania Superior
PORPS
|POR P S|
Fort (19BCE
16 CE)/Colonia (Aug )
50 125
Blanc Bijon&al 1998 1227
07452
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Germania Supenor
QAEOPOR
IQAEOPOR
Fort(19BCE
16CE)/Coloma(Aug)
125 175
Callender 1965 fl8 48
07603
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Germania Supenor
QSRP
|Q S R P|
Fort(19BCE
16CE)/Coloma(Aug)
50 100
Martin Kil 1987 1382
07629
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Geimania Supenor
SISEN
|SISAEN|
Fort(l9BCE
16CE)/Coloma(Aug)
41 55
Callender 1965 f 17 19
21470
Avenches [Aventicum]
Germania Superior
GAPF
[G(AP%)(P/ 0 )]
Civitas (of HelvetnyColonia (97 CE)
150 250
Meylan Krause 1995 123
20214
Avenches [Aventicum]
Germania Superior
HISPSAENI
HISP SAEN(corona)
Civitas (of HelvetnyColonia (97 CE)
80 140
Schupbach 1983 13
20722
Avenches [Aventicum]
Germania Superior
HISPSAENI
[HISPS(AE)(NI)(corona)]
Civitas (of Helvetn)/Colonia (97 CE)
80 140
Callender 1965 f 16 12
20523
Avenches [Aventicum]
Germania Superior
IIIENNIORTVLSAE
IIIEnnIORl~V~-LSAE|
Civitas (of HelvetnyColonia (97 CE)
117 161
Callender 1965 f07 15
20572
Avenches [Aventicum]
Germania Superior
LVTROPHIMI
[L]V T"ROPAHAIMAI|
Civitas (ot HelvetnyColonia (97 CE)
70 121
Callender 1965 f 10 13
20246
Avenches [Aventicum]
Germania Superior
MAR
MAR
Civitas (of HelvetnyColonia (97 CE)
95 199
Schupbach 1983 45
20585
Avenches [Aventicum]
Germania Superior
MAVR]
IMAVRlj
Civitas (of HelvetnyColonia (97 CE)
30 80
Callender 1965 f]0 45
20566
Avenches [Aventicum]
Germania Superior
PORCPR
PORCPR|
Civitas (of HelvetnyColonia (97 CE)
1 99 (c 70)
Callender 1965 f 13 23
20226
Avenches [Aventicum]
Germania Superior
PORLAR
POR LA R
Civitas (ot HelvetnyColonia (97 CE)
50 105
Schupbach 1983 25
21472
Avenches [Aventicum]
Germania Superior
PORLAR
[POR L A(R%)]
Civitas (ot HelvetnyColonia (97 CE)
50 105
Meylan Krause 1995 125
20212
Avenches [Aventicum]
Germania Supenor
PORLFS
POR L F S
Civitas (of HelvetnyColonia (97 CE)
40 130
Schupbach 1983 11
20672
Avenches [Aventicum]
Germania Superior
PORLFS
(P%)OR (L%) F( IS)]
Civitas (ot HelvetiiJ/Colonia (97 CE)
40 130
Callender 1965 f 13 29
20215
Avenches [Aventicum]
Germania Supenor
PORPS
Civitas (of HelvetnyColonia (97 CE)
50 125
Schupbach 1983 14
Civitas (of HelvetnyColonia (97 CE)
50 150
Schupbach 1983 19
Civitas (of HelvetnyColonia (97 CE)
41 96
Callender 1965 f 14 14
20220
Avenches [Aventicum]
Germania Supenor
PQHEHE
20685
Avenches [Aventicum]
Germania Superior
QANTR
(R%) P S
E(HE)
[Q (ANT) R]
20699
Avenches [Aventicum]
Germania Superior
QIMS
QI(M%)/(AsA)
Civitas (of Helvetn)/Colonia (97 CE)
175 199
Callender 1965 f 15 03
20205
Avenches [Aventicum]
Germania Superior
SISEN
SISEN
Civitas (of HelvetiiVColoma (97 CE)
41 55
Schupbach 1983 04
27873
Bad Kreuznach [Vicus Cmciniacum]
Germania Superior
AELFO
|AELFO|
Vicus/Fort (Late Roman 364 375 CE)
145 161
Ehmig 2007 T72 322
27871
Bad Kreuznach [Vicus Crucmiacum]
Germania Superior
CEFP
|CEFP|
Vicus/Fort (Late Roman 364 375 CE)
69 117
Ehmig 2007 T72 304
Ehmig 2007 T72 321
27869
Bad Kreuznach [Vicus Crucmiacum]
Germania Superior
1I1ENNIIVL
[II]IENN[AI]IVL
Vicus/Fort (Late Roman 364 375 CE)
117 161
27868
Bad Kreuznach [Vicus Crucmiacum]
Germania Supenor
MIM
|MIM|
Vicus/Fort (Late Roman 364 375 CE)
50 70/145 161 Ehmig 2007 T72 307
27892
Bad Kreuznach [Vicus Crucmiacum]
Germania Supenor
PORCPR
|PORC PR|
Vicus/Fort (Late Roman 364 375 CE)
1 99 (c 70)
Ehmig 2007 T73 303
27863
Bad Kreuznach [Vicus Crucmiacum]
Germania Supenor
SISEN
1SISAEN|
Vicus/Fort (Late Roman 364 375 CE)
41 55
Ehmig 2007 T71 323
14529
Bad Wimpfen
Germania Supenor
LIT
Fort (est 83/85 CE)
150 284
Remesal 1997 176i
14832
Baden Baden [Aquae Helveticae]
Germania Supenor
CRKAL
(L%)( ?)(r%')(')
[CRKAL]
Vicus
80 190
Remesal 1997 276
07961
Biesheim
Germania Superior
CALPVRNC
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)
69 117
Baudoux 1990 3a, 037b
08201
Biesheim
Germania Supenor
MAR
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)
95 199
Baudoux 1996 G4 06a
07906
Biesheim
Germania Supenor
PORLAR
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)
50 105
Baudoux 1990 3a, 006e
08059
Biesheim
Germania Superior
POROCODV
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)
69 79
Baudoux 1990 3a, 097a
[MAR]
07960
Bhesbruck
Germania Supenor
CALPVRNB
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus/Villa
69 117
Baudoux 1990 3a, 037a
07895
Bliesbruck
Germania Supenor
GAF
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus/Villa
145 224
Baudoux 1990 3a, 002a
07948
Bhesbruck
Germania Supenor
LCMY
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus/Villa
140 190
Baudoux 1990 3a, 026
07983
Bliesbruck
Germania Supenor
LFS
Fort (est pre 83/85 CEVVicus/ViIla
60 80
Baudoux 1990 3a, 058b
08012
Bhesbruck
Germania Supenor
LIT
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus/Villa
150 284
Baudoux 1990 3a, 076c
08013
Bliesbruck
Germania Supenor
LIT
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus/Villa
150 284
Baudoux 1990 3a, 076d
08227
Bhesbruck
Germania Supenor
LIT
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus/Villa
150 284
Baudoux, 1993 BL084
08228
Bhesbruck
Germania Supenor
LIT
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus/Villa
150 284
Baudoux 1993 BL093
08202
Bhesbruck
Germania Supenor
MAR
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus/VUla
95 199
Baudoux 1996 G4 06b
08006
Bhesbruck
Germania Supenor
MIM
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus/Villa
50 70/145 161 Baudoux 1990 3a, 072
08233
Bhesbruck
Germania Supenor
PORPS
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus/Villa
50 125
Baudoux 1993 BL590
08053
Bliesbruck
Germania Supenor
SNR
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus/Villa
140 180
Baudoux 1990 3a, 093c
27403
Dieburg [Vicus Vetus Ulpius]
Germania Supenor
PARVA
[PA]RVA
Vicus (est 98 117CE)
post 209
Ehmig 2007 T6 417
27412
Dieburg [Vicus Vetus Ulpius]
Germania Supenor
PARVA
|P AARVAA|
Vicus (est 98 117CE)
post 209
Ehmig 2007 T7 217
27411
Dieburg [Vicus Vetus Ulpius]
Germania Supenor
SNR
|SN
Vicus (est 98 117CE)
140 180
Ehmig 2007 T7 363
08016
Egmsheim
Germania Supenor
LIT
Vicus
150 284
Baudoux 1990 3a, 076g
08011
Ehl [Ellelum]
Germania Supenor
LIT
Vicus
150 284
Baudoux 1990 3 a, 076b
08101
Ehl [Ellelum]
Germania Supenor
LSERLVP
Vicus
98 138
Baudoux, 1990 3a, 123
08120
Ehl [Ellelum]
Germania Supenor
LVTROPHIMI
Vicus
70 121
Baudoux 1990 3a, 134
07907
Ehl [Ellelum]
Germania Supenor
MAR
Vicus
95 199
Baudoux 1990 3a 007
07995
Eincheville
Germania Supenor
HISPSAENI
Vicus
80 140
Baudoux 1990 3a, 068b
27428
Frankfurt [Nida]
Germania Supenor
LCHE
!LCHE
Fort (est 1 st century CE)
200 299
Ehmig 2007 T9 190
11929
GroP Gerau
Germania Supenor
HISPSAENI
[H]ISPSA A ENI((corona))|
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)
80 140
Hanel 1994 19
11943
GroP Gerau
Germania Supenor
LSERLVP
|LS A E A RLV A Pj
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)
98 138
Hanel 1994 33
11939
GroP Gerau
Germania Supenor
PQHEHE
P Q HAEHAE|
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)
50 150
Hanel 1994 29
11937
Grop-Gerau
Germania Supenor
SNR
|SN[R]
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)
140 180
Hanel 1994 27
27507
Hanau
Germania Supenor
PANRVF
|pAANARAVp|
Fort (est 83/85 CE)
70 145
Ehmig 2007 T21 22
27576
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
AELFO
IAELFO
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
145 161
Ehmig 2007 T34 581
14596
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
ALFO
[ALFO]
Civitas/Fort(pre 83/85 CE)
130 161
Remesal 1997 192
14792
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
AQFVA
|AQFVA|
Civitas/Fort(pre 83/85 CE)
160 161
Remesal 1997 265b
14047
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
CAPF
[C]AAP F|
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
142 180
Remesal 1997 043c
14250
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
CENHISPSAE
|CENHA1SPSAAE|
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
69 117
Ponsich, 1979 CA 079 17
27539
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
CIS
|CIS|
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
150210
Ehmig 2007 T27 2136
14732
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
CORBEL
CORBEL
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
100 300
Remesal 1997 239
14733
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
CORBEL
CORB[EL]
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
100 300
Remesal 1997 239a
14412
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
DIA
Civitas/Fort(pre 83/85 CE)
145 161
Remesal 1997 157
27580
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
GAF
|GAF|
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
145 224
Ehmig 2007 T 35 879
27554
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
GAVEL
|GAVE[L]|
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
235 >
Ehmig 2007 T30 136
14623
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
GMMF
|GMMF
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
180 220
Remesal 1997 203(1)
14251
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
IIIENNIIVL
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
117 161
Remesal 1997 098
14534
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
ILFT
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
220 224
Remesal 1997 177
PNN
]ILFT|
13945
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
LAF
142 165
Remesal 1997 006
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Superior
LCHE
|LAF|
|LCHE]
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
14153
Civltas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
200 299
Remesal 1997 068
14169
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
LCM
|LCM|
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
150 200
Remesal 1997 073
27540
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
LCM
|LCM|
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
150 200
Ehmig 2007 T27 2557
27589
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Superior
LCM
|LCM|
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
150 200
Ehmig 2007 T36 162
14176
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
LCMY
LCM A Y|
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
140 190
Remesal 1997 073e
14355
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
LFFV
|LFFV|
Civitas/Fon (pre 83/85 CE)
180 193
Remesal 1997 121
14526
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
LIT
|LIT|
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
150 284
Remesal 1997 I76f
14522
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
LIT
ILIT|
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
150 284
Remesal 1997 176b
14465
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
MIM
|MIM|
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
14105
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
PARVA
[PA]RVA|
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 165d
Remesal 1997 056
post 209
14650
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
PMS
|PMS]
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
200 350
Remesal 1997 212
14786
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
POPVLI
|PO PV LI|
Civitas/Fort(pre 83/85 CE)
214 224
Remesal 1997 263
14376
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Superior
PORLFS
[POR L F S]
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
40 130
Remesal 1997 133
14844
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
PORPS
|PORPS|
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
50 125
Remesal 1997 283
14845
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
PORPS
|PORPS|
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
50 125
Remesal 1997 283a
27603
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
PORTO
|PORTO|
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
214 224
Ehmig 2007 T39 878
14402
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Superior
PQHEHE
|P Q HAEHAE
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
50 150
Remesal 1997 152
14694
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
SNR
|SNR|
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
140 180
Remesal 1997 232
14698
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
SNR
|SNR|
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
140 180
Remesal 1997 232d
27544
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
SNR
SNR|
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
140 180
Ehmig 2007 T28 1466
27588
Heddemheim [Nida]
Germania Supenor
SNR
|SNR
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE)
140 180
Ehmig 2007 T36 822
11996
Hirschberg
Germania Supenor
PMS
[PMS]
Villa Rustica
200 350
Remesal&Schal 1988 26
14211
Hofheim
Germania Supenor
LCSOL
|L CSOL
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)
50 100
Remesal 1997 079
13977
Hofheim
Germania Superior
MAR
|MAR|
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)
95 199
Remesal 1997 021(1)
20581
Hofheim
Germania Supenor
MAR
|M AR]
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)
95 199
Callender 1965 f 1039
14472
Hofheim
Germania Superior
MIM
MIMj
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)
50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 165k
50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 1651
50 70/145 161 Ehmig 2007 T62 229
14473
Hofheim
Germania Supenor
MIM
|MIM|
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)
27808
Hofheim
Germania Supenor
MIM
|MIM|
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)
14258
Kastell Ems
Germania Supenor
IIIENNIIVL
Fort (est 83/85 CE)
117 161
14847
Kastell Heddesdorf
Germania Supenor
PORPS
|PORPS|
Fort (est 83/85 CE)
50 125
Callender 1965 f 13 37
14530
Kastell Ruckingen
Germania Supenor
LIT
[LIT]
Fort (est 83/85 CE)
150 284
Remesal 1997 176k
14265
Kastell Stockstadt
Germania Supenor
IIIENNIIVL
Fort (est 83/85 CE)
117 161
Remesal 1997 098(1)
14214
Koblenz [Confluentes]
Germania Superior
PCAEHER
Fort (est I9BCE
69 117
Remesal 1997 081(1)
14604
Kongen [Grinano]
Germania Superior
ALFO
Fort (est 83/85 CE)
130 161
Remesal 1997 I92i
11974
Kongen [Grinano]
Germania Superior
CAPF
<C(AP) F>
Fort (est 83/85 CE)
142 180
RemesaliSchal 1988 04
14731
Kongen [Grinano]
Germania Supenor
CONSFC
[CONSFC]
Fort (est 83/85 CE)
200 235
Remesal 1997 238a
11971
Kongen [Grinano]
Germania Superior
LAF
[LAF]
Fort (est 83/85 CE)
142 165
Remesal&Schal 1988 01
14701
Kongen [Grinano]
Germania Superior
SNR
[SNR]
Fort (est 83/85 CE)
140 180
Remesal 1997 232f
18882
Ladenburg [Lopodunum]
Germania Supenor
LIT
IT
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus
150 284
Wiegels 2000 ASM
14605
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
AELFO
14599
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Superior
ALFO
14603
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Superior
ALFO
14791
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Superior
AQFVA
18929
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Superior
18962
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
19376
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
19377
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
14730
16CE)
Remesal 1997 098b(l)
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
145 161
Remesal 1997 193
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
130 161
Remesal 1997 192c
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
130 161
Remesal 1997 192g
[A]QFVA
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
160 161
Callender 1965 f 03 44
ATITTAE
[(AT)I(T%) (TAE)]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
69 96
Ehmig 2003 032
Germania Superior
CEFP
[CEFP]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
69 117
Ehmig 2003 066
Germania Superior
CENHISPSAE
[CE(NI)(HI)SPS(AE)]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
69 117
Ehmig 2003 183 2
Germania Supenor
CENHISPSAE
[CE(NI)«
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
69 117
Ehmig 2003 183 3
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Superior
CONSFC
[CONSF(C%)
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
200 235
Remesal 1997 238
13940
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Superior
GAF
[GAF]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
145 224
Remesal 1997 005
14616
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Superior
GMMF
[GMMF]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
180 220
Remesal 1997 203
19027
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Superior
GMMF
M M F]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
180 220
Ehmig 2003 123 2
14405
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
HISPSAENI
[HISPS(AE)(NI)(corona°)
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
80 140
Remesal 1997 155
18966
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Superior
IIIENNirVL
[III(E%)N(N1) I(VL)(hedera)]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
117 161
Ehmig 2003 071 1
18967
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Superior
IIIENNIIVL
+(E%)N(NI)I(VL)(corona)
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
117 161
Ehmig 2003 071 2
[AL FO]
27851
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Superior
I1IENNIORIVLSAE
|IIIEnnIOR IVL sAE
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
117 161
Ehmig 2007 T69 44
14122
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Superior
LCANTP
[LC(AN%?)(T%)(P%)]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16CE)
130 161
Remesal 1997 063(1)
14123
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Superior
LCANTP
[LC(ANT)P]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
I6CE)
130 161
Remesal 1997 063(2)
14180
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
LCM
LCM*
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
150 200
Remesal 1997 073(1)
18947
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
LCSOL
[L C S OL]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
50 100
Ehmig 2003 052
14521
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
LIT
[(L%?) (%•
> ) T]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
150 284
Remesal 1997 176a
14532
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
LIT
|LIT|
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16CE)
150 284
Callender 1965 f09 19
14533
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
LIT
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16CE)
150 284
Remesal 1997 176n
19004
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
LIT
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16CE)
150 284
Ehmig 2003 108 3
14854
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
LSLVPI
[L S LVPI]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16CE)
98 138
Remesal 1997 286
19358
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
LSLVPI
[L S LVPI]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16CE)
98 138
Ehmig 2003 166 2
14974
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
LVTROPHIMI
[L V TRO(PHI)(MI)]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
70 121
Remesal 1997 342c
14975
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
LVTROPHIMI
[L V TRO(PHI)(MI)]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
70 121
Remesal 1997 342d
IT]
14976
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
LVTROPHIMI
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16CE)
70 121
Remesal 1997 342e
13976
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
MAR
[MAR]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
95 199
Remesal 1997 021a
18904
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
MAR
[MAR]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
95 199
Ehmig 2003 010 2
18905
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
MAR
[MAR]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
95 199
Ehmig 2003 010 3
18906
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
MAR
[(M%)(A%)(A%)]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
95 199
Ehmig 2003 010-4
19035
19034
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
(MA%)(V%)+
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16CE)
30 80
Ehmig 2003 132 178
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
MAVRI
MAVRI
[(MA)VRI]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16CE)
30 80
Ehmig 2003 131
14461
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
MIM
[MIM]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16CE)
50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 165
CAISENINI
14462
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Superior
MIM
[MIM]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16CE)
50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 165a
14466
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
MIM
[MIM]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16CE)
14474
Mamz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
MIM
[MIM]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 165d(l)
50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 165(1)
14475
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
MIM
[MIM]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
18996
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
MIM
[MIM]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 165(2)
50 70/145 161 Ehmig 2003 102 02
18997
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
MIM
[MIM]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
50 70/145 161 Ehmig 2003 102 05
18998
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
MIM
[MIM]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
50 70/145 161 Ehmig 2003 102 06
18999
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
MIM
[MIM]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
50 70/145 161 Ehmig 2003 102 07
19000
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
MIM
[MIM]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
50 70/145 161 Ehmig 2003 102 09
19001
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
MIM
[MIM]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16CE)
50 70/145 161 Ehmig 2003 102 10
14010
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
PANRVF
[P (ANRV)F]
Provmcial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
70 145
Remesal 1997 039
14213
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
PCAEHER
[PC(AE) (HE)R]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
69 117
Remesal 1997 081
18949
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
PCAEHER
[P(CAE)(HE)R]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16CE)
69 117
Ehmig 2003 054 2
19029
Mamz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
PMS
PMS
[PMS
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
200 350
Ehmig 2003 126
19393
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
POPVLI
PORTO/QVINT
[POPV (L%)+
14787
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
POPVLI
18903
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Superior
PORLAR
19055
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
PORODV
14846
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
PORPS
14849
Mamz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
PORPSA
18899
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
14503
Mamz [Mogontiacum]
19031
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16CE)
214 224
Ehmig 2003 159 2
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
214 224
Remesal 1997 263a
[POR(LA)R]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16CE)
50 105
Ehmig 2003 009
[PORODV]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16CE)
150 199
Ehmig 2003 139 1
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16CE)
50 125
Remesal 1997 283b
[POR P S A
Provmcial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
PQAF
[PQAF]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16CE)
125 175
Ehmig 2003 004
Germania Supenor
QIMS
[QIM/[(S%)]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
175 199
Remesal 1997 168t
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
QMS
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
175 199
Ehmig 2003 127
19022
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
SALALFO
[SAL ALFO]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
145 161
Ehmig 2003 118 3
14697
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
SNR
[SNR]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
140 180
Remesal 1997 232c
14703
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
SNR
[SNR]
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16CE)
140 180
Remesal 1997 232(1)
19053
Mainz [Mogontiacum]
Germania Supenor
SNRP
Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE
16 CE)
145 161
Ehmig 2003 137 3
08769
Mandeure [Epamanduodurum]
Germania Supenor
CENHISPSAE
[CEN(HI)SPS(AE%')]
Vicus
69 117
Jeannin 1968 14
08766
Mandeure [Epamanduodurum]
Germania Supenor
PORLAR
[(PO)RL (A%)(R vel P%)]
Vicus
50 105
Jeannin 1968 11
14670
Monrealer Wald
Germania Supenor
MAVRI
[(MA)VRI]
Vicus
30 80
Remesal 1997 225
20649
Oberflorstadt
Germania Supenor
APH
|APH|
Fort (est 83/85 CE)
98 138
Callender 1965 f 03 38
14125
Ohnngen [Vicus Aurelianus]
Germania Supenor
LCANTP
Fort (2nd centuryVVicus
130 161
Remesal 1997 063(4)
13946
Rheinzabem [Taberna Rhenanae]
Germania Supenor
LAF
Municipium/Pottery factories
142 165
Remesal 1997 006a
14653
Rottenburg [Sumelocenna]
Germania Supenor
QMS
Fon (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus/Imp Estate
175 199
Remesal 1997 214a
OR P S ]
Remesal 1997 283e
11993
Rottweil [Arae Flaviae]
Germania Superior
ALFO
(L%)FO+
Fort (pre 83/85 CE)/Municipium
130 161
Remesal&Schal 19S8 23
14048
Rottweil [Arae Flaviae]
Germania Superior
CAPF
[C (AP) (F%)]
Fort (pre 83/85 CE)/Municipium
142 180
Remesal 1997 043d
13943
Rottweil [Arae Flaviae]
Germania Superior
GAF
[GAF]
Fort (pre 83/85 CE)/Municipium
145 224
Remesal 1997 005b
14768
Rottweil [Arae Flaviae]
Germania Superior
LPMS
[LPMS]
Fort (pre 83/85 CE)/Mumcipium
150 284
Remesal 1997 254a
14856
Rottweil [Arae Flaviae]
Germania Superior
LSLP
[L (S%) (L%) (P%)(amphora?)]
Fort (pre 83/85 CE)/Municipium
98 138
Remesal 1997 286b
14614
Rottweil [Arae Flaviae]
Germania Superior
PMHPOR
(P%)MHPOR]
Fort (pre 83/85 CE)/Municipium
69 96
Remesal 1997 201
14702
Rottweil [Arae Flaviae]
Germania Superior
SNR
[SNR]
Fort (pre 83/85 CE)/Municipium
140 180
Remesal 1997 23 2g
14790
Saalburg
Germania Supenor
AQFVA
[AQFVA]
Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus
160 161
Remesal 1997 265
14247
Saalburg
Germania Supenor
CEFP
Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus
69 117
Remesal 1997 095
14413
Saalburg
Germania Supenor
D1A
Fort (est 83/85 CEVVicus
145 161
Remesal 1997 157a
13941
Saalburg
Germania Supenor
GAF
Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus
145 224
Remesal 1997 005a
14621
Saalburg
Germania Supenor
GMMF
Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus
180 220
Remesal 1997 203e
14255
Saalburg
Germania Supenor
IIIENNIIVL
Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus
117 161
Remesal 1997 098a(3)
14154
Saalburg
Germania Supenor
LCHE
[LCHE]
Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus
200 299
Remesal 1997 068a
14170
Saalburg
Germania Supenor
LCM
[LCM]
Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus
150 200
Remesal 1997 073 a
14172
Saalburg
Germania Superior
LCM
[(L%)CM]
Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus
150 200
Remesal 1997 073c
14175
Saalburg
Germania Supenor
LCMY
[LC(MY)]
Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus
140 190
Remesal 1997 073d(2)
[GA(F%)
14525
Saalburg
Germania Superior
LIT
(L%) 1 T]
Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus
150 284
Remesal 1997 176e
14528
Saalburg
Germania Supenor
LIT
Fort (est 83/85 CEVVicus
150 284
Remesal 1997 176h
14695
Saalburg
Germania Supenor
SNR
[L(I%)
[SNR]
Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus
140 180
Remesal 1997 232a
14696
Saalburg
Germania Supenor
SNR
[SNR]
Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus
140 180
Remesal 1997 232b
14699
Saalburg
Germania Superior
SNR
[SNR]
Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus
140 180
Remesal 1997 23 2e
14700
Saalburg
Germania Superior
SNR
[SNR]
Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus
140 180
Remesal 1997 232e(l)
14704
Saalburg
Germania Superior
SNR
Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus
140 180
Remesal 1997 232(2)
07897
Saint Ulrich
Germania Supenor
GAF
Villa
145 224
Baudoux 1990 3a, 002c
08211
Sierentz
Germania Supenor
CALPVRIN
Vicus
69 117
Baudoux 1990 3a, 037c
07982
Sierentz
Germania Superior
LFS
Vicus
60 80
Baudoux 1990 3a, 058a
08014
Sierentz
Germania Superior
LIT
Vicus
150 284
Baudoux 1990 3a, 076e
20673
Solothurn [Salodurum]
Germania Supenor
PORPS
07896
Strasbourg [Argentoratum]
Germania Superior
GAF
19851
Strasbourg [Argentoratum]
Germania Supenor
GMMF
[GMMF]
19852
Strasbourg [Argentoratum]
Germania Superior
LCANTP
[(L%)CA(NT)P]
19856
Strasbourg [Argentoratum]
Germania Superior
MMRP
[(MM)R(P%)]
08028
Strasbourg [Argentoratum]
Germania Supenor
08065
Strasbourg [Argentoratum]
07986
50 125
Callender 1965 f 13 36
145 224
Baudoux 1990 3a, 002b
Civitas/Fort (est early 1 st century CE)
180 220
Baudoux 1998 05
Civitas/Fort (est early 1 st century CE)
130 161
Baudoux, 1998 06
Civitas/Fort(est early 1 st century CE)
98 138
Baudoux 1998 10
PMHPOR
Civitas/Fort (est early 1 st century CE)
69 96
Baudoux 1990 3 a, 084
Germania Superior
PORCPR
Civitas/Fort (est early 1 st century CE)
1 99 (c 70)
Baudoux 1990 3a, 102
Strasbourg [Argentoratum]
Germania Superior
PQFLFL
Civitas/Fort (est early 1 st century CE)
69 96
Callender 1965 f 13 45
07990
Strasbourg [Argentoratum]
Germania Superior
PQHEHE
Civitas/Fort (est early 1 st century CE)
50 150
Baudoux 1990 3a. 065a
07916
Strasbourg [Argentoratum]
Germania Supenor
QANTR
Civitas/Fort (est early I st century CE)
41 96
Baudoux 1990 3a, 014a
08088
Strasbourg [Argentoratum]
Germania Superior
RVFPO
Civitas/Fort (est early 1 st century CE)
150 225
Baudoux 1990 3a, 114
14256
Sttutgart Bad Cannstatt
Germania Supenor
IIIENNIIVL
Fort (est 83/85 CE)
117 161
Remesal 1997 098a(4)
14520
Sttutgart Bad Cannstatt
Germania Supenor
LIT
[LIT]
Fort (est 83/85 CE)
150 284
Remesal 1997 176
14011
Sttutgart Bad Cannstatt
Germania Superior
PANRVF
|PA"N"R A VF|
Fort (est 83/85 CE)
70 145
Callender 1965 f 12 27
14409
Trier [Augusta Treverorum]
Germania Supenor
HISPSAENI
Fort (19BCE
16 CE)/Coloma (Aug )
80 140
Remesal 1997 I55d
14252
Trier [Augusta Treverorum]
Germania Superior
IIIENNIIVL
Fort(19BCE
16 CE)/Colon.a (Aug )
117 161
Remesal 1997 098a
14259
Trier [Augusta Treverorum]
Germania Superior
IIIENNIIVL
Fort (19BCE
16 CE)/Colonia (Aug )
117 161
Remesal 1997 098b(2)
14652
Trier [Augusta Treverorum]
Germania Superior
QMS
Fort (19BCE
16 CE)/Colonia (Aug )
175 199
Remesal 1997 214
14606
Urmitz
Germania Superior
AELFO
Fort (est 19BCE
16CE)
145 161
Remesal 1997 193a
08054
Usspann
Germania Superior
SNR
Fort (est 1 st century CE)
140 180
Baudoux 1990 3a. 093d
11983
Walheim
Germania Supenor
IIIENNIIVL
Fort(est 83/85)
117 161
Remesal&Schal 1988 13
00012
Worms [Borbetomagus]
Germania Superior
ALFO
AALFO|
Civitas (of Vangiones)
130 161
Remesal 1997 I92h
00831
Worms [Borbetomagus]
Germania Superior
CAS
|CA[S]|
Civitas (of Vangiones)
214 224
Remesal 1989 02
|D I A
Civitas (ot Vangiones)
145 161
Remesal 1989 05
Civitas (ol Vangiones)
145 161
Remesal 1997 157b
[PORPS]
Fort (est 19BCE
!6CE)/Vicus
Civitas/Fort (est early 1 st century CE)
PQFLFL|
00009
Worms [Borbetomagus]
Germania Supenor
DIA
14414
Worms [Borbetomagus]
Germania Superior
DIA
00830
Worms [Borbetomagus]
Germania Superior
GAPF
|G [A"P]F|
Civitas (ot Vangiones)
150 250
Remesal 1989 01
27951
Worms [Borbetomagus]
Germania Supenor
LCHE
|LCH[E]
Civitas (of Vangiones)
200 299
Ehmig 2007 T88 456
00833
Worms [Borbetomagus]
Germania Supenor
LFFV
|LFFV|
Civitas (of Vangiones)
180 193
Remesal 1989 04
14045
Zugmantel
Germania Supenor
CAPF
Remesal 1997 043a
Zugmantel
Germania Supenor
CAPF
Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus
Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus
142 180
14046
[C(AP) (f%)
[C(AP)F]
142 180
Remesal 1997 043b
14049
Zugmantel
Germania Supenor
CAPF
[(C%)(AP)F]
Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus
142 180
Remesal 1997 043(1)
14340
Zugmantel
Germania Supenor
EFDS
[EFDS]
Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus
200 299
Remesal 1997 116
13942
Zugmantel
Germania Supenor
GAF
GA[F]
Fort (est 83/85)/Vlcus
145 224
Callender 1965 f0431
14825
Zugmantel
Germania Supenor
GRADOS
[GRA]/[DOS]
Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus
140 224
Remesal 1997 270
14257
Zugmantel
Germania Supenor
IIIENNHVL
Fort (est 83/85)/Vlcus
117 161
Remesal 1997 098b
14121
Zugmantel
Germania Supenor
LCANTP
[LC(ANT)P]
Fort (est 83/85)/Vlcus
130 161
Remesal 1997 063
14171
Zugmantel
Germania Supenor
LCM
[LCM]
Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus
150 200
Remesal 1997 073b
14173
Zugmantel
Germania Supenor
LCMY
|LCM*Y|
Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus
140 190
Callender 1965 f08 36
14174
Zugmantel
Germania Supenor
LCMY
[(L%)(C%')(MY%')]
Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus
140 190
Remesal 1997 073d(l)
14177
Zugmantel
Germania Supenor
LCMY
[LC(MY)]
Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus
140 190
Remesal 1997 073f
14178
Zugmantel
Germania Supenor
LCMY
(L%)C(MY)
Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus
140 190
Remesal 1997 073g
14357
Zugmantel
Germania Supenor
LFFV
|LFFV|
Fort (est 83/85)/Vlcus
180 193
Remesal 1997 121b
14523
Zugmantel
Germania Superior
LIT
[<L%)IT]
Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus
150 284
Remesal 1997 176c
14524
Zugmantel
Germania Supenor
LIT
[L I(T%)
Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus
150 284
Remesal 1997 176d
14527
Zugmantel
Germania Supenor
LIT
[LI (T%)]
Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus
150 284
Remesal 1997 176g
14463
Zugmantel
Germania Supenor
M1M
[MIM]
Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus
14662
Zugmantel
Germania Supenor
PMS
[PM(s)]
Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus
50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 165b
Remesal 1997 218
200 350
14788
Zugmantel
Germania Supenor
POPVLI
+(P%)VLI]
Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus
214 224
14384
Zugmantel
Germania Supenor
PQFLFL
IPQFLFL
Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus
69 96
Callender 1965 f 13 44
14502
Zugmantel
Germania Supenor
QIMS
[QIM (S%)]
Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus
175 199
Remesal 1997 168s
14607
Zugmantel
Germania Supenor
SALALFO
[SAL ALFO]
Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus
145 161
Remesal 1997 194
14965
Zugmantel
Germania Supenor
VMFC
VMFC]
Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus
138 1 6 1 '
Remesal 1997 336
12659
Alcolea del Rio [Canania]
Hispama (Baetica)
CMM
[C MM(amphora)]
Municipium
179 180'
Caballos&Eck, 1992 f 2
12660
Alcolea del Rio [Canania]
Hispanta (Baetica)
CMM
CMM]
Municipium
179 180'
Caballos&Eclc, 1992 f 3
12980
Alcolea del Rio [Canania]
Hispama (Baetica)
GANNIRVFINI
Municipium
69 117
Bonsor 1931 189
13235
Alcolea del Rio [Canania]
Hispama (Baetica)
IIIENNIVL
Mumcipium
117 161
Maxwell 1899 096
12975
Alcolea del Rio [Canania]
Hispama (Baetica)
MAEM
Municipium
125 150
Bonsor 1931 184
13041
Alcolea del Rio [Canania]
Hispama (Baetica)
MIM
Municipium
50 70/145 161 Bonsor 1931 250
12962
Alcolea del Rio [Canania]
Hispama (Baetica)
QFRMAED
Municipium
Bonsor 1931 171
13600
Alcolea del Rio [Canania]
Hispama (Baetica)
QFRMAED
Municipium
12186
Almodovar del Rio [Carbula]
Hispama (Baetica)
CPC
Vicus
175 225
Chic 1985 p 012 099
12767
Almodovar del Rio [Carbula]
Hispama (Baetica)
CPC
Vicus
175 225
Bonsor 1931 003
04641
Cadiz [Gades]
Hispama (Baetica)
MAR
Conventus Capital
95 199
Bemal&al 2005 f 10 27
13621
Carmona [Carmo]
Hispama (Baetica)
ACHB
Municipium
153 161
Ponsich 1974 LR, 122(73 14
12525
Carmona [Carmo]
Hispama (Baetica)
GAF
Municipium
145 224
Chic 1985 p 092 913
07176
Cortijo del Alamo
Hispama (Baetica)
GAVFL
Necropolis and Kiln site
235 >
D Pena, 1967 03 1
07177
Cortijo del Alamo
Hispama (Baetica)
GAVFL
Necropolis and Kiln site
235 >
D Pena, 1967 03 2
07178
Cortijo del Alamo
Hispama (Baetica)
GAVFL
Necropolis and Kiln site
235 >
D Pena, 1967 03 3
07179
Cortijo del Alamo
Hispama (Baetica)
GAVFL
Necropolis and Kiln site
235 >
D Pena, 1967 03-4
07180
Cortijo del Alamo
Hispama (Baetica)
ILFT
Necropolis and Kiln site
220 224
D Pena, 1967 04a
07181
Cortijo del Alamo
Hispama (Baetica)
ILFT
Necropolis and Kiln site
220 224
D Pena, 1967 04b
07182
Cortijo del Alamo
Hispama (Baetica)
LIT
Necropolis and Kiln site
150 284
D Pena, 1967 05al
07183
Cortijo del Alamo
Hispama (Baetica)
LIT
Necropolis and Kiln site
150 284
D Pena, 1967 05a2
07184
Cortijo del Alamo
Hispama (Baetica)
LIT
Necropolis and Kiln site
150 284
D Pena, 1967 05a3
07185
Cortijo del Alamo
Hispama (Baetica)
LIT
Necropolis and Kiln site
150 284
D Pena, 1967 05a4
07186
Cortijo del Alamo
Hispama (Baetica)
LIT
Necropolis and Kiln site
150 284
D Pena, 1967 05b 1
07187
Cortijo del Alamo
Hispama (Baetica)
MMRP
Necropolis and Kiln site
98 138
D Pena, 1967 06
11060
Ecija [Astigi]
Hispama (Baetica)
LAF
Conventus Capital
142 165
Collantes&al 1951 12
10883
Ecija [Astigi]
Hispama (Baetica)
MIM
Conventus Capital
50 70/145 161 Ponsich 1991 EC 44131 01
10884
Ecija [Astigi]
Hispama (Baetica)
MIM
Conventus Capital
50 70/145 161 Ponsich 1991 EC 4401 02
10885
Ecija [Astigi]
Hispama (Baetica)
MIM
Conventus Capital
50 70/145 161 Ponsich 1991 EC-4401 03
10931
Ecija [Astigi]
Hispama (Baetica)
SIP
Conventus Capital
69 117'
|MA R|
|M~MRP|
Remesal 1997 263b
Ponsich 1974 LR, 064p52 09
Ponsich 1991 EC 52f37 09a
10932
Ecya [Astigi]
Hispania (Baetica)
SIP
Conventus Capital
69 117?
Ponsich 1991 EC 52B7 09b
10933
Ecija [Astigi]
Hispama (Baetica)
SIP
69 117?
Ponsich 1991 EC 5207 09c
13735
El Judio
Hispania (Baetica)
CAS
Conventus Capital
Villa and Oil Processing Facility
214 224
Ponsich 1974 LR, l49f78C2
13737
El Judio
Hispama (Baetica)
CAS
Villa and Oil Processing Facility
214 224
Ponsich 1974 LR, l49f78C4
12436
Palma del Rio
Hispania (Baetica)
QMS
Vicus
175 199
Chic 1985 p 044 415
21231
Penaflor [Celti]
Hispania (Baetica)
LIT
[LIT]
Municipium
150 284
Lopez Mun 2002 p 9 2
21235
Penaflor [Celti]
Hispania (Baetica)
MIM
[MIM]
Municipium
50 70/145 161 Lopez Mun 2002 p 10 2
21229
Penaflor [Celti]
Hispania (Baetica)
QAEO
[Q (AE) O]
Municipium
125 175
Lopez Mun 2002 p 8 2
12536
Santiponce [Italica]
Hispania (Baetica)
DATZCOL
Mumcipium/Colonia
145 161
Chic 1985 p 107 1022
12532
Santiponce [Italica]
Hispania (Baetica)
ILFT
Municipium/Colonia
220 224
Chic 1985 p 107 1018
13164
Santiponce [Italica]
Hispania (Baetica)
MAR
Mumcipium/Colonia
95 199
Bonsor 1931 373
11148
Villa Clara
Hispania (Baetica)
PORCPR
Villa
1 99 (c 70)
Ponsich 1979 CA 076fI2 1
06347
Isla de Cabrera
Hispania (Baleares)
MAR
Island Port
95 199
Bost&al 1992 85 A 30
06321
Isla de Cabrera
Hispania (Baleares)
POPVLI
Island Port
214 224
Bost&al 1992 86 A 82
24008
Alicante [Lucentum]
Hispania (Citenor)
SEXIRVF
Municipium
60 70
Marquez&Molina, 2005 237h
24001
Alicante [Lucentum]
Hispania (Citenor)
SEXIRVF
Municipium
60 70
Marquez&Molina, 2005 237a
24002
Alicante [Lucentum]
Hispania (Citenor)
SEXIRVF
Municipium
60 70
Marquez&Molina, 2005 237b
PORTO
24003
Alicante [Lucentum]
Hispania (Citenor)
SEXIRVF
Municipium
60 70
Marquez&Molina, 2005 237c
24004
Alicante [Lucentum]
Hispania (Citenor)
SEXIRVF
Municipium
60 70
Marquez&Molina, 2005 237d
24005
Alicante [Lucentum]
Hispania (Citenor)
SEXIRVF
Municipium
60 70
Marquez&Molina, 2005 237e
24006
Alicante [Lucentum]
Hispama (Citenor)
SEXIRVF
Municipium
60 70
Marquez&Molina, 2005 237f
24007
Alicante [Lucentum]
Hispania (Citenor)
SEXIRVF
Municipium
60 70
Marquez&Molina, 2005 237g
17652
Argentona
Hispania (Citenor)
MAR
[MA (R%
INDETERMINATE
95 199
Bemi 1998 004b2
17673
Barcelona [Barcino]
Hispania (Citenor)
QIMS
<QI(M%)/<(As
Colonia (Augustus)
175 199
Bemi 1998 039c
17651
Can Jofresa, Terrassa
Hispania (Citenor)
MAR
[MAR]
Villa
95 199
Bemi 1998 004bI
17676
Cap de Creus
Hispama (Citenor)
CMM
[CMM]
Shipwreck
179 180?
Bemi 1998 044
05472
Cap de Creus
Hispania (Citenor)
POROCODV
[(POR)(OC)ODV]
Shipwreck
69 79
Pascual 1964 f2
08472
Els Tolegassos Viladamat
Hispania (Citenor)
CENHISPSAE
|CENHAISPS[AAE]
Villa
69 117
Casas&NollaBru 1986 89
17502
Empunes [Emponae]
Hispania (Citenor)
CORBEL
CORBEL
Municipium
100 300
Almagro 1952 195
05557
Empuries [Emponae]
Hispania (Citenor)
GANNIRVFTNI
[G AANNAIRAVAFIAN"I
Municipium
69 117
Bemi 1996 08
17227
Empunes [Emponae]
Hispania (Citenor)
IIIENNIORIVLSAE
[IIIE(n)(n)IORlVLSAE]
Municipium
117 161
Garrote&Bemi 1998 04(a)
17483
Empuries [Emponae]
Hispania (Citenor)
LVTROPHIMI
|L V TROPHIM[AI]|
Municipium
70 121
Almagro 1952 176
17650
Empuries [Emponae]
Hispama (Citenor)
MAR
[MAR]
Municipium
95 199
Bemi 1998 004a
09263
Empuries [Emponae]
Hispania (Citenor)
SNR
[SNR]
Municipium
140 180
Castanyer&al 1993 f 15 5
09264
Empuries [Emponae]
Hispania (Citenor)
SNR
[SN(R%)
Municipium
140 180
Castanyer&al 1993 f 15 6
12394
Las Animas
Hispania (Citenor)
MIM
Municipium
50 70/145 161 Chic 1985 p039 MIM
12370
Las Animas?
Hispama (Citenor)
MIM
Municipium
50 70/145 161 Chic 1985 p 039 344
12371
Las Animas?
Hispania (Citenor)
MIM
Municipium
50 70/145 161 Chic 1985 p 039 345
23987
Santa Pola [Portus Ilicitanus]
Hispania (Citenor)
CAS
|CAS|
Vicus
214 224
Marquez&Molina, 2005 222
25696
Alcacer do Sal 7
Hispania (Lusitama)
MAR
|M AR|
Vicus
95 199
Etienne&Mayet 2004 0064f
21393
Troia
Hispania (Lusitama)
MAR
|MAR|
Peninsula
95 199
Dias&Cavaleiro 2001 42
25257
Villa Cardilio Torres Novas
Hispania (Lusitama)
ALFO
|A L F 0 |
Villa
130 161
Diogo & Momeiro 1999 V 39
04685
Modena [Mutina]
Italia
LCH
1LCH
Colonia (est 183 BCE)
200 299
Blanc Bijon&al 1998 0896
07203
Ostia [Ostia Antica]
ltaha
ALFO
[ALFO]
Municipium/Pon
130 161
Panella 1983 f 03
26467
Ostia [Ostia Antica]
Italia
CAS
|CAS|
Municipium/Port
214 224
Etienne&Mayet 2004 0314b
26468
Ostia [Ostia Antica]
Italia
CAS
|CAs((ramus palmae))|
Municipium/Port
214 224
Etienne&Mayet 2004 0314d
26469
Ostia [Ostia Antica]
Italia
CAS
|CAS((ramus palmae))|
Municipium/Port
214 224
Etienne&Mayel 2004 0314e
07210
Ostia [Ostia Antica]
Italia
CENHISPSAE
[CEN(HI)SPS(AE%)
Municipium/Port
69 117
Panella, 1983 f 11
07211
Ostia [Ostia Antica]
Italia
CENHISPSAE
(C%)ENHS(P%)(S%)(AE%)
Municipium/Port
69 117
Panella, 1983 f 12
03107
Ostia [Ostia Antica]
Italia
CLPV
Municipium/Port
180 250
CIL XV 2983b i
20286
Ostia [Ostia Antica]
Italia
CLPV
Municipium/Port
180 250
Ostia, I 02
26508
Ostia [Ostia Antica]
Italia
CONSFC
|CONS[FC]|
Municipium/Port
200 235
Etienne&Mayet 2004 0353f
26512
Ostia [Ostia Antica]
Italia
CORBEL
CORBEL
Municipium/Port
100 300
Euenne&Mayet 2004 0355
25800
Ostia [Ostia Antica]
Italia
GAVFL
{G )AVFL
Municipium/Port
235 >
Etienne&Mayet 2004 0172b
07213
Ostia [Ostia Antica]
Italia
IIIENNIORIVLSAE
|IIIEnnIO<RJV{LS)AE|
Municipium/Port
117 161
Panella, 1983 f 14
Municrpium/Port
150 200
Mumcipium/Port
post 209
CD- XV 3030a, 1
|P AARVA|
Mumcipium/Port
post 209
Etienne&Mayet, 2004 0145c
TANP
[TA(n)(P%)
Municipium/Port
140 190
Panella, 1983 f08
MAR
MAR
Colonia (Republican/Augustus)
95 199
Blanc Bijon&al 1998 1370
CPC
Vicus/Port
Roma (Praetonan Fort est 23 CE)
175 225
220 224
Martelh&ali 1982 f74
Roma (Praetonan Fort est 23 CE)
95 199
CIL XV 3143a
Roma (Praetonan Fort est 23 CE)
95 199
CD. XV 3020
Roma (Praetonan Fort est 23 CE)
69 117
LydingWill 1983 36
Roma
130 161
CD. XV 297 le
Roma
69 117
CD. XV 2774c
26426
Ostia [Ostia Antica]
Italia
LCM
03272
Ostia [Ostia Antica]
Italia
PARVA
IIIMINICIOR
25767
Ostia [Ostia Antica]
Italia
PARVA
IIIMINICIOR
07207
Ostia [Ostia Antica]
Italia
20377
Tortona [Derthona]
Porto Azzurro
Italia
Italia (Elba)
26350
|LCM|
Etienne&Mayet, 2004 0252a
02908
Castra Praetona
Italia (Roma)
CPC
ILFT
04026
Castra Praetona
Italia (Roma)
MAR
03246
Castra Praetona
Italia (Roma)
MAR
06496
Castra Praetona
Italia (Roma)
PCAEHER
03043
in Esquihis
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
01767
in Esquihis
Italia (Roma)
CALPVRPOT
03189
in Esquihis
Italia (Roma)
GMMF
Roma
180 220
CD. XV 3005 3
03954
in Esquihis
Italia (Roma)
GRADOS
Roma
140 224
CIL XV 3121b 3
02006
in Esquihis
Italia (Roma)
II1ENNIIVL
|IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus palmae))|
Roma
117 161
CIL XV 2816a, 3 1
02007
in Esquihis
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
|IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus palmae))|
Roma
117 161
CD. XV 2816a, 3 2
02027
in Esquihis
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIORIVLSAE
|IIIEnnIO<RIV{LS}AE|
Roma
117 161
CD. XV 2816d 9
03813
m Esquihis
Italia (Roma)
IIQQETCF
Roma
175 225
CD- XV 3099 2
02895
in Esquihis
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma
220 224
CD- XV 2952a, 4
01073
in Esquihis
Italia (Roma)
LAP
|L((hedera))A((hedera))F|
Roma
142 165
CD- XV 2641
01587
in Esquihis
Italia (Roma)
LCANTP
|LC AN A TP|
Roma
130 161
CD- XV 2742a, 2
02286
in Esquihis
Italia (Roma)
LFFV
|LFFV
Roma
180 193
CD- XV 2844n 15 1
02287
m Esquihis
Italia (Roma)
LFFV
ILFFV
Roma
180 193
CD- XV 2844n,15 2
02856
m Esquihis
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma
150 284
CD- XV 2947a, 3
04406
in Esquihis
Italia (Roma)
LVTROPHIMI
Roma
70 121
CD- XV 3228a, 2
03260
in Esquihis
Italia (Roma)
MAVR1
Roma
30 80
CD- XV 3027
02759
in Esquihis
Italia (Roma)
QIMS
Roma
175 199
CD- XV 2934c 4
01765
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
CALPVRNB
|CAALAPVARN B(
Roma
69 117
CD. XV 2774a, 2
01962
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
CEFP
|C E F P((ramus palmae))|
Roma
69 117
CD. XV 2804a, 1
03106
m hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
CLPV
Roma
180 250
CD. XV 2983b 3 2
03105
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
CLPV
Roma
180 250
CD. XV 2983b 3 1
01864
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
CORBEL
|CORBEL|
Roma
100 300
CD. XV 2790a, 2 1
01865
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
CORBEL
ICORBELI
Roma
100 300
CD. XV 2790a, 2 2
01866
m hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
CORBEL
ICORBELI
Roma
100 300
CD. XV 2790a, 2 3
01867
m hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
CORBEL
ICORBELI
Roma
100 300
CD- XV 2790a, 2 4
01868
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
CORBEL
ICORBELI
Roma
100 300
CD. XV 2790a, 2 5
01869
in hortis Torlonia
ltaha (Roma)
CORBEL
ICORBELI
Roma
100 300
CD. XV 2790a, 2 6
01870
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
CORBEL
|CORBEL|
Roma
100 300
CD. XV 2790a, 2 7
01871
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
CORBEL
|CORBEL|
Roma
100 300
CD. XV 2790a, 2 8
01872
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
CORBEL
ICORBELI
Roma
100 300
CD. XV 2790a, 2 9
03642
m hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
CPC
Roma
175 225
CD. XV 3062a, 1
03644
m hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
CPC
Roma
1 75 225
CD. XV 3062b 3
01991
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
EFDS
|EF D S|
Roma
200 299
CD. XV 2813 2 1
01992
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
EFDS
|EF D S|
Roma
200 299
CD. XV 2813 2 2
03646
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
GPCI
Roma
247 252
CD. XV 3062d 5 1
03647
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
GPCI
Roma
247 252
CD. XV 3062d 5 2
03649
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
GPCI
Roma
247 252
CD. XV 3062e 6 2
03650
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
GPCI
Roma
247 252
CD. XV 3062e 6 3
03651
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
GPCI
Roma
247 252
CD. XV 3062f 7
02558
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
HISPSAENI
Roma
80 140
CD. XV 2914b 1
02559
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
HISPSAEN1
Roma
80 140
CIL XV 2914b 2
02560
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
HISPSAENI
Roma
80 140
CIL XV 2914b 3
02561
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
HISPSAENI
Roma
80 140
CD. XV 2914b -4
02017
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
Roma
117 161
CD. XV 2816b 5 8
02892
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma
220 224
CD. XV 2952a, 1 9
PSAVITI
[PC(AE)(HE)R]
|CAALAPVARPOT|
CLPV
|IIIENNAI IVAL((corona))|
CIL XV 2952b 08
02854
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma
150 284
CO. XV 2947a, 2 1
02855
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma
150 284
CIL XV 2947a, 2 2
02868
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma
150 284
CIL XV 2947e 10 2
03094
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
LSELSENC
Roma
117 138
OL XV 2981 1
03095
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
LSELSENC
Roma
117 138
CE. XV 2981 2
03096
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
LSELSENC
Roma
117 138
CIL XV 2981 3
03097
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
LSELSENC
Roma
117 138
CO. XV 2981 4
03098
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
LSELSENC
Roma
117 138
CIL XV 2981 5
03181
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
PMHPOR
Roma
69 96
CIL XV 3004b
03787
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
Roma
214 224
CIL XV 3094n 16 2
03788
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
Roma
214 224
CIL XV 3094n 16 3
03789
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
Roma
214 224
CO. XV 3094n 16 4
03790
m hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
Roma
214 224
CIL XV 3094n 16 5
03791
m hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
Roma
214 224
CIL XV 3094n 16 6
03806
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
Roma
214 224
CIL XV 3094p 21
04255
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
PORSEDATI
Roma
03766
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
Roma
214 224
CIL XV 3094d 4 2
03767
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
Roma
214 224
CIL XV 3094d 5
03768
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
Roma
214 224
CIL XV 3094e 6 1
03769
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
Roma
214 224
CIL XV 3094e 6 2
03770
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
Roma
214 224
CIL XV 3094e 6 3
03771
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
Roma
214 224
CIL XV 3094e 6 4
03772
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
Roma
214 224
CIL XV 3094e 6 5
03773
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
Roma
214 224
CIL XV 3094e 6 6
03879
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
PQHEHE
Roma
50 150
CIL XV 3106 1 1
03880
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
PQHEHE
Roma
50 150
CIL XV 3106 1 2
01283
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
QAEO
Roma
125 175
CIL XV 2685b 2
02758
m hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
QIMS
Roma
175 199
CO. XV 2934c 3 2
03560
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma
140 180
CIL XV 3045b 3 1
03561
in hortis Torlonia
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma
140 180
CIL XV 3045b 3 2
04407
in villa Ludovisi [Horti Sallustiani]
Italia (Roma)
LVTROPHIMI
Roma
70 121
CIL XV 3228b 3 1
04408
in villa Ludovisi [Horti Sallustiani]
Italia (Roma)
LVTROPH1MI
|LVTROP A H A IM|
Roma
70 121
CIL XV 3228b 3 2
01253
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ACHB
|ACH[B]
Roma (Testaccio)
153 161
CIL XV 2674
17255
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ACHB
(A%)CHB]
Roma (Testaccio)
153 161
Test 1999 009a
]Q A A EO|
OL XV 3172
17256
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ACHB
[ACHB]
Roma (Testaccio)
153 161
Test 1999 009b
01293
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
|AELFO| & |AELFO<|
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2687b 01
01294
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
|AELFO| & |AELFO<|
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2687b 02
01295
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
|AELFO| & |AELFO<|
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2687b 03
01296
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
|AELFO] & |AELFO<|
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2687b 04
01297
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
|AELFO[ & |AELFO<|
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2687b 05
01298
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
|AELFO| & |AELFO<|
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2687b 06
01299
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
|AELFO| & |AELFO<j
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2687b 07
01300
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
|AELFO| & |AELFO<|
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2687b 08
01301
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
|AELFO| & |AELFO<|
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2687b 09
01302
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
|AELFO| & |AELFO<|
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2687b 10
01303
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
IAELFO] & |AELFO<|
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CE. XV 2687b 11
01304
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
|AELFO| & |AELFO<|
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2687b 12
01305
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
|AELFO| & |AELFO<!
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2687b 13
01306
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
|AELFO| & |AELFO<|
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2687b 14
01307
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
|AELFO| & |AELFO<]
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2687b 15
01308
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
|AELFO| & |AELFO<l
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2687b 16
01309
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
|AELFO| & |AELFO<|
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2687b 17
01310
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
|AELFO| & |AELFO<[
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2687b 18
01311
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
|AELFO| & |AELFO<|
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CO. XV 2687b 19
01312
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
|AELFO| &. |AELFO<|
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2687b 20
01313
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
|AELFO| & |AELFO<|
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CD. XV 2687b 21
01314
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
|AELFO| & lAELFCKj
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2687b 22
01315
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
|AELFO| & |AELFO<|
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CO. XV 2687b 23
01316
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
|AELFO| & |AELFO<|
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2687b 24
01317
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
|AELFO| & |AELFO<|
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2687b 25
01318
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
|AELFO| & |AELFO<|
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2687b 26
01319
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
|AELFO| & |AELFCK|
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2687b mult
25723
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AELFO
|AELFO|
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
Enenne&Mayet, 2004 0096a
03019
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2971a, 05
03015
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2971a, 01
03016
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2971a, 02
03017
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2971a, 03
03018
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CD_ XV 2971a, 04
03020
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2971a, 06
03021
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2971a, 07
03022
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2971a, 08
03023
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CO. XV 2971a, 09
03024
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2971a, 10
03025
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2971a, 11
03026
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2971a, 12
03027
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2971a, mult
03028
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2971b 01
03029
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2971b 02
03030
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2971b 03
03031
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CO. XV 2971b 04
03032
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2971b 05
03033
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2971b 06
03034
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2971b 07
03035
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2971b 08
03036
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2971b 09
03037
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CD, XV 2971b 10
03038
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2971c
03039
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CO. XV 2971 d, 1
03040
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2971d, 2
03041
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CO. XV 2971d 3
03042
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2971d 4
03044
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 297If
03045
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2971g
17276
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
[A L F O]
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
Test 1999 021a
17277
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
[A L FO)
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
Test 1999 021b
17278
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
[(AL)FO]
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
Test 1999 021c
17279
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ALFO
(A%L%)FO]
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
Test 1999 02Id
03845
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AQFVA
Roma (Testaccio)
160 161
CIL XV 3102a, 1
03846
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AQFVA
Roma (Testaccio)
160 161
CIL XV 3102a, 2
03847
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AQFVA
[ (Q%)FVA]
Roma (Testaccio)
160 161
CIL XV 3102b
05998
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AQFVA
+(P/o)VA]
Roma (Testaccio)
160 161
Test 1994 305b
06002
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AQFVA
[AQFVA+
Roma (Testaccio)
160 161
Test 1994 305c
06022
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AQFVA
[A(Q~ )FVA]
Roma (Testaccio)
160 161
Test 1994 161 305a
17294
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AQFVA
AQ(P/„)VA]
Roma (Testaccio)
160 161
Test 1999 026a
17295
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AQFVA
(A%)QFV
Roma (Testaccio)
160 161
Test 1999 026al
Tesi 1999 026b
17296
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
AQFVA
[AQ(F%)+
Roma (Testaccio)
160 161
01763
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CALPVRNB
|CA"LAPVARN B|
Roma (Testaccio)
69 117
CIL XV 2774a, 1 1
01764
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CALPVRNB
|CAALAPVARN B|
Roma (Testaccio)
69 117
CIL XV 2774a, 1 2
01391
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CAPF
C AAP F|
Roma (Testaccio)
142 180
CIL XV 2705
01799
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CAS
|CAS|
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
CIL XV 2777a, 1 1
01800
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CAS
|CAS|
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
CIL XV 2777a, I 2
01801
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CAS
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
CIL XV 2777a, 1 3
01802
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CAS
|CAS|
|CAS|
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
CIL XV 2777a, I 4
01803
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CAS
|CAS|
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
CIL XV 2777a, 1 5
01804
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CAS
214 224
CO. XV 2777a, 1 6
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CAS
|CAS|
|CAS|
Roma (Testaccio)
01805
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
CO. XV 2777a, 1 7
01806
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CAS
|CAS((ramus palmae))]
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
CIL XV 2777b 2 1
01807
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CAS
|CAS((ramus palmae))|
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
CIL XV 2777b 2 2
05781
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CAS
[CAS]
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 1994 227b
05933
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CAS
[C AS ( ' )
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 1994 227c
05962
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CAS
[(C%)+
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 1994 227d
05963
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CAS
[CAS( >)]
•
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Remesal 1977 78 07a
15111
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CAS
[CAS
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 2001 439a
15112
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CAS
[CAS]
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 2001 439al
15113
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CAS
[C(A%)(S%)
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 2001 439a2
15114
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CAS
(C%)AS(palma)
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 2001 439b
15115
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CAS
[CAS(palma)
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 2001 439c
15116
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CAS
[CA
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 2001 439d
26466
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CAS
|CAS|
Roma (Testaccio)
Etienne&Mayet 2004 0314a
01963
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CEFP
CEFP|
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
69 117
18328
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CEFP
[CEFP]
Roma (Testaccio)
69 117
Test 2003 874a
18329
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CEFP
[CEFP]
Roma (Testaccio)
69 117
Test 2003 874b
18330
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CEFP
[CEFP]
Roma (Testaccio)
69 117
Test 2003 874c
18331
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CEFP
[C (E%)F("P")]
Roma (Testaccio)
69 117
Test 2003 874d
01810
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CENHISPSAE
|CENH"ISPSA"E|
Roma (Testaccio)
69 117
CIL XV 2780 1
01811
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CENHISPSAE
|CENHAISPSAAE|
Roma (Testaccio)
69 117
CIL XV 2780 2
02804
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CIS
Roma (Testaccio)
150 210
CIL XV 2942a, 1
02805
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CIS
Roma (Testaccio)
150 210
CIL XV 2942b 2
03103
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CLPV
Roma (Testaccio)
180 250
CIL XV 2983b 2 1
03104
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CLPV
Roma (Testaccio)
180 250
CIL XV 2983b 2 2
25973
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CLPV
Test 2007 575a
01845
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CONSFC
01846
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CONSFC
01847
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
01848
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
01849
Monte Testaccio
01850
|CLPV((hedera))j
CIL XV 2804b 2
Roma (Testaccio)
180 250
Roma (Testaccio)
200 235
CIL XV 2788a, 1
ICONS FC|
Roma (Testaccio)
200 235
CIL XV 2788b 2
CONSFC
ICONSFQ
Roma (Testaccio)
200 235
CIL XV 2788c 3 1
CONSFC
|CONSFC|
Roma (Testaccio)
200 235
CIL XV 2788c 3 2
Italia (Roma)
CONSFC
|CONSFC|
Roma (Testaccio)
200 235
CIL XV 2788c 3 3
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CONSFC
ICONSFQ
Roma (Testaccio)
200 235
CIL XV 2788c 3 4
01851
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CONSFC
]CONSFC|
Roma (Testaccio)
200 235
CIL XV 2788c 3 5
01852
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CONSFC
|CONSFC|
Roma (Testaccio)
200 235
CIL XV 2788c 3 mult
01853
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CONSFC
ICONSFQ
Roma (Testaccio)
200 235
CIL XV 2788c 4 1
01854
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CONSFC
ICONSFQ
Roma (Testaccio)
200 235
CIL XV 2788c 4 2
01855
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CONSFC
ICONSFQ
Roma (Testaccio)
200 235
CIL XV 2788c 5
01856
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CONSFC
ICONSFQ
Roma (Testaccio)
200 235
CIL XV 2788c 6 1
01857
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CONSFC
ICONSFQ
Roma (Testaccio)
200 235
CIL XV 2788c 6 2
26504
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CONSFC
ICONSFC
Roma (Testaccio)
200 235
Etieraie&Mayet 2004 0353a
26505
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CONSFC
ICONSFC
Roma (Testaccio)
200 235
Etienne&Mayet 2004 0353b
26506
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CONSFC
CONSFQ
Roma (Testaccio)
200 235
Eoenne&Mayet 2004 0353c
26507
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CONSFC
ICONS [FC]
Roma (Testaccio)
200 235
Etienne&Mayet 2004 0353e
01859
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CORBEL
|CORBEL|
Roma (Testaccio)
100 299
CIL XV 2790a, 1 1
01860
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CORBEL
|CORBEL|
Roma (Testaccio)
100 299
CIL XV 2790a, 1 2
01861
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CORBEL
ICORBELI
Roma (Testaccio)
100 299
CIL XV 2790a 1 3
01862
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CORBEL
ICORBELI
Roma (Testaccio)
100 299
CIL XV 2790a, 1-4
01863
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CORBEL
ICORBELI
Roma (Testaccio)
100 299
CIL XV 2790a, 1 5
25890
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CORBEL
CORBEL
Roma (Testaccio)
100 299
Test 2007 557a
25891
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CORBEL
CORBEL
Roma (Testaccio)
100 299
Test 2007 557al
25892
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CORBEL
CORBEL
Roma (Testaccio)
100 299
Test 2007 557b
25893
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CORBEL
CORBEL
Roma (Testaccio)
100 299
Test 2007 557c
25894
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CORBEL
CORBEL
Roma (Testaccio)
100 299
Test 2007 557d
26509
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CORBEL
CORBEL]
Roma (Testaccio)
100 299
Etienne&Mayet 2004 0355a, 1
26510
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CORBEL
CORBEL
Roma (Testaccio)
100 299
Etienne&Mayet 2004 0355a, 2
26511
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CORBEL
CORBEL
Roma (Testaccio)
100 299
Etienne&Mayet 2004 0355a, 3
03643
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CPC
Roma (Testaccio)
175 225
CD. XV 3062b 2
25994
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CPC
Roma (Testaccio)
175 225
Test 2007 581a
03921
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CRA
Roma (Testaccio)
235
>
CD. XV 3114a, 1
03922
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CRA
Roma (Testaccio)
235
>
CD. XV 3114a, 2
03923
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CRA
Roma (Testaccio)
235
>
CO. XV 3114a, 3
03924
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CRA
Roma (Testaccio)
235
>
CEL XV 3114b 1
03925
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CRA
Roma (Testaccio)
235 >
CD. XV 3114b 2
03926
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CRA
Roma (Testaccio)
235 >
CO. XV 3114b 3
03927
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CRA
Roma (Testaccio)
235 >
CIL XV 3114b 4
03928
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CRA
Roma (Testaccio)
235 >
CIL XV 3114b 5
03929
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CRA
Roma (Testaccio)
235 >
CD- XV 3114b 6
03930
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CRA
Roma (Testaccio)
235 >
CIL XV 3114b 7
03931
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
CRA
Roma (Testaccio)
235
CD, XV 3114b 8
05488
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
DATZCOL
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CD. XV 2715a, 1 42
05770
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
DATZCOL
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
Test 1994 233a
02568
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
DIA
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2918a, 1 01
02569
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
DIA
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CD. XV 2918a, 1 02
02570
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
DIA
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2918a, 1 03
|CPC((ramus palmae))|
[D(AT)ZCOL]
>
02571
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
DIA
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CD. XV 2918a, I 04
02572
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
DIA
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2918a 1 05
02573
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
DIA
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2918a, 1 06
02574
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
DIA
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2918a, 1 07
02575
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
DIA
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2918a, 1 08
02576
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
DIA
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2918a, 1 09
02577
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
DIA
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2918a, 1 10
02578
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
DIA
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2918a 1 11
02579
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
DIA
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 2918a, 1 mult
02580
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
DIA
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CD, XV 2918b 2 1
02581
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
DIA
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CD. XV 2918b 2 2
02582
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
DIA
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CD. XV 2918b 2 3
01987
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
EFDS
|EF D S|
Roma (Testaccio)
200 299
CD. XV 2813 1 1
01988
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
EFDS
|EF D S|
Roma (Testaccio)
200 299
CD. XV 2813 1 2
01989
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
EFDS
|EF D S]
Roma (Testaccio)
200 299
CD. XV 2813 13
01990
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
EFDS
|EF D S]
Roma (Testaccio)
200 299
CD. XV 2813 14
01071
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GAF
|GAF|
Roma (Testaccio)
145 224
CD. XV 2640 1
01072
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GAF
|GAF|
Roma (Testaccio)
145 224
CD. XV 2640 2
15090
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GAF
[GA
Roma (Testaccio)
145 224
Test 2001 435a
01240
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GAVFL
|G AVFL|
Roma (Testaccio)
235 >
CD. XV 2672 1 01
01241
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GAVFL
|G AVFL|
Roma (Testaccio)
235 >
CD. XV 2672 1 02
01242
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GAVFL
|G AVFL|
Roma (Testaccio)
235 >
CD. XV 2672 1 03
01243
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GAVFL
jG AVFL|
Roma (Testaccio)
235 >
CD. XV 2672 1 04
01244
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GAVFL
|G AVFL|
Roma (Testaccio)
235 >
CIL XV 2672 1 05
01245
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GAVFL
|G AVFL|
Roma (Testaccio)
235 >
CD. XV 2672 1 06
01246
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GAVFL
|G AVFL|
Roma (Testaccio)
235 >
CD. XV 2672 1 07
01247
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GAVFL
|G AVFL|
Roma (Testaccio)
235 >
CIL XV 2672 1 08
01248
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GAVFL
|G AVFL|
Roma (Testaccio)
235 >
CIL XV 2672 2
01249
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GAVFL
|G AVFL|
Roma (Testaccio)
235 >
CIL XV 2672 3
01250
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GAVFL
|G AVFL|
Roma (Testaccio)
235 >
CIL XV 2672 4
25849
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GAVFL
GAVFL
Roma (Testaccio)
235 >
Test 2007 551a
25850
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GAVFL
Roma (Testaccio)
235->
Test 2007 551b
03184
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GMMF
Roma (Testaccio)
180 220
CTL XV 3005 1 1
03185
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GMMF
Roma (Testaccio)
180 220
CIL XV 3005 1 2
03186
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GMMF
Roma (Testaccio)
180 220
CIL XV 3005 1 3
03187
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GMMF
Roma (Testaccio)
180 220
CD. XV 3005 1 4
03188
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GMMF
Roma (Testaccio)
180 220
CIL XV 3005 2
03190
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GMMF
Roma (Testaccio)
180 220
CD. XV 3005 4
05999
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GPC
Roma (Testaccio)
247 252
Test 1994 295a
03648
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GPCI
Roma (Testaccio)
247 252
CIL XV 3062e 6 1
03942
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GRADOS
Roma (Testaccio)
140 224
CIL XV 3121a, 1
03943
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GRADOS
Roma (Testaccio)
140 224
CIL XV 3121b 2 01
03944
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GRADOS
Roma (Testaccio)
140 224
CIL XV 3121b 2 02
03945
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GRADOS
Roma (Testaccio)
140 224
CIL XV 3121b 2 03
03946
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GRADOS
Roma (Testaccio)
140 224
CIL XV 3121b 2 04
GAVFL
[G P (C%)]
03947
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GRADOS
Roma (Testaccio)
140 224
CIL XV 3121b 2 05
03948
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GRADOS
Roma (Testaccio)
140 224
CIL XV 3121b 2 06
03949
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GRADOS
Roma (Testaccio)
140 224
CIL XV 3121b 2 07
03950
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GRADOS
Roma (Testaccio)
140 224
CIL XV 3121b 2 08
03951
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GRADOS
Roma (Testaccio)
140 224
CIL XV 3121b 2 09
03952
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GRADOS
Roma (Testaccio)
140 224
CIL XV 3121b 2 10
03953
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GRADOS
Roma (Testaccio)
140 224
CIL XV 3121b 2 mult
03955
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GRADOS
Roma (Testaccio)
140 224
CIL XV 3121c 4
05819
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GRADOS
[<G%)RA(D%)(0%)S]
Roma (Testaccio)
140 224
Test 1994 307c
05820
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GRADOS
[GRADOS]
Roma (Testaccio)
140 224
Test 1994 307b
05857
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GRADOS
[GRADOS]
Roma (Testaccio)
140 224
Test 1994 307a
06575
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GRADOS
GRADOS
Roma (Testaccio)
140 224
Astrom 1952 31
15332
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GRADOS
[G(RA)DOS] bis impressum est
Roma (Testaccio)
140 224
Test 2001 508a
15333
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GRADOS
[GRADOS
Roma (Testaccio)
140 224
Test 2001 508b
15334
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GRADOS
[G(RA)(D%) bis impressum est
Roma (Testaccio)
140 224
Test 2001 508c
26005
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
GRADOS
[G]RADO[S]
Roma (Testaccio)
140 224
Test 2007 587a
01995
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
1I1ENNIIVL
|IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus palmae))|
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
CIL XV 2816a, 1 01
01996
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
|IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus palmae))|
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
CIL XV 2816a, 1 02
01997
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
|IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus palmae))|
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
CIL XV 2816a, 1 03
01998
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
|IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus palmae))|
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
CIL XV 2816a, 1 04
01999
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
|IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus palmae))|
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
CIL XV 2816a, 1 05
02000
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
|IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus palmae))|
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
CIL XV 2816a, 1 06
02001
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
|IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus palmae))|
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
CIL XV 2816a, I 07
02002
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
|IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus palmae))|
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
CIL XV 2816a, 1 08
02003
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
|IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus palmae))|
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
CIL XV 2816a, 1 09
02004
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
|IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus palmae))|
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
CIL XV 2816a, 1 mult
02005
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
|IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus palmae))|
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
CIL XV 2816a, 2
02009
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
|IIIENNAI IVAL((corona))|
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
CIL XV 2816b 5 1
02010
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNITVL
|IIIENNAI IVAL((corona))|
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
CIL XV 2816b 5 2
02011
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
|IIIENNAI IVAL((corona))|
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
CIL XV 2816b 5 3
02013
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
|IIIENNAI IVAL((corona))|
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
CD. XV 2816b 5 4
02014
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
|IIIENNAI IVAL((corona))|
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
CIL XV 2816b 5 5
02015
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
|1IIENNAI IVAL((corona))|
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
CIL XV 2816b 5 6
02016
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
|IIIENNAI IVAL((corona))|
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
CIL XV 2816b 5 7
02018
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
|IIIENNAI IVAL((corona))|
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
CIL XV 2816b 6
18332
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
[(I%)(I%)(I%)(E%XN%)(NI%)(VL)(palma)
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
Test 2003 875a
18333
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
[(I%)(I%)(I%)(E%)N(NI)I(VL)(palma)
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
Test 2003 875b
18334
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
[+(N%)(NI)I(VL)(palma)
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
Test 2003 875c
18335
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
[IIIEN(NI%)(I%)(VL%)(corona)
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
Test 2003 875d
18336
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
(l%)(I%)ENN(l%)(VL%)(corona)
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
Test 2003 875e
18337
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
(VL)fcorona)]
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
Test 2003 875f
18338
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
[(r/o)(I%)(I%)(E%)(N%)(N%)(I°/)(VL)(corona%)
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
Test 2003 875g
18339
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNHVL
[+(E%)(N%)N(I%)V(L%)(corona%)]
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
Test 2003 875h
18340
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
[1II(E%)N(N%)
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
Test 2003 875j
18341
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
Test 2003 875k
02020
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
II1ENNIORIVLSAE
[III E(N%)
|HIEnnIO<RIV(LS)AE|
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
CO. XV 2816d 8 1
02021
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIORIVLSAE
]IIIEnnIO<RIV{LS)AE|
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
CD- XV 2816d 8 2
02022
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IHENNIORIVLSAE
|IIIEnnIO<RIV{LS}AE|
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
CIL XV 2816d,8 3
02023
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIORIVLSAE
|IHEnnIO<RTV{LS}AE|
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
CIL XV 2816d 8-4
02024
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIORIVLSAE
|IIIEnnIO<RIV{LS)AE|
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
CIL XV 2816d 8 5
02025
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIORIVLSAE
|IIIEnnIO<RIV{LS)AE|
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
CIL XV 2816d 8 6
02026
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIORIVLSAE
|IIIEnnIO<RIV{LS}AE|
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
CIL XV 2816d,8 7
18342
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIORIVLSAE
[IIIEN(NI%)ORIVLSA(E%)]
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
Test 2003 8751
18343
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIORIVLSAE
117 161
Test 2003 875m
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIORIVLSAE
+(I%)(I%)(I%)( ?)N(IO)(RI)VLSAE]
[1(1%) (N%)(N%)(I%) (S%)(A%)
Roma (Testaccio)
18344
Roma (Testaccio)
117 161
Test 2003 875ml
03815
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
IIQQETCF
Roma (Testaccio)
175 225
CD. XV 3099 1
05977
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
Test 1994 034 276a
02884
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
CIL XV 2952a, 1 1
02885
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
CIL XV 2952a, 1 2
CIL XV 2952a, 1 3
[(I%)LF(T%)
02886
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
02887
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
CIL XV 2952a, 1 4
02888
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
CO. XV 2952a, 1 5
02889
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
CIL XV 2952a, 1 6
02890
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
CIL XV 2952a, 1 7
02891
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
CO. XV 2952a, 1 8
02896
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
CIL XV 2952a, 5
02897
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
CIL XV 2952a, 6
02898
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
CIL XV 2952b 07 01
02899
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
CIL XV 2952b 07 02
02900
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
CIL XV 2952b 07 03
02901
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
CO. XV 2952b 07 04
02902
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
CIL XV 2952b 07 05
02903
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
CIL XV 2952b 07 06
02904
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
CIL XV 2952b 07 07
02905
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
CIL XV 2952b 07 08
02906
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
CIL XV 2952b 07 09
02907
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
CIL XV 2952b 07 10
02909
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
CIL XV 2952b 09
02910
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
CIL XV 2952b 10
05928
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
Test 1994 276c
05974
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
[irL*)F(T%)]
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
Test 1994 276b
15220
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
[ILFT]
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
Tesi 2001 478a
[ILFT]
15221
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
[ILFT]
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
Tesi 2001 478b
15222
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
[LFT]
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
Test 2001 478b 1
15223
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
[ILFT]
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
Test 2001 478c
15224
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
(I%)(L%)F(T%)
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
Test 2001 478d
15225
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
Test 2001 478dl
15226
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
(]%)LF(T%)
LFT]
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
Test 2001 478e
15227
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
[LF(T%>]
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
Tesi 2001 478f
18400
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
(IL(hedera)F
Roma (Testaccio)
220 224
Test 2003 888a
01584
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCANTP
|LC ANATP|
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2742a, I 1
01585
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCANTP
1LC AN A TP|
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2742a, 1 2
01586
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCANTP
]LC A N T P |
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2742a, 1 3
01588
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCANTP
|LCA"NATP|
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2742b 3 1
01589
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCANTP
[LCA A NTP(
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2742b 3 2
01590
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCANTP
|LCAANATP|
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
CIL XV 2742b 3 3
01591
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCANTP
|LCAANATP|
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
Cn, XV 2742b 3 4
01592
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCANTP
|LCAANATP|
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
Cn. XV 2742b 3 5
01593
VIonte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCANTP
|LCAANATP|
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
Cn. XV 2742b 3 6
17253
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCANTP
[LCA(NT)P]
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
Test 1999 008a
17254
VIonte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCANTP
[LCA(NT)P]
Roma (Testaccio)
130 161
Test 1999 008b
01621
VIonte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCH
|LCH|
Roma (Testaccio)
200 299
Ctt. XV 2748a, 1 1
01622
VIonte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCH
|LCH|
Roma (Testaccio)
200 299
CE. XV 2748a, 1 2
01623
VIonte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCH
|LCH|
Roma (Testaccio)
200 299
CD. XV 2748a, 1 3
01624
VIonte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCH
|LCH|
Roma (Testaccio)
200 299
CE. XV 2748a, 1 4
01625
VIonte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCH
|LCH|
Roma (Testaccio)
200 299
CIL XV 2748a, 1 5
01627
VIonte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCHE
|LCHE|
Roma (Testaccio)
200 299
CIL XV 2748b 3 1
01628
VIonte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCHE
|LCHE|
Roma (Testaccio)
200 299
CIL XV 2748b 3 2
01629
VIonte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCHE
|LCHE|
Roma (Testaccio)
200 299
CIL XV 2748b 3 3
01630
VIonte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCHE
|LCHE|
Roma (Testaccio)
200 299
CIL XV 2748b 3 4
01631
VIonte Testaccio
ltaha (Roma)
LCHE
|LCHE|
Roma (Testaccio)
200 299
Cn. XV 2748b 3 5
01632
VIonte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCHE
|LCHE|
Roma (Testaccio)
200 299
Cn. XV 2748b 3 6
01633
VIonte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCHE
|LCHE|
Roma (Testaccio)
200 299
CIL XV 2748b 4
05992
VIonte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCHE
[LCH(E%)]
Roma (Testaccio)
200 299
Test 1994 242a
06556
VIonte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCHE
[L]CHE
Roma (Testaccio)
200 299
Astrom 1952 12
26419
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCHE
ILCHEj
Roma (Testaccio)
200 299
Etienne&Mayet 2004 0240b
01674
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCM
|LCM|
Roma (Testaccio)
150 200
CIL XV 2754a, 1 06
01669
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCM
|LCM|
Roma (Testaccio)
150 200
Ctt. XV 2754a, 1 01
01670
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCM
|LCM|
Roma (Testaccio)
150 200
Ctt. XV 2754a, 1 02
01671
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCM
jLCM|
Roma (Testaccio)
150 200
Ctt. XV 2754a, 1 03
01672
Monte Testaccio
ltaha (Roma)
LCM
|LCM|
Roma (Testaccio)
150 200
Cn. XV 2754a, 1 04
01673
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCM
|LCM|
Roma (Testaccio)
150 200
Cn. XV 2754a, 1 05
01675
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCM
|LCM|
Roma (Testaccio)
150 200
Ctt. XV 2754a, 1 07
01676
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCM
|LCMj
Roma (Testaccio)
150 200
Ctt. XV 2754a, 1 08
01677
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCM
|LCMj
Roma (Testaccio)
150 200
Cn. XV 2754a, 1 09
01678
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCM
|LCM|
Roma (Testaccio)
150 200
Cn. XV 2754a, 1 10
01679
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCM
|LCM|
Roma (Testaccio)
150 200
CIL XV 2754a, 1 11
01680
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCM
|LCM|
Roma (Testaccio)
150 200
Cn. XV 2754a, 1 mult
01681
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCM
|LCM|
Roma (Testaccio)
150 200
Cn. XV 2754b 2
18315
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCM
[LCM]
Roma (Testaccio)
150 200
Test 2003 871a
18316
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCM
[(L%)(C%)M]
Roma (Testaccio)
150 200
Test 2003 871b
26425
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCM
|LCM|
Roma (Testaccio)
150 200
Etienne&Mayet 2004 0252b
01682
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCMY
|LCMAY|
Roma (Testaccio)
140 190
CIL XV 2755 1 01
01683
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCMY
|LCMAY|
Roma (Testaccio)
140 190
Cn. XV 2755 1 02
01684
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCMY
|LCMAY|
Roma (Testaccio)
140 190
Cn. XV 2755 1 03
01685
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCMY
|LCMAY|
Roma (Testaccio)
140 190
Ctt. XV 2755 1 04
01686
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCMY
|LCMAY|
Roma (Testaccio)
140 190
Ctt. XV 2755 1 05
01687
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCMY
|LCMAYj
Roma (Testaccio)
140 190
Ctt. XV 2755 1 06
01688
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCMY
|LCMAY|
Roma (Testaccio)
140 190
Ctt. XV 2755 1 07
01689
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCMY
|LCMAYj
Roma (Testaccio)
140 190
Ctt. XV 2755 1 08
01690
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCMY
|LCMAY|
Roma (Testaccio)
140 190
Ctt. XV 2755 I 09
01691
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCMY
jLCMAY|
Roma (Testaccio)
140 190
Ctt. XV 2755 1 10
01692
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCMY
|LCMAY|
Roma (Testaccio)
140 190
Ctt. XV 2755 1 11
01693
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCMY
|LCMAY|
Roma (Testaccio)
140 190
Ctt. XV 2755 1 12
01694
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCMY
|LCMAY|
Roma (Testaccio)
140 190
Ctt. XV 2755 1 13
01695
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCMY
]LCMAY|
Roma (Testaccio)
140 190
Ctt. XV 2755 1 14
01696
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCMY
|LCMAY|
Roma (Testaccio)
140 190
CO. XV 2755 1 15
01697
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCMY
|LCMAY|
Roma (Testaccio)
140 190
Ctt. XV 2755 I 16
01698
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCMY
|LCMAY|
Roma (Testaccio)
140 190
Ctt. XV 2755 1 17
01699
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCMY
|LCMAY|
Roma (Testaccio)
140 190
Ctt. XV 2755 1 18
01700
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCMY
|LCMAY[
Roma (Testaccio)
140 190
CIL XV 2755 1 mult
01702
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCMY
|LCMAY|
Roma (Testaccio)
140 190
CIL XV 2755 3
01703
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCMY
|LCMAY|
Roma (Testaccio)
140 190
CIL XV 2755 4 1
01704
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCMY
|LCMAYj
Roma (Testaccio)
140 190
CIL XV 2755 4 2
26427
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCMY
|LCMAY|
Roma (Testaccio)
140 190
Etienne&Mayet 2004 0253a
26428
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LCMY
|LCM A Y|
Roma (Testaccio)
140 190
Etienne&Mayet, 2004 0253d
02284
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LFFV
|LF FV|
Roma (Testaccio)
180 193
CIL XV 28441 13
02285
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LFFV
[L]FFV|
Roma (Testaccio)
180 193
CIL XV 2844m 14
02841
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CIL XV 2947a, I 01
02842
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CIL XV 2947a, 1 02
02843
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CIL XV 2947a, 1 03
02844
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CIL XV 2947a, 1 04
02845
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CIL XV 2947a, 1 05
02846
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CIL XV 2947a, 1 06
02847
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CIL XV 2947a, 1 07
02848
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CIL XV 2947a, 1 08
02849
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CIL XV 2947a, 1 09
02850
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CIL XV 2947a, 1 10
02851
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CIL XV 2947a, 1 11
02852
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CIL XV 2947a, 1 12
02853
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CIL XV 2947a, 1 mult
02857
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CIL XV 2947a, 4
02858
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CIL XV 2947b 5 1
02859
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CO. XV 2947b 5 2
02860
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CO. XV 2947b 5 3
02861
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CO. XV 2947b 5 4
02862
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CO. XV 2947b 5 5
02863
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CO. XV 2947c 6
02864
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CD. XV 2947c 7
02865
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CIL XV 2947d 8
02866
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CIL XV 2947d 9
02867
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CIL XV 2947e 10 1
02870
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CIL XV 2947e 12
02871
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CIL XV 2947f 13 1
02872
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CIL XV 2947f
02873
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CIL XV 2947f 13 3
02874
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CIL XV 2947f 13 4
02875
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CIL XV 2947f 13 5
02876
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CIL XV 2947f 13 6
02877
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
CIL XV 2947f 13 7
25236
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LIT
LIT
Roma (Testaccio)
150 284
Rodriguez Almeida, 1977 p236 2
[LSLP]
Roma (Testaccio)
98 138
Test 2003 904a
Roma (Testaccio)
70 121
CIL XV 3228b 5
Roma (Testaccio)
50 70/145 161 Rodriguez Almeida, 1977 f23 2
18438
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LSLP
04410
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
LVTROPHIMI
25228
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
MIM
02733
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
MIM
Roma (Testaccio)
50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, 1 01
02734
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
MIM
Roma (Testaccio)
50 70/145 161 CO, XV 2933a, 1 02
02735
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
MIM
Roma (Testaccio)
50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, 1 03
02736
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
MIM
Roma (Testaccio)
50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, I 04
02737
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
MIM
Roma (Testaccio)
50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, 1 05
02738
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
MIM
Roma (Testaccio)
50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, 1 06
02739
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
MIM
Roma (Testaccio)
50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, 1 07
02740
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
MIM
Roma (Testaccio)
50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a 1 08
02741
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
MIM
Roma (Testaccio)
50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, 1 09
02742
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
MIM
Roma (Testaccio)
50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, 1 10
02743
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
MIM
Roma (Testaccio)
50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, 1 11
02744
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
MIM
Roma (Testaccio)
50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, 1 12
|{M}I{M)
02745
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
MIM
Roma (Testaccio)
50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, 1 13
02746
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
MIM
Roma (Testaccio)
02747
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
MIM
Roma (Testaccio)
50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, 1 14
50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, 1 15
02748
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
MIM
Roma (Testaccio)
02750
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
MIM
Roma (Testaccio)
50 70/145 161 Ctt. XV 2933 a, 1 mult
50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933b 3 1
02751
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
MIM
Roma (Testaccio)
02752
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
MIM
Roma (Testaccio)
50 70/145 161 Ctt. XV 2933b 3 2
50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933c 4 1
02753
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
MIM
Roma (Testaccio)
50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933c 4 2
06565
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
MIM
Roma (Testaccio)
04090
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
MSPO
Roma (Testaccio)
50 70/145 161 Astrom 1952 21
CIL XV 3155f 7
MI[M)
18304
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PANRVF
[P A+
Roma (Testaccio)
70 145
Test 2003 863b1
18305
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PANRVF
[P(ANRV)F]
Roma (Testaccio)
70 145
Test 2003 863c
01422
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PARVA
|P AARVA|
Roma (Testaccio)
post 209
CO, XV 2711a, 1 1
01423
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PARVA
|P AARVA|
Roma (Testaccio)
post 209
CO. XV 2711a, I 2
01424
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PARVA
|P AARVA|
Roma (Testaccio)
post 209
CD. XV 2711a, 1 3
01425
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PARVA
|P AARVA|
Roma (Testaccio)
post 209
CIL XV 2711a, 1 4
01426
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PARVA
|P AARVA|
Roma (Testaccio)
post 209
CO. XV 2711a, 1 5
01427
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PARVA
|P AARVA|
Roma (Testaccio)
post 209
CIL XV 2711a, 1 6
01428
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PARVA
|P AARVA|
Roma (Testaccio)
post 209
CIL XV 2711a, 1 7
01429
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PARVA
|P AARVA|
Roma (Testaccio)
post 209
CE. XV 2711b 2
04952
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PARVA
Roma (Testaccio)
post 209
CIL XV 2711a, 1 8
25766
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PARVA
|P AARVA|
Roma (Testaccio)
post 209
Etienne&Mayet, 2004 0145b
01752
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PCAEHER
jPCAAEHAER|
Roma (Testaccio)
69 117
CIL XV 2770 1
01753
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PCAEHER
|PCAAEHAER|
Roma (Testaccio)
69 117
CIL XV 2770 2
18317
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PCAEHER
[P(CAE)(HE)R]
Roma (Testaccio)
69 117
Test 2003 872a
18318
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PCAEHER
[PC(AE)(HE)(R%)]
Roma (Testaccio)
69 117
Test 2003 872b
18319
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PCAEHER
[PC(AE)(HE)R]
Roma (Testaccio)
69 117
Test 2003 872c
18320
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PCAEHER
[(P%)(C%)(AE%)(HE%)(R%)]
Roma (Testaccio)
69 117
Test 2003 872d
05969
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
PORTO
[POPVLI]
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 1994 300b
15306
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
PORTO
[POPVLI
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 2001 500b
15310
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
PORTO
[POPVL(I%)
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 2001 500f
15311
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
PORTO
(P%)0(P%)V(L%) ]
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 2001 500g
03784
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
CO. XV 3094m 14
03785
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
CIL XV 3094m 15
03786
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
CIL XV 3094n 16 1
03792
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
CIL XV 3094n 17
03793
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
CIL XV 3094o 18 01
03794
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
CIL XV 3094o 18 02
03795
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Ctt, XV 3094o 18 03
03796
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
CO. XV 3094o 18 04
03797
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
CIL XV 3094o 18 05
03798
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Ctt, XV 3094o 18 06
03799
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Ctt. XV 3094o 18 07
03800
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
CIL XV 3094o 18 08
03801
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Ctt, XV 3094o 18 09
03803
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Ctt, XV 3094o 18 mult
03804
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Ctt, XV 3094o 19
05801
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
[POP(V%)LI]
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 1994 300e
05828
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
[POPVLI]
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 1994 300a
05844
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
+pv<)>•• +
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 1994 300h
05971
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
[POPVLI]
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 1994 300d
05979
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
[(P%)OPVLI]
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 1994 300c
05987
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
(P%)OP(V%)(L%)(l%)]
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 1994 300g
06007
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
(P%)OPVL(I%)]
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 1994 300f
15305
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
[POPV(LI)]
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 2001 500a
Test 2001 500c
15307
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
[[POPV(L%)(I%)]
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
15308
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
[PO(P%)VL+
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 2001 500d
15309
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
OPVL(I%)]
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 2001 500e
03698
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORCPR
Roma (Testaccio)
1 99 (c 70)
CD- XV 3079
01203
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORLAR
|PO<RLAR[
Roma (Testaccio)
50 105
CD. XV 2661
02416
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORLFS
|POR L F SI
Roma (Testaccio)
40 130
C I XV 2870 1
03621
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORODV
Roma (Testaccio)
150 199
CD. XV 3058a, 01
03622
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORODV
Roma (Testaccio)
150 199
CIL XV 3058a, 02
03623
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORODV
Roma (Testaccio)
150 199
CD- XV 3058a, 03
03624
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORODV
Roma (Testaccio)
150 199
CIL XV 3058a, 04
03625
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORODV
Roma (Testaccio)
150 199
CIL XV 3058a, 05
03626
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORODV
Roma (Testaccio)
150 199
CD- XV 3058a, 06
03627
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORODV
Roma (Testaccio)
150 199
CD- XV 3058a, 07
03628
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORODV
Roma (Testaccio)
150 199
CD- XV 3058a, mult
03629
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORODV
Roma (Testaccio)
150 199
CD- XV 3058b
03630
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORODV
Roma (Testaccio)
150 199
CIL XV 3058c
26006
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORPSI
PORPSI
Roma (Testaccio)
225 275
Test 2007 588a
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
CD- XV 2990 2
(P%)(0%)RTO]
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 1994 035 301d
03117
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
LVCID
05929
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
PORTO
03765
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
CD- XV 3094d 4 1
03774
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
CD- XV 3094e 7 I
03775
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
CD- XV 3094e 7 2
03776
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
CD- XV 3094f 8
03777
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
CIL XV 3094g 09
03778
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
CD. XV 3094g 10
03779
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
CD- XV 3094h 11
03780
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
CD- XV 3094i 12 I
03781
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
CD- XV 3094i 12 2
05794
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
[PO(R%)TO]
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 1994 301a
05852
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
(0%)RTO]
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 1994 30 Ig
05957
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
[ ORTO]
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 1994 3011
05968
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
[PORTO]
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 1994 301b
05972
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
[(P%)(0%)RT(0%)
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 1994 30If
05986
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
[PORTO]
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 1994 301c
05993
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 1994 30lh
06599
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
[P]ORTO
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Astrom 1952 55
15312
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
[PORTO]
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 2001 soial
15313
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
[PORTO]
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 2001 501b
15314
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
[PO(R%)TO]
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Tesl 2001 501c
15315
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
i(P%)0( A r A )TO]
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 2001 50If
26000
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
PORTO
|POR TO|
Roma (Testaccio)
214 224
Test 2007 584a
01286
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
QAEOPCOL
|QA"EOPCOL|
Roma (Testaccio)
125 175
CD, XV 2685d 4
01284
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
QAEOPO
|QAAEOPO|
Roma (Testaccio)
125 175
CD. XV 2685c 3 1
01285
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
QAEOPO
|QAAEOPO|
Roma (Testaccio)
125 175
CD- XV 2685c 3 2
18308
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
QAEOPO
[Q EOPO]
Roma (Testaccio)
125 175
Test 2003 865i
02757
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
QIMS
Roma (Testaccio)
175 199
CIL XV 2934c 3 1
03224
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
QMS
Roma (Testaccio)
175 199
CIL XV 3015c 4 1
03220
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
QMS
Roma (Testaccio)
175 199
CIL XV 3015a 1 1
03221
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
QMS
Roma (Testaccio)
175 199
CD. XV 3015a, 1 2
03222
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
QMS
Roma (Testaccio)
175 199
CD- XV 3015a 2
03223
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
QMS
Roma (Testaccio)
175 199
CD. XV 3015b 3
03225
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
QMS
Roma (Testaccio)
175 199
CD- XV 3015c 4 2
03226
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
QMS
Roma (Testaccio)
175 199
CD. XV 3015c 4 3
03227
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
QMS
Roma (Testaccio)
175 199
CD- XV 3015c 5
24113
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
QMS
Roma (Testaccio)
175 199
LydmgWill 1983 48 2
PORT
03521
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CO. XV 3045b 2 12
03520
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn, XV 3045b 2 11
03252
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CIL XV 3045b 2 01
03493
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CIL XV 3045a, 1 01
03494
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn. XV 3045a, 1 02
03495
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn, XV 3045a, 1 03
03496
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn, XV 3045a, 1 04
03497
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn. XV 3045a, 1 05
03498
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn. XV 3045a, 1 06
03499
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn. XV 3045a, 1 07
03500
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CO. XV 3045a, 1 08
03501
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CH. XV 3045a, 1 09
03503
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CH XV 3045a, 1 10
Cn, XV 3045a, 1 11
03503
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
03504
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn. XV 3045a, 1 12
03505
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn. XV 3045a, 1 13
03506
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn. XV 3045a, 1 14
03507
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CIL XV 3045a, 1 15
03508
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn. XV 3045a, 1 16
03509
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn, XV 3045a, 1 17
03510
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CIL XV 3045a, 1 18
03511
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn, XV 3045b 2 02
03512
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn. XV 3045b 2 03
03513
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn. XV 3045b 2 04
03514
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn. XV 3045b 2 05
03515
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn. XV 3045b 2 06
03516
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn, XV 3045b 2 07
03517
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn. XV 3045b 2 08
03518
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn. XV 3045b 2 09
03519
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CIL XV 3045b 2 10
03522
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CIL XV 3045b 2 13
03523
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
C I XV 3045b 2 14
03524
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CD_ XV 3045b 2 15
03525
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn. XV 3045b 2 16
03526
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn. XV 3045b 2 17
03527
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn. XV 3045b 2 18
03528
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn. XV 3045b 2 19
03529
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CIL XV 3045b 2 20
03530
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CIL XV 3045b 2 21
03531
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CD. XV 3045b 2 22
03532
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn. XV 3045b 2 23
03533
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn. XV 3045b 2 24
03534
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CIL XV 3045b 2 25
03535
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CIL XV 3045b 2 26
03536
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CIL XV 3045b 2 27
03537
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CIL XV 3045b 2 28
03538
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CIL XV 3045b 2 29
03539
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CIL XV 3045b 2 30
03540
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn. XV 3045b 2 31
03541
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn. XV 3045b 2 32
03542
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn. XV 3045b 2 33
03543
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn. XV 3045b 2 34
03544
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Cn. XV 3045b 2 35
03545
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CIL XV 3045b 2 36
03546
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CDL XV 3045b 2 37
03547
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CIL XV 3045b 2 38
03548
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CIL XV 3045b 2 39
03549
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CIL XV 3045b 2 40
03550
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CTL XV 3045b 2 41
03551
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CIL XV 3045b 2 42
03552
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CIL XV 3045b 2 43
03553
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CIL XV 3045b 2 44
03554
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CIL XV 3045b 2-45
03555
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
C I XV 3045b 2-46
03556
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CH XV 3045b 2-47
03557
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CO. XV 3045b 2 48
03558
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CIL XV 3045b 2 49
03559
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CIL XV 3045b 2 mull
04758
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
CIL XV 3045a, 1 mult
17282
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
[SNR]
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Test 1999 023a
17283
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
[SNR]
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Test 1999 023b
17284
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
[SNR]
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Test 1999 023c
17285
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
[SNR]
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Test 1999 023d
17286
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
[SNR]
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Test 1999 023e
17287
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
[SNR]
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Test 1999 023f
17288
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNR
[SNR]
Roma (Testaccio)
140 180
Test 1999 023g
03571
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNRP
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 3045g 9
03573
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNRP
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 30451 11 1
03574
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNRP
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CO. XV 3045i 11 2
03575
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNRP
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 30451 11 3
03576
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNRP
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CO. XV 30451 11 4
03577
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNRP
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 30451 11 5
03578
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
SNRP
Roma (Testaccio)
145 161
CIL XV 3045i 11 6
18300
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
TANP
Roma (Testaccio)
140 190
Test 2003 861a
04441
Monte Testaccio
Italia (Roma)
VMFC
Roma (Testaccio)
138 161?
CIL XV 3246 1
04989
Roma
Italia (Roma)
CAM
Roma
05067
Roma
Italia (Roma)
DIA
Roma
145 161
CIL XV 3443
02008
Roma
Italia (Roma)
|IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus pataae))|
Roma
117 161
CIL XV 2816a, 4
02894
Roma
Italia (Roma)
IIIENNIIVL
ILFT
Roma
220 224
CIL XV 2952a, 3
01594
Roma
Italia (Roma)
LCANTP
|LCAANATP|
Roma
130 161
CIL XV 2742b 4
01626
Roma
Italia (Roma)
LCH
|LCH|
Roma
200 299
CIL XV 2748a, 2
26418
Roma
Italia (Roma)
LCH
|LCH|
Roma
200 299
Etienne&Mayet 2004 0239a
01701
Roma
Italia (Roma)
LCMY
|LCMAY|
Roma
140 190
CIL XV 2755 2
02869
Roma
Italia (Roma)
LIT
Roma
150 284
CIL XV 2947e 11
04405
Roma
Italia (Roma)
LVTROPHIMI
Roma
70 121
CO. XV 3228a 1
04409
Roma
Italia (Roma)
LVTROPHIMI
Roma
70 121
CIL XV 3228b 4
05123
Roma
Italia (Roma)
MAR
Roma
95 199
CIL XV 3486a
05124
Roma
Italia (Roma)
MAR
Roma
95 199
CIL XV 3486b
05105
Roma
Italia (Roma)
MIMOPSI
Roma
03762
Roma
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
Roma
50 70/145 161 CIL XV 3470
CIL XV 3094a, 1
214 224
03805
Roma
Italia (Roma)
POPVLI
Roma
214 224
CIL XV 3094o 20
02417
Roma
Italia (Roma)
PORLFS
Roma
40 130
CIL XV 2870 2
03881
Roma
Italia (Roma)
PQHEHE
Roma
50 150
CIL XV 3106 2
02893
Tiber [Tiberis]
Italia (Roma)
ILFT
Roma (River)
220 224
CIL XV 2952a 2
02749
Tiber [Tiberis]
Italia (Roma)
MIM
Roma (River)
03562
Tiber [Tiberis]
Italia (Roma)
SNR
Roma (River)
50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, 2
CIL XV 3045b 4
140 180
04442
Tiber [Tiberis]
Italia (Roma)
VMFC
Roma (River)
138 161?
CIL XV 3246 2
26184
Porto Torres [Turns Libyssoms]
Italia (Sardinia)
MAR
MAR
Colonia (est Caesar)/Port
95 199
Villedieu 1984 189
25313
San Giovanni di Sims [Tharras]
Italia (Sardinia)
MIMOPSI
|M I MOPSI|
Vicus/Port
08885
Ksar Pharnoun [Volublhs]
Tingitana
CENHISPSAE
[CEN(H1)SPS(AE)]
Mumcipium
50 70/145 161 Solgiu 1988 amp 40
Mayel 1978 13 095
69 117
[TA (n)P]
PORTO
|POR L F S|
CIL XV 3392
Thouvenot, 1941 p 97 20
08815
Ksar Phamoun [Volubihs]
Tingitana
I1IENN1IVL
[IIIEN(NI) I(VL)(palma)
Municipium
117 161
08719
Ksar Phamoun [Volubihs]
Tmgitana
[II1E(NI)(NI) I(VL)jpalma)]
Municipium
117 161
Boube 1973 75 84
09101
Ksar Phamoun [Volubihs]
Tingitana
II1ENNIVL
LSELSENC
Municipium
117 138
Zehnacker&Hallt 1965 110
08847
Ksar Phamoun [Volubihs]
Tingitana
MAR
[MAR]
Municipium
95 199
Mayet 1978 13 056
08848
Ksar Phamoun [Volubihs]
Tingitana
MAR
[MAR]
Municipium
95 199
Mayet 1978 13 057
08849
Ksar Phamoun [Volubihs]
Tingitana
MAR
[MAR]
Municipium
95 199
Mayet 1978 I 3 058
18113
Ksar Phamoun [Volubihs]
Tingitana
MAR
[MAR]
Municipium
95 199
Pons 2002 Ola
09480
Ksar Phamoun [Volubihs]
Tingitana
PCAEHER
P C(AE) (HER)
Municipium
69 117
Palmier 1981 53
08890
Ksar Phamoun [Volubihs]
Tingitana
SNR
[SNR]
Municipium
140 180
Mayet 1978 I 3 100
08891
Ksar Phamoun [Volubihs]
Tingitana
SNRP
Municipium
145 161
Thouvenot, 1954 p 132 34
08651
Rabat [Sala]
Tmgitana
CEFP
CEFP]
Vicus
69 117
Boube 1973 75 16
08657
Rabat [Sala]
Tingitana
DATZCOL
[DATZCOL]
Vicus
145 161
Boube 1973 75 22
08658
Rabat [Sala]
Tmgitana
EFDS
[EFDS]
Vicus
200 299
Boube 1973 75 23
08662
Rabat [Sala]
Tingitana
LCMY
[LC(MY)]
Vicus
140 190
Boube 1973 75 27
08666
Rabat [Sala]
Tmgitana
LIT
[LIT]
Vicus
150 284
Boube 1973 75 31
08668
Rabat [Sala]
Tingitana
MAEM
[MAEM]
Vicus
125 150
Boube 1973 75 33
08681
Rabat [Sala]
Tingitana
PORLFS
[POR L F (S<)]
Vicus
40 130
Boube 1973 75 46
08991
Sidi Ah ben Ahmed [Thamusida]
Tingitana
AQFVA
Vicus/Port
160 161
Rebuffat&Mano 1977 1295
08809
Sidi Ah ben Ahmed [Thamusida]
Tingitana
CLPV
[CLPV] & [PORTOPOPV]
Vicus/Port
180 250
Thouvenot 1954 p 131 01
08834
Sidi All ben Ahmed [Thamusida]
Tingitana
LIT
[LIT]
Vicus/Port
08855
Tingitana
MIM
[MIM]
Vicus/Port
08797
Sidi Ah ben Ahmed [Thamusida]
Sidi Ah bou Djenoun [Colonia lulia Valentia Banasa]
Tmgitana
AELFO
Colonia (Augustus)
Rebuffat&Mano 1977 87 1068
150 284
50 70/145 161 Thouvenot, 1954 p 131 03
Thouvenot 1954 p 127 16
145 161
08811
Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulta Valentia Banasa]
Tmgitana
DATZCOL
Colonia (Augustus)
145 161
Thouvenot 1954 p 128 32
08813
Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulia Valentia Banasa]
Tmgitana
DIA
Colonia (Augustus)
145 161
Thouvenot 1954 p 128 30
08801
Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulia Valentia Banasa]
Tmgitana
GAF
[GAF]
Colonia (Augustus)
145 224
Thouvenot 1941 p96 06
08828
Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulia Valentia Banasa]
Tmgitana
LCMY
[LC(MY)]
Colonia (Augustus)
140 190
Thouvenot 1941 p 96 08
08829
Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulia Valentia Banasa]
Tmgitana
LCMY
[LC(MY)]
Colonia (Augustus)
140 190
Thouvenot 1954 p 129 43
18102
Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulia Valentia Banasa]
Tmgitana
LCMY
(L%)C(MY)
Colonia (Augustus)
140 190
Pons 2002 13a
18103
Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulia Valentia Banasa]
Tmgitana
LCMY
[LC(MY)]
Colonia (Augustus)
140 190
Pons 2002 13b
08846
Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulia Valentia Banasa]
Tingitana
MAR
[MAR]
Colonia (Augustus)
95 199
Thouvenot, 1954 p 13051
08966
Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulia Valentia Banasa]
Tingitana
MAR
Colonia (Augustus)
95 199
Thouvenot, 1954 p 130 50
18114
Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulta Valentia Banasa]
Tingitana
MAR
[MAR]
Colonia (Augustus)
95 199
Pons 2002 01b
08853
Sidi Alt bou Djenoun [Colonia Lulia Valentia Banasa]
Tingitana
MIAPC
[MI A PC]
Colonia (Augustus)
79 138
Mayet 1978 13 062
09108
Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulia Valentia Banasa]
Tingitana
MIAPC
Colonia (Augustus)
79 138
Thouvenot 1941 p 88 2
08866
Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulia Valentia Banasa]
Tmgitana
POPVLI
[PO PV LI]
Colonia (Augustus)
214 224
Thouvenot 1954 p 130 58
08867
Stdi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulia Valentia Banasa]
Tingitana
PORTO
[PORTO]
Colonia (Augustus)
214 224
Thouvenot 1954 p 130 59
08876
Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulta Valentia Banasa]
Tingitana
QFF
[QFF]
Colonia (Augustus)
69 96
Thouvenot, 1954 p 130 63
18139
Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulia Valentia Banasa]
Tmgitana
SNR
[SNR]
Colonia (Augustus)
140 180
Pons 2002 23b
09091
Tangiers [Tingi]
Tmgitana
AELFO
Colonia
145 161
Ponstch 1970 n i 3
18117
Tangiers [Tingi]
Tmgitana
PANNIRVF
[P(ANNIRV)F
Colonia
69 138
Pons 2002 09
27105
Carthage [Carthago]
Numidia (Africa)
CPC
CPC
Provincial Capital
175 225
Icard 1935 43
26300
Hammamet [Pupput]
Numidia (Africa)
CIS
CIS
Colonia (2nd century)
150 210
Bonifay 2004 f 3 11
06410
Acs Vaspuszta [Ad Statuas]
Pannonia
LCMY
[LC(MY)]
Fort (est 98 117CE)
140 190
Gabler&Kelemen 1984 01
07316
Altenburg [Camuntum]
Pannonia
PMS
Fort (est 19BCE
200 350
Blanc Bijon&al 1998 1189
06416
Budapest [Aquincum]
Pannonia
LCM
|PMS|
[(L%)CM]
Provincial Capital/Fort
150 200
Gabler&Kelemen 1984 08
20702
Rosskopf
Pannonia
QIMS
[QI(M%)/[(AsA)
INDETERMINATE
175 199
Callender 1965 f 15 12
26997
Wien
Pannonia
LCM
|LCM|
Fort (est 81 96 CE)
150 200
Bezeczky 2005 0S7
07239
Ptuj [Poetovio]
Pannonia
GMMF
Fort (Augustan)/Colonia
180 220
Kelemen, 1990 01
26405
Ptuj [Poetovio]
Pannonia
GMMF
|G M M [ F]
Fort (Augustan)/Colonia
180 220
Carre&al 1995 389
20656
Bmgen [Bingium]
Raetia
LCMY
|LCMAYi
Fort (est 19BCE
16CE)/Vicus
140 190
Callender 1965 f08 35
12693
Bregenz [Bngantium]
Raetia
HISPSAENi
HISP SAAE[NAI((corona))J
Fort (est 19BCE
16CE)/Vicus
80 140
Spitzlberger 1978 31
12675
Bregenz [Bngantium]
Raetia
LVTROPHIMI
|LVTAROPAH[AI]M("I](
Fort (est 19BCE
16CE)/Vicus
70 121
Spitzlberger 1978 13
12679
Bregenz [Bngantium]
Raetia
MIM
|MIM|
Fort (est 19BCE
16CE)/Vicus
50 70/145 161 Spitzlberger 1978 17
12964
Bregenz [Bngantium]
Raetia
SNR
|SNR|
Fort (est 19BCE
16CE)/Vicus
140 180
Callender 1965 f 17 20
18261
Chur [Curia Raetorum]
Raetia
SNRP
Fort (est 1 st century CE)/Vicus
145 161
Martin Kilcher 1991 06
PORTOPOPV
[D(AT)SCOL]
16CE)
Fort (2nd century CE)/Vicus
130 161
Remesal 1997 063(3)
Fort (est 1 st century CE)/Vicus
50 100
Czysz.2002 07
Fort (est 1 st century CE)/Vicus
80 130
Baudoux 1990 3a, 121b
|APH|
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus
98 138
Ehmig 2007 T54 17
PANRVF
jP ANRAV F|
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus
70 145
Ehmig 2007 T54 15
Raetia
PCAEHER
|PCAAEHAER
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus
69 117
Ehmig 2007 T53 207
Hufingen
Raetia
LCM
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)
150 200
Remesal 1997 073(3)
14179
Hufingen
Raetia
LCMY
Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)
140 190
Remesal 1997 073h
14253
Kleinkastell Hainhaus
Raetia
lHENNIIVL
Fort (est 83/85)
117 161
Remesal 1997 098a(l)
09010
Lengnau
Raetia
LSLP
|LSLP((amphora))|
INDETERMINATE
98 138
Blanc Bijon&al 1998 1250
20687
Lenzburg
Raetia
MAR
[MAR]
Vicus
95 199
Callender 1965 f 14 24
20678
Oberwinterthur [Vitudurum]
Raetia
PQSB
[PQSB]
Fort (est 19BCE
16CE)/Vicus
50 70
Callender 1965 f 13 48
20684
Olten
Raetia
QANTR
[Q(ANT)R]
Fort (est 19BCE
16CE)/Vicus
41 96
Callender 1965 f 14 13
12700
Regensburg [Castra Regina]
Raetia
LSLP
|L S L P((amphora))|
Fort (pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus
98 138
Spitzlberger 1978 bild2 c
14857
Regensburg [Castra Regina]
Raetia
LSLP
[L S L P(amphora)
Fort (pre 83/85 CEVVicus
98 138
Remesal 1997 286c
18857
Regensburg [Castra Regina]
Raetia
LSLP
[L S L P(amphora)]
Fort (pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus
98 138
Faber 1994 27 12
18853
Regensburg [Castra Regina]
Raetia
PCAEHER
[P(CAE)(HE)]
Fort (pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus
69 117
Faber 1994 27 08
20670
Windisch [Vindonissa]
Raetia
CALPVRPOT
[(C%)(ALP)(VR)PO(T%)
Fort (est I9BCE
16CE)/Vicus
69 117
Callender 1965 f 13 24
20584
Wmdisch [Vindonissa]
Raetia
MAVRI
|MAVR1|
Fort (est 19BCE
16CE)/Vicus
30 80
Callender 1965 fl0 44
20592
Wmdisch [Vindonissa]
Raetia
MIM
|M1M|
Fort (est 19BCE
16CE)/Vicus
50 70/145 161 Callender 1965 f l l 18
20593
Windisch [Vindonissa]
Raetia
MIMOPSI
[M]lMOPSI|
Fort (est 19BCE
16CE)/Vicus
50 70/145 161 Callender 1965 f l l 19
20594
Windisch [Vindonissa]
Raetia
MIMOPSI
|M1 MOPSI|
Fort (est 19BCE
16CE)/Vicus
50 70/145 161 Callender 1965 f l l 20
20677
Windisch [Vindonissa]
Raetia
PQHEHE
[PQ(HE)(HE)]
Fort (est 19BCE
I6CE)/Vicus
50 150
Callender 1965 f 13 43
20690
Windisch [Vindonissa]
Raetia
QCFCH
10 C F C H]
Fort (est 19BCE
16CE)/Vicus
69 117?
Callender 1965 f 14 28
25440
Windisch [Vindonissa]
Raetia
SISEN
|SISAEN|
Fort (est 19BCE
16CE)/Vicus
41 55
Callender 1965 f 17 18
06506
Antioch [Antiocheia]
Syria
GMMF
(G%)MMF]
Provincial Capital
180 220
LydingWill 1983 46
14124
Faimingen
Raetia
LCANTP
08552
Gunzburg [Guntia]
Raetia
LCSOL
08096
Gunzburg [Guntia]
Raetta
SAENIANS
27753
Hedelberg
Raetia
APH
27751
Hedelberg
Raetia
27743
Hedelberg
14182
[L C SOL]
[LC(MY)]
OCEANI'
Stamps bearing Tituli Picti
QMPACS
fflfffflftffl!
15400
16607
07444
21470
14526
04407
03019
05977
01674
25228
05929
03224
03521
03520
Balmuildy
Carlisle [Luguvahum Carvertiorum]
Augst [Augusta Rauracorum]
Avenches [Aventicum]
Heddernheim [Nida]
in villa Ludovisi [Horti Sallustiani]
14124
Monte Testaccio
Monte Testaccio
Monte Testaccio
Monte Testaccio
Monte Testaccio
Monte Testaccio
Monte Testaccio
Monte Testaccio
Faimingen
QnnsniffteDsftBSB
Britannia
Britannia
Germania Superior
Germania Superior
Germania Superior
Italia (Roma)
Italia (Roma)
Italia (Roma)
Italia (Roma)
Italia (Roma)
Italia (Roma)
Italia (Roma)
Italia (Roma)
Italia (Roma)
Raetia
asffirafliaffiftEDsfi!)
Ste[pS((G3GSG[Kii)
&m3mflsBs<®l£wfli
LAF
|FPPOR|
GAVFL
[G (AP%) (F%)]
|LIT|
FPPOR
GAVFL
GAPF
LIT
LVTROPHIMI
ALFO
ILFT
LCM
MIM
PORTO
QMS
SNR
SNR
LCANTP
[(I%)LF(T%)
|LCM|
PORTO
|{M)I{M)
(P%)(0%)RTO]
ffiteHtos
Fort (est 138-144)
Civitas(ofCarvetn)/Fort(est 75 AD)
Fort (est 19BC AD 16)/Colonia (Augustus)
Civitas(ofHelvetn)/Colonia(est 97 117 AD)
Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85)
Roma
Roma (Testaccio)
Roma (Testaccio)
Roma (Testaccio)
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
(Testaccio)
(Testaccio)
(Testaccio)
(Testaccio)
(Testaccio)
Fort (2nd century)/Vicus
ffigfe
142 165
200 299
235 >
150-250
150 284
70-121
130-161
220 224
150-200
50 70 or 145 161
214 224
175 199
140 180
140-180
130-161
fflfiriBUfeS
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-
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XXCVI[—]
XCVII Ti Claudi Nobihs CCVVVI R 1 a( - ) VIII CCXVI / Romuh optand(- ) Astigf—)
[—]X[—]VIII desiderantur desiderantur Commodo Aug(usti) I(ilio) et L[aterano cos] / R astig( - ) [—">] 1 Aelianum Larcus[u— VI
XXCVIII vestigia desiderantur [CXCVIIII] [Or]fito et Pnsco c[os] / ragontanum XXII
[ ] / CXCVIII Nab [ - ]
5 Bradua et V[aro cos] / R AA [
] / Parth[
]
LXXXIII Q Conni Vem[ae] CLXXXXIII Quartaes [
]
XCVII Ti Claudi Nobihs CCVVVI R 1 a( ) VIII CCXVI / Romuh optand( - ) Astigf - )
[fisci rationis parnmo]m / [provinciae Baeticae] R [ - ] / Antonino Au[g(usto) - - ] / [— - ]
XXCIII [- — AJudiutons [-- ]I
XXCII1 [- — A]udiutons [ -]1
XCVIII fisci rat[ionis patnmoni] / provinc[iae Baeticae]
XCVIII fisci rat[ioms patnmoni] / provinc[iae Baeticae]
[— ]X[—]VIII desiderantur desiderantur Commodo Aug(usti) f(ilio) et L[aterano cos] / R astigf - ) [ f] / Aelianum Larcus[u- VI
XXCVIII vestigia desiderantur [CXCVIIII] [Or]fito et Pnsco c[os) / ragontanum XXII+++[- ]/CXCVIII Nab+[-]
5R [
] / Antonino Au[g(usto)
]/ [
]
MxtEBjiMJitat&m
Carreras&Funan 1998 009 4
Callender 1965 f 13 21
MartinK.il 1987 1458
Meylan Krause 1995 123
Remesal 1997 176f
CIL XV 3228b 3-1
CIL XV 2971a -05
Test 1994 034 276a
CIL XV 2754a 1 06
Rodnguez-Almeida 1977 f 23 2
Test 1994 035 301d
CIL XV 3015c 4-1
CIL XV 3045b 2 12
CIL XV 3045b 2 11
Remesal 1997 063(3)
Representativeness of Axati
Overall
Total Dressel 20 Stamps
From Axati Proportion
17063
2591
15%
Britannia
Gallia Lugdunensis
Gallia Narbonensis
Gallia Aquitania
Hispania Lusitania
Hispania Citenor
Hispania Baleares
Hispania Baetica
Mauretania Tmgitana
Numidia Africa
Aegyptus
Syria
Achaia
Pannonia
Raetia
Germania Superior
Germania Inferior
Dalmatia
1953
1159
871
73
13
326
19
3542
252
7
74
1
9
27
202
2061
289
17
264
122
87
20
3
25
2
909
41
2
12
1
1
7
31
295
33
3
14%
11%
10%
27%
23%
8%
11%
26%
16%
29%
16%
100%
11%
26%
15%
14%
11%
18%
Italia
Monte Testaccio
Rome
5723
4196
1240
723
601
103
13%
14%
8%