Distribution of Stamped Dressel 20 Amphorae Produced at Axati in Roman Baetica: A Quantitative Study of Olive Oil Consumption Levels at Military and Civilian Sites

Ryan Hughes

The Roman province of Baetica in southern Spain produced vast amounts of olive oil during the first three centuries CE. The small town of Axati is situated in an area now known as Lora del Rio along the Baetis River, the modern Guadalquivir. This town exported large amounts of olive oil which was distributed throughout the Roman Empire from northern Britain to Alexandria. This study will look at the stamped olive oil amphorae, Dressel 20 type, which were produced there and transported throughout the Empire. The distribution and consumption levels evidenced by these stamped amphorae are quantified here in order to compare the amounts consumed by military and civilian populations. Through this comparison it is demonstrated that the primary consumers were the city of Rome and the civilian settlements within the frontier provinces.

Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier heses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) 2010 Distribution of Stamped Dressel 20 Amphorae Produced at Axati in Roman Baetica: A Quantitative Study of Olive Oil Consumption Levels at Military and Civilian Sites Ryan Hughes Wilrid Laurier University Follow this and additional works at: htp://scholars.wlu.ca/etd Part of the Classical Archaeology and Art History Commons Recommended Citation Hughes, Ryan, "Distribution of Stamped Dressel 20 Amphorae Produced at Axati in Roman Baetica: A Quantitative Study of Olive Oil Consumption Levels at Military and Civilian Sites" (2010). heses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). Paper 1017. his hesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in heses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact scholarscommons@wlu.ca. 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in Roman Baetica: A Quantitative Study of Olive Oil Consumption Levels at Military and Civilian Sites by Ryan Hughes Bachelor of Arts, Wilfrid Launer University, 2009 THESIS Submitted to the Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies m partial fulfilment of the requirements for Master of Arts Wilfrid Launer University 2010 ©Ryan Hughes 2010 Abstract The Roman province of Baetica in southern Spain produced vast amounts of olive oil during the first three centuries CE The small town of Axati is situated in an area now known as Lora del Rio along the Baetis River, the modern Guadalquivir This town exported large amounts of olive oil which was distributed throughout the Roman Empire from northern Britain to Alexandna This study will look at the stamped olive oil amphorae, Dressel 20 type, which were produced there and transported throughout the Empire The distribution and consumption levels evidenced by these stamped amphorae are quantified here in order to compare the amounts consumed by military and civilian populations Through this comparison it is demonstrated that the primary consumers were the city of Rome and the civilian settlements withm the frontier provmces i Acknowledgments This work is dedicated to my family for their unending support and encouragement After completing this thesis there are a large number of individuals that deserve thanks for their aid I would like to first thank my advisor, Dr Gerald Schaus, for his guidance throughout my B A and M A as well as helping to condense and clanfy my final thesis I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr Christopher Simpson, Dr Leonard Curchin, and Dr Jonathan Edmondson who helped to refine the finer points and add clarity to many sections Thanks are also necessary for the WLU Archaeology and Classical Studies and UW Classical Studies faculties for their guidance and teaching both at the undergraduate and graduate level I would next like to thank my family for their support and aid whenever it was needed I would especially like to thank my parents, Edward and Mildred, for helping me to keep everything in perspective and a roof over my head As well I must thank my brother Colin for his support and aid through all my years of university especially in the final months of the M A program Without them enduring my long absences and working during those rare visits this work would not have been completed I would also like to thank my friends Kyle Derringer, Drake Merntt, Paul Evans, Dan Lamont, Rhys Stevenson, A J Renaud, and all the rest, for helping to make my years at Wilfrid Launer as memorable and enjoyable as they were I would like to thank Dr Alexis Young and Dr Ronald Ross for their friendship and guidance throughout my time at WLU The entire ARA archaeology team also deserves thanks for helping me to make it through the final months while showing me that there is still more to experience outside of studying trade amphorae at a desk Lastly, I would like to thank Sarah Nash for always being there when I needed her and making the M A program more enjoyable II Table of Contents Introduction Chronological Range Axati Terminology Methodology Previous Scholarship Roman Economy Olive Oil Studies Amphorae The Dressel 20 Amphora Amphora Studies Amphora Epigraphy Olive Oil Production Monte Testaccio Amphora Markings Stamps Tituh Picti Graffiti Incomplete and Umque Stamps of Axati Incomplete Stamps Unique Stamps Quantifications Empire-Wide Study Distribution Routes Representativeness of Axati Provmcial Studies Western Provinces Britannia Gallia Lugdunensis Gallia Aquitama Gallia Narbonensis Germania Inferior Germania Superior Raetia Hispania Citenor and Baleares Hispania Lusitania Hispania Baetica North African Provmces Mauretania Tingitana 1 3 4 5 6 9 9 13 15 17 23 25 27 31 36 36 56 53 54 54 55 58 59 62 66 67 67 67 78 82 84 89 93 106 109 113 114 120 120 HI Numidia Africa Eastern Provmces Pannoma Dalmatia Achaia Syria Aegyptus Conclusions Italia Rome Monte Testaccio Conclusions Maps Bibliography Readmg the Catalogue 121 123 123 124 125 126 127 128 130 132 138 145 149 159 167 Quantifications Quantifications of the Provinces Lora del Rio (Axati) Catalogue Lora del Rio (Axati) Stamps Across the Empire Catalogue Stamps Bearing Tituh Picti IV List of Tables Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10 Table 11 Table 12 Table 13 Table 14 Table 15 Table 16 Table 17 Table 18 Axati stamped amphorae in Britannia Axati stamped amphorae in Gallia Lugdunensis Axati stamped amphorae in Gallia Aquitania Axati stamped amphorae in Gallia Narbonensis Axati stamped amphorae in Germania Inferior Axati stamped amphorae in Germania Superior Axati stamped amphorae in Raetia Axati stamped amphorae in Hispama Citenor and Baleares Axati stamped amphorae in Hispama Lusitania Axati stamped amphorae in Hispama Baetica Axati stamped amphorae in Mauretania Tmgitana Axati stamped amphorae in Numidia Africa Axati stamped amphorae in Pannonia Axati stamped amphorae in Dalmatia Axati stamped amphorae in Achaia Axati stamped amphorae in Syria Axati stamped amphorae in Aegyptus Axati stamped amphorae in Italia V 67 78 82 84 89 93 106 109 113 114 120 121 123 124 125 126 127 130 List of Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23 Figure 24 Figure 25 Figure 26 Figure 27 Figure 28 Figure 29 Figure 30 Dressel 20 Amphorae Dressel 20 Form I Dressel 20 Form II Dressel 20 Form III Dressel 20 Form IV Dressel 20 Form V Evolution of Dressel 20 handles and position of stamps Layout of the Catoman trapetum Topographical distribution of Monte Testaccio Examples of stamps found on Dressel 20 amphorae Location of amphora marks and location of stamps on Dressel 20 amphorae Symbols and ornaments found on Dressel 20 amphora stamps Forms of punctuation encountered in stamps Tituh Picti Distnbution of stamped amphorae produced at Axati Distnbution of stamped amphorae produced at Axati showing the pnmary trade routes Distnbution of all Dressel 20 stamped amphorae produced in Baetica Distnbution of stamped amphorae within Britannia Distnbution of stamps in Gallia Lugdunensis to the Rhine Distribution of stamps within Gallia Aquitania Distnbution of stamps from Gallia Narbonensis Distnbution of stamps in Germania Infenor Stamped amphorae in Germania Supenor and Raetia Distnbution of stamped amphorae throughout the Hispamae Stamped amphorae produced at Axati (flagged) in Baetica Distnbution of stamps within Mauretama Tmgitana and the Lower Baetis Valley Stamp distribution in the Province of Pannoma Stamps from Axati found within the Eastern Mediterranean Distnbution of Axati stamps within Italia, Dalmatia andNumidia Distnbution of stamped amphorae produced at Axati along the Germanic Frontiers VI 17 19 20 20 20 21 22 29 33 36 37 44 46 47 149 150 151 152 152 153 153 154 154 155 155 156 156 157 157 158 Amphora markings are one of the most prolific and informative features of the olive oil industry of Roman Baetica dunng the 1st through 3 rd centunes CE Due to the wide distribution of Baetican olive oil, marked Dressel 20 amphorae are found throughout the Empire with a concentration in the Western provinces, at Rome and along the military frontiers The stamps are found pnmanly on the handles and upper body of the transport amphorae identifying the owner of the olive oil On the neck and shoulder are wntten the tituhpicti which are the most informative of the markings and also the most complex and poorly preserved Graffiti are found on some vessels and if applied pnor to firing (ante cocturam), they can provide information on the ongin of the vessels If applied after finng (post cocturam), they may show reuse of the amphora or its reception at its destination This study will focus on the stamps and other markings, where applicable, found on Dressel 20 amphorae produced at Lora del Rio, ancient Axati, in Roman Baetica Unless stated otherwise, all amphorae and stamps discussed onginated at Axati The stamps which were produced there were determined through archaeological excavations and surveys The stamps will be the primary focus of this study because of their abundance They typically bear the tria nomina of the owner of the olive oil contained m the vessel although they can also bear the names of the kiln owners or the slaves who produced the vessels Using the names found in the stamps, it is possible to identify prominent individuals of Baetica who are also recorded by ancient authors or mscnptions By studying the distribution of stamps from Axati alone, it will be possible to determine distnbution routes and consumption patterns across the Empire 1 Aside from stamps, tituhpicti and graffiti are also found on some vessels, although only a few bear Axati stamps, which provide relative dates, weights and the name of the central processing city Using this information it is possible to track the early transport of these amphorae prior to their distnbution across the Empire By studying the stamps on amphorae from a single city m Baetica, it is possible to determine the general distribution and consumption of Baetican olive oil throughout the Empire Limiting this study to stamps from a single site allows for a manageable yet representative quantity of material Although this also limits the number of sites and regions where the amphorae reached, the patterns shown by the Axati amphorae are representative of the wider production and distribution for the whole of Baetica to a significant degree A focused study of the Lora del Rio region, ancient Axati, was conducted m a preliminary form by Jose Remesal Rodriguez in 1983 through a program of surveying and excavations Despite this early work, there is still little known about Axati and its olive oil production 1 This study will take a quantitative approach using the stamps and other markings which were produced at Axati and transported around the Empire It will focus on the proportions of amphorae which have been recovered from civilian settlements in contrast to military sites and a companson of the proportions consumed in each province By comparmg the levels of acquisition and consumption at civilian sites with that at military sites, the question of distnbution routes and primary consumers will be addressed Such a quantitative study of amphorae, produced at Axati and consumed throughout the Empire has not been attempted 1 This 1983 work of J Remesal Rodriguez on the Lora del Rio region was not available to the current author 2 previously In the end it will reveal that the primary consumers of this olive oil were the city of Rome and civilian settlements throughout the Western provinces Chronological Range The chronological range of this study begins in the second quarter of the 1st century CE, around 30 CE when the Dressel 20 amphora was first introduced, and lasts until 284 CE about 33 years after the amphorae had stopped being shipped to Monte Testaccio in Rome The Dressel 20 amphora shape was used for approximately 250 years during the height of olive oil production both at Axati and withm Baetica Due to the origins of the Dressel 20 amphora form in the 1st century CE all dates in the present study will be CE unless stated otherwise The Axati stamps have been dated using four techniques with varying levels of accuracy The first requires the presence of tituh picti on the stamped amphorae These provide consular dates when preserved complete, thus giving exact dates for the associated stamp When these are not available, as most are not, thosefromMonte Testaccio are dated using a second technique based on their position withm the mound The dates which were established by Heinrich Dressel and E Rodriguez Almeida for each sector of the mound provide a brief date range usually around 15 to 30 years When these also are not available, the dates have been established using the third technique based on the archaeological context of the amphorae around the Empire By taking the earliest and latest contextual dates, a typically wide date range can be established for the amphora arriving at its deposition site In order to narrow these ranges, a fourth technique is used, based on the morphology of the vessel and its handles Only 14 stampsfromAxati, and only 1 within the Empire, have not been dated using these four techniques The wide date ranges 3 for many of the stamps prevent an accurate study of distribution chronologically at the moment although further study may allow for this later The chronological issues involving evidence for the olive oil industry of Axati and Roman Baetica raised by this quantitative study of the stamped amphorae are many and complex Studying the spread of Axati stamps based on their chronology may yield a pattern of distribution that shows the expansion of the Roman Empire and military frontiers, the development of oil distribution routes and the changes which occurred at all levels of civilian society following the intrusion of Romans into a region Although a thorough study of the chronological aspects of the stamps may be an interesting and potentially rewarding avenue, it is outside the range of this study and would require an in-depth study of the stamps and their forms Axati Little is known about the history of Axati, modern Lora del Rio, during the Roman period Remesal Rodriguez's excavations determined that there was a prehistoric village within the town The date of the first Roman settlement is unknown Axati itself is first mentioned by Pliny the Elder m his Naturahs Historia 3 3 11 when he locates it between the cities of Penaflor and Arva along the Guadalquivir River The city is next mentioned in connection to the Flavian expansion of Latin rights in Baetica when the city became a mumcipium Flavium included in the voting tribe of the Quirina Apart from this little information about its location and political status after the Flavian period, there is little else recorded 2 2 Hubner, 1956,137 4 Terminology The terms "trade" and "distribution" are used here to describe the mechanism by which olive oil from Axati contained in transport amphorae called Dressel 20's reached regions in the Roman Empire outside Baetica "Trade" is herein defined as the act of relinquishing a commodity, such as olive oil contained in Dressel 20 amphorae, by a producer, supplier or seller, and the concomitant acquisition of the commodity by a purchaser, merchant, government agent or consumer, in exchange for another commodity or for the equivalent value in money This type of exchange is well attested throughout the Roman Empire and is likely the mechanism by which many of the amphorae reached their final destination There is, however, no verifiable way to determine which amphorae were purchased by private merchants or consumers, and which were acquired by state traders Nor can one tell which ones were simply requisitioned by the State, or produced on imperial properties, and then distributed Due to the connotations of monetary or commodity exchange inherent in the term "trade," another term, "distribution," is preferred since it is more neutral with regard to the fiscal ramifications of the exchange mechanism It better accommodates all forms of acquisition and movement of goods encountered within the Roman Empire The concept of "Romamzation" is a complex and much debated issue within scholarship on the Roman provinces "Romamzation" is used here to explam the appearance of certain Roman cultural adaptations, such as preferences for fashions and customs associated with Rome or more broadly with Latin Italy, in areas where they were not previously found These customs mclude the use of olive oil in bathing, eating and lighting as well as in other contexts "Romamzation" is especially apparent with the distribution and consumption of olive oil since 5 the olive is geographically limited to the Mediterranean basin, was a common feature of Roman life, and only became popular in non-olive producing areas of Europe in particular after the conquest of those areas by Roman legions and their control and administration withm the Empire Consumption of olive oil in areas where there was little previous knowledge of the olive closely follows the intrusion of Roman armies and subsequent infiltration of Roman or Mediterranean civilian populations, such as is clearly evidenced by the transport amphorae found in northern Britannia and Germania Superior and Inferior The construction of typically Roman buildings and urban features such asfora, basihcae and curiae can be found as another feature of Romamzation, particularly at many of the sites where Axati stamped amphorae were recovered Although the concept of Romamzation together with its indicative features is highly debated, the term is used in this study to descnbe the adoption of Roman customs generally, and the consumption of olive oil especially, within the provinces where the olive is not typically cultivated Methodology The present study began by using Dressel 20 amphora stamps recovered from Roman Axati Through the stamps from the surrounding production sites, it was determined which ones were produced at Axati itself and which ones were produced elsewhere and imported to Axati Those which were imported to Axati were eliminated from the study and are discussed in connection with their own production regions in Baetica Those stamps which were produced at Axati were then explored using the CEIPAC Corpus, along with published catalogues of stamps, 6 to determine where else in the Empire the stamps had been recovered 3 The distribution of these sites around the Empire was mapped using ArcMap 9 3 (produced by ESRI Incorporated) Based on the site where each stamp was recovered, the type of site was established as well as its history and function m the Roman world The site type was determined by using archaeological surveys, excavations reports, and site publications along with the Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites They are divided into seven main categories 1) civilian settlements, 2) combined military and civilian settlements, 3) military fortifications, 4) shipwrecks, 5) miscellaneous occupation, 6) Rome and 7) Monte Testaccio Further divisions within these categories mcluded colomae, municipia, civitates, provincial capitals, forts and fortresses, farming sites and a variety of other site designations Based on these divisions, the proportions of sites which served a civilian function and those which served a military function were determined Since many military sites are closely associated with civilian occupations, the category of civilian and military function was employed to categorize them Using the proportions of stamps found at each site, the consumption levels at civilian settlements were compared with those at military sites Following the division of the sites into types, the proportions of stamps found within each province and each category were established The numbers of stamps found m each province, and each type of settlement within that province, were laid out in charts for ease of analysis and companson The results are included with the catalogue Using the stamps produced at Axati and 3 CEIPAC is an acronym for the Centro para el Estudio de la Interdependence Provincial en la Antiguedad Clasica (Center for the Study of Provincial Interdependence in Classical Antiquity) which was established in 1995 under the guidance of J RemesaI Rodriguez 7 exported around the Empire, a preliminary analysis of the Baetican olive oil industry and consumption levels around the Empire has been conducted Previous Scholarship Roman Economy Modern study of the Roman economy began in the 1890s in Germany Since then it has developed contemporaneously with changing social and economic conditions and the advance of both technology and methodology Early German scholars focused on the performance of the economy how much was produced, the distribution of costs and the stability of production 4 These scholars, who were later called 'pnmitivists', proposed a household economy for the Roman Empire which did not permit outside influence and was largely self-sufficient5 'Modernists' arose opposmg the 'pnmitivists' claiming that the Roman economy was equivalent to early modern Europe in its scale and function Some scholars, led by Max Weber, proposed that studying the Roman economy strictly on a primitive to modern scale was unimportant and that instead the focus should be placed on understanding the structure of the economy and the effects which social status had on the production, distribution and consumption of produce 6 By the beginning of World War I, Roman economic historians favoured a modernist approach in their studies After the War, Mikhail Rostovtzeff re-initiated interest in the Roman economy with his survey of Roman history and ancient economic practices 7 He proposed a broad focus on ancient markets and how these allowed for large-scale urban development to arise He noted the disparities which existed between the poverty of the plebeians, the majority of the Roman population, and the elite classes in terms of access to foodstuffs, luxury goods and markets This 4 Morns, Sailer and Scheidel, 2008, 2 They did allow for slight outside involvement in urban contexts and at rural markets to explain the transfer of luxury goods and materials not available in the region 6 Love, 1986,105 7 Rostovtzeff 1941 5 9 broad focus on markets and their performance was found to be insufficient m the 1950s through the 1970s with the resulting rise of substantivism under Karl Polanyi In 1957, Polanyi proposed three mechanisms to explain the distribution of produce Q reciprocity, redistribution and market economy The mechanisms of reciprocity and redistribution were based on social practices and institutions such as the patronus-chens relationships in Roman society Market economies allowed for the individuals involved to become unattached members of society who could be solely interested in profit Recent scholarship has revived the question of the level of sophistication and complexity of the Roman economy This was addressed by Tenney Frank in 1959 with his publication of an Economic Survey of Ancient Rome 9 Since then scholars have been divided between those who argue that the bureaucratic structure of the Roman Empire was insufficient to support a complex economic system and those who argue that it was The debate revolves around the degree of control and integration which the Roman government had in local, regional and long-distance trade and the level of sophistication that this signifies 10 The next major scholar to address the issue, Moses Finley, was influenced by Polanyi and his substantivist approach although he disagreed with his interpretations In 1973, Finley published a major study, The Ancient Economy, which emphasized the importance of structure over performance in the Roman world He argued that the overwhelming concern for status and citizenship resulted in delaying, or altogether preventing, the development of markets in land, 8 Polanyi et a l , 1957, 250 Frank, 1959 10 See A H M Jones, 1974, Duncan-Jones, 1982, Garnsey and Sailer, 1987 9 10 labour and capital The limitations placed on these markets also affected the development of trade and new technologies These limitations m turn restricted the wealthy from purchasmg the labour of poor citizens, resulting m the increased exploitation of slave labour over that of free citizens n The processes of lending and trading between citizens, along with financial institutions, were looked down on by the elite resulting in these sectors of the economy being controlled by liberti, foreigners or the equestnan class in Rome Urban structure was maintained through the exploitation of rural rents, taxes and tribute rather than trading urban goods for rural produce Fmley believed that this mindset of the Romans emphasized expansionism and war in order to fill the treasury rather than the development of trade and markets 12 Fmley's work strongly influenced subsequent scholarship on the Roman economy His views were continued and expanded by his successor at Cambridge University, Keith Hopkins, who stressed the 'cellular self-sufficiency' of the Roman economy which Finley had begun to present In this model "each farm, each district, each region, grew and made nearly all that it needed " 13 The majority of the Roman population was directly involved in agriculture, which was the basis of aristocratic status, with a few widespread urban communities which fed off the surplus Small towns throughout the Empire provided any goods which could not be made in the home, such as metal implements and pottery, as well as supplying a market to sell surplus goods Hopkins stressed that the level of interregional and long-distance trade was limited by the high price of transport, especially by land, as well as the poverty of the majority of both rural and 11 Fmley, 1973,128 12 Morris, Sailer and Scheidel, 2008, 3 Current scholarship suggests that the emphasis on war and expansionism in Roman culture was due to the pursuit of gloria amongst the elite 13 Hopkins, 1983, xi 11 urban populace He elaborated on the models of Finley allowing them to accommodate economic growth and decline 14 Since the early work of Hopkins, focus has shifted to interpreting the per capita production levels of the Roman Empire and attempting to identify trends therein The work of Richard Sailer has identified that there was a slight increase, of 0 1 percent per annum, throughout the Western Roman Empire from 200 BCE to 100 CE Although the increase seems insignificant, it accumulated over time, resulting in an increased standard of living for even the poor citizens 15 The trends which he identified follow this increase in per capita production with an increase in long distance trade and an increased consumption level for luxury goods Sailer continues to work on the Roman economy, focusing on the growth of markets and the development of economic institutions during the Imperial period 16 The early concepts advanced by the 'pnmitivists' of the performance of the Roman economy, have been revived by recent economic historians This shift has resulted in increased interest in the expansion of the economy as the Roman Empire expanded This resulted in a centralized market and consumer, Rome, which was fed from the production of the provinces through taxation, tribute and trade Current trends in scholarships are interested in determining consumption levels for the poorer classes, based in grain equivalent, as well as the per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of the Roman Empire 17 This trend is accompamed by a focus on 14 For a detailed view of Hopkins' models see Hopkins, 1983, xv-xx Morris, Sailer and Scheidel, 2008,11 16 Morris, Sailer and Scheidel, 2008 17 See Bowman and Wilson, 2009 15 12 quantifying the archaeological record and incorporating the small amount of information supplied by ancient authors on the economy Our understanding of the Roman economy has advanced significantly smce the late 19th century The most recent studies on the Roman economy by Alan Bowman and Andrew Wilson were done as part of a series of monographs under the title, Oxford Studies on the Roman Economy, the first of which was published m 2009 Alongside this, Cambridge University has updated its economic overview with the publication of The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World m 2008, by Ian Morns, Richard Sailer and Walter Scheidel This updates an earlier monograph with the same title This brief outline displays the trends and concepts which are current in scholarship of the Roman economy without delving in-depth into its complexity Olive Oil Studies Study of the olive oil industry of Roman Baetica began with the work of Heinnch Dressel at Monte Testaccio in 1878 He concluded that in order to advance our understanding of this industry, the site of Monte Testaccio must undergo extensive study and excavation, and intensive surveys of Baetica needed to be conducted The extensive study of Monte Testaccio was taken up by E Rodriguez Almeida in 1972 as is discussed in detail below (see below, page 28) The first survey of Baetica was conducted in 1899 by W E Clark Maxwell who surveyed the countryside identifying sites and towns as well as compiling the first corpus of stamps from the provmce Intensive surveys were later conducted by G E Bonsor, Michel Ponsich and G Chic 13 Garcia These covered most of Baetica and have provided most of the stamps and information available about the industry and the province The first intensive survey of Baetica was conducted by G E Bonsor and published in 1931 under the title The Archaeological Expedition along the Guadalquivir 1889-1901 This survey provided the method and outline for later surveys which occurred after World War II He also provided a large corpus of stamps which allowed for early studies of the olive oil industry In 1974 and 1979 Michel Ponsich conducted the two most intensive and well planned surveys of the province His two publications, both entitled Implantation rurale antique sur le basGuadalquivir, contain extensive lists of stamps as well as identifications of the majonty of kilns, farms, villas and sites within the province He categorized the sites based on the surface spread of artefacts, along with literary evidence G Chic Garcia supplemented these with his survey, Epigrafia anforica de la Betica I Las marcas impresas en el barro sobre dnforas oleanas (Dressel 19, 20, 23), published in 1985 which revealed stamps and sites which were not visible during the surveys of M Ponsich 18 In 1978, Jose Remesal Rodriguez published his work, Economia oleicola Betica nuevas formas de andlisis, which brought the stamps of the Guadalquivir valley to the forefront of olive oil studies, alongside the earlier excavation reports from Monte Testaccio This work has been continued by Remesal Rodriguez along with his colleagues P Berni Millet, J M Blazquez Martinez and E Rodriguez Almeida in Baetica and throughout the Empire The study of the olive oil industry of Baetica is closely tied with that of amphora studies and epigraphy, since the 18 With the passing of time archaeological sites can be both revealed and obliterated due to modern construction, farming and expansion, resulting in an ever changing archaeological landscape revealed by surface surveying 14 transport amphorae and their markings, are the most common archaeological find for the industry Amphorae The study of transport amphorae m antiquity is complicated by the lack of a concise definition which can be applied universally to all regions within a time frame This problem is exacerbated by the large number of cultural groups who contributed their pottery to the Roman Empire and its provmces Although several scholars have advanced tentative definitions to identify amphorae, the most comprehensive and applicable cntena were put forward by Virginia Grace m 1961 She states that "There is a vanety of shapes, but they have in common a mouth narrow enough to be corked, two opposite vertical handles and at the bottom usually a tip or knob which serves as a third handle, below the weight, needed when one inverts a heavy vessel to pour from it " I 9 These cntena can be easily applied to the Dressel 20 amphora used to distribute Baetican olive oil Amphorae were first developed m the 18th century BCE by the Canaamtes of the eastern Mediterranean coast as a thick-walled undecorated vessel likely made specifically for transporting large quantities of goods throughout the Mediterranean The Canaamte jar can be found at a many sites in Palestine, Egypt, mainland Greece and Crete The importation of these vessels into Egypt led the Egyptians to develop their own form, based largely on the Canaamte vessel, with a slim and tall body The nse of the Phoenicians in the Levant spread the Canaamte jar throughout the eastern Mediterranean and into sites of the western Meditenanean The 19 Grace, 1961, 22 15 Phoenician vessels were slimmer but larger than their predecessors with a long cylindrical body 20 Although the Canaanite jar was introduced into Greece during the Mycenaean period, it did not supplant the stirrup jar as the primary transport vessel 21 The transport amphora was not produced in Greece until the 7 th century BCE although the origin of these vessels, whether from Egyptian or Levantine forms, is unclear based on the style The introduction of the amphora form into Greece resulted in a large number of styles and forms to emerge developed by individual regions and city-states The vanations in style and decoration could have been used by merchants and consumers to identify the region from which the products came or the type of commodity which was contained withm 22 Following the adoption of transport amphorae by the Greeks, stamps were introduced on the handles and bodies These were as varied in style and form as the amphorae themselves Some stamps contained the symbols or initials of the producing city-state while others recorded the name of the current ephor, which at times were accompanied by the production month The information contained in the stamps could have been a type of certification of the weight or contents of the vessel for tax or consumption purposes Alternately it may have been used by the merchant or consumer to identify the region where the contents were harvested or produced 24 20 Callender, 1970,4 The stirrup jar has a rounded body with two handles rising from the shoulder to either side of the neck which is tall and rounded These could be decorated or plain and served as transport vessels 22 Peacock and Williams, 1986, 22 23 These closely dated stamps were likely used on wine amphorae 24 Garnsey, Hopkins and Whittaker, 1983, 33 21 16 Although some amphorae did contain stamps, beginning the tradition which the Romans adopted and led to this study, the majority did not The large scale production of amphorae in the Greek world led to the importation of the vessels into southern Italy and Sicily These vessels reached the Greek colonies as imports primarily from then- mother city limiting the number of forms which arrived in Italia 25 From these vessels the Greco-Italic style arose in the late 4 th or early 3 rd century BCE Early Roman amphorae were based on this form which would later evolve mto a variety of vessels including the Dressel 20 amphora in the 1st century CE The Dressel 20 Amphora The Dressel 20 amphora (Fig. 1) is also referred to as Beltran V, Ostia I, Callender 2, Peacock and Williams Class 25 and simply as a 'globular amphora' The wide vanety of names is due to the differing systems of classification used by scholars In this study the classification of Heinnch Dressel will be used The amphora has a large globular body, oval in shape with sharply bent, thick handles The neck is short, the mouth has a concave run and there is a small knob found on the bottom of most vessels The amphora developed from the Dressel 25 amphora, also called Oberaden 83, Haltern 71 and Peacock and Williams Class Peacock, 1986, 23 17 C Figure 1. Dressel 20 Amphorae. F r o m . P e a c o c k a n d w ^ m s , i986? 139. 24, which had an oval shape with a narrow mouth The Dressel 20 amphora has a distinctive shape and features which allow for easy identification of incomplete vessels ' The Dressel 20 amphora is a large vessel for which the capacity and weight have been recorded by both ancient and modern authors The amphorae themselves stood between 62 and 78 centimeters in height with a belly which was around two-thirds the height The capacity of the vessels ranges from 40 to 80 modern litres with the average capacity recorded on the amphorae themselves between 61 and 70 litres The weight of the filled vessels ranged from 80 to 100 kilograms as recorded in tituhpicti and graffiti These large vessels were used only as transport amphorae with the olive oil being transferred to smaller containers prior to being consumed The Dressel 20 amphora was introduced in the 2nd quarter of the 1st century, although its exact introduction date is unclear, with its most extensive use during the Claudian and Flavian periods It continued in common usage until the end of the 3 rd century when it declined sharply and altogether ceases at Monte Testaccio 26 When the transition from the Dressel 25 amphora to Dressel 20 occurred in Baetica is unclear Despite this, the Dressel 25 amphora was completely replaced in the archaeological record by the mid-1 st century although some vessels were later reused The reason for the sudden cessation of the Dressel 20 is also unclear The vessel may have evolved into the later Dressel 23 amphora about the mid-3rd century Several attempts have been made to produce an evolutionary timeline based on the shapes of the rims, handles and slight variations in body and proportions The earliest of these was attempted by E Pehchet in This occurred in 251 at Monte Testaccio although the vessel was still used in a limited capacity until the early 4 century throughout the Empire 18 1946, while the one employed in this study was advanced by P Berni Millet in 2008 The Dressel 20 amphora was one of the most common amphorae in the Western provmces of the Roman Empire and was produced and m use for three centuries solely for the distribution of Baetican olive oil Although the Dressel 20 amphora maintained its signature globular shape throughout its use, there was an evolution in the morphology of the vessel It expenenced five distinct phases (Figs. 2-6) which have a relatively closed chronology based on consular dates found in titulipicti at Monte Testaccio and throughout the Empire Along with the changes in amphora form, the handles changed as well (Fig. 7) Each of these forms will be discussed in detail due to their importance for dating the stamps 28 Form One, (shown on right in Fig. 2) dating to the later Juho-Claudian period (30 to 50), represents the earliest form with its charactenstic globular body These amphorae have a rounded bottom with a prominent tip while the nm is rounded and thick The handles are round m section They curl smoothly away from their attachment directly below the nm to the shoulder of the vessel Form One vessels became wider and shorter over time Pehchet, 1946,191 Berni Millet, 2008, 59-61 19 50 Figure 2. Dressel 20 Form I. From: Berni Millet, 2008,64 Form Two (Fig. 3) is found during the reigns of Nero and i T Vespasian (50 to 80) This form has the widest waist of all Dressel 20 amphorae The rim becomes flatter and more triangular than if those found in the Juho-Claudian period Handles are more triangular in cross-section than Form One and rise upwards near the ran before descending in a slightly rounded form to 50 an Figure 3. Dressel 20 Form II. From: Berni Millet, 2008,64 attach to the shoulder Form Three (Fig. 4) is found under the Flavians, Trajan and Hadrian (80-130) The vessels are more refined than their predecessors while maintaining the globular body The rims become flatter and more compressed resulting in a wide and large flaring mouth The handles return to bemg round in cross-section and are attached horizontally to the neck They curl slightly Figure 4. Dressel 20 Form III. From: Berni Millet, 2008,64 to reach their maximum distance from the neck, which is greater than on later handles, before descending nearly vertically to the shoulder Vessels of Form Four (Fig. 5) are found in the Antonine period (130-190) They became shorter and more robust m form Due to this they have a smaller internal capacity than is found in the earlier Forms Two and Three The rim becomes triangular and thicker, curling away from the 20 Figure 5. Dressel 20 Form IV. From: Berni Millet, 2008,64 mouth of the vessel The handles of Form Four are smaller than Form Three while maintaming the rounded cross-section They curl smoothly from near the middle of the neck down to the shoulder The final phase, Form Five, is found during the Severan and post-Severan period of the 3rd century (Fig. 6) This form corresponds to a small rise m exports from Baetica which had decreased during the Antonine f \ / period The vessels have a low medial waist resulting m a sack-like shape with a more straight-sided upper body 190 The rims, and mouths, are smaller than those found on Figure 6. Dressel 20 Form V. previous forms while maintaining the triangular shape of From: Berni Millet, 2008, 64 the previous form This form has smaller handles than Form Four which became flatter in cross-section The handles run from the short neck, sometimes beginning from the body if there is no discernible neck, and curl sharply to the shoulder of the vessel The Dressel 20 amphora developed from Form Five into the Dressel 23 amphora, which was significantly smaller in size as well as less widely distributed Due to slight changes m body and handle forms for the Dressel 20 amphora from the 1st to the 3rd centunes it is possible to date stamps, rims, handles and vessels within a relative narrow range corresponding to identifiable emperors and periods 21 Figure 7. Evolution of Dressel 20 handles and position of stamps. From: Berni Millet, 2008, 84. Dressel 20 amphorae were manufactured solely along the banks of the Guadalquivir River and its tributaries in Baetica The clay has-been traced, using fabric analysis, to the deposits around the Sierra Morena mountain range and the clay beds of the Baetis Valley The fabric was thick and rough with a high sand content Vessels are found in three main colours buff, light reddish-brown and grey The fabric has also been traced through petrological analysis and visible charactenstics The petrological composition of these amphorae is similar throughout the Roman Empire and can be traced to the Guadalquivir valley, and kilns along its river Dressel 20 amphorae are used in this study because of their geographic limits of production and their direct association with Baetican olive oil They were produced along the Guadalquivir River and nowhere else Chemical analyses have revealed no other substances within these vessels except olive oil These limitations on the uses and production region for the amphorae make the vessels excellent for the study of the oil industry in Baetica The chronological difficulties evident in the long history of use of the amphorae are a minor drawback which has been mamly overcome by the development of morphological chronologies 29 Peacock and Williams, 1986,140 22 The stamps on Dressel 20 amphorae are examined here and when a stamp is found on another vessel type it will be distinguished Amphora Studies The study of amphorae involved in the olive oil industry began when Theodor Mommsen assigned Heinnch Dressel to catalogue and study the amphorae which he recovered from Monte Testaccio in 1878-1899 This work was published primarily in the first edition of the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum XV in 1891 along with a classification system developed by Dressel to interpret changes in form and style This system is still used when discussing amphorae, and is found here with slight expansion and revision based on amphorae recovered since the time of publication, and a re-evaluation of the variants in form and style Prior to Dressel's publication, some scholars had discussed transport amphorae and their uses in passing but had not studied the vessels in detail Following the publication of CIL XV, interest in amphorae and stamps all but disappeared until the expansion of underwater archaeology in the 1950s This was due to the importance of amphorae aboard shipwrecks and the large corpus of intact vessels which were beginning to be recovered and studied by archaeologists The first two conferences on amphorae were held in the 1970s by the French Academy in Rome They brought together large groups of scholars and expanded our knowledge of amphorae and methods of studying and classifying them Developing from these conferences large scale surveys were conducted in 1974 and 1979 by M Ponsich, followed by G Chic Garcia in 1985 These identified many production sites within Baetica Interest in amphorae and the information they provided increased following these early conferences 23 The French conferences also revived interest in Monte Testaccio Following Dressel's suggestion that Monte Testaccio be systematically excavated, the Spanish scholars E Rodriguez Almeida, J, Remesal Rodriguez and J M Blazquez Martinez began their work at the site in 1972 The early seasons were spread throughout the 1970s and the mound has been consistently excavated and surveyed smce the 1980s Publication of results is distributed primarily through CEIPAC, a group of scholars who study Spain and the Roman olive oil industry This group has expanded to include scholars worldwide Extensive studies of amphora forms, types and distributions have been attempted by several scholars Most notable among those are by David Peacock and the earlier work of M H Callender In his discussion of stamps found on amphorae, Callender advanced his own classification system which is employed alongside that of Dressel The study of amphora forms has been continued by Peacock who publishes extensively on typologies, fabrics, origins and uses of many amphora types He employs scientific methods including fabric analysis, thin section analysis and residue analysis to determine the origin of the clay and the product transported in the vessel Peacock's work has clarified and elaborated earlier work and has greatly advanced the use of scientific analysis Along with these advances has been the study of product residues These studies, although inconclusive in a large number of cases, have been used to identify the transported substances in a wide range of amphorae Some amphorae were coated with a resin or amurca sealant which alters the results 30 31 Residue analysis has identified the production regions as well D P S Peacock, 1977,1982 and 1986 and M H Callender, 1970 Peacock and Williams, 1986,18 No Dressel 20 amphorae have been found with a resin sealant 24 as products earned in some of the most common types including the Dressel 20 amphora and its sole usage as an olive oil container The study of amphorae and their stamps has increased smce the 1950s and has established itself as a principal means for studying the Roman economy Although amphorae were used primarily to transport liquid commodities, and may not have been used in all periods of history, their high level of preservation makes them ideal for studying the trade and distribution of goods Their use for basic foodstuffs also reveals the high level of trade and wide range of distribution of basic produce which is not revealed by studying the rarer luxury goods Despite the advancement of this field there is no consensus on classifications, typologies, ongins of most forms or even the times when forms were used in modern scholarship Amphora Epigraphy This work began with the excavations of Heinnch Dressel at Monte Testaccio in the late 19th century He published his early results in 1878 under the title Ricerche sul Monte Testaccio He attempted the first interpretation of the stamps on Dressel 20 amphorae and he continued with his work in CIL XV Dressel was able to identify a large number of stamp groups, or families, as well as conclude that many of the stamps bore tria nomina initials or names despite there being a wide vanety of forms and styles used He organized his stamps based on the first initial of the tria nomina, or if absent the first letter, which was later altered by Remesal Rodriguez to begin with the second initial, the nomen 25 Dressel also identified the abbreviation 'FIG' found in many stamps as identifying the workshop, fighna, from which the vessel was produced The 'F' which is found in many stamps was typically associated with the name of a slave, in which case it identified the producer of the vessel using the -word fecit32 He also was able to determine that 'OF' found on some stamps was the officina and was commonly found with a control number He identified the first societies and workshops, many of which were found in Baetica by later surveys, as identified by the numbers associated with names or initials Dressel's pioneering work laid the groundwork for later epigraphic studies Many of his interpretations are still used Since Dressel's time, great advances have been made in this field of epigraphy due largely to the increased corpus of amphorae as well as the systematic excavation, survey and analysis of sites and pottery in Baetica and throughout the Empire In 1978, Remesal Rodriguez re-initiated the interest of scholars in amphora markings while also supplying a new method of interpretation and organization This work reinterpreted the markings on amphorae as being associated with ownership, control and consumption of olive oil rather than the producers of the vessels Since then the study of stamps has been advanced primarily by Remesal Rodriguez and his associates m CEIPAC Increased survey, excavation and publication of stamps and markings found throughout Baetica has allowed scholars to identify the kilns from which certain stamps came as well as to understand and interpret obscure or incomplete stamps Due to the importance of each form of amphora mark, stamps, tituhpicti and graffiti, they will be discussed individually m this work, associated with the information presented from the stamps originating from Axati 32 The names of slaves are found in both the nominative and genitive usually in association with the name of the figlina The name could also be found in these forms without identifying the workshop 33 Dressel 1879,146 26 Olive Oil Production Production methods used by the Romans for olive oil are well known Three ancient authors wrote treatises on agricultural practices and the expectations of a profitable farm, from an aristocratic view In the Republican period, Marcus Porcius Cato (234-149 BCE) wrote De agri cultura which became the basis for Roman agricultural writings and practices by many anstocratic land owners Later m the Republican period, Marcus Terentius Varro (116-27 BCE) wrote his treatise entitled De re rustica which expanded on the work of Cato and introduced new ideas and methods developed since Cato In the 1st century CE, Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella (4-70 CE), a native of Cadiz in Baetica, wrote the final treatise on agriculture and farm management which survive from the Roman period His immense works, entitled De re rustica and De arboribus, drew on many lost treatises, along with Cato and Varro, and his own ideas These works provide a detailed description of all stages of olive oil production from the preparation of the soil for olive trees through to pressing and shipping the finished oil Following the harvest the picked olives were divided into two sections, those for eating and those for olive oil 3 4 The harvest was conducted as the olives were beginning to mature and blacken Cato advocated obtaining olive oil from those green olives which had fallen off the trees prior to the harvest due to the weather The oil produced by these olives was of higher quality, and thus higher m price It was much sought after Most of the oil however was produced from ye • black olives due to the higher quantity of oil in the olives while maintaining a quality taste 34 For our purposes discussion of soils, planting and harvesting have been omitted For details on these stages of olive growth see Cato De agri cultura 1 64-1 68 and Varro De re rustica 1 36-1 47 35 Cato De agri cultura 1 64 27 After the harvest the olives were brought into a small room near the pressing room and stored on a concrete floor The floor was supposed to be of smooth concrete as were the lower walls to avoid damaging the olives36 There they remained, for as little time as possible, until they were placed in the mill and ground If the olives remained too long on the floor they began to spoil and would produce lower quality oil 3? Once the harvest was complete, the olives were brought to the mill to be crushed The Romans developed several sophisticated methods for crushing the olives without damaging the pits The simplest method was to use a pounder in a stone basin or a heavy stone roller on a large flat stone These methods were highly disliked by the Romans due to the high number of olive pits which would be crushed along with the flesh Rotary mills were developed in the Hellenistic period in the western Mediterranean 39 These were composed of one or two cylindrical millstones which were placed in a concave basin leaving a slight space between the two surfaces to avoid crushing the pits A large axle was placed through the middle of the stones, which was turned either by animals or men This type of mill was common in the Roman period and was heavily employed in the Western provinces 40 The trapetum developed as a more sophisticated version of the rotary mill and was highly advocated by Cato It was known as the 'Catoman trapetum' as shown in Figure 8 (shown below on right) It was composed of two convex millstones with a central turning post fitted together 36 Some oil was also released from the olives during this time and would be retained on a smooth concrete floor If they did have to sit for more than a day, Varro advocated stirring the piles to allow for air flow, Varro, Rerum rustica de agri cultura 1 55 6 38 Cato argued strongly against crushing the pits due to the belief that they made the oil bitter and of lower quality 39 They were potentially developed within Italy itself although that is still unclear '"'Tyree and Stefanoudaki, 1996, pg 171 37 28 with metal pins withm a concave basin The millstones had an uneven distance from the interior of the basin with the centre being approximately one Roman inch from the surface while the sides flared slightly towards the centre The basin rose to approximately a third of the height of the millstones A central axle was placed through the centre of the millstones to be turned by animals or humans This type of mill was sophisticated, despite bemg non-adjustable for fruit size, and Figure 8. Layout of the Catonian trapetum. From: Tyree and Stefanoudaki, 1996,173. expensive, limiting its use to the wealthier farmers and villa owners 41 The flesh of the olives was stripped off the pit by the millstones and basin resulting in the production of some olive oil This was removed and marketed as high quality oil A paste of flesh, skin and the odd broken pit would then be crushed to obtain the oil within was also produced 42 The pressing was done in a separate pressing room which was kept warm 43 The paste was mixed to allow the oil droplets to coalesce in order to promote the flow of oil when pressed It was then placed mto woven sacks, or baskets or circular mats, which were then placed under the press The press would squeeze the paste releasing the oil, along with amurca, which flowed into the base and through a spout into an adjoining lead basin or into a large dolium sunk Tyree and Stefanoudaki, 1996, pg 172 Of the olive itself the oil content is 22% with most being contained in the flesh There is a negligible amount in the skin while the pit contains approximately 2-4% of the oil content 43 Columella proposed the construction of a hypocaust under the room 42 29 in the floor From the basm the liquid was allowed to separate, with the heavier amurca settling to the bottom, while the oil was ladled from the top into other basins This process was slow and required constant attention from the worker to ensure that no amurca or pits were transferred between basins Once the oil had been separated, it was transferred mto storage jars and placed in a warm storeroom until it could be consumed or sold The primary type of press used by the Romans was the beam press 45 This consisted of a long wooden beam fixed at one end, usually in the wall of the press room, which served as the lever The bundled paste was placed on the flat pressing board which was typically a stone with the centre removed and a spout or hole for the oil to flow out 46 The sacks, baskets or discs of paste were stacked atop each other and a pressing stone was placed on top, onto which the lever would be lowered In order to compress the paste sufficiently to release the oil, heavy weights were placed on the free end of the lever 47 The use of detachable weights allowed for the weight to be adjusted based on the number of times the paste had been pressed The quality of the olive oil depended on a number of factors, ranging from the type of tree, harvesting methods, and the number of pressings that the paste had experienced The first pressing was the highest in quality and could be sold, along with that produced from green olives, at a much higher pnce The final pressing produced low quality oil which would typically be given to the workers of the press and the farm The differences in oil quality were due also to the amount of fruit substances which were crushed and transferred mto the oil itself The Any pits which had been mixed into the paste were not likely to be crushed by the press The screw press was also used based on the water screw of Archimedes Alternately it could be a stone into which channels had been cut which flowed into the basins The weights could be pierced stones, metal weights or sacks filled with rocks or other heavy items 30 production of olive oil differed from region to region, however, the methods described above are the best known from the Roman world and were employed in Baetica Monte Testaccio The site of Monte Testaccio is located along the Tiber River within the Aurehan walls at the foot of the Aventine Hill of Rome in Augustan regio XIII The site is composed of fragments of amphorae that had been imported into the city from the 2 nd through 3 rd centuries It is approximately a kilometer in circumference and reaches a height of more than 40 meters Within the hill are contained an estimated 25 000 000 amphorae, most of which are from Baetica The stamps which have been published from excavations represent a sample of the total amphorae recovered The immense size and the large corpus of stamps related directly to the olive oil industry of Baetica, and the city of Axati, excavated from the site warrant a brief discussion of its history and composition Monte Testaccio, or 'Potsherd Mountain', was used as an amphora dump from 145 through to 251 based on recovered tituhpicti The bottom layers may date prior to this, however, this has not been confirmed in excavations smce it is largely inaccessible to archaeologists The materials which compose the hill are amphorae, primarily Dressel 20 and Africana varieties, which once contained olive oil only The amphorae were mostly from Baetica although they were replaced by North African imports, the Africana amphora types, in the mid-3rd century The amphorae were brought onto the mound and broken in situ and carefully arranged to produce distinct levels and platforms The careful organization of the amphorae can also be seen by the 31 wall which separates two of the main platforms The reasons for the cessation of Baetican olive oil imports to the site in 251, under the emperor Galhenus, are currently unclear Excavations began in 1872 under the direction of H Dressel, aided by P Luigi Bruzza He divided the hill into four horizontal zones which he labeled and later split into ten sectors These four main divisions, Septentrw (North), Oriens (East), Occidens (West) and Mendies (South), can still be found in discussions of the composition of the hill although the later letter divisions of Rodriguez Almeida have largely replaced them Dressel was quickly able to distinguish that certain stamps were repeated within a limited area of the hill Using this information, along with his transcriptions and studies of tituli picti, he was able to determine relative dates for each of the quadrants 49 Following Dressel there was little interest in Monte Testaccio and it was abandoned by archaeologists Interest resurged in 1968 when Rodriguez Almeida began a survey of the mound as well as a remterpretation of Dressel's work The early survey divided the mound into equal 20 m2 squares with a zero point at the summit 50 This survey identified the earlier divisions and excavated zones of Dressel and was followed up a decade later with intensive excavations (Fig. 9 below) 48 Keay, 1998,195 Dressel, 1878,172-174 50 Near to the large cross which was placed on top of the hill when it began to be used as a Christian pilgrimage site 49 32 Sellos ^ p St HON in situ / ^ / QS Tituli I ituk in situ Figure 9. Topographical distribution of Monte Testaccio showing the sections of Heinnch Dressel and £. Rodriguez Almeida. From: Berni Millet, 1999, Fig. 101. Rodriguez Almeida returned to Monte Testaccio in 1978 under the auspices of L 'Ecole frangaise de Rome and the Recherches sur les amphores romaines project He began with a similar survey as his previous one along with a collection and cataloguing of the amphorae and stamps which had ended up in private collections, museums and other contexts He divided the hill into twelve letter designations, ranging from A through M omitting J, which are now commonly used by scholars Rodriguez Almeida identified the various regions based on date usmg the same methods as Dressel He identified sectors A and B as covering the years 145 to 33 149 Sectors C, D, E, F and G were associated with 145 to 161 214 to 223 were identified with sectors H and I, while the late 2nd century was covered by sectors K, L and M He was able to date the sectors within narrow ranges due to the consular dates found on amphorae in each section51 Following the work of Rodriguez Almeida, excavations were resumed at Monte Testaccio under Blazquez Martinez and Remesal Rodriguez m 1989 They continued till 1997 with a short break, and excavations have resumed recently with the most recent publications of their work in 2007 The excavators set out with two well-defined objectives, to study the epigraphy revealed by the amphorae of the mound and to understand the overall composition of the site The first of these is an ongoing effort that spans the Empire and is being conducted by numerous scholars using a variety of methods The second part was aided dunng the first season of excavations by the identification of two distinct mounds composing the site These were separated by a wall of amphora sherds that were carefully arranged These two platforms were composed at different times in the construction of the mound and were later supplemented by a third composed primarily of 2nd century North African amphorae 52 The continued excavations of the mound have yielded an increasingly large corpus of amphorae, stamps, tituhpicti and graffiti The excavations of Rodriguez Almeida, Remesal Rodriguez and Blazquez Martinez have mcreased the corpus of datafromMonte Testaccio exponentially and much of this is still in need of careful analysis and publication 51 Keay, 1998,194-195 52 See Blazquez Martinez, 2003, 399-411 and Blazquez Martinez, 2007, 317-344 for the most recent discussions and analysis of the Afncana amphorae recovered from Monte Testaccio 34 The purpose for the construction and the significance of Monte Testaccio has been debated since before Dressel's excavations Roman tradition stated that it was composed of the tribute from around the Empire and was used by the Roman populace to display the wealth and power of the Empire This idea was altered when the vessels which composed the mound were found to be pnmanly Dressel 20 amphorae beanng olive oil from Baetica The site was used by Christian pilgrims during the Medieval and Renaissance penods and the summit of the mound still bears a large cross to commemorate the medieval festivals associated with Lent53 Although the ways of acquiring the amphorae vaned, between confiscation, purchase and the produce of impenal estates, the impressive mound which arose from the shattered amphorae is a testament to the productivity of Baetican and North African olive groves under the Roman Empire and the immense demand that Rome placed on the provinces for quality oil 53 Pons Pujol, 2000, 29 35 Amphora Markings Stamps Stamps are found m a variety of forms and in a number of places on Dressel 20 amphorae (Fig. 10) Most of the stamps are found on the handles although they are also placed on the shoulders, body or base in rare cases The stamps typically bear the tria nomina of a free individual, whether a Roman or a Spaniard is not always clear, who has been determined to be the owner of the olive oil 5 4 The letters in the stamps can Figure 10. Examples of stamps found on Dressel 20 amphorae. From: CEIPAC Corpus. also be associated with fighna, slaves or societates of individuals The stamps are frequently found within a writing box which is produced when the die is impressed into the wet clay The impression leaves the letters, symbols or numbers, which are usually raised, m the clay These are of varying degrees of formality and legibility, and punctuation marks can be found separating letters or words as well as being purely decorative Letters are commonly linked or combined when possible within the stamp to save space The stamps can take a variety of forms and patterns which will be discussed in detail in order to provide a comprehensive view of the stamping system employed by the olive oil industry of Baetica Positions On Dressel 20 amphorae the stamps are found in different places They are most commonly on the handle although the rim, neck, shoulder, lower belly and foot have also been 54 Dressel postulated that the names were those of the producer of the vessel, however, this was refuted by J Remesal Rodriguez based on inscriptions from Baetica which name some of the individuals also named in stamps 36 stamped (Fig. 11 below nght) About 97% of the stamps in the Empire are found on handles The nm was commonly used for stamps only in the Julio-Claudian period on early Dressel 20 amphorae and is rarely found on any later vessels 55 The position of the stamp vanes throughout the history of the Dressel 20 although along the handle remained the dominant position and thus the position of the stamp has been ignored here Figure 11. Location of amphora marks and location of stamps on Dressel 20 amphorae. From: Berni Millet, 2008, 84. Of those stamps on the handles, there is a chronological sequence based on then- location along the handles The changing position of the stamp is mainly connected to the changes in handle size and shape throughout the first three centuries CE In the Julio-Claudian period the stamp is found high on the handle above the downward curve Under the Flavians and Trajan the stamp is found directly over the curving part of the handle In the Antonine penod smaller Berni Millet, 2008,83 and Etienne and Mayet, 2004,81 (yielding 96 58% of 3 780 stamps were found on the handles) 37 handles resulted in the stamp being placed on the middle of the handle and being curved In the 3 rd century the stamp returned to a place high on the deeply curved handle nearer to the position it held in the Juho-Claudian period The position of the stamp, along with the chronological variations of handle forms previously discussed, allows for clarifications of dates in many instances and can be used to date stamped handles independently56 Direction The direction of reading for a stamp differs based on the form of the stamp as well as the orientation of the letters and the personal preference of the owner or producer of the stamp The direction of reading can either be direct, left to nght, or retrograde, nght to left, or a combination of both The preference for the direction of reading is based on the style, orientation and form of the stamp, the workshop, the individual or the association and has been used to combine obscure or mcomplete stamps with known examples The letters within the stamps can also be reversed or inverted dependmg on style Inverted or reversed letters and stamps seem to have been an aesthetic touch placed on undecorated transport amphorae or could have resulted from a damaged or poorly produced die Some stamps can be read both from left to nght and nght to left This ambiguity causes confusion when the initials represent a proper tria nomina in both directions Increasing this confusion is the use of inverted or reversed letters which can complicate determining the correct direction This confusion is especially pertinent in the stamps with letters which can be read properly in both directions, such as the MAT stamp and its reverse reading TAM which yield two distinct individuals The only way to determine the conect readmgs of these directionally 56 Funan, 1996,17 38 ambiguous stamps is to compare them to others of the same fighna or connected to the same individuals who might be named in the stamp 57 Writing Box The writing box contains the letters of the stamp It is produced when the die is impressed mto the clay in order to make the stamp and has been found in a wide vanety of forms and sizes Most boxes associated with Dressel 20 amphorae are rectangular or quadrangular with either rounded or straight edges There are also stamps which are circular, square, oval, curved and elliptical Within these broad categories are found many different styles and shapes based on the decorative tastes of the stamp owners or pottery workshop The box typically contains the entire stamp although in some instances decorative elements are placed outside the box or along its edges Although a box is commonly found containing the letters there are some which are not contained, these date primarily to the 2nd century The changes m the shape of the writing boxes can be used to make connections between stamps based on their decorative styles and shapes The preference for particular shapes vanes with time as well as the generation of die Dies and Relief The signaculum, die, is rarely found in archaeological contexts in Baetica, with only three having been found which are associated with the olive oil industry The poor preservation of these important items is due to their composition in scrap metal, clay or wood, with clay dies bemg the only type which has been recovered to date The dies are typically incised with the letters, symbols and writing box, which will be stamped into the clay resulting in the letters of 57 58 Callender, 1970, 255 Grace, 1935,422 39 the stamp being raised on the amphora The dies used by the potters of Baetica are an important part of the production process of Dressel 20 amphorae which are poorly preserved in the archaeological record Like com dies, stamp dies were worn down with time resultmg m the production of copies Of the ongmal dies many are read from left to nght with incised letters, this is not always the case for the copies made from them The copies can be made directly from the ongmal die bemg impressed into the new die This results in the letters being reversed, and read from nght to left, as well as the letters of the die being raised, resulting in impressed letters when used They can also be made from the impression of the ongmal die already found on a fired amphora This produced a stamp read m the same direction as the ongmal and the letters would remain raised in subsequent uses The stamps can also become contracted based on the generation of the die If the new die is produced from the fired version found on an amphora, it typically produced a contracted version due to the contraction of the clay dunng firing The letters of the die can also become obscure or disappear entirely based on the age of the die or the generation of the die This process can be traced through a companson of similar stamps and can be largely recovered based on analogous stamps The stamps found on amphorae were produced by the application of a die to the clay, whether the ongmal or a copy, and the generations of dies for the same stamp can be traced m some instances 59 Letters The letters on stamps produced in Baetica vary m style, composition and legibility throughout the use of Dressel 20 amphorae There are two main styles of letters, capitahs 59 Grace, 1935,428 40 quadrata and capitahs rustica Capitahs quadrata are large block letters which are commonly found in monumental private stone inscriptions These are upright and squared with the writing box of the stamp Capitahs rustica vanes to a much greater degree than quadrata They are of varying quality and are generally smaller, less well formed, less legible and appear to have been written more rapidly in a less formal style 60 These two types of letters cover all those found on olive oil stamps from Baetica There are three types of relief letters on stamps produced from dies Raised letters, htteris extantibus, comprise about 95% of the stamps They were produced from incised dies Incised letters, htteris cavis, were produced from raised letters on the dies and are found in approximately 4 8% of the stamps A combination of both incised and excised letters, htteris simul extantibus et cavis, is found m approximately 0 09% of cases The majonty of those which are mcised or both excised and incised are found dunng the 3 rd century due to a currently unidentified preference for those types of letters at that time 61 Changes in letter styles and forms can be used to date stamps independently The morphology, depth and size of the letters, along with ligatures, changed over time The 1st century saw formalized letters, capitahs quadrata, as the dominant form with a high degree of ligature between neighbounng letters In the 2 nd century the formality of the letters decreased and there was an mcreased use of the capitahs rustica style This trend increased farther in the 3 rd century with capitahs rustica becoming the dominant style Although the use of letter styles to date stamps is quite broad, it can be used to differentiate between stamps used for long durations 61 For a detailed discussion of the variety of letter forms see Berni Millet, 2008, pgs 94-101 Berni Millet, 2008, 77 41 as well as to aid other forms of dating The stamps in general become less legible and more confusing with time as the use of similar looking letters to represent others increases, for example an F for an E 62 Ligatures Ligatures occur between neighbouring letters in a large number of stamps These can be found m many different forms based on the wide variety of letters which are connected Ligatures within stamps are the merging of two letters or the inclusion of one letter within another Merged letters can be two or more in a number of juxtapositions with the next letter attached to the top, bottom, or side of the base letter These can also be a simple additional feature attached to a letter The letters which are merged are usually those with straight lines that can easily accommodate the next letter if it begins with a straight line as is the case of A and E 64 Inclusion ligatures are where the next letter (or letters) is contained within the previous letter or simply filling the empty space provided by the letter on the stamp 65 Apart from these two basic types, there are also hybrid ligatures which combine both to create a variety of complex combinations 6<s Numerals The numerals found within stamps are associated primarily with the names of workshops or societates The societates, associations of individuals, are usually those who have the same 62 Although it has yet to be decisively discussed, this could be directly connected to the literacy level of the workers associated with the olive oil or amphora production industries 63 This is most commonly found with the letter ' I ' which can be found in the widest variety of positions 64 For a detailed list of the types of ligatures encountered, see Berni Millet, 2008, pgs 108-11 65 For discussion of inclusion ligatures, see Berni Millet, 2008, 111 66 For hybrid ligatures, see Berni Millet, 2008, pg 112 42 names and are commonly family associations The number of individuals involved is identified by the numeral found before the name of the association, for example IIIENNTVL produced at Huerta del Rio m the territory of Axati The identification of the Ennii lulu in this stamp mdicates that there are three individuals involved in its production and based on the names were likely associated by familial ties The numerals associated with workshops are more enigmatic and may be associated with those who own the fighna or are found in association with an amphora production number 67 Some numerals can also be associated with the legal status of the individual, or individuals, or with a region or city of Baetica Those showing the status of the individuals mvolved, for example IIQQETCFS found at Axati, indicate the legal position of the named individuals In the case of this stamp, the individuals, Q Q( ) and C F() S( ), were duovin for the city, identified by II, with their initials separated by et This type of information can be used to identify the individuals involved in the olive oil industry if they are prominent members of the community who also left monuments or inscriptions or are mentioned in literary documents Stamps which contain numerals associated with regional names or cities identify the region of production68 Numerals associated with cities and political statuses are not as common as those associated with fighna or societates 67 68 No stamps with production numbers are found at Axati No stamps of this type were found at Axati 43 Symbols and Ornaments Symbols and ornaments are found on many stamps over the H if $ % ^• 8 9 10 1 12 13 range of Dressel 20 amphorae and the olive oil industry of Baetica 2* ^ £ There are five primary forms of y 29 symbols with the three most * <?• 33 £0 36 common being the ramus palmae, J 30 0 0 <._JXJ <^> 37 38 39 Figure 12. Symbols and ornaments found on Dressel 20 amphora stamps: branches (1-24), crowns (25-28), leaves (29-30), caduceus (31-32), crosses (33-34), sun and moon (35-36) and amphorae (37-40). From: Berm Millet, 2008,118. corona and the dolphm The caduceus and amphorae, whether cylindrical or globular, are also represented on stamps (Fig. 12 on nght) 69 These symbols served to decorate the stamp as well as provide mformation about the city, cargo, person or region from which the olive oil was exported In the 2 nd century the cross, sun and the moon were also introduced into the decorative elements of olive oil stamps 70 The ramus palmae, a palm branch, is found on a large number of amphorae exported from Axati and Baetica It seems to be emblematic of Baetica since it is not found on other types of amphorae It may have been identified solely with the olive oil industry of the province It is found m a variety of decorative forms on monuments within Baetica as well as on coins minted 69 The caduceus is often shown with one or two snakes connecting the symbol to Mercury and trade The amphorae can be globular, perhaps to denote the Dressel 20 amphora, as well as in a more generic cylindrical form The amphorae are found on a number of stamps associated with the kilns of La Catria in the area of Axati 70 Berm Millet, 2008,118 44 40 at the major cities Although the ramus palmae may have identified exports of olive oil from Baetica, it is not found on all oil amphorae from the province, its symbolism is not determined The corona is found on a number of amphorae from Baetica It could be either a religious crown, depictmg laurel wreaths, or a civic crown The laurel wreaths are used primarily on comage as an emblem of victory or religious piety The civic crown is used on coinage to denote the civitas of the city or region where it is produced The olive leaf crown is used solely in the Hispaniae, primarily m Baetica, to symbolize the province itself The similar forms of crowns may suggest that the symbol on Baetican amphorae carry the same connotations The crowns increased in number in the Antonine period and the late 2 nd century and may be connected to the mcreased presence of Spaniards in the Roman imperial administration and the increase in political status of many cities after the Flavian expansion of Latinitas to the provinces 72 Punctuation Styles There are many different forms of punctuation on Baetican stamps Punctuation marks fall into three mam categories systematic, syllabic and decorative Systematic punctuation marks separate words, initials or abbreviations in a stamp Syllabic punctuations are used to separate the syllables on the stamp Decorative punctuation marks are found on many stamps and have no syllabic or systematic function They can be found at any pomt within the stamp mcludmg above or below the letters and at the ends of the writing box The three types of punctuation found m amphora stamps can be separated based on their function (Fig. 13 below) 1 72 Keay# 1998,158 Keay, 1998,159 45 1 2 13 14 15 3 16 17 4 5 18 6 19 7 8 20 21 0^V 10 9 22 23 11 24 12 25 26 Figure 13. Forms of punctuation encountered in stamps: triangular (1-2), circular (3-7), dashes (89) branches (10-12) and leaves (13-26). From: Berni Millet, 2008,115. The punctuation marks can also be split into different categories based on their imagery Triangular marks are the most common and tend to be used systematically or syllabically Circular punctuations tend to be used in a more decorative function Branches, of varying plant forms but commonly palm or olive, are found in a number of stamps as a decorative feature as discussed under Symbols and Ornaments Leaves are a form of punctuation which have been found on some stamps These take a vanety of forms based on the stamp and the complexity, and skill, of the drawing Triangular and circular punctuation marks are found more than twice as often as the more decorative branch or leaf styles Tituli Picti Tituhpicti are pamted mscnptions on the body and shoulder of Dressel 20 amphorae Heinnch Dressel, during his excavations of Monte Testaccio, was the first to study these and identify the four main forms (Fig 14 below) The mscnptions are found m varying complexity and numbers, containing anywhere from one to four of the forms The interpretation of the mscnptions is further complicated by the illegibility of the wntmg due to their hurned nature and 73 Berni Millet, 2008,115 46 the fragmentary state of many of the amphorae (Fig. 14) 74 Dressel began his study of the tituli picti early in his excavations and published his interpretations and a number of inscnptions in the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum XV He organized the inscnptions based on then location on the vessel using the first four letters of the Greek alphabet Unfortunately tituli picti are simply painted inscnptions on clay which do not survive well unless specific conditions are met, which limit their finds mainly to northern Bntannia, Monte Testaccio and Germania Supenor xcs 0 d aim |ATT1C[ TROPHIMIANI desideratur [CCIIIS] i\ scnpturs caret a in omnibus nomioa XX . . . • DD b XX . . . c | • CAECILIORVM) 7 X . . i i: P- n OB mm* HOSPITALIS ET A\ATERNJ \ S desideratur 9 vel • . A. . • d XXC . , . e I D D CAECILIORVM desideratur . H O S P I T A L I S E T A\ATERIJ / desideratur Integra \el fere Integra CXCIIIS ccur Figure 14. Tituli Pictu Top left: original on amphora; top right: transcribed; bottom: studied and organized. From: CEIPAC Corpus. The composition of Monte Testaccio is of vessels which were broken systematically in place resulting in many of the tituli picti being able to be reconstructed from surrounding sherds with a reasonable level of certainty 47 The first location of the titulipicti, a, is on the neck of the vessel Dressel interpreted this as the weight of the empty amphora and this remams the consensus in scholarship For the amphorae of this study the weight signified in a has an average of 83 Roman pounds Below a is found P which is composed of a name in the genitive, for example Q Conni Vernfae] found on an amphora in this study from Rome Although Dressel identified this as the producer of the olive oil, it is now thought to indicate the trader or transporter responsible for the vessel The gross weight of the vessel is located below p and is identified as y This is the weight of the vessel combined with that of the olive oil and is usually around 180 to 220 Roman pounds The most complex of the inscriptions is labeled as 8 It is located to the right of y and can be written with different orientations The organization of the titulipicti used by Dressel is still employed in current scholarship 75 Since Dressel's publication there have been other interpretations of the inscriptions found in the P position Although it is clear that the titulipicti refer to the name of an individual, the role of that person within the olive oil industry is unclear Named individuals have been thought to be diffusores, negotiatores, mercatores and navicularn or the owners of the olive oil or a variety of combinations therein 76 These roles in the Roman Empire are themselves unclear and evolved over the centuries The role, or roles, of the individuals named in the P titulipicti pertain to the trade, transport, distribution or reception of the olive oil and were applied either immediately before shipping or after they were received 75 76 Keay, 1998,191-192 Lowe, 2009,136 48 The y tituhpicti present the most important and detailed information on amphorae and are also the most complex and thus least understood The inscriptions typically begin with an R which is struck through The meaning of this is frequently revised, however, currently Remesal Rodriguez identifies this as the "record of the control earned out" He thinks the R stands for recensitum 77 Following the R is a place name corresponding to a city or region of Baetica, in this study the region named in all preserved inscnptions is Astigi, modern Ecija The city named in this section has been identified as the site from which the amphora was processed and exported This information can be used quantitatively to study the productivity of regions of Baetica over time and the amount of oil which they sent to Rome and the Empire, where tituli picti are preserved, as well as the role of the fiscus or annona in the olive oil industry 78 There are other aspects of these inscnptions which show consular dates, and so date the stamps accurately, regions of production or the location of the kiln used to produce the amphora as well as other information which has not yet been deciphered The y inscnptions indicate the reception of the amphora, typically at Rome and the frontiers where these inscnptions survive, and show the complexity of the Roman economic system and the level of control which was exerted on the olive oil industry Tituhpicti are found on a number of vessels recovered from Monte Testaccio and throughout the Empire In this study only 15 amphorae have their tituhpicti preserved to any degree These are found in Rome as well as in Germama Supenor, Raetia and Britannia The markings require a dry environment, or an enclosed space, to protect the paint from sunlight and the elements in order to be preserved It is believed that a thin layer of veneer was applied over 77 78 Remesal Rodriguez in S Keay, 1998,192 Blazquez Martinez, 1978, 509 49 the inscnptions, or possibly underneath them, when they were written so that they endured until they arrived at their destination 79 Due to the poor preservation of the paint, and the application of the inscriptions at the time of shipment or at the destination, these markings are rarely found at production sites and none were found in Baetica relatmg to Axati The weights of both the vessel and contents are clearly indicated and were invaluable to the merchants, transporters and receivers of the amphorae to ensure their quantity and contents The few tituhpich that have been recovered in connection with Axati olive oil production will be discussed more fully due to the importance of this information 15 tituhpicti were found on amphorae from Axati around the Roman Empire The site of Monte Testaccio yielded 8, while the Villa Ludovisi from Rome also yielded one From Britannia came two, one from Balmuildy along the Antonine Wall and the other from the civitas and fort of Carlisle From Raetia came a single titulus pictus from the 2 nd century fort and vicus of Faimingen Three were recovered from Germania Superior One came from the fortress and civitas at Heddemheim while the fort and Augustan colonia of Augst and the civitas and Trajanic colonia of Avenches also yielded one each The few amphorae bearing legible tituhpicti, and their widespread distribution, is due primarily to the poor preservation level of the paints used to make the marks Many of the tituhpicti on stamped amphorae from Axati are incomplete, they are either missing sections, as is the case with the amphorae from Balmuildy and Heddemheim as well as two from Monte Testaccio, or simply missing letters Whether this was an intentional shortening 79 Remesal Rodriguez in Keay, 1998,193 These numbers were also recently used to determine that the Dressel 20 amphora did in fact contain olive oil as well as to verify the quantities of oil which could be contained within 80 50 of the words in order to be scrawled on the amphora or whether it is the lack of preservation that presents these conditions is unclear Due to the incomplete nature of many of the titulipicti deciphering the information has proved to be difficult This study will focus on the stamps, the titulipicti are presented as support for the stamp evidence mstead of being interpreted separately Of particular mterest are four amphorae, from Augst, the Villa Ludovisi, Heddernheim, and Monte Testaccio These bear the word 'astig' with the remaining letter missing This has been reconstructed to read 'Astigi', modern Ecija, the conventus capital upstream of Axati, which may have been the primary collection and redistribution site of the olive oil produced at Axati The amphorae were marked with the name of the receiving city, along with the stroked-through R, when they were received by the processors and counted The distribution of these received amphorae shows that they were not shipped only to Rome but that at least two other major cities received amphorae processed at Ecija The connection of Axati with the city of Astigi as its central processing site is peculiar since politically Axati is located in the conventus of Hispahs 81 Although Hispahs was the conventus capital for Axati, the amphorae were processed at Astigi and shipped throughout the Roman Empire 82 Three amphorae, all recovered from Monte Testaccio, bear the titulipicti of the Jiscus These bear 'fisci rationis patrimom provinciae Baeticae' in varying degrees of completeness Two amphorae from Monte Testaccio only bear this marking along with the weight of the vessel at 98 Roman pounds The other amphora also bears the recensitum mark, although the city is Hubner, 1956,137 None of the amphorae bear markings identifying Hispalis or any other city in Baetica 51 missing, as well as the name Antonio Augusto and several missing sections after 83 The presence of this tituhpicti on the amphorae connects them to the Severan period since they were destined for the annona and its distribution of olive oil The absence of other markings on two of the amphorae shows that they were produced on impenal estates pnor to shipping to Rome while the other may have been acquired through a pnvate producer These markings show the Severan confiscations at Axati as well as the potential ways to differentiate between those shipped to the annona from Impenal estates, and those which had been produced, and were likely shipped, pnvately Although few tituhpicti were found on amphorae from Axati, they reveal valuable information about trade and distribution Those amphorae which bear the name 'Astigi' identify the primary redistribution city through which Axati olive oil travelled The absence of other city names shows that although there is potential that other cities in the Baetis Valley redistributed Axati olive oil, only the city of Astigi is recorded Those tituh beanng the marks of the Jiscus are dated to the Severan penod by their presence These amphorae were bound for Rome and the annona and have only been recovered from there The tituhpicti are the most important and complex markings found on olive oil amphorae and are used here to support the evidence presented by the stamps produced at Axati 83 The names found in tituh picti are hotly disputed and will not be discussed here 52 Graffiti There are two forms of graffiti found on Baetican olive oil amphorae 84 The first type is ante cocturam, which are ones placed on the vessels prior to firing This type provides information about amphora production helping to indicate the number of amphorae produced at a firing There are numerous forms of this type of graffiti many of which are numbers and symbols The purpose of these graffiti is poorly understood and none have been recovered on amphorae bearing stamps from Axati The second type is carved or painted on the vessel after firing and are termed post cocturam graffiti They were likely placed on the amphora at the destination, although they are separate from titulipicti, and may contain information regardmg the reception of the vessel since they typically contain initials as well as a number These graffiti may also have been connected with the re-use of the amphora and may not be associated with the distribution of olive oil The information contained mpost cocturam graffiti can be deciphered in some cases, however, it is Of unclear whether it refers to the reception of the vessel or its re-use 84 Although there were no graffiti found on stamped amphorae produced at Axati, a brief discussion is included to explain the complexities and variety of marks found on these amphorae 85 Keay, 1998,191 53 Incomplete and Unique Stamps from Axati Incomplete Stamps There are 65 stamps on Axati amphorae which are incomplete The reasons for this could be many, including those which occurred during antiquity and since deposition In antiquity the die might have been poorly applied to the stamp resulting in missing letters, or the stamp and handle might have been worn through use and transportation Alternately it may simply have been written illegibly At the time of deposition or afterward the stamp could have been broken or degraded The incomplete stamps, listed in the footnotes according to then* number in the catalogue, were not included in this study Those that could be interpreted based on their similarity to other complete stamps from the same region, allowing for a reasonable level of certainty in their reconstruction, are included along with those stamps However, the inclusion of the incomplete stamps with those that are likely the same is only tentative and cannot be decisively established without the remainder of the stamp Incomplete stamps from Axati are listed in the catalogue due to their presence in the region, however, due to the nature of this work, they were excluded from the study There were only two stamps from Axati which were not associated with Dressel 20 amphorae These two, 480 and 867, are included in the catalogue although they have no corresponding stamps in the Roman Empire Stamp 480 is associated with an uncertain form of amphora Stamp 867 is found on the nm of a dolium (a large storage vessel usually recessed into the floor of the room and holding large quantities of liquid) Whether this vessel was associated 86 The incomplete stamps listed by their catalogue number are 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17, 18,19, 23, 31,43,48, 59, 68, 76, 79, 80, 82,151,152,190, 192, 237, 241, 266, 267, 373, 380, 383, 401, 422, 429, 430,431, 432,465, 472, 479, 484, 527, 546, 565, 569, 585, 601, 602, 640, 644, 701, 760, 765, 768, 786, 789, 852, 861 54 with the olive oil industry is unclear, although it is likely, given the number of olive groves nearby and its association with a production site of Dressel 20 amphorae Due to the uncertain amphora type of 480 and the presence of 867 on a dohum, these two stamps are omitted from the study Unique Stamps There is a large corpus of stamps, a total of 157, found from Axati which have no direct parallels recovered from other sites in the Roman Empire These stamps, listed below accordmg to their catalogue number, present no information regarding the distribution and consumption of olive oil from the region However, they do display that, despite the large number of stamps which have been recovered throughout the Empire, we have but a sample and that many more were circulated during the Roman Empire with direct connections to Axati and the Baetican olive oil industry There are several reasons why there would be such a large quantity of unique stamps from the Axati region The main one is archaeological The level of preservation for amphorae and stamps on their solid handles is higher than that for other artefacts, however, it is not complete In addition, the site of Monte Testaccio and many major sites throughout the Empire have not been fully excavated, due to the immense number, size, complexity of finds and the presence of modern occupation, limiting the number of stamps which have been retrieved and 87 The unique stamps of the Lora del Rio region are 20, 29, 30,42, 56, 57, 60, 61, 77, 81,133,134,135,136,137, 138,139,140,141142,143,144,145,191,192,194, 209, 212, 213, 218, 235, 238, 239, 240, 242, 243, 244, 265, 269, 270, 278, 279, 280, 281, 287, 288, 318, 321, 336, 337, 338, 344, 345, 346, 349, 369, 374, 381, 384, 385, 404, 423, 424,425, 426,435, 436, 437,438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443,444, 445,446, 448, 449, 460, 464, 469, 470, 471, 473, 474,477, 480,481, 482, 483, 524, 525, 526, 528, 529, 537, 538, 564, 566, 567, 568, 599, 603, 636, 637, 638, 639, 642, 643, 673, 674, 675, 676, 677, 694, 696, 697, 699, 700, 731, 732, 733, 734, 735, 759, 762, 763, 764, 767, 769, 770, 772, 776, 777, 778, 787, 788, 864, 865, 866, and 867 55 published from the amphorae heap as well as from around the Roman Empire Further excavations at Monte Testaccio and throughout the Empire will increase the corpus Underwater archaeology reveals large numbers of amphorae in closed contexts and further exploration of the Mediterranean Sea will certainly mcrease the corpus There is one stamp from Axati which has only one parallel on a Dressel 20 amphora but has many occurrences on other vessel types This stamp, number 58 in the catalogue, is simply marked with a ' C The Axati stamp on a Dressel 20 amphora also occurs on one from London in Britannia although the preservation of the London stamp |(-)C(-)|, shows that it may be mcomplete and not associated with the one from Axati The stamp has also been found on Afhcana 1 piccolo, Dressel 1, Dressel 2-4 Tarraconensis, Dressel 6A, Greco-Italic, Lambogha 2, Late Roman North African, Lusitania 3 and Pascual 1 Tarraconensis amphorae, as well as several whose type could not be determined The simplicity of this stamp and its presence on a wide range of amphorae from different production regions and associated with a variety of commodities implies that it was a relatively generic stamp The information it provides is negligible and so has been excluded from this study due to its limited association with Dressel 20 amphorae as well as the distorted chronology and interpretations which would accompany it Stamp 167, 'CRISPF, in the catalogue has only one parallel, found on a Dressel 2-4 Tarraconensis The Dressel 2-4 Tarraconensis type was used primarily to export wme and was produced throughout the western provinces and Baetica The parallel stamp was found in Hispania Baleares at the site of Alayor Although the stamp at Axati is found on a Dressel 20 Peacock and Williams, 1986,106 56 amphora it is unclear whether it can be directly associated with the export of olive oil and for this reason it too will be omitted from this study Due to the importance of the CEIPAC Corpus of amphora stamps from throughout the Empire a further restriction is placed on this study The Corpus is the most complete collection of stamps and amphora markings pertaining to the Baetican olive oil industry 89 It includes the collection of stamps found in CIL XV, and its supplements, as well as the works of Callender on Roman amphorae, the regional surveys of Bonsor, Chic and Ponsich in Baetica and P P Funan's catalogue of stamps from Britain In addition the published studies of Remesal Rodriguez, Blazquez Martinez and Rodriguez Almeida are included in the Corpus These sources provide the majority of stamps recovered from published excavations However, due to the continuation of excavations and the addition of new works to the Corpus, it is continuously changmg and expanding This results in changes to the available information as well as the number of stamps The CEIPAC Corpus provides the majority of stamps used here, so the CEIPAC number is mcluded in the catalogue to aid in cross-referencing the stamps 89 The Corpus includes all of the sources available to the author as well as many which were not 57 Quantifications 858 stamps, including incomplete or umque ones, were recovered from the region of Axati These can be organized into 288 different groups 120 of these 288 stamp groups were found throughout the Roman Empire These 120 stamp groups comprise a corpus of 1726 total stamped amphorae havmg their origins at Axati The stamps have been found at 242 separate sites throughout the Empire Those stamps which were not found throughout the Empire could be due to their mcomplete nature or the lack of the stamp in published materials The stamps which have parallels from around the Empire will be quantified m this study to determine the distribution and consumption patterns for olive oil produced in the Axati region Due to the complexity of quantifying the large corpus and the widespread distribution of stamps at a variety of site types throughout the Empire, this study will discuss overall distnbution as well as distribution in each province The distnbution of Axati stamps throughout the Empire will be considered first along with the distnbution routes which they reveal Following this a study of the individual provinces will be conducted These will focus on the differences in quantities and stamps based on site types as well as geographical locations and chronological considerations Based on this evidence, a companson of the quantities found at military sites and those found at civilian sites will be conducted The study will conclude by drawing together all of this evidence to determine whether olive oilfromAxati was distnbuted pnmanly to the militaryfrontiersor whether the consumption level within civilian sites has been underestimated 58 Empire-wide Study There are seven broad divisions for the provenience of stamps from around the Empire The first is purely military forts with no clear civilian occupation or accompanying vicus The second is those sites which are of a civilian nature including the provincial and conventus capitals, civitates, municipia, colomae, vici and villas The third is a combination of the first two, sites which served both a military and civilian function This category is due to an inability to distinguish between stamps found within the military fort itself and those which were from the accompanying civilian settlement The fourth category includes stamps found in Rome including Monte Testaccio Shipwrecks compose a separate fifth category due to their ambiguous nature, the uncertainty as to the ultimate destination of the cargo and the unique information which they can provide about the transportation of olive oil amphorae Miscellaneous sites are included in a sixth category which includes a farm field, kilns, a palace and other sites of neither civilian nor military function The final category includes stamps from sites whose function cannot be determined due to either poor recording of provenience or uncertainty about the nature of the site (Fig. 15) Prior to the discussion of each provmce a quantification of the number of stamps recovered is provided along with the number of sites of each type (in square brackets) 47 sites of a purely military nature contain a total of 71 stamps originating from Axati Of these 26 came from 22 sites m Britannia, 7 from 3 forts in Germania Inferior, 32 from 17 sites in Germama Superior, 3 from 3 sites in Pannoma and 3 from 2 sites in Raetia These forts range in foundation date from the 1st century BCE to the 3 rd century under the Severans which spans beyond the entire usage of the Dressel 20 amphora The location of these sites is primarily along 59 the frontier lines, both along the Danube and Rhine as well as in Bntannia, which protected the borders of the Roman Empire and were pnmanly supplied by nearby markets and settlements andfromthe military supply lines for those goods not available locally There are 472 stamps found at 117 sites which are of a purely civilian nature without evidence of military occupation dunng the first three centimes Of these, 108 were recovered from 6 provmcial capitals, pnmanly London in Bntannia 8 were found at the conventus capitals of Cadiz and Ecya m Baetica itself90 At 19 civitates a total of 81 stamps were found At 9 coloniae, 74 stamps were recovered and from 18 mumcipia there were 72 stamps excavated Villas yielded a total of 18 stamps at 11 sites throughout the western provmces and Baetica Excavations of vici, without an accompanying fort, compnse the largest corpus of sites with 110 stamps recovered from 52 sites Civilian sites have provided the largest number of find spots with the largest number of stamps, outside of Rome itself Sites of a joint military and civilian nature yielded 384 stamps from 50 different sites Included in this are those forts associated with via, of which 33 altogether yielded 174 stamps The forts accompanied by coloniae yielded 46 stamps found at 5 sites Forts associated with a mumcipia contributed 7 stamps The civitates which were accompanied by a Roman military presence were 8 m number with 84 stamps The provincial capital of the mihtanzed province of Germania Supenor, Mainz, was accompanied by a fort andfromthis site were recovered 65 stamps Budapest, the provincial capital of Pannoma, was also accompanied by a fort and yielded a single stamp The military forts which were accompanied by civilian settlements are located Ecija is identified as the central processing city for olive oil from Axati as discussed on page 49 and 104 60 throughout the western provmces but primarily along the militarized frontiers of Germania Superior and Britannia Excavations in Rome have recovered 706 Axati stamps from 7 different regions of the city These were found primarily at two sites, Monte Testaccio and the neighbouring horte Torlonia Monte Testaccio provided 601 stamps for this study The horte Torlonia are gardens of a 19th century villa built in Rome over the ancient emporion, Horrea Galbae and on the eastern slope of Monte Testaccio The excavations of Dressel at the site recovered 683 stamps of which 58 have their origins at Axati Stamps have also been recovered from the Tiber River, the Esquiline region, the Castra Praetona, the Villa Ludovisi and within Rome in general The regions withm Rome are differentiated within the catalogue due to their importance for the study of olive oil stamps and the quantities in which they were discovered Shipwrecks provide a closed context for Dressel 20 amphorae bearing stamps from Axati 56 stamps have been recovered from 4 closely grouped shipwrecks Three of these are along the coast of Gallia Narbonensis while one is nearby in Hispama Citenor 91 The ships were travelling from Baetica, with a cargo of Dressel 20 amphorae as well as other Spanish goods, along the north shore of the Mediterranean Shipwreck evidence will be used with care here since it is a unique form of information when contrasted with land sites and regions 91 Using shipwreck evidence comes with certain difficulties and limitations The location at which these ships were found is one of the most popular regions for both pleasure diving and underwater archaeology For in-depth discussions of the difficulties presented by shipwrecks see Gibbins, 2001, 273-283, Davies, 2006, 84-85 and Morley 2008, 572-573 61 7 sites which were neither military nor civilian settlements have yielded 19 stamps Most of these would have been attached to civilian settlements, however, since the amphorae were not recovered from the settlements but from another context they are kept separate These sites mclude a farm field in Britannia, the Fishbourne palace near Chichester and two industrial sites which each yielded a single stamp 92 Within Baetica, 12 stamps were recovered from the Cortyo del Alamo which, based on the survey of M Ponsich and later excavations, was primarily a necropolis and kiln site Hispama Lusitama yielded a single stamp in this category recovered from the Troia penmsula where a large settlement was discovered nearby Within the Baleares two stamps on the Isla de Cabrera were found within the ancient port These sites are distinguished from the civilian and military sites due to their disassociation from a settlement Context types for 18 stamps from 10 sites could not be determined Of these 8 stamps were not supplied with a provenience apart from the modern country in which they were recovered The other 10 stamps came from archaeological contexts although there is no record of the function of the site or publication of the archaeological excavations These sites will be largely omitted from the quantification and are included solely for the completeness of the study Distribution Routes Stamps originating from Axati are found throughout the western provinces, in great abundance m the city of Rome and in limited numbers in eastern provinces These stamps have been recovered from most major cities, including crvitates and provincial capitals, as well as from the frontiers of Germania and Britannia Despite the large numbers from the militarized 92 The amphora recovered from Fishbourne has been identified by the excavator, Barry Cunliffe, with a level dated before 75 CE This contradicts the dating of the stamp itself, from the mid to late 2nd century CE 62 provinces (shown in Fig. 15) more stamps have been recovered from civilian contexts than from military sites The widespread distribution of stamps from a small production area indicates the immense quantities of olive oil which were distributed and consumed throughout the Empire at both military and civilian settlements The distribution of stamps in the western provinces indicates three distribution routes connecting distant cities and frontiers These extendfromAxati along the Guadalquivir River to the Atlantic Ocean near the Straits of Gibraltar Along the coast of the Atlantic some amphorae may have been filtered through the conventus capital of Cadiz 93 On reaching open waters, the amphorae travelled along the Atlantic coast to Britannia as well as through the Straits of Gibraltar into the Mediterranean Sea (Fig. 16) 94 The northern distribution route is clearly evidenced by the abundance of amphorae found m southern Bntannia as well as at sites along the coast of eastern Hispania and Gallia The route extendedfromthe Guadalquivir River along the coast of Hispania Lusitama as evidenced by the finds at the Troia penmsula as well as at the site of Alcacer do Sal Although there are few stamped amphorae from Axati along the coast of Hispania Lusitama, and none werefromthe Atlantic coast of Hispania Citenor, the route is evidenced once again at the eastern and northern coastal sites of Gallia Lugdunensis and Aquitama The distribution of sites shows that the ships clung close to the shore on their way to Bntannia although some may have ventured across the open waters On reachmg Britannia the ships could have distnbuted the olive oil directly to the 93 Based on there being only a single stamp from the site and no amphorae which bear Cadiz in their tituli picti, this is unlikely 94 These distribution routes are also identified by P Berni Millet, 1998, pg 67 in his work on the presence of Baetican olive oil amphorae within Roman Cataluna 63 southern coastal sites, including many civitates, or continued up the Thames to the capital of London The abundance of stamps from London when contrasted with those along the southern coast implies that the amphorae were likely shipped to the provincial capital before bemg distributed to the residents of Britannia as far north as the Severan fortress of Carpow, north of the Antonine Wall The northern distribution route may have continued past Britannia along the coast of Gallia Lugdunensis into Germama Infenor and the Rhine valley From there they were either unloaded at sites near the coast, as evidenced by the finds at the later site of Voorburg, or they continued along the Rhine into the interior of the provmce Farther past the mouth of the Rhme, there are no sites where Axati stamps were recovered Although few stamps occurred from the northern coast of Germama Infenor, the presence of stamped amphorae along the coast indicates that the northern distribution route likely extended past Bntanma to the mouth of the Rhme Distribution routes distributed olive oil from Axati from the Guadalquivir River through the Straits of Gibraltar into the Meditenanean Sea The first of these extends along the coast of Gallia Narbonensis while the second travels across the open waters using the Baleares and Sardinia as stopping points pnor to reaching Ostia and Rome The evidence for these two distribution routes may indicate differences between ships which earned pnmanly pnvate cargoes and those which were employed by the Roman state to supply the city of Rome The larger ships, which would be employed to supply the immense demands of Rome, would have 64 risked the open water more often than the smaller private ships which tended to stay along the shoreline 95 The route which extended along the coast ran from the Guadalquivir River through the Straits of Gibraltar The site of Tangier, along the northern tip of Mauretama Tingitana m the straits, indicates that ships docked there prior to continuing mto the Mediterranean They continued along the coast of Hispama Citenor where the sites of Alicante and Empunes were supplied with a large number of stamped amphorae They continued to follow the coast of Gallia Narbonensis where many sites were found to contain olive oil stamps from Axati Shipwreck evidence along the coast of Gallia Narbonensis and Hispama Citenor, at Cap de Creus, Bay of Cannes, Golfe de Fos and Port-Vendres, indicates that large numbers of ships traversed these waters carrying olive oil from Axati as early as 50 until 284 The final destination of the Gallia Narbonensis route was the city of Rome and its insatiable demand for olive oil The second Mediterranean distnbution route went directly to Rome from the coast of Hispama Citenor with these ships likely departing from the cities of Alicante and Santa Pola to the Baleares as evidenced by stamps from the Isla de Cabrera From the Baleares the ships sailed across the open waters to Sardinia where stamps have been recovered from the site of San Giovanni di Sims 96 From Sardinia it was a short journey to the port of Ostia These three distnbution routes are clearly indicated in Figure 12 by the distnbution of stamped amphorae from Axati Casson, 1991, 87 The other stamp found on Sardinia, from the site of Turns Libyssonis, was on the handle of an Afncana amphora with the common tna nomma of MAR This amphora was unlikely to have been carrying olive oil from Axati 96 65 Representativeness of Axati Olive oil production from Axati was chosen as the primary focus of this study due to the major place it held within the Baetican production area, and its readily identifiable stamps on Dressel 20 amphorae, themselves easily recognizable as containers for Baetican olive oil transport Altogether, 17,063 stamps on Dressel 20 amphorae have been published in available scholarly literature from the entire Roman Empire The location of these amphorae is shown in Figure 17 Of these stamps, 2,591 have been identified as originating from Axati Amphora stamps produced at Axati represent 15% of all published stamps on Dressel 20 olive oil of Roman Baetica The proportion of Axati stamps discovered in each Roman provmce certainly vanes, therefore, in the discussion of the stamps from each province, the representative nature of the sample in each case will be presented After Axati, the site with the most published stamps is Homachuelos along the Guadalquivir River 9? From this site, 516 stamped amphorae were found, pnmanly connected with the Scahanensis/jg/wa Therefore, Axati represents the most thoroughly studied site m Roman Baetica and is the most representative site for studying the olive oil industry of the province of Baetica 97 This site was also studied by the author, however, due to the high occurrence of Scalensianensis figlma stamps and the lesser representativeness of the site it was discarded in favour of Axati for this study 66 Provincial Studies Western Provinces Britannia Provincial Capital 49 [1] Civrtas 38 [8] Cofoma 22 [1] Fort Fort/Vicus FoifCobma Fort/Crvitas 26 [22] 79 fill 20 [4] 13 PI VKUS ViDa Miscellaneous 8 [8] H I ] 4 [41 Stamps Sites 22 26 Crvihan 118 19 Mflrtary/Crvihan 112 17 Other 4 4 4 4 Indeterminate Total 264 66 Military The province of Britannia can be divided into three distinct zones for Axati amphorae In total the province yielded 264 stamped amphorae over 66 sites (Fig. 18) 98 The first zone is the highly militanzed northern frontier including the defensive frontier walls as well as several settlements as far south as York The second, Wales, was a militanzed zone as well as a civilian occupied region The third, and largest, of the regions is central and southern Bntannia which extends from York to the southern coast omitting the Welsh terntory This region was mamly pacified and civilian m nature as shown by the distnbution of Axati stamped amphorae The general distnbution of stamps across Britannia corresponds to the pattern determined by P P Funan " From the provmce of Britannia a total of 1,953 stamps on Dressel 20 amphorae have been recovered and published Of these, 264 stamps were produced at Axati which is 14% of the total This high proportion of stamped amphorae found in Britannia which onginated from Axati After Germama Superior there are more stamps found in Britannia than in any other province of the Roman Empire 99 Funan, 1996 67 shows that Axati is representative of the Baetican olive oil industry and the distnbution of olive oil production throughout the province Northern Britannia The sites in northern Britannia are primarily military forts which were accompanied by civilian settlements The dominance of military sites for these stamps reflects the political and social situation of the region The northern frontiers of Britannia, with both the Antomne Wall and Hadrian's Wall, are clearly represented along with the subsidiary forts located between the walls and beyond the frontier These frontiers were supplied with olive oil as part of the rations of the soldiers stationed there Distribution along the frontier was likely conducted, or at least supervised, by the Roman government to ensure a consistent supply for the soldiers 10° Associated with the Antomne Wall (built from 142 to 154) are eight military sites Four of these, Bearsden, Camelon, Bar Hill and Rough Castle, are located directly along the wall Except for Camelon, which yielded two stamps, the forts contained a single stamp each The sites of Cadder and Cramond, each yielding two stamps from Axati, are located to the south of the wall while the Flavian fortress of Strageath and the later Severan fortress of Carpow, each with a smgle stamp, were located to the north of the wall Of these eight sites only Cramond was accompanied by a civilian settlement, a vicus, while the rest served a purely military function The use of these eight forts during the mid-2nd century is clearly reflected in the abundance of stamps found there Blazquez Martinez, 1992,176 68 Hadrian's Wall can be clearly identified by the distribution of Axati olive oil amphorae Forts include Poltross Burn, Housesteads, Chesterholm, Corbndge, Benwell and South Shields The forts of Poltross Burn, Benwell and South Shields yielded a smgle stamp each The forts at Corbndge, Chesterholm and Housesteads also had civilian settlements Due to the presence of both civilian and military populations more stamps are found here than elsewhere along the wall The site of Housesteads yielded two stamps while the large fort at Chesterholm had 12 Corbndge was a major military fort along the wall from which 26 stamped amphorae from Axati were recovered The military forts of Hadnan's Wall yielded amphorae ranging in date from their foundation in the early 2 n century through to 224 The fort and vicus of Corbndge contained the second highest count of Axati amphora stamps m Bntannia, 26 Only the provincial capital of London had more Many of these can be grouped into families of stamps including the prolific Ennn lulu and SNR families The high occurrence of stamps at the site, as well as its central location along Hadnan's Wall, is indicative of the status of this major fort It began as a smaller frontier fort incorporated into the wall, and expanded, during the time of Hadnan After the Antonine Wall was abandoned, the site became a major military post in the defense of the northern frontier 101 The fort of Birrens is located to the north of Hadnan's Wall while the earlier fort of Maryport, and the accompanying civitas of the Carvetn, is located to the south of the wall These two sites each yielded a single stamped amphora from Axati Halfway between the frontier walls is the fort of Newstead, built dunng the time of Agncola as a forward base pnor to the Hind, 1980,170 69 construction of the wall and was enlarged dunng the Antonine penod It yielded two stamped amphorae, beanng ALFO and MIM, in the mid-2nd century Although the fort at Maryport was accompamed by a civitas, the low number of olive oil amphorae from Axati contrasted with other civitates in the province may indicate a lower level of Romamzation at the site Away from the frontiers there are no amphorae beanng stamps from Axati north of ancient York This town served as a fort established between 41 and 54 and expanded into a legionary fortress by the Legw IXHispana after their transfer from Lincoln A colonia was later established on the opposing bank of the nver Ouse to accomodate the veterans The site produced 10 stamps from Axati primarily dating from the 2 nd century The presence of the colonia and the legion is clearly evident by the large number of stamped amphorae found at the site 103 The absence of stamps from other civilian contexts in northern Bntannia reflects the customs of the Bntons and the lack of Romamzation in the northern region The amphorae in northern Bntannia are closely associated with the military forts and the ration supply, sponsored by the state, smce they are not found in any civilian contexts without an accompanying military presence Wales The area of Wales is dominated by military forts where Axati stamped amphorae have been recovered The region contained five forts, without accompanying vici, at Caerphilly Castle, Frere, 1987,106 Frere, 1987,171 70 Brecon Gaer, Gelhgaer, Loughor and Shorden Brae Each fort, except at Brecon Gaer and Loughor, yielded only a single stamp Brecon Gaer produced three stamps including a SALS stamp from Alcolea del Rio, not Axati The other two stamps were produced at Axati and bear the mark of the Ennn lulu societas These stamps date shortly after the foundation of the fort in 75 The military fort of Loughor yielded two stamps bearing the tria nomina GAF which date from 145 to 224 The forts in Wales were first constructed in the mid-1 st century with the final fort erected in the early 2 nd century Two forts in the Welsh region, at Caersws and Caerleon, were accompanied by a civilian settlement From Caersws there was only a single stamp, HISPSAEN These forts were built in 75 to protect the vulnerable frontier The fort at Caerleon yielded 5 stamps which originated in Axati, dating primarily from the mid-2nd century The legionary fortress at Chester has provided 13 stamps for the study dated from the 2 nd century through the early 3 rd century The fortress was established in the mid-1st century and housed the soldiers of the Legio IIAdiutrix until approximately 84 when they were replaced by the Legio XX104 The site was supplied by state supported distnbution in order to ensure that the soldier received their oil rations The larger number of stamps recovered from this site is due to the presence of Roman troops and the influence that they had on the tastes and Romanization of the neighbouring elite The vicus of Kenchester and the civitates at Wroxeter and Caerwent represent the only three civilian settlements in Wales Kenchester yielded a single stamp, LIT, dating from the mid104 Somerset Fry, 1984, 86 The amphorae recovered from the site date predominantly to the Legio XX period 71 2n century through to the late 3 r century Wroxeter served as the civitas of theCornovu in the 2 nd century which was centred on the earlier fort built by Agricola 105 10 stamps were recovered from the site which illustrates Romanizing influence on the native elite of the town as well as the presence of soldiers at the military fort The civitas of Caerwent served as a fort in the 1st century prior to becoming a civilian settlement106 The single amphora from Axati found at the site dates from the mid-2nd to 3 rd century and so its oil was more likely to have been consumed by the civilian rather than the military occupants Central and Southern Britannia Sites within central and southern Britannia contain a large number of Axati stamps at civitates, vici, military forts, the provincial capital, villas and at miscellaneous sites The majonty were recovered from civilian contexts which reflects the social situation of the region The distribution favours the Romanized southern coast with more stamps found at the Romanized civitates of the Britons and the capital at London than throughout the interior of the provmce This reflects the distribution of the Roman and elite population who resided primarily in the pacified south Outside of Wales there are only six forts with stamps originating from Axati in central and southern Britannia The forts of Dover and Richborough were established early m the 1st century at the south-eastern edge of the island at the closest point to the coast of Gallia Lugdunensis These served as military bases early m the conquest of the island and were later converted mto civilian settlements after the establishment of a strong Roman presence on the 105 106 Somerset Fry, 1984,44 Somerset Fry, 1984,471 72 island The fort of Dover yielded only a single stamp while Richborough was richly supplied with 13 stamped amphorae ranging from the Claudian penod to 284 The supply of amphorae at these sites is connected primarily with the civilian occupation of each site Extending north are the forts of Ilkley and Ribchester which also served as civilian sites after the establishment of the frontier at Hadrian's Wall The auxiliary fort and vicus of Ribchester yielded two stamps bearing the tria nomina CIS The fort and vicus of Ilkley is located in central Britannia and yielded a single stamp It was built in 78 and was abandoned around 120 108 The sites of Ilkley and Ribchester represent the early frontier of the Roman expansion in Britannia during the time of Agricola and did not serve a major military function from the 2nd century onwards The legionary fortress of Lincoln yielded three amphorae from Axati The fortress lost importance with the establishment of York by the Legio IXHispana After this a coloma was established at the site while maintaining a reduced military presence The smaller number of amphorae recovered at the fortress and coloma is likely due to the concentration of military personnel in the northern forts 109 Although there have been only three amphorae found from Axati at Lincoln it served as a major military and civilian site throughout the Roman occupation of Britannia Four sites m southern Britannia have been categorized as miscellaneous Fishbourne served as the palace of British kings and was closely associated with the neighbounng civitas at Frere, 1987,48 Frere, 1987,156 Somerset Fry, 1984, 382 73 Chichester uo Fishtoft on the eastern coast of central Bntannia is a farming site which had neither large scale buildings, which might indicate the presence of a villa, nor signs of a civilian settlement It was a civilian region, although, due to its disassociation from any excavated settlement it has been classified as miscellaneous The region of Holt, from which a single stamp was found, was a pottery and tile kiln which was associated with the legionary fortress at Chester i n Charterhouse-in-Mendip is an industnal site closely connected to the exploitation of lead and other metals as well as a small vicus m These sites contained a single stamp from Axati each and represent a variety of types reflecting the diversity of sites at which Axati amphorae have been recovered There are four vici where amphora stamps have been recovered in central and southern Bntannia Warrington is located near Chester and Ribchester in central Britannia Old Sleaford, Denver and Stoke Ash are located between Lincoln and London These settlements were not accompanied by any military occupation at any point in their history despite their central location Warrington produced two stamps while Denver, Old Sleaford and Stoke Ash each yielded one The distribution of via in Bntannia is solely withm the pacified central and southern regions of the island This distnbution corresponds to the spread of Roman customs, and the taste for olive oil, among the local inhabitants of smaller towns or the presence of Romans who had decided to live in small towns of the Britons The city of Colchester represents the only coloma in Bntannia where olive oil from Axati was consumed The site was settled in 49 by veterans of the earlier Claudian conquest It is 110 Somerset Fry, 1984, 345 Somerset Fry, 1984, 249 The stamp found at this site may be an accidental find due to the nature of the site 112 Frere, 1987,40 111 74 located along the eastern coast of the island 23 stamps were found there which clearly demonstrates a Roman presence at the site when contrasted with nearby cities and sites The colonia of Colchester was a major Roman settlement and political centre which helped to spread Roman customs to the Britons by the mid-1st century The city was destroyed in the Boudiccan revolt m 60 resulting in the administrative capital being moved to London 113 Nine civitates of the Britons produced 44 stamped amphorae from Axati These sites are centred mainly within the far southern region of the island and are not accompanied by military occupation Leicester, in south-central Britannia, is the farthest north of the identified civitates, and yielded 5 stamps Nearer to London and the Thames are found the civitates of Saint Albans, with 5 stamps, and Cirencester with 11 stamps South of London is Silchester, yielding 11 stamps, Winchester with 2 stamps and Exeter with 6 stamps Farther south Dorset and Chichester each yielded a single stamped amphora while Canterbury yielded two These civitates represent the Romanized Britons of the southern coast, many of which were under Roman influence since the time of Claudius and had contact with Roman culture since the time of Julius Caesar The south coast civitates may have been the primary importation sites for the amphorae, however, more amphora stamps have been found from Cirencester and Silchester than are found at Chichester, Dorset and Exeter combined The distribution of stamps favours the more northern civitates at the expense of those along the coast An explanation for this may be that the majonty of the amphorae were imported to the coastal civitates and then shipped by land to the other civitates resulting m their final deposition farther from their point of initial importation This Somerset Fry, 1984,46 75 may also be due to the importation of amphorae by way of London from which they were redistributed to the closer civitates before extending to those farther away There is a smgle villa from which a stamped amphora originating from Axati has been recovered in Britannia The villa, at Wmterton, was built dunng the 2 nd century along the eastern coast near Stoke Ash U 4 The Dressel 20 amphora recovered from the ruins bears the tria nomina, MAR, common at many sites and on different types of amphorae throughout the Empire The provincial capital, Londomum Augusta, under modern London, was the pnmary importer of olive oil from Axati in Bntamua Of the 264 stamps found in Bntam 49 stamps came from London U 5 They range in date from the time of Claudius to the Post-Severan penod spannmg the entire penod for Dressel 20 amphorae The city was likely the primary importation site for Baetican olive oil and was responsible for redistributing the amphorae throughout the island 116 The capital served as the centre for the Roman civilian and military administration of the island and was responsible for the supply lines leading to the frontiers The importance of London and the Romans and Romanized natives who inhabited the city is clearly shown by the abundance of stamps from Axati 117 The political and social situation of the island is reflected in the distnbution of Axati stamps The lack of municipia shows that the Romans did not grant this status to many sites on 114 Somerset Fry, 1984, 225 The next highest amount from a single site in Britannia is Corbndge which yielded 26 116 The excellent access that the Thames provided to the city and its close proximity to the coast of Gallia Lugdunensis allowed for the ships to reach the city easily along the northern distribution route 117 The abundance of amphora stamps found at the capital may also be indicative of the establishment of an annona system within the city Although there is no literary evidence for an annona in London, it is recorded at other provincial capitals in the west 115 76 the island and none to which olive oil from Axati was distributed The stamps at the colonia of Colchester, as well as the highfrequencyof stamps at London, indicate a strong Roman presence in the southern part of the island The abundance of stamps found at civitates in Britannia displays the Romamzation of the native elite and the access which they were able to have Baetican olive oil Several of the sites he along the major Roman road of Fosse Way running from Exeter to Lincoln This road was one of the major supply routes for the cities in central and northern Britannia and was a likely route along which olive oil was travelled The presence of stamps at a large number of military forts along the northern frontiers 110 and within Wales shows the military supply lines of the soldiers The military forts throughout Britannia were supplied with olive oil through state sponsored and private merchants The consistent supply of oil to the forts is shown by the date ranges for the amphorae from Axati Many of the sites withm Britannia maintained a level of military occupation throughout their history including the larger civilian centres along the southern coast The continued occupation of these sites by military personnel ensured that there was a supply of olive oil to the sites through state merchants Although the distribution favours the southern military and civilian settlements many forts are represented including those within Wales and along the northern frontiers at Hadnan's Wall and the later Antomne Wall and the Fosse Way stretching through the interior Although there are not many stamps found at the frontier forts, those which have been recovered represent only a single production site in Baetica and this does not represent the total supply which would have been available to the soldiers 77 Gallia Lugdunensis Provincial Caprtal/Coloma Crvrtas Coloma Fort/Vicus Vicus 13 [4] 17 [1] 2[1] 49 [14] 40 [1] Stamps Mihtary Civihan Mihtary/Civihan Other Indeterminate Total Sites 0 119 2 0 0 121 0 20 1 0 0 21 Gallia Lugdunensis was a largely pacified province during the first three centuries which is clearly reflected in the sites to which olive oil from Axati was distributed Only one mihtary fort, with an accompanying vicus, yielded Axati stamps, located at Titelberg m modern Switzerland near the border of Germama Superior (Fig. 19) Apart from this fort, stamps came from civitates, via, a municipium, a coloma, the provincial capital of Lyon and a single villa The civilian nature of Lugdunensis is clearly shown in the distnbution of stamps as is the level of Romamzation apparent amongst the elite of the capital and civitates 122 stamped amphorae from Axati were recovered from Gallia Lugdunensis representing 11% of the 1,159 Dressel 20 amphorae currently published from the province This province represents one of the largest civilian consumption regions for Baetican olive oil as is shown by the number of Axati stamps found here Lyon, the capital of Lugdunensis, is well represented by Dressel 20 amphorae from Axati Forty stamps have been recovered from the city although one is not certainly attributed to the capital The location of Lyon is within the southern extension of the province near the border of Germama Superior and Gallia Narbonensis The abundance of stamps from Lyon, when 78 contrasted with sites elsewhere in the province, indicates that there was a central redistribution of olive oil from the city to those sites within the region or that the residents of the city enjoyed an annona system Lyon was also a central distribution site for the frontiers of Germama Superior and its capital of Mainz The importation of oil occurred from the Mediterranean coast of Narbonensis which was then brought up the Rhone River to the capital, Lyon There are three civitates with Axati stamps The central civitas of Orleans yielded a single stamp The more eastern civitas of Metz, near the border with Germama Superior, produced 6 amphorae bearing stamps The civitas of the Nervn, at Bavay, located close to the border with Germama Inferior yielded 3 amphorae These three sites represent the northern Germanic peoples who had begun the process of Romamzation as reflected by the political status of the city as well as the presence of Baetican olive oil The two civitates near the borders with the Germaniae, Metz and Bavay, were situated along the supply route to the frontier forts from which they presumably were able to obtain oil for their own purposes The more centralized civitas at Orleans is poorly supplied by stamped amphorae from Axati and may have had only limited access to oil due to its inland location and distance from the frontiers despite being situated along major roadways 119 The presence of olive oil amphorae at three civitates in Lugdunensis shows that there was a degree of Romamzation during the early Empire, although, based on the evidence of Axati stamps, this was to a lesser degree than in neighbouring Gallia Narbonensis or Britannia Fourteen vici spread throughout Gallia Lugdunensis yielded Axati stamps The farthest east of these, Roanne and Dieulouard, he near the border with Germama Superior and Inferior 119 Mackendnck, 1972,154 79 and may at times have been within the junsdiction of those provinces These sites each yielded a single stamped amphora The southern most of the vici is at La Buisse and Annecy which he near the border with Gallia Narbonensis These settlements added three stamps and one stamp to the corpus respectively In between is found the vicus of Ahse-Sainte-Reine which had four stamps From Grand came 6 stamps, while Macon, Arras and Amiens each had three stamps The vicus of Sancerre and Saint-Gems produced a single stamp while at Nuits-Saint-Georges there were 9 stamps The large number of vici at which stamped amphorae were recovered within the province is significantly higher than other provinces, revealing the civilian nature, and the accompanying high demand for olive oil, of the smaller towns there Geneva is the sole municipium in the province where Axati stamps were found It has yielded 9 stamp-beanng amphorae ranging in date from 60 to 161 Three of these bear the stamp MIM A total of 15 of the MIM stamps are found in the province, including high numbers at Lyon It is a common stamp throughout the Empire The higher number of oil amphorae from Axati in Geneva mdicates the presence of Romans and the effects they had on the native elite of the cities The colonia of Vienne is located immediately south of Lyon The presence of large numbers of Romans, and their taste for olive oil, is attested by the 17 Axati stamps recovered there There are more found at Vienne than at all the civitates and the municipium combined, giving a clear indication of the intrusion of Romans into the area Its location, very close to the capital, identifies the importance of the site, as well as the potential reason it was established 80 there, and the access which it had to olive oil The amphorae from the site are dated between 50 and 180 representing the period when the Roman inhabitants had access to Axati olive oil There is no consistent pattern for the distribution of the stamped amphorae within the vici of Lugdunensis Many are found along Roman roads, however, some vici are not situated near major roads and yet were able to acquire olive oil from Axati At La Buisse and Annecy, near Lyon, there are fewer stamps than in the central portion of the province Sites along the north coast opposite Britannia are well represented, however, the site of Honfleur on the English Channel has only a single stamp while farther inland at Amiens, Arras and Macon there are more amphorae The distribution of stamps through the vici of Lugdunensis implies more than a single distribution route and may be indicative of social conditions or the presence of Romanized elite, or Romans, in the interior of the province although further study is necessary The 121 stamped amphorae from Axati found in Gallia Lugdunensis are almost exclusively in civilian contexts due to the nature of the province and its inhabitants The unusual number of via is not paralleled by any other provmce This is due to the military supply lines which extended from the coasts and main cities to the frontier armies passing by many of the major cities and vici It may also be an indication of a high degree of Romamzation or Roman settlement within the province The presence of the municipmm and colonia within the southern extension of the province is directly related to the presence of Romans near the capital which itself was controlled by the Roman governor and his administration The distribution of stamps in Lugdunensis is mirrored by the neighbouring province of Gallia Aquitama on a lesser scale 81 Gallia Aquitania Provincial Capital irn Crvitas 4 [3] Colonia 4[1] Stamps Mihtary Cwihan Mihtary/Civihan Other Indeterminate Total 0 19 0 0 1 20 Municipnim 2[1] Vicus ViDa 1[1] 7[1] Sites 0 8 0 0 1 9 20 stamps from 9 sites have been excavated within Aquitania (Fig. 20) All of these sites are civilian settlements except for Astaffort, yielding a single stamp, which is unidentified although it too was likely a civilian settlement There is a single vicus found within the province, at Atur, from which a single stamp, MAR, was recovered The sole municipium of Boulogne yielded two stamps which date from the mid-2nd century Gallia Aquitania must have had less access to Baetican olive oil amphorae than the neighbouring provinces of Lugdunensis and Narbonensis since only 73 stamped Dressel 20 amphorae have been identified The 20 produced at Axati represents 27% of the corpus with all of the major sites yielding them For Aquitania, the pattern and level of consumption shown by the Axati stamps found there is highly representative of the overall distnbution of Baetican olive oil in the province There are two sites in Aquitania where Axati stamps have been recovered that may have been inhabited by Romans or by Romanized natives At the colonia latina of Toulouse, 4 stamps were recovered, the second most prolific site in the province after Sainte-Colombe The stamps from Toulouse date primarily from the 1st century although one can be dated as late as 199 The 82 presence of Romanized natives, as indicated by the Latin status of the city, is also evident in the higher number of stamps 120 The villas at Samt-Colombe contained 7 stamps They are located near Bordeaux which implies a close association between these residences and the capital They may have been supplied directly by the city or perhaps the owners of the villas were from the city The villas display a variety of stamps with no clear association to a single owner or supplier The presence of 7 stamps here demonstrates the wealth of the owners as well as their high degree of Romanization, if they were not in fact Roman These two sites may have been inhabited by Romans, or at least by Romanized elite, based on the high numbers of Axati stamps There are four civitates, including the one at Bordeaux, which served as the provincial capital, scattered around the small provmce of Aquitama Saintes, Bordeaux and Cahors each yielded a single stamped amphora Saintes is located near the Atlantic coastline along a small nver Bordeaux is located on a major mland waterway near to the coast The city of Cahors is farther inland from Saintes and Bordeaux along the nver which extends deep into the province of Lugdunensis The civitas at Poitiers yielded two amphorae It is located inland from Saintes The small number of olive oil amphorae revealed by this study at the civitates in Aquitama indicates that there was a lower degree of Romanization than in the neighbounng provinces of Lugdunensis and Narbonensis The site of Bordeaux is the sole site in Aquitama located along the Atlantic coast The 100 capital of Aquitama also served as a civitas for the Bitunges The ships which travelled north > towards Bntannia and the northern cities probably distnbuted this amphora The presence of only 120 Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976, 928 Expanding the study to include all sources of olive oil from Baetica may alter this perspective 122 MacKendnck, 1972, 60 121 83 a smgle amphorafromAxati at the provincial capital suggests that citizens of the city, and provmce, only had limited access to olive oil from Axati Many of the 20 amphorae from Aquitania can be dated from the late 1st to mid-2nd centunes implying an early connection with Axati olive oil that was not continued on the same scale in the later 2nd and 3rd centunes The distribution of the sites favours those farther inland though they were likely supplied by ports along the coast Ships sailing for the northern coast of Lugdunensis and Bntanma may have distnbuted these amphorae to the coast Alternately, the amphorae could have been brought to the smaller provincefromneighbouring Narbonensis along terrestrial and nvenne routes especially the navigable Rhone River Gallia Narbonensis Provincial Capital 5[1] Colonia Municipium 3 [2] 9[1] Stamps Military Civilian Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total 0 32 0 54 1 87 Shipwreck Vicus Villa 54 [3] 13 [10] 2 m Sites 0 15 0 3 1 19 The sites where stamped amphorae from Axati have been recovered within Narbonensis are clustered along the Mediterranean coast with few sites being far from the sea There are 87 stamps from 19 sites within the province Many were found in shipwrecks and thus cannot be connected to a particular city The settlement sites are all civilian which reflects the peaceful nature of the province and the highly Romanized coastal cities (Fig. 21) 84 The 87 stamps originating from Axati that were recovered from this province represents 10% of the 871 stamped Dressel 20 amphorae found here The clustering of the Axati stamped amphorae along the Mediterranean coast is closely representative of the overall distribution of Baetican olive oil Three shipwrecks along the shores of Gallia Narbonensis produced Axati stamped amphorae The largest is the shipwreck at the Golfe de Fos which sank between 149 and 154 The ship was carrying a mixed cargo, the majority of the transport amphorae were Dressel 20 ones along with Beltran 2B amphorae produced along the southern coast of Hispania and used to transport fish-based products 48 of the Dressel 20 amphorae werefromAxati123 The ship represents one of the largest single collections of stamps outside of Rome, Lyon and London The destination of the ship is unclear although stamps in the cargo were common at Monte Testaccio and Rome which was likely the final destination 124 The ship at the Bay of Cannes sank during the 3rd century It contained only two stamped amphoraefromAxati, both bearing the tria nomina LIT, although the primary cargo of the ship is not recorded The presence of only a single stamp on two amphorae on the ship identifies the shippmg methods for some olive oil producers The ship bore amphorae from a single producer from Axati which were added to a larger cargo and transported along the Mediterranean coast with other products of the Hispamae 125 Peacock and Williams, 1986,125 Amar and Liou, 1984,146 Pollmo, 1976,125 85 At Port-Vendres (II) is an mteresting shipwreck which is located close to the one at Cap de Creus in Hispania Citenor The ship sank between 41 and 42 while transporting a variety of Spanish products towards Gallia and Italia It held metal ingots, likely a product either of the mines in northern Hispania Citenor or the Sierra Morena region, as well as Dressel 20 amphorae and other amphora-borne commodities The mixed nature of the cargo shows the nature of trade and shipping within the Early Roman Empire Although a number of Dressel 20 amphorae were recovered from the cargo, there were 207 stamped amphorae in total, only 4 were from Axati The metals were far more valuable a commodity and likely composed the pnmary cargo 126 The Port-Vendres (II) shipwreck is closely dated and so provides important information about the nature of shipping and trade in the Roman world I27 At the site of Saint-Gilles-du-Gard a single stamped amphora beanng the stamp SNR was found This stamp is widespread in the Empire The nature of this site could not be determined It is located near the Mediterranean coast and has vici on either side Despite not being clearly identified, based on the nature of the province and its coastal location, it was likely a civilian settlement From the provmcial capital, and coloma, of Narbonne, on the Mediterranean coast, 5 stamps rangmg in date from 69 to 180 were recovered The site served as a major market for the region, however, based on the stamp evidence from Axati, it does not appear to have been as prolific an importer of oil as London or other western provincial capitals There was no annona All of the amphorae from Axati recovered from the wreck bear the stamp SISEN which is also found at the Golfe de Fos shipwreck 127 Colls e t o / , 1977,16 86 system for the citizens for olive oil as there may have been at other capitals The capital served 1 ^o as a major stopping point along the distribution route to Italy The colonia of Frejus yielded 9 stamps 129 It was colonized by veterans during the time of Julius Caesar and was established by Augustus as a major port in Narbonensis with the placement of a naval base at the city 13° This city served as a primary port along the Mediterranean where large numbers of merchant ships, both large and small, stopped The evidence based on amphora stamps from Axati indicates that the residents had consistent access to Baetican olive oil throughout the 1st and 2nd centunes and that the ships travelling to the Italian markets docked there and distnbutiond small amounts of their cargoes to the citizens The presence of Romans may be indicated by the number of stamps found at the city There are 2 mumcipia with stamped amphorae from Axati The city of Nissan-LezEnserune contamed the common stamp MAR on a Dressel 20 amphora, while the city of Murviel-les-Montpellier contained two stamped amphorae dating to the mid-2nd century Nissanlez-Enserune is located directly on the coast while Murviel-les-Montpellier is a few miles inland The preference for the coastal region of the province by the Romans and native elite is reflected by the proximity to the coast of the only 2 mumcipia in the province which received olive oil from Axati Of the vici of Narbonensis, only Le Barroux is located in the interior of the province From Le Barroux a single stamp from Axati, MMRP, was recovered The vicus of Chateau 128 MacKendnck, 1972, 34 One of the stamps found here, SALS, was produced at Alcolea del Rio along the Guadalquivir Valley 130 MacKendnck, 1972, 74 129 87 Roussillon yielded a single stamp bearing the name LVTROPHIMI Around the mumcipium at Nissan-lez-Enserune are clustered three vici, Valras-Plage, Vendres and Capestang These sites each contributed a single amphora stamp although the one at Capestang is associated with the figlina Marsianensis which was produced at the Baetican city of Posados The vici of Agde, Sete, Lattes and Lansargues are found on the coast between Samt-Gilles-du-Gard and Nissan-lezEnserune These vici yielded a total of 6 stamps, with 3 from Agatha and one from each of the others The vicus at Cavalaire is located near Frejus and contained a single stamped amphora The vici of Gallia Narbonensis with Axati stamped amphorae are strung along the Mediterranean coast but clustered near the larger cities The villa at Saint-Romain-de-Jahonas is located near Murviel-les-Montpelher Two stamped amphorae were recovered from the site bearing the marks of PANNIRVF and CALPVRNB The villa was supplied by two separate producers from the Axati region showing that it was not private trade between elites but that the amphorae were likely acquired through the nearby cities during the 1st century The prevalence of shipwrecks in Gallia Narbonensis attests to the large numbers of ships which sailed here from Baetica during the Imperial period Their discovery may be partly due to the high level of pleasure and archaeological diving which occurs off the southern coast of France The ships could be easily spotted by their cargo of amphorae, including Dressel 20 vessels, leadmg archaeologists to excavate in this area more often The absence of pleasure diving elsewhere around the Mediterranean may explain the relative lack of shipwrecks carrying olive oil amphorae produced at Axati from the waters of other provinces 88 The peaceful nature of Narbonensis meant that there were no military sites in the provmce 87 stamps were identified spanning the entire history of the Dressel 20 amphora The tight concentration of the sites along the Mediterranean coast clearly identifies the distnbution route along which amphorae were transported to the provmce Although Le Barroux speaks to a more mland distribution from the coast there are no other mland sites where Axati stamped amphorae were found The presence of Romans along the coastline is attested in literary documentation and inscriptions The clustering along the Mediterranean coast clearly shows that the inhabitants of these larger southern cities desired olive oil to a higher degree than the smaller vici scatted m the interior Germania Inferior Provincial Capital/Fort 7[1] Civitas Fort Fort/Vicus Fort/Colonia Fort/Civrtas Vicus 13 [1] 3[1] 1[1] 7 [3] 1[1] 1[1] Sites Stamps Military Civilian Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total 7 2 24 0 0 33 3 2 4 0 0 9 9 sites within Germania Inferior produced 33 stamped amphorae These include two civitates, a vicus, the capital at Cologne, a single fort with a colonia, three forts without accompanying civilian settlement and one with an accompanying vicus The military nature of the frontier province is reflected m the distribution of sites and the presence of a number of military outposts The sites, excluding Duren and Voorburg, are located along the Rhine or are only slightly removed from the central waterway This distnbution clearly shows the supply lines 131 Sayo, 2000, 74 89 which used the river frontier to transport amphorae to both the military encampments and civilian settlements (Fig. 22) From Germania Inferior 289 stamped Dressel 20 amphorae have been published with the 33 from Axati representing 11% of the total corpus The lower level of distribution and consumption of olive oil in the province is well represented by the Axati stamps Two civitates acquired stamped amphorae from Axati The first, Voorburg, is located near the mouth of the Rhine The site produced a single amphora from the Severan penod and is unlikely to have been an important distribution site for oil despite its location The civitas of the Batavi, at Nijmegen, served as both a major legionary fortress, built by the Legio X Gemma, and a civilian settlement on the Lower Rhine 132 The site is located directly on the nver and has the highest frequency of stamps from the province The 13 stamps from the site range from 50 through to 284 Nijmegen was an important legionary base which acquired a large number of oil amphorae from Axati although the amount consumed by the Romanized elite compared to the Roman soldiers is unknown Of the five forts with Axati oil only Xanten and Neuss had both a civilian and military function Xanten, farther inland from Nijmegen along the Rhine, was a legionary fortress which was also settled in the early 1st century as a coloma for veterans who served on the frontier The fortress was originally occupied by the Legio VI Victrix until 122 when they were transferred to Schonberger, 1969,155 90 Bntannia and the Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix occupied the base It yielded only a single amphora bearing the stamp MIM which has been dated to either 50 to 70 or 145 to 161 The fortress at Neuss was accompanied by a civilian vicus The fortress was established during the campaigns in Germama under Augustus Under Claudius the Legio XVI was transferred there until 70 when they were disbanded Legio VI Victrix rebuilt the fort and was stationed there until 104 when it became an auxiliary fort 134 From this site came 3 stamped amphorae It is located near Nettesheim between Cologne and Xanten directly on the Rhine Three forts in this province served only a military function Rossum, producing a single stamp, is found in the lower reaches of the Rhine Valley, past Nijmegen, near the coast The site is on the river and served as a frontier fort Nettesheim, with a single stamp, is inland between Cologne and Xanten Bonn is also located on the Rhine near the border with Germama Superior This large Augustan legionary and auxilary fort yielded 5 stamped amphorae from Axati The number of forts and the number of amphorae attests to the militarized nature of the province A single vicus m this province, Duren, produced a single stamp It is located towards the interior of the provmce near the Rhine and the border with Germama Supenor The amphora bore the tria nomina LIT A lower level of Romanization and Roman presence in the province is suggested by the smaller number of amphorae found at vici in the province when compared to the neighbouring province of Lugdunensis which shared the same major roadways and supply lines 133 134 Schonberger, 1969,151 Schonberger, 1969,153 91 The provincial capital of Germama Inferior, Colonia Claudia Ara Agnppenensium, modern Cologne, yielded 7 stamps associated with Axati The site served as both the administrative capital and a major fortress, housing both the Legio I Germamca and the Legio XX Valeria Victrix, along the Rhme frontier 135 It is on the Rhine between Bonn and Nettesheim The location of the capital, and its military function, is indicative of the military nature of the provmce and the Roman military occupation of the region The amphorae are less abundant here than at the more northern civitas and legionary fortress of Nijmegen although it is likely that oil from Cologne was sent along the Rhme to the frontier forts Amphorae are more prevalent at the civilian capital and legionary fortress of Cologne as well as the civitas and legionary fortress at Nijmegen compared to those found at the strictly military forts of the province This may be due to the higher number of Roman soldiers at these two main fortresses as well as a higher degree of Romamzation withm their associated civilian settlements than elsewhere m the province The province imitates the larger neighbourmg provmce of Germama Superior in its distribution of stamps primarily along the frontier and the military nature of the sites which dominate the corpus 135 Schonberger, 1969,145 92 Germania Superior Provincial Capital/Fort 65 [1] Qvitas Fort/Vicus Fort 24 [2] 32 [17] Fort/Colonia 30 [1] 63 [9] Stamps 32 17 Civilian 45 15 217 15 0 0 Other Indeterminate Total 7[1] Fort/Crvitas 51 [3] Mumcipium Vicus Villa 2 [2] 17 [9] 2 [2] Sites Military Military/Civilian Fort/Mumcipium 1 1 295 48 Germania Superior has the largest corpus of stamped amphorae from Axati outside of Rome (Fig. 23) Within the province 48 sites produced a total of 295 stamps These are connected primarily with the military frontier although mumcipia, colomae, civitates, the provmcial capital at Mainz and two villas also yielded examples The wide variety and large number of stamps cause difficulties in discussing the distribution in detail In order to reduce these difficulties, sites north of the capital of Mainz, mcludmg the city, will be discussed first, followed by those located south of the capital 2,061 stamped Dressel 20 amphorae have been recovered and published from Germania Superior Of these, 295 amphorae, or 14%, were produced at Axati based on the stamps The overall distribution and consumption of Baetican olive oil within the province is clearly well represented by those produced at Axati There is a single site within the province whose function could not be determined This is Adenau north of Mainz near the vicus at Monrealer Wald on the west side of the Rhine It is at a distance from the Rhine and may have been a civilian settlement similar to those nearby 93 Although the type of site could not be determined conclusively, it yielded a smgle amphora bearing the stamp GAF dated 145-224 North of Mainz From Mainz northward, 14 sites yielded stamped amphorae All but one of these, Hirschberg, were military forts, many of which were also accompanied by a civilian settlement These frontier forts served as the primary line of defense for the Roman Empire against the Germanic tribes 136 Amphorae found within military forts would have been part of the rations of the officers and soldiers and may have been supplied by an annona mihtaris, although private 1 ^7 distributors are also attested for such parts The mumcipium of Aachen is located mland from the vicus of Duren to the east of the Rhine A smgle stamp, HISPSAENI, dating from the late 1st to mid-2nd century occurred here The stamp has been traced to both C Ennius Hispanus and the Saenianensia workshop of Axati Aachen represents one of only two civilian sites in the northern part of the province that did not serve as a military fortification as well Hirschberg represents an odd situation for the Germanic frontier It is located on the eastern side of the Rhine near the outer border of the province It was identified as a villa rustica by the excavators 139 A single amphora from Axati bearmg the stamp PMS, dated between the 3 rd century and the m i d ^ century (one of the latest Dressel 20 amphorae), was found here The late 136 Schonberger, 1969, Fig 20 Blazquez Martinez, 1992,176 138 Berni Millet, 2008, 357 139 Remesal Rodriguez and Schallmayer, 1988, 395 137 94 date of the stamp at this villa far across the frontier in Germama is peculiar since the villa may have been overrun shortly after this time An example of the PMS stamp has also been recovered from Mainz, Zugmantel and Heddemheim in northern Germama Supenor The nature of this site is unclear based on a smgle stamp and tells nothmg of the consumption of Axati oil 140 The vicus at Monrealer Wald represents the only other civilian site without an accompanying military presence north of Mainz It is located west of the Rhine towards the interior of the provmce Its location is close to Gallia Lugdunensis and was a Gallic or Germanic settlement that acquired one olive oil amphora from Axati between 30 and 80 The presence of this amphora at the vicus may suggest that a supply line ran from Lugdunensis through or near the site to the frontiers along the Rhine although the evidence is insufficient The acquisition of this amphora from a nearby supply line is possible although the existence of the line is not certain since it could have been acquired from, or been travelling towards, either Mainz or Cologne Four forts without an adjoining civilian settlement are found along the lower Rhine These are Kastell Heddesdorf, Urmitz, Koblenz and Kastell Ems They served as frontier forts during the 1st century Those at Urmitz and Koblenz were constructed during the Augustan period while those at Heddesdorf and Ems were erected between 83 and 85 141 Each yielded a smgle amphora The supply to the military forts north of Mainz does not seem to suggest a single The presence of the stamp at the site may also have been unconnected to its place of consumption During the 3 rd century the Germanic tribes had begun raiding across the frontier line and this may represent plunder which was taken back into Germama and by coincidence was found associated with the villa 141 Schonberger, 1969,151 95 supplier, or a smgle source in Baetica, since a wide range of Dressel 20 stamps have been found along the river from many different production sites To the east of the Rhine, frontier forts were established at Oberflorstadt, Kastell Ruckingen, Hanau and Frankfurt142 Each of these was built between 83 and 85 dunng the expansion of Roman terntory The forts have each yielded a single stamped amphora from Axati They range in date from the establishment of the forts to the end of the 3 rd century These smaller forts served as frontier stations manned pnmanly by auxihanes, while the larger legionary bases were located at Zugmantel and Heddernheim The legionary fortress at Heddernheim was accompanied by the civitas of the Taunensn and served as a primary military base along the Rhine frontier north of Mainz It was built dunng the Flavian penod and became a major administrative centre for the region dunng the 2 nd century with the establishment of the civitas 143 The site yielded 36 stamps ranging from the Flavian penod to the late 3 rd century They display consistencies with those found at Mainz and Rome particularly Monte Testaccio The presence of portus stamps dunng the Severan penod may indicate the presence of a centralized acquisition system for olive oil along the frontier and at the fortress The influence of the annona mihtaris may be evidenced by the large number of Baetican stamps as well as the soldiers of Meditenanean ongins who appreciated olive oil Within the city the amphorae could have been associated with the legionnaires stationed at the fort, the administrative officials withm the city or the Romanized elite of the city Frankfurt was close to Heddernheim and was later combined with and identified as the same site of Nida Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976, 624 96 The auxilary fort of Zugmantel is a well excavated and published military base north of Mainz which was accompanied by a civilian vicus 144 It was established in 83 at the same time as many of the nearby forts It is located to the east of the Rhine along the eastern border of the province During excavations, 24 Axati stamps were recovered These date primarily to the mid2 nd century and are mirrored by those at the nearby fortress of Heddernheim and at Mainz The presence of a large corpus of 2 nd century stamps attests to the importance of this base during the period with its large number of soldiers as well as its central location along the Rhine frontier Saalburg is a cohort fort with an attached vicus located near both Zugmantel and Heddernheim m northern Germania Superior It was built m 83 and served as the base of the Cohors II Raetorum civium Romanorum equitata throughout the Roman occupation of the region 145 17 stamps were recovered which attest to the size of the base as well as the large numbers of Roman soldiers in the area The same types of stamps have also been recovered from Heddernheim, Zugmantel and Mainz connecting these major forts to a single supply route along the river The provincial capital of Mainz is located directly on the Rhine and served as an administrative centre for the province as well as a military fortress built during the Augustan period The fortress was the home of several legions throughout its occupation including Legio XIII Gemma, XVI Galhca, XXII Primigenia, III Macedonica, I Adiutrix, XXI Rapax and A7F Gemma 146 It has yielded 65 stamps from Axati which is more than any other site outside of Rome The stamps date from the Flavian period to the late 3 rd century The presence of so many 144 Schonberger, 1969,171 Schonberger, 1969,160 146 Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976, 587 145 97 stamped amphorae from Axati indicates the presence of large numbers of Romans, both administrators and soldiers, as well as a high degree of Romamzation amongst the local population who may have also been involved in the military and civilian administration of the region Due to the similarity of stamp types to those of other sites in the region, Mainz seems to have served a redistnbutive function The city and fortress is centrally located along the Rhine with easy access to those sites to the south and in Raetia as well as those to the north into Germania Inferior South of Mainz The majority of sites within Germania Superior, 35, are located south of Mainz These mclude several civilian settlements, a mumcipium, civitates, several vici and a single villa as well as 11 military forts They are spread along the frontier lmes and the Rhine with a large clustenng of forts between the Danube and Rhine Rivers The villa at Saint-Ulnch is located immediately east of Lyon, the capital of Lugdunensis, but it likely falls within the jurisdiction of Germania Superior A single stamped amphora was recovered here with the stamp GAF The villa is located near both Lyon and the colonia of Vienne mdicatmg the presence of wealthy Romans or Romanized natives in the area The owner was likely either a wealthy Roman or Romanized elite who constructed the villa m the frontier provmce and was able to acquire olive oil from Axati sometime between 145 to 224 AD Of the three civitates found south of Mainz, two of these, at Worms and Avenches, served as purely civilian settlements while Strasbourg was accompanied by a military fort 98 Worms, which is located along the Rhine directly across the river from the independent frontier fort at Hofheim, produced 7 stamps The city was the civitas of the Vangiones who, based on the stamp evidence, received quantities of olive oil beginning in the mid-2nd century 14? The Romanized elite of the town lived along the Rhine behind the frontier forts and were able to import Axati olive oil to satisfy their needs The civitas of Avenches provides 17 stamps from Axati many of which contain the marks of the portus during the 1st and early 2 nd century It is located south of the Rhine withm the southernmost extension of the province It is not located near the frontier line which is why there is no accompanying fort, and provides evidence for the Romanization of the Germanic elite During the reign of Trajan, Roman citizens were sent to the settlement resulting in the addition of a Roman population and the acquisition of colonia status 148 The large corpus of stamps clearly shows the presence of the Roman colonists as well as the Romanizing effect that they had on the local elite The civitas of Strasbourg was established, along with an accompanying legionary fortress, during the early 1st century 149 It is situated on the western bank of the Rhine along the early frontier It yielded 10 stamps ranging from the reign of Claudius to the end of the Severans Presumably the civitas of Strasbourg was able to acquire amphorae from Axati to satisfy the olive oil needs of both its soldiers and Romanized elite although the proportions consumed by either group cannot be determined Grant, 1986,116 Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976,131 Grant, 1986, 61 99 The fort and coloma of Trier is located near the capital, Mainz, and removed from the Rhine towards the interior of the province It yielded 4 stamps related to the Ennu lulu and the closely associatedy?^/wa Saemanensia The presence of only stamps from a single societas and fighna at the site may be connected to a limitation on distribution to the site controlled by the family or the acquisition of the Axati amphorae from a single distributor who only had those amphorae at the time The mumcipium of Rheinzabern is situated between Worms and Strasbourg along the western bank of the Rhine It was not accompanied by a military fortification despite its frontier position Only one Axati stamp, LAF, was found dated between 142 and 165 based on titulipicti Also at the city were large-scale pottery factories used to produce Samian ware 15° The mumcipium is the only large city found south of Mainz and only one of two, with Aachen, within Germania Superior that enjoyed mumcipium status, even though only a single olive oil amphora from Axati has been discovered to this point Eight vici located south of Mainz in Germania Superior were not directly associated with any military occupation On the eastern side of the Rhine are the vici of Dieburg and BadenBaden The former was founded by Trajan to the south-east of Mainz between the forts at GropGerau and Kastell Stockstadt From the site 3 stamped amphorae were found, two bearing the mark PARVA and one SNR 151 These date from the late 2 nd century and the SNR stamp was also the only one found at the fort of GroP-Gerau At Baden-Baden healing baths were frequented by large numbers of Romans and natives Here a single amphora, bearing CRKAL, from Axati was 150 151 Comfort, 1946, 502 The PARVA stamp is poorly preserved at Axati and may in fact have been produced elsewhere in Baetica 100 recovered Baden-Baden is the only site outside of Axati at which this stamp has been found to date The vicus of Eincheville is located near the border with Lugdunensis and the city of Metz It yielded a single stamped amphora bearing the stamp HISPSAENI connecting the site to C Ennius Hispanus and the Saemanensia/zg/zwa Near Eincheville is the vicus of Eguisheim which produced a single Axati stamp Also in the intenor of the province is the vicus of Mandeure just south of Eincheville It has yielded two stamped amphorae of which one is also connected to C Ennius Hispanus, CENHISPSAE, and the Saenianensia_//g/z«a The similarities between the stamps at these two intenor vici display the wide distribution of the Hispanus stamps and the Saenianensia/zg/wa within the province as well as the importance of this producer and workshop to Germama Superior The vici at Ehl and Sierentz are both found on the western bank of the Rhine The site of Ehl yielded 4 stamped amphorae from Axati while Sierentz had 3 The via are located between Strasbourg and Augst, and each has yielded a comparatively large number of stamps The presence of large numbers of stamps on either side of these sites indicates that the region was well supplied The presence of more stamps at the nvenne vici compared to the more inland ones attests to the presence of a supply line along the nver and the use of the Rhine to transport large quantities of the heavy olive oil amphorae 101 Alzey and Bad Kreuznach were two vici located south-west of Mainz which were provided with military fortifications in the late 4 th century 152 Due to the addition of these forts after Dressel 20 amphorae had declined in use, they are classified as vici with an attached fort rather than as forts with an adjoined vicus From Alzey came 2 stamps dating to the 3 rd century From Bad Kreuznach 6 stamps were recovered dating from the tune of Claudius to 161 The abundance of stamps at these two sites attests to their prominent location near Mainz as well as the civitates at Trier and Worms Apparently the inhabitants of Bad Kreuznach were able to acquire olive oil amphorae from Baetica throughout the 1st and 2 nd centuries and Alzey only at the beginning of the 3 rd century The site of Augst produced the largest corpus in the province outside of Mainz From the fort and colonia 28 stamps ranging in dated from 41 to the mid-2nd century with 2 stamps belongmg to the Severan period The fort was established prior to 16 with the addition of the colonia, likely for veterans of the fort and region, during the time of Augustus The site was temporarily occupied by troops from Vindonissa, Legio lAdiutrix and Legio VII Gemma Felix as well as an auxilary contingent I53 Its central location along the southwestern bend of the Rhine provided easy access to both Raetia and the Rhine forts and cities This city and fort may have served as a pnmary distributor for the southern Rhine valley frontiers based on the large corpus of stamps from the site contrasted with those nearby and the presence of the same stamps at nearby sites The contents of the large numbers of amphorae may also have been consumed by the soldiers or Roman colonists Schonberger, 1969,182 Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976,117 102 The military fort at Rottweil is located on the Danube River along the border of Germama Superior and Raetia The fort was founded prior to 83 and was accompanied by a municipwm 7 amphora stamps were found here none of which are the same The fort served as a station along the frontier in the 1st century until it was succeeded by the forward bases at Rottenburg and later Kongen and Stuttgart deep in Germanic territory After this the fort was largely abandoned in favour of the civilian settlement154 The stamps date primarily from the time of the civilian settlement, however, due to the dual nature of the city and the ambiguity of the amphorae within the site itself, it is classified as a military fort with an accompanying civilian municipwm Two forts south of Mainz were accompanied by vici The first, Ohnngen, is located along the eastern border of the province with Raetia, and is the farthest advanced of the sites in Germanic territory to which amphorae from Axati were exported The site was founded m the 2 nd century and only a single stamp, LCANTP dating from 130 to 161, was recovered there The second, Rottenburg, is located between Kongen and Rottweil and served as a frontier fort during the expansion of 83 It became an imperial estate later in its history Its one stamp, QMS, dates to the use of the fort and vicus in the late 2 nd century An additional fort and vicus with Axati stamps is located south of Mainz This is Bliesbruck, one of the most ambiguous and multi-faceted sites within this study It was established as a frontier fort prior to 83 After the advance of the frontiers, a villa was built at the site The dates for its various uses are unknown resulting in difficulties in classifying the Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976, 82 103 association of the stamps with a particular civilian or military function The 12 stamps recovered from the site date from the Claudian to the post-Severan penod spanning all three uses of the site A third of these stamps bear the tria nomina LIT The late date of these stamps, from the mid-2nd to late 3 rd century, may connect them to the villa and indicate ownership or a connection between elites, although this is not conclusive The fort and vicus at Solothurn is located near Avenches south of the Rhine The fort was built m the Augustan penod as a military encampment when the frontier was being established A single stamp, dated from the mid-1 st to mid-2nd century was recovered The fort of Usspann cannot be located accurately due to poor preservation and recording It yielded a single stamp, SNR, and served as a military fort dunng the 1st century Pnor to 83, four forts were established south of Mainz in Germama Supenor that acquired olive oil from Axati These forts are located along the Rhine with the northernmost, at GroP-Gerau, yielding 4 stamps It is located across the nver from Mainz from which the amphorae likely came The fort of Hofheim is on the opposite, eastern, bank of the Rhine from Worms and produced 6 stamps perhaps from its favourable location near large civilian cities Located farther south is the fort at Ladenburg, with an accompanymg vicus on the eastern side of the nver Here a single stamp bearing the initials LIT was found The southern Rhine valley contains the fort of Biesheim near the vicus of Eguisheim 4 stamps dating from the late 1st century to the end of the 2 nd century were recovered These forts represent the frontier lines pnor Baudoux, 1993, 23 104 to the Flavian expansion after which they lost their importance and were largely abandoned in favour of the more forward forts, although civilian and military occupation did continue During the Flavian expansion into Germania seven forts were built between 83 to 85 CE where olive oil amphorae from Axati were sent Apart from the fort at Stockstadt, east of Mainz, the other forts are all located in an arc stretching from the Rhine to the Danube Stockstadt yielded a single stamp connected to the Ennn lulu of Axati The fort of Bad Wimpfen, the most northern of the clustered forts, yielded a single stamp bearing the tria nomina LIT Just to the south is the fort at Walheim from which a single Ennn lulu stamp was recovered South of Walheim is the fort at Stuttgart which has yielded 3 stamps including an Ennn lulu stamp Southeast of Stuttgart is Kongen where 8 stamps were recovered dating from the mid-2nd through early 3 rd century The fort at Altenstadt is the southernmost of the forts near the Danube It yielded a single stamp, LFFV, dating from the late 2 nd century The uneven distribution of amphorae at these clustered forts does not produce a clear pattern Oil may have been distnbuted from a number of sources in the region To summarize, 295 stamps from Axati have been recovered from 48 sites in Germania Superior Away from the frontier lines large numbers of stamps are found in civilian contexts or civilian settlements which accompanied a military fort The distribution of these sites indicates that there may have been a number of supply routes through the province from the major Gallic cities, the capital Mainz and the civitates of Germania Superior The majority of the stamps have been recovered from those sites which served both a civilian and a military function with more stamps from purely civilian contexts than from strictly military sites The large numbers of 105 amphorae found at combined military and civilian sites suggests both the presence of large numbers of Roman troops as well as the Romanizing effect that the heavy Roman presence had on the local elite Raetia Fort Fort/Vicus Vicus 3 [2] 27 [11] 1[1] Stamps Military Civilian Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total Sites 3 2 1 1 27 11 0 0 1 1 32 15 The province of Raetia is located between Germania Superior and Noncum along the Danube frontier with Germania (Fig. 24) 156 The northern frontier of this highly militarized province is clearly reflected by the sites at which stamped amphorae from Axati have been recovered with all but 2 of the 32 stamps from sites which had an element of military occupation The site of Lengnau, and its one stamp, is of an unknown type Due to its location along the Danube frontier, and close to forts, it likely also was a fort although this cannot be proven The other stamp not associated with a military site was recovered from the vicus of Lenzburg near the forts at Wmdisch and Olten although it is not connected to either These two stamps represent the only ones found at sites without an identified military occupation, at an unknown site type and a civilian vicus From the province of Noncum there were no sites which had acquired olive oil amphorae from Axati 106 The 31 Axati stamps recovered from this province represents 15% of the 202 total Dressel 20 stamped amphorae so far identified The lower number of Dressel 20 amphorae recovered from Raetia than the neighbouring frontier provinces is also reflected closely by the number of Axati stamps from the province 11 forts with an accompanying civilian settlement produced Axati stamps The large legionary fortress at Wmdisch yielded 8 stamps The vicus and fort of Curia Raetorum, modern Chur, in the southern part of the province along the southern bend in the Rhine, produced a single stamped amphora bearing SNRP The fort at Bregenz along the southern extension of the Rhine, behind the final frontier lines of the Trajanic period, near the border with Germama Superior, yielded 4 stamped amphorae from Axati demonstrating its access to the supply lines along the Rhine The site of Gunzburg on the Danube had 3 stamps while at the neighbouring fort at Faimingen a single stamp was recovered Fnedberg, farther towards the interior of the provmce to the south of the Rhine, yielded a single stamp, SALS, which, as discussed in connection with Hispama Baetica, was produced at the site of Alcolea del Rio not Axati Bingen on the Danube had a single stamp, LCMY At the nearby fort of Hedelberg came three stamps This fort is located farther south of the Danube Oberwinterthur yielded a single stamp The fort at Olten in the interior of the province served as an early fort established in Augustus' time while continumg as a promment civilian settlement It yielded a single amphora bearing the stamp QANTR These eleven forts with stamps originating from Axati were accompanied by via and are located near to if not on the Danube frontier with Germama 107 Within Raetia there were two forts which were not accompanied by a civilian settlement Hufingen and nearby Kleinkastell Hainhaus are located on the Germanic side of the Danube within two branches of the river Hufingen provided two stamps, LCM and the closely related stamp LCMY, while Hainhaus yielded a single stamp bearing IIIENNTVL which was produced by the Ennn lulu societas and is found throughout the Germanic frontier The large legionary fortress at Regensburg, which started as an auxiliary fort, was placed on the Danube frontier near the border of Raetia and Noncum It is separated from the other sites to which amphorae from Axati were distributed in Raetia by a fair distance This large fortress, inhabited by the Legio IHItalica, served as a central military post, as well as a civilian vicus 157 4 stamped amphorae were found which would have been provided to the soldiers and officers of the encampment as part of their rations The fortress housed a large administrative and legionary population although this is not reflected in the numbers of stamped amphorae from Axati recovered from the site compared to the legionary bases of Germania Superior The militarized nature of the Danube frontier of Raetia is clearly reflected in the distribution of the 32 stamped amphorae from 15 sites The majority of the stamps, all but two, were recovered from sites with a military function The absence of Romans outside the frontier forts is clearly shown by the absence of colonia and municipia identified by the study The provmce of Raetia displays the characteristics of a frontier zone which is also shown by the eastern borders of Germania Superior and Germania Infenor and the northern forts of Bntannia Schonberger, 1969,172 108 Hispania Citerior and Baleares Municipnim 19 [4] Ship wreck Vicus 2[1] 1[1] Stamps Military Civilian Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total Villa 2 [2] Miscellaneous 2[1] Sites 0 24 0 2 1 27 0 8 0 1 1 10 9 sites yielded a total of 25 stamps from the province of Hispania Citerior (Fig. 24) Seven of these were found at the major port, and marketplace, of the mumcipium of Empunes along the Mediterranean coast The mumcipium of Alicante on the coast yielded 8 stamps Barcelona, Argentona and Santa Pola each yielded a single stamp along with the villas at Viladamat and Terrassa From a shipwreck off Cap de Creus came two stamps At Las Animas there are potentially three stamps although two of these are questionable These sites are predominantly along the Mediterranean coast with none found in the northwestern and interior part of the province From Hispania Citenor 326 Dressel 20 amphorae were recovered with 8%, 25 amphorae, being produced at Axati Although the percentage of stamps from Axati is lower than other provmces, the distribution of sites follows the same pattern From the Baleares 19 stamps were published of which 2, or 11%, are from Axati The additional stamps from the Balearic Islands fill in the pattern of finds from the smaller islands as well as more clearly show the distnbution route across the Mediterranean to Rome 109 Empuries was a major municipium near the border with Gallia Narbonensis It served as a major port and marketplace, as is implied by its original Greek colonial name Emponon It enjoyed a high degree of prosperity throughout the Carthaginian, Greek and Roman occupation of Hispama 158 The city served as a trading node between the Hispamae and Gallia Narbonensis The stamps range from 60 through to 284 representing the entire period of Dressel 20 amphora usage The amphorae have a variety of stamps with only 2 of the 7 being the same Empuries was a major stoppmg pomt on the route from Baetica through Gallia Narbonensis to Rome through which large amounts of olive oil must have passed The municipium of Alicante served as a port and major importer of a particular producer of olive oil at Axati There are 8 stamps, all of which bear SEXIRVF This stamp is found only at one other site m the Roman world, at Geneva in Gallia Narbonensis Alicante seems to be intimately connected with the owner of this stamp since there is the same number of amphorae found at Alicante as at the kiln at Axati The high frequency of this stamp at Alicante, and its limited geographic distribution outside Hispama, indicates that it was not highly distributed in the Empire and may have been a small-scale producer from 60 to 70 CE The presence of 8 stamps at both Axati and Alicante, and only one example outside these sites, may indicate that the owner of the kiln or villa at Axati was in some form connected with Alicante Alternately, they could have been part of a single shipment received by the city Two villas in Hispama Citenor had stamped amphorae from Axati These villas, at Viladamat and Terrassa, are located in the northeastern corner of the province near the Pyrenees and Empuries The Terrassa example bears the stamp MAR while the Viladamat amphora bears 158 Lowe, 2009,40 110 CENHISPSAE These stamps were both widely distributed throughout the Roman world especially among the frontier provinces Due to their wide distribution at a variety of sites, they do not identify the owners of the villas or their potential connections with the production region of Axati Barcelona had a different character from the other coloniae in this study It was supplied with only a single amphora from Axati which is unexpected given the quantities found at other coloniae m the Empire The single stamp may be indicative of local production of olive oil or the importation of oil to the city from a separate region or city Santa Pola represents a similar situation This vicus had a single stamped amphora, CAS, dating 214-224 The relative absence of Axati amphorae here may be evidence of local production or acquisition from another site It may also be explained by the use of perishable containers to transport the olive oil the short distances to these cities from the Guadalquivir valley Las Animas is located close to the Guadalquivir valley in the interior of the province It is identified as a municipium which was able to acquire the amphorae from the Guadalquivir valley by land Three stamps occurred here although two are of uncertain provenience and may not be from the site Las Animas represents the only inland site in Hispama Citenor which received olive oil amphorae from Axati Apart from Las Animas no other sites away from the coast yielded Axati stamps The site Argentona is some distance removed but its status in the Roman world is uncertain It is situated at the base of the Pyrenees nearest to the city of Barcelona The coastal sites are mamly clustered 111 m bays which provided harbours, both natural and man-made, where ships could dock The high number of sites with Axati stamps along the coast at the foot of the Pyrenees and Narbonensis mdicates the major route which supplied the southern Gallic coast and extended to Rome The presence of amphorae primarily along the coast with only two inland sites may mdicate the transportation of olive oil in perishable containers, such as barrels, to these sites while those along the coasts received olive oil in amphorae The shipwreck at Cap de Creus dates to the Flavian period based on the excavator's analysis of the cargo, which consisted primarily of Dressel 20 amphorae from Baetica 159 The presence of two stamps from Axati, amongst many other Baetican olive oil amphorae, shows that the amphorae from a given city were transported along with the produce of other regions and other products The Dressel 20 amphorae were shipped along the nver to the open water before sailmg eastward along the coast of Hispania Citenor near the Pyrenees and the shipwrecks within Gallia Narbonensis The Balearic island of Isla de Cabrera produced two stamped amphorae, MAR and POPVLI, from Axati This small island off the southern coast of the larger island of Mallorca now serves as a national park and preservation site The presence of stamps at the site shows that ships visited this port while sailing to Sardinia and Rome across the open Mediterranean The POPVLI stamp is found predominantly at Rome and has been dated 214-224 dunng the reigns of Caracalla and Alexander Severus The stamp is closely associated with the annona of Rome and the Severan confiscations of Baetican estates Although the Baleanc Islands yielded only two Amar and Liou, 1984, 210 112 stamps m total from Axati, it is likely that there are further stamps not recovered or recorded since this was a stopping point on the way to Rome for the large trade ships transporting oil The 25 stamps withm Hispania Citenor and 2 from the Baleares are solely within civilian contexts, along with a shipwreck and one site whose status could not be determined The absence of military sites in the province is obvious Apart from the northwestern region, where no stamped amphorae from Axati were recovered, the province was largely pacified since the 1st century Although it was not as Romanized as Baetica and Gallia Narbonensis, the presence of Romans and Romanized elite is attested at many sites along the Mediterranean coast The absence of amphorae from the interior of the province corresponds to the location of the native populace who had either not acquired the Roman taste for Baetican olive oil or, more likely, the use of local produce instead The Roman populace of Hispania Citenor was mainly clustered along the Mediterranean coast, as seems evident from the distribution of stamps from Axati Hispania Lusitania Vicus Villa 1[1] 1[1] Miscellaneous 1[1] Srtes Stamps Military Civilian Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total 0 2 0 1 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 3 Excavations in the province of Lusitania have yielded 3 sites with one stamped amphora each (Fig. 24) The stamp MAR has been found at the Troia Peninsula as well as at the vicus of Alcacer do Sal, although the provenience of the latter is not certain At the villa of Torres Novas 113 a smgle amphora bearing the letters ALFO was found These three sites are located along the western coast of the province where the amphorae were likely acquired from those ships sailing north to Bntannia and the northern provinces It is less likely that they came across land from Baetica due to the lack of sites between 13 Dressel 20 stamped amphorae have been recovered from the province with 3 amphorae, or 23% of the total, bearing stampsfromAxati Although the corpus of stamps from the provmce is small, the Axati stamps are representative of the distribution Lusitama has few stamps from Axati despite its proximity to Baetica and the Axati production region This might be explained in several ways The first is the possible use of penshable materials to transport oil from Baetica to the province A second is that the olive oil consumed in Lusitama may have been imported from a different region of Baetica or produced locally in Lusitama The only certainty is that the sites favour the coast where the ships sailing for Bntannia and the northern provinces could easily dock, and the purely civilian nature of the Roman presence at these sites Hispania Baetica Conventus Capital Municipium 8 [2] Vicus 16 [4] Villa 3 [2] Stamps 3 [2] Sites Military 0 0 Civilian 30 10 0 0 12 1 Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total Miscellaneous 0 0 42 11 114 12 [1] The province of Baetica was a primary exporter of olive oil in the Roman Empire during the 1st through 3rd centuries It was slowly superseded by North African olive oil dunng this time and was replaced by 251, at least in Rome Within Baetica, distribution of olive oil occurred between regions and cities resulting in a mixture of stamps from each site The regional distribution of olive oil resulted in Axati stamped amphorae being found at a number of sites within the province and the produce of other sites being found at Axati Because of the complexity and importance of the regional distribution along the Guadalquivir River each site and its stamps will be discussed separately (Fig. 25) Dressel 20 amphorae were produced in Baetica and this has resulted in 3,542 total stamps being recovered 26% of these, or 909 stamps, were produced at Axati itself Within Baetica, the site of Axati is fully representative of the olive oil industry and Dressel 20 distribution and production The conventus capital of Ecya, ancient Astigi, is distinguished in tituhpicti found at Monte Testaccio and elsewhere as being the central processing site for olive oil produced at Axati Despite the inclusion of Axati in the conventus of Hispahs, which is not found in tituh picti on Axati amphorae, the amphorae may have been transported upstream to the Genii River which runs through Ecya, from where they were collected and exported At the city the stamps LAF, MIM and SIP were recovered The site of Ecya was an important node at the beginning of the distribution of olive oil from Axati Berni Millet, 2008, 219 115 The conventus capital of Cadiz, ancient Gades, is on the Atlantic at the mouth of the Guadalquivir River It produced a single stamped amphora, bearing the tria nomina MAR The presence of this stamp here says little as to the use of Cadiz as an export site since the stamp is quite common throughout the Empire Although it is possible that Cadiz served as an export centre for Axati olive oil, it is not named in any tituhpicti The mumcipium of Alcolea del Rio located on the Guadalquivir River yielded 13 stamps from Axati The stamp SALS is found five times, and only once at Axati, suggesting that Alcolea del Rio was the production region for the amphorae bearing these stamps 161 For this reason the SALS stamps has been omitted from discussions of the distribution of Axati olive oil In addition the stamp QFRMAED may have originated in the kilns of Alcolea del Rio The stamps CMM, GANNIRVFINI, IIIENNIVL, MAEM and MIM were also found there These were produced at Axati showing that Alcolea del Rio imported from the neighbouring region as well as exported its own stamped amphorae to Axati This site exemplifies the regional distribution of olive oil along the Guadalquivir The mumcipium of Carmona, located along a southern branch of the Guadalquivir River was downstream from Axati and yielded two stamps, ACHB and GAF The presence of these stamps, and none which were produced at Carmona and found at Axati, indicates that the city imported oil from upstream while none of its own production was imported in amphorae by Axati Berni Millet, 2008, 301 116 The municipia of Santiponce and Penaflor are located on either side of Axati along the Guadalquivir River They had three stamped amphorae each which were produced at Axati while none of their produce was found among the stamps at Axati The absence of the produce of these sites at Axati indicates that they only imported olive oil from there and did not export any of their own amphorae to Axati These sites are important points, along with Carmona, along the Guadalquivir River which also produced large quantities of olive oil The region of Cortijo del Alamo represents a major amphora and olive oil production region within the Guadalquivir Valley 162 It is located close to Axati along the river and was also connected to Ecija as its primary exporter and processing centre The stamps GAVFL, ILFT, LIT and MMRP have been found there The stamp GAVFL may have been produced in this region as well as at Axati or it may have been produced at one site and transported to the other 163 The stamp ILFT was produced at Axati and then transported to Cortijo del Alamo along with the amphorae bearing the stamp MMRP The LIT stamp can be connected closely with both sites The tria nomina may represent a single individual who produced amphorae in both production regions or may represent two individuals who used the same initials Although the Cortijo del Alamo site has 5 of these stamps, there were 6 found at Axati resulting in complications in identifying their production site The stamps were likely produced in both regions, however, for the purposes of this study they are included within the production of Axati Cortijo del Alamo is an excellent example of an olive oil producing region which participated actively in regional exchange both by importing oil from Axati and exporting to the city Berni Millet, 2008, 349 There is an alternate reading of this stamp, GAVEL, which has been identified by this study 117 There are two vici within Baetica where stamped amphorae from Axati were recovered The first is at Palma del Rio located outside of Penaflor along the Guadalquivir The site has produced a smgle Axati stamp beanng the tria nomina QMS Farther upstream two stamps, both CPC, came from the site of Almodovar del Rio Amphorae beanng these stamps were produced at Almodovar del Rio then exported to Axati 164 The vici of Baetica show the two types of regional sites, one of an importer from Axati and one of an exporter to Axati of oil Three villas in Baetica contained stamps produced at Axati The first, at Posados, is upstream from Axati along the nver past the city of Penaflor Stamps found here are all associated with ihejighna Marsianensis located on the properties 165 These stamped amphorae were exported to Axati The villa was owned and operated by a resident associated with the nearby city of Penaflor Due to the close connection of the stamps with the villa, it is clear that they were not produced at Axati and therefore have been omitted from the discussion of olive oil distnbuted from the city The other two villas in Baetica are located downstream from Axati At Villa Clara the stamp PORCPR was found This was commonly exported throughout the Empire The villa at El Judio is located on the nver and produced two amphorae beanng the Severan penod stamp CAS, which may have been produced at the villa then exported to Axati, and to Rome and the frontiers of Germama and Britannia The connection of this stamp pnmanly with Rome and the frontiers may help identify one of the main supplies of olive oil for the annona system The villas of Berni Millet, 2008,496 Berni Millet, 2008,428 118 Baetica represent the residences and production sites of the elites which not only exported large amounts of their oil but imported from other areas The presence of olive oil amphorae from a neighbouring region can be explained in many different ways Pnvate trade probably occurred between wealthy landowners or between villas of the same owners This may also be an indication of a poor production year, or years, in a particular region which did not affect the neighbouring region's harvest Personal distribution, trade and gift giving between elites and city officials, was an important Roman custom which was employed to establish and maintain personal ties as well as to acquire goods from other villas or regions which were not produced locally This may explain the relatively low numbers of amphorae found at villas throughout the Empire including Baetica Although the scale of regional distribution appears to be limited, due to the overall prosperity of Baetica and the large scale production of olive oil at most of the sites involved, it cannot be fully quantified based on amphora stamps from Axati alone In order to determine the degree of regional exchange along the Guadalquivir River, a more thorough study of all the sites in the provmce would be necessary 119 North African Provinces Mauretania Tingitana Mumcipium Vicus Colonia 19 [2] 11 [1] 11 [2] Stamps Military Civilian Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total Sites 0 41 0 0 0 41 0 5 0 0 0 5 41 stamps came from 5 civilian sites within Mauretania Tingitana (Fig. 26) Along the Atlantic coast the colonia of Tangiers yielded two stamps, the vicus of Sidi Ah ben Ahmed, ancient Thamusida, had 4, and the vicus of Rabat, ancient Sala, 7 Farther inland Volubilis, the modern city of Ksar Pharnoun, with 11 stamps was granted mumcipium status under Caligula Farther south at the Augustan colonia of Banasa, 17 stamps were recovered The distribution of the amphorae, favouring inland sites, demonstrates that although the amphorae were unloaded along the coast, they were transported along the major roadways to where there was higher demand, at the inland settlements where Romans lived The fewer amphorae found at the vici shows the influence that the presence of Roman colonists could have on the inhabitants of a provmce and their use of olive oil From Mauretania Tingitana, 252 stamped Dressel 20 amphorae have been recovered Of this total, 16%, or 41 stamps, can be connected with Axati For the province of Mauretania Tingitana the site of Axati is clearly representative of the olive oil industry of Roman Baetica as a whole 120 Mauretama Tingitana was itself a major producer of olive oil beginning in the late I s century and mcreasing until the mid-3rd century after which it entirely replaced Baetican oil in Rome along with other North African oil The importance of this province in the study is shown by the high number of amphorae from Axati found within an oil producmg region Although Tingitana produced olive oil in surplus, it still imported oil from Axati for its people The reasons for this are unclear, however, the dates of the amphorae found in the provmce range widely from the 1st century through to the late 3 rd century and the proportions of amphorae imported m specific years cannot be determined Many of the amphorae can be dated between the mid-1 st and mid-2nd centuries with fewer from the 3 rd century This pattern may reflect the increase in production of local olive oil in the province Mauretama Tingitana was a major producer of olive oil during the 2 nd and 3 rd centuries, but it maintained a steady importation of olive oil from Axati during the height of its own olive oil industry 166 Numidia Africa Provincial Capital 1[1] Coioma 1[1] Stamps Military Civilian Military /Civilian Other Indeterminate Total Sites 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 In Numidia Africa, one stamped amphora has been recovered at Carthage and one at Hammamet (Fig. 29), but the type of amphora could not be determined with certainty The presence of these 2 amphorae, if indeed they prove to be Dressel 20, may suggest a distribution 166 Williams and Carreras, 1995, 234 121 route running along the coast of North Africa where ships could load North African olive oil amphorae before continumg to Rome The presence of only a smgle example of an Axati stamp at Carthage tells little about the distribution of olive oil when compared with the thousands of amphorae recovered from the site Numidia Africa provides a complex situation in terms of stamped amphorae The two amphorae which bear Axati stamps are of uncertain identification as are many of those found throughout the provmce There have been 7 uncertain amphorae and 1 Dressel 20 recovered Of the uncertain amphorae those bearing Axati stamps represent 29%, however, due to the uncertain identification of the amphorae and the distribution of olive oil to the province, it is impossible to determine whether Axati is representative of Baetican olive oil m this region 122 Eastern Provinces Pannonia Provincial Capital/Fort 1[1] Fort 3 [3] Fort/Co lonia 2[1] Stamps Military Sites 3 3 Civilian 1 1 Military/Civilian 2 1 Other 0 0 Indeterminate 1 1 Total 7 6 In Pannonia 7 stamps were found from 6 sites (Fig. 27) The provincial capital, and fort, at Budapest and the fort at Wien each yielded a single stamp bearing the tria nomina LCM The fort of Acs-Vaspuszta gave the stamp LCMY while the fort and colonia at Ptuj yielded 2 amphorae each with the stamp GMMF The fort of Altenburg yielded an amphora bearing the stamp PMS while the unidentified site of Rosskopf had the stamp QIMS Although the site of Rosskopf could not be determined conclusively, its location along the Danube frontier and its proximity to two forts implies that it also was a military fortification The 7 Axati stamps from Pannonia represents 26% of the 27 stamped amphorae published from the province The sites with Axati stamps represent all but one where Dressel 20 amphorae were recovered The 6 sites within Pannonia, all located on the Danube River, served as the frontier of the provmce with the Germanic tribes to the north The location of the sites on the nver implies that the amphorae arrived aboard nver barges which would have been part of a supply line along the Danube The relatively lower number of stamps recovered from the province contrasted with the 123 other Germanic frontiers indicates that it was not as heavily fortified as Germama Superior and that the soldiers had more limited access to olive oil from Axati The amphorae were distributed directly to the frontier forts from a major supplier, or city, farther along the Danube in Raetia or Germama Superior Dalmatia Vicus 3[1] Stamps Military Civilian Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total Sites 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 stamps came from Split in Dalmatia (Fig. 29) Two bear the stamp OCPA and the other bears LPMS Split was a small settlement, a vicus, prior to the establishment of the palace of Diocletian nearby in the early 4 th century The OCPA stamps date between 80 and 190 while LPMS has been dated between 150 and 284 Both of these dates are prior to the reign of Diocletian and are connected with the civilian occupation of the site The OCPA stamps have not been recovered at any other site of the Empire outside of Split and Axati The LPMS stamp has been found primarily in civilian contexts in Britannia and Germama Superior and is entirely absent from Monte Testaccio and Rome As with other limited finds in the eastern provinces these amphorae may be evidence of reuse although the presence of three at a single site makes this less likely The only three amphorae from Axati recovered from Dalmatia thus far are from the coastal vicus of Split which illustrates the access which could be achieved by an eastern settlement to olive oil produced m distant Baetica 124 From Dalmatia 17 stamps on Dressel 20 amphorae have been excavated and published Of these, 18%, or 3 amphorae, bore stamps from Axati This proportion is representative for the province and its low level of acquisition of Dressel 20 amphorae from Baetica Achaia Municipium Sites Stamps Military Civilian Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 Corinth, the capital of the Roman province of Achaia, has been excavated since 1896 while the Athenian Agora has been carefully excavated for 80 years, yet only a single Axati stamped amphora has been found (Fig. 28) It comes from Athens and bears the stamp PCAEHER dating between 69 and 117 The stamp was found on a Dressel 20 amphora although the use of the amphora at the site is not determined It may be evidence of reuse Amphorae were reused to transport additional commodities as well as used in building materials and drainage pipes The deposition of this amphora stamp in Athens and its potential use is not recorded in the excavation reports of R Thouvenot published in 1940 168 Other Dressel 20 amphorae have been recovered from Achaia, although few in number, which indicates that the province did have access to Baetican olive oil on a limited scale The discovery of a single stamp from Axati in the Callender, 1970, 23-36 Thouvenot, 1940,117 125 mumcipium of Athens on its own cannot be used to include Achaia in the general distribution of Axati and Baetican olive oil There was a single stamped amphora from Axati recovered from Achaia along with 8 other Dressel 20 amphorae The Axati stamp represents 11% of the total from this provmce which also includes the sites of Rhodes, Delos and Corinth Although only a single stamp from Axati has been found so far, the sample of only 9 Dressel 20 amphorae is very small, mdicating that olive oil in Greece came from other, no doubt closer, sources Syria Provincial Capital Stamps Military Sites 0 0 Civilian 1 1 Military/Civilian 0 0 Other 0 0 Indeterminate 0 0 Total 1 1 One stamp-bearing amphora from Axati was recovered in the provmcial capital of Syria at Antioch (Fig. 28) This stamp, GMMF, is found elsewhere as far east as Pannoma It has been recorded primarily at military sites as well as at Rome and other provincial capitals The association of this stamp with Pannoma indicates that it did reach into the central provinces and may m fact be found farther east than is currently clear, however, it is unlikely that this single stamp is evidence of a distnbution route bringing oil from Axati to Antioch The amphora was likely acquired through redistribution by ships sailing from Rome Since the stamp is not found 126 anywhere else farther east than Pannoma, it may simply be evidence of reuse and on its own says nothing about the consumption of olive oil from Baetica by the Syrian populace The Axati stamp recovered at Antioch represents the only stamped Dressel 20 amphora from the entire provmce of Syria At 100% of the known Baetican distribution to the eastern provmce, it can hardly be taken as representative Aegyptus Provincial Capital 12 [1] Stamps Sites Military 0 0 Civilian 12 1 Military/Civilian 0 0 Other 0 0 Indeterminate 0 0 12 1 Total The site of Alexandria represents an interesting anomaly m the eastern distribution of olive oilfromAxati (Fig. 28) It has yielded 12 stamps of which only two are related The date range isfrom30 to 284, indicating that Alexandria was able to import olive oil over the entire period of use of Dressel 20 amphorae The variety of stamps and wide date ranges imply that there was no single supplier and that inhabitants were able to acquire olive oil from as far as Spam m considerable quantities The stamps are found only at Alexandria in Aegyptus The special status, both social and political, of this city within both Egypt and the Roman Empire is well documented169 The city 169 Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976, 37 127 served as the primary port for the province as well as the centre of the Egyptian grain trade and the port of the annona transport ships The economic influence of Alexandria may have reached distant Baetica, however, it is more likely that the amphorae were brought to the city from Rome All but two of the stamps at Alexandria have also been recovered from Monte Testaccio which shows that the stamps were available at the ports of Rome as well It is highly likely that the amphorae found at Alexandria were brought to the city by the annona merchants and private traders sailing from Rome to the great port of Alexandria Stamps at Alexandria are important due to their high number m comparison with the other eastern Mediterranean provinces Alexandria represents the only eastern city, past Pannoma and Split, where more than a smgle amphora has been recovered It defines the farthest east that the olive oil industry of Axati was able to reach on a consistent basis The choice to import olive oil from Baetica attests to the widespread consumption of the high quality Baetican oil even when oil was produced locally or at nearer cities and provmces A total of 74 Dressel 20 stamped amphorae have been recovered from Alexandria representing the entire corpus of stamps published from the province of Aegyptus Of these, 12 were produced at Axati representing 16% of the total corpus The site of Axati is representative for the province with all the stamped amphorae being recovered from the primary city and port Eastern Provinces Conclusions The eastern provmces of the Empire, outside of Pannoma, show a minimal supply of olive oil from Axati and Baetica Apart from Aegyptus, only 5 amphorae were found Aegyptus 128 with 12 stamps illustrates the special treatment of the city of Alexandria under the Roman Empire as well as the greater demand which Romans at the capital city had for Baetican olive oil The few amphorae recovered from the eastern provmces may have been received at Rome then transported along with other goods to the east There is no clear evidence for a distnbution route which would have extended past Rome into the eastern Mediterranean based on the stamp evidence The amphorae in Dalmatia and Aegyptus were perhaps acquired from Rome which redistributed the olive oil to these two eastern areas The amphorae m Achaia and Syria may be evidence of reuse of the amphorae It is not currently clear without further study of the amphorae themselves The eastern provinces were poorly supplied by olive oil from Axati, and likely Baetica as a whole, due primarily to distance as well as the production of olive oil in the eastern Mediterranean 129 Italia Roma 103 [6] Testaccio Colonia Mumcipium 16 [1] 601 [1] 3 [3] Stamps Military Civilian Other Indeterminate Total 0 726 0 0 726 Vicus 2 [2] Sites 0 12 0 0 12 Italia, outside of Rome, is poorly represented in this study (Fig. 29) 21 stamps were found m Italia with 16 of them from the port of Rome at Ostia The stamps of Ostia are likely connected with the importation of olive oil at Rome where on arrival they were unloaded and placed on river barges and sent up the river to the region of Monte Testaccio Ostia served as a primary port for the Imperial city throughout its history as is also reflected by literary evidence and the relatively low population of the mumcipium The port was expanded dunng the Flavian, Antonine and Severan periods and served alongside the Claudian and Trajanic port at Portus in supplying the immense demands of the Imperial capital 170 The importance of the stamps at Ostia is from the presence of the same stamps bemg at the city of Rome and especially abundant at Monte Testaccio This demonstrates that most of the amphorae brought to the port were transported farther inland to Rome where they were received, distributed and consumed The earliest of the Ostia stamps date to the Trajanic period with the last dated 284 Although the port of Ostia was responsible for receiving immense quantities of olive oil from Baetica and Axati, most of the amphorae continued inland to Rome Those which Oxford Classical Dictionary3,1996,1081-1082 The absence of stamps recovered from Portus suggests that there was a division of commodities which each port received with Ostia supplying Rome with Baetican olive oil 170 130 were broken on arrival, discarded by the receivers or meant to supply the port populace remained and are represented in this study Outside of Ostia, in northern Italia, south of the Alps, two stamped amphorae occurred at two colomae The city of Modena in central Italia to the north of the Apennines was founded in the 3 rd century BCE 1?1 The Dressel 20 amphora recovered from the city bears one of the most common stamps, MAR The city of Tortona immediately south of the Alps, was founded during i Ty the late Republican or early Augustan penod The type of amphora found at the site could not be determined although it bore the tria nomina LCH These two sites, if indeed the amphora at Tortona was a Dressel 20, represent the only stamps found in Italia which were not directly connected to Rome although they may have been shipped northward from Rome On Sardinia and Elba three stamps were found Porto Azzuro on Elba had an unidentified amphora type which bore the stamp CPC As discussed previously this stamp was likely produced at Almodovar del Rio in Baetica and does not indicate distribution to the site from Axati Two amphorae were recovered from the larger island of Sardinia, one is a Dressel 20 while the other is an Africana amphora The site of San Giovanni di Smis on the western coast of the island produced a Dressel 20 amphora with the stamp MLMOPSI which was produced at La Catria within the territory of Axati This port is on a direct line from the coast of Hispama Citenor and is evidence of the open water route which is also shown at the Baleares The port city of Porto Torres revealed an Africana amphora bearing the stamp MAR Although this is not related directly to the olive oil industry of Axati, it may indicate that the same producer m 171 172 Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976, 600 Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976,427 131 Baetica also possessed land and production facilities in North Africa The stamps found in Sardinia hint at the presence of a distribution route across open waters directly from Hispama Citerior, they are inconclusive in proving it based on the stamps from Axati alone The stamps from Italia and the neighbouring islands demonstrate that although immense j quantities of olive oil were shipped to the province from Axati, the amphorae were sent mainly to Rome with few being distributed elsewhere in the province The absence of stamped Dressel 20 amphorae at major cities in the province may indicate that other sources, including local Italian and other Baetican produce, were exploited The use of barrels or other perishable containers may have been used to distribute Baetican olive oil throughout the province after the amphorae were imported into Rome Italia, outside of Rome, contrasts sharply with the other Western provinces of the Empire and was found to contain fewer stamped amphorae from Axati than even distant Alexandria in Aegyptus Italia represents the largest corpus of stamps recovered from a single region with 5723 stamped Dressel 20 amphorae Axati stamps represent 13% of these, with 723 recovered, including from Rome and Monte Testaccio For Italia, Axati therefore may be taken as representative of the entire Baetican olive oil distribution to the region Rome The stamped amphorae from Rome have been divided based on their location in the city Six distinct areas are identified as well as a group which has a provenience simply of Rome The largest corpus of these stamps is found at Monte Testaccio which will be discussed in detail due 173 This is also supported by the presence of the MAR stamp on a large number of Afncana type amphorae 132 to its immense importance in discussing the olive oil industry of Baetica Each of the other areas will be discussed separately 103 stamps were recovered from Rome, excludmg Monte Testaccio, which represents 8% of the 1240 stamped Dressel 20 amphorae published from the city Although this percentage is lower than m the provinces, and at Monte Testaccio, it still can be seen as representative of the overall distribution of Baetican olive oil All of the areas within the city from which Dressel 20 stamps have been recovered are represented by those produced at Axati 18 stamps are simply listed as bemg from Rome without identifying a specific location They date from 50 to 284 as is to be expected These stamps from 'Rome' are also well attested at Monte Testaccio and other sites in the city and were received from Ostia by the warehouses near Monte Testaccio Small quantities were then transported throughout the city Castra Praetoria The Castra Praetoria is located in the northeast corner of Rome outside the inhabited areas The fort was first constructed by Tibenus in 21 to 23 to house the Praetorian Guard which was responsible for the protection of the emperor and the city It was later incorporated into Aurehan's wall as part of the fortifications of the city and the walls themselves were raised an additional three metres The fort was constructed in the same fashion as most Roman military forts with square fortification walls, crossroads and organized buildings inside the walls The site was excavated in 1878 by Heinnch Dressel as part of his work at Monte Testaccio and elsewhere in Rome Dressel concluded, based on the older forms of the stamps and the poor quality of the 133 tituhpicti, that the amphorae were all deposited there within 79 years, spanning most of the 1st century until the early 2 nd century 174 There are 4 stamps from Axati from the Castra Praetona Three of these can be dated to the 1st century although one has been firmly dated to the early 3 rd century The site contains two stamps beanng the tria nomina MAR The other 1st century amphora bears the stamp PCAEHER which is found at this site and at Monte Testaccio in Rome, and spread thinly throughout the Empire including mto Achaia The stamp ILFT has been firmly dated between 220 and 224 based on its location at Monte Testaccio This contradicts the conclusions of Dressel who thought the amphorae were all deposited during the 1st and early 2 nd centuries This stamp may have been an accidental deposition at the site and not connected to the primary importation of olive oil into the camp Alternatively it may indicate that the date range of consumption at the fort needs to be expanded significantly to accommodate more recent evidence Villa Ludovisi The Villa Ludovisi was constructed in the 17th century in Rome over the ancient horti Sallustiam These gardens were established in Rome with the acquisition of the property by the historian Sallust after the death of Julius Caesar During the reign of Tiberius, the land was acquired by theprinceps and maintained as a public garden and imperial residence It was maintained until the 6th century at which time it was largely abandoned or built over by small houses until the construction of the 17th century villa The region was filled in during the Richardson, 1992, 78-79 134 expansion of Rome m early modern Italy removing most traces of the ancient area as well as burying any further amphorae which may have been used at the site 175 The villa has yielded two amphorae, both bearing the stamp LVTROPHIMI, which was produced at La Catna m Axati from the Flavian to Trajanic period, 70 to 121 The producer of these stamps has been identified as L Valerius Trophimi of Baetica 176 The presence of only a single stamp on two amphorae at the site may simply be coincidence based on discovery The amphorae could also have been closely connected to the annona and Monte Testaccio and were distnbuted and used by the imperial residence within the gardens These stamps have been found primarily in civilian contexts throughout the Empire as well as at the shipwreck in the Golfe de Fos There is only one example of this stamp from Monte Testaccio, however, there are an additional 3 found within Rome Tiber The Tiber River itself has yielded 4 stamped amphorae from Axati dating primarily from the mid-2nd century to 224 17T The location of the amphorae at the bottom of the river is not recorded apart from bemg within the city The amphorae could have been deposited in a variety of ways They could have been on route to Monte Testaccio from Ostia aboard river barges, or they may also have been sent for distribution throughout the city using the river and been lost, broken or discarded either before or after use Richardson, 1992, 202-203 Berni Millet, 2008, 622 The stamp MIM may also be dated 50 to 70 AD 135 In Esquiliis The Esquiline region of Rome is located on the eastern side of the city, formed into the fifth regio dunng the Augustan reorganization Its boundaries were estabhshed by the aqueducts which surrounded it The area contained a market as well as numerous villas, horti, and residences In the 4 century the area was enclosed within the Aurehan Walls 17 Axati stamped amphorae have been found there Apart from two LFFV stamps and three which are connected with the Ennu lulu societas, all the rest differ from each other The direct association of these stamps with a particular site type is difficult to establish, however, it is more likely that they were associated with the villas and market of the area than the later poor residential quarters The amphorae were distributed here from Monte Testaccio, based on their presence in higher quantities at the mound and the geographic layout of the city, where the oil was then were either sold in the market in smaller containers or consumed directly by wealthy Romans at suburban villas Horte Torlonia The Villa Torlonia was constructed in the 19th century over the ancient Horrea Galbae, the ancient emponon of Rome and the eastern slope of Monte Testaccio A number of stamped amphorae were recovered from the surrounding gardens The Horrea Galbae were immense warehouses located between the Aventine hill and Monte Testaccio They were constructed dunng the Republican period and became impenal property after the reign of Galba 179 They served as the primary storage site for the grain of the annona pubhcus as well as olive oil, wine 178 Richardson, 1992,146 The exact foundation date is not recorded, however, it appears to have been after 144 BCE See Richardson, 1992, pg 193 for a more detailed discussion of the horrea 179 136 and other commodities Around the outside were small shopsfromwhich goods were distnbuted and sold The adjoining emporion was well supplied by the large quantities of goods stored at the horrea The later gardens were excavated in 1873 by Heinnch Dressel during his work at Monte Testaccio Because the area was used as a storehouse for imported olive oil, many of the stamps 1 Rft found in Rome have been found there 58 stamps have been recovered from the gardens, of which many can easily be grouped into related families The presence of 8 PORTO stamps and 6 POPVLI stamps, both of the Severan period, indicate its close association with the annona dunng the 3rd century As well, several stamps bear the 'P' which was used as an abbreviation in stamps for portus All of the stamps found within the gardens have also been found at Monte Testaccio and many are found throughout the city as well Many of the stamps can be grouped into related types which suggest that Rome acquired amphorae based on the size of the production region from the producers in Baetica in order to supply the city 181 The stamps can be dated mainly to the 3rd century, corresponding to the eastern slope of Monte Testaccio, although there are also 19 stamps which date to the 1st and 2nd centuries The increase m stamps dunng the 3rd century is connected with the Severan acquisition of estates in Baetica to supply the annona which had expanded at this time to include a free distnbution of olive oil to all eligible citizens Only the mam mounds of Monte Testaccio have yielded more stamps in Rome There is currently no evidence that the taxes were paid in olive oil although it may have been acquired using tax monies See Hopkins, 1980,124 181 137 The distribution of olive oil amphorae from Axati clearly favours those sites which are closest, if not connected, to Monte Testaccio, the primary storage site in the city Those stamps noted simply as found within Rome, tell nothing of the internal distribution of olive oil The Castra Praetona yielded 4 stamped amphorae from Axati in order to supply the elite soldiers of the fort who were charged with the protection of the emperor The low number may be more indicative of receipt of olive oil in other, perishable, containers rather than such a low consumption level of olive oil by the elite soldiers of Rome The amphorae may also have been disposed of more carefully than elsewhere The presence of amphorae in the Esquihne region may show that the markets of the city were able to receive entire amphorae which were then opened and the oil divided into smaller containers for sale The recovery of amphorae from the Tiber demonstrates how the amphorae were transported within the city or how they were disposed of after emptying The Horte Torloma represents a unique case where the modern site was built over part of Monte Testaccio as well as the neighbouring warehouses and markets The abundance of amphorae recovered from the Horte is to be expected The distribution of amphorae within Rome favours the elite regions of the city as well as the market areas although the majority of the oil would have been transferred into smaller more portable containers on arrival at Monte Testaccio Monte Testaccio The site of Monte Testaccio presents the most complex, and largest, corpus of stamped amphorae in the Roman world 601 stamps from Axati have been recovered here These stamps In addition 8 stamps are connected with the figlma Marsianensis of Alcolea del Rio and the CPC and figlma Salsensia stamps of Almodovar del Rio These have been removed from the discussion of Monte Testaccio due to their production outside of Axati 138 range from 50 to the end of the 4 th century with most falling between 150 and 224 183 In order to analyze the site and the stamps, they have been divided into groups based on the number of stamps recovered The first consists of those types with 50 or more examples The second group ranges from 25 to 49 examples while the third is from 10 to 24 The fourth is 5 to 9 and the last are those stamps with fewer than 5 examples These divisions will allow each stamp, and any related stamps, to be discussed in relation to its abundance within the excavations of the mound The sample of stamps published from Monte Testaccio includes 4196 stamps on Dressel 20 amphorae Axati represents 14% of these, with 601 published amphora stamps, showing that the site is representative of the Baetican olive oil industry at the immense amphora dump Although the sample size of published stamps from the mound is slight compared to the immense quantities found there, those produced at the single site of Axati represent a fairly large proportion There is no other singular site m Baetica which has contributed more stamps to the published corpus from Monte Testaccio Over fifty stamps Two stamp families from Monte Testaccio had more than 50 examples The first is the SNR stamp and its portus stamp SNRP 83 have been recovered so far in excavations The SNR stamp is dated between 140 and 180 while SNRP can be narrowly dated between 145 and 161 The difference in dating is due to the narrower distribution of the SNRP stamp The second stamp group is the ALFO stamp and its expanded version of AELFO 184 62 from this producer were recovered from the site, and dated between 145 and 161 based on their position m the 183 Baetican imports to Monte Testaccio would have ceased by 251 AD even if they continued to be distributed throughout the Empire 184 There is also a stamp ALF which may be related although none have been recovered from Axati currently 139 mound These two stamp families represent the two largest groups found in the mound and attest to the immense quantities of olive oil which single producers of Axati oil contributed to Rome dunng the mid-2nd century Twenty-five to forty-nine stamps Five stamp families representing a total of 178 stamps fall in the second group The stamp ILFT was found 34 times, it has been narrowly dated between 220 and 224 based on its location m the mound and tituhpicti185 The LIT stamp was found on 33 amphorae and is dated from 150 to 284 based on archaeological excavations 186 The LCMY stamp is an expanded version of LCM Of these related stamps 40 were recovered from the mound dating between 140 and 200 The family of stamps related to the Ennn lulu societas is found in large numbers at Monte Testaccio and throughout the Empire and frontiers There are 39 stamps found at the site of which 10 are also connected to the fighna Saenianensia of Axati The Ennn lulu stamps are also found at Rome in the Esquihne region and without a provenience in the city This popular stamp was distributed to the major cities of Germania Superior and Britannia as well as throughout the western provinces in small quantities The POPVLI stamps were used between 214 and 224 in connection with olive oil destined for distribution by the annona They began with the acquisition of Baetican lands dunng the confiscations of Septimius Severus 30 of these were found at the site of which 4 also bear 185 This is one of the most narrowly dated examples from Axati with none currently recovered from outside of this four year period 186 Those recovered from Monte Testaccio would have arrived at the site prior to 251 140 the PORTO stamp on their handles and bodies The PORTO stamps are found in smaller quantities at Monte Testaccio, 24 were recovered excluding those which are double stamped The close relationship of the POPVLI and PORTO stamps is well attested by amphorae which bear both stamps and both have been connected to the expansion of the annona under the Severans Ten to twenty-four stamps 13 types of stamps have been found with 10 to 24 examples from Monte Testaccio The stamp GRADOS has been counted 21 times, and dated between 140 and 224 The stamp CAS was found 20 times and can be dated between 214 and 224 From the years 200 to 235, 17 amphorae bear the stamp CONSFC The CORBEL stamp of the 2 nd to 3 rd century was found on 13 amphorae from the mound 15 stamps dating from the reign of Antoninus Pius bear the tria nomina DIA Amphorae bearmg the stamp LCANTP occurred 11 times dating between 130 and 161 The tria nomina CRA occurred 11 times and has been dated to the post-Severan period Also from this period are 13 amphorae bearmg the GAVFL stamp which may have been produced at Cortijo del Alamo The ambiguous MIM stamp was counted 22 times and dated both from 50 to 70 as well as 145 to 161 The first of these dates is based on the archaeological context of the shipwreck at the Golfe de Fos while the second was established based on its position in the mound Due to the two possible date ranges, it presents some difficulties in analysis Although the stamp cannot be firmly dated to either period, those at Monte Testaccio have been dated between 145 and 161 141 Both the PARVA and the PORODV stamps were found 10 times each at the mound 187 The former have been dated after 209 although a definitive date range has not been established The latter stamps date from the second half of the 2nd century and present another ambiguous stamp in this study due to its potential association with the city of Oduciae There are two stamp families at Monte Testaccio which fall into this category The first of these, LCH and the expansion LCHE, date from the 3rd century They were found 15 times at the site and present the tria nomina of a Baetican producer The stamp QMS, and its related version QIMS, were found 10 times at the site 188 These have been dated to the third quarter of the 3rd century These two stamp families present the tria nomina of two unknown Baeticans who were involved in the production or distribution of olive oil from Axati Five to nine stamps 4 stamp types have been recovered with 5 to 9 examples The AQFVA stamp was counted 9 times This is one of the most narrowly dated stamps in this study dating 160 to 161 189 The stamp CEFP was found on 5 amphorae belonging to the Flavian penod Also from this penod were 6 amphorae bearing the PCAEHER stamp The GMMF stamp occurred 6 times and can be dated between 180 and 220 The PORODV stamp may stand for Por(tus) Odu(ciae) identifying the ambiguous city of Oduciae See Berni Millet, 2008,190 for a discussion of this possibility 188 The QIMS stamp may also be restored as QIMN since the letter which has been transcribed here as an S is in a form which was also used to write an N on amphorae This study uses QIMS as the transcription since it is the most used within current scholarship 189 This very narrow date range, based on consular dates in tituli picti, will likely be expanded as more of these stamps are recovered 142 One to four stamps There are 24 stamp types for which there are less than five examples Of these the most frequently recovered is EFDS on 4 amphorae It can be placed within the 3 rd century The stamps ACHB, dated 153 to 161, CLPV, dated 180 to 250, and GAF, dated 145 to 225, were each recovered 3 times during excavations Two examples of the following stamps were recovered from the mound CENHISPSAE, popular throughout the Empire but lacking in numbers m Rome, has been dated to the Flavian period as have the CALPVRNB stamps PANRVF is dated between 70 and 145 The LFFV stamp has been dated from 175 to 225 Dating from 145 to 161 are the DATZCOL stamps while the CIS stamps date from 150 to 210 There are two stamp families with fewer than five stamps recovered from the site The family of GPC and the expansion GPCI is represented twice m the mound, and dated between 247 and 252 190 The stamps of Q Aelius Optatus, QAEOPO and QAEOPCOL, were both found at Monte Testaccio There were 3 stamps of the former and one of the latter which are dated between 125 and 175 11 stamps occur just once The stamp MSPO falls into this category and is the only stamp excavated thus far from the mound for which no date has been ventured The stamp PORCPR is dated to the 1st century while the similar stamp PORLFS is dated from 40 to 130 and PORLAR from 50 to 150 The final portus stamp, PORPSI, has been dated 225 to 275 Ranging from the 190 Although very similar to the CPC stamps also found at Monte Testaccio, they have quite different distributions and date ranges and are unlikely to have been the product of the same producer Further research is needed in order to decide conclusively whether they are the same individual or not 143 1st to 2 nd century are the stamps of LVTROPfflMI, dated 70 to 121, and the LSLP stamp which is dated between 98 and 138 Three stamps fall in the mid-2nd century VMFC has been tentatively dated between 138 and 161 while TANP is dated from 140 to 190 and CAPF from 142 to 180 The stamp IIQQETCF ranges in date from 175 to 225 They were only found once, thus far, at Monte Testaccio and display the broad range of quantities and producers who contributed to the supply of olive oil for the markets and populace of Rome The site of Monte Testaccio represents the largest accumulation of olive oil amphorae from Baetica in the Roman Empire The city of Rome drew immense quantities of oil from the province, and especially Axati, for three centuries and this is reflected in the over 25 million amphorae which compose the mound Although excavations are ongoing, and will be for a long time, the stamps revealed so far have ranged in number from a single stamp to as many as 83 examples from the same family This discrepancy in the proportions of each stamp may simply be due to the location of the excavations, in which case the results could change with each future publication Alternatively, the differences may be indicative of the size of the production facilities for each producer or the selection of specific producers by the Romans to supply the imperial capital and the annona Either way excavations at Monte Testaccio will continue to alter our understanding of the mound itself as well as the immense quantities of olive oil from Axati and the province of Baetica 144 Conclusions The majority of the sites which yielded Axati amphorae are along major Roman roadways The presence of roads throughout the Roman Empire allowed for the transportation of large quantities of produce more quickly and cheaply than had been previously possible Roads leadmg through Gallia towards the frontiers and Germama Superior allowed for large quantities of oil to be brought from the Rhone, Rhine and other rivers, through the main cities with some amphorae being left at smaller sites along the way The majority of these amphorae reached the major towns of Germama Superior and Britannia where they were either consumed or sent farther on to the frontier forts and cities Within Baetica and the Gallic provinces, a high degree of riverine transport is evidenced by Axati stamps The Rhone served as the primary supply route to the city of Lyon from which the amphorae were further distributed along the roadways The same is true of those which reached Cologne along the Rhine The abundance of amphorae from the site illustrates that it was a major importer of olive oil, from which large quantities were distributed to nearby sites in Germama Inferior as well as along the Rhine to the forts and cities of the frontiers The presence of navigable overs throughout the western provinces allowed for olive oil produced at Axati to be brought to a central location and transported primarily by water, and also by land, to sites throughout the provmces Despite the importance of the roadways and river systems in the western provinces for distributing the olive oil, there are many sites which do not he along major roadways These are primarily m the Gallic provinces as well as Germama Superior These amphorae were likely 145 acquired through trade with a major distribution point rather than being sold during the primary transportation of the amphorae The majority of these sites are civilian vici and villae as well as some of the smaller frontier forts There are several sites throughout the western provinces from which only a smgle Axati stamp has been recovered The civilian sites which have only yielded one are typically those removed from the primary waterways and roadways including many of the villae and some vici The military sites are pnmanly those which housed only a small garnson of auxilianes, typically not Italian or Roman soldiers, along the outer frontiers On their own, the presence of a single stamp at a site does not indicate the direct involvement of that populace with the distnbution of Axati oil However, when viewed hohstically these single find sites follow the general distnbution and consumption patterns shown by those sites which acquired larger numbers of stamped amphorae The distnbution of stamped amphorae onginating from Axati favours the mihtanzed provmces of the Empire Within Germania Supenor and Inferior, Bntannia, Pannoma and Raetia 631 Axati stamped amphorae were found 191 Of these, 353 were recovered from sites which served a military function Since these five provinces compose much of the Germanic frontier and those of Britannia, they contain the majonty of military sites where amphorae were recovered (Fig. 30) In addition, many of the sites which served a predominantly civilian function did maintain a degree of military occupation The small military contingents which occupied many of the settlements would have been supplied by state sponsored distnbution Despite the presence of soldiers in a number of civilian settlements in these provmces the olive 191 The civilian provinces have yielded a total of 288 stamped amphorae from Axati 146 oil was likely consumed by the civilian inhabitants The large amounts of olive oil imported mto the militarized provinces from Axati, and Baetica, demonstrate the large-scale presence of Roman troops and officers in these provinces who were supplied with olive oil as part of their rations, and the Romanizing effect which they had on the native populace Despite the militarized provinces being the primary importers of olive oil, outside of Rome, more stamped amphorae were recovered from purely civilian settlements than from ones with a military function Those 117 sites which served a civilian function throughout the Empire were responsible for the deposition of 472 stamped amphorae from Axati while the 50 sites which served a military function, as well as the 47 which were both military and civilian in nature, have yielded 455 stamps At those sites which served both a civilian and military function, it is unclear the proportions which were consumed by the military occupants compared to the civilian, however, a large proportion of the oil may have been consumed by the civilian populace Despite the high number of olive oil amphorae received by the militarized provinces, the distribution of the amphorae amongst military and civilian sites slightly favours those of a civilian nature Rome is excluded from the comparison of civilian and military consumption due to its important position in the olive oil industry and the Roman Empire It is clear, based on the quantities of stamps recovered from the city, and the quantity still to be excavated and published, that it was the primary consumer for olive oil A large proportion of the produce of Baetica was shipped directly to supply the Imperial city as is exemplified by the Axati stamp evidence The amphorae imported mto Rome served to supply the Roman populace with oil which would 147 mclude these within the civilian category However, the special nature of the city and its populace would dramatically obscure the results of the companson between military and civilian consumption in favour of civilian sites Rome was the primary importer and consumer of olive oil produced both at Axati and throughout Baetica Olive oil amphorae from Axati were distributed throughout the western provinces, and into some eastern towns, during the 1st to 3 rd centuries The stamps have been used here to trace their distribution to military and civilian sites and to contrast their consumption levels The amphorae from Axati favour the militarized provinces of the Roman Empire, however, there have been slightly more stamps recovered from civilian settlements than military sites Previous scholarship has focused on the frontiers and military forts as the primary consumers of Baetican olive oil outside of Rome This study, however, has shown that the consumption level of the civilian settlements within the Western provinces has been underestimated based on the evidence of the stamped amphorae 148 Atlantic Ocean Figure 15 Distribution of stamped amphorae produced at Axati Legend for All Maps Black = Civilian, Red = Military, Blue = Military/Civilian, Purple = Shipwreck, Green = Miscellaneous A = Civitas runt« rv„,*„i =ro™,„„™oi -_*_ ^ = Provincial Capital X = Conventus Capital »/„n,™™„™ •• =- Municipium -• Colonia ™ = Lora del Rio (Ancient Axati) — ' = Unknown =^Fort • : Villa =Miscellaneous + = Shipwreck * = Vicus Atlantic Ocean o / / Ae^ptu« Figure 16 Distribution of stamped amphorae produced at Axati showing the primary trade routes. 1 »d Sonk S^u Atlantic Ocean Hark S?a in J.* g^^ Medmrrtmtan Std Figure 17 Distribution of all Dressel 20 stamped amphorae produced m Baetica • t f Beared en I Figure 18 Distribution of stamped amphorae within Britannia Figure 19 Distribution of stamps in Gallia Lugdunensis to the Rhine 152 fc* Narbonensis AstafFoit * o X^~sj" Figure 20 Distribution of stamps within Gallia Aquitania Lugdunenss J Aquitania J La Suisse Gallia J Cahors Narbonensis Figure 21. Distribution of stamps from Gallia Narbonensis 153 Annecy o /J. Germania Voorburg Nijmegen Inferior A Figure 22 Distribution of stamps in Germania Inferior \ Figure 23. Stamped amphorae in Germania Superior and Raetia. 154 •• Figure 24 Distribution of stamped amphorae throughout the Hispaniae ^ J Tangier Figure 25 Stamped amphorae produced at Axati (flagged) in Baetica 155 Bibliography Ancient Authors Augustus, Res Gestae Divi Augusti Cato, Marcus Porcius, De agri cultura Columella, De re rustica Pliny the Elder, Naturahs Histona Strabo, Geographica Varro, Marcus Terentius, De re rustica Secondary Bibliography Albertini, E , (1954) "Chapter XII Latin West Africa, Spain and Gaul," in S A Cook,FE Adcock, M P Charlesworth (ed ), Cambridge Ancient History - Volume XI The Imperial Peace AD 72-192 Cambridge Cambridge University Press Amar, G , and B Liou, (1984) "Les estampilles sur amphores du golfe de Fos " Archaeonautica 4 145-211 Arnold, W T , (1974) The Roman System of Provincial Administration to the Accession of Constantine the Great Chicago Ares Publishers Badian, E , (1958) Foreign Clientelae 264-70 B C Chapter V Rome and the West Oxford Clarendon 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from the stamp without indication of direction The letters are written without indication of the letter style, links, ligatures, punctuation marks, ornaments or figures abc - The letters of the stamp are reversed contrary to the direction of reading of the stamp ABC (ABC) - The apparent form of the stamp The false appearance of the stamp is shown in the parentheses along with the form as corrected by the editor Usually letters are altered which are not significant to the reading of the stamp, for example G to C A'C, a'bc - The letter after the exclamation mark is inverted or turned ABC/ABC - A lme division separates the two parts of the stamp ABC + ABC - Two different stamps are found on the same amphora ((signum)) - Double parentheses are used to denote a symbol or ornament present on the stamp The symbol is replaced by the Latin word or phrase ABC?, ((SIGNUW)), ((?)), 9 - A doubtful transcription The transcription is marked by a question mark if the transcription is m question or the letters or symbol is illegible ABC & ABC - The transcription is ambiguous and can have two or more potentially accurate readings This can be due to the ambiguity of one or more letters or the direction of readmg is unclear [ABC], [ABC?] - Inside square brackets the letters have been restored by the editor based on other stamps If the transcription is uncertain a question mark is added to the text 167 ABC[—], ABC[—?] - Dashes represent letters which have not been able to be restored although the number of missing letters is known A question mark denotes sections where there are missing letters and the number of letters is unknown [-], [—] - Unknown letters are missing from the stamp (-), (—), (?) - A vacant space is found within the stamp The space is usually intentionally left blank If the amount of space is unknown, relative to the number of letters which could fit m it, a question mark is used [[ABC]] - The letters are intentionally erased from the transcription These are most common on the stamps dating to the period of Severan confiscations of land m Baetica AB<C, A>BC, A B « C , A » B C - The letter is either higher or lower than the following letter The sign < mdicates that the letter is h i g h e r , « means much higher, while > shows that the letter is lower while » mdicates it is much lower If the letter is enclosed by these marks it indicates that it is omitted on the stamp (see below) This does not relate to the ligature marks $A$BC, $AB$C - Greek letters are used in the stamp with the letters separated by the dollar sign The sound of the letter is transcribed mto Latin letters |ABC|, | ABC, ABC|- The upright dashes indicate the end of the writing box is clearly visible for the stamp showing that no letters could be missing from that end |ABC|/|ABC| - The stamp covers two lmes with the dash indicating the line break The horizontal dashes for each line of the stamp indicate that the writing box ends for both parts of the stamp A~B~C, A~BC, AB~C - The ~ mark indicates a ligature between the adjoining letters AABAC, AABC, ABAC - The letters are linked by fusion to each other {AB} - The letters are linked by inclusion {A/BC} - The letters are linked by inclusion covering two lines The letters are equivalent m size to the base letter {AABC}, {ABAC} - The letters are linked by both inclusion and fusion A B C, A BC, AB C - Simple punctuation, either a triangular or circular mark, separates the letters or words of the stamp {A }BC - A simple punctuation mark is used within the space of a letter A'B'C, A'BC, AB'C, A B C , A " B " C " - The letter, or letters, prior to the apostrophe are doubtful in the transcription The letters have been reconstructed based on context and other stamps If very doubtful the double apostrophe is used 168 <ABC>, A<B>C - The letters or letter within the marks is omitted by error or contraction of the stamp The editor has added the appropriate letters to correct the error based upon similar stamps ABC+ AB+C - A gap is present between one or more letters ABC*, AB*C - A gap between one or more letters may be present although it is uncertain A&BC, AAB&CAB, ((signum))&((signum)) - The stamp is ambiguous There are various interpretations and solutions to the reading of the stamp although it is unclear which one is correct (A%), (AB%,), ((signumVo)) - The letters or symbol which is present on the stamp is not fully preserved or is cut off The missing part has been restored by the editor 169 Quantification of Axati Stamped Amphorae Province Prov Capital Testaccio Roma Prov Capital/Fort Conventus Capital Civitas Colonia Fort Fort/Vicus Fort/Colonia Fort/Municipium Fort/Civitas Achaia Municipium Shipwreck Vicus Villa 1[1] Aegyptus 12[I] Britannia 49 [1] 38 [8] 22 [1] 26 [22] 79 [11] 20 [4] 13 [2] 8 [8] Dalmatia 1[1] Gallia (Lugdunensis) 40 [1] Gallia (Narbonensis) 5[1] Germania Inferior 5 [4] 4[1] 13 [4] 17[1] 2[1] 3 [2] HI] 7 [3] 24 [2] 32 [17] 3[1] 63 [9] Ml] 30[1] 54 [3] 13[1] 7[1] 51 [3] 8 [2] Hispania (Baetica) 1[1] 49 [14] 2[1] 9[1] 7[1] 65 [1] Germania Supenor 7[1] 1[1] 13 [10] 2[1] 2 [2] 1[1] 17 [9] 2 [2] 16 [4] 3 [2] 3 [2] l[l] 2 [21 1[1] 1[1] 1(1] 19 [4] Hispania (Citenor) 2[1] Hispania (Lusitania) 103 [6] Italia (Sardinia) 2(2] 16 [I] 1[1] HI] 19 [2] 11 Ei] Mauretania (Tingitana) Numidia (Africa) 2[1] 3 [3] 1[1] Raetia Syria II [2] Hi] 1(1] Pannoma 3 [2] 27 [11] l[l] 1[1] 103 601 108 73 8 81 74 71 174 46 7 84 72 56 110 19 19 6 1 6 3 2 19 9 47 33 5 1 8 18 4 52 11 7 Stamps Sites Military 71 47 Civilian 472 117 Military/Civilian 384 50 Rome 704 7 Shipwrecks 56 4 Other 19 7 Indeterminate 18 10 1724 242 TOTAL l[l] 601 [1] Italia (Testaccio) Site Totals 12[1] 2[1] H ispania( Baleares) Stamp Totals 4 [4] 3[1] Gallia (Aquitania) Italia Miscellaneous Quantification of Provinces Achaia Provincial Capital Coloma Civitas Conventus Capital Fort Fort/Vicus Fort/Colonia Fort/Municipium Fort/Civitas Municipium Shipwreck Vicus Villa Miscellaneous Villa Miscellaneous Mil Sites Stamps Military Civilian Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total Aegyptus Provincial Capital 12 [11 Civitas Conventus Capital Stamps Military Civilian Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total Britannia Provincial Capital 49 [11 Fort/Vicus Fort/Colonia Fort/Municipium Fort/Civitas Municipium Shipwreck Vicus Fort Fort/Vicus 26 [221 79 [111 Fort/Colonia 13 [21 Fort/Municipium Fort/Civitas 20 [41 Municipium Shipwreck Vicus Villa Miscellaneous 8 [81 im 4 [41 Fort Fort/Colonia Fort/Municipium Fort/Civitas Municipium Shipwreck Vicus Fort 0 1 0 0 0 1 Civitas Coloma 38 [81 22 [11 Conventus Capital Stamps Provincial Capital Coloma Sites 0 12 0 0 0 12 Military Civilian Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total Dalmatia 0 1 0 0 0 I 0 1 0 0 0 1 Sites 26 118 112 4 4 264 22 19 17 4 4 66 Civitas Conventus Capital Coloma Fort/Vicus 3fll Sites Stamps Military Civilian Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 Villa Miscellaneous Gallia (Aquitania) Provincial Capital Conventus Capital Civitas 4 [31 un Gallia (Lugdunensis) Provincial Capital/Colonia 40 [1] Conventus Capital Provincial Capital Mumcipium 3 [2] Shipwreck 54 [3] Vicus Villa Miscellaneous 13 [10] 2[1] Fort/Municipium Fort/Civitas Mumcipium Shipwreck Vicus Colonia 9[1] Fort Fort/Vicus Fort/Colonia Colonia Fort 7 [3] Fort/Vicus 3(1] Fort/Colonia 0 20 1 0 0 21 Sites 0 32 0 54 1 87 0 15 0 3 1 19 Civitas Conventus Capital 1[1] Sites Stamps Military Civilian Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total Fort/Civitas Fort/Municipium Civitas Conventus Capital Stamps Provincial Capital/Fort 7[1] Fort/Municipium Fort/Colonia 5[1] Germania Inferior Vicus Villa Miscellaneous 49 [14] Fort/Vicus 2[1] 'Ml 0 8 0 0 1 9 0 119 2 0 0 121 Military Civilian Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total Shipwreck Fort Fort/Civitas Sites Stamps Gallia (Narbonensis) Mumcipium Fort/Municipium Vicus Villa Miscellaneous 7 [11 Fort/Civitas Civitas Colonia 17 [1] 13 [4] 0 19 0 0 1 20 Military Civilian Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total Fort/Colonia Shipwreck Fort Sites Stamps Military Civilian Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total Fort/Vicus Mumcipium 2(11 Colonia 4 [11 7 2 24 0 0 33 3 2 4 0 0 9 nn 13 [1] HI] Villa Miscellaneous Germania Supenor Provincial Capital/Fort Conventus Capital Stamps Provincial Capital Fort/Municipium 7[1] Fort/Civitas 51 [3] Municipium Fort/Colonia Fort/Municipium Fort/Civitas Fort/Colonia Fort/Municipium Fort/Civitas Fort Fort/Vicus 32 [17] 63 [9] Fort/Colonia Colonia Fort Fort/Vicus Colonia Fort Fort/Vicus 24 [2] 30 [1] Municipium 16 [41 Shipwreck Vicus Villa Miscellaneous 3 [21 3 [21 '2H1 Municipium Shipwreck Vicus 295 Conventus Capital Civitas Stamps Military Civilian Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total Provincial Capital Vicus Villa Miscellaneous 17 [9] 2 [2] Sites ST2]_ Hispania (Baleares) Shipwreck 2 [2] 32 45 217 Military Civilian Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total Hispania (Baetica) Colonia Civitas 65 11] Sites 30 10 12 42 Conventus Capital Civitas Stamps Sites Conventus Capital Civitas Villa Miscellaneous JM. Military Civilian Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total Hispania (Citenor) Provincial Capital Stamps Military Civilian Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total Colonia Sites 0 24 0 0 1 25 0 8 0 0 1 9 Fort Fort/Vicus Fort/Colonia Fort/Municipium Fort/Civitas Municipium 19 [41 Shipwreck 2 [11 Vicus ifi Villa Miscellaneous 2 [21 Hispania (Lusitania) Provincia] Capita] Conventus Capital Coloma Civitas Fort Fort/Vicus Fort/Colonia Fort/Municipium Fort/Civitas Municipium Shipwreck Vicus Mil Stamps Military Civilian Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total Italia (Sardinia) Provincial Capital Sites 0 2 0 1 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 3 Civitas Conventus Capital Coloma Fort Fort/Vicus Fort/Colonia Fort/Municipium Fort/Civitas Municipium Shipwreck Stamps Mauretania (Tingitana) Provincial Capital Conventus Capital Provincial Capital 0 2 0 0 0 2 Civitas Stamps Numidia (Africa) Coloma 19(21 Fort Fort/Vicus Fort/Colonia Fort/Municipium Fort/Civitas Municipium 11(11 Shipwreck Villa Miscellaneous Vicus 11121 Coloma Fort Fort/Vicus Fort/Colonia Fort/Municipium Fort/Civitas Municipium Shipwreck Vicus Sites 0 41 0 0 0 41 0 5 0 0 0 5 Conventus Capital Civitas Stamps Sites nn Military Civilian Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total Villa Miscellaneous Sites 0 2 0 0 0 2 Military Civilian Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total Vicus nn Mil Military Civilian Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total Villa Miscellaneous 111] U'l nn 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 Villa Miscellaneous Pannoma Provincial Capital/Fort '111 Conventus Capital Civitas Stamps Military Civilian Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total Raetia Provincial Capital/Fort Conventus Capital Provincial Capital Fort/Colonia 2 [11 Fort/Municipium Fort/Ci vitas Municipium Shipwreck Vicus Villa Miscellaneous Colonia Fort Fort/Vicus 3 [21 27 [111 Fort/Col om a Fort/Municipium Fort/Civitas Municipium Shipwreck Vicus Villa Miscellaneous Fort Fort/Colonia im Sites 3 1 27 0 1 32 2 1 11 0 1 15 Civitas Conventus Capital Colonia un Sites Stamps Military Civilian Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total Fort/Vicus 3 1 1 0 1 6 Civitas Stamps Syria Fort 3 [3] Sites 3 1 2 0 1 7 Military Civilian Military/Civilian Other Indeterminate Total Colonia 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 Fort/Vicus Fort/Municipium Fort/Civitas Municipium Shipwreck Vicus Villa Miscellaneous Italia Testaccio 601 [1] Roma 103 [6] Stamps Civitas Sites Military Civilian Other Indeterminate 0 723 0 0 Total 723 0 11 0 0 11 Colonia 2 [2] Fort Fort/Vicus Fort/Colonia Fort/Municipium Fort/Civitas Municipium 16 [1] Shipwreck Vicus Ml] Stamps recovered from Lora del Rio (Ancient Axati) Catalogue ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 CEIPAC Number 12931 11199 06863 12948 12515 07138 12908 12938 06868 12909 13713 12905 11193 12481 12514 12906 06717 06718 06719 11130 13725 13726 06692 06858 06859 06860 06861 06867 06669 06857 06856 Find Spot Stamp (Restored) Date Primary Publication Amphora j Huerta del Rio Madre Vieja2 La Catria Azanaque-Castillejo La Catria La Catria La Maria Huerta del Rio La Catria La Maria Azanaque-Castillej o La Maria Madre Vieja 1 La Mayena La Catria La Maria La Catria La Catria La Catria Cortijo del Guerra Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria AENIANSA AVB & ANB BALF CH CPCP CRROP 1CCRA IXPS? LFO LSLVP MEM MST NC NIA RL ST VCLF VCLF VCLF AAS ACHB ACHB ACIRC AELFO AELFO AELFO AELFO AELFO AEMOPTPO ALF ALF 70 AD Bonsor, 1931, 140 Ponsich, 1979, CA-092A7 B,6 Remesal, 1977-78, 84a Bonsor, 1931, 157 Chic, 1985, p 065-599 Remesal, 1977-78, 79a Bonsor, 1931, 116 Bonsor, 1931, 147 Remesal, 1977-78, 38r Bonsor, 1931, 117 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f81,05 Bonsor, 1931, 113 Ponsich, 1979, CA-091fl7 A,4 Chic, 1985, p 061-546 Chic, 1985, p 065-598 Bonsor, 1931, 114 Remesal, 1977-78, 19a-l Remesal, 1977-78, 19a-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 19a-3 Ponsich, 1979, CA-075,14 Ponsich, 1974,LR,145f81,17 Ponsich, 1974,LR,145fBl,18 Remesal, 1977-78, 16a Remesal, 1977-78, 38i Remesal, 1977-78, 38j Remesal, 1977-78, 38k-1 Remesal, 1977-78, 38k-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 38q Remesal, 1977-78, 11a Remesal, 1977-78, 38h Remesal, 1977-78, 3 8g Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr 230 --> 153-161 153-161 145-161 145-161 145-161 145-161 145-161 130-161 130-161 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 06849 06850 06851 06852 06853 06854 06855 06864 06865 06866 11222 06996 11216 11217 11281 11153 07137 11185 11186 11286 11287 11288 12480 12920 12921 12922 13740 12947 11132 11198 11196 11184 11183 11189 La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria El Marchante La Catria El Marchante El Marchante El Berro 1 Huerta del Rio La Catria La Ramblilla La Ramblilla El Berro 2 El Berro 2 El Berro 2 La Mayena La Mayena La Mayena La Mayena La Estacada de Herrera Azanaque-Castillejo Cortyo del Guerra Madre Vieja 2 Madre Vieja 2 La Ramblilla La Ramblilla La Ramblilla ALFO ALFO ALFO ALFO ALFO ALFO ALFO ALFO ALFO ALFO AMGALOD APCE? APH APH AQFVA ASAEN ATITAC? ATITTAE ATITTAE ATITTAE ATITTAE ATITTAE ATITTAE ATITTAE AVIHR AVIHR C CA CAELICAMP CALPD CALPVRIN CALPVRNB CALPVRNC CALPVRNC 130-161 130-161 130-161 130-161 130-161 130-161 130-161 130-161 130-161 130-161 30-80 98-138 98-138 98-138 160-161 30-150 69-96 69-96 69-96 69-96 69-96 69-96 69-96 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 Remesal, 1977-78, 38a Remesal, 1977-78, 38b Remesal, 1977-78, 38c Remesal, 1977-78, 3 8d Remesal, 1977-78, 38e-l Remesal, 1977-78, 38e-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 3 8f Remesal, 1977-78, 38n Remesal, 1977-78, 38o Remesal, 1977-78, 38p Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl9,5 Remesal, 1977-78, 50a Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,17 Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,18 Ponsich, 1979, PA-056B0,1 Ponsich, 1979, CA-079,16 Remesal, 1977-78, 78a Ponsich, 1979, CA-089fl6,3 Ponsich, 1979, CA-089fl6,4 Ponsich, 1979, PA-056f30,6 Ponsich, 1979, PA-056B0J Ponsich, 1979, PA-056G0,8 Chic, 1985, p 061-544 Bonsor, 1931, 128 Bonsor, 1931, 129 Bonsor, 1931, 130 Ponsich, 1974, LR,216,C Bonsor, 1931, 156 Ponsich, 1979, CA-075,16 Ponsich, 1979, CA-092A7 B,5 Ponsich, 1979, CA-092A7 B,3 Ponsich, 1979, CA-089fl6,2 Ponsich, 1979, CA-089fl 6,1 Ponsich, 1979, CA-089pl-3 Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 66 11194 Madre Vieja2 CALPVRNIB 69-117 Ponsich, 1979, CA-092fl7 B,l Dr 20 67 11195 Madre Vieja 2 CALPVRPOT 69-117 Ponsich, 1979, CA-092fl7 B,2 Dr 20 68 11197 Madre Vieja2 CALPVRQ 69-117 Ponsich, 1979, CA-092fl7 B,4 Dr 20 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f82,03 Dr 20 69 13730 Azanaque-Castillejo CAM 70 12946 Azanaque-Castillejo CAPF 150-180 Bonsor, 1931, 155 Dr 20 71 13714 Azanaque-Castillejo CAPF 150-180 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f81,06 Dr 20 Dr 20 72 13715 Azanaque-Castillejo CAPF 150-180 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f81,07 73 13716 Azanaque-Castillej o CAPF 150-180 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f81,08 Dr 20 74 13717 Azanaque-Castillejo CAPF 150-180 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145fB 1,09 Dr 20 150-180 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f81,10 Dr 20 75 13718 Azanaque-Castillej o CAPF 76 11225 El Marchante CARLA *> Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl9,8 Dr 20 77 11167 Huerta del Rio CARNI Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,13 Dr 20 78 06643 La Catria CAS 214-224 Remesal, 1977-78, 07a Dr 20 79 11092 Alamo Alto CASH 235 --> Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,15 Dr 20 80 11091 Alamo Alto CAVE Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,14 Dr 20 81 06730 La Catria CCEFP Remesal 1977-78, 23af Dr 20 82 06722 La Catria CEFH Remesal 1977-78, 22a Dr 20 83 06723 La Catria CEFP 69-117 Remesal 1977-78, 23a-1 Dr 20 84 06724 La Catria CEFP 69-117 Remesal 1977-78, 23a-2 Dr 20 85 06725 La Catria CEFP 69-117 Remesal 1977-78, 23aa Dr 20 86 06726 La Catria CEFP 69-117 Remesal 1977-78, 23ab Dr 20 87 06727 La Catria CEFP 69-117 Remesal 1977-78, 23 ac Dr 20 88 06728 La Catria CEFP 69-117 Remesal 1977-78, 23ad Dr 20 89 06729 La Catria CEFP 69-117 Remesal 1977-78, 23ae Dr 20 90 06732 La Catria CEFP 69-117 Remesal 1977-78, 23ah-l Dr 20 91 06733 La Catria CEFP 69-117 Remesal 1977-78, 23ah-2 Dr 20 92 06736 La Catria CEFP 69-117 Remesal 1977-78, 23ak Dr 20 93 06737 La Catria CEFP 69-117 Remesal 1977-78, 23al Dr 20 94 06738 La Catria CEFP 69-117 Remesal 1977-78, 23am Dr 20 95 06739 La Catria CEFP 69-117 Remesal 1977-78, 23an Dr 20 96 06740 La Catria CEFP 69-117 Remesal 1977-78, 23ao Dr 20 97 06741 La Catria CEFP 69-117 Remesal 1977-78, 23ap Dr 20 98 06742 La Catria CEFP 69-117 Remesal 1977-78, 23aq Dr 20 99 06746 La Catria CEFP 69-117 Remesal 1977-78, 23at Dr 20 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 06747 06748 06750 06755 06758 06759 06760 06761 06762 06763 06764 06765 06766 06767 06769 06770 06771 06772 06773 06774 06775 06776 06777 06778 06781 06782 06783 06784 06756 06731 06734 06735 06785 06757 La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFP CEFPL 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal Remesal 1977-78, 23au-l 1977-78, 23au-2 1977-78, 23ax 1977-78, 23az-3 1977-78, 23bb 1977-78, 23c 1977-78, 23d 1977-78, 23e 1977-78, 23f 1977-78, 23g 1977-78, 23h 1977-78,231 1977-78, 23j 1977-78, 23k 1977-78, 23m-1 1977-78, 23m-2 1977-78, 23n 1977-78,230 1977-78, 23p 1977-78, 23q 1977-78, 23r 1977-78, 23s-1 1977-78, 23s-2 1977-78, 23s-3 1977-78, 23u 1977-78, 23v 1977-78, 23x 1977-78, 23y 1977-78, 23b 1977-78, 23ag 1977-78, 23ai 1977-78,23aj 1977-78, 23z Remesal 1977-78, 23ba Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 06779 06780 06743 06744 06749 06768 06745 06751 06752 06753 06754 06755 06786 06787 13744 13745 11154 12934 06721 06845 06870 06871 06872 06873 06874 06875 06876 06877 06878 13703 13706 12941 12942 12943 La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Estacada de Herrera La Estacada de Herrera Huerta del Rio Huerta del Rio La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillej o CEFPL CEFPL CEFPO CEFPO CEFPO CEFPOR CEFPOR CEFPORTI CEFPORT1 CEFPORTI CEFPORTI CEFPORTI CENHISPSA CENHISPSA CENHISPSA CENHISPSA CENH1SPSAE CENSAEN CHRYSAN CIS CLPV CLPV CLPV CLPV CLPV CLPV CLPV CLPV CLPV CMM CMM CONSFC CONSFC CONSFC 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 80-130 150-210 180-250 180-250 180-250 180-250 180-250 180-250 180-250 180-250 180-250 179-180"? 179-180'? 200-235 200-235 200-235 Remesal, 1977-78, 23t-l Remesal, 1977-78, 23t-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 23ar-l Remesal, 1977-78, 23ar-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 23 av Remesal, 1977-78,231 Remesal, 1977-78, 23as Remesal, 1977-78, 23ay-l Remesal, 1977-78, 23ay-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 23az-l Remesal, 1977-78, 23az-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 23az-3 Remesal, 1977-78, 24a-1 Remesal, 1977-78, 24a-2 Ponsich, 1974, LR,21607,11 Ponsich, 1974,LR,216f77,12 Ponsich, 1979, CA-079,17 Bonsor, 1931, 143 Remesal, 1977-78, 21a Remesal, 1977-78, 36a Remesal, 1977-78, 40a-1 Remesal, 1977-78, 40a-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 40b-1 Remesal, 1977-78,40b-2 Remesal, 1977-78,40c Remesal, 1977-78, 40d Remesal, 1977-78, 40e Remesal, 1977-78, 40f Remesal, 1977-78, 40g Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f80,18 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f80,21 Bonsor, 1931, 150 Bonsor, 1931, 151 Bonsor, 1931, 152 Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 13722 13723 13724 13728 11144 07054 07063 11226 07143 12956 13719 13720 13721 11272 11283 12470 12474 06792 06793 06794 06791 06790 06670 12473 12904 06802 12935 12952 13683 13684 13685 13688 13689 13690 Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo Cortijo del Guerre La Catria La Catria El Marchante La Catria Azanaque-Castil lej o Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Casti 1 lej o Azanaque-Castillejo La Mayena El Berro 2 La Maria La Maria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Maria La Maria La Catria Huerta del Rio Azanaque-Casti 1 lej o Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Casti 1 lej o Azanaque-Casti 1 lej o Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Casti 11 ej o CONSFC CONSFC CONSFC CORBEL CPC CQFP CRA CRISPI CRKAL DATZCOL DATZCOL DATZCOL DATZCOL DIA DIA DIA DIA EFDS EFDS EFDS EXPEDIT EXPEDITI FANO? FCRV FGRVMESEAGGGNNNC FPPOR FRSAENIAE GAF GAF GAF GAF GAF GAF GAF 200-235 200-235 200-235 100-300 175-225 235 --> 125-175"? 80-190 149-153 149-153 149-153 149-153 145-161 145-161 145-161 145-161 200-299 200-299 200-299 80-130 80-130 80-130 225-275 225-275 80-130 69-117 150-180 150-180 150-180 150-180 150-180 150-180 150-180 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145fBl,14 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145fBl,15 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f81,16 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f82,01 Ponsich, 1979, CA-075fl 1,12 Remesal, 1977-78, 54a Remesal, 1977-78, 58a Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl9,9 Remesal, 1977-78, 83a Bonsor, 1931, 165 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f81,11 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f81,12 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f81,13 Ponsich, 1979, PA-028f28,l Ponsich, 1979, PA-056D0,3 Chic, 1985, p 059-524 Chic, 1985, p 059-528 Remesal, 1977-78, 27a-1 Remesal, 1977-78, 27a-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 27a-3 Remesal, 1977-78, 26b Remesal, 1977-78, 26a Remesal, 1977-78, 12a Chic, 1985, p 059-527 Bonsor, 1931, 112 Remesal, 1977-78, 30a Bonsor, 1931, 144 Bonsor, 1931, 161 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145,GAF-1 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145,GAF-2 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145,GAF-3 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f80,01 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145fB0,02 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f80,03 Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 13691 13692 13693 13694 13695 13696 13731 11152 13707 13931 11220 11221 11109 12518 12516 12517 13727 13702 12950 12951 13697 13697 13698 13699 13700 13701 13704 13705 13732 13933 06995 11142 11180 12483 Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo Huerta del Rio Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo El Marchante El Marchante La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillejo La Catria Cortijo del Guerra Haza del Ohvo La Mayena GAF GAF GAF GAF GAF GAF GAF GALI GANNIRVFINI GAPF GAPMA GAPMA GAVEL GAVFL GAVFL GAVFL GEFR GMMF GMMF GMMF GMMF GMMF GMMF GMMF GMMF GMMF GMMF GMMF GMMF GMMF GPC GPC1 GRADOS HERRA 150-180 150-180 150-180 150-180 150-180 150-180 150-180 80-190 69-117 150-180 235 - > 235 - > 235 --> 235 - > 100-145 179-180 179-180 179-180 179-180 179-180 179-180 179-180 179-180 179-180 179-180 179-180 179-180 179-180 247-252 247-252 140-224 Ponsich, 1974,LR,145f80,04 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f80,05 Ponsich, 1974,LR,145f80,06 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f80,07 Ponsich, 1974,LR,145f80,08 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f80,09 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145p65 02 Ponsich, 1979, CA-079,15 Ponsich, 1974,LR,145f80,22 Ponsich, 1974, LR-145,med 1 Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl9,3 Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl 9,4 Ponsich, 1979, CA-073flO,03 Chic, 1985,p065-GAVF3 Chic, 1985,p065-GAVF 1 Chic, 1985,p065-GAVF2 Ponsich, 1974,LR,145fBl,19 Ponsich, 1974,LR,145f80,17 Bonsor, 1931, 159 Bonsor, 1931, 160 Ponsich, 1974,LR,145f80,10 Ponsich, 1974,LR,145f80,ll Ponsich, 1974,LR,145f80,ll Ponsich, 1974,LR,145f80,14 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f80,15 Ponsich, 1974,LR,145f80,16 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f80,19 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f80,20 Ponsich, 1974,LR,145p65 11 Ponsich, 1974, LR-145,ined 2 Remesal, 1977-78, 49a Ponsich, 1979, CA-075fl 1,10 Ponsich, 1979, CA-084A 5,1 Chic, 1985, p 061-548 Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 12933 11165 11164 11131 12930 11223 12910 11155 11156 06788 06789 12492 12493 12924 12925 13252 13253 13254 13255 12926 11162 11163 12491 12927 11157 11158 11159 11160 11161 12936 06668 07059 07057 07058 Huerta del Rio Huerta del Rio Huerta del Rio Cortyo del Guerra Huerta del Rio El Marchante La Maria Huerta del Rio Huerta del Rio La Catria La Catria Huerta del Rio Huerta del Rio Huerta del Rio Huerta del Rio Huerta del Rio Huerta del Rio Huerta del Rio Huerta del Rio Huerta del Rio Huerta del Rio Huerta del Rio Huerta del Rio Huerta del Rio Huerta del Rio Huerta del Rio Huerta del Rio Huerta del Rio Huerta del Rio Huerta del Rio La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria HISPSAENI HISPSAENI HISPSAENIA IARP IASAENI ICIFACF f IFPV & LFPV IIIENNEIVL IIIENNEIVL IIIENNIIVL IIIENNIIVL IIIENNIIVL IIIENNIIVL IIIENNIIVL IIIENNIIVL IIIENNIIVL IIIENNIIVL IIIENNIIVL IIIENNIIVL IIIENNIIVLI IIIENNIORIVLSAE 1IIENNIORIVLSAE IIIENNIORIVLSAE IIIENNIORIVLSAE 11IENNIVL IIIENNIVL I1IENNIVL IIIENNIVL IIIENNIVL IIIIMMIRIV IIQAEET IIQQETC IIQQETCF IIQQETCFS 80-140 80-140 80-140 117-161 117-161 117-161 117-161 117-161 117-161 117-161 117-161 117-161 117-161 117-161 117-161 117-161 117-161 117-161 117-161 117-161 117-161 117-161 117-161 117-161 117-161 175-225 175-225 175-225 Bonsor, 1931, 142 Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,ll Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,10 Ponsich, 1979, CA-075,15 Bonsor, 1931, 139 Ponsich, 1979,CA-093fl9,6 Bonsor, 1931, 118 Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,01 Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,02 Remesal, 1977-78, 25a-1 Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Remesal, 1977-78, 25a-2 Chic, 1985, p 063-567 Chic, 1985, p 063-568 Bonsor, 1931,133 Bonsor, 1931, 134 Maxwell, 1899, 135-b Maxwell, 1899, 135-c Maxwell, 1899, 135-d Maxwell, 1899, 135-e Bonsor, 1931, 135 Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,08 Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,09 Chic, 1985, p 063-566 Bonsor, 1931, 136 Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,03 Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,04 Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,05 Ponsich, 1979, CA-079f13,06 Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,07 Bonsor, 1931, 145 Remesal, 1977-78, 10a Remesal, 1977-78, 56c Remesal, 1977-78, 56a Remesal, 1977-78, 56b Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 11143 11082 11083 11084 11085 11086 11087 11172 11273 07140 07141 13733 06620 06621 06622 06623 12508 11108 11187 06693 06694 06695 06696 06697 06698 06699 06700 06701 06702 06703 06704 06705 06706 06707 Cortijo del Guerra Alamo Alto Alamo Alto Alamo Alto Alamo Alto Alamo Alto Alamo Alto Haza del Ohvo La Mayena La Catna La Catna Azanaque-Castillejo La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Rambhlla La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna IIQQTECF ILFT ILFT ILFT ILFT ILFT ILFT IPC KVFIGGVMCOLSICETASI LAEPAE LAEPAE LAEQPCOL LAF LAF LAF LAF LAF LALF & LALP LASS LCANTP LCANTP LCANTP LCANTP LCANTP LCANTP LCANTP LCANTP LCANTP LCANTP LCANTP LCANTP LCANTP LCANTP LCANTP 175-225 220-224 220-224 220-224 220-224 220-224 220-224 230-260 80-130 80-130 80-130 142-165 142-165 142-165 142-165 142-165 145-161 160-161 160-161 160-161 160-161 160-161 160-161 160-161 160-161 160-161 160-161 160-161 160-161 160-161 160-161 160-161 Ponsich, 1979, CA-075fl 1,11 Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,05 Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,06 Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,07 Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,08 Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,09 Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,10 Ponsich, 1979, CA-083,4 Ponsich, 1979,PA-028f28,2 Remesal, 1977-78, 81a Remesal, 1977-78, 81b Ponsich, 1974,LR,145p66 15 Remesal, 1977-78, 03a-1 Remesal, 1977-78, 03a-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 03b Remesal, 1977-78, 03c Chic, 1985, p 065-592 Ponsich, 1979, CA-073flO,02 Ponsich, 1979, CA-089fl6,5 Remesal, 1977-78, 17a-l Remesal, 1977-78, 17a-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 17a-3 Remesal, 1977-78, 17a-4 Remesal, 1977-78, 17a-5 Remesal, 1977-78, 17b Remesal, 1977-78, 17c Remesal, 1977-78, 17d-l Remesal, 1977-78, 17d-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 17e Remesal, 1977-78, 17f Remesal, 1977-78, 17g Remesal, 1977-78, 17h Remesal, 1977-78, 17i Remesal, 1977-78, 17j Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 11176 06708 06709 06714 06715 06716 06710 06711 06712 06713 11098 11099 06720 11179 11147 11100 11101 11277 11269 11270 11271 12484 12485 12486 11282 11078 11079 11080 11081 11103 12522 11178 07055 07056 Haza del Olivo La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna Catna Alta Catna Alta La Catna Haza del Olivo Cortijo del Guerra Catna Alta Catna Alta La Mayena La Mayena La Mayena La Mayena La Mayena La Mayena La Mayena El Berro 2 Alamo Alto Alamo Alto Alamo Alto Alamo Alto La Catna Alamo Alto Haza del Olivo La Catna La Catna LCANTP LCH LCH LCH LCH LCH LCHE LCHE LCHE LCHE LCHE LCHE LCM LCMY LCN LCSOL LCSOL LERP LFFV LFFV LFFV LFFV LFFV LFFV LFS LIT LIT LIT LIT LIT LIT LPMS LQSP LQSP 160-161 200-299 200-299 200-299 200-299 200-299 200-299 200-299 200-299 200-299 200-299 200-299 150-200 140-190 50-100 50-100 69-117 180-193 180-193 180-193 180-193 180-193 180-193 60-80 150-284 150-284 150-284 150-284 150-284 150-284 125-175 Ponsich, 1979, CA-083,8 Remesal, 1977-78, 18a Remesal, 1977-78, 18b Remesal, 1977-78, 18g-l Remesal, 1977-78, 18g-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 18h Remesal, 1977-78, 18c Remesal, 1977-78, 18d Remesal, 1977-78, 18e Remesal, 1977-78, 18f Ponsich, 1979, CA-072f09,5 Ponsich, 1979, CA-072fD9,6 Remesal, 1977-78,20a Ponsich, 1979, CA-083fl4,2 Ponsich, 1979, CA-075fl 1,15 Ponsich, 1979, CA-072f09,7 Ponsich, 1979, CA-072f09,8 Ponsich, 1979,PA-028f28,6 Ponsich, 1979,PA-020f27,l Ponsich, 1979, PA-020G7,2 Ponsich, 1979, PA-020f27,3 Chic, 1985, p 061-551 Chic, 1985, p 061-LFFV 1 Chic, 1985,p061-LFFV2 Ponsich, 1979,PA-056B0,2 Ponsich, 1979,CA-071f08,01 Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,02 Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,03 Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,04 Ponsich, 1979, CA-073,04 Chic, 1985, p 074-629 Ponsich, 1979, CA-083fl4,1 Remesal, 1977-78, 55a-1 Remesal, 1977-78, 55a-2 Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 11121 12488 11209 11210 11211 11212 11208 11181 11182 07120 07121 07119 07102 07103 07104 07105 07106 07107 07108 07109 07110 07111 07112 07113 07114 07115 07116 07117 07118 12497 12499 12498 12472 12476 La Catna El Acebuchal El Marchante El Marchante El Marchante El Marchante El Marchante Manuel Nieto La Rambhlla La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Maria La Maria LQSP LSELSENC LSELSENC LSELSENC LSELSENC LSELSENC LSENSENC LSERLV LSERLV LSERLVP LSERLVP LSERVILILVP LSLP LSLP LSLP LSLP LSLP LSLP LSLP LSLP LSLP LSLP LSLP LSLP LSLP LSLP LSLP LSLP LSLP LSLP LSLP LSLPP LSLVPI LSLVPI 117-138 117-138 117-138 117-138 117-138 117-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 Ponsich, 1979, CA-073flO,15 Chic, 1985, p 062-556 Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,10 Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,ll Ponsich, 1979,CA-093fl8,12 Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,13 Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,09 Ponsich, 1979, CA-084A 5,2 Ponsich, 1979, CA-084A 5,3 Remesal 1977-78, 64n Remesal 1977-78,640 Remesal 1977-78, 64m Remesal 1977-78, 64a Remesal 1977-78, 64b Remesal 1977-78, 64c-1 Remesal 1977-78, 64c-2 Remesal 1977-78, 64d Remesal 1977-78, 64e-l Remesal 1977-78, 64e-2 Remesal 1977-78, 64f Remesal 1977-78, 64g-l Remesal 1977-78, 64g-2 Remesal 1977-78, 64h Remesal 1977-78, 64i Remesal 1977-78, 64j Remesal 1977-78, 64k Remesal 1977-78,641-1 Remesal 1977-78, 641-2 Remesal 1977-78,641-3 Chic, 1985, p 065-581 Chic, 1985, p 065-583 Chic, 1985, p 065-582 Chic, 1985, p 059-526 Chic, 1985, p 059-530 Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 13741 12510 07127 12918 07131 07133 12939 13242 07136 07139 13712 13709 13710 13711 06639 06640 06641 06642 12945 11188 06644 11190 11191 11192 11094 11095 11096 12477 12903 12949 11218 11219 11125 06821 La Estacada de Herrera La Catria La Catria El Acebuchal La Catria La Catria Lora la Vieja Lora la Vieja La Catria La Catria Azanaque-Castillejo Azanaque-Castillej o Azanaque-Castillej o Azanaque-Castillejo La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria Azanaque-Castillejo La Ramblilla La Catria Madre Vieja 1 Madre Vieja 1 Madre Vieja 1 Catria Alta Catria Alta Catria Alta La Maria La Maria Azanaque-Castillejo El Marchante El Marchante Cortijo del Guerra La Catria LSR LSRNAEBAN? LSTERALB LTEL LVCVM LVTROPHIMI LVTROPH1MI LVTROPHIMI M OPSVR MAEFPM MAEM MAEM MAFAME MAFAMF MAR MAR MAR MAR MAR MATDEFIGNASMARSI MATDFMARS1ANESSES MAVR1 MAVRI MAVR1 MFABS MFABS MFABS MFCEL MFCEL MHICAP MIAPC MIAPC MIFR MIM 200-299? 70-121 70-121 70-121 125-150 125-150 138-161 138-161 95-199 95-199 95-199 95-199 95-199 235 --> 235 --> 30-80 30-80 30-80 30-80 30-80 200-299 79-138 79-138 50-70 or Ponsich, 1974, LR,216f77,08 Chic, 1985, p 065-594 Remesal, 1977-78, 69a Bonsor, 1931, 126 Remesal, 1977-78, 73a Remesal, 1977-78, 75a Bonsor, 1931, 148 Maxwell, 1899, 113-b Remesal, 1977-78, 77a Remesal, 1977-78, 80a Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f81,04 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f81,01 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f81,02 Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f81,03 Remesal, 1977-78, 06a Remesal, 1977-78, 06b Remesal, 1977-78, 06c Remesal, 1977-78, 06d Bonsor, 1931, 154 Ponsich, 1979, CA-089fl6,6 Remesal, 1977-78, 08a Ponsich, 1979, CA-091fl7 A,l Ponsich, 1979, CA-091fl7 A,2 Ponsich, 1979, CA-091fl7 A,3 Ponsich, 1979, CA-072f09,l Ponsich, 1979, CA-072f09,2 Ponsich, 1979, CA-072f09,3 Chic, 1985, p 059-531 Bonsor, 1931, 111 Bonsor, 1931, 158 Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl9,1 Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl 9,2 Ponsich, 1979, CA-075,09 145-161 Remesal, 1977-78, 33a Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 06822 06823 06824 06825 06826 06827 06828 06829 06830 06831 06832 06833 06834 06835 12513 11127 06892 06888 06889 06886 06887 06890 11104 06891 13729 07098 07099 07096 07097 11274 11275 11173 11174 12957 La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna Cortyo del Guerra La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna Azanaque-Castillejo La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Mayena La Mayena Haza del Ohvo Haza del Ohvo Azanaque-Casti 1 lej o MIM MIM MIM MIM MIM MIM MIM MIM MIM MIM MIM MIM MIM MIM MIM MIMOPSI MMR MMRCI MMRCI MMRO MMRO MMRP MMRP MMRP MRIC MSP MSP MSPO MSPO NER NER NERV NERVAELVP NIGRIN 50-70 or 50-70 or 50-70 or 50-70 or 50-70 or 50-70 or 50-70 or 50-70 or 50-70 or 50-70 or 50-70 or 50-70 or 50-70 or 50-70 or 50-70 or 50-70 or 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 98-138 54-79 54-79 54-79 54-79 200-299 145-161 145-161 145-161 145-161 145-161 145-161 145-161 145-161 145-161 145-161 145-161 145-161 145-161 145-161 145-161 145-161 Remesal, 1977-78, 33b Remesal, 1977-78, 33c Remesal, 1977-78, 33d Remesal, 1977-78, 33e Remesal, 1977-78, 33f Remesal, 1977-78, 33g Remesal, 1977-78, 33h-l Remesal, 1977-78, 33h-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 33i Remesal, 1977-78, 33j-l Remesal, 1977-78, 33j-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 33j-3 Remesal, 1977-78, 33k Remesal, 1977-78, 331 Chic, 1985, p 065-597 Ponsich, 1979, CA-075,11 Remesal, 1977-78,44f Remesal, 1977-78, 44c-1 Remesal, 1977-78, 44c-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 44a Remesal, 1977-78,44b Remesal, 1977-78, 44d Ponsich, 1979, CA-073,05 Remesal, 1977-78, 44e Ponsich, 1974, LR,145f82,02 Remesal, 1977-78, 62b-1 Remesal, 1977-78, 62b-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 62a-1 Remesal, 1977-78, 62a-2 Ponsich, 1979, PA-028f28,3 Ponsich, 1979, PA-028G8,4 Ponsich, 1979, CA-083,5 Ponsich, 1979, CA-083,6 Bonsor, 1931, 166 Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 06958 06959 06960 06961 06962 06963 06964 11278 13686 12940 06675 06674 06676 06677 06678 06679 06680 06681 06682 06683 06684 06671 06672 06673 11097 12500 11105 12482 12487 11168 12928 06619 06882 06883 La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Mayena Azanaque-Castillejo Lora la Vieja La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna Catna Alta La Catna La Catna La Mayena La Mayena Huerta del Rio Huerta del Rio La Catna La Catna La Catna NRVFIP NRVFIP NRVFIP NRVFIP NRVFIP NRVFIP NRVFIP OCPA OFA ORFS PANNIR (PAN1R) PANNIRVF PANR PANR PANR PANR PANR PANR PANR PANR PANRV PANRVF PANRVF PANRVF PARF PARVA? PAVR PCAEHER PCAEHER PECSAEN PECSAEN1 PLAC PMH PMHER 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 69-117 80-190 69-138 69-138 69-138 69-138 69-138 69-138 69-138 69-138 69-138 69-138 69-138 70-145 70-145 70-145 post-209 69-117 69-117 69-96 Remesal, 1977-78, 47a Remesal, 1977-78, 47b-1 Remesal, 1977-78, 47b-2 Remesal, 1977-78,47b-3 Remesal, 1977-78,47b-4 Remesal, 1977-78, 47c-1 Remesal, 1977-78, 47c-2 Ponsich, 1979, PA-028f28,7 Ponsich, 1974,LR,145,OFA Bonsor, 1931, 149 Remesal, 1977-78, 13e Remesal, 1977-78, 13d Remesal, 1977-78, 13f Remesal, 1977-78, 13g Remesal, 1977-78, 13h Remesal, 1977-78, 13i Remesal, 1977-78, 13j Remesal, 1977-78, 13k Remesal, 1977-78, 131 Remesal, 1977-78, 13m Remesal, 1977-78, 13n Remesal, 1977-78, 13a Remesal, 1977-78, 13b Remesal, 1977-78, 13c Ponsich, 1979, CA-072f09,4 Chic, 1985, p 065-584 Ponsich, 1979, CA-073,08 Chic, 1985, p 061-547 Chic, 1985,p061-PCAEH Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,14 Bonsor, 1931,137 Remesal, 1977-78, 02a Remesal, 1977-78, 42b Remesal, 1977-78,42c Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 06884 06881 11116 06885 11169 12937 13603 11076 06977 06978 06975 07004 07005 07006 07007 07008 07009 07010 07011 07012 07013 07014 07015 07016 07017 07018 07019 07020 07021 07022 07023 07024 07025 07026 La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria Huerta del Rio Huerta del Rio Cerro Leon Cortijo de los Mochales La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria PMHER PMHPOR PMHPOR PMPPR PMS PMS? PNIH POBPOD POCODV POCODV PODV POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI 69-96 69-96 69-96 50-100 200-350 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 Remesal, 1977-78, 42d Remesal, 1977-78, 42a Ponsich, 1979, CA-073fl0,10 Remesal, 1977-78, 43a Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,15 Bonsor, 1931, 146 Ponsich, 1974, LR,079f69 Ponsich, 1979, CA-067f07,4 Remesal 1977-78, 48g-l Remesal 1977-78, 48g-2 Remesal 1977-78, 48e Remesal 1977-78, 52b Remesal 1977-78, 52c Remesal 1977-78, 52d-l Remesal 1977-78, 52d-2 Remesal 1977-78, 52e-l Remesal 1977-78, 52e-2 Remesal 1977-78, 52f-l Remesal 1977-78, 52f-2 Remesal 1977-78, 52g-l Remesal 1977-78, 52g-2 Remesal 1977-78, 52g-3 Remesal 1977-78, 52h Remesal 1977-78,52i Remesal 1977-78, 52j-l Remesal 1977-78, 52j-2 Remesal 1977-78, 52j-3 Remesal 1977-78, 52k-1 Remesal 1977-78, 52k-2 Remesal 1977-78,521 Remesal 1977-78, 52m Remesal 1977-78, 52n-l Remesal 1977-78, 52n-2 Remesal 1977-78, 52n-3 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Uncertain Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 07027 07028 07029 07030 07031 11113 11122 11123 11124 11133 11134 11135 11136 11137 11138 11139 07003 06818 06819 11073 06836 11110 06997 06998 06999 07000 07001 07002 11119 07124 07142 06632 06633 06634 La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria Cortijo del Guerra Cortijo del Guerra Cortijo del Guerra Cortijo del Guerra Cortijo del Guerra Cortijo del Guerra Cortijo del Guerra Cortijo del Guerra Cortijo del Guerra Cortijo del Guerra La Catria La Catria La Catria Cortijo de los Mochales La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria POPVL1 POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLI POPVLII POQHEHE POQHEHE POR PORCIR PORCIR PORCPR PORCPR PORCPR PORCPR PORCPR PORCPR PORCPR PORCSS PORENSAE PORLAR PORLAR PORLAR 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 120-125 120-125 69-96? 69-96? 1-99 (c 70) 1-99 (c 70) 1-99 (c 70) 1-99 (c 70) 1-99 (c 70) 1-99 (c 70) 1-99 (c 70) 69-117 69-117 50-105 50-105 50-105 Remesal, 1977-78, 52n-4 Remesal, 1977-78, 52o Remesal, 1977-78, 52p Remesal, 1977-78, 52q Remesal, 1977-78, 52r Ponsich, 1979, CA-073fl 0,07 Ponsich, 1979, CA-075,01-1 Ponsich, 1979, CA-075,01-2 Ponsich, 1979, CA-075,01-3 Ponsich, 1979, CA-075fl 1,01 Ponsich, 1979, CA-075fl 1,02 Ponsich, 1979, CA-075fl 1,03 Ponsich, 1979, CA-075fl 1,04 Ponsich, 1979, CA-075fl 1,05 Ponsich, 1979, CA-075H 1,06 Ponsich, 1979, CA-075fl 1,07 Remesal, 1977-78, 52a Remesal, 1977-78, 32b-1 Remesal, 1977-78, 32b-2 Ponsich, 1979, CA-067f07,l Remesal, 1977-78, 34a Ponsich, 1979, CA-073fl0,04 Remesal, 1977-78, 51a Remesal, 1977-78, 51b-1 Remesal, 1977-78, 51 b-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 51c-l Remesal, 1977-78, 51 c-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 5Id Ponsich, 1979, CA-073flO,13 Remesal, 1977-78, 67a Remesal, 1977-78, 82a Remesal, 1977-78, 05a Remesal, 1977-78, 05b Remesal, 1977-78, 05c-1 Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 06635 11120 06636 06637 06638 11175 06803 06804 06805 06806 06807 06808 06809 06810 06811 06812 06813 06814 06815 06816 11112 12505 07100 07132 06992 06993 06994 06976 06979 06980 06981 06982 06983 06984 La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria Haza del Ohvo La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catna La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria PORLAR PORLAR PORLAR PORLAR PORLARV PORLES PORLFS PORLFS PORLFS PORLFS PORLFS PORLFS PORLFS PORLFS PORLFS PORLFS PORLFS PORLFS PORLFS PORLFS PORLFS PORLFS PORMS PORMV POROCOD POROCOD POROCOD POROCOD? POROCODV POROCODV POROCODV POROCODV POROCODV POROCODV 50-105 50-105 50-105 50-105 50-105 50-70 40-130 40-130 40-130 40-130 40-130 40-130 40-130 40-130 40-130 40-130 40-130 40-130 40-130 40-130 40-130 40-130 (c 60) 1-99 69-79 69-79 69-79 69-79 69-79 69-79 Remesal, 1977-78, 05c-2 Ponsich, 1979, CA-073flO,14 Remesal, 1977-78, 05d Remesal, 1977-78, 05e Remesal, 1977-78, 05f Ponsich, 1979, CA-083,7 Remesal, 1977-78, 31a Remesal, 1977-78, 31b Remesal, 1977-78, 31c Remesal, 1977-78, 3Id Remesal, 1977-78, 3le Remesal, 1977-78, 3If Remesal, 1977-78, 3 lg Remesal, 1977-78, 31 h-1 Remesal, 1977-78, 31 h-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 31 l-l Remesal, 1977-78, 311-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 3 lj Remesal, 1977-78, 31k Remesal, 1977-78,311 Ponsich, 1979, CA-073flO,06 Chic, 1985, p 065-589 Remesal, 1977-78, 62c Remesal, 1977-78, 74a Remesal, 1977-78, 48m-1 Remesal, 1977-78, 48m-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 48n Remesal, 1977-78, 48f Remesal, 1977-78, 48h-l Remesal, 1977-78, 48h-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 48h-3 Remesal, 1977-78, 48h-4 Remesal, 1977-78,48i-l Remesal, 1977-78, 48i-2 Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 06985 06986 06987 06988 06989 06990 06991 11074 11146 11177 06965 06966 06967 06968 06969 06970 06971 06972 06973 06974 11088 11114 11129 11285 11077 07130 11090 11075 07065 07066 07067 07068 07069 07070 La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna Cortyo de los Mochales Cortyo del Guerra Haza del Ohvo La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna Alamo Alto La Catna Cortyo del Guerra El Berro 2 Cortyo de los Mochales La Catna Alamo Alto Cortyo de los Mochales La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna POROCODV POROCODV POROCODV POROCODV POROCODV POROCODV POROCODV POROCODV POROCODV POROD PORODV PORODV PORODV PORODV PORODV PORODV PORODV PORODV PORODV PORODV PORODV PORODV PORODV POROIATITAE POROODV PORP PORP PORPOD PORPS PORPS PORPS PORPS PORPS PORPS 69-79 69-79 69-79 69-79 69-79 69-79 69-79 69-79 69-79 150-199 150-199 150-199 150-199 150-199 150-199 150-199 150-199 150-199 150-199 150-199 150-199 150-199 150-199 100-199 69-117 69-117 120-125 120-125 120-125 120-125 120-125 120-125 Remesal, 1977-78,48i-3 Remesal, 1977-78,48i-4 Remesal, 1977-78, 48j-l Remesal, 1977-78, 48j-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 48j-3 Remesal, 1977-78, 48k Remesal, 1977-78,481 Ponsich, 1979, CA-067f07,2 Ponsich, 1979, CA-075fl 1,14 Ponsich, 1979, CA-083,9 Remesal, 1977-78,48a-1 Remesal, 1977-78,48a-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 48a-3 Remesal, 1977-78, 48a-4 Remesal, 1977-78, 48a-5 Remesal, 1977-78, 48a-6 Remesal, 1977-78, 48b Remesal, 1977-78,48c Remesal, 1977-78,48d-l Remesal, 1977-78,48d-2 Ponsich, 1979,CA-071fD8,ll Ponsich, 1979, CA-073fl0,08 Ponsich, 1979, CA-075,13 Ponsich, 1979,PA-056B0,5 Ponsich, 1979, CA-067f07,5 Remesal, 1977-78, 72a Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,13 Ponsich, 1979,CA-067fi)7,3 Remesal, 1977-78, 60a-1 Remesal, 1977-78, 60a-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 60b-1 Remesal, 1977-78, 60b-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 60c-1 Remesal, 1977-78, 60c-2 Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 07071 07072 07073 07074 07075 07076 07077 07078 07079 07080 07081 07082 07083 07084 07085 07086 07087 07088 11111 07089 07090 07091 07092 11106 07093 07094 06817 11118 12506 12504 11089 07129 07125 07126 La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria Alamo Alto La Catria La Catria La Catria PORPS PORPS PORPS PORPS PORPS PORPS PORPS PORPS PORPS PORPS PORPS PORPS PORPS PORPS PORPS PORPS PORPS PORPS PORPS PORPSA PORPSA PORPSA PORPSA PORPSA PORPSI PORPSI PORQHEHE PORQHEHE PORQPA PORQSB PORS PORSEDATI PORSS PORSS 120-125 120-125 120-125 120-125 120-125 120-125 120-125 120-125 120-125 120-125 120-125 120-125 120-125 120-125 120-125 120-125 120-125 120-125 120-125 225-275 225-275 50-150 50-150 50-70 69-117 Remesal, 1977-78, 60d Remesal, 1977-78, 60e Remesal, 1977-78, 60f-l Remesal, 1977-78, 60f-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 60g-l Remesal, 1977-78, 60g-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 60g-3 Remesal, 1977-78, 60h-l Remesal, 1977-78, 60h-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 60i-l Remesal, 1977-78, 60i-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 60i-3 Remesal, 1977-78, 60j Remesal, 1977-78, 60k Remesal, 1977-78, 601-1 Remesal, 1977-78,601-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 60m Remesal, 1977-78, 60n Ponsich, 1979, CA-073A0,05 Remesal, 1977-78, 6O0-I Remesal, 1977-78, 60o-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 60p Remesal, 1977-78, 60q Ponsich, 1979, CA-073,13 Remesal, 1977-78, 60r Remesal, 1977-78, 60s Remesal, 1977-78, 32a Ponsich, 1979, CA-073flO,12 Chic, 1985, p 065-590 Chic, 1985, p 065-588 Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,12 Remesal, 1977-78, 71a Remesal, 1977-78, 68a-l Remesal, 1977-78, 68a-2 Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 12501 07032 07033 07034 07035 07036 07037 07038 07039 07040 07041 07042 07043 07044 07045 07046 07047 07048 07049 07050 07051 07052 07053 07175 11107 11140 12496 12502 12503 06616 06617 06618 07095 11141 La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria Cortijo del Guerra La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria Cortijo del Guerra PORTAV PORTO PORTO PORTO PORTO PORTO PORTO PORTO PORTO PORTO PORTO PORTO PORTO PORTO PORTO PORTO PORTO PORTO PORTO PORTO PORTO PORTO PORTO PORTO PORTO PORTO PORTO PORTO PORTO PPAA PPAA PPAA PPSQVPL1 PPSQVPL1 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 214-224 200-250 200-250 200-250 193—> 193—> Chic, 1985, p 065-585 Remesal, 1977-78, 53a-l Remesal, 1977-78, 53a-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 53a-3 Remesal, 1977-78, 53a-4 Remesal, 1977-78, 53b-1 Remesal, 1977-78, 53b-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 53b-3 Remesal, 1977-78, 53b-4 Remesal, 1977-78, 53b-5 Remesal, 1977-78, 53b-6 Remesal, 1977-78, 53b-7 Remesal, 1977-78, 53c Remesal, 1977-78, 53d Remesal, 1977-78, 53e-l Remesal, 1977-78, 53e-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 53e-3 Remesal, 1977-78, 53e-4 Remesal, 1977-78, 53f Remesal, 1977-78, 53g-l Remesal, 1977-78, 53g-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 53h Remesal, 1977-78, 53i D Pena, 1967,02 Ponsich, 1979, CA-073fl0,01 Ponsich, 1979, CA-075fl 1,08 Chic, 1985, p 065-580 Chic, 1985, p 065-586 Chic, 1985, p 065-587 Remesal, 1977-78, Ola Remesal, 1977-78, 01b Remesal, 1977-78, 01c Remesal, 1977-78, 61a Ponsich, 1979, CA-075A 1,09 Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 06624 06625 06626 06627 06628 06629 06630 06631 06798 06799 06800 06801 11117 06820 07101 11115 11126 11150 13742 12953 06653 06662 06667 12954 12955 06645 06646 06647 06648 06649 06650 06651 06655 06656 La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria Cortyo del Guerra Huerta del Rio La Estacada de Herrera Azanaque-Castillejo La Catria La Catria La Catria Azanaque-Castillej o Azanaque-Castillej o La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria PQAF PQAF PQAF PQAF PQAF PQAF PQAF PQAF PQFLFL PQFLFL PQFLFL PQFLFL PQFLFL PQHEHE PQSB PQSB PRTO PSAENI PVAFAN QAELOPTATI QAEO QAEOP QAEOP QAEOPCO QAEOPCOL QAEOPO QAEOPO QAEOPO QAEOPO QAEOPO QAEOPO QAEOPO QAEOPO QAEOPO 125-175 125-175 125-175 125-175 125-175 125-175 125-175 125-175 69-96 69-96 69-96 69-96 69-96 120-125 50-70 50-70 117-161 125-175 125-175 125-175 125-175 125-175 125-175 125-175 125-175 125-175 125-175 125-175 125-175 125-175 125-175 125-175 Remesal, 1977-78, 04a Remesal, 1977-78, 04b Remesal, 1977-78, 04c Remesal, 1977-78, 04d Remesal, 1977-78, 04e Remesal, 1977-78, 04f Remesal, 1977-78, 04g Remesal, 1977-78, 04h Remesal, 1977-78, 29a-1 Remesal, 1977-78, 29a-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 29b Remesal, 1977-78, 29c Ponsich, 1979, CA-073fl 0,11 Remesal, 1977-78, 32c Remesal, 1977-78, 63a Ponsich, 1979, CA-073flO,09 Ponsich, 1979, CA-075,10 Ponsich, 1979, CA-079,1 Obis Ponsich, 1974, LR,216f77,09 Bonsor, 1931, 162 Remesal, 1977-78, 09h Remesal, 1977-78, 09q Remesal, 1977-78, 09v Bonsor, 1931, 163 Bonsor, 1931, 164 Remesal, 1977-78, 09a Remesal, 1977-78, 09b Remesal, 1977-78, 09c Remesal, 1977-78, 09d Remesal, 1977-78, 09e Remesal, 1977-78, 09f-l Remesal, 1977-78, 09f-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 09j Remesal, 1977-78, 09k Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 06657 06658 06659 06660 06663 06664 06665 06666 06654 06685 06686 06687 06688 06689 12494 12495 12519 12520 12521 06690 06691 06652 06661 11151 12471 12475 12478 12479 12907 06795 06796 06797 11145 13687 La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria Huerta del Rio La Maria La Maria La Maria La Maria La Maria La Catria La Catria La Catria Cortijo del Guerra Azanaque-Castillejo QAEOPO QAEOPO QAEOPO QAEOPO QAEOPO QAEOPO QAEOPO QAEOPO QAEOPOR QANTR QANTR QANTR QANTR QANTR QANTR QANTR QANTR QANTR QANTR QANTSAB QANTSAB QAOPO QAOPO QARSD QCFCH QCFCH QCFCH QCFCH QCFCH QFF QFF QFF QFF QFRMAED 125-175 125-175 125-175 125-175 125-175 125-175 125-175 125-175 125-175 41-96 41-96 41-96 41-96 41-96 41-96 41-96 41-96 41-96 41-96 125-175 125-175 89-117 69-117"? 69-117^ 69-1171? 69-117'? 69-1171? 69-96 69-96 69-96 69-96 Remesal, 1977-78, 091 Remesal, 1977-78, 09m Remesal, 1977-78, 09n Remesal, 1977-78, 09o Remesal, 1977-78, 09r Remesal, 1977-78, 09s Remesal, 1977-78, 09t Remesal, 1977-78, 09u Remesal, 1977-78, 09i Remesal, 1977-78, 14a-l Remesal, 1977-78, 14a-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 14a-3 Remesal, 1977-78, 14b Remesal, 1977-78, 14c Chic, 1985, p 065-578 Chic, 1985, p 065-579 Chic, 1985,p065-QANT 1 Chic, 1985,p065-QANT2 Chic, 1985,p065-QANT3 Remesal, 1977-78, 15a Remesal, 1977-78, 15b Remesal, 1977-78, 09g Remesal, 1977-78, 09p Ponsich, 1979, CA-079,14 Chic, 1985, p 059-525 Chic, 1985, p 059-529 Chic, 1985,p059-QCFC 1 Chic, 1985,p059-QCFC2 Bonsor, 1931, 115 Remesal, 1977-78, 28a Remesal, 1977-78, 28b Remesal, 1977-78, 28c Ponsich, 1979, CA-075fl 1,13 Ponsich, 1974,LR,145,QFRMAED Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 111 778 779 11276 11170 11279 06893 06894 06895 06896 06897 06898 06899 06900 06901 06902 06869 11284 07122 07060 07061 07062 12919 07064 07123 11102 11166 12929 12932 13708 06862 07144 07128 13743 11224 06837 06838 La Mayena Huerta del Rio La Mayena La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria El Berro 2 La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Mayena La Catria La Catria Catria Alta Huerta del Rio Huerta del Rio Huerta del Rio Azanaque-Castillejo La Catria La Catria La Catria La Estacada de Herrera El Marchante La Catria La Catria QFRME QIM QIMS QMS QMS QMS QMS QMS QMS QMS QMS QMS QMS QQLL QSERV QSRP QVINTP QV1NTP QVNTI RATAN? RVFPO RVSR S SAENANS SAENI SAENIANS SAES SALALFO SALALFO SALS SCOROBR SELSEN SEXIRVF SEXIRVF 161-193 69-117 175-199 175-199 175-199 175-199 175-199 175-199 175-199 175-199 175-199 175-199 175-199 69-96 50-100 50-70? 50-70? 50-70 69-96 150-225 200-299 69-96 69-96 80-130 145-161 145-161 100-199 80-190 117-138 60-70 60-70 Ponsich, 1979, PA-028f28,5 Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,16 Ponsich, 1979, PA-028f28,8 Remesal, 1977-78, 45a Remesal, 1977-78, 45b Remesal, 1977-78, 45c-1 Remesal, 1977-78, 45c-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 45d Remesal, 1977-78, 45e Remesal, 1977-78, 45f Remesal, 1977-78, 45g Remesal, 1977-78, 45h Remesal, 1977-78,45i Remesal, 1977-78, 39a Ponsich, 1979, PA-056f30,4 Remesal, 1977-78, 65a Remesal, 1977-78, 57a Remesal, 1977-78, 57b Remesal, 1977-78, 57c Bonsor, 1931, 127 Remesal, 1977-78, 59a Remesal, 1977-78, 66a Ponsich, 1979, CA-072f09,9 Ponsich, 1979, CA-079fl3,12 Bonsor, 1931, 138 Bonsor, 1931, 141 Ponsich, 1974,LR,145f80,23 Remesal, 1977-78, 381 Remesal, 1977-78, 38m Remesal, 1977-78, 70a Ponsich, 1974, LR,216f77,10 Ponsich, 1979, CA-093f19,7 Remesal, 1977-78, 35a-1 Remesal, 1977-78, 35a-2 Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 06839 06840 06841 06842 06843 06844 12507 07134 07135 12944 11171 06846 06847 06848 06903 06904 06905 06906 06907 06908 06909 06910 06911 06912 06913 06914 06915 06924 06925 06926 06927 06928 06929 06930 La C atria La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna Azanaque-Castillejo Haza del Ohvo La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna La Catna SEXIRVF SEXIRVF SEXIRVF SEXIRVF SEXIRVF SEXIRVF SEXN SEXVRP SEXVRP SICOVN SIP SISEN SISEN SISEN SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR 60-70 60-70 60-70 60-70 60-70 60-70 50-70 50-70 69-117? 41-55 41-55 41-55 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 Remesal, 1977-78, 3 5a-3 Remesal, 1977-78, 35a-4 Remesal, 1977-78, 3 5a-5 Remesal, 1977-78, 35b Remesal, 1977-78, 35c-1 Remesal, 1977-78, 35c-2 Chic, 1985, p 065-591 Remesal, 1977-78, 76a Remesal, 1977-78, 76b Bonsor, 1931, 153 Ponsich, 1979, CA-083,3 Remesal 1977-78, 37a Remesal 1977-78, 37b Remesal 1977-78, 37c Remesal 1977-78, 46a-1 Remesal 1977-78, 46a-2 Remesal 1977-78, 46aa Remesal 1977-78, 46ab Remesal 1977-78, 46ac Remesal 1977-78, 46ad Remesal 1977-78, 46ae Remesal 1977-78, 46af Remesal 1977-78, 46ag Remesal 1977-78, 46ah Remesal 1977-78, 46ai-l Remesal 1977-78, 46ai-2 Remesal 1977-78, 46aj Remesal 1977-78, 46ar Remesal 1977-78, 46as Remesal 1977-78, 46at Remesal 1977-78, 46b Remesal 1977-78, 46c-1 Remesal 1977-78, 46c-2 Remesal 1977-78,46d Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 06931 06932 06933 06934 06935 06936 06937 06938 06939 06940 06941 06942 06943 06944 06945 06946 06947 06948 06949 06950 06951 06952 06953 06954 06955 06956 06957 11128 12509 12511 06916 06917 06918 06919 La Catria La Catna La Catna La Catria La Catna La Catria La Catria La Catna La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catna La Catna La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catna La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catna La Catria La Catria La Catna La Catria Cortijo del Guerra La Catria La Catria La Catna La Catria La Catria La Catria SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNR SNRP SNRP SNRP SNRP 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 140-180 145-161 145-161 145-161 145-161 Remesal 1977-78, 46e Remesal 1977-78, 46f Remesal 1977-78, 46g Remesal 1977-78, 46h Remesal 1977-78,46i-l Remesal 1977-78,461-2 Remesal 1977-78,461-3 Remesal 1977-78,461-4 Remesal 1977-78,46j-l Remesal 1977-78, 46j-2 Remesal 1977-78, 46j-3 Remesal 1977-78,46k Remesal 1977-78,461 Remesal 1977-78, 46m Remesal 1977-78, 46n Remesal 1977-78,460-1 Remesal 1977-78,460-2 Remesal 1977-78,46p Remesal 1977-78, 46q Remesal 1977-78, 46r Remesal 1977-78, 46s Remesal 1977-78, 46t Remesal 1977-78, 46u Remesal 1977-78, 46v Remesal 1977-78,46x Remesal 1977-78, 46y Remesal 1977-78, 46z Ponsich, 1979,CA-075,12 Chic, 1985, p 065-593 Chic, 1985, p 065-595 Remesal, 1977-78, 46ak-l Remesal, 1977-78, 46ak-2 Remesal, 1977-78, 46al Remesal, 1977-78,46am Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr Dr 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 06921 06922 06923 12512 06920 11200 11201 11202 11203 11204 11205 11206 11207 11093 06879 06880 11213 11214 11215 11280 La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria La Catria El Marchante El Marchante El Marchante El Marchante El Marchante El Marchante El Marchante El Marchante Alamo Alto La Catria La Catria El Marchante El Marchante El Marchante La Mayena SNRP SNRP SNRP SNRP SNRP TANP TANP TANP TANP TANP TANP TANP TANP VITALI VMFC VMFC VPC VPC VPC VTC 145-161 145-161 145-161 145-161 98-161 98-161 98-161 98-161 98-161 98-161 98-161 98-161 ? 138-161? 138-161? 98-161 98-161 98-161 Remesal, 1977-78, 46ao Remesal, 1977-78, 46ap Remesal, 1977-78,46aq Chic, 1985, p 065-596 Remesal, 1977-78, 46an Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl 8,01 Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,02 Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,03 Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,04 Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,05 Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,06 Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl 8,07 Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,08 Ponsich, 1979, CA-071f08,16 Remesal, 1977-78, 41a Remesal, 1977-78, 41b Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,14 Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,15 Ponsich, 1979, CA-093fl8,16 Ponsich, 1979,PA-028f28,9 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dr 20 Dohum Stamps from Axati recovered from throughout the Roman Empire msp&s SswamAwe (fii&m-i) -ifssWrn (MefCgJ) aita^lMfflsato |SAAENAIAANS| CANNOT BE DETERMINED 80 130 Lamour&Mayet 1981 106 CANNOT BE DETERMINED 140 224 Remesal 1997 270a CANNOT BE DETERMINED 80 140 Remesal 1997 155b IIIENNIIVL CANNOT BE DETERMINED 117 161 Remesal 1997 098f IIIENNIIVL CANNOT BE DETERMINED 117 161 Remesal 1997 098(3) CANNOT BE DETERMINED 98 138 Remesal 1997 286a CANNOT BE DETERMINED 50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 I65f §&im% TOD9%ffi FRANCE QfflMEpKEBtasS asoiipB 06239 UNKNOWN SAENIANS 14826 GERMANY UNKNOWN GRADOS 14407 GERMANY UNKNOWN HISPSAENI 14263 GERMANY UNKNOWN 14267 GERMANY UNKNOWN 14855 GERMANY UNKNOWN LSLVPI 14468 GERMANY UNKNOWN MIM 23994 SPAIN UNKNOWN IIIENNIIVL [I1I( )EN(NI) I(VL) (palma)] CANNOT BE DETERMINED 117 161 Marquez&Molina, 2005 227 08819 Athens[Athenae] Achaia PCAEHER [(P%)C(AE)(HE)R] Municipium 69 117 Thouvenot, 1941 p9615 [HISPS(AE)(NI)(paIma)] [MIM] 06503 Alexandria [Alexandria] Aegyptus CLPV [C LPV] Provmcial Capital[Impenal Prefecture] 180 250 LydingWill 1983 43 06473 Alexandria [Alexandria] Aegyptus GAPF G(AP)F] Provincial Capitalflmpenal Prefecture] 150 250 LydingWill 1983 13 06491 Alexandria [Alexandria] Aegyptus IIIENNIIVL [IIIEN(NI)I(VL)(palma) Provincial CapitaI[Impenal Prefecture] 117 161 LydingWill 1983 31 06500 Alexandria [Alexandria] Aegyptus LIT [LIT Provincial Capital[ImpenaI Prefecture] 150 284 LydingWill 1983 40 06467 Alexandria [Alexandria] Aegyptus MAR [MAR] Provincial Capital[Impenal Prefecture] 95 199 LydingWill 1983 07 06510 Alexandria [Alexandria] Aegyptus MAVRI [(MA)(V%>+ Provincial Capital[Impenal Prefecture] 30 80 LydingWill 1983 50 06498 Alexandria [Alexandria] Aegyptus MIM [MIM] Provmcial Capital[Impenal Prefecture] 06470 Alexandria [Alexandria] Aegyptus QAEO [Q(AE)0] Provincial Capital[Impenal Prefecture] 50 70/145 161 LydingWill 1983 38 LydingWill 1983 10 125 175 06471 Alexandria [Alexandria] Aegyptus QAEOPOR +(A%)(E%)0 POR] Provincial Capital[Impenal Prefecture] 125 175 LydingWill 1983 11 06508 Alexandria [Alexandria] Aegyptus QMS [QMS] Provincial Capitalflmpenal Prefecture] 175 199 LydingWill 1983 48 06524 Alexandria [Alexandria] Aegyptus QSRP [Q(hedera)S(hedera)R(hedera)+ Provincial Capital[Impenal Prefecture] 50 100 LydingWill 1983 64 06534 Alexandria [Alexandria] Aegyptus SISEN [SI(SE)N Provincial Capital[lmpenal Prefecture] 41 55 LydingWill 1983 74 15400 Balmuildy Britannia LAF Fort (est 138 144 CE) 142 165 Carreras&Funan 1998 009 4 16499 Bar Hill Britannia SNR Fort (est 142 154)CE 140 180 Carreras&Funan 1998 339 16 16500 Bearsden Britannia SNR Fort (est 142 154CE) 140 180 Carreras&Funan 1998 339 17 15625 Benwell [Condercum] Britannia CAPF Fort (est 122 126 CE) 142 180 Carreras&Funan 1998 066 8 15704 Birrens [Blatum Bulgium] Britannia LCANTP [L C(ANT)P] Fort (est 78 85 CE abandoned 180s CE) 130 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 102 a 1 15920 Brecon Gaer Britannia IIIENNIIVL !IIIENNAHVAL((ramus palmae)) Fort (est 75 CE) 117 161 Callender 1965 f 07 14 15931 Brecon Gaer Britannia IIIENNIIVL IIIEN(NI) I(VL)(hedera%)] Fort (est 75 CE) 117 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 176112 15633 Bullmore Britannia CAPF [C(AP)(P/.?)] INDETERMINATE 142 180 Carreras&Funan 1998 066 g 7 16502 Cadder Britannia SNR [SN(R%) Fort (est 142 154CE) 140 180 Carreras&Funan 1998 339 al 16505 Cadder Britannia SNR [SNR] Fort (est 142 154CE) 140 180 Carreras&Funan 1998 339 d4 16307 Caerhun [Kanovium] Britannia ALFO Fort (70s CE)/Vicus 130 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 277 6 15391 Caerhun [Kanovium] Britannia GAF Fort (70s CE)/Vicus 145 224 Carreras&Funan 1998 007 8 16319 Caerleon [Isca] Britannia AELFO [AELFO] Fort (75 CE)/Vicus 145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 278 c3 15393 Caerleon [Isca] Britannia GAF |GAF| Fort (75 CE)/Vicus 145 224 Callender 1965 f 04 37 15772 Caerleon [Isca] Britannia LCM [LCM] Fort (75 CE)/Vicus 150 200 Carreras&Funan 1998 121 f6 16570 Caerleon [Isca] Britannia PORODV [PO(R%)(0%)DV] Fort (75 CE)/Vicus 150 199 Carreras&Funan 1998 355 i9 16727 Caerleon [Isca] Britannia PORPS [PO(R%?) PS] Fort (75 CE)/Vicus 50 125 Carreras&Funan 1998 413 c3 16316 Caerphilly Castle Britannia AELFO Fort (est 74 78 CE) 145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 278 6 16069 Caersws Britannia HISPSAENI Fort (est 59CE)/Vicus 80 140 Carreras&Funan 1998 233 8 16604 Caerwent [Venta Silurum] Britannia LPMS [LPMS] Civitas (of Silurum)/Fort (1st cent CE) 150 284 Carreras&Funan 1998 374 b2 15925 Camelon [Colania^] Britannia IIIENNIIVL [III(%')(( /N)&(NI))(NI) I(VL)(hedera)] Fort (Flavian) 117 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 176f6 16123 Camelon [Cdama**] Britannia MIM Fort (Flavian) 50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 20 16196 Canterbury [Durovernum Cantiacorum] Britannia LIT Civitas (of Cantiaci) 150 284 Carreras&Funan 1998 259 22 15559 Canterbury [Durovemum Cantiacorum] Britannia PANRVF Civitas (of Cantiaci) 70 145 Carreras&Funan 1998 056 e 5 16607 Carlisle [Luguvahum Carvertiorum] Britannia FPPOR [FPPOR| Civitas (of Carvetn)/Fort (est 75 CE) 200 299 Callender 1965 f 13 21 16212 Carlisle [Luguvahum Carvertiorum] Britannia LIT LIT] Civitas (of Carvetii)/Fort (est 75 CE) 150 284 Carreras&Funan 1998 259 m!4 16061 Carlisle [Luguvahum Carvertiorum] Britannia PQHEHE (P%)Q(HE)(HE)] Civitas (of Carvetn)/Fort (est 75 CE) 50 150 Carreras&Funan 1998 228 c3 15641 Carpow Britannia PARVA Fort (Severan) post 209 Carreras&Funan 1998 068 g 7 16395 Charterhouse m Mendip Britannia PMS PMS Industial site (lead in 50CE)/Vicus 200 350 Carreras&Funan 1998 311 al 16318 Chester [Deva] Britannia AELFO AELFO] Fort (est 41 54 CE)/Vicus 145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 278 b2 16313 Chester [Deva] Britannia ALFO ALF» Fort (est 41 54CE)/Vicus 130 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 277 d4 15477 Chester [Deva] Britannia CAS [CAS Fort (est 41 54 CE)/Vicus 214 224 Carreras&Funan 1998 032 b 2 16362 Chester [Deva] Britannia CMM Fort (est 41 54 CE)/Vicus 179 180' Carreras&Funan 1998 303 2 16683 Chester [Deva] Britannia GRADOS Fort (est 41 54CE)/Vicus 140 224 Caneras&Funan 1998 401 al 15918 Chester [Deva] Britannia IIIENNIIVL Fort (est 41 54 CE)/Vicus 117 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 176 22 15932 Chester [Deva] Britannia IHENNIIVL [IIIENN I(VL)(hedera)] Fort (est 41 54 CE)/Vicus 117 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 176 ml3 15767 Chester [Deva] Britannia LCM [LCM] Fort (est 41 54 CE)/Vicus 150 200 Carreras&Funan 1998 121 a 1 16759 Chester [Deva] Britannia LSLP |LSLP((amphora))| Fort (est 41 54 CEVVicus 98 138 Callender 1965 f09 46 15465 Chester [Deva] Britannia MAR Fort (est 41 54CE)/Vicus 95 199 Carreras&Funan 1998 030 9 16112 Chester [Deva] Britannia MIAPC Fort (est 41 54CE)/Vicus 79 138 Carreras&Funan 1998 239 15520 Chester [Deva] Britannia QAEOPO [Q (AE)OPO] Fort (est 41 54CE)/Vicus 125 175 Carreras&Funan 1998 040 16717 Chester [Deva] Britannia RVFPO <RVF(%')PO> Fort (est 41 54 CE)/Vicus 150 225 Carreras&Funan 1998 409 a 1 18723 Chesterholm [Vindolanda] Britannia APH [APH] Fort (est 80s CE)/Vicus 98 138 Marhere 2003 43 18720 Chesterholm [Vindolanda] Britannia CLPV [CLPV Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus 180 250 Marliere 2003 39 16689 Chesterholm [Vindolanda] Britannia GRADOS [GRA/D(0%)(S%)] Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus 140 224 Carreras&Funan 1998 401 g7 18727 Chesterholm [Vindolanda] Britannia GRADOS +ADO(s%) Fort (est 80s CE)/Vicus 140 224 Marliere 2003 48 18732 Chesterholm [Vindolanda] Britannia HISPSAENI [HISP S(AE)(NI)(corona)] Fort (est 80s CE)/Vicus 80 140 Marhere 2003 54 20442 18697 Chesterholm [Vindolanda] Britannia H1SPSAENI +(AE)N(corona)] Fort (est 80s CE)/Vicus 80 140 Marhere&Tcrres 2005 04 Chesterholm [Vindolanda] Britannia LCM [LCM] Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus 150 200 Marliere 2003 16 18698 Chesterholm [Vindolanda] Britannia LCM CM] Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus 150 200 Marhere 2003 17 18699 Chesterholm [Vindolanda] Britannia LCM M] Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus 150 200 Marhere 2003 18 18708 Chesterholm [Vindolanda] Britannia MIM MIM] Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus 18692 Chesterholm [Vindolanda] Britannia PARVA 18703 Chesterholm [Vindolanda] Britannia PORODV [P(AR)(V%) [PORODV] 50 70/145 161 Marhere 2003 27 Marhere 2003 09 post 209 Fort (est 80s CE)/Vicus 16126 Chichester [Noviomagus Regnensium] Britannia MIM 15842 Cirencester [Corineum Dobunnorum] Britannia CALPVRNIB [C(ALP)(VR)(NI%)(C%)] Civitas (of Dobunni) Marhere 2003 22 150 199 50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 23 Carreras&Funan 1998 136 f6 69 117 15476 Cirencester [Corineum Dobunnorum] Britannia CAS [CAS( ')] Civitas (of Dobunni) 214 224 Carreras&Funan 1998 032 a 1 16071 Cirencester [Corineum Dobunnorum] Britannia HISPSAENI [HISP S(AE)(Nl)(corona%)+ Civitas (of Dobunni) 80 140 Carreras&Funan 1998 233 a 1 15401 Cirencester [Corineum Dobunnorum] Britannia LAF LAF] Civitas (of Dobunni) 142 165 Carreras&Funan 1998 009 a 1 16940 Cirencester [Corineum Dobunnorum] Britannia LSELSENC [(L%)(SE)L(SE)NC Civitas (of Dobunni) 117 138 Carreras&Funan 1998 457 al 16428 Cirencester [Corineum Dobunnorum] Britannia MAVRJ [(MA)VRI] Civitas (of Dobunni) 30 80 Carreras&Funan 1998 321 al 16140 Cirencester [Corineum Dobunnorum] Britannia MIM [M(I%)(M%)] Civitas (of Dobunni) 50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 ml3 16141 Cirencester [Corineum Dobunnorum] Britannia MIM [MIM] Civitas (of Dobunni) 50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 n]4 15635 Cirencester [Corineum Dobunnorum] Britannia PARVA [P(AR)VA] Civitas (of Dobunni) post 209 Carreras&Funan 1998 068 a 1 15456 Cirencester [Corineum Dobunnorum] Britannia PORLAR [P(0<)RLAR] Civitas (of Dobunni) 50 105 Carreras&Funan 1998 029 d 4 16027 Cirencester [Corineum Dobunnorum] Britannia PORLFS [POR(%')(P/o)(S%)] Civitas (of Dobunni) 40 130 Carreras&Funan 1998 209 c3 15630 Colchester [Camulodonum] Britannia CAPF C A"P [F]| Colonia (Veterans in 49CE) 142 180 Callender 1965 f 05 09 16588 Colchester [Camulodonum] Britannia CPC |L PAE *|CPC((ramus pa!mae))| Colonia (Veterans in 49CE) 175 225 Callender 1965 f06 12 20476 Colchester [Camulodonum] Britannia GAF |G A [F] Colonia (Veterans in 49CE) 145 224 Callender 1965 f04 32 16020 Colchester [Camulodonum] Britannia LFS [LFS] Colonia (Veterans m 49CE) 60 80 Callender 1965 f09 08 16603 Colchester [Camulodonum] Britannia LPMS [LP M S] Colonia (Veterans in 49CE) 150 284 Carreras&Funan 1998 374 al 16941 Colchester [Camulodonum] Britannia LSELSENC [L(SE)L(SE)N C Colonia (Veterans in 49CE) 117 138 Carreras&Funan 1998 457 b2 15472 Colchester [Camulodonum] Britannia MAR [MAR] Colonia (Veterans in 49CE) 95 199 Carreras&Funan 1998 030 g 7 16128 Colchester [Camulodonum] Britannia MIM [MIM] Colonia (Veterans in 49CE) 16131 Colchester [Camulodonum] Britannia MIM [MIM] Colonia (Veterans in 49CE) 50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 a 1 50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 d4 16136 Colchester [Camulodonum] Britannia MIM [MIM] Colonia (Veterans in 49CE) 50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 i9 15636 Colchester [Camulodonum] Britannia P<\RVA |P AARVA| Colonia (Veterans in 49CE) post 209 Callender 1965 f 03 49 15459 Colchester [Camulodonum] Britannia PORLAR PORLAR] Colonia (Veterans in 49CE) 50 105 Carreras&Funan 1998 029 g 7 16023 Colchester [Camulodonum] Britannia PORLFS [POR L F S ] Colonia (Veterans in 49CE) 40 130 Carreras&Funan 1998 208 d4 16025 Colchester [Camulodonum] Britannia PORLFS [PORLFS] Colonia (Veterans in 49CE) 40 130 Carreras&Funan 1998 209 a 1 16026 Colchester [Camulodonum] Britannia PORLFS 1PORL FS<| Colonia (Veterans m 49CE) 40 130 Callender 1965 f 13 28 16028 Colchester [Camulodonum] Britannia PORLFS [POR L F S ] Colonia (Veterans in 49CE) 40 130 Carreras&Funan 1998 209 d4 16575 Colchester [Camulodonum] Britannia POROCODV Colonia (Veterans in 49CE) 69 79 Carreras&Funan 1998 355 n!4 16729 Colchester [Camulodonum] Britannia PORPSA [GRADOS Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus Civitas (of Regenses)/Fort (45 75 CE) [PORPS(A%?) Colonia (Veterans in 49CE) Carreras&Funan 1998 413 e5 Carreras&Funan 1998 220 16044 Colchester [Camulodonum] Britannia QFRME [QFR(ME)] Coloma (Veterans in 49CE) 16190 Colchester [Camulodonum] Britannia SISEN |SISAEN Coloma (Veterans in 49CE) 41 55 Carreras&Funan 1998 258 al 16191 Colchester [Camulodonum] Britannia SISEN |SIS[AE]N Coloma (Veterans in 49CE) 41 55 Callender 1965 f 17 16 25439 Colchester [Camulodonum] Britannia SISEN |SISAEN| Coloma (Veterans in 49CE) 41 55 Callender 1965 f 17 17 16310 Corbndge [Corstorpitum] Bntannia ALFO |A L F 0 | Fort (est 80s CEVVicus 130 161 Callender 1965 f03 19 15627 Corbndge [Corstorpitum] Britannia CAPF |C AAP F Fort (est 80s CE)/Vicus 142 180 Callender 1965 f 05 08 15628 Corbndge [Corstorpitum] Britannia CAPF |C AAP F| Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus 142 180 Callender 1965 f05 07 16189 Corbndge [Corstorpitum] Britannia 1CI[]S| Fort (est 80sCE)/Vlcus 150210 Callender 1965 f 05 38 16363 Corbndge [Corstorpitum] Britannia CIS CMM |CMM| Fort (est 80s CEVVicus 179 180' Callender 1965 f05 44 16078 Corbndge [Corstorpitum] Bntannia DIA Fort (est 80s CEVVicus 145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 234 3 15398 Corbndge [Corstorpitum] Britannia GAF Fort (est 80s CEVVicus 145 224 Carreras&Funan 1998 007 b 6 16365 Corbndge [Corstorpitum] Britannia GMMF Fort (est 80s CEVVicus 180 220 Carreras&Funan 1998 305 4 16366 Corbndge [Corstorpitum] Britannia GMMF Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus 180 220 Callender 1965 f05 47 15919 Corbndge [Corstorpitum] Britannia IIIENNIIVL Fort (est 80s CEVVicus 117 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 176 23 15921 Corbndge [Corstorpitum] Britannia IIIENNIIVL [IIIEN(NI)I(VL(hedera)] Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus 117 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 176 b2 15922 Corbndge [Corstorpitum] Bntannia IIIENNIIVL [IlI]ENNAUVAL((ramus palmae)) Fort (est 80s CEVVicus 117 161 Callender 1965 f07 11 [GAF] |G M M F| 15923 Corbndge [Corstorpitum] Britannia IIIENNIIVL [IIIEN(NI) I(VL)(hedera) Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus 117 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 176 d4 15402 Corbndge [Corstorpitum] Britannia LAF |LAF Fort (est 80s CEVVicus 142 165 Callender 1965 f08 12 15766 Corbndge [Corstorpitum] Britannia LCM Fort (est 80s CE)/Vicus 150 200 Carreras&Funan 1998 121 8 16197 Corbndge [Corstorpitum] Britannia LIT Fort (est 80s CEVVicus 150 284 Carreras&Funan 1998 259 23 16199 Corbndge [Corstorpitum] Britannia LIT [LIT] Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus 150 284 Carreras&Funan 1998 259 al 16200 Corbndge [Corstorpitum] Britannia LIT |LIT| Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus 150 284 Callender 1965 f09 15 16202 Corbndge [Corstorpitum] Britannia LIT [L I T(T%) Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus 150 284 Carreras&Funan 1998 259 d4 16007 Corbndge [Corstorpitum] Britannia QFF |QFF| Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus 69 96 Callender 1965 f 14 42 16398 Corbndge [Corstorpitum] Britannia QMS Fort (est 80s CEVVicus 175 199 Callender 1965 f 15 21 16173 Corbndge [Corstorpitum] Britannia SIP |S1P| Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus 69 117' Callender 1965 f 17 15 16503 Corbndge [Corstorpitum] Britannia SNR |SNR| Fort (est 80sCE)/Vicus 140 180 Callender 1965 f 17 22 16504 Corbndge [Corstorpitum] Britannia SNR |SNR| Fort (est 80s CEVVicus 140 180 Callender 1965 f 17 21 16506 Corbndge [Corstorpitum] Britannia SNR SNR Fort (est 80s CEVVicus 140 180 Callender 1965 f 17 23 16514 Corbndge [Corstorpitum] Britannia SNR l(s)N(R%) Fort (est 80s CE)/Vicus 140 180 Carreras&Funan 1998 339 ml3 16761 Cramond Britannia LSLVPI Fort (est 78 85CE)/Vicus/Stores Base 98 138 Carreras&Funan 1998 429 6 15637 Cramond Britannia PARVA [P (AR)VA] Fort (est 78 85CE)/Vicus/Stores Base post 209 Carreras&Funan 1998 068 c 3 16209 Denver Britannia LIT [LIT] Vicus 150 284 Carreras&Funan 1998 259jll 16763 Dieulouard [Segontium] Britannia LSLVPI [L S LVP(I%)] Fort (est 78 85 CE) 98 138 Carreras&Funan 1998 429 b2 16019 Dorset [Dumovana] Britannia LFS |LFS| Civitas (of Durotnges) 60 80 Callender 1965 f09 07 16127 Dover [Dubris] Britannia MIM Fort (est end of 1 st century CE) 50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 24 16311 Exeter [Isca Dumnoniorum] Britannia AELFO AELFO] Civitas (of Dumnonii)/Fort (47-48 CE) 145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 277 b2 15895 Exeter [Isca Dumnoniorum] Britannia CEFP Civitas (of DumnonnVFort (47 48 CE) 69 117 Carreras&Funan 1998 168 7 16758 Exeter [Isca Dumnoniorum] Britannia LSLP Civitas (of Dumnonii)/Fort (47-48 CE) 98 138 Carreras&Funan 1998 428 3 16124 Exeter [Isca Dumnoniorum] Britannia MIM Civitas (of Dumnonn)/Fort (47-48 CE) 50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 21 16149 Exeter [Isca Dumnoniorum] Britannia MIMOPSI Civitas (of DumnonnVFort (47-48 CE) 50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 245 b3 15676 Exeter [Isca Dumnoniorum] Britannia PAVR 16210 Fishbourne Britannia LIT 15392 Fishtoft Britannia GAF 15900 Gelligaer Britannia CEFP 15928 Holt Britannia 16367 Housesteads [Vercovicium] 16193 |((M%)&(N%))IMOPSI] Carreras&Funan 1998 085 Civitas (of Dumnonu)/Fort (47 48 CE) Palace (65 CE rebuilt 75 CE) 150 284 Carreras&Funan 1998 259 kl2 Farming Site 145 224 Carreras&Funan 1998 007 9 [C E F «P%)&I] Forts (est early 2nd century CE) 69 117 Carreras&Funan 1998 168d4 IIIENNIIVL [III]ENNAI rV[AL]((corona))| Pottery and Tile Works 117 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 176 |9 Britannia GMMF IGMMF Forties! 122 126CE)/Vicus 180 220 Callender 1965 f05 46 Housesteads [Vercovicium] Britannia LIT Fort (est 122 126 CEVVicus 150 284 Carreras&Funan 1998 259 19 15896 Ilchester [Lindrnis] Britannia CEFP Vicus 69 117 Carreras&Funan 1998 168 8 15897 Ilkley [Olenca] Bntannia CEFP Fort (78 85 CE deserted 120CE)/Vicus 69 117 Callender 1965 f 05 19 16194 Kenchester [Magis] Britannia LIT Vicus 150 284 Cirreras&Funan 1998 259 20 16073 Leicester [Ratae Contanorum] Britannia HISPSAENI [HlSPS(AE)(Nl)(corona)] Civitas (of Contani) 80 140 Carreras&Funan 1998 233 c3 15768 Leicester [Ratae Contanorum] Britannia LCM [LCM] Civitas (of Contani) 150 200 Carreras&Funan 1998 121b 2 16602 Leicester [Ratae Contanorum] Britannia LPMS Civitas (of Contani) 150 284 Carreras&Funan 1998 374 4 16762 Leicester [Ratae Contanorum] Britannia LSLVPI Civitas (of Contani) 98 138 Carreras&Funan 1998 429 al [LIT] |CEFP| [L S(LV)PI] Caneras&Funan 1998 413 7 16724 Leicester [Ratae Contanorum] Britannia PORPS Civitas (of Contani) 50 125 15640 Lemonfield Britannia PARVA INDETERMINATE post 209 Caneras&Funan 1998 068 f 6 16201 Lincoln [Lindum Colonia] Britannia LIT [LIT] Fort (est 61 62 CE)/Colonia (Veterans) 150 284 Carreras&Funan 1998 259 c3 16139 Lincoln [Lindum Colonia] Britannia MIM [MIM] Fort (est 61 62 CE)/Colonia (Veterans) 50 70/145 161 Caneras&Funan 1998 244112 16822 Lincoln [Lindum Colonia] Britannia PSAENI +(P&R)(hedera%)S(AE)(NI)] Fort (est 61 62 CE)/Colonia (Veterans) 16308 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia ALFO 16314 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia ALFO 16824 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia 16825 London [Londinium Augusta] 15670 Caneras&Funan 1998 447113 Provincial Capital 130 161 Caneras&Funan 1998 277 7 [A L FO] Provincial Capital 130 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 277 e5 ASAEN [A S(AE)N] Provincial Capital 30 150 Carreras&Funan 1998 447 nl5 Britannia ASAEN [A S(AE)N] Provincial Capital 30 150 Carreras&Funan 1998 447n!6 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia ATITTAE |AATITTAAAE| Provincial Capital 69 96 15437 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia CAM |CAM| Provincial Capital 15438 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia CAM Provincial Capital 15626 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia CAPF Provincial Capital 142 180 Carreras&Funan 1998 066 9 15629 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia CAPF [C (AP) F+ Provincial Capital 142 180 Carreras&Funan 1998 066 c 3 15632 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia CAPF [C(AP)F] Provincial Capital 142 180 Carreras&Funan 1998 066 f 6 16326 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia CLPV [CLPV(hedera)] Provincial Capital 180 250 Caneras&Funan 1998 283 al 16328 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia CLPV [C L (PL)V(hedera)] Provincial Capital 180 250 Carreras&Funan 1998 283 c3 15394 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia GAF [GAF* Provincial Capital 145 224 Carreras&Funan 1998 007 a 2 15395 Britannia Britannia GAF [GA Provincial Capital 145 224 16684 London [Londinium Augusta] London [Londinium Augusta] GRADOS [GRADOS] Provincial Capital 140 224 Carreras&Funan 1998 007 a 3 Carreras&Funan 1998 401 b2 16074 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia H1SPSAENI HISP S(AE)(NI)(corona)] Provincial Capital 80 140 Carreras&Funan 1998 233 d4 15705 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia LCANTP [L C(ANT)P] Provincial Capital 130 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 102 b 2 15830 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia LCSOL Provincial Capital 50 100 Carreras&Funan 1998 133 5 15831 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia LCSOL [LC(S%)OL] Provincial Capital 50 100 Carreras&Funan 1998 133 a 1 15832 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia LCSOL [L C S OL] Provincial Capital 50 100 Carreras&Funan 1998 133 b2 15833 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia LCSOL [L C S OL] Provincial Capital 50 100 Carreras&Funan 1998 133 b3 15834 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia LCSOL [L C S OL] Provincial Capital 50 100 Carreras&Funan 1998 133 c4 16203 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia LIT |LIT| Provincial Capital 150 284 Callender 1965 f09 16 16939 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia LSELSENC Provincial Capital 117 138 Carreras&Funan 1998 457 4 16764 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia LSLVPI [(L%)(S%)(LV)(P%)I] Provincial Capital 98 138 Carreras&Funan 1998 429 c3 17058 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia LVTROPHIMI |L V TAROPAHAIMAl| Provincial Capital 70 121 Callender 1965 flO 14 15464 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia MAR Provincial Capital 95 199 Carreras&Funan 1998 030 10 15466 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia MAR |MAR| Provincial Capital 95 199 Callender 1965 f 1037 15467 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia MAR [MAR] Provincial Capital 95 199 Callender 1965 f 10 38 15470 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia MAR [MAR] Provincial Capital 95 199 Carreras&Funan 1998 030 e 5 15471 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia MAR [MAR] Provincial Capital 95 199 Carreras&Funan 1998 030 f 6 16429 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia MAVRI |MAAVRI Provincial Capital 30 80 Callender 1965 f 10 43 16130 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia MIM [MIM] Provincial Capital 16132 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia MIM [MIM] Provincial Capital 50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 c3 50 70/145 161 Caneras&Funan 1998 244 e5 16133 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia MIM [MIM] Provincial Capital 50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 f6 16135 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia MIM [MIM] Provincial Capital 50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 h8 16143 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia MIM [MIM] Provincial Capital 50 70/145 161 Caneras&Funan 1998 244 pl6 16144 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia MIM l( )MIM( )| Provincial Capital 50 70/145 161 Callender 1965 f l l 17 16147 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia MIMOPSI [M I MOPSI] Provincial Capital 50 70/145 161 Caneras&Funan 1998 245 a 1 16148 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia MIMOPSI [M I MOPSI] Provincial Capital 50 70/145 161 Caneras&Funan 1998 245 a2 15639 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia PARVA [P A(RVA) Provincial Capital post 209 Carreras&Funan 1998 068 e 5 16613 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia PORCPR Provincial Capital 1 99 (c 70) Carreras&Funan 1998 378 2 15453 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia PORLAR [POR L AR] Provincial Capita! 50 105 Caneras&Funan 1998 029 a 1 15457 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia PORLAR [(P-O)RLAR] Provincial Capital 50 105 Carreras&Funan 1998 029 e 5 Callender 1965 f 15 44 Callender 1965 f04 43 Carreras&Funan 1998 020 2 15458 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia PORLAR [(P~0)R(LA)R] Provincial Capital 50 105 Caneras&Funan 1998 029 f 6 16059 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia PQHEHE [P Q (HE) (HE)] Provincial Capital 50 150 Carreras&Funan 1998 228 a 1 16400 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia QMS Provincial Capital 175 199 Carreras&Funan 1998 312 c3 16818 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia SAENIANS |SAAENAIA~NS| Provincial Capital 80 130 Callender 1965 f 15 49 16508 London [Londinium Augusta] Britannia SNR [(S%)NR] Provincial Capital 140 180 Carreras&Funan 1998 339 g7 15389 Loughor [Leucarum] Britannia GAF Fort (est 75 CE) 145 224 Caneras&Funan 1998 007 10 145 224 150 284 Carreras&Funan 1998 007 a.4 Fort (Flavian/Hadrian) Fort (est 78 85 CE) 130 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 277 c3 Fort (est 78 85 CE) 50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 22 50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 kll 15396 Loughor [Leucarum] Britannia GAF 16195 Maryport [Alauna] Britannia LIT 16312 Newstead [Tnmontium] Britannia ALFO 16125 Newstead [Tnmontium] Britannia MM 16138 Old Sleaford Britannia MIM <MIM> 16511 Packenham Britannia SNR [SNR] INDETERMINATE 140 180 Carreras&Funan 1998 339jlO 16006 Poltross Bum Britannia OFF Fort (est 122 126CE) 69 96 Carreras&Funan 1998 201 3 16187 Ribchester [Bremetennacum] Britannia CIS Fort (est 78 CE)/Vicus 150 210 Carreras&Funan 1998 257 2 16188 Ribchester [Bremetennacum] Britannia CIS Fort (est 78 CE)/Vicus 150 210 Carreras&Funan 1998 257 3 16596 Richborough [Rutupia] Britannia APH [APH] Fort (est 43 CE)/Vicus 98 138 Carreras&Funan 1998 371 al 15929 Richborough [Rutupia] Britannia IIIENNIIVL [EN(NI) I(VL%')(corona)] Fort (est 43 CE)/Vicus 117 161 Callender 1965 f 07 13 15403 Richborough [Rutupia] Britannia LAF [LAm] Fort (est 43 CE)/Vicus 142 165 Carreras&Funan 1998 009 c 3 16021 Richborough [Rutupia] Britannia LFS [LFS] Fort (est 43 CE)/Vicus 60 80 Carreras&Funan 1998 208 b2 16204 Richborough [Rutupia] Britannia LIT LIT| Fort (est 43 CE)/Vicus 150 284 Callender 1965 f09 17 16211 Richborough [Rutupia] Britannia LIT [LIT] Fort (est 43 CE)/Vicus 150 284 Carreras&Funan 1998 259113 16605 Richborough [Rutupia] Britannia LPMS |L P M S| Fort (est 43 CE)/Vicus 150 284 Callender 1965 f09 33 16760 Richborough [Rutupia] Britannia LSLVPI [L S LVP(I%)] Fort (est 43 CE)/Vicus 98 F38 Carreras&Funan 1998 428 b2 16614 Richborough [Rutupia] Britannia PORCPR |POR C P R| Fort (est 43 CE)/Vicus 1 99 (c 70) Callender 1965 f 13 23 15454 Richborough [Rutupia] Britannia PORLAR OR LA R] Fort (est 43 CE)/Vicus 50 105 Carreras&Funan 1998 029 b 2 16725 Richborough [Rutupia] Britannia PORPS [PORP S] Fort (est 43 CE)/Vicus 50 125 Carreras&Funan 1998 413 al 15617 Richborough [Rutupia] Britannia QANTR 1QA*[N]ATR| Fort (est 43 CE)/Vicus 41 96 Callender 1965 f 14 12 16008 Richborough [Rutupia] Britannia QFF [QF(N%)] Fort (est 43 CE)/Vicus 69 96 Carreras&Funan 1998 201 b2 Fort (est 142 154CE) 130 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 277 8 [HISPS(AE)(NI)((corona%)&0)] Vicus 80 140 Carreras&Funan 1998 233 b2 [GAF] |A LF O | Fort (est 75 CE) Vicus Carreras&Funan 1998 259 21 16309 Rough Castle Britannia ALFO 16072 Sea Mills [Abonae] Britannia HISPSAENI 15916 Shorden Brae Britannia IIIENNIIVL Fort (est 75CE) 117 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 176 20 16317 Silchester [Calleva Atrebatum] Britannia AELFO [AELFO] Civitas (of Atrebates) 145 161 Callender 1965 f03 18 15898 Silchester [Calleva Atrebatum] Britannia CEFP |CEFP| Civitas (of Atrebates) 69 117 Callender 1965 f05 20 15480 Silchester [Calleva Atrebatum] Britannia GAVEL GAVEL Civitas (of Atrebates) 235 > Callender 1965 f05 14 15938 Silchester [Calleva Atrebatum] Britannia IIIENNIIVL Civitas (of Atrebates) 117 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 176 si 9 15769 Silchester [Calleva Atrebatum] Britannia LCM [LCM] Civitas (of Atrebates) 150 200 Callender 1965 f08 34 15770 Silchester [Calleva Atrebatum] Britannia LCM [LCM] Civitas (of Atrebates) 150 200 Carreras&Funan 1998 121 d4 16205 Silchester [Calleva Atrebatum] Britannia LIT [LIT] Civitas (of Atrebates) 150 284 Carreras&Funan 1998 259 g7 16206 Silchester [Calleva Atrebatum] Britannia LIT [LIT] Civitas (of Atrebates) 150 284 Carreras&Funan 1998 259 g8 16058 Silchester [Calleva Atrebatum] Britannia PQHEHE |P Q H"E[HAE] Civitas (of Atrebates) 50 150 Callender 1965 f 13 46 16060 Silchester [Calleva Atrebatum] Britannia PQHEHE [PQ(HE)F] Civitas (of Atrebates) 50 150 Carreras&Funan 1998 228 b2 16510 15771 Silchester [Calleva Atrebatum] Britannia SNR <SNR> Civitas (of Atrebates) 140 180 Carreras&Funan 1998 33919 South Shields [Arbeia] Britannia LCM [LCM] Fort (est 117 138 CE) 150 200 Carreras&Funan 1998 121 e 5 16079 St Albans [Verulamium] Britannia DIA Civitas (of Catuvelauni) 145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 234 al 16685 St Albans [Verulamium] Britannia GRADOS GRADOS| Civitas (of Catuvelauni) 140 224 Callender 1965 f06 16 16207 St Albans [Verulamium] Britannia LIT |L1T| Civitas (of Catuvelauni) 150 284 Callender 1965 f09 18 16498 St Albans [Verulamium] Britannia SNR Civitas (of Catuvelauni) 140 180 Carreras&Funan 1998 339 15 16509 St Albans [Verulamium] Britannia SNR Civitas (of Catuvelauni) 140 180 Carreras&Funan 1998 339 h8 15917 Stoke Ash Britannia IIIENNIIVL Vicus 117 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 176 21 16512 Strageath Britannia SNR [SNR] Fort (Flavian dismantled in Antonine) 140 180 Carreras&Funan 1998 339 kll 16597 Warrington Britannia APH [A PH] Vicus 98 138 Carreras&Funan 1998 371 b2 16129 Warrington Britannia MIM [M I M] Vicus 50 70/145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 244 b2 15556 Winchester [Venta Belgarum] Britannia PANRVF [P(AN)(RV)F] Civitas (of Belgae) 70 145 Carreras&Funan 1998 056 b 2 16399 Winchester [Venta Belgarum] Britannia QMS Civitas (of Belgae) 175 199 Carreras&Funan 1998 312 b2 15469 Winterton Britannia MAR Villa (est early 2nd century CE) 95 199 Carreras&Funan 1998 030 d 4 16315 Woodcuts village Britannia AELFO INDETERMINATE 145 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 278 5 15631 Wroxeter [Viroconium Comoviorum] Britannia CAPF Civitas (of Cornovn)/Fort (est 58 CE) 142 180 Carreras&Funan 1998 066 e 5 15390 Wroxeter [Viroconium Comoviorum] Britannia GAF Civitas (of Comovn)/Fort (est 58 CE) 145 224 Carreras&Funan 1998 007 7 15930 Wroxeter [Viroconium Comoviorum] Britannia IIIENNIIVL ENN 1((VL%)&(V )(F?&(hedera%))] Civitas (of Comovu)/Fort (est 58 CE) 117 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 176 kll 16942 Wroxeter [Viroconium Comoviorum] Britannia LSELSENC |L S"EL SAENC Civitas (of Comovn)/Fort (est 58 CE) 117 138 Callender 1965 f 10 03 15468 Wroxeter [Viroconium Comoviorum] Britannia MAR MAR] Civitas (of Comovu)/Fort (est 58 CE) 95 199 Caneras&Funan 1998 030 c 3 I1EN(NI%')+ [S(N%)(R%)] [MAR] [CA P F] 15560 Wroxeter [Viroconium Comoviorum] Britannia PANRVF Civitas(ofComovn)/Fort(est 58 CE) 70 145 Carreras&Funan 1998 056 f 6 16726 Wroxeter [Viroconium Comoviorum] Britannia PORPS [POR P/S%)] Civitas(ofComovn)/Fort(est 58 CE) 50 125 Carreras&Funan 1998 413 b2 16718 Wroxeter [Viroconium Comoviorum] Britannia RVFPO [RVFP(0&Q)] Civitas (of Cornovn)/Fort (est 58 CE) 150 225 Carreras&Funan 1998 4091>2 16507 Wroxeter [Viroconium Comoviorum] Britannia SNR [SN(r) Civitas (of Comovn)/Fort (est 58 CE) 140 180 Carreras&Funan 1998 339 f6 16513 Wroxeter [Viroconium Comoviorum] Britannia SNR [SNR] Civitas (of ComovnVFort (est 58 CE) 140 180 Carreras&Funan 1998 339112 15899 York [Eburacum] Britannia CEFP [CEFP] Fort (est 41 54 CEVColoma 69 117 Caneras&Funan 1998 168 c 3 16077 York [Eburacum] Britannia CENHISPSAE [CEN]HAISPSAAE| Fort (est 41 54 CEVColoma 69 117 Callender 1965 f 16 10 16327 York [Eburacum] Britannia CLPV [CLPV(hedera)] Fort (est 41 54 CEVColoma 180 250 Carreras&Funan 1998 283 b2 16070 York [Eburacum] Britannia H1SPSAENI Fort (est 41 54 CEVColoma 80 140 Carreras&Funan 1998 233 9 16075 York [Eburacum] Britannia H1SPSAENI |HISPSAAENAI((corona ))! Fort (est 41 54 CE)/Coloma 80 140 Callender 1965 fI611 15927 York [Eburacum] Britannia I1IENNI1VL [IIlENNI(VL)(hedera%)] Fort (est 41 54 CEVColoma 117 161 Carreras&Funan 1998 176 h8 15765 York [Eburacum] Bntannia LCM Fort (est 41 54 CEVColoma 150 200 Carreras&Funan 1998 121 7 16198 York [Eburacum] Britannia LIT Fort (est 41 54 CEVColoma 150 284 Carreras&Funan 1998 259 24 16024 York [Eburacum] Britannia PORLFS Fort (est 41 54 CEVColoma 40 130 Carreras&Funan 1998 209 5 16501 York [Eburacum] Britannia SNR Fort (est 41 54 CEVColoma 140 180 Carreras&Funan 1998 339 18 06438 Split [Spalatum] Dalmatia LPMS [L ( P) M S] Vicus/Diocletian s Palace 150 284 Cambi 1983 f20 06434 Split [Spalatum] Dalmatia OCPA +C(amphora)PA] Vicus/Diocletian s Palace 80 190 Cambi 1983 f 17 06435 Split [Spalatum] Dalmatia OCPA [OC(amphora)PA] Vicus/Diocletian s Palace 80 190 21437 Astaffort Gallia (Aquitama) PMHPOR [P M HP(0<)R] INDETERMINATE 69 96 Cambi 1983 f06 8 Plot 1996 18 21248 Atur [Astrius] Gallia (Aquitama) MAR [(MA)R] Vicus 95 199 Gruat 1994 f2 1 07327 Bordeaux [Burdigala] Gallia (Aquitama) QCFCH [Q(C~ )FC (H%) Provincial Capital/Civitas (of Bituriges) 69 117? Laubenheimer&Watier 1991 f30 19 25193 Boulogne [Gesonacum Bononia] Gallia (Aquitama) AELFO AELFO Mumcipium 145 161 Jacques 1991 50 25198 Boulogne [Gesonacum Bononia] Gallia (Aquitama) SNR SNR Mumcipium 140 180 Jacques 1991 55 10404 Cahors [Divona Cadurcorum] Gallia (Aquitama) CEFP [CE FP] Civitas (of Cadurci) 69 117 Labrousse 1977 f C 03 09066 Poitiers [Limonum Pictomum] Gallia (Aquitama) D1A Civitas (of Pictones) 145 161 Thouvenot, 1980 11 09077 Poitiers [Limonum Pictomum] Gallia (Aquitama) QMS Civitas (of Pictones) 175 199 Thouvenot 1980 22 24752 Samte Colombe Gallia (Aquitama) CALPVRNIB [C(ALP)(VR)(NI)B] Villas 69 117 CIL Xn 5683 060c 24783 Sainte Colombe Gallia (Aquitama) CEFP CEFP Villas 69 117 CIL XD 5683 083 24886 Sainte Colombe Gallia (Aquitama) LVTROPHIMI [L V (TR)OP(HI)(MI)] Villas 70 121 en. xn 24728 Samte Colombe Gallia (Aquitama) MAR [MAR] Villas 95 199 CIL Xfl 5683 013 24747 Sainte Colombe Gallia (Aquitama) MAVRI [M AVR(I%) Villas 30 80 CIL Xn 5683 040 24813 Sainte Colombe Gallia (Aquitama) MIM MIM Villas 24814 Samte Colombe Gallia (Aquitama) MIM MIM Villas 50 70/145 161 CIL Xfl 5683 136d 1 50 70/145 161 CIL Xn 5683 136d 2 23898 Saintes [Mediolanum Santonum] Gallia (Aquitama) SNR |SNR| Civitas (of Santoni) 140 180 Lauranceau, 1988 98 15035 Toulouse [Tolosa] Gallia (Aquitama) MAR |M AR| Colonia Latina 95 199 Blanc Bijon&al 1998 1059 10388 Toulouse [Tolosa] Gallia (Aquitama) PORLAR [(P%)OR L A R] Colonia Latina 50 105 Labrousse 1977 f T i l 10383 Toulouse [Tolosa] Gallia (Aquitama) POROCODV [(P%) OCODV] Colonia Latina 69 79 Labrousse 1977 f T06 13906 Toulouse [Tolosa] Gallia (Aquitama) SISEN |SISAEN| Colonia Latina 41 55 21079 Alise Sainte Reine [Alesia] Gallia (Lugdunensis) CAM [(C?)(A?)(M')] Vicus 23868 Alise Samte Reine [Alesia] Gallia (Lugdunensis) LVTROPHIMI LVTROPHIMI Vicus 70 121 23838 Alise Sainte Revne [Alesia] Gallia (Lugdunensis) MAR [MAR] Vicus 95 199 LeGall 1983 03 23841 Alise Sainte Reine [Alesia] Gallia (Lugdunensis) PARVA [P (AR)VA] Vicus post 209 LeGall 1983 06 09146 Amiens [Samarobnva] Gallia (Lugdunensis) LCMY [L]CMAY Vicus 140 190 Massy&Vasselle 1976 07 09155 Amiens [Samarobnva] Gallia (Lugdunensis) PMHPOR |PMH( )PO<R| Vicus 69 96 Massy&Vasselle 1976 16 27050 Amiens [Samarobnva] Gallia (Lugdunensis) SISEN SIS+ Vicus 41 55 Carre&al 1995 422 20630 Annecy [Boutae] Gallia (Lugdunensis) PCAEHER |PC~AAEHAER| Vicus 69 117 Callender 1965 f 12 39 04606 Arras [Nemetacum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) IIIENNIIVL |IIIENNAIIV[AL]((corona))| Civitas (of Atrebatum) 117 161 Jacques 1991 02 04608 Arras [Nemetacum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) MIM |MIM| Civitas (of Atrebatum) 50 70/145 161 Jacques 1991 04 04611 Arras [Nemetacum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) SNR Civitas (of Atrebatum) 140 180 Jacques 1991 07 19656 Bavay [Bagacum Nerviorum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) CLPV \C LPV((hedera))| Civitas (of Nervn) 180 250 Jacques 1991 16 19660 Bavay [Bagacum Nerviorum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) IIIENNIORIVLSAE |IHEnnIORIV{Ls}AE| Civitas (of Nervn) 117 161 Jacques 1991 20 19673 Bavay [Bagacum Nerviorum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) MAR |MAR| Civitas (of Nervn) 95 199 Jacques 1991 30 07903 Dieulouard [Scarponna] Gallia (Lugdunensis) PORLAR (PORAL( )R| Vicus 50 105 Billoret, 1987 fl 10 09463 Geneva [Genava] Gallia (Lugdunensis) LFS [LFS] Vicus 60 80 Callender 1965 f09 07 09435 Geneva [Genava] Gallia (Lugdunensis) LSELSENC [L(SE)L(SE)NC] Vicus 117 138 Paunier 1981 26 SABINI Blanc Bijon&al 1998 1251 Olmer 2003 B33 LeGall 1983 33 09464 Geneva [Genava] Gallia (Lugdunensis) LSLVPI L S LVPI| Vicus 98 138 09438 Geneva [Genava] Gallia (Lugdunensis) MIM [MIM] Vicus Callender 1965 f09 42 09439 Geneva [Genava] Gallia (Lugdunensis) MIM [MIM] Vicus 50 70/145 161 Paunier 1981 40 50 70/145 161 Paunier 1981 41 09440 Geneva [Genava] Gallia (Lugdunensis) MIM [M M] Vicus 50 70/145 161 Paunier 1981 43 09442 Geneva [Genava] Gallia (Lugdunensis) PORPS [POR P S] Vicus 50 125 Paunier 1981 61 09486 Geneva [Genava] Gallia (Lugdunensis) PORPS Vicus 50 125 Paunier 1981 60 09496 Geneva [Genava] Gallia (Lugdunensis) SEXIRVF Vicus 60 70 Callender 1965 f 17 08 25414 Grand Gallia (Lugdunensis) IIIENNIOPJVLSAE Vicus 117 161 Blanc Bijon&al 1998 1118 08015 Grand Gallia (Lugdunensis) LIT Vicus 150 284 Baudoux 1990 3 a, 076f 25415 Grand Gallia (Lugdunensis) LIT Vicus 150 284 Blanc Bijon&al 1998 1162 08051 Grand Gallia (Lugdunensis) SNR Vicus 140 180 Baudoux 1990 3a, 093a 08052 Grand Gallia (Lugdunensis) SNR |SNR| Vicus 140 180 Baudoux 1990 3a, 093b 25420 Grand Gallia (Lugdunensis) SNR [S]NR Vicus 140 180 Blanc Bijon&al 1998 1198 23801 Honfleur Gallia (Lugdunensis) PORPS [PORP(S%)] Vicus 50 125 Demaux 1980 p71 CIL Xn 5683 337b IIIENNIORIVLSAE |LIT| 04620 La Buisse Gallia (Lugdunensis) LCSOL LCSOL Vicus 50 100 04618 La Buisse Gallia (Lugdunensis) MIM MIM Vicus 50 70/145 161 CIL Xn 5683 136d 04619 La Buisse Gallia (Lugdunensis) QANTR Q (ANT) R Vicus 41 96 Jospin 2004 p 20 2 09236 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) ALFO IALFO Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 130 161 Rouquette 1992 5 01 17425 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) ALFO |ALFO Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 130 161 Silvino 2001 18 18403 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) ALFO [ALFO] Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 130 161 Test 2003 891a 25787 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) ATITTAE |AATITTAAAE| Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 69 96 Etienne&Mayet 2004 0159a 25788 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) ATITTAE | Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 69 96 Etienne&Mayet 2004 0159b 17407 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) GAF |GAF Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 145 224 Silvmo 200] 03 17427 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) GMMF |G MM[F] Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 180 220 Silvino 2001 20 24572 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) HISPSAENI [HISPS(AE)(NI)(corona)] Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 80 140 Allmer&Dissard 1888 174 26413 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) LCANTP |LCAANATP| Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 130 161 Etienne&Mayet 2004 0216c 17387 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) LCSOL |LCS OL| Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 50 100 Bertrand, 1992 T08 24580 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) LCSOL [L C S OL] Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 50 100 Allmer&Dissard 1888 182 17424 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) LIT [L] I T| Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 150 284 Silvino 2001 17 24592 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) MAR [MAR] Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 95 199 AHmerfLDissard 1888 193 24873 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) MAR [MAR] Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 95 199 AllmeriDissard 1892 167 25695 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) MAR |M A R | Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 95 199 Etienne&Mayet 2004 0064a 17415 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) MFABS |M FAA((ramus palmae))B [S] Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 17389 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) MIM |MIM| Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 50 70/145 161 Bertrand 1992 TlOa A A T I T T A A A E | Silvino 2001 11 17390 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) MIM MIM| Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 50 70/145 161 Bcrtrand 1992 TlOb 17391 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) MIM |MIM Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 50 70/145 161 Bertrand 1992 TlOc 17392 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) MIM |MIM| Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 50 70/145 161 Bertrand 1992 TlOd 17393 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) MIM |MIM| Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 50 70/145 161 Bertrand 1992 TlOe 24595 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) MIM [MIM] Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 24596 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) MIM MIM] Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 50 70/145 161 Allmer&Dissard 1888 196 50 70/145 161 Allmer&Dissard 1888 197a 24597 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) MIM MIM Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 50 70/145 161 Allmer&Dissard 1888 197b 24598 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) MIM M IM Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 50 70/145 161 Allmer&Dissard 1888 197c 04941 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) PORCPR |PORCPR| Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 1 99 (c 70) Dangreaux&Desbat 1987 88 f 15 11 09254 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) PORLAR |POR L A R| Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 50 105 Rouquene 1992 5 16 25693 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) PORLAR |PO<R L A R| Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 50 105 EtiennerS-Mayet 2004 0061e 25694 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) PORLAR |PO<RL~AR| Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 50 105 Etienne&Mayet 2004 006h 24789 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) PQFLFL [PQFLFL] Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 69 96 AllmeriDissard 1892 065 24609 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) QANTR [Q(ANT)R] Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 41 96 Allmer&Dissard 1888 207 24610 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) QANTR [Q(ANT)(r)] Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 41 96 AllmeriDissard 1888 208 24611 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) QANTR (Q%) (ANT) R] Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 41 96 Allmer&Dissard 1888 209 25760 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) QANTR Q AANAT R| Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 41 96 Etienne&Mayel 2004 0134g 25761 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) QANTR Q AANAT R| Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 41 96 Etienne&Mayet 2004 0134j 25762 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) QANTR |Q AANAT r| Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 41 96 Enenne&Mayet 2004 0134k 17423 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) QIMS QIMjISI Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 175 199 Silvino 2001 16 20139 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) SAENLANS 1(S%)(AE%)(NI%)ANS] Provincial Capital/Colonia (43 BCE) 80 130 Bornouf&Laubenheimer 1998 02 24626 Lyon [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) SAENIANS [S(AE)(NI)ANS] Provincial Capital/Coloma (43 BCE) 80 130 Allmer&Dissard 1888 223 25745 Lyon? [Lugdunum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) PANNIR PAANAIR| Provincial Capital/Coloma (43 BCE) 69 138 Etienne&Mayet, 2004 01251 20257 Macon [Matisco] Gallia (Lugdunensis) LSELSENC [L (SE)L (SE)NC] Vicus 117 138 Cognot, 1983 05 20271 Macon [Matisco] Gallia (Lugdunensis) PORPS [POR PS] Vicus 50 125 Cognot 1983 20 20284 Macon [Matisco] Gallia (Lugdunensis) PORPS [PORPS] Vicus 50 125 Silvino 2003 12 20258 Macon [Matisco] Gallia (Lugdunensis) PQHEHE [P Q (HE)(HE)] Vicus 50 150 Cognot, 1983 06 07970 Metz [Divodurum Mediomatricorum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) CENHISPSAE Civitas (of Mediomatrici) 69 117 Baudoux, 1990 3a 08216 Metz [Divodurum Mediomatricorum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) IIIENNIORIVLSAE Civitas (of Mediomatrici) 117 161 Baudoux, 1990 3a, 045e 08010 Metz [Divodurum Mediomatricorum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) LIT Civitas (of Mediomatrici) 150 284 Baudoux 1990 3a, 076a 07904 Metz [Divodurum Mediomatricorum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) PORLAR Civitas (of Mediomatrici) 50 105 Baudoux 1990 3a, 006c 07991 Metz [Divodurum Mediomatricorum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) PQHEHE Civitas (of Mediomatrici) 50 150 Baudoux 1990 3a, 065b 08095 Metz [Divodurum Mediomatricorum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) SAENIANS Civitas (of Mediomatrici) 80 130 Baudoux 1990 3a, 121a 20436 Nuits Saint Georges Gallia (Lugdunensis) CALPVRIN Vicus 69 117 Olmer 2001 68 20419 Nuits Saint Georges Gallia (Lugdunensis) EFDS [E(F/„) (D%)S] Vicus 200 299 Thevenot, 1948 047 17463 Nuits Saint Georges Gallia (Lugdunensis) LSLP [LSL P] Vicus 98 138 Bertrand&Guyot 1932 33 050 23825 Nuits Saint Georges Gallia (Lugdunensis) LSLP LSLP Vicus 98 138 Thevenot, 1948 059 Thevenot, 1948 063 [IIIENNIORIVLSAE] (VR)(I%)(N%)] 20402 Nuits Saint Georges Gallia (Lugdunensis) MAR [MAR] Vicus 95 199 20394 Nuits Saint Georges Gallia (Lugdunensis) MIM [MIM Vicus 50 70/145 161 Thevenot 1948 065 20390 Nuits Samt Georges Gallia (Lugdunensis) PANRVF [(P~ )(ANRV)F] Vicus 70 145 Thevenot 1948 067 20397 Nuits Saint Georges Gallia (Lugdunensis) SISEN [SI(SE)N] Vicus 41 55 Olmer 2001 29 20395 Nuits Saint Georges Gallia (Lugdunensis) SNR [SNR] Vicus 140 180 Thevenot 1948 080 27045 Orleans [Cenabum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) PMHPOR [PMJHPOR Civitas (of Aurehanorum) 69 96 Carre&al 1995 387 08340 Roanne [Roidumna] Gallia (Lugdunensis) PQFLFL [PQ]FLFL| Vicus 69 96 Aulas 1980 81 041 08562 Sancerre Gallia (Lugdunensis) ATITTAE [(AT)IT(TAE)] Vicus 69 96 Thevenot, 1964 05 06085 St Gems Gallia (Lugdunensis) IHENNIIVL |IIIENNAHVAL((corona))| Vicus 117 161 Lamour&Mayet 1980 058 19878 Titelberg Gallia (Lugdunensis) APH [APH] Fort (est 19BCE 16CE)/Vicus 98 138 Laubenheimer&Henon 1998 21 19882 Titelberg Gallia (Lugdunensis) MAR [MA(R%)] Fort (est 19BCE 16CE)/Vicus 95 199 Laubenheimer&Henon 1998 25 18210 Vertault [Vertillum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) AELFO AELFO Vicus 145 161 Lonmy 1926 VH 16 18195 Vertault [Vertillum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) IHENNIIVL +(I%)ENN I(VL)(palma) Vicus 117 161 Lonmy 1926 VH 01 18208 Vertault [Vertillum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) 1LFT IL(hedera)FT Vicus 220 224 Lonmy 1926 VD. 14 18218 Vertault [Vertillum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) LCM (L%)(C%)(M%) Vicus 150 200 Lonmy 1926 VD 24 18229 Vertault [Vertillum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) QFF QFF Vicus 69 96 Lonmy 1926 Vm 02 18236 Vertault [Vertillum] Gallia (Lugdunensis) SISEN SI(SE)N Vicus 41 55 Lonmy 1926 Vm 09 25789 Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna] Gallia (Lugdunensis) ATITTAE |AATITTAAAE| Coloma 69 96 Etienne&Mayet, 2004 0159c 26457 Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna] Gallia (Lugdunensis) CALPVRNB |CAALAPVARNB| Coloma 69 117 Etienne&Mayet, 2004 0301d 26458 Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna] Gallia (Lugdunensis) CALPVRNB |CAALAPVARN B| Coloma 69 117 Etienne&Mayet 2004 030le 24777 Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna] Gallia (Lugdunensis) IHENNIIVL IIIEN(NI) I(VL)(corona) Coloma 117 161 CIL XH 5683 089c 24778 Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna] Gallia (Lugdunensis) IHENNIIVL [IIIEN(NI)I(VL)(corona)] Coloma 117 161 Allmer&Dissard 1892 053 2 24779 Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna] Gallia (Lugdunensis) IHENNIIVL IIIEN(NI) I(VL)(corona) Coloma 117 161 Allmer&Dissard 1892 053 3 24776 Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna] Gallia (Lugdunensis) IIIENNIORIVLSAE [IIIENNIORIVLSAE] Coloma 117 161 CIL XII 5683 089e 24875 Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna] Gallia (Lugdunensis) LSLP [L(hedera)S(hedera)L(hedera)P] Coloma 98 138 CIL XD 5683 254 1 24876 Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna] Gallia (Lugdunensis) LSLP [L(hedera)S(hedera)L(hedera)P] Coloma 98 138 CIL XD 5683 254 2 24885 Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna] Gallia (Lugdunensis) LVTROPHIMI [L V TRO(PHI)(MI%)] Coloma 70 121 Allmer&Dissard 1892 182 25144 Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna] Gallia (Lugdunensis) MIM [MIM] Coloma 50 70/145 161 Leblanc 1994 f94 n27 28 25146 Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna] Gallia (Lugdunensis) MIM [MIM] Coloma 50 70/145 161 Leblanc 1994 f 99 n 15 17 25148 Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna] Gallia (Lugdunensis) MIM MIM] Coloma 50 70/145 161 Leblanc 1994 fl02 n 24 25 24736 Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna] Gallia (Lugdunensis) PANR P(AN)R Coloma 69 138 CIL XH 5683 217 09232 Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna] Gallia (Lugdunensis) PORLAR PORLAR |PO<RLAR Coloma 50 105 Rouquette 1992 2 06 09233 Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna] Gallia (Lugdunensis) PORLAR PORLAR |PO<RLAR Coloma 50 105 Rouquette 1992 2 06a 24833 Vienne [Coloma Iuha Vienna] Gallia (Lugdunensis) SNR [SNR] Coloma 140 180 CIL XD 5683 176 08443 Agde [Agatha] Gallia (Narbonensis) LIT Vicus 150 284 Fonquerle 1982 f08 4 21445 Agde [Agatha] Gallia (Narbonensis) POROCODV Vicus 69 79 Piot, 1996 04 08448 Agde [Agatha] Gallia (Narbonensis) SNR Vicus 140 180 Fonquerle 1982 f 09 2 08733 Bale de Cannes Gallia (Narbonensis) LIT [LIT] Shipwreck 150 284 Pollino 1976 ty 1 1 08734 Bale de Cannes Gallia (Narbonensis) LIT [LIT] Shipwreck 150 284 Polhno 1976 ty 1 2 (PO)ROCODV 26409 Cavalaire Gallia (Narbonensis) ALFO |ALFO| Vicus/Port 130 161 Carre&al 1995 359 15047 Chateau Roussillon [Ruscino] Gallia (Narbonensis) LVTROPH1MI +(TR)(0<)(PHI)(MI)] Vicus 70 121 Garrote 1996 11 19532 Frejus [Forum lulu] Gallia (Narbonensis) ALFO [AL(P/»)0] Colonia (Veterans)/Naval Base (Aug ) 130 161 Brentchaloff&Rivet 2003 40 19564 Frejus [Forum lulu] Gallia (Narbonensis) ATITTAE [(AT)IT(TAE)] Colonia (Veterans)/Naval Base (Aug ) 69 96 Brentchaloff&Rivet 2003 73 19535 Frejus [Forum lulu] Gallia (Narbonensis) GMMF [C MMF] Colonia (Veterans)/Naval Base (Aug ) 180 220 BrentchalorT&Rivet, 2003 43 19544 Frejus [Forum lulu] Gallia (Narbonensis) LFS [LFS] Colonia (Veterans)/Naval Base (Aug ) 60 80 Brentchaloff&Rivet 2003 53 06449 Frejus [Forum lulu] Gallia (Narbonensis) LVTROPHIMI [L V TRO(PHI)(MI)] Colonia (Veterans)/Naval Base (Aug ) 70 121 Brentchaloff&Leque 19547 Frejus [Forum lulu] Gallia (Narbonensis) LVTROPHIMI [LV (TR%)(0%)(PHI)(MI)] Colonia (Veterans)/Naval Base (Aug ) 70 121 Brentchaloff&Rivet 2003 56 06445 Frejus [Forum lulu] Gallia (Narbonensis) MIM [MIM] Colonia (Veterans)/Naval Base (Aug ) 50 70/145 161 Brentchaloff&Leque 1978 10 19551 Frejus [Forum lulu] Gallia (Narbonensis) PANRVF [P (ANRV)F] Colonia (Veterans)/Naval Base (Aug ) 70 145 Brentchaloff&Rivet 2003 60 06451 Frejus [Forum lulu] Gallia (Narbonensis) SNR [SNR] Colonia (Veterans)/Naval Base (Aug ) 140 180 Brentchaloff&Leque 10080 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) AELFO AAELFO| & IPORODV Shipwreck 145 161 Amar&Liou 1984 104b 10079 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) AELFO Shipwreck 145 161 Amar&Liou 1984 104a 10085 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) ATITTAE |ATITTAAAE| Shipwreck 69 96 Amar&Liou, 1984 108 10337 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) CEFP |C E F P| Shipwreck 69 117 Amar&Liou 1984 244 09845 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) CENHISPSAE |CENH A ISPSAE| Shipwreck 69 117 Amar&Liou 1989 123b 09846 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) CENHISPSAE |CENHAISPS[AAE] Shipwreck 69 117 Amar&Liou 1989 123c 10107 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) CENHISPSAE Shipwreck 69 117 Amar&Liou, 1984 123 10099 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) GAVFL |CENHAISPAE GAVFL Shipwreck 235 > Amar&Liou, 1984 118 PORODV 1978 08 1978 15 10114 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) Shipwreck 140 224 Amar&Liou 1984 129 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) GRADOS IIIENNIORIVLSAE GRADOSl 10130 IIIEnnlORIVLS [AE] Shipwreck 117 161 Amar&Liou 1984 132 10139 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) LCSOL |L C SOL| Shipwreck 50 100 Amar&Liou 1984 141a 10140 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) LCSOL |L C SOL| Shipwreck 50 100 AmanSLLiou 1984 141b 10141 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) LCSOL ]L C SOL| Shipwreck 50 100 Amar&Liou 1984 141c 10142 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) LCSOL |L C SOL| Shipwreck 50 100 Amar&Liou 1984 141 d 10143 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) LCSOL |L C SOL| Shipwreck 50 100 Amar&Liou 1984 14 le 09851 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) LIT LIT| Shipwreck 150 284 Amar&Liou 1989 145b 10149 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) LIT [L] 1 T| Shipwreck 150 284 Amar&Liou 1984 145 10193 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) LSELSENC 117 138 Amar&Liou 1984 155b Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) LSLVPI LSEALSAENC| |L S LVPI| Shipwreck 10195 Shipwreck 98 138 Amar&Liou 1984 157 10199 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) LVTROPHIMI |LVTAROPHAIMAI Shipwreck 70 121 Amar&Liou 1984 160b 10200 Gallia (Narbonensis) LVTROPHIMI |L V TAROPAHAIMAI| Shipwreck 70 121 Amar&Liou 1984 160c 10201 Golfe de Fos Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) LVTROPHIMI |L V TAROPAHAIMAI| Shipwreck 70 121 Amar&Liou 1984 160d 09888 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) MAR |M AR| Shipwreck 95 199 Amar&Liou 1989 269 10339 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) MIAPC |M 1 A PC| Shipwreck 79 138 Amar&Liou 1984 246 09854 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) MIM MIMj Shipwreck 50 70/145 161 Amar&Liou 1989 168g 10210 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) MIM |MIM| Shipwreck 50 70/145 161 Amar&Liou 1984 168a 10211 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) MIM |( )MIM| Shipwreck 50 70/145 161 Amar&Liou 1984 168b 10212 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) MIM |M1M| Shipwreck 50 70/145 161 Amar&Liou 1984 168c 10213 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) MIM |MIM| Shipwreck 50 70/145 161 Amar&Liou 1984 168d 10214 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) MIM |M 1 M| Shipwreck 50 70/145 161 Amar&Liou 1984 168e 10215 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) MIM |MIM| Shipwreck 50 70/145 161 Amar&Liou 1984 I68f 10235 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) PORCPR |PORCPR| Shipwreck 1 99 (c 70) Amar&Liou 1984 !79a 10236 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) PORCPR |PORCPR| Shipwreck 1 99 (c 70) Amar&Liou 1984 179b 09894 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) PORLFS |PORLFS| Shipwreck 40 130 Amar&Liou 1989 273 10238 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) PORPS 1POR P S| Shipwreck 50 125 Amar&Liou 1984 182 10247 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) QAEOPO [QAA]EOPO| Shipwreck 125 175 Amar&Liou 1984 186 08551 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) SAENIANS 1S(AE)(NI)ANS] Shipwreck 80 130 Czysz 2002 06 09865 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) SAENIANS |SVEN A !AN[S]| Shipwreck 80 130 Amar&Liou 1989 205d 10282 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) SAENIANS |S<\AENAIANS| Shipwreck 80 130 Amar&Liou 1984 205a 10283 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) SAENIANS |SAAEN[AI]ANS Shipwreck 80 130 Amar&Liou 1984 205b 10284 Golle de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) SAENIANS Shipwreck 80 130 Amar&Liou 1984 205c 09868 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) SISEN [SAAENA]IANS| |SISAE[N] Shipwreck 41 55 Amar&Liou 1989 213g 10298 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) SISEN |S1SAEN| Shipwreck 41 55 Amar&Liou 1984 213a 10299 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) SISEN |S1SAEN| Shipwreck 41 55 Amar&Liou 1984 213b 10300 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) SISEN |SISAEN| Shipwreck 41 55 Amar&Liou 1984 213c 10301 Golfe de Fos Galha (Narbonensis) SISEN |SISAEN| Shipwreck 41 55 Amar&Liou 1984 213d 10302 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) SISEN |SISAEN| Shipwreck 41 55 Amar&Liou 1984 213e 10303 Golfe de Fos Gallia (Narbonensis) SISEN |SISAEN| Shipwreck 41 55 Amar&Liou 1984 213f 15050 Lansargues Gallia (Narbonensis) SISEN [SI(SE)N] Vicus 41 55 Laubenheimer 1979 03 07296 Lattes [Lattara] Gallia (Narbonensis) MIM |MIM| |P AAN RAVF| Vicus Vicus 50 70/145 161 Fediere&Rouquette 1989 f 5 4 Lamour&Mayet, 1981 100 70 145 06233 Lattes [Lattara] Galha (Narbonensis) PANRVF 06231 Le Barroux [Albaruffum ] Galha (Narbonensis) MMRP Vicus 98 138 Lamour&Mayet, 1981 098 19785 Murviel les Montpelher [Castellasj Galha (Narbonensis) IIIENNIORIVLSAE |IIENNIORIVLsA[E] Mumcipium 117 161 Rouquette&al 1989 08 15079 Murviel les Montpelher [Castellas] Galha (Narbonensis) LSELSENC [L (SE)L (SE)N C ] Mumcipium 117 138 Rouquette 1994 95 04 06066 Narbonne [Colonia Narbo Martius] Galha (Narbonensis) ALFO Provincial Capital/Coloma (118 BCE) 130 161 Lamour&Mayet 1980 040 06092 Narbonne [Colonia Narbo Martius] Gallia (Narbonensis) LVTROPHIMI |L V TAROPHAIM[AI]| Provincial Capital/Coloma (118 BCE) 70 121 Lamour&Mayet 1980 065 06099 Narbonne [Colonia Narbo Martius] Gallia (Narbonensis) PANRVF |PAANRAVF| Provincial Capital/Coloma (118 BCE) 70 145 Lamour&Mayet 1980 072 06110 Narbonne [Colonia Narbo Martius] Galha (Narbonensis) QFF |QFF| Provincial Capital/Coloma (118 BCE) 69 96 Lamour&Mayet 1980 084 17231 Narbonne [Colonia Narbo Martius] Gallia (Narbonensis) SNR SNR] Provincial Capital/Coloma (118 BCE) 140 180 Ganote&Bemi 1998 08 06193 Nissan Lez Enserune Galha (Narbonensis) MAR |MAR| Mumcipium 95 199 Lamour&Mayet 1981 060 05293 Port Vendres Galha (Narbonensis) SISEN Shipwreck 41 55 Liou&al 1977 10 11 20 05294 Port Vendres Galha (Narbonensis) SISEN Shipwreck 41 55 Liou&al 1977 10 1 05295 Port Vendres Galha (Narbonensis) SISEN Shipwreck 41 55 Liou&al 1977 10 2 05392 Port Vendres Gallia (Narbonensis) SISEN Shipwreck 41 55 ColIs&Leque 1980 07 01 04921 Saint GiHes du Gard Galha (Narbonensis) SNR |SNR| INDETERMINATE 140 180 Rouquette 1980 39 09214 Saint Romain de Jahonas Galha (Narbonensis) CALPVRNB |CAALAPVARN B| Villa 69 117 Rouquette 1992 1 01 09222 Saint Romain de Jahonas Galha (Narbonensis) PANNIRVF ]P ANAN[AI]ARAVF1 Villa 69 138 Rouquette 1992 1 08 08245 Sete [Setius] Gallia (Narbonensis) LIT |LIT| Vicus/Port 150 284 Rouquette 1970 08 08248 Sete [Setius] Galha (Narbonensis) LSLP |L SLP((amphora))| Vicus/Port 98 138 Rouquette 1970 II 08242 Valras Plage Galha (Narbonensis) IIIENNIVL |IIIENNIVAL((corona))| Vicus/Port 117 161 Rouquette 1970 05 08251 Vendres [Portus Veneris] Galha (Narbonensis) PMHPOR |P M H P O « R Vicus/Port 69 96 Rouquette 1970 14 14248 Bonn [Castra Bonnensia] Germama Inferior CEFP Remesal 1997 095a 20477 Bonn [Castra Bonnensia] Germania Inferior GAF 14622 Bonn [Castra Bonnensia] Germama Inferior 14254 Bonn [Castra Bonnensia] 14848 Bonn [Castra Bonnensia] 14044 Cologne [Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippenensium] Germania Inferior CAPF [C(AP)F] 14767 Cologne [Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippenensium] Germania Inferior LPMS 13975 Cologne [Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippenensium] Germania Inferior 14464 Cologne [Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippenensium] Fort (est 19BCE 16CE) 69 117 Fort (est 19BCE 16 CE) 145 224 Callender 1965 f04 33 GMMF Fort (est 19BCE I6CE) 180 220 Remesal 1997 203 f Germania Inferior IIIENNIIVL Fort (est 19BCE 16 CE) 117 161 Remesal 1997 098a(2) Germama Inferior PORPS Fort (est 19BCE 16 CE) 50 125 Remesal 1997 283 d Provincial Capital/Fortress 142 180 Remesal 1997 043 [LPMS] Provincial Capital/Fortress 150 284 Remesal 1997 254 MAR [(/M)A R] Provincial Capital/Fortress 95 199 Remesal 1997 021 Germania Inferior MIM [MIM] Provincial Capital/Fortress 50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 165c |GA[F] 14476 Cologne [Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippenensium] Germania Inferior MIMOPSI [M I MOPSI] Provincial Capital/Fortress 50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 166 14385 Cologne [Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippenensium] Germania Inferior PQFLFL [PQF* Provincial Capital/Fortress 69 96 Remesal 1997 140a 14518 Cologne [Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippenensium] Germania Inferior SISEN [SI(SE)N] Provincial Capital/Fortress 41 55 Remesal 1997 174 14531 Duren Germania Inferior LIT Vicus 150 284 Remesal 1997 1761 07337 Nettesheim Germania Inferior GMMF 14181 Neuss [Novaesium] Germania Inferior 14470 Neuss [Novaesium] Fort (est 19BCE I6CE) 180 220 Blanc Bijon&al 1998 1187 LCM Fort (est 19BCE 16CE)/Vicus 150 200 Remesal 1997 073(2) Germania Inferior MIM Fort (est 19BCE 16CE)/Vicus I6CE)/Vicus 50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 I65h 50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 I65i |G M M F| 14471 Neuss [Novaesium] Germania Inferior MIM [MIM] Fort (est 19BCE 05649 Nijmegen [Noviomagus Batavorum] Germania Inferior LIT [LIT] Civitas (of BataviVFort (19BCE 16 CE) 150 284 Remesal 1986 148 05650 Nymegen [Noviomagus Batavorum] Germania Inferior LIT [LIT] Civitas (of Batavi)/Fort (19BCE 16 CE) 150 284 Remesal 1986 148a Remesal 1986 275a 05701 Nijmegen [Noviomagus Batavorum] Germania Inferior LVTROPHIMI |LVT A ROP A H A IM A l| Civitas (of Batavi)/Fort (19BCE 16 CE) 70 121 05646 Nijmegen [Noviomagus Batavorum] Germania Inferior MIM [MIM] Civitas (of Batavi)/Fort (19BCE 16 CE) 50 70/145 161 Remesal 1986 I38c 05605 Nijmegen [Noviomagus Batavorum] Germania Inferior PANRVF [P (ANRV)F] Civitas (of Batavi)/Fort (19BCE 16CE) 70 145 Remesal 1986 034 05614 Nijmegen [Noviomagus Batavorum] Germania Inferior PARVA [P (AR)VA] Civitas (of Batavi)/Fort (19BCE 16CE) post 209 Remesal 1986 048 05602 Nijmegen [Noviomagus Batavorum] Germania Inferior PORLAR +(R%) L A R] Civitas (of Batavi)/Fort (19BC E 16CE) 50 105 Remesal 1986 019 05641 Nijmegen [Noviomagus Batavorum] Germania Inferior PORLFS +(R%) L F( ~S) Civitas (of Batavi)/Fort (19BCE 16CE) 40 130 Remesal 1986 II 5a 05661 Nijmegen [Noviomagus Batavorum] Germania Inferior POROCODV [(POR)OCODV] Civitas (of Batavi )/Fort (19BC E 16CE) 69 79 Stuart 1977 426 1 05710 Nijmegen [Noviomagus Batavorum] Germania Inferior POROODV Civitas (of Batavi)/Fort (19BCE 16CE) 150 199 Stuart 1977 426 2 05674 Nijmegen [Noviomagus Batavorum] Germania Inferior PORPS Civitas (of Batavi)/Fort (19BCE 16CE) 50 125 Stuart 1977 436 Stuart 1977 437 1 05643 Nijmegen [Noviomagus Batavorum] Germania Inferior PQHEHE Civitas(ofBatavi)/Fort(19BCE 16CE) 50 150 05673 Nijmegen [Noviomagus Batavorum] Germama Inferior RVFPO Civitas(ofBatavi)/Fort(19BCE 16 CE) 150 225 Stuart 1977 441 05711 Rossum Germania Inferior POROCODV Fort (presumed) 69 79 cn. xm 10002 0121 Callender 1965 f05 13 [P Q (HE) (HE)] 20491 Voorburg [Forum Hadriani] Germania Inferior CAS CAS Civitas (of Cananefates) 214 224 14469 Xanten [Vetera] Germania Inferior MIM [MIM] Fort (est 14CE)/Coloma (Veterans) 14406 Aachen [Aquae Granni] Germania Supenor HISPSAEN1 Municipium (1 St century CE) 50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 I65g Remesal 1997 155a 80 140 13944 Adenau Germania Supenor GAF INDETERMINATE 145 224 Remesal 1997 005(1) 14356 Altenstadt Germania Supenor LFFV |LFFV| Fort (est 83/85 CE) 180 193 Remesal 1997 121a 27389 Alzey [Altiaiensium] Germania Superior LCHE [L]CHE| Vicus/Fort (Late Roman 364 375 CE) 200 299 Ehmig 2007 T3 430 27394 Alzey [Altiaiensium] Germania Superior POPVLI |POPVA[LI] Vicus/Fort (Late Roman 364 375 CE) 214 224 Ehmig 2007 T4 387 07470 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Germania Superior CALPVRNC |CAALAPVARNC| Fort (19BCE 16 CE)/Coloma (Aug ) 69 117 Martin Kil 1987 1265 07477 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Germania Superior CEFP |CE F P Fort(19BCE 16 CE)/Colonia (Aug) 69 117 Martin Kil 1987 1435 07482 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Germania Supenor CENHISPSAE C ETM HAISPSAAE| Fort(19BCE 16 CE)/Coloma (Aug ) 69 117 Callender 1965 f 16 08 07444 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Germania Supenor GAVFL GAVFL Fort(19BCE 16 CE)/Colonia (Aug) 235 > Martin Kil 1987 1458 07483 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Germania Supenor HISPSAENI |HISPSAAENAI((corona))| Fort(19BCE 16CE)/Coloma(Aug) 80 140 Callender 1965 f 16 13 07500 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Germania Superior ILFT ILFT Fort(19BCE 16CE)/Coloma(Aug) 220 224 Martin Kil 1987 1513 07446 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Germania Superior LCANTP LCAN A TP| Fort(19BCE 16CE)/Colonia(Aug) 130 161 Martin Kil 1987 1465 07464 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Germania Supenor LCSOL |L CSOL| Fort(l9BCE 16CE)/Colonia(Aug) 50 100 Martin Kil 1987 1182 07527 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] LIT L IT Fort(19BCE 16CE)/Coloma(Aug) 150 284 Martin Kil 1987 1509 07644 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Germania Superior Germania Supenor 07595 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Germania Supenor MAR 07408 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Germania Superior 07409 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] 07410 |LVT A RO«P A H A IM[ A I]| Fort(19BCE 16 CE)/Coloma (Aug ) 70 121 Martin Kil 1987 1241 MAR| Fort(19BCE 16CE)/Colonia(Aug) 95 199 Martin Kil 1987 1091 MAR |M AR[ Fort (19BCE 16 CE)/Coloma (Aug ) 95 199 Martin Kil 1987 1095 Germania Superior MAR |M A R | Fort (19BCE 16 CE)/Colonia (Aug ) 95 199 Martin Kil 1987 1119 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Germania Supenor MAR Fort (19BCE 16 CE)/Coloma (Aug ) 95 199 Martin Kil 1987 1208 07411 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Germania Superior MAR |MAR| |MAR| Fort(19BCE 16 CE)/Coloma (Aug ) 95 199 Martin Kil 1987 1098 07412 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Germania Supenor MAR |M[ ]A [R] Fort(19BCE 16CE)/Colonia(Aug) 95 199 Martin Kil 1987 0326 07553 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Germania Supenor MAVRI |MAAVR1| Fort(19BCE 16 CE)/Colonia (Aug ) 30 80 Martm Kil 1987 1242 07496 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Germania Supenor MFCEL |MFCEL Fort(19BCE 16 CE)/Coloma(Aug) 30 80 Callender 1965 f 11 06 07512 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Germania Superior MIM |MIM| Fort(19BCE 16 CE)/CoIoma (Aug ) 50 70/145 161 Martm Kil 1987 1122 50 70/145 161 Martin Kil 1987 1089 50 70/145 161 Martin Kil 1987 1072 LVTROPH1MI PSAVITI 07513 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Germania Supenor MIM |MIM| Fort(19BCE 16 CE)/Coloma (Aug ) 07514 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Germania Supenor MIM |MIM| Fort(19BCE l6CE)/Coloma(Aug) 07515 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Germania Superior MIM |MIM| Fort(19BCE I6CE)/Coloma(Aug) 07516 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Germania Superior MIM |MIM| Fort(19BCE 16CE)/Coloma(Aug) 50 70/145 161 Callender 1965 f II 16 50 70/145 161 Martin Kil 1987 1103 07517 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Germania Superior MIM MIM Fort(l9BCE 16CE)/Colonia(Aug) 50 70/145 161 Martin Kil 1987 1102 07518 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Germania Supenor MIMOPSI |M IMOPSI| Fort(19BCE 16CE)/Coloma(Aug) 50 70/145 161 Martin Kil 1987 1083 07565 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Germania Superior PORCPR ]PORCPR| Fort(19BCE 16 CE)/Colonia (Aug ) 1 99 (c 70) Martin Kil 1987 1337 04830 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Germania Superior PORPS |POR P S| Fort (19BCE 16 CE)/Colonia (Aug ) 50 125 Blanc Bijon&al 1998 1227 07452 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Germania Supenor QAEOPOR IQAEOPOR Fort(19BCE 16CE)/Coloma(Aug) 125 175 Callender 1965 fl8 48 07603 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Germania Supenor QSRP |Q S R P| Fort(19BCE 16CE)/Coloma(Aug) 50 100 Martin Kil 1987 1382 07629 Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Geimania Supenor SISEN |SISAEN| Fort(l9BCE 16CE)/Coloma(Aug) 41 55 Callender 1965 f 17 19 21470 Avenches [Aventicum] Germania Superior GAPF [G(AP%)(P/ 0 )] Civitas (of HelvetnyColonia (97 CE) 150 250 Meylan Krause 1995 123 20214 Avenches [Aventicum] Germania Superior HISPSAENI HISP SAEN(corona) Civitas (of HelvetnyColonia (97 CE) 80 140 Schupbach 1983 13 20722 Avenches [Aventicum] Germania Superior HISPSAENI [HISPS(AE)(NI)(corona)] Civitas (of Helvetn)/Colonia (97 CE) 80 140 Callender 1965 f 16 12 20523 Avenches [Aventicum] Germania Superior IIIENNIORTVLSAE IIIEnnIORl~V~-LSAE| Civitas (of HelvetnyColonia (97 CE) 117 161 Callender 1965 f07 15 20572 Avenches [Aventicum] Germania Superior LVTROPHIMI [L]V T"ROPAHAIMAI| Civitas (ot HelvetnyColonia (97 CE) 70 121 Callender 1965 f 10 13 20246 Avenches [Aventicum] Germania Superior MAR MAR Civitas (of HelvetnyColonia (97 CE) 95 199 Schupbach 1983 45 20585 Avenches [Aventicum] Germania Superior MAVR] IMAVRlj Civitas (of HelvetnyColonia (97 CE) 30 80 Callender 1965 f]0 45 20566 Avenches [Aventicum] Germania Superior PORCPR PORCPR| Civitas (of HelvetnyColonia (97 CE) 1 99 (c 70) Callender 1965 f 13 23 20226 Avenches [Aventicum] Germania Superior PORLAR POR LA R Civitas (ot HelvetnyColonia (97 CE) 50 105 Schupbach 1983 25 21472 Avenches [Aventicum] Germania Superior PORLAR [POR L A(R%)] Civitas (ot HelvetnyColonia (97 CE) 50 105 Meylan Krause 1995 125 20212 Avenches [Aventicum] Germania Supenor PORLFS POR L F S Civitas (of HelvetnyColonia (97 CE) 40 130 Schupbach 1983 11 20672 Avenches [Aventicum] Germania Superior PORLFS (P%)OR (L%) F( IS)] Civitas (ot HelvetiiJ/Colonia (97 CE) 40 130 Callender 1965 f 13 29 20215 Avenches [Aventicum] Germania Supenor PORPS Civitas (of HelvetnyColonia (97 CE) 50 125 Schupbach 1983 14 Civitas (of HelvetnyColonia (97 CE) 50 150 Schupbach 1983 19 Civitas (of HelvetnyColonia (97 CE) 41 96 Callender 1965 f 14 14 20220 Avenches [Aventicum] Germania Supenor PQHEHE 20685 Avenches [Aventicum] Germania Superior QANTR (R%) P S E(HE) [Q (ANT) R] 20699 Avenches [Aventicum] Germania Superior QIMS QI(M%)/(AsA) Civitas (of Helvetn)/Colonia (97 CE) 175 199 Callender 1965 f 15 03 20205 Avenches [Aventicum] Germania Superior SISEN SISEN Civitas (of HelvetiiVColoma (97 CE) 41 55 Schupbach 1983 04 27873 Bad Kreuznach [Vicus Cmciniacum] Germania Superior AELFO |AELFO| Vicus/Fort (Late Roman 364 375 CE) 145 161 Ehmig 2007 T72 322 27871 Bad Kreuznach [Vicus Crucmiacum] Germania Superior CEFP |CEFP| Vicus/Fort (Late Roman 364 375 CE) 69 117 Ehmig 2007 T72 304 Ehmig 2007 T72 321 27869 Bad Kreuznach [Vicus Crucmiacum] Germania Superior 1I1ENNIIVL [II]IENN[AI]IVL Vicus/Fort (Late Roman 364 375 CE) 117 161 27868 Bad Kreuznach [Vicus Crucmiacum] Germania Supenor MIM |MIM| Vicus/Fort (Late Roman 364 375 CE) 50 70/145 161 Ehmig 2007 T72 307 27892 Bad Kreuznach [Vicus Crucmiacum] Germania Supenor PORCPR |PORC PR| Vicus/Fort (Late Roman 364 375 CE) 1 99 (c 70) Ehmig 2007 T73 303 27863 Bad Kreuznach [Vicus Crucmiacum] Germania Supenor SISEN 1SISAEN| Vicus/Fort (Late Roman 364 375 CE) 41 55 Ehmig 2007 T71 323 14529 Bad Wimpfen Germania Supenor LIT Fort (est 83/85 CE) 150 284 Remesal 1997 176i 14832 Baden Baden [Aquae Helveticae] Germania Supenor CRKAL (L%)( ?)(r%')(') [CRKAL] Vicus 80 190 Remesal 1997 276 07961 Biesheim Germania Superior CALPVRNC Fort (est pre 83/85 CE) 69 117 Baudoux 1990 3a, 037b 08201 Biesheim Germania Supenor MAR Fort (est pre 83/85 CE) 95 199 Baudoux 1996 G4 06a 07906 Biesheim Germania Supenor PORLAR Fort (est pre 83/85 CE) 50 105 Baudoux 1990 3a, 006e 08059 Biesheim Germania Superior POROCODV Fort (est pre 83/85 CE) 69 79 Baudoux 1990 3a, 097a [MAR] 07960 Bhesbruck Germania Supenor CALPVRNB Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus/Villa 69 117 Baudoux 1990 3a, 037a 07895 Bliesbruck Germania Supenor GAF Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus/Villa 145 224 Baudoux 1990 3a, 002a 07948 Bhesbruck Germania Supenor LCMY Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus/Villa 140 190 Baudoux 1990 3a, 026 07983 Bliesbruck Germania Supenor LFS Fort (est pre 83/85 CEVVicus/ViIla 60 80 Baudoux 1990 3a, 058b 08012 Bhesbruck Germania Supenor LIT Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus/Villa 150 284 Baudoux 1990 3a, 076c 08013 Bliesbruck Germania Supenor LIT Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus/Villa 150 284 Baudoux 1990 3a, 076d 08227 Bhesbruck Germania Supenor LIT Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus/Villa 150 284 Baudoux, 1993 BL084 08228 Bhesbruck Germania Supenor LIT Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus/Villa 150 284 Baudoux 1993 BL093 08202 Bhesbruck Germania Supenor MAR Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus/VUla 95 199 Baudoux 1996 G4 06b 08006 Bhesbruck Germania Supenor MIM Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus/Villa 50 70/145 161 Baudoux 1990 3a, 072 08233 Bhesbruck Germania Supenor PORPS Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus/Villa 50 125 Baudoux 1993 BL590 08053 Bliesbruck Germania Supenor SNR Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus/Villa 140 180 Baudoux 1990 3a, 093c 27403 Dieburg [Vicus Vetus Ulpius] Germania Supenor PARVA [PA]RVA Vicus (est 98 117CE) post 209 Ehmig 2007 T6 417 27412 Dieburg [Vicus Vetus Ulpius] Germania Supenor PARVA |P AARVAA| Vicus (est 98 117CE) post 209 Ehmig 2007 T7 217 27411 Dieburg [Vicus Vetus Ulpius] Germania Supenor SNR |SN Vicus (est 98 117CE) 140 180 Ehmig 2007 T7 363 08016 Egmsheim Germania Supenor LIT Vicus 150 284 Baudoux 1990 3a, 076g 08011 Ehl [Ellelum] Germania Supenor LIT Vicus 150 284 Baudoux 1990 3 a, 076b 08101 Ehl [Ellelum] Germania Supenor LSERLVP Vicus 98 138 Baudoux, 1990 3a, 123 08120 Ehl [Ellelum] Germania Supenor LVTROPHIMI Vicus 70 121 Baudoux 1990 3a, 134 07907 Ehl [Ellelum] Germania Supenor MAR Vicus 95 199 Baudoux 1990 3a 007 07995 Eincheville Germania Supenor HISPSAENI Vicus 80 140 Baudoux 1990 3a, 068b 27428 Frankfurt [Nida] Germania Supenor LCHE !LCHE Fort (est 1 st century CE) 200 299 Ehmig 2007 T9 190 11929 GroP Gerau Germania Supenor HISPSAENI [H]ISPSA A ENI((corona))| Fort (est pre 83/85 CE) 80 140 Hanel 1994 19 11943 GroP Gerau Germania Supenor LSERLVP |LS A E A RLV A Pj Fort (est pre 83/85 CE) 98 138 Hanel 1994 33 11939 GroP Gerau Germania Supenor PQHEHE P Q HAEHAE| Fort (est pre 83/85 CE) 50 150 Hanel 1994 29 11937 Grop-Gerau Germania Supenor SNR |SN[R] Fort (est pre 83/85 CE) 140 180 Hanel 1994 27 27507 Hanau Germania Supenor PANRVF |pAANARAVp| Fort (est 83/85 CE) 70 145 Ehmig 2007 T21 22 27576 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor AELFO IAELFO Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 145 161 Ehmig 2007 T34 581 14596 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor ALFO [ALFO] Civitas/Fort(pre 83/85 CE) 130 161 Remesal 1997 192 14792 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor AQFVA |AQFVA| Civitas/Fort(pre 83/85 CE) 160 161 Remesal 1997 265b 14047 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor CAPF [C]AAP F| Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 142 180 Remesal 1997 043c 14250 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor CENHISPSAE |CENHA1SPSAAE| Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 69 117 Ponsich, 1979 CA 079 17 27539 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor CIS |CIS| Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 150210 Ehmig 2007 T27 2136 14732 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor CORBEL CORBEL Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 100 300 Remesal 1997 239 14733 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor CORBEL CORB[EL] Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 100 300 Remesal 1997 239a 14412 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor DIA Civitas/Fort(pre 83/85 CE) 145 161 Remesal 1997 157 27580 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor GAF |GAF| Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 145 224 Ehmig 2007 T 35 879 27554 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor GAVEL |GAVE[L]| Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 235 > Ehmig 2007 T30 136 14623 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor GMMF |GMMF Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 180 220 Remesal 1997 203(1) 14251 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor IIIENNIIVL Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 117 161 Remesal 1997 098 14534 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor ILFT Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 220 224 Remesal 1997 177 PNN ]ILFT| 13945 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor LAF 142 165 Remesal 1997 006 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Superior LCHE |LAF| |LCHE] Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 14153 Civltas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 200 299 Remesal 1997 068 14169 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor LCM |LCM| Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 150 200 Remesal 1997 073 27540 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor LCM |LCM| Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 150 200 Ehmig 2007 T27 2557 27589 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Superior LCM |LCM| Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 150 200 Ehmig 2007 T36 162 14176 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor LCMY LCM A Y| Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 140 190 Remesal 1997 073e 14355 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor LFFV |LFFV| Civitas/Fon (pre 83/85 CE) 180 193 Remesal 1997 121 14526 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor LIT |LIT| Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 150 284 Remesal 1997 I76f 14522 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor LIT ILIT| Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 150 284 Remesal 1997 176b 14465 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor MIM |MIM| Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 14105 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor PARVA [PA]RVA| Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 165d Remesal 1997 056 post 209 14650 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor PMS |PMS] Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 200 350 Remesal 1997 212 14786 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor POPVLI |PO PV LI| Civitas/Fort(pre 83/85 CE) 214 224 Remesal 1997 263 14376 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Superior PORLFS [POR L F S] Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 40 130 Remesal 1997 133 14844 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor PORPS |PORPS| Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 50 125 Remesal 1997 283 14845 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor PORPS |PORPS| Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 50 125 Remesal 1997 283a 27603 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor PORTO |PORTO| Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 214 224 Ehmig 2007 T39 878 14402 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Superior PQHEHE |P Q HAEHAE Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 50 150 Remesal 1997 152 14694 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor SNR |SNR| Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 140 180 Remesal 1997 232 14698 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor SNR |SNR| Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 140 180 Remesal 1997 232d 27544 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor SNR SNR| Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 140 180 Ehmig 2007 T28 1466 27588 Heddemheim [Nida] Germania Supenor SNR |SNR Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85 CE) 140 180 Ehmig 2007 T36 822 11996 Hirschberg Germania Supenor PMS [PMS] Villa Rustica 200 350 Remesal&Schal 1988 26 14211 Hofheim Germania Supenor LCSOL |L CSOL Fort (est pre 83/85 CE) 50 100 Remesal 1997 079 13977 Hofheim Germania Superior MAR |MAR| Fort (est pre 83/85 CE) 95 199 Remesal 1997 021(1) 20581 Hofheim Germania Supenor MAR |M AR] Fort (est pre 83/85 CE) 95 199 Callender 1965 f 1039 14472 Hofheim Germania Superior MIM MIMj Fort (est pre 83/85 CE) 50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 165k 50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 1651 50 70/145 161 Ehmig 2007 T62 229 14473 Hofheim Germania Supenor MIM |MIM| Fort (est pre 83/85 CE) 27808 Hofheim Germania Supenor MIM |MIM| Fort (est pre 83/85 CE) 14258 Kastell Ems Germania Supenor IIIENNIIVL Fort (est 83/85 CE) 117 161 14847 Kastell Heddesdorf Germania Supenor PORPS |PORPS| Fort (est 83/85 CE) 50 125 Callender 1965 f 13 37 14530 Kastell Ruckingen Germania Supenor LIT [LIT] Fort (est 83/85 CE) 150 284 Remesal 1997 176k 14265 Kastell Stockstadt Germania Supenor IIIENNIIVL Fort (est 83/85 CE) 117 161 Remesal 1997 098(1) 14214 Koblenz [Confluentes] Germania Superior PCAEHER Fort (est I9BCE 69 117 Remesal 1997 081(1) 14604 Kongen [Grinano] Germania Superior ALFO Fort (est 83/85 CE) 130 161 Remesal 1997 I92i 11974 Kongen [Grinano] Germania Superior CAPF <C(AP) F> Fort (est 83/85 CE) 142 180 RemesaliSchal 1988 04 14731 Kongen [Grinano] Germania Supenor CONSFC [CONSFC] Fort (est 83/85 CE) 200 235 Remesal 1997 238a 11971 Kongen [Grinano] Germania Superior LAF [LAF] Fort (est 83/85 CE) 142 165 Remesal&Schal 1988 01 14701 Kongen [Grinano] Germania Superior SNR [SNR] Fort (est 83/85 CE) 140 180 Remesal 1997 232f 18882 Ladenburg [Lopodunum] Germania Supenor LIT IT Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus 150 284 Wiegels 2000 ASM 14605 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor AELFO 14599 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Superior ALFO 14603 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Superior ALFO 14791 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Superior AQFVA 18929 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Superior 18962 Mainz [Mogontiacum] 19376 Mainz [Mogontiacum] 19377 Mainz [Mogontiacum] 14730 16CE) Remesal 1997 098b(l) Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 145 161 Remesal 1997 193 Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 130 161 Remesal 1997 192c Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 130 161 Remesal 1997 192g [A]QFVA Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 160 161 Callender 1965 f 03 44 ATITTAE [(AT)I(T%) (TAE)] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 69 96 Ehmig 2003 032 Germania Superior CEFP [CEFP] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 69 117 Ehmig 2003 066 Germania Superior CENHISPSAE [CE(NI)(HI)SPS(AE)] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 69 117 Ehmig 2003 183 2 Germania Supenor CENHISPSAE [CE(NI)« Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 69 117 Ehmig 2003 183 3 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Superior CONSFC [CONSF(C%) Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 200 235 Remesal 1997 238 13940 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Superior GAF [GAF] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 145 224 Remesal 1997 005 14616 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Superior GMMF [GMMF] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 180 220 Remesal 1997 203 19027 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Superior GMMF M M F] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 180 220 Ehmig 2003 123 2 14405 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor HISPSAENI [HISPS(AE)(NI)(corona°) Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 80 140 Remesal 1997 155 18966 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Superior IIIENNirVL [III(E%)N(N1) I(VL)(hedera)] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 117 161 Ehmig 2003 071 1 18967 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Superior IIIENNIIVL +(E%)N(NI)I(VL)(corona) Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 117 161 Ehmig 2003 071 2 [AL FO] 27851 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Superior I1IENNIORIVLSAE |IIIEnnIOR IVL sAE Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 117 161 Ehmig 2007 T69 44 14122 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Superior LCANTP [LC(AN%?)(T%)(P%)] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16CE) 130 161 Remesal 1997 063(1) 14123 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Superior LCANTP [LC(ANT)P] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE I6CE) 130 161 Remesal 1997 063(2) 14180 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor LCM LCM* Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 150 200 Remesal 1997 073(1) 18947 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor LCSOL [L C S OL] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 50 100 Ehmig 2003 052 14521 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor LIT [(L%?) (%• > ) T] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 150 284 Remesal 1997 176a 14532 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor LIT |LIT| Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16CE) 150 284 Callender 1965 f09 19 14533 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor LIT Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16CE) 150 284 Remesal 1997 176n 19004 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor LIT Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16CE) 150 284 Ehmig 2003 108 3 14854 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor LSLVPI [L S LVPI] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16CE) 98 138 Remesal 1997 286 19358 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor LSLVPI [L S LVPI] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16CE) 98 138 Ehmig 2003 166 2 14974 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor LVTROPHIMI [L V TRO(PHI)(MI)] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 70 121 Remesal 1997 342c 14975 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor LVTROPHIMI [L V TRO(PHI)(MI)] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 70 121 Remesal 1997 342d IT] 14976 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor LVTROPHIMI Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16CE) 70 121 Remesal 1997 342e 13976 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor MAR [MAR] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 95 199 Remesal 1997 021a 18904 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor MAR [MAR] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 95 199 Ehmig 2003 010 2 18905 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor MAR [MAR] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 95 199 Ehmig 2003 010 3 18906 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor MAR [(M%)(A%)(A%)] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 95 199 Ehmig 2003 010-4 19035 19034 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor (MA%)(V%)+ Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16CE) 30 80 Ehmig 2003 132 178 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor MAVRI MAVRI [(MA)VRI] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16CE) 30 80 Ehmig 2003 131 14461 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor MIM [MIM] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16CE) 50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 165 CAISENINI 14462 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Superior MIM [MIM] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16CE) 50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 165a 14466 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor MIM [MIM] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16CE) 14474 Mamz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor MIM [MIM] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 165d(l) 50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 165(1) 14475 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor MIM [MIM] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 18996 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor MIM [MIM] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 165(2) 50 70/145 161 Ehmig 2003 102 02 18997 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor MIM [MIM] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 50 70/145 161 Ehmig 2003 102 05 18998 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor MIM [MIM] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 50 70/145 161 Ehmig 2003 102 06 18999 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor MIM [MIM] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 50 70/145 161 Ehmig 2003 102 07 19000 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor MIM [MIM] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 50 70/145 161 Ehmig 2003 102 09 19001 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor MIM [MIM] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16CE) 50 70/145 161 Ehmig 2003 102 10 14010 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor PANRVF [P (ANRV)F] Provmcial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 70 145 Remesal 1997 039 14213 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor PCAEHER [PC(AE) (HE)R] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 69 117 Remesal 1997 081 18949 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor PCAEHER [P(CAE)(HE)R] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16CE) 69 117 Ehmig 2003 054 2 19029 Mamz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor PMS PMS [PMS Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 200 350 Ehmig 2003 126 19393 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor POPVLI PORTO/QVINT [POPV (L%)+ 14787 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor POPVLI 18903 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Superior PORLAR 19055 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor PORODV 14846 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor PORPS 14849 Mamz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor PORPSA 18899 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor 14503 Mamz [Mogontiacum] 19031 Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16CE) 214 224 Ehmig 2003 159 2 Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 214 224 Remesal 1997 263a [POR(LA)R] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16CE) 50 105 Ehmig 2003 009 [PORODV] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16CE) 150 199 Ehmig 2003 139 1 Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16CE) 50 125 Remesal 1997 283b [POR P S A Provmcial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) PQAF [PQAF] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16CE) 125 175 Ehmig 2003 004 Germania Supenor QIMS [QIM/[(S%)] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 175 199 Remesal 1997 168t Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor QMS Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 175 199 Ehmig 2003 127 19022 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor SALALFO [SAL ALFO] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 145 161 Ehmig 2003 118 3 14697 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor SNR [SNR] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 140 180 Remesal 1997 232c 14703 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor SNR [SNR] Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16CE) 140 180 Remesal 1997 232(1) 19053 Mainz [Mogontiacum] Germania Supenor SNRP Provincial Capital/Fort (19 BCE 16 CE) 145 161 Ehmig 2003 137 3 08769 Mandeure [Epamanduodurum] Germania Supenor CENHISPSAE [CEN(HI)SPS(AE%')] Vicus 69 117 Jeannin 1968 14 08766 Mandeure [Epamanduodurum] Germania Supenor PORLAR [(PO)RL (A%)(R vel P%)] Vicus 50 105 Jeannin 1968 11 14670 Monrealer Wald Germania Supenor MAVRI [(MA)VRI] Vicus 30 80 Remesal 1997 225 20649 Oberflorstadt Germania Supenor APH |APH| Fort (est 83/85 CE) 98 138 Callender 1965 f 03 38 14125 Ohnngen [Vicus Aurelianus] Germania Supenor LCANTP Fort (2nd centuryVVicus 130 161 Remesal 1997 063(4) 13946 Rheinzabem [Taberna Rhenanae] Germania Supenor LAF Municipium/Pottery factories 142 165 Remesal 1997 006a 14653 Rottenburg [Sumelocenna] Germania Supenor QMS Fon (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus/Imp Estate 175 199 Remesal 1997 214a OR P S ] Remesal 1997 283e 11993 Rottweil [Arae Flaviae] Germania Superior ALFO (L%)FO+ Fort (pre 83/85 CE)/Municipium 130 161 Remesal&Schal 19S8 23 14048 Rottweil [Arae Flaviae] Germania Superior CAPF [C (AP) (F%)] Fort (pre 83/85 CE)/Municipium 142 180 Remesal 1997 043d 13943 Rottweil [Arae Flaviae] Germania Superior GAF [GAF] Fort (pre 83/85 CE)/Municipium 145 224 Remesal 1997 005b 14768 Rottweil [Arae Flaviae] Germania Superior LPMS [LPMS] Fort (pre 83/85 CE)/Mumcipium 150 284 Remesal 1997 254a 14856 Rottweil [Arae Flaviae] Germania Superior LSLP [L (S%) (L%) (P%)(amphora?)] Fort (pre 83/85 CE)/Municipium 98 138 Remesal 1997 286b 14614 Rottweil [Arae Flaviae] Germania Superior PMHPOR (P%)MHPOR] Fort (pre 83/85 CE)/Municipium 69 96 Remesal 1997 201 14702 Rottweil [Arae Flaviae] Germania Superior SNR [SNR] Fort (pre 83/85 CE)/Municipium 140 180 Remesal 1997 23 2g 14790 Saalburg Germania Supenor AQFVA [AQFVA] Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus 160 161 Remesal 1997 265 14247 Saalburg Germania Supenor CEFP Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus 69 117 Remesal 1997 095 14413 Saalburg Germania Supenor D1A Fort (est 83/85 CEVVicus 145 161 Remesal 1997 157a 13941 Saalburg Germania Supenor GAF Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus 145 224 Remesal 1997 005a 14621 Saalburg Germania Supenor GMMF Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus 180 220 Remesal 1997 203e 14255 Saalburg Germania Supenor IIIENNIIVL Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus 117 161 Remesal 1997 098a(3) 14154 Saalburg Germania Supenor LCHE [LCHE] Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus 200 299 Remesal 1997 068a 14170 Saalburg Germania Supenor LCM [LCM] Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus 150 200 Remesal 1997 073 a 14172 Saalburg Germania Superior LCM [(L%)CM] Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus 150 200 Remesal 1997 073c 14175 Saalburg Germania Supenor LCMY [LC(MY)] Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus 140 190 Remesal 1997 073d(2) [GA(F%) 14525 Saalburg Germania Superior LIT (L%) 1 T] Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus 150 284 Remesal 1997 176e 14528 Saalburg Germania Supenor LIT Fort (est 83/85 CEVVicus 150 284 Remesal 1997 176h 14695 Saalburg Germania Supenor SNR [L(I%) [SNR] Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus 140 180 Remesal 1997 232a 14696 Saalburg Germania Supenor SNR [SNR] Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus 140 180 Remesal 1997 232b 14699 Saalburg Germania Superior SNR [SNR] Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus 140 180 Remesal 1997 23 2e 14700 Saalburg Germania Superior SNR [SNR] Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus 140 180 Remesal 1997 232e(l) 14704 Saalburg Germania Superior SNR Fort (est 83/85 CE)/Vicus 140 180 Remesal 1997 232(2) 07897 Saint Ulrich Germania Supenor GAF Villa 145 224 Baudoux 1990 3a, 002c 08211 Sierentz Germania Supenor CALPVRIN Vicus 69 117 Baudoux 1990 3a, 037c 07982 Sierentz Germania Superior LFS Vicus 60 80 Baudoux 1990 3a, 058a 08014 Sierentz Germania Superior LIT Vicus 150 284 Baudoux 1990 3a, 076e 20673 Solothurn [Salodurum] Germania Supenor PORPS 07896 Strasbourg [Argentoratum] Germania Superior GAF 19851 Strasbourg [Argentoratum] Germania Supenor GMMF [GMMF] 19852 Strasbourg [Argentoratum] Germania Superior LCANTP [(L%)CA(NT)P] 19856 Strasbourg [Argentoratum] Germania Superior MMRP [(MM)R(P%)] 08028 Strasbourg [Argentoratum] Germania Supenor 08065 Strasbourg [Argentoratum] 07986 50 125 Callender 1965 f 13 36 145 224 Baudoux 1990 3a, 002b Civitas/Fort (est early 1 st century CE) 180 220 Baudoux 1998 05 Civitas/Fort (est early 1 st century CE) 130 161 Baudoux, 1998 06 Civitas/Fort(est early 1 st century CE) 98 138 Baudoux 1998 10 PMHPOR Civitas/Fort (est early 1 st century CE) 69 96 Baudoux 1990 3 a, 084 Germania Superior PORCPR Civitas/Fort (est early 1 st century CE) 1 99 (c 70) Baudoux 1990 3a, 102 Strasbourg [Argentoratum] Germania Superior PQFLFL Civitas/Fort (est early 1 st century CE) 69 96 Callender 1965 f 13 45 07990 Strasbourg [Argentoratum] Germania Superior PQHEHE Civitas/Fort (est early 1 st century CE) 50 150 Baudoux 1990 3a. 065a 07916 Strasbourg [Argentoratum] Germania Supenor QANTR Civitas/Fort (est early I st century CE) 41 96 Baudoux 1990 3a, 014a 08088 Strasbourg [Argentoratum] Germania Superior RVFPO Civitas/Fort (est early 1 st century CE) 150 225 Baudoux 1990 3a, 114 14256 Sttutgart Bad Cannstatt Germania Supenor IIIENNIIVL Fort (est 83/85 CE) 117 161 Remesal 1997 098a(4) 14520 Sttutgart Bad Cannstatt Germania Supenor LIT [LIT] Fort (est 83/85 CE) 150 284 Remesal 1997 176 14011 Sttutgart Bad Cannstatt Germania Superior PANRVF |PA"N"R A VF| Fort (est 83/85 CE) 70 145 Callender 1965 f 12 27 14409 Trier [Augusta Treverorum] Germania Supenor HISPSAENI Fort (19BCE 16 CE)/Coloma (Aug ) 80 140 Remesal 1997 I55d 14252 Trier [Augusta Treverorum] Germania Superior IIIENNIIVL Fort(19BCE 16 CE)/Colon.a (Aug ) 117 161 Remesal 1997 098a 14259 Trier [Augusta Treverorum] Germania Superior IIIENNIIVL Fort (19BCE 16 CE)/Colonia (Aug ) 117 161 Remesal 1997 098b(2) 14652 Trier [Augusta Treverorum] Germania Superior QMS Fort (19BCE 16 CE)/Colonia (Aug ) 175 199 Remesal 1997 214 14606 Urmitz Germania Superior AELFO Fort (est 19BCE 16CE) 145 161 Remesal 1997 193a 08054 Usspann Germania Superior SNR Fort (est 1 st century CE) 140 180 Baudoux 1990 3a. 093d 11983 Walheim Germania Supenor IIIENNIIVL Fort(est 83/85) 117 161 Remesal&Schal 1988 13 00012 Worms [Borbetomagus] Germania Superior ALFO AALFO| Civitas (of Vangiones) 130 161 Remesal 1997 I92h 00831 Worms [Borbetomagus] Germania Superior CAS |CA[S]| Civitas (of Vangiones) 214 224 Remesal 1989 02 |D I A Civitas (ot Vangiones) 145 161 Remesal 1989 05 Civitas (ol Vangiones) 145 161 Remesal 1997 157b [PORPS] Fort (est 19BCE !6CE)/Vicus Civitas/Fort (est early 1 st century CE) PQFLFL| 00009 Worms [Borbetomagus] Germania Supenor DIA 14414 Worms [Borbetomagus] Germania Superior DIA 00830 Worms [Borbetomagus] Germania Superior GAPF |G [A"P]F| Civitas (ot Vangiones) 150 250 Remesal 1989 01 27951 Worms [Borbetomagus] Germania Supenor LCHE |LCH[E] Civitas (of Vangiones) 200 299 Ehmig 2007 T88 456 00833 Worms [Borbetomagus] Germania Supenor LFFV |LFFV| Civitas (of Vangiones) 180 193 Remesal 1989 04 14045 Zugmantel Germania Supenor CAPF Remesal 1997 043a Zugmantel Germania Supenor CAPF Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus 142 180 14046 [C(AP) (f%) [C(AP)F] 142 180 Remesal 1997 043b 14049 Zugmantel Germania Supenor CAPF [(C%)(AP)F] Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus 142 180 Remesal 1997 043(1) 14340 Zugmantel Germania Supenor EFDS [EFDS] Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus 200 299 Remesal 1997 116 13942 Zugmantel Germania Supenor GAF GA[F] Fort (est 83/85)/Vlcus 145 224 Callender 1965 f0431 14825 Zugmantel Germania Supenor GRADOS [GRA]/[DOS] Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus 140 224 Remesal 1997 270 14257 Zugmantel Germania Supenor IIIENNHVL Fort (est 83/85)/Vlcus 117 161 Remesal 1997 098b 14121 Zugmantel Germania Supenor LCANTP [LC(ANT)P] Fort (est 83/85)/Vlcus 130 161 Remesal 1997 063 14171 Zugmantel Germania Supenor LCM [LCM] Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus 150 200 Remesal 1997 073b 14173 Zugmantel Germania Supenor LCMY |LCM*Y| Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus 140 190 Callender 1965 f08 36 14174 Zugmantel Germania Supenor LCMY [(L%)(C%')(MY%')] Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus 140 190 Remesal 1997 073d(l) 14177 Zugmantel Germania Supenor LCMY [LC(MY)] Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus 140 190 Remesal 1997 073f 14178 Zugmantel Germania Supenor LCMY (L%)C(MY) Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus 140 190 Remesal 1997 073g 14357 Zugmantel Germania Supenor LFFV |LFFV| Fort (est 83/85)/Vlcus 180 193 Remesal 1997 121b 14523 Zugmantel Germania Superior LIT [<L%)IT] Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus 150 284 Remesal 1997 176c 14524 Zugmantel Germania Supenor LIT [L I(T%) Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus 150 284 Remesal 1997 176d 14527 Zugmantel Germania Supenor LIT [LI (T%)] Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus 150 284 Remesal 1997 176g 14463 Zugmantel Germania Supenor M1M [MIM] Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus 14662 Zugmantel Germania Supenor PMS [PM(s)] Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus 50 70/145 161 Remesal 1997 165b Remesal 1997 218 200 350 14788 Zugmantel Germania Supenor POPVLI +(P%)VLI] Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus 214 224 14384 Zugmantel Germania Supenor PQFLFL IPQFLFL Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus 69 96 Callender 1965 f 13 44 14502 Zugmantel Germania Supenor QIMS [QIM (S%)] Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus 175 199 Remesal 1997 168s 14607 Zugmantel Germania Supenor SALALFO [SAL ALFO] Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus 145 161 Remesal 1997 194 14965 Zugmantel Germania Supenor VMFC VMFC] Fort (est 83/85)/Vicus 138 1 6 1 ' Remesal 1997 336 12659 Alcolea del Rio [Canania] Hispama (Baetica) CMM [C MM(amphora)] Municipium 179 180' Caballos&Eck, 1992 f 2 12660 Alcolea del Rio [Canania] Hispanta (Baetica) CMM CMM] Municipium 179 180' Caballos&Eclc, 1992 f 3 12980 Alcolea del Rio [Canania] Hispama (Baetica) GANNIRVFINI Municipium 69 117 Bonsor 1931 189 13235 Alcolea del Rio [Canania] Hispama (Baetica) IIIENNIVL Mumcipium 117 161 Maxwell 1899 096 12975 Alcolea del Rio [Canania] Hispama (Baetica) MAEM Municipium 125 150 Bonsor 1931 184 13041 Alcolea del Rio [Canania] Hispama (Baetica) MIM Municipium 50 70/145 161 Bonsor 1931 250 12962 Alcolea del Rio [Canania] Hispama (Baetica) QFRMAED Municipium Bonsor 1931 171 13600 Alcolea del Rio [Canania] Hispama (Baetica) QFRMAED Municipium 12186 Almodovar del Rio [Carbula] Hispama (Baetica) CPC Vicus 175 225 Chic 1985 p 012 099 12767 Almodovar del Rio [Carbula] Hispama (Baetica) CPC Vicus 175 225 Bonsor 1931 003 04641 Cadiz [Gades] Hispama (Baetica) MAR Conventus Capital 95 199 Bemal&al 2005 f 10 27 13621 Carmona [Carmo] Hispama (Baetica) ACHB Municipium 153 161 Ponsich 1974 LR, 122(73 14 12525 Carmona [Carmo] Hispama (Baetica) GAF Municipium 145 224 Chic 1985 p 092 913 07176 Cortijo del Alamo Hispama (Baetica) GAVFL Necropolis and Kiln site 235 > D Pena, 1967 03 1 07177 Cortijo del Alamo Hispama (Baetica) GAVFL Necropolis and Kiln site 235 > D Pena, 1967 03 2 07178 Cortijo del Alamo Hispama (Baetica) GAVFL Necropolis and Kiln site 235 > D Pena, 1967 03 3 07179 Cortijo del Alamo Hispama (Baetica) GAVFL Necropolis and Kiln site 235 > D Pena, 1967 03-4 07180 Cortijo del Alamo Hispama (Baetica) ILFT Necropolis and Kiln site 220 224 D Pena, 1967 04a 07181 Cortijo del Alamo Hispama (Baetica) ILFT Necropolis and Kiln site 220 224 D Pena, 1967 04b 07182 Cortijo del Alamo Hispama (Baetica) LIT Necropolis and Kiln site 150 284 D Pena, 1967 05al 07183 Cortijo del Alamo Hispama (Baetica) LIT Necropolis and Kiln site 150 284 D Pena, 1967 05a2 07184 Cortijo del Alamo Hispama (Baetica) LIT Necropolis and Kiln site 150 284 D Pena, 1967 05a3 07185 Cortijo del Alamo Hispama (Baetica) LIT Necropolis and Kiln site 150 284 D Pena, 1967 05a4 07186 Cortijo del Alamo Hispama (Baetica) LIT Necropolis and Kiln site 150 284 D Pena, 1967 05b 1 07187 Cortijo del Alamo Hispama (Baetica) MMRP Necropolis and Kiln site 98 138 D Pena, 1967 06 11060 Ecija [Astigi] Hispama (Baetica) LAF Conventus Capital 142 165 Collantes&al 1951 12 10883 Ecija [Astigi] Hispama (Baetica) MIM Conventus Capital 50 70/145 161 Ponsich 1991 EC 44131 01 10884 Ecija [Astigi] Hispama (Baetica) MIM Conventus Capital 50 70/145 161 Ponsich 1991 EC 4401 02 10885 Ecija [Astigi] Hispama (Baetica) MIM Conventus Capital 50 70/145 161 Ponsich 1991 EC-4401 03 10931 Ecija [Astigi] Hispama (Baetica) SIP Conventus Capital 69 117' |MA R| |M~MRP| Remesal 1997 263b Ponsich 1974 LR, 064p52 09 Ponsich 1991 EC 52f37 09a 10932 Ecya [Astigi] Hispania (Baetica) SIP Conventus Capital 69 117? Ponsich 1991 EC 52B7 09b 10933 Ecija [Astigi] Hispama (Baetica) SIP 69 117? Ponsich 1991 EC 5207 09c 13735 El Judio Hispania (Baetica) CAS Conventus Capital Villa and Oil Processing Facility 214 224 Ponsich 1974 LR, l49f78C2 13737 El Judio Hispama (Baetica) CAS Villa and Oil Processing Facility 214 224 Ponsich 1974 LR, l49f78C4 12436 Palma del Rio Hispania (Baetica) QMS Vicus 175 199 Chic 1985 p 044 415 21231 Penaflor [Celti] Hispania (Baetica) LIT [LIT] Municipium 150 284 Lopez Mun 2002 p 9 2 21235 Penaflor [Celti] Hispania (Baetica) MIM [MIM] Municipium 50 70/145 161 Lopez Mun 2002 p 10 2 21229 Penaflor [Celti] Hispania (Baetica) QAEO [Q (AE) O] Municipium 125 175 Lopez Mun 2002 p 8 2 12536 Santiponce [Italica] Hispania (Baetica) DATZCOL Mumcipium/Colonia 145 161 Chic 1985 p 107 1022 12532 Santiponce [Italica] Hispania (Baetica) ILFT Municipium/Colonia 220 224 Chic 1985 p 107 1018 13164 Santiponce [Italica] Hispania (Baetica) MAR Mumcipium/Colonia 95 199 Bonsor 1931 373 11148 Villa Clara Hispania (Baetica) PORCPR Villa 1 99 (c 70) Ponsich 1979 CA 076fI2 1 06347 Isla de Cabrera Hispania (Baleares) MAR Island Port 95 199 Bost&al 1992 85 A 30 06321 Isla de Cabrera Hispania (Baleares) POPVLI Island Port 214 224 Bost&al 1992 86 A 82 24008 Alicante [Lucentum] Hispania (Citenor) SEXIRVF Municipium 60 70 Marquez&Molina, 2005 237h 24001 Alicante [Lucentum] Hispania (Citenor) SEXIRVF Municipium 60 70 Marquez&Molina, 2005 237a 24002 Alicante [Lucentum] Hispania (Citenor) SEXIRVF Municipium 60 70 Marquez&Molina, 2005 237b PORTO 24003 Alicante [Lucentum] Hispania (Citenor) SEXIRVF Municipium 60 70 Marquez&Molina, 2005 237c 24004 Alicante [Lucentum] Hispania (Citenor) SEXIRVF Municipium 60 70 Marquez&Molina, 2005 237d 24005 Alicante [Lucentum] Hispania (Citenor) SEXIRVF Municipium 60 70 Marquez&Molina, 2005 237e 24006 Alicante [Lucentum] Hispama (Citenor) SEXIRVF Municipium 60 70 Marquez&Molina, 2005 237f 24007 Alicante [Lucentum] Hispania (Citenor) SEXIRVF Municipium 60 70 Marquez&Molina, 2005 237g 17652 Argentona Hispania (Citenor) MAR [MA (R% INDETERMINATE 95 199 Bemi 1998 004b2 17673 Barcelona [Barcino] Hispania (Citenor) QIMS <QI(M%)/<(As Colonia (Augustus) 175 199 Bemi 1998 039c 17651 Can Jofresa, Terrassa Hispania (Citenor) MAR [MAR] Villa 95 199 Bemi 1998 004bI 17676 Cap de Creus Hispama (Citenor) CMM [CMM] Shipwreck 179 180? Bemi 1998 044 05472 Cap de Creus Hispania (Citenor) POROCODV [(POR)(OC)ODV] Shipwreck 69 79 Pascual 1964 f2 08472 Els Tolegassos Viladamat Hispania (Citenor) CENHISPSAE |CENHAISPS[AAE] Villa 69 117 Casas&NollaBru 1986 89 17502 Empunes [Emponae] Hispania (Citenor) CORBEL CORBEL Municipium 100 300 Almagro 1952 195 05557 Empuries [Emponae] Hispania (Citenor) GANNIRVFTNI [G AANNAIRAVAFIAN"I Municipium 69 117 Bemi 1996 08 17227 Empunes [Emponae] Hispania (Citenor) IIIENNIORIVLSAE [IIIE(n)(n)IORlVLSAE] Municipium 117 161 Garrote&Bemi 1998 04(a) 17483 Empuries [Emponae] Hispania (Citenor) LVTROPHIMI |L V TROPHIM[AI]| Municipium 70 121 Almagro 1952 176 17650 Empuries [Emponae] Hispama (Citenor) MAR [MAR] Municipium 95 199 Bemi 1998 004a 09263 Empuries [Emponae] Hispania (Citenor) SNR [SNR] Municipium 140 180 Castanyer&al 1993 f 15 5 09264 Empuries [Emponae] Hispania (Citenor) SNR [SN(R%) Municipium 140 180 Castanyer&al 1993 f 15 6 12394 Las Animas Hispania (Citenor) MIM Municipium 50 70/145 161 Chic 1985 p039 MIM 12370 Las Animas? Hispama (Citenor) MIM Municipium 50 70/145 161 Chic 1985 p 039 344 12371 Las Animas? Hispania (Citenor) MIM Municipium 50 70/145 161 Chic 1985 p 039 345 23987 Santa Pola [Portus Ilicitanus] Hispania (Citenor) CAS |CAS| Vicus 214 224 Marquez&Molina, 2005 222 25696 Alcacer do Sal 7 Hispania (Lusitama) MAR |M AR| Vicus 95 199 Etienne&Mayet 2004 0064f 21393 Troia Hispania (Lusitama) MAR |MAR| Peninsula 95 199 Dias&Cavaleiro 2001 42 25257 Villa Cardilio Torres Novas Hispania (Lusitama) ALFO |A L F 0 | Villa 130 161 Diogo & Momeiro 1999 V 39 04685 Modena [Mutina] Italia LCH 1LCH Colonia (est 183 BCE) 200 299 Blanc Bijon&al 1998 0896 07203 Ostia [Ostia Antica] ltaha ALFO [ALFO] Municipium/Pon 130 161 Panella 1983 f 03 26467 Ostia [Ostia Antica] Italia CAS |CAS| Municipium/Port 214 224 Etienne&Mayet 2004 0314b 26468 Ostia [Ostia Antica] Italia CAS |CAs((ramus palmae))| Municipium/Port 214 224 Etienne&Mayet 2004 0314d 26469 Ostia [Ostia Antica] Italia CAS |CAS((ramus palmae))| Municipium/Port 214 224 Etienne&Mayel 2004 0314e 07210 Ostia [Ostia Antica] Italia CENHISPSAE [CEN(HI)SPS(AE%) Municipium/Port 69 117 Panella, 1983 f 11 07211 Ostia [Ostia Antica] Italia CENHISPSAE (C%)ENHS(P%)(S%)(AE%) Municipium/Port 69 117 Panella, 1983 f 12 03107 Ostia [Ostia Antica] Italia CLPV Municipium/Port 180 250 CIL XV 2983b i 20286 Ostia [Ostia Antica] Italia CLPV Municipium/Port 180 250 Ostia, I 02 26508 Ostia [Ostia Antica] Italia CONSFC |CONS[FC]| Municipium/Port 200 235 Etienne&Mayet 2004 0353f 26512 Ostia [Ostia Antica] Italia CORBEL CORBEL Municipium/Port 100 300 Euenne&Mayet 2004 0355 25800 Ostia [Ostia Antica] Italia GAVFL {G )AVFL Municipium/Port 235 > Etienne&Mayet 2004 0172b 07213 Ostia [Ostia Antica] Italia IIIENNIORIVLSAE |IIIEnnIO<RJV{LS)AE| Municipium/Port 117 161 Panella, 1983 f 14 Municrpium/Port 150 200 Mumcipium/Port post 209 CD- XV 3030a, 1 |P AARVA| Mumcipium/Port post 209 Etienne&Mayet, 2004 0145c TANP [TA(n)(P%) Municipium/Port 140 190 Panella, 1983 f08 MAR MAR Colonia (Republican/Augustus) 95 199 Blanc Bijon&al 1998 1370 CPC Vicus/Port Roma (Praetonan Fort est 23 CE) 175 225 220 224 Martelh&ali 1982 f74 Roma (Praetonan Fort est 23 CE) 95 199 CIL XV 3143a Roma (Praetonan Fort est 23 CE) 95 199 CD. XV 3020 Roma (Praetonan Fort est 23 CE) 69 117 LydingWill 1983 36 Roma 130 161 CD. XV 297 le Roma 69 117 CD. XV 2774c 26426 Ostia [Ostia Antica] Italia LCM 03272 Ostia [Ostia Antica] Italia PARVA IIIMINICIOR 25767 Ostia [Ostia Antica] Italia PARVA IIIMINICIOR 07207 Ostia [Ostia Antica] Italia 20377 Tortona [Derthona] Porto Azzurro Italia Italia (Elba) 26350 |LCM| Etienne&Mayet, 2004 0252a 02908 Castra Praetona Italia (Roma) CPC ILFT 04026 Castra Praetona Italia (Roma) MAR 03246 Castra Praetona Italia (Roma) MAR 06496 Castra Praetona Italia (Roma) PCAEHER 03043 in Esquihis Italia (Roma) ALFO 01767 in Esquihis Italia (Roma) CALPVRPOT 03189 in Esquihis Italia (Roma) GMMF Roma 180 220 CD. XV 3005 3 03954 in Esquihis Italia (Roma) GRADOS Roma 140 224 CIL XV 3121b 3 02006 in Esquihis Italia (Roma) II1ENNIIVL |IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus palmae))| Roma 117 161 CIL XV 2816a, 3 1 02007 in Esquihis Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL |IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus palmae))| Roma 117 161 CD. XV 2816a, 3 2 02027 in Esquihis Italia (Roma) IIIENNIORIVLSAE |IIIEnnIO<RIV{LS}AE| Roma 117 161 CD. XV 2816d 9 03813 m Esquihis Italia (Roma) IIQQETCF Roma 175 225 CD- XV 3099 2 02895 in Esquihis Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma 220 224 CD- XV 2952a, 4 01073 in Esquihis Italia (Roma) LAP |L((hedera))A((hedera))F| Roma 142 165 CD- XV 2641 01587 in Esquihis Italia (Roma) LCANTP |LC AN A TP| Roma 130 161 CD- XV 2742a, 2 02286 in Esquihis Italia (Roma) LFFV |LFFV Roma 180 193 CD- XV 2844n 15 1 02287 m Esquihis Italia (Roma) LFFV ILFFV Roma 180 193 CD- XV 2844n,15 2 02856 m Esquihis Italia (Roma) LIT Roma 150 284 CD- XV 2947a, 3 04406 in Esquihis Italia (Roma) LVTROPHIMI Roma 70 121 CD- XV 3228a, 2 03260 in Esquihis Italia (Roma) MAVR1 Roma 30 80 CD- XV 3027 02759 in Esquihis Italia (Roma) QIMS Roma 175 199 CD- XV 2934c 4 01765 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) CALPVRNB |CAALAPVARN B( Roma 69 117 CD. XV 2774a, 2 01962 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) CEFP |C E F P((ramus palmae))| Roma 69 117 CD. XV 2804a, 1 03106 m hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) CLPV Roma 180 250 CD. XV 2983b 3 2 03105 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) CLPV Roma 180 250 CD. XV 2983b 3 1 01864 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) CORBEL |CORBEL| Roma 100 300 CD. XV 2790a, 2 1 01865 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) CORBEL ICORBELI Roma 100 300 CD. XV 2790a, 2 2 01866 m hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) CORBEL ICORBELI Roma 100 300 CD. XV 2790a, 2 3 01867 m hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) CORBEL ICORBELI Roma 100 300 CD- XV 2790a, 2 4 01868 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) CORBEL ICORBELI Roma 100 300 CD. XV 2790a, 2 5 01869 in hortis Torlonia ltaha (Roma) CORBEL ICORBELI Roma 100 300 CD. XV 2790a, 2 6 01870 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) CORBEL |CORBEL| Roma 100 300 CD. XV 2790a, 2 7 01871 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) CORBEL |CORBEL| Roma 100 300 CD. XV 2790a, 2 8 01872 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) CORBEL ICORBELI Roma 100 300 CD. XV 2790a, 2 9 03642 m hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) CPC Roma 175 225 CD. XV 3062a, 1 03644 m hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) CPC Roma 1 75 225 CD. XV 3062b 3 01991 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) EFDS |EF D S| Roma 200 299 CD. XV 2813 2 1 01992 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) EFDS |EF D S| Roma 200 299 CD. XV 2813 2 2 03646 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) GPCI Roma 247 252 CD. XV 3062d 5 1 03647 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) GPCI Roma 247 252 CD. XV 3062d 5 2 03649 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) GPCI Roma 247 252 CD. XV 3062e 6 2 03650 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) GPCI Roma 247 252 CD. XV 3062e 6 3 03651 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) GPCI Roma 247 252 CD. XV 3062f 7 02558 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) HISPSAENI Roma 80 140 CD. XV 2914b 1 02559 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) HISPSAEN1 Roma 80 140 CIL XV 2914b 2 02560 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) HISPSAENI Roma 80 140 CIL XV 2914b 3 02561 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) HISPSAENI Roma 80 140 CD. XV 2914b -4 02017 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL Roma 117 161 CD. XV 2816b 5 8 02892 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma 220 224 CD. XV 2952a, 1 9 PSAVITI [PC(AE)(HE)R] |CAALAPVARPOT| CLPV |IIIENNAI IVAL((corona))| CIL XV 2952b 08 02854 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) LIT Roma 150 284 CO. XV 2947a, 2 1 02855 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) LIT Roma 150 284 CIL XV 2947a, 2 2 02868 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) LIT Roma 150 284 CIL XV 2947e 10 2 03094 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) LSELSENC Roma 117 138 OL XV 2981 1 03095 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) LSELSENC Roma 117 138 CE. XV 2981 2 03096 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) LSELSENC Roma 117 138 CIL XV 2981 3 03097 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) LSELSENC Roma 117 138 CO. XV 2981 4 03098 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) LSELSENC Roma 117 138 CIL XV 2981 5 03181 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) PMHPOR Roma 69 96 CIL XV 3004b 03787 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) POPVLI Roma 214 224 CIL XV 3094n 16 2 03788 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) POPVLI Roma 214 224 CIL XV 3094n 16 3 03789 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) POPVLI Roma 214 224 CO. XV 3094n 16 4 03790 m hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) POPVLI Roma 214 224 CIL XV 3094n 16 5 03791 m hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) POPVLI Roma 214 224 CIL XV 3094n 16 6 03806 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) POPVLI Roma 214 224 CIL XV 3094p 21 04255 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) PORSEDATI Roma 03766 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) PORTO Roma 214 224 CIL XV 3094d 4 2 03767 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) PORTO Roma 214 224 CIL XV 3094d 5 03768 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) PORTO Roma 214 224 CIL XV 3094e 6 1 03769 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) PORTO Roma 214 224 CIL XV 3094e 6 2 03770 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) PORTO Roma 214 224 CIL XV 3094e 6 3 03771 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) PORTO Roma 214 224 CIL XV 3094e 6 4 03772 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) PORTO Roma 214 224 CIL XV 3094e 6 5 03773 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) PORTO Roma 214 224 CIL XV 3094e 6 6 03879 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) PQHEHE Roma 50 150 CIL XV 3106 1 1 03880 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) PQHEHE Roma 50 150 CIL XV 3106 1 2 01283 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) QAEO Roma 125 175 CIL XV 2685b 2 02758 m hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) QIMS Roma 175 199 CO. XV 2934c 3 2 03560 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) SNR Roma 140 180 CIL XV 3045b 3 1 03561 in hortis Torlonia Italia (Roma) SNR Roma 140 180 CIL XV 3045b 3 2 04407 in villa Ludovisi [Horti Sallustiani] Italia (Roma) LVTROPHIMI Roma 70 121 CIL XV 3228b 3 1 04408 in villa Ludovisi [Horti Sallustiani] Italia (Roma) LVTROPH1MI |LVTROP A H A IM| Roma 70 121 CIL XV 3228b 3 2 01253 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ACHB |ACH[B] Roma (Testaccio) 153 161 CIL XV 2674 17255 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ACHB (A%)CHB] Roma (Testaccio) 153 161 Test 1999 009a ]Q A A EO| OL XV 3172 17256 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ACHB [ACHB] Roma (Testaccio) 153 161 Test 1999 009b 01293 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO |AELFO| & |AELFO<| Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2687b 01 01294 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO |AELFO| & |AELFO<| Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2687b 02 01295 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO |AELFO| & |AELFO<| Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2687b 03 01296 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO |AELFO] & |AELFO<| Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2687b 04 01297 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO |AELFO[ & |AELFO<| Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2687b 05 01298 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO |AELFO| & |AELFO<| Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2687b 06 01299 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO |AELFO| & |AELFO<j Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2687b 07 01300 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO |AELFO| & |AELFO<| Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2687b 08 01301 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO |AELFO| & |AELFO<| Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2687b 09 01302 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO |AELFO| & |AELFO<| Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2687b 10 01303 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO IAELFO] & |AELFO<| Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CE. XV 2687b 11 01304 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO |AELFO| & |AELFO<| Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2687b 12 01305 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO |AELFO| & |AELFO<! Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2687b 13 01306 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO |AELFO| & |AELFO<| Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2687b 14 01307 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO |AELFO| & |AELFO<] Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2687b 15 01308 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO |AELFO| & |AELFO<l Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2687b 16 01309 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO |AELFO| & |AELFO<| Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2687b 17 01310 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO |AELFO| & |AELFO<[ Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2687b 18 01311 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO |AELFO| & |AELFO<| Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CO. XV 2687b 19 01312 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO |AELFO| &. |AELFO<| Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2687b 20 01313 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO |AELFO| & |AELFO<| Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CD. XV 2687b 21 01314 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO |AELFO| & lAELFCKj Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2687b 22 01315 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO |AELFO| & |AELFO<| Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CO. XV 2687b 23 01316 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO |AELFO| & |AELFO<| Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2687b 24 01317 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO |AELFO| & |AELFO<| Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2687b 25 01318 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO |AELFO| & |AELFO<| Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2687b 26 01319 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO |AELFO| & |AELFCK| Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2687b mult 25723 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AELFO |AELFO| Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 Enenne&Mayet, 2004 0096a 03019 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2971a, 05 03015 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2971a, 01 03016 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2971a, 02 03017 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2971a, 03 03018 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CD_ XV 2971a, 04 03020 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2971a, 06 03021 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2971a, 07 03022 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2971a, 08 03023 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CO. XV 2971a, 09 03024 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2971a, 10 03025 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2971a, 11 03026 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2971a, 12 03027 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2971a, mult 03028 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2971b 01 03029 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2971b 02 03030 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2971b 03 03031 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CO. XV 2971b 04 03032 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2971b 05 03033 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2971b 06 03034 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2971b 07 03035 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2971b 08 03036 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2971b 09 03037 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CD, XV 2971b 10 03038 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2971c 03039 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CO. XV 2971 d, 1 03040 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2971d, 2 03041 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CO. XV 2971d 3 03042 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2971d 4 03044 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 297If 03045 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2971g 17276 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO [A L F O] Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 Test 1999 021a 17277 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO [A L FO) Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 Test 1999 021b 17278 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO [(AL)FO] Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 Test 1999 021c 17279 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ALFO (A%L%)FO] Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 Test 1999 02Id 03845 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AQFVA Roma (Testaccio) 160 161 CIL XV 3102a, 1 03846 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AQFVA Roma (Testaccio) 160 161 CIL XV 3102a, 2 03847 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AQFVA [ (Q%)FVA] Roma (Testaccio) 160 161 CIL XV 3102b 05998 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AQFVA +(P/o)VA] Roma (Testaccio) 160 161 Test 1994 305b 06002 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AQFVA [AQFVA+ Roma (Testaccio) 160 161 Test 1994 305c 06022 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AQFVA [A(Q~ )FVA] Roma (Testaccio) 160 161 Test 1994 161 305a 17294 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AQFVA AQ(P/„)VA] Roma (Testaccio) 160 161 Test 1999 026a 17295 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AQFVA (A%)QFV Roma (Testaccio) 160 161 Test 1999 026al Tesi 1999 026b 17296 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) AQFVA [AQ(F%)+ Roma (Testaccio) 160 161 01763 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CALPVRNB |CA"LAPVARN B| Roma (Testaccio) 69 117 CIL XV 2774a, 1 1 01764 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CALPVRNB |CAALAPVARN B| Roma (Testaccio) 69 117 CIL XV 2774a, 1 2 01391 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CAPF C AAP F| Roma (Testaccio) 142 180 CIL XV 2705 01799 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CAS |CAS| Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 CIL XV 2777a, 1 1 01800 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CAS |CAS| Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 CIL XV 2777a, I 2 01801 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CAS Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 CIL XV 2777a, 1 3 01802 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CAS |CAS| |CAS| Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 CIL XV 2777a, I 4 01803 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CAS |CAS| Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 CIL XV 2777a, 1 5 01804 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CAS 214 224 CO. XV 2777a, 1 6 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CAS |CAS| |CAS| Roma (Testaccio) 01805 Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 CO. XV 2777a, 1 7 01806 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CAS |CAS((ramus palmae))] Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 CIL XV 2777b 2 1 01807 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CAS |CAS((ramus palmae))| Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 CIL XV 2777b 2 2 05781 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CAS [CAS] Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 1994 227b 05933 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CAS [C AS ( ' ) Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 1994 227c 05962 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CAS [(C%)+ Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 1994 227d 05963 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CAS [CAS( >)] • Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Remesal 1977 78 07a 15111 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CAS [CAS Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 2001 439a 15112 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CAS [CAS] Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 2001 439al 15113 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CAS [C(A%)(S%) Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 2001 439a2 15114 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CAS (C%)AS(palma) Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 2001 439b 15115 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CAS [CAS(palma) Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 2001 439c 15116 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CAS [CA Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 2001 439d 26466 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CAS |CAS| Roma (Testaccio) Etienne&Mayet 2004 0314a 01963 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CEFP CEFP| Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 69 117 18328 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CEFP [CEFP] Roma (Testaccio) 69 117 Test 2003 874a 18329 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CEFP [CEFP] Roma (Testaccio) 69 117 Test 2003 874b 18330 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CEFP [CEFP] Roma (Testaccio) 69 117 Test 2003 874c 18331 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CEFP [C (E%)F("P")] Roma (Testaccio) 69 117 Test 2003 874d 01810 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CENHISPSAE |CENH"ISPSA"E| Roma (Testaccio) 69 117 CIL XV 2780 1 01811 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CENHISPSAE |CENHAISPSAAE| Roma (Testaccio) 69 117 CIL XV 2780 2 02804 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CIS Roma (Testaccio) 150 210 CIL XV 2942a, 1 02805 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CIS Roma (Testaccio) 150 210 CIL XV 2942b 2 03103 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CLPV Roma (Testaccio) 180 250 CIL XV 2983b 2 1 03104 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CLPV Roma (Testaccio) 180 250 CIL XV 2983b 2 2 25973 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CLPV Test 2007 575a 01845 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CONSFC 01846 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CONSFC 01847 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) 01848 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) 01849 Monte Testaccio 01850 |CLPV((hedera))j CIL XV 2804b 2 Roma (Testaccio) 180 250 Roma (Testaccio) 200 235 CIL XV 2788a, 1 ICONS FC| Roma (Testaccio) 200 235 CIL XV 2788b 2 CONSFC ICONSFQ Roma (Testaccio) 200 235 CIL XV 2788c 3 1 CONSFC |CONSFC| Roma (Testaccio) 200 235 CIL XV 2788c 3 2 Italia (Roma) CONSFC |CONSFC| Roma (Testaccio) 200 235 CIL XV 2788c 3 3 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CONSFC ICONSFQ Roma (Testaccio) 200 235 CIL XV 2788c 3 4 01851 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CONSFC ]CONSFC| Roma (Testaccio) 200 235 CIL XV 2788c 3 5 01852 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CONSFC |CONSFC| Roma (Testaccio) 200 235 CIL XV 2788c 3 mult 01853 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CONSFC ICONSFQ Roma (Testaccio) 200 235 CIL XV 2788c 4 1 01854 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CONSFC ICONSFQ Roma (Testaccio) 200 235 CIL XV 2788c 4 2 01855 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CONSFC ICONSFQ Roma (Testaccio) 200 235 CIL XV 2788c 5 01856 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CONSFC ICONSFQ Roma (Testaccio) 200 235 CIL XV 2788c 6 1 01857 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CONSFC ICONSFQ Roma (Testaccio) 200 235 CIL XV 2788c 6 2 26504 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CONSFC ICONSFC Roma (Testaccio) 200 235 Etieraie&Mayet 2004 0353a 26505 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CONSFC ICONSFC Roma (Testaccio) 200 235 Etienne&Mayet 2004 0353b 26506 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CONSFC CONSFQ Roma (Testaccio) 200 235 Eoenne&Mayet 2004 0353c 26507 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CONSFC ICONS [FC] Roma (Testaccio) 200 235 Etienne&Mayet 2004 0353e 01859 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CORBEL |CORBEL| Roma (Testaccio) 100 299 CIL XV 2790a, 1 1 01860 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CORBEL |CORBEL| Roma (Testaccio) 100 299 CIL XV 2790a, 1 2 01861 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CORBEL ICORBELI Roma (Testaccio) 100 299 CIL XV 2790a 1 3 01862 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CORBEL ICORBELI Roma (Testaccio) 100 299 CIL XV 2790a, 1-4 01863 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CORBEL ICORBELI Roma (Testaccio) 100 299 CIL XV 2790a, 1 5 25890 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CORBEL CORBEL Roma (Testaccio) 100 299 Test 2007 557a 25891 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CORBEL CORBEL Roma (Testaccio) 100 299 Test 2007 557al 25892 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CORBEL CORBEL Roma (Testaccio) 100 299 Test 2007 557b 25893 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CORBEL CORBEL Roma (Testaccio) 100 299 Test 2007 557c 25894 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CORBEL CORBEL Roma (Testaccio) 100 299 Test 2007 557d 26509 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CORBEL CORBEL] Roma (Testaccio) 100 299 Etienne&Mayet 2004 0355a, 1 26510 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CORBEL CORBEL Roma (Testaccio) 100 299 Etienne&Mayet 2004 0355a, 2 26511 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CORBEL CORBEL Roma (Testaccio) 100 299 Etienne&Mayet 2004 0355a, 3 03643 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CPC Roma (Testaccio) 175 225 CD. XV 3062b 2 25994 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CPC Roma (Testaccio) 175 225 Test 2007 581a 03921 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CRA Roma (Testaccio) 235 > CD. XV 3114a, 1 03922 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CRA Roma (Testaccio) 235 > CD. XV 3114a, 2 03923 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CRA Roma (Testaccio) 235 > CO. XV 3114a, 3 03924 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CRA Roma (Testaccio) 235 > CEL XV 3114b 1 03925 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CRA Roma (Testaccio) 235 > CD. XV 3114b 2 03926 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CRA Roma (Testaccio) 235 > CO. XV 3114b 3 03927 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CRA Roma (Testaccio) 235 > CIL XV 3114b 4 03928 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CRA Roma (Testaccio) 235 > CIL XV 3114b 5 03929 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CRA Roma (Testaccio) 235 > CD- XV 3114b 6 03930 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CRA Roma (Testaccio) 235 > CIL XV 3114b 7 03931 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) CRA Roma (Testaccio) 235 CD, XV 3114b 8 05488 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) DATZCOL Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CD. XV 2715a, 1 42 05770 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) DATZCOL Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 Test 1994 233a 02568 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) DIA Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2918a, 1 01 02569 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) DIA Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CD. XV 2918a, 1 02 02570 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) DIA Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2918a, 1 03 |CPC((ramus palmae))| [D(AT)ZCOL] > 02571 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) DIA Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CD. XV 2918a, I 04 02572 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) DIA Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2918a 1 05 02573 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) DIA Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2918a, 1 06 02574 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) DIA Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2918a, 1 07 02575 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) DIA Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2918a, 1 08 02576 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) DIA Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2918a, 1 09 02577 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) DIA Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2918a, 1 10 02578 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) DIA Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2918a 1 11 02579 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) DIA Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 2918a, 1 mult 02580 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) DIA Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CD, XV 2918b 2 1 02581 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) DIA Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CD. XV 2918b 2 2 02582 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) DIA Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CD. XV 2918b 2 3 01987 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) EFDS |EF D S| Roma (Testaccio) 200 299 CD. XV 2813 1 1 01988 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) EFDS |EF D S| Roma (Testaccio) 200 299 CD. XV 2813 1 2 01989 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) EFDS |EF D S] Roma (Testaccio) 200 299 CD. XV 2813 13 01990 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) EFDS |EF D S] Roma (Testaccio) 200 299 CD. XV 2813 14 01071 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GAF |GAF| Roma (Testaccio) 145 224 CD. XV 2640 1 01072 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GAF |GAF| Roma (Testaccio) 145 224 CD. XV 2640 2 15090 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GAF [GA Roma (Testaccio) 145 224 Test 2001 435a 01240 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GAVFL |G AVFL| Roma (Testaccio) 235 > CD. XV 2672 1 01 01241 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GAVFL |G AVFL| Roma (Testaccio) 235 > CD. XV 2672 1 02 01242 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GAVFL |G AVFL| Roma (Testaccio) 235 > CD. XV 2672 1 03 01243 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GAVFL jG AVFL| Roma (Testaccio) 235 > CD. XV 2672 1 04 01244 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GAVFL |G AVFL| Roma (Testaccio) 235 > CIL XV 2672 1 05 01245 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GAVFL |G AVFL| Roma (Testaccio) 235 > CD. XV 2672 1 06 01246 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GAVFL |G AVFL| Roma (Testaccio) 235 > CD. XV 2672 1 07 01247 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GAVFL |G AVFL| Roma (Testaccio) 235 > CIL XV 2672 1 08 01248 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GAVFL |G AVFL| Roma (Testaccio) 235 > CIL XV 2672 2 01249 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GAVFL |G AVFL| Roma (Testaccio) 235 > CIL XV 2672 3 01250 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GAVFL |G AVFL| Roma (Testaccio) 235 > CIL XV 2672 4 25849 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GAVFL GAVFL Roma (Testaccio) 235 > Test 2007 551a 25850 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GAVFL Roma (Testaccio) 235-> Test 2007 551b 03184 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GMMF Roma (Testaccio) 180 220 CTL XV 3005 1 1 03185 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GMMF Roma (Testaccio) 180 220 CIL XV 3005 1 2 03186 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GMMF Roma (Testaccio) 180 220 CIL XV 3005 1 3 03187 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GMMF Roma (Testaccio) 180 220 CD. XV 3005 1 4 03188 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GMMF Roma (Testaccio) 180 220 CIL XV 3005 2 03190 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GMMF Roma (Testaccio) 180 220 CD. XV 3005 4 05999 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GPC Roma (Testaccio) 247 252 Test 1994 295a 03648 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GPCI Roma (Testaccio) 247 252 CIL XV 3062e 6 1 03942 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GRADOS Roma (Testaccio) 140 224 CIL XV 3121a, 1 03943 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GRADOS Roma (Testaccio) 140 224 CIL XV 3121b 2 01 03944 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GRADOS Roma (Testaccio) 140 224 CIL XV 3121b 2 02 03945 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GRADOS Roma (Testaccio) 140 224 CIL XV 3121b 2 03 03946 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GRADOS Roma (Testaccio) 140 224 CIL XV 3121b 2 04 GAVFL [G P (C%)] 03947 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GRADOS Roma (Testaccio) 140 224 CIL XV 3121b 2 05 03948 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GRADOS Roma (Testaccio) 140 224 CIL XV 3121b 2 06 03949 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GRADOS Roma (Testaccio) 140 224 CIL XV 3121b 2 07 03950 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GRADOS Roma (Testaccio) 140 224 CIL XV 3121b 2 08 03951 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GRADOS Roma (Testaccio) 140 224 CIL XV 3121b 2 09 03952 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GRADOS Roma (Testaccio) 140 224 CIL XV 3121b 2 10 03953 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GRADOS Roma (Testaccio) 140 224 CIL XV 3121b 2 mult 03955 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GRADOS Roma (Testaccio) 140 224 CIL XV 3121c 4 05819 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GRADOS [<G%)RA(D%)(0%)S] Roma (Testaccio) 140 224 Test 1994 307c 05820 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GRADOS [GRADOS] Roma (Testaccio) 140 224 Test 1994 307b 05857 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GRADOS [GRADOS] Roma (Testaccio) 140 224 Test 1994 307a 06575 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GRADOS GRADOS Roma (Testaccio) 140 224 Astrom 1952 31 15332 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GRADOS [G(RA)DOS] bis impressum est Roma (Testaccio) 140 224 Test 2001 508a 15333 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GRADOS [GRADOS Roma (Testaccio) 140 224 Test 2001 508b 15334 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GRADOS [G(RA)(D%) bis impressum est Roma (Testaccio) 140 224 Test 2001 508c 26005 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) GRADOS [G]RADO[S] Roma (Testaccio) 140 224 Test 2007 587a 01995 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) 1I1ENNIIVL |IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus palmae))| Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 CIL XV 2816a, 1 01 01996 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL |IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus palmae))| Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 CIL XV 2816a, 1 02 01997 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL |IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus palmae))| Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 CIL XV 2816a, 1 03 01998 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL |IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus palmae))| Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 CIL XV 2816a, 1 04 01999 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL |IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus palmae))| Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 CIL XV 2816a, 1 05 02000 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL |IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus palmae))| Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 CIL XV 2816a, 1 06 02001 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL |IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus palmae))| Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 CIL XV 2816a, I 07 02002 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL |IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus palmae))| Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 CIL XV 2816a, 1 08 02003 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL |IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus palmae))| Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 CIL XV 2816a, 1 09 02004 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL |IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus palmae))| Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 CIL XV 2816a, 1 mult 02005 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL |IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus palmae))| Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 CIL XV 2816a, 2 02009 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL |IIIENNAI IVAL((corona))| Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 CIL XV 2816b 5 1 02010 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNITVL |IIIENNAI IVAL((corona))| Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 CIL XV 2816b 5 2 02011 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL |IIIENNAI IVAL((corona))| Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 CIL XV 2816b 5 3 02013 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL |IIIENNAI IVAL((corona))| Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 CD. XV 2816b 5 4 02014 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL |IIIENNAI IVAL((corona))| Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 CIL XV 2816b 5 5 02015 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL |1IIENNAI IVAL((corona))| Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 CIL XV 2816b 5 6 02016 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL |IIIENNAI IVAL((corona))| Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 CIL XV 2816b 5 7 02018 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL |IIIENNAI IVAL((corona))| Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 CIL XV 2816b 6 18332 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL [(I%)(I%)(I%)(E%XN%)(NI%)(VL)(palma) Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 Test 2003 875a 18333 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL [(I%)(I%)(I%)(E%)N(NI)I(VL)(palma) Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 Test 2003 875b 18334 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL [+(N%)(NI)I(VL)(palma) Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 Test 2003 875c 18335 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL [IIIEN(NI%)(I%)(VL%)(corona) Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 Test 2003 875d 18336 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL (l%)(I%)ENN(l%)(VL%)(corona) Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 Test 2003 875e 18337 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL (VL)fcorona)] Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 Test 2003 875f 18338 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL [(r/o)(I%)(I%)(E%)(N%)(N%)(I°/)(VL)(corona%) Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 Test 2003 875g 18339 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNHVL [+(E%)(N%)N(I%)V(L%)(corona%)] Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 Test 2003 875h 18340 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL [1II(E%)N(N%) Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 Test 2003 875j 18341 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 Test 2003 875k 02020 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) II1ENNIORIVLSAE [III E(N%) |HIEnnIO<RIV(LS)AE| Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 CO. XV 2816d 8 1 02021 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIORIVLSAE ]IIIEnnIO<RIV{LS)AE| Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 CD- XV 2816d 8 2 02022 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IHENNIORIVLSAE |IIIEnnIO<RIV{LS}AE| Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 CIL XV 2816d,8 3 02023 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIORIVLSAE |IHEnnIO<RTV{LS}AE| Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 CIL XV 2816d 8-4 02024 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIORIVLSAE |IIIEnnIO<RIV{LS)AE| Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 CIL XV 2816d 8 5 02025 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIORIVLSAE |IIIEnnIO<RIV{LS)AE| Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 CIL XV 2816d 8 6 02026 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIORIVLSAE |IIIEnnIO<RIV{LS}AE| Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 CIL XV 2816d,8 7 18342 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIORIVLSAE [IIIEN(NI%)ORIVLSA(E%)] Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 Test 2003 8751 18343 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIORIVLSAE 117 161 Test 2003 875m Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIIENNIORIVLSAE +(I%)(I%)(I%)( ?)N(IO)(RI)VLSAE] [1(1%) (N%)(N%)(I%) (S%)(A%) Roma (Testaccio) 18344 Roma (Testaccio) 117 161 Test 2003 875ml 03815 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) IIQQETCF Roma (Testaccio) 175 225 CD. XV 3099 1 05977 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 Test 1994 034 276a 02884 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 CIL XV 2952a, 1 1 02885 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 CIL XV 2952a, 1 2 CIL XV 2952a, 1 3 [(I%)LF(T%) 02886 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 02887 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 CIL XV 2952a, 1 4 02888 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 CO. XV 2952a, 1 5 02889 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 CIL XV 2952a, 1 6 02890 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 CIL XV 2952a, 1 7 02891 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 CO. XV 2952a, 1 8 02896 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 CIL XV 2952a, 5 02897 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 CIL XV 2952a, 6 02898 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 CIL XV 2952b 07 01 02899 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 CIL XV 2952b 07 02 02900 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 CIL XV 2952b 07 03 02901 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 CO. XV 2952b 07 04 02902 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 CIL XV 2952b 07 05 02903 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 CIL XV 2952b 07 06 02904 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 CIL XV 2952b 07 07 02905 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 CIL XV 2952b 07 08 02906 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 CIL XV 2952b 07 09 02907 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 CIL XV 2952b 07 10 02909 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 CIL XV 2952b 09 02910 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 CIL XV 2952b 10 05928 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 Test 1994 276c 05974 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT [irL*)F(T%)] Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 Test 1994 276b 15220 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT [ILFT] Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 Tesi 2001 478a [ILFT] 15221 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT [ILFT] Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 Tesi 2001 478b 15222 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT [LFT] Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 Test 2001 478b 1 15223 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT [ILFT] Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 Test 2001 478c 15224 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT (I%)(L%)F(T%) Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 Test 2001 478d 15225 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 Test 2001 478dl 15226 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT (]%)LF(T%) LFT] Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 Test 2001 478e 15227 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT [LF(T%>] Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 Tesi 2001 478f 18400 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) ILFT (IL(hedera)F Roma (Testaccio) 220 224 Test 2003 888a 01584 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCANTP |LC ANATP| Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2742a, I 1 01585 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCANTP 1LC AN A TP| Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2742a, 1 2 01586 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCANTP ]LC A N T P | Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2742a, 1 3 01588 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCANTP |LCA"NATP| Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2742b 3 1 01589 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCANTP [LCA A NTP( Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2742b 3 2 01590 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCANTP |LCAANATP| Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 CIL XV 2742b 3 3 01591 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCANTP |LCAANATP| Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 Cn, XV 2742b 3 4 01592 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCANTP |LCAANATP| Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 Cn. XV 2742b 3 5 01593 VIonte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCANTP |LCAANATP| Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 Cn. XV 2742b 3 6 17253 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCANTP [LCA(NT)P] Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 Test 1999 008a 17254 VIonte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCANTP [LCA(NT)P] Roma (Testaccio) 130 161 Test 1999 008b 01621 VIonte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCH |LCH| Roma (Testaccio) 200 299 Ctt. XV 2748a, 1 1 01622 VIonte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCH |LCH| Roma (Testaccio) 200 299 CE. XV 2748a, 1 2 01623 VIonte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCH |LCH| Roma (Testaccio) 200 299 CD. XV 2748a, 1 3 01624 VIonte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCH |LCH| Roma (Testaccio) 200 299 CE. XV 2748a, 1 4 01625 VIonte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCH |LCH| Roma (Testaccio) 200 299 CIL XV 2748a, 1 5 01627 VIonte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCHE |LCHE| Roma (Testaccio) 200 299 CIL XV 2748b 3 1 01628 VIonte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCHE |LCHE| Roma (Testaccio) 200 299 CIL XV 2748b 3 2 01629 VIonte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCHE |LCHE| Roma (Testaccio) 200 299 CIL XV 2748b 3 3 01630 VIonte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCHE |LCHE| Roma (Testaccio) 200 299 CIL XV 2748b 3 4 01631 VIonte Testaccio ltaha (Roma) LCHE |LCHE| Roma (Testaccio) 200 299 Cn. XV 2748b 3 5 01632 VIonte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCHE |LCHE| Roma (Testaccio) 200 299 Cn. XV 2748b 3 6 01633 VIonte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCHE |LCHE| Roma (Testaccio) 200 299 CIL XV 2748b 4 05992 VIonte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCHE [LCH(E%)] Roma (Testaccio) 200 299 Test 1994 242a 06556 VIonte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCHE [L]CHE Roma (Testaccio) 200 299 Astrom 1952 12 26419 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCHE ILCHEj Roma (Testaccio) 200 299 Etienne&Mayet 2004 0240b 01674 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCM |LCM| Roma (Testaccio) 150 200 CIL XV 2754a, 1 06 01669 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCM |LCM| Roma (Testaccio) 150 200 Ctt. XV 2754a, 1 01 01670 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCM |LCM| Roma (Testaccio) 150 200 Ctt. XV 2754a, 1 02 01671 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCM jLCM| Roma (Testaccio) 150 200 Ctt. XV 2754a, 1 03 01672 Monte Testaccio ltaha (Roma) LCM |LCM| Roma (Testaccio) 150 200 Cn. XV 2754a, 1 04 01673 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCM |LCM| Roma (Testaccio) 150 200 Cn. XV 2754a, 1 05 01675 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCM |LCM| Roma (Testaccio) 150 200 Ctt. XV 2754a, 1 07 01676 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCM |LCMj Roma (Testaccio) 150 200 Ctt. XV 2754a, 1 08 01677 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCM |LCMj Roma (Testaccio) 150 200 Cn. XV 2754a, 1 09 01678 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCM |LCM| Roma (Testaccio) 150 200 Cn. XV 2754a, 1 10 01679 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCM |LCM| Roma (Testaccio) 150 200 CIL XV 2754a, 1 11 01680 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCM |LCM| Roma (Testaccio) 150 200 Cn. XV 2754a, 1 mult 01681 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCM |LCM| Roma (Testaccio) 150 200 Cn. XV 2754b 2 18315 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCM [LCM] Roma (Testaccio) 150 200 Test 2003 871a 18316 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCM [(L%)(C%)M] Roma (Testaccio) 150 200 Test 2003 871b 26425 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCM |LCM| Roma (Testaccio) 150 200 Etienne&Mayet 2004 0252b 01682 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCMY |LCMAY| Roma (Testaccio) 140 190 CIL XV 2755 1 01 01683 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCMY |LCMAY| Roma (Testaccio) 140 190 Cn. XV 2755 1 02 01684 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCMY |LCMAY| Roma (Testaccio) 140 190 Cn. XV 2755 1 03 01685 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCMY |LCMAY| Roma (Testaccio) 140 190 Ctt. XV 2755 1 04 01686 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCMY |LCMAY| Roma (Testaccio) 140 190 Ctt. XV 2755 1 05 01687 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCMY |LCMAYj Roma (Testaccio) 140 190 Ctt. XV 2755 1 06 01688 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCMY |LCMAY| Roma (Testaccio) 140 190 Ctt. XV 2755 1 07 01689 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCMY |LCMAYj Roma (Testaccio) 140 190 Ctt. XV 2755 1 08 01690 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCMY |LCMAY| Roma (Testaccio) 140 190 Ctt. XV 2755 I 09 01691 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCMY jLCMAY| Roma (Testaccio) 140 190 Ctt. XV 2755 1 10 01692 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCMY |LCMAY| Roma (Testaccio) 140 190 Ctt. XV 2755 1 11 01693 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCMY |LCMAY| Roma (Testaccio) 140 190 Ctt. XV 2755 1 12 01694 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCMY |LCMAY| Roma (Testaccio) 140 190 Ctt. XV 2755 1 13 01695 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCMY ]LCMAY| Roma (Testaccio) 140 190 Ctt. XV 2755 1 14 01696 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCMY |LCMAY| Roma (Testaccio) 140 190 CO. XV 2755 1 15 01697 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCMY |LCMAY| Roma (Testaccio) 140 190 Ctt. XV 2755 I 16 01698 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCMY |LCMAY| Roma (Testaccio) 140 190 Ctt. XV 2755 1 17 01699 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCMY |LCMAY| Roma (Testaccio) 140 190 Ctt. XV 2755 1 18 01700 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCMY |LCMAY[ Roma (Testaccio) 140 190 CIL XV 2755 1 mult 01702 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCMY |LCMAY| Roma (Testaccio) 140 190 CIL XV 2755 3 01703 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCMY |LCMAY| Roma (Testaccio) 140 190 CIL XV 2755 4 1 01704 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCMY |LCMAYj Roma (Testaccio) 140 190 CIL XV 2755 4 2 26427 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCMY |LCMAY| Roma (Testaccio) 140 190 Etienne&Mayet 2004 0253a 26428 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LCMY |LCM A Y| Roma (Testaccio) 140 190 Etienne&Mayet, 2004 0253d 02284 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LFFV |LF FV| Roma (Testaccio) 180 193 CIL XV 28441 13 02285 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LFFV [L]FFV| Roma (Testaccio) 180 193 CIL XV 2844m 14 02841 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CIL XV 2947a, I 01 02842 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CIL XV 2947a, 1 02 02843 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CIL XV 2947a, 1 03 02844 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CIL XV 2947a, 1 04 02845 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CIL XV 2947a, 1 05 02846 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CIL XV 2947a, 1 06 02847 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CIL XV 2947a, 1 07 02848 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CIL XV 2947a, 1 08 02849 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CIL XV 2947a, 1 09 02850 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CIL XV 2947a, 1 10 02851 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CIL XV 2947a, 1 11 02852 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CIL XV 2947a, 1 12 02853 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CIL XV 2947a, 1 mult 02857 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CIL XV 2947a, 4 02858 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CIL XV 2947b 5 1 02859 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CO. XV 2947b 5 2 02860 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CO. XV 2947b 5 3 02861 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CO. XV 2947b 5 4 02862 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CO. XV 2947b 5 5 02863 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CO. XV 2947c 6 02864 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CD. XV 2947c 7 02865 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CIL XV 2947d 8 02866 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CIL XV 2947d 9 02867 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CIL XV 2947e 10 1 02870 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CIL XV 2947e 12 02871 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CIL XV 2947f 13 1 02872 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CIL XV 2947f 02873 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CIL XV 2947f 13 3 02874 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CIL XV 2947f 13 4 02875 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CIL XV 2947f 13 5 02876 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CIL XV 2947f 13 6 02877 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 CIL XV 2947f 13 7 25236 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LIT LIT Roma (Testaccio) 150 284 Rodriguez Almeida, 1977 p236 2 [LSLP] Roma (Testaccio) 98 138 Test 2003 904a Roma (Testaccio) 70 121 CIL XV 3228b 5 Roma (Testaccio) 50 70/145 161 Rodriguez Almeida, 1977 f23 2 18438 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LSLP 04410 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) LVTROPHIMI 25228 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) MIM 02733 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) MIM Roma (Testaccio) 50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, 1 01 02734 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) MIM Roma (Testaccio) 50 70/145 161 CO, XV 2933a, 1 02 02735 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) MIM Roma (Testaccio) 50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, 1 03 02736 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) MIM Roma (Testaccio) 50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, I 04 02737 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) MIM Roma (Testaccio) 50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, 1 05 02738 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) MIM Roma (Testaccio) 50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, 1 06 02739 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) MIM Roma (Testaccio) 50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, 1 07 02740 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) MIM Roma (Testaccio) 50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a 1 08 02741 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) MIM Roma (Testaccio) 50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, 1 09 02742 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) MIM Roma (Testaccio) 50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, 1 10 02743 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) MIM Roma (Testaccio) 50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, 1 11 02744 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) MIM Roma (Testaccio) 50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, 1 12 |{M}I{M) 02745 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) MIM Roma (Testaccio) 50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, 1 13 02746 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) MIM Roma (Testaccio) 02747 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) MIM Roma (Testaccio) 50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, 1 14 50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, 1 15 02748 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) MIM Roma (Testaccio) 02750 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) MIM Roma (Testaccio) 50 70/145 161 Ctt. XV 2933 a, 1 mult 50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933b 3 1 02751 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) MIM Roma (Testaccio) 02752 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) MIM Roma (Testaccio) 50 70/145 161 Ctt. XV 2933b 3 2 50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933c 4 1 02753 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) MIM Roma (Testaccio) 50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933c 4 2 06565 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) MIM Roma (Testaccio) 04090 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) MSPO Roma (Testaccio) 50 70/145 161 Astrom 1952 21 CIL XV 3155f 7 MI[M) 18304 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PANRVF [P A+ Roma (Testaccio) 70 145 Test 2003 863b1 18305 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PANRVF [P(ANRV)F] Roma (Testaccio) 70 145 Test 2003 863c 01422 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PARVA |P AARVA| Roma (Testaccio) post 209 CO, XV 2711a, 1 1 01423 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PARVA |P AARVA| Roma (Testaccio) post 209 CO. XV 2711a, I 2 01424 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PARVA |P AARVA| Roma (Testaccio) post 209 CD. XV 2711a, 1 3 01425 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PARVA |P AARVA| Roma (Testaccio) post 209 CIL XV 2711a, 1 4 01426 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PARVA |P AARVA| Roma (Testaccio) post 209 CO. XV 2711a, 1 5 01427 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PARVA |P AARVA| Roma (Testaccio) post 209 CIL XV 2711a, 1 6 01428 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PARVA |P AARVA| Roma (Testaccio) post 209 CIL XV 2711a, 1 7 01429 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PARVA |P AARVA| Roma (Testaccio) post 209 CE. XV 2711b 2 04952 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PARVA Roma (Testaccio) post 209 CIL XV 2711a, 1 8 25766 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PARVA |P AARVA| Roma (Testaccio) post 209 Etienne&Mayet, 2004 0145b 01752 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PCAEHER jPCAAEHAER| Roma (Testaccio) 69 117 CIL XV 2770 1 01753 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PCAEHER |PCAAEHAER| Roma (Testaccio) 69 117 CIL XV 2770 2 18317 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PCAEHER [P(CAE)(HE)R] Roma (Testaccio) 69 117 Test 2003 872a 18318 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PCAEHER [PC(AE)(HE)(R%)] Roma (Testaccio) 69 117 Test 2003 872b 18319 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PCAEHER [PC(AE)(HE)R] Roma (Testaccio) 69 117 Test 2003 872c 18320 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PCAEHER [(P%)(C%)(AE%)(HE%)(R%)] Roma (Testaccio) 69 117 Test 2003 872d 05969 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI PORTO [POPVLI] Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 1994 300b 15306 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI PORTO [POPVLI Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 2001 500b 15310 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI PORTO [POPVL(I%) Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 2001 500f 15311 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI PORTO (P%)0(P%)V(L%) ] Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 2001 500g 03784 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 CO. XV 3094m 14 03785 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 CIL XV 3094m 15 03786 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 CIL XV 3094n 16 1 03792 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 CIL XV 3094n 17 03793 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 CIL XV 3094o 18 01 03794 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 CIL XV 3094o 18 02 03795 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Ctt, XV 3094o 18 03 03796 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 CO. XV 3094o 18 04 03797 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 CIL XV 3094o 18 05 03798 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Ctt, XV 3094o 18 06 03799 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Ctt. XV 3094o 18 07 03800 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 CIL XV 3094o 18 08 03801 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Ctt, XV 3094o 18 09 03803 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Ctt, XV 3094o 18 mult 03804 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Ctt, XV 3094o 19 05801 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI [POP(V%)LI] Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 1994 300e 05828 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI [POPVLI] Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 1994 300a 05844 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI +pv<)>•• + Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 1994 300h 05971 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI [POPVLI] Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 1994 300d 05979 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI [(P%)OPVLI] Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 1994 300c 05987 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI (P%)OP(V%)(L%)(l%)] Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 1994 300g 06007 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI (P%)OPVL(I%)] Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 1994 300f 15305 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI [POPV(LI)] Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 2001 500a Test 2001 500c 15307 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI [[POPV(L%)(I%)] Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 15308 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI [PO(P%)VL+ Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 2001 500d 15309 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) POPVLI OPVL(I%)] Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 2001 500e 03698 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORCPR Roma (Testaccio) 1 99 (c 70) CD- XV 3079 01203 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORLAR |PO<RLAR[ Roma (Testaccio) 50 105 CD. XV 2661 02416 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORLFS |POR L F SI Roma (Testaccio) 40 130 C I XV 2870 1 03621 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORODV Roma (Testaccio) 150 199 CD. XV 3058a, 01 03622 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORODV Roma (Testaccio) 150 199 CIL XV 3058a, 02 03623 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORODV Roma (Testaccio) 150 199 CD- XV 3058a, 03 03624 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORODV Roma (Testaccio) 150 199 CIL XV 3058a, 04 03625 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORODV Roma (Testaccio) 150 199 CIL XV 3058a, 05 03626 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORODV Roma (Testaccio) 150 199 CD- XV 3058a, 06 03627 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORODV Roma (Testaccio) 150 199 CD- XV 3058a, 07 03628 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORODV Roma (Testaccio) 150 199 CD- XV 3058a, mult 03629 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORODV Roma (Testaccio) 150 199 CD- XV 3058b 03630 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORODV Roma (Testaccio) 150 199 CIL XV 3058c 26006 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORPSI PORPSI Roma (Testaccio) 225 275 Test 2007 588a Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 CD- XV 2990 2 (P%)(0%)RTO] Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 1994 035 301d 03117 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORTO LVCID 05929 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORTO PORTO 03765 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORTO Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 CD- XV 3094d 4 1 03774 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORTO Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 CD- XV 3094e 7 I 03775 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORTO Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 CD- XV 3094e 7 2 03776 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORTO Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 CD- XV 3094f 8 03777 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORTO Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 CIL XV 3094g 09 03778 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORTO Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 CD. XV 3094g 10 03779 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORTO Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 CD- XV 3094h 11 03780 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORTO Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 CD- XV 3094i 12 I 03781 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORTO Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 CD- XV 3094i 12 2 05794 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORTO [PO(R%)TO] Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 1994 301a 05852 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORTO (0%)RTO] Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 1994 30 Ig 05957 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORTO [ ORTO] Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 1994 3011 05968 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORTO [PORTO] Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 1994 301b 05972 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORTO [(P%)(0%)RT(0%) Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 1994 30If 05986 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORTO [PORTO] Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 1994 301c 05993 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORTO Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 1994 30lh 06599 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORTO [P]ORTO Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Astrom 1952 55 15312 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORTO [PORTO] Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 2001 soial 15313 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORTO [PORTO] Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 2001 501b 15314 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORTO [PO(R%)TO] Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Tesl 2001 501c 15315 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORTO i(P%)0( A r A )TO] Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 2001 50If 26000 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) PORTO |POR TO| Roma (Testaccio) 214 224 Test 2007 584a 01286 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) QAEOPCOL |QA"EOPCOL| Roma (Testaccio) 125 175 CD, XV 2685d 4 01284 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) QAEOPO |QAAEOPO| Roma (Testaccio) 125 175 CD. XV 2685c 3 1 01285 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) QAEOPO |QAAEOPO| Roma (Testaccio) 125 175 CD- XV 2685c 3 2 18308 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) QAEOPO [Q EOPO] Roma (Testaccio) 125 175 Test 2003 865i 02757 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) QIMS Roma (Testaccio) 175 199 CIL XV 2934c 3 1 03224 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) QMS Roma (Testaccio) 175 199 CIL XV 3015c 4 1 03220 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) QMS Roma (Testaccio) 175 199 CIL XV 3015a 1 1 03221 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) QMS Roma (Testaccio) 175 199 CD. XV 3015a, 1 2 03222 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) QMS Roma (Testaccio) 175 199 CD- XV 3015a 2 03223 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) QMS Roma (Testaccio) 175 199 CD. XV 3015b 3 03225 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) QMS Roma (Testaccio) 175 199 CD- XV 3015c 4 2 03226 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) QMS Roma (Testaccio) 175 199 CD. XV 3015c 4 3 03227 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) QMS Roma (Testaccio) 175 199 CD- XV 3015c 5 24113 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) QMS Roma (Testaccio) 175 199 LydmgWill 1983 48 2 PORT 03521 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CO. XV 3045b 2 12 03520 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn, XV 3045b 2 11 03252 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CIL XV 3045b 2 01 03493 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CIL XV 3045a, 1 01 03494 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn. XV 3045a, 1 02 03495 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn, XV 3045a, 1 03 03496 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn, XV 3045a, 1 04 03497 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn. XV 3045a, 1 05 03498 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn. XV 3045a, 1 06 03499 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn. XV 3045a, 1 07 03500 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CO. XV 3045a, 1 08 03501 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CH. XV 3045a, 1 09 03503 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CH XV 3045a, 1 10 Cn, XV 3045a, 1 11 03503 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 03504 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn. XV 3045a, 1 12 03505 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn. XV 3045a, 1 13 03506 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn. XV 3045a, 1 14 03507 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CIL XV 3045a, 1 15 03508 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn. XV 3045a, 1 16 03509 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn, XV 3045a, 1 17 03510 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CIL XV 3045a, 1 18 03511 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn, XV 3045b 2 02 03512 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn. XV 3045b 2 03 03513 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn. XV 3045b 2 04 03514 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn. XV 3045b 2 05 03515 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn. XV 3045b 2 06 03516 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn, XV 3045b 2 07 03517 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn. XV 3045b 2 08 03518 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn. XV 3045b 2 09 03519 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CIL XV 3045b 2 10 03522 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CIL XV 3045b 2 13 03523 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 C I XV 3045b 2 14 03524 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CD_ XV 3045b 2 15 03525 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn. XV 3045b 2 16 03526 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn. XV 3045b 2 17 03527 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn. XV 3045b 2 18 03528 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn. XV 3045b 2 19 03529 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CIL XV 3045b 2 20 03530 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CIL XV 3045b 2 21 03531 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CD. XV 3045b 2 22 03532 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn. XV 3045b 2 23 03533 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn. XV 3045b 2 24 03534 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CIL XV 3045b 2 25 03535 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CIL XV 3045b 2 26 03536 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CIL XV 3045b 2 27 03537 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CIL XV 3045b 2 28 03538 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CIL XV 3045b 2 29 03539 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CIL XV 3045b 2 30 03540 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn. XV 3045b 2 31 03541 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn. XV 3045b 2 32 03542 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn. XV 3045b 2 33 03543 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn. XV 3045b 2 34 03544 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Cn. XV 3045b 2 35 03545 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CIL XV 3045b 2 36 03546 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CDL XV 3045b 2 37 03547 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CIL XV 3045b 2 38 03548 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CIL XV 3045b 2 39 03549 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CIL XV 3045b 2 40 03550 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CTL XV 3045b 2 41 03551 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CIL XV 3045b 2 42 03552 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CIL XV 3045b 2 43 03553 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CIL XV 3045b 2 44 03554 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CIL XV 3045b 2-45 03555 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 C I XV 3045b 2-46 03556 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CH XV 3045b 2-47 03557 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CO. XV 3045b 2 48 03558 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CIL XV 3045b 2 49 03559 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CIL XV 3045b 2 mull 04758 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 CIL XV 3045a, 1 mult 17282 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR [SNR] Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Test 1999 023a 17283 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR [SNR] Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Test 1999 023b 17284 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR [SNR] Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Test 1999 023c 17285 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR [SNR] Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Test 1999 023d 17286 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR [SNR] Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Test 1999 023e 17287 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR [SNR] Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Test 1999 023f 17288 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNR [SNR] Roma (Testaccio) 140 180 Test 1999 023g 03571 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNRP Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 3045g 9 03573 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNRP Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 30451 11 1 03574 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNRP Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CO. XV 3045i 11 2 03575 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNRP Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 30451 11 3 03576 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNRP Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CO. XV 30451 11 4 03577 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNRP Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 30451 11 5 03578 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) SNRP Roma (Testaccio) 145 161 CIL XV 3045i 11 6 18300 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) TANP Roma (Testaccio) 140 190 Test 2003 861a 04441 Monte Testaccio Italia (Roma) VMFC Roma (Testaccio) 138 161? CIL XV 3246 1 04989 Roma Italia (Roma) CAM Roma 05067 Roma Italia (Roma) DIA Roma 145 161 CIL XV 3443 02008 Roma Italia (Roma) |IIIENNAI IVAL((ramus pataae))| Roma 117 161 CIL XV 2816a, 4 02894 Roma Italia (Roma) IIIENNIIVL ILFT Roma 220 224 CIL XV 2952a, 3 01594 Roma Italia (Roma) LCANTP |LCAANATP| Roma 130 161 CIL XV 2742b 4 01626 Roma Italia (Roma) LCH |LCH| Roma 200 299 CIL XV 2748a, 2 26418 Roma Italia (Roma) LCH |LCH| Roma 200 299 Etienne&Mayet 2004 0239a 01701 Roma Italia (Roma) LCMY |LCMAY| Roma 140 190 CIL XV 2755 2 02869 Roma Italia (Roma) LIT Roma 150 284 CIL XV 2947e 11 04405 Roma Italia (Roma) LVTROPHIMI Roma 70 121 CO. XV 3228a 1 04409 Roma Italia (Roma) LVTROPHIMI Roma 70 121 CIL XV 3228b 4 05123 Roma Italia (Roma) MAR Roma 95 199 CIL XV 3486a 05124 Roma Italia (Roma) MAR Roma 95 199 CIL XV 3486b 05105 Roma Italia (Roma) MIMOPSI Roma 03762 Roma Italia (Roma) POPVLI Roma 50 70/145 161 CIL XV 3470 CIL XV 3094a, 1 214 224 03805 Roma Italia (Roma) POPVLI Roma 214 224 CIL XV 3094o 20 02417 Roma Italia (Roma) PORLFS Roma 40 130 CIL XV 2870 2 03881 Roma Italia (Roma) PQHEHE Roma 50 150 CIL XV 3106 2 02893 Tiber [Tiberis] Italia (Roma) ILFT Roma (River) 220 224 CIL XV 2952a 2 02749 Tiber [Tiberis] Italia (Roma) MIM Roma (River) 03562 Tiber [Tiberis] Italia (Roma) SNR Roma (River) 50 70/145 161 CIL XV 2933a, 2 CIL XV 3045b 4 140 180 04442 Tiber [Tiberis] Italia (Roma) VMFC Roma (River) 138 161? CIL XV 3246 2 26184 Porto Torres [Turns Libyssoms] Italia (Sardinia) MAR MAR Colonia (est Caesar)/Port 95 199 Villedieu 1984 189 25313 San Giovanni di Sims [Tharras] Italia (Sardinia) MIMOPSI |M I MOPSI| Vicus/Port 08885 Ksar Pharnoun [Volublhs] Tingitana CENHISPSAE [CEN(H1)SPS(AE)] Mumcipium 50 70/145 161 Solgiu 1988 amp 40 Mayel 1978 13 095 69 117 [TA (n)P] PORTO |POR L F S| CIL XV 3392 Thouvenot, 1941 p 97 20 08815 Ksar Phamoun [Volubihs] Tingitana I1IENN1IVL [IIIEN(NI) I(VL)(palma) Municipium 117 161 08719 Ksar Phamoun [Volubihs] Tmgitana [II1E(NI)(NI) I(VL)jpalma)] Municipium 117 161 Boube 1973 75 84 09101 Ksar Phamoun [Volubihs] Tingitana II1ENNIVL LSELSENC Municipium 117 138 Zehnacker&Hallt 1965 110 08847 Ksar Phamoun [Volubihs] Tingitana MAR [MAR] Municipium 95 199 Mayet 1978 13 056 08848 Ksar Phamoun [Volubihs] Tingitana MAR [MAR] Municipium 95 199 Mayet 1978 13 057 08849 Ksar Phamoun [Volubihs] Tingitana MAR [MAR] Municipium 95 199 Mayet 1978 I 3 058 18113 Ksar Phamoun [Volubihs] Tingitana MAR [MAR] Municipium 95 199 Pons 2002 Ola 09480 Ksar Phamoun [Volubihs] Tingitana PCAEHER P C(AE) (HER) Municipium 69 117 Palmier 1981 53 08890 Ksar Phamoun [Volubihs] Tingitana SNR [SNR] Municipium 140 180 Mayet 1978 I 3 100 08891 Ksar Phamoun [Volubihs] Tingitana SNRP Municipium 145 161 Thouvenot, 1954 p 132 34 08651 Rabat [Sala] Tmgitana CEFP CEFP] Vicus 69 117 Boube 1973 75 16 08657 Rabat [Sala] Tingitana DATZCOL [DATZCOL] Vicus 145 161 Boube 1973 75 22 08658 Rabat [Sala] Tmgitana EFDS [EFDS] Vicus 200 299 Boube 1973 75 23 08662 Rabat [Sala] Tingitana LCMY [LC(MY)] Vicus 140 190 Boube 1973 75 27 08666 Rabat [Sala] Tmgitana LIT [LIT] Vicus 150 284 Boube 1973 75 31 08668 Rabat [Sala] Tingitana MAEM [MAEM] Vicus 125 150 Boube 1973 75 33 08681 Rabat [Sala] Tingitana PORLFS [POR L F (S<)] Vicus 40 130 Boube 1973 75 46 08991 Sidi Ah ben Ahmed [Thamusida] Tingitana AQFVA Vicus/Port 160 161 Rebuffat&Mano 1977 1295 08809 Sidi Ah ben Ahmed [Thamusida] Tingitana CLPV [CLPV] & [PORTOPOPV] Vicus/Port 180 250 Thouvenot 1954 p 131 01 08834 Sidi All ben Ahmed [Thamusida] Tingitana LIT [LIT] Vicus/Port 08855 Tingitana MIM [MIM] Vicus/Port 08797 Sidi Ah ben Ahmed [Thamusida] Sidi Ah bou Djenoun [Colonia lulia Valentia Banasa] Tmgitana AELFO Colonia (Augustus) Rebuffat&Mano 1977 87 1068 150 284 50 70/145 161 Thouvenot, 1954 p 131 03 Thouvenot 1954 p 127 16 145 161 08811 Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulta Valentia Banasa] Tmgitana DATZCOL Colonia (Augustus) 145 161 Thouvenot 1954 p 128 32 08813 Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulia Valentia Banasa] Tmgitana DIA Colonia (Augustus) 145 161 Thouvenot 1954 p 128 30 08801 Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulia Valentia Banasa] Tmgitana GAF [GAF] Colonia (Augustus) 145 224 Thouvenot 1941 p96 06 08828 Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulia Valentia Banasa] Tmgitana LCMY [LC(MY)] Colonia (Augustus) 140 190 Thouvenot 1941 p 96 08 08829 Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulia Valentia Banasa] Tmgitana LCMY [LC(MY)] Colonia (Augustus) 140 190 Thouvenot 1954 p 129 43 18102 Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulia Valentia Banasa] Tmgitana LCMY (L%)C(MY) Colonia (Augustus) 140 190 Pons 2002 13a 18103 Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulia Valentia Banasa] Tmgitana LCMY [LC(MY)] Colonia (Augustus) 140 190 Pons 2002 13b 08846 Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulia Valentia Banasa] Tingitana MAR [MAR] Colonia (Augustus) 95 199 Thouvenot, 1954 p 13051 08966 Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulia Valentia Banasa] Tingitana MAR Colonia (Augustus) 95 199 Thouvenot, 1954 p 130 50 18114 Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulta Valentia Banasa] Tingitana MAR [MAR] Colonia (Augustus) 95 199 Pons 2002 01b 08853 Sidi Alt bou Djenoun [Colonia Lulia Valentia Banasa] Tingitana MIAPC [MI A PC] Colonia (Augustus) 79 138 Mayet 1978 13 062 09108 Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulia Valentia Banasa] Tingitana MIAPC Colonia (Augustus) 79 138 Thouvenot 1941 p 88 2 08866 Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulia Valentia Banasa] Tmgitana POPVLI [PO PV LI] Colonia (Augustus) 214 224 Thouvenot 1954 p 130 58 08867 Stdi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulia Valentia Banasa] Tingitana PORTO [PORTO] Colonia (Augustus) 214 224 Thouvenot 1954 p 130 59 08876 Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulta Valentia Banasa] Tingitana QFF [QFF] Colonia (Augustus) 69 96 Thouvenot, 1954 p 130 63 18139 Sidi All bou Djenoun [Colonia lulia Valentia Banasa] Tmgitana SNR [SNR] Colonia (Augustus) 140 180 Pons 2002 23b 09091 Tangiers [Tingi] Tmgitana AELFO Colonia 145 161 Ponstch 1970 n i 3 18117 Tangiers [Tingi] Tmgitana PANNIRVF [P(ANNIRV)F Colonia 69 138 Pons 2002 09 27105 Carthage [Carthago] Numidia (Africa) CPC CPC Provincial Capital 175 225 Icard 1935 43 26300 Hammamet [Pupput] Numidia (Africa) CIS CIS Colonia (2nd century) 150 210 Bonifay 2004 f 3 11 06410 Acs Vaspuszta [Ad Statuas] Pannonia LCMY [LC(MY)] Fort (est 98 117CE) 140 190 Gabler&Kelemen 1984 01 07316 Altenburg [Camuntum] Pannonia PMS Fort (est 19BCE 200 350 Blanc Bijon&al 1998 1189 06416 Budapest [Aquincum] Pannonia LCM |PMS| [(L%)CM] Provincial Capital/Fort 150 200 Gabler&Kelemen 1984 08 20702 Rosskopf Pannonia QIMS [QI(M%)/[(AsA) INDETERMINATE 175 199 Callender 1965 f 15 12 26997 Wien Pannonia LCM |LCM| Fort (est 81 96 CE) 150 200 Bezeczky 2005 0S7 07239 Ptuj [Poetovio] Pannonia GMMF Fort (Augustan)/Colonia 180 220 Kelemen, 1990 01 26405 Ptuj [Poetovio] Pannonia GMMF |G M M [ F] Fort (Augustan)/Colonia 180 220 Carre&al 1995 389 20656 Bmgen [Bingium] Raetia LCMY |LCMAYi Fort (est 19BCE 16CE)/Vicus 140 190 Callender 1965 f08 35 12693 Bregenz [Bngantium] Raetia HISPSAENi HISP SAAE[NAI((corona))J Fort (est 19BCE 16CE)/Vicus 80 140 Spitzlberger 1978 31 12675 Bregenz [Bngantium] Raetia LVTROPHIMI |LVTAROPAH[AI]M("I]( Fort (est 19BCE 16CE)/Vicus 70 121 Spitzlberger 1978 13 12679 Bregenz [Bngantium] Raetia MIM |MIM| Fort (est 19BCE 16CE)/Vicus 50 70/145 161 Spitzlberger 1978 17 12964 Bregenz [Bngantium] Raetia SNR |SNR| Fort (est 19BCE 16CE)/Vicus 140 180 Callender 1965 f 17 20 18261 Chur [Curia Raetorum] Raetia SNRP Fort (est 1 st century CE)/Vicus 145 161 Martin Kilcher 1991 06 PORTOPOPV [D(AT)SCOL] 16CE) Fort (2nd century CE)/Vicus 130 161 Remesal 1997 063(3) Fort (est 1 st century CE)/Vicus 50 100 Czysz.2002 07 Fort (est 1 st century CE)/Vicus 80 130 Baudoux 1990 3a, 121b |APH| Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus 98 138 Ehmig 2007 T54 17 PANRVF jP ANRAV F| Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus 70 145 Ehmig 2007 T54 15 Raetia PCAEHER |PCAAEHAER Fort (est pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus 69 117 Ehmig 2007 T53 207 Hufingen Raetia LCM Fort (est pre 83/85 CE) 150 200 Remesal 1997 073(3) 14179 Hufingen Raetia LCMY Fort (est pre 83/85 CE) 140 190 Remesal 1997 073h 14253 Kleinkastell Hainhaus Raetia lHENNIIVL Fort (est 83/85) 117 161 Remesal 1997 098a(l) 09010 Lengnau Raetia LSLP |LSLP((amphora))| INDETERMINATE 98 138 Blanc Bijon&al 1998 1250 20687 Lenzburg Raetia MAR [MAR] Vicus 95 199 Callender 1965 f 14 24 20678 Oberwinterthur [Vitudurum] Raetia PQSB [PQSB] Fort (est 19BCE 16CE)/Vicus 50 70 Callender 1965 f 13 48 20684 Olten Raetia QANTR [Q(ANT)R] Fort (est 19BCE 16CE)/Vicus 41 96 Callender 1965 f 14 13 12700 Regensburg [Castra Regina] Raetia LSLP |L S L P((amphora))| Fort (pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus 98 138 Spitzlberger 1978 bild2 c 14857 Regensburg [Castra Regina] Raetia LSLP [L S L P(amphora) Fort (pre 83/85 CEVVicus 98 138 Remesal 1997 286c 18857 Regensburg [Castra Regina] Raetia LSLP [L S L P(amphora)] Fort (pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus 98 138 Faber 1994 27 12 18853 Regensburg [Castra Regina] Raetia PCAEHER [P(CAE)(HE)] Fort (pre 83/85 CE)/Vicus 69 117 Faber 1994 27 08 20670 Windisch [Vindonissa] Raetia CALPVRPOT [(C%)(ALP)(VR)PO(T%) Fort (est I9BCE 16CE)/Vicus 69 117 Callender 1965 f 13 24 20584 Wmdisch [Vindonissa] Raetia MAVRI |MAVR1| Fort (est 19BCE 16CE)/Vicus 30 80 Callender 1965 fl0 44 20592 Wmdisch [Vindonissa] Raetia MIM |M1M| Fort (est 19BCE 16CE)/Vicus 50 70/145 161 Callender 1965 f l l 18 20593 Windisch [Vindonissa] Raetia MIMOPSI [M]lMOPSI| Fort (est 19BCE 16CE)/Vicus 50 70/145 161 Callender 1965 f l l 19 20594 Windisch [Vindonissa] Raetia MIMOPSI |M1 MOPSI| Fort (est 19BCE 16CE)/Vicus 50 70/145 161 Callender 1965 f l l 20 20677 Windisch [Vindonissa] Raetia PQHEHE [PQ(HE)(HE)] Fort (est 19BCE I6CE)/Vicus 50 150 Callender 1965 f 13 43 20690 Windisch [Vindonissa] Raetia QCFCH 10 C F C H] Fort (est 19BCE 16CE)/Vicus 69 117? Callender 1965 f 14 28 25440 Windisch [Vindonissa] Raetia SISEN |SISAEN| Fort (est 19BCE 16CE)/Vicus 41 55 Callender 1965 f 17 18 06506 Antioch [Antiocheia] Syria GMMF (G%)MMF] Provincial Capital 180 220 LydingWill 1983 46 14124 Faimingen Raetia LCANTP 08552 Gunzburg [Guntia] Raetia LCSOL 08096 Gunzburg [Guntia] Raetta SAENIANS 27753 Hedelberg Raetia APH 27751 Hedelberg Raetia 27743 Hedelberg 14182 [L C SOL] [LC(MY)] OCEANI' Stamps bearing Tituli Picti QMPACS fflfffflftffl! 15400 16607 07444 21470 14526 04407 03019 05977 01674 25228 05929 03224 03521 03520 Balmuildy Carlisle [Luguvahum Carvertiorum] Augst [Augusta Rauracorum] Avenches [Aventicum] Heddernheim [Nida] in villa Ludovisi [Horti Sallustiani] 14124 Monte Testaccio Monte Testaccio Monte Testaccio Monte Testaccio Monte Testaccio Monte Testaccio Monte Testaccio Monte Testaccio Faimingen QnnsniffteDsftBSB Britannia Britannia Germania Superior Germania Superior Germania Superior Italia (Roma) Italia (Roma) Italia (Roma) Italia (Roma) Italia (Roma) Italia (Roma) Italia (Roma) Italia (Roma) Italia (Roma) Raetia asffirafliaffiftEDsfi!) Ste[pS((G3GSG[Kii) &m3mflsBs<®l£wfli LAF |FPPOR| GAVFL [G (AP%) (F%)] |LIT| FPPOR GAVFL GAPF LIT LVTROPHIMI ALFO ILFT LCM MIM PORTO QMS SNR SNR LCANTP [(I%)LF(T%) |LCM| PORTO |{M)I{M) (P%)(0%)RTO] ffiteHtos Fort (est 138-144) Civitas(ofCarvetn)/Fort(est 75 AD) Fort (est 19BC AD 16)/Colonia (Augustus) Civitas(ofHelvetn)/Colonia(est 97 117 AD) Civitas/Fort (pre 83/85) Roma Roma (Testaccio) Roma (Testaccio) Roma (Testaccio) Roma Roma Roma Roma Roma (Testaccio) (Testaccio) (Testaccio) (Testaccio) (Testaccio) Fort (2nd century)/Vicus ffigfe 142 165 200 299 235 > 150-250 150 284 70-121 130-161 220 224 150-200 50 70 or 145 161 214 224 175 199 140 180 140-180 130-161 fflfiriBUfeS " - « XXCVI[—] XCVII Ti Claudi Nobihs CCVVVI R 1 a( - ) VIII CCXVI / Romuh optand(- ) Astigf—) [—]X[—]VIII desiderantur desiderantur Commodo Aug(usti) I(ilio) et L[aterano cos] / R astig( - ) [—">] 1 Aelianum Larcus[u— VI XXCVIII vestigia desiderantur [CXCVIIII] [Or]fito et Pnsco c[os] / ragontanum XXII [ ] / CXCVIII Nab [ - ] 5 Bradua et V[aro cos] / R AA [ ] / Parth[ ] LXXXIII Q Conni Vem[ae] CLXXXXIII Quartaes [ ] XCVII Ti Claudi Nobihs CCVVVI R 1 a( ) VIII CCXVI / Romuh optand( - ) Astigf - ) [fisci rationis parnmo]m / [provinciae Baeticae] R [ - ] / Antonino Au[g(usto) - - ] / [— - ] XXCIII [- — AJudiutons [-- ]I XXCII1 [- — A]udiutons [ -]1 XCVIII fisci rat[ionis patnmoni] / provinc[iae Baeticae] XCVIII fisci rat[ioms patnmoni] / provinc[iae Baeticae] [— ]X[—]VIII desiderantur desiderantur Commodo Aug(usti) f(ilio) et L[aterano cos] / R astigf - ) [ f] / Aelianum Larcus[u- VI XXCVIII vestigia desiderantur [CXCVIIII] [Or]fito et Pnsco c[os) / ragontanum XXII+++[- ]/CXCVIII Nab+[-] 5R [ ] / Antonino Au[g(usto) ]/ [ ] MxtEBjiMJitat&m Carreras&Funan 1998 009 4 Callender 1965 f 13 21 MartinK.il 1987 1458 Meylan Krause 1995 123 Remesal 1997 176f CIL XV 3228b 3-1 CIL XV 2971a -05 Test 1994 034 276a CIL XV 2754a 1 06 Rodnguez-Almeida 1977 f 23 2 Test 1994 035 301d CIL XV 3015c 4-1 CIL XV 3045b 2 12 CIL XV 3045b 2 11 Remesal 1997 063(3) Representativeness of Axati Overall Total Dressel 20 Stamps From Axati Proportion 17063 2591 15% Britannia Gallia Lugdunensis Gallia Narbonensis Gallia Aquitania Hispania Lusitania Hispania Citenor Hispania Baleares Hispania Baetica Mauretania Tmgitana Numidia Africa Aegyptus Syria Achaia Pannonia Raetia Germania Superior Germania Inferior Dalmatia 1953 1159 871 73 13 326 19 3542 252 7 74 1 9 27 202 2061 289 17 264 122 87 20 3 25 2 909 41 2 12 1 1 7 31 295 33 3 14% 11% 10% 27% 23% 8% 11% 26% 16% 29% 16% 100% 11% 26% 15% 14% 11% 18% Italia Monte Testaccio Rome 5723 4196 1240 723 601 103 13% 14% 8%

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