The Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East

["THlo 1. \/\\\\~T l:MPlllES and more Jews were deported. Nebuchadnezzar Neo-Babylonlan appointed governors, but there were more rebellions, which met with further reprisals from Kings 1 NABOPOLASSAR the Babylonians an d in 582- 58 1 BC led to more deportatio ns. At that time Judah may have been 625--605 annexed to the province of Samaria. I Nebuchadnezzar's dealings with the Jews were NEBUCHADNEZZAR II recorded in the Bible, but the details of his rela- tions with other foreign countries arc less certain. 604-562 Elam may h ave been defea ted in 596 BC, the year II before Nebuc hadnezzar put down a rebe llion in I Babylonia. Later in his reign there was apparently IKashayam. NERGAL\u00b7SHAR-USUR less need for campaigning though he may have led AMEL-MARDUK 559-556 one more campaign against Egypt. According to 561-560 I LABASHl\u00b7 MAADUK 556 I Herodotus, the king of Babylon negotiated a truce ) between Cyaxarcs, king of Media, and Al ya ttcs of Lydia in 585. As t he Ba by lo nian king was 34' con sidered a su itable arbitrator, Babylon ia probably enjoyed peaceful relations with both 33' Lydia and Media. Nebuchadnezzar had acquired an empire com- parable to that of Assy ria and, like th e Assyrian kings, he devoted mu ch of the empire's resources to refur bishing his capi tal city. Accordin g to Robert Koldewcy ( 1855- 1925), who exca va ted Ba bylon before W orld War I, more than 15 million ba ked bricks, each about 33 centimeters square and 7 centimeters thick, were used in this venture. N ebuchadnezzar rebuilt Esagila (the Te mple of Marduk) and Etcmcnanki (the ziggurat) as wel l as many other smaller temples, and he vastly enlarged and refurbished the royal palaces. The famous Hanging Gardens were constructed so that Nebu- chadnezzar's wife, the daughter of the Median king Cyaxares, would not miss t he mountainous la ndscape of her homeland. Ne buch adnezza r strengthened the defe nces of Baby lon, surrounding the inner and outer ci ty with walls that e nclosed an area of more than 8 square kilometers. He also built two long walls of baked brick with bitumen mortar that stretched between the Euphrates and the Tigris, surro unding t he city w ith water to act as an outer line of defence. The posit ion of th e northern wall, later know n as the Median wall, has recently been shown to run to the north of Sippar. \u2022 Ql)llalclty \u00b7\u00b7\\\\. Nebuchadnezzar's successors The succession after the d eath of Nebuchadnezzar - - wNeablubcuhlal dbnyezzar n ...,;\\\"'.'.'. \\\\ in 562 was a muddled affa ir. His son Amel-Mardu k Au\u2022.. mainAratnaoantrlbe (called Ev il-Merodach in the Bible) ruled only two 1111-Yol!ln mmnci-anlflbe 32\u00b7 years, from 56 1 to 560, and was succeeded by his brother-in-law Nergal-s har- usur (Nerig lissa r) in c=J1anc1-1oom \u00b7\u00b7.. 559. He had married a da ughte r of Nebu ch adnezzar and had bee n p resen t al th e d estructi on o r Jeru- - - ar.coen1co.,se ol rlY\\\\,< Puqudu salem. Nergal-sha r- usur ru led for three years (559 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 poqi)le ancient COUl1t 01 l1Y1!< 556 13C) and was su cceeded by his young son Blt\u00b7 Yakln La bashi-Marduk, who was murd ered in June 556 after only two months on the throne. The conspira- scale 1: 2 100000 SOIQn tors then selected a commoner call ed Nabonidus to 0 32nw be king of Baby lon. Nabonidus (555- 539 BC) was one of th e more extraordinary Mesopota mi an mo na rc hs ~ the son of Nabu-ba latsu-iq bi, t he governor of Ha rran, a n d of Adad-guppi, a priestess of the moon god Sin in t hat city . He loved his mother dearly and whe n she died in 547 BC, at th e age of 104, he had her b u ried w it h full royal honors. Nabonidus himself was probably alread y in his sixt ies when he ca me to the throne after years of servi ce to Neb uchad nezzar. A religious man a nd great believer in tradition, he appointed his daughter En-nigaldi-Nanna (until I'J'l","EMPIRJ:S 200","T HE L\/\\\\ST EM PI RES orte\/1 Rcrnn~tructccl glJzcd brick self- imposed exi le arc not known . In his inscrip- panel from the f,,cadc I he tions Nabonidus claimed to ha ve been among the mai n throne room of Ihe Southern Citadel .11 1l,1bylon Ara bs for 10 years, which, according to the Baby- built by Ncbuc had nez7.,1r 11 (604 562 11c). I lelgh r 12.4 111. lonian Chro nicle, included the seventh to eleventh Right Stele with J relief of ,1 years of his reig n (549 54 5 BC). ilJbylo ni,rn king. The inscription records th~ rt\u00b7turn of plenty aft er The reasons for Nabonidus' stay in Taima have a d roug hr. The name of t he king is missing, hut it wJ~ prnb,1bly been the subject of de bate. Later Pers ian propa- Nabonid us, as the ngure b similar to rhat uf N<1bon idu~ on ganda suggested that Nabonidus was a heretic who his striae fou nd a l Ilarr,111, with the Same symbols c,1rved In f'ronl ig nored the worship of Marduk. In the Bible, of the king. They are the moon, sun and planet Venus, according to the Book of Daniel, Nabo nidus (called represent ing the clci tic~ Sin, ShanMSh .1111:l lsh t.ir, Nebuchadnezzar, per haps ou t of a desire tha t the respectively . llcight 5N rn1. width 46 c m. destroye r of Jerusalem should himself havc been destroyed) went mad and ate grass during his seven years of ex ile. In the Prayer of Na bonidus, found with the Dead Sea Scrolls, he was described as af'f.licled with malig nant boils. Modern schola rs have attempted to explain his ac tio ns on mi litary, political, commercial , religious or pcrsonr1l grounds. However, it seems equall y proba ble that Nabonidus, as suggested in his own and in Cy rus' inscriptions, and recorded in the Bi ble, went to Taima beca use of the interp retation of a dream or omen . Altho ugh Nabonid us had left his soi, Bel- shar-usur (the Bels hazzar of the Bible) as rege nt in Baby lo n, the absence or the king meant\u00b7 that the important New Year festi val co uld not be cele- brated during the years that he was away. recently this name was read as Bel-shalti-Nannar) Babylon's New Year festival The akitu festi val, which mar ked the beginning of en.LU priestess of the god Sin in Ur, as Sargo n of the Ba by lonian year, lasted 11 days. The first fi ve Agade had done almost 2,000 years earlier. Like his days were spent in preparatio n, with prayers, incantations, animal sacrifices, and the carving of mother he was a devotee of the god Sin, promoting two small wooden statues decorated wi th gold and gemstones. On the afternoon of th e fo urth day his worship and rebuilding the temples of Sin in Ur there was a recital of the B,i bylonian Epic of Crea- and Harra n. He also was an antiquarian, who res- tio n in f'ront of the statue of the god Marduk. It tored the ancient holy places of Sumer and Akkad tells the story or the creation of thc gods Lahmu and , in the course of investigating their found a- and Lahamu from the union of Aps u, the spirit o r tions, discovered inscript ions and other relics of the fres h waters (male), and Tiamat, the spi rit of earlier kings. Na bonidu s kept some of the antiq ui- Lhe salt waters (female). Lahmu and Lahamu, Lhe ties in a \\\"museum\\\" in the giparu, the residence of ancestors of the gods of the Su mero- Baby lonian the enlu priestess in Ur. These includ ed fragments pantheon, disturbed Apsu and Tiamat, who had planned to ki ll them, but the god Fa put \/\\\\ psu to or orof a statue Shulgi (2094 2047 BC), a clay cone sleep and killed him instead. Tiamat, supported by a brood of monsters, attacked the gods, who failed one of the kings of Larsa and a Kassitc k udiirru to rep ulse her until Marduk intervened and ag reed to fight her on conditio n that he was mad e the (stone commemorating a roya l land grant). gods' leader. When the gods agreed , Marduk, in Early in his reign Nabonidus had a dream in single co mbat, killed Tiamat and defeated her army . He split Tiamat's body in two, to rorm th e which Marduk or Sin (diffe rent gods were men- hea vens and the earth and created humankind to tioned in the inscriptions written by him for Ba by- do the wor k that the gods would otherwise have lo nia and fo r Harran) told him to rebuild the had to do. ln gratitude the gods built Baby lon and Temple o [ Sin in Harran which had lain deserted the Temple of Marduk . Based o n an ea rlier my th in which EnIii played the chief role, the epic served to for 54 years. Al that time Harran was controlled by justify Marduk 's (and Baby lo n's) preeminent posi- the Medes, but, according to Nabonidus, three tion . Interestingly, Anu's crown and l:n lil 's scat we re covered duri ng the recitat io n so as not to years later Marduk caused Cy rus, the king of offend t hese gods, whose places had been taken by Anshan, or Persia, to defeat the Mcdes, so that Mardu k. Nabonidus was able to carry out the god's com- ma nd . Perhaps on account of Nabonidus' prefer- ence for Sin of Harran, the priests of Ba bylonia's holy cities Babylon, Borsippa, Nippur, Uruk, Larsa and Ur o bjected to Na bonidus' rule and- s up- posed ly, because of their treason disease and famine struck Baby lonia. In res ponse, Nabo nidus took himself away from Baby lon and we nt to Taima in northwest Arabia. The precise dates of his Neo\u00b7 Nab~\u2022balatsu-1qb1 m. Adad-gupp1 On the fifth day, the Tem ple of Mard uk under- I went a purification ceremo ny . The god Nabu Babylonian (represented by his statue) arr ived in Baby lon from Kings 2 NABONI0US Borsip pa and the ki ng entered Esagila, t he Temple of Marduk. There, he wc1s strip ped of his sword, 555-539 scepter and o ther royal insig nia. The urigalh1priest I slapped his check, p ulled his cars and made him prostrate himself before Marduk and swear that he II En-nrgaldr-Nanna Belshazzar Hrgh pnestess of Ur 20 1","had not sinned or neglected the worship of Mar- L,jt V,1,e with Red H gurc duk or the well-being of Babylon, and had gov- erned justly . The priest the n reass ured the k ing paintini: vi' Croesus dating tu early 5th century. The fate of Croc,us is uncertain. lie may ha ve curnrnilted ,uld dc by bcin)! b urned o n a fune rJI py re, but before restoring his rega lia a nd slap ping him o nce more. If the king shed tears, it was considered a Herodotus recorded th,1t a rainsto rm put out the names ,m d good ome n for the la nd . Cyrus s pared his life. Thb Fewer details arc known about the last five day s painting b ,1t1 rlbutcd tu the of the festival. On d ay six the two statu et tes that painte r My , on and w a, fou nd ,11 had been made earlie r were decapitated in front of' Vu lei In Etruria . 1-lciglu of vase 58.5 cm. Nabu and burned, following w hic h the gods from \/Je\/111,, rop Sliver coin with the other cities of' Baby lonia a rrived in Ba by lon. On t he head; of a lion ,rnd bull, ninth day the king entered Marduk's shrine and originally thought to ha ve been \\\" took his hand\\\". The mea ning or t his phrase is not known , but some scholars think that this was the minted unde r Crcx:su, . More recen tly it ha, been suggested that such coin, .,re from the occasion fo r a sacred marriage betwee n the ki ng, early years of the reign of acting the part of the god, and a priestess. T he god s Darius I (52 1 486 BC). then went by chari ot along the Processional Way De\/ow bot \/Qm A gold Jal'ic name,J to the akitu temple to the north of the city where, after Darius I in whn,c reign on day 10, they received gifts from the ki ng these coins were first minted . These \\\" atche rs\\\" (as the coins were known). p,,ld a, bribes. Nabonidus cla imed to have give n more than 5 oflcn proved mor e effecti ve than talents ( 150 kilograms) of gold a nd J00 talents of silver (3 ton nes). On the 11th day the gods were the Persian army in mJ ilHaln lng take n back to Esagila for a banquet, befo re return- the peace and stability uf the empi re. DJrlcs continued to be ing to th eir cities. minted under Alcx.,ndcr and hb Nabonid us came back from Taima to Baby lon a t succc\u00bb ors. This cx~inplc pro b,1bly d ate~ tn the 4th some time between 544 a nd 540 BC. Du ring his centu ry Bl', yea rs o f exile the balance of power in the Nea r East had c ha nged radi cally. \/\\\\t the beginning of his reign the region was d ivided between four main powers- the Egy ptia ns, the Lydians, the Baby- lonians and the Mcd es as it had bee n since the collapse of Assy ria. When he return ed, the Med es a nd Lyd ia ns had been absorbed into the Persian e mpire. Within five years, Baby lo n itself was to fall goods. Sometimes metal ingots or rings were made to the Persia ns, a nd Egy pt fifteen years later. to a standard weight, such as the silver bar ingots found in a 7th-century BC hoard fro m Tepe Nush-i Ja n in Media, or the ci rcula r silve r ingot inscribed Th e rise and fa ll of Lydia wi th the name of Bar-rakib, a n 8th-century rule r of After Cyaxares' victory over th e Assyrians in 61'1, Sam 'al in the Levant, w hi ch weig hed almost th e Medes invaded A natolia. Urartu must h<'lve exactly I min a (497 grams). fa llen to the Med es by 590 BC, as Cyaxares was by then fighting aga inst Alyattes, king of Ly dia. The earliest coins to be stamped w ith a device to Alyattes was th e g reat-gra ndso n of Gygcs and was g uarantee t heir qua lity and weight were fo und in credited by Herodotu s with def'eating tht: Ci mmer- the fo undati ons of the Templ e or Artemis at Ephe- ian tribes w ho had bee n ravishing his cou nt ry for sus. T hey we re made of clectru m (a na tu ral al loy of much of the previous century. Fighting between gold a nd silver), whic h occurs in the gravels of the the Medes and the Lydians continued for some fi ve ri ver Pactolus nowing throug h Sardis. Some o[ years. On t he afternoon of 28 May 585 the re was a these coins had striated s urfaces w hile others bore total eclipse of the sun. \/\\\\ccord ing to Herodot us, emblems s uch as a lion's head. One carried an both armi es were so alarmed by this omen that inscription in Lydian. Th ere is some disagreeme nt t hey broke off fighting, w hi c h resulted in a peace over the date of t hese coins, a nd over w hether negotiated between the m by Syen ncsis or Cilicia coinage was invented in the middle of the 7th a nd Laby netus of Baby lo n, w ho acted as media tors. century BC or by Alyattes or Croesus in the 6th He rodotus referred t o both Nabonidus and a century. previous king of Ba by lon as Laby netus, but in t his Under Croesus Lydia extended its dominion over account h e pro ba bly meant Nebuchadn ezzar . Alyattes gave his daughter in ma rriage to J\\\\styages, the Greek cities of the Aegean coast. When Croesus the son of Cyaxares, and the border bet ween the hea rd of t he defeat of the Medes by the Persians, Lydians a nd the Medcs was estab lished as the h e saw his opportunity to extend his k ingdom to Halys rive r (Kizil Ir ma k). The bu rial mound o f t he east into territory previously controlled by th e Alyattes in the roya l ce metery, 6 kil omete rs north Med es. Before setting o ut he consulted the Oracle of t he Ly d ian cap ita l Sardis, is said to be t he la rgest at Delphi, w hic h foretold that if he attacked he tumulus from the ancient world . would destroy a great empire. Croesus, believing that the empire refe rred to was the Persia n empire, Part of the prosperity of the Ly dians was du e to not his own, crossed the Halys river to do battle. the gold found in the reg ion, giving rise to th e pro- His army en countered the Persians led by Cyrus a t verbial wealth of Alyattes' son Croesus. The Pteria (Hattusas) but the battle ended in a stale- Lydians ha ve also been credited with the in ve ntion mate. Croes us retired to Sard is, p la n ning to re new of coinage. Throug hout the Near East precious and the campaign w ith his a llies after the w inte r, but base metals, particula rly sil ver and cop per, had Cyrus pursued him and captured Sardis (perhaps in served as cu r ren cy to faci li tate the exc hange of the fa ll of 547 BC) afte r a short siege. 202","The conquests or Cyrus THl: L\/\\\\ST EMPIRES When Cyrus bcc.,me king uf the 62\\\" 7ft Persi.rns in a boul 559 nc, they 31!' were vassals or t he Mede, Jnd the ancicnl world WJ S divided up bctwee111hc Medes, the llaby lonia,,s, 1he Lydi,1ns and the Egyptians, Within a few years ol his death all o f these puwcrs h,1d been absorbed 11110 the Persian empire and they were ruled by Per, i,111 kings for 1hc ncx1 200 ye.,r,. Cyrus wa, killed fighting on 1he nor(he;1s1ern frontier of his empire, neJr 1hc river Jaxarte,. Whe1her he himself conquered the tcrritorle, 10 the east o r whe1hcr 1hcy were part or 1hc Median kingdom Lhal he .,, qu ired by his annexation of' Media i, uncen ,1i11, Cyrus' son Cam byscs contjuered F.gyp1 In '.;25 UC. \u2022 kingdom caJ)Jlal D \\\"dopondenl kirgdom L J Pe,s.an emplro. 559 BC land go!Oed by Cyrus by I - - - - llncienl C:OOS11\\\"18 C J 550BC I - - ancienl oov,se ol nver LJ547BC C J 5398C ' scale I: 27 700 000 750km 0 C ] land gained by Cambyses, 525 OC 500m, Medes and Persians but in his inscriptions he claimed tbat he was the son of Cambyses, the grandson of Cyrus and a des- ln the Biblical and Greek worlds the Mcdcs were cendan t of Teispes, all o f' whom bad been kings of Anshan . A sea l impression confirming Cyrus' closely associated with the Persians, both being ge nealogy has been found at Perscpolis, inscribed in Elami te w ith the na me Cyrus of An shan, son of tribes of fnd o-Jran ia ns who spoke related Teispes. According to He rodotus, the Persians were vassals of the Mcdcs until Cyrus persuaded languages. At the time of the Assyrian empire the t hem to rebel. Nabo nidus stated t hat Cyrus defeated the Medes in his t hird year (553 BC), but, M ed es were settled in the fertile valleys through according to t he usually reliab le Baby lonian Chronicle, the Median king Astyages attacked w hic h the main route onto the Tra nian platea u Cyrus in Nabonidus' six th year (c. 5'50 nc). Appar- ently, the Median army refused to figh t and passed. A group of Persians were neighbors of the ha nd ed Astyages over to Cy ru s, who t hen ma rch ed to Hamadan w here he emptied the treasury and Medes in the central Zagros, and anot her group took th e contents back to Anshan . Cy rus thus inheri ted the Median kingdom, w hi ch stretc hed lived in the a rea of ancient Anshan in t h e modern fro m t he borders of Lydia to th e lran ian p lateau. province of Fars. Indeed, a king o f Pa rsuas h (Per- s ia) who su bmitted to Ashurba nipal (668- c, 627 uc) after his victories over Elam had the sa me name as orCyrus (Kurash), the later king Persia and Anshan. T he sack ofNincve h in 612 BC brought territorial gai ns to Cyaxa res, the king of the Medes, as we ll as a n imme nse booty. However, as t he Median roya l palace at Hamadan has not been excava ted and the archives of the Median cou rt still have to be dis- covered , e vidence o r how th e Mcdcs ca me to domi- nate most of Iran and muc h of Anato lia can be t raced onl y in t he occasional references in foreign sources an d in later acco unts. A fortress at Tell Gu bba in the Hamrin region and a bui lding w ith columned halls at Tille Hu y u k o n the Euphrates in south ern Turk ey have been att ributed to the Medcs, but t heir precise dates are not known. Soon Right Tablet from Per,cpolis after the peace treaty wit h Lydia, Astyages, t he son written in Elamite in 503 uc and recording the d elivery of an ox. of Cyaxares, became king and ru led for about 35 It bears two impressions of the yea rs. The fact t h at he is ha rdly mentioned in same seal. showing a mo11nted warrior above a fallen corpse western sou rces may have been beca use be was and a standing fig11rc. The accompanying inscription occ upi ed with the exten sive Media n conq uests on records thm the seal belonged to Cyrus, man of Anshan, son of the Iranian p lateau . Tcispcs. He has been identified The defeat of Babylo n as the grandfather of Cyrus the In abo ut 559 BC Cyrus, who was late r known as Great (559 530 uc). Cyrus th e Great, beca me ruler of the Persia ns. Width 4.7 cm, height 4.2 cm. Many later lege nds w ere associated with his birth, 203","EMPIRES Achaemenld Kings 1 Te,spes \u2022, U Pasargadae I I ,\u00b7~ aw~ After Cyrus the Great (559 530 BC) had conquered Media and Lydia, he founded a new city at Pasar- CAMBYSES Cyrus I gadae where, according to one story, he had fought 529 522 the final battle against the Medes. As the Persians I SMERDIS had no tradition of monumental buildings or of 522 stone sculpture, Cyrus drew on the talents of the Cambyses peoples he had conquered. Lydian stonemasons, in particular played an important role in the con- I struction of the city. CYRUS Over the Morghab plain, Cyrus built a fortified 559 530 citadel, a sacred precinct with a fire altar, a tower in the form of a double cube, now called Zendan-i I Suleiman (the Prison of Solomon), a garden with palaces and pavilions, a gatehouse and his own In the years following the defeat of' Croesus of' &lou.\u2022 Unlike the cJrhcr tomb. When Darius usurped the throne from Lydia in 547, Median generals appointed by Cyrus Jrchitc(lure of the Near Ll~t. the Cyrus' branch of the Achaemenid clan, he built his led Persian forces to subjugate the coastal cities and palace, and pavilion~ built by palaces at Pcrscpolis, 40 kilometers to the south- islands of Ionia, Caria and Lycia. In 539 Cyrus Cyrus at Pa!>;lrgadae were west of Pasargadac. He chose Susa as the capital of moved against Babylon and in late September or ,tructurcs that were open to the his world empire and as a result Pasargadae lost its early October dcf'catcd the Babylonian army at outside Columned porticoc, importance. Opis. Sippar was ca ptured without a fight on 10 allowed accc,~ into the building> October and two days later the Persian army led by from all ~,des. taking maximum 200m Ugbaru, the governor of Gutium to the cast of the advantage of 1he1r gardcn Tigris, entered Babylon unopposed . His troops sur- selling. To<lay all tha1 remains of ---water rounded the Temple of Marduk but ensured that the garden are 1hc \\\\lone ~ the religio us services taking place there were not channels that led water from one interrupted. Nabonidus was taken prisoner but, ,mall ,tone ba,in to dnothcr according to a later tradition, Cyrus appointed him Trees and water are still the governor of' Carmania, in southern Iran . Belshaz- main fealurc of Pcr>1an garden,. zar's fate is uncertain. Cyrus entered Baby lon on 29 October and Ugbaru died a week later. In the 100 following months the gods w hom Nabonidus had earlier brought to Baby lon from other Babylonian 200 400 cities were returned to their sanctuaries. The benevole nt conqueror Cyrus left behind a reputation as a benevolent monarch. Nabonidus early in his reign stated that Cyrus was t he serva nt of Marduk. In his own inscriptions Cyrus claimed that, after the heresy of Nabonidus, Marduk chose him to be ruler of all the world and that, when he entered Babylon, \\\"all the inhabitants of Baby lon, as well as of' the entire country of Sumer and Akkad, pri nces and governors, bowed to him jCyrusl and kissed his fee t, jubilant that he had received the kingship, and w ith shining faces happily greeted him as a master through whose help they had come to life from d eath and had all been spa red damage and disaster, a nd they worshiped his name.\\\" Cyrus was considered by the Jews as a savior, an agent of Jehovah, delivering them from ca ptivity and allowing them to rebuild their temple in Jeru- sale m. Even a mong the Greeks Cyr us was held up as a model ruler. Cyrus' conquests and reputation were aided by propaganda. The stories about the alleged to v icious behavior of Astyagcs, who was Cyrus and have first ordered the infant the death or the n forced Cyrus' protector Harpagus to cat his own son, o f the foll y of' Croesus in mis interpreting the Delphic oracle, and of the blasphemy of Nabo- nidus might not have been true but they certainly ai ded the cause of Cyrus and his supporters. Simi- larly, the genealogy that mad e Cyrus' mother the daughter of Astyages and niece of Croesus lent 204","Right Palace P had a rectangular TME LAST EMPIRES columned hall with finely worked horizontally fluted uji Cyru, tomb is a ,implc column bases and plain columns. gabled building set on a stepped platform and was once abou1 The upper part ofthe columns 10 m high. According to one may have been completed in account, there was an inscription timber covered by painted on the tomb th.it rc,1d \\\"Oman, I am Cyrus. who founded the plaster. The s1uncwork was empire of the Persians and was inspired by the eastern Greek king of Asia. Grudge me nor work and has close parallels at therefore this monumen1.\\\" Ephesus. A long columned Above Figure on a side door of portico looked over the gardens. Gate R. Above 11, \\\"I, Cyru,, an Achacmcnid\\\" was carved in The columned halls of three languages. The Pasargadae were derived from combination of Assyrian-style Median architecture, but the wings wi1h an Elamit,: garment origin of the porticoes is less and Egyptian headdres, ,, certain: they may have come typical of later Achaemcn1d art. from the Greek world or from a which borrowed mocif, from all native Iranian tradition. The over the empire. Pasargadae plan was adapted to 20'i form the standard plan for the palaces at Persepolis.","PMPIRES legit imacy to his ru le over Med ia and Lyd ia. Cyrus even undertak ing t he religious d ut ies of t he p ha r- eve n ma naged to fi nd su pporters amo ng the ra n ks aoh. However, he gained the reputa tion of bei ng a of his o pponents, and his victories were achieved crazed, tyrannical despot, perhaps as a res ult of by di p lomacy as often as by military action. More- sla nders by Egy p t ian priests w ho opposed h is over, he allowed considera ble relig ious freed om t o attempts to reduce the power a nd wealth of the his su bjects a nd did not impose und uly harsh taxes tem ples and by h is successors w ho wished to or tribute (perha ps the lav ish t reasu res acc umu- justify their seizure of the throne. lated in Hamada n, Sard is an d Baby lo n sufficed for The accessio n o f Darius a ruler w ho came from a mountain tribe and was Cam byses left Egypt in 522 bu t d ied before he unaccustomed to worl d d ominio n). Certai nly his reached Pe rsia. Dari us, his successor (52 1 486 1.!C), ca pital, built at Pasargad ae w ith t he use of Ly dian gave a n account of t he ci rcu msta nces su rroun d ing craftsmen, was mod est w hen compared with th e Ca mbyses' d eath , a nd how he himself assumed t he extravaga nt edifi ces of t he Babyloni a n a nd Assyr- throne, in a long inscrip ti on ca r ved in Old Pe rsia n, ia n k ings. Cy rus died in t he s ummer of 530 BC, Babylonia n, a nd Ela mite cuneiform on t he rock of possibly w hile fig hting aga inst nomad ic tri bes in Bis utu n overlooki ng th e main route fro m Ba by lo n Central Asia, a nd was buri ed in a gabled stone to Hamadan . Th e story was tran slated and sent all tom b a t Pasa rgadae. Th e vast Persia n em pire over t he em pire (copies have been found in Baby- passed peacefully into the hands of his son lon a nd at Elephantine in sou thern Egypt) a nd a Ca mbyses. vers ion of it was incorpora ted in to Herodotus' T he co nq u est of Egy p t H istories. Cambyses had accompa nied his fa ther in his con- q uest of Ba by lon an d pa rt icipated in the Ba by- lonia n New Year fes ti va l for 538 BC. For the first 10 month s of t hat yea r he bore th e t it le King of Ba by- lon, but later d id not use the title eve n t houg h he resided in Baby lo nia. As king of Persia (529- 522 nc) his g rea test mi li- tary achievement was the conq uest of I:gypt in 525 BC. W he n t he pharaoh Amasis d ied in 526, after more t ha n 40 years on the t hro ne, his son w ho replaced him was d efeated in battle at Pelusi um, after being betrayed by one o f h is c hief officials, Udj ah orresn e of Sais. Ca mbyses was crown ed phar- aoh a nd acted li ke a native-born Egyptian ruler , Achaemenid Kings 2 Darius Achaemenes I I Ostanes Tetspes I I Arsanes Anaramnes I I DARIUS Ill Arsames 335-330 I Hystaspes I DARIUS I 521-486 I XERXES I 485-465 I I ARTAXERXES I 464-425 I I I XERXES II SOGDIANUS DARIUS II 424 424 423-405 I I I ARTAXERXES II Cyrus 404- 359 I ARTAXERXES Ill 358-338 I ARSES 337-336 20!,","TliE LAST EMPIRES Above The upper section of the According lo Darius, Cambyses had secretly Cyrus (some think they may have been ca rved by column ca pitals found al Sus,, murdered his own brother Smerdis (Bardiya) Darius, as he claimed to have invented the Old Per- sian cun eiform script) confi rm that Cyrus was an oreonsisted of the forep,1r1s two before he went to Egypt. A magus (Median priest) Achaemen id. b ulls placed toget her. The main called Gaumata, posing as Smerdis, seized the After the death of Smerdis, rebellions had broken beam would h.1ve reskd on the throne in his absence and was ack nowledged as out in Persia, Elam, Media, Assyria, Egypt, Par thia, b,1cks of the animals. Below the king by the people of Persia, Media and the other Margiana, Sattagydia and Scythia, bu t wi thin a bulls is a double volme (spiral provinces. Cambyses, Darius claimed, committed year Darius had quelled them all. The relief accom- scroll) l1111scly based on Ionic su icide and no-one dared resist Gaumata until panying the inscription of Bisutun recorded his columns and beneath this a flor,tl Darius with six co nspirators slew him on 29 triumph over Gaumata the impostor and over nine clement Inspired by Egyptian September 522. Evidently , Darius' account is fabri- other rebels who claimed to be kings. T hereafter he column c,1piti1ls. cated. [tis more likely t hat Smerdis rebelled while took steps to eliminate opposition to his rule. his brother was in Egypt and that Cambyses, on his Darius was already ma rried to the daughter of tl'ji Silver drinking ve~sel with return, died or was killed. Thus it was the real Gobryas, one of the seven conspirators, but he also traces of gnld leaf ending in the Smerdis, not some impostor, w ho was murdered by married the daughter of Olanes, like himself an foreparts of a n animal, perhaps a Darius and the other Persian nobles. Achaemenid and the most senior of the conspira- deer. Althuugh vessels of this tors. This daughter had been in the harems of both type (called rl1ytons) were not Darius, wh ose fa the r Hystaspes, th e gove rnor of Cambyses and Smerdis, which Darius had taken depicted on the reliefs of Parthia, and grandfather were still alive w hen he over. In addition, he married the surviving female Persepolis, they arc shown on became king was clearly not in the direct line of descendants of Cyru s- two d aughters and a grand- Greek vases of the late 5th su ccession. In the Bisutun insc ription h e traced his daughte r- to strengthen his claim to t he t hrone. ancestry back through five generations to his orcentury uc and continued lo be great-great-grandfather Teispes and great-great- Darius' European campaigns great-grandfather Achaemenes, asserting that from Darius exten ded Persian conquests into Eu rope, used after the encl the long ago kings had come from his fa mil y. Accord- occupyi ng parts of Thrace and campaigni ng against Achacmenld period. ing to Herodotus, the rulers of the Persia ns came the Scythians across th e Danube. He also added t h e I !eight 20 cm. from the Ac haemenid clan of th e Pasa rgadae tribe. The insc riptions at Pasargadae in the name of 207","22' 34' 38' SKVDRA IX CAPPAOOCIA l!otse, Ciolhing 19 I. Van 18 Ill i 1 ARMENIA h(vse, Yesse\/ L Urmla 5 XX11 ,, LIBYA Syrian Desert 90a(diAliof I \u2022I , xx ,,.J I \/ ARABIA I ) , , , , .,, Ciolh, came, .,I I I 9J\/7\/a~~::~ts 1 An Nafud ,I D Pe. -heartland .'.,. ,I' 0 Wldeptl\\\\denl kingdom, 500 BC .' '-,'', ELAM region Plylng lribute to DarA\/S,500 BC 'I I,,,_, tlOn numt>tr on reliel al PtrsepoilS ... '--, : Z1oregion XXIII XII Cleat ,oen\\\\Jl,ca11on - \u00b7~,~NUBIA Vii p,obat>le wr,focatlOn oi<ap\/Jgrraffe eJolh g<lt broughl by delegatlOn \u2022~r.gif(S ofunrofitte(jgo\/(J, 100log$ of 1\/lbUlepaJdintaJentsol Silveracco<d,ng 10 10 01ophanr rusks Hetodotus 11$1 0 150--3,49 D 350--sgg D 500-1000 boys otti.rlnl>ult HtrodOluS' sa1rapy boundui _ _ (appro..ma1e) 12 HefW~V\u2022<\u2022u~>\u2022satraPY number \\\"\\\" .., canal b<.olt by Danus. 500 BC scale I 9 200 000 300km I 0 200m II I '","1-,~\\\\ LJ AMVRGIAN XI scYTf\\\\\\\\ANS POINTED HAT 15 SCYTHIANS hOIM. am-nngs.CIO<IWl9 ~ 11 00 CASPIAN SEA V 10 xv 16 IV 1I PARTHIA .....-XVII AR\\\\~ ,-__ 0 ~eioal< \u2713 ~ I ,esseis.camel CHORASMIA 0'f'ttr&\\\\ - _ ; : MEDIA o asht-e Kavlr gwo1d, aw-nngs. fflMIS. SWOR!. 'I rvl ---~o \\\"_) ltffl-Mgl.do41q j ,., y ARACHOS\\\\A ~ - ilffllldan o - 'Yf - ,UJ.#1 ,,.,.- 20 J ~' 8 VII II ORANG\\\\ANA ELAM ~ . camel. ()than\u2022 Gh IIOvlf, dagge<S, ll0(ISl<f>CIOII< llO<ltssano cubs oasht-e Lu t \u25c4 _\/ y.'\\\\J\\\\\\\\\\\\ \/. 14 \\\\ 17 \\\"\\\"o1~:\\\\NOIJS (!Od<t'\/, ', 360 tefents ot gold MAKA \/ -:;;: ,;1,f'U \u2022< \u2022 -;, ' , , ~\u00b7: f ' ---- ,,,.-----... .......'-........\\\"'\\\"';.._,,,.- ,, I \/ ' ''\\\\ I \\\\\\\"', I The empire of Dariu, and the selected both for their .I I subjcc1 peoples Importance,,, regions and for In his inscr1pt1ons Darius \\\\ ' boasted about the different the distinctiveness of their countries and people, ruled by 1nhabit.ints. Herodotus listed 20 ' Persian prnvince, under OJriu, him. These were listed and and recorded the tribute paid by illustrated on mAny of his each. Herodotus' lbt. however, monuments. including the rehcb is not the ,amc as the 11\\\\t, of on the A padana at Pcr>er<>hs (such J~ tho,e seen here), which peoples in the Persian ,how delegation, of subJCCt in,crlptlons and th'c peoples briniiing gift, to the 1dentil1cation and boundaries of king. The nationalitic, were the provin,e, (~trapic,) arc not certain.","EMPIRES Susa \\\\ .susa The city of Susa was founded in about 4000 BC as a religious center and from at least the third millen- nium BC it was the capital of Elam. The territory of Elam included the alluvial plains of Khuzistan in southwestern Iran, and sometimes stretched into the mountains to the cast to the city of Anshan and beyond. Susa was subject to t he kings of Agadc (c. 2250) and to the rulers of the Third Dynasty of Ur (c. 2050). In the following millennium, Elamite armies invaded Mesopotamia and ravaged the cities of Ba byIonia and Assyria, taking some of t he finest Mesopotamian monuments back to Susa as trophies of war. ln the first millennium BC Elamite interference in Babylonia angered the Assyrian kings. After many campaigns, Ashurbanipal (668- c. 627 BC) captured Susa in about 647 BC. He burned the city, destroyed the temples and sacred groves, and plowed the fields with salt. In the late 6th century BC Darius I chose Susa as his administrative capital. On the Apadana mound, he built a huge palace which combined the Babylonian courtyard plan with a vast columned hall with porticoes. Susa was captured by Alexander the Great in 331 BC and it was here, during that campaign, that a mass wedding between Greek soldiers and Per- sian brides took place in an attempt to merge the Hellenistic and Asiatic cultures. Susa remained an important city long after the fall of the Persian empire, and the Tomb of Daniel, to the west of the Acropolis, is still a major site of pilgrimage. Abm\u2022e f-lcJdlcss Matuc of DJrius I found in the gatehouse of the Apad,ma pJla,c. It WJ> carved in Egypt and brought to Su~. probably by boat through the canal, which Darius compkted. from the Nile w the Red Sea. The >tJtuc is in the Achaemcnid court stvle and has inscription, in four ranguagc, Old Persian. Babylonian, Elamitc and Egyptian carved on the folds. Surviving height of figure l.95 m. Abow n.~ht Part of the facade. made or molded baked brkk,, belonging to J Temple of lnshushinak. the patron deity of Su;a. It wa, built by Kutir-Nahhunte and hb son Shilhak-lnshu,h inak in the mid-12th century BC. The brick, were found reused in a water channel ofthe AchJcmenid period near the palace of Dariu,. Molded brick panels were used for architectural ornament in the Old Babylonian per iod and for relief decoration in Kassite times. Reconstructed height l. 37 m. 210","Below In 1851 W. K. Loftus, a center of the city, .,nd enriching THE LAST EMPIRES British geologist, explored S1Jsa the Louvre M1Jse1Jm ,nd later 21 1 the Tehran Museum with their and identifled it with Shushan. find,. The Achacmenid city the palace mentioned in the Books of Daniel and father in the occupied the three main Bible. Since then. French mo1Jnds: the Apadana, the Acropolis and the Royal City. archeologi>ts have excavated at The Artisans' Town mound to the east was the site of the cl!y Susa, removing ,,II the later after the Achaemcnid period. levels of the Acropolis mound, which was the mJin religious con1oo,s at Sm inter,als \\\\ Apaaana ~~frr)fR \/~~~~----1 Palace ol Oanus _l 'oaiewa;i II \u2022\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7 I Royal City .1J I ''I I I city gate :: I I I ~ -.1 : CJty \u2022,all I I I ~ 0 200 400m 0 SOO 1000 Far left and left Glazed brick reliefs and detail from the palace of Darius. According to one of the foundation inscriptions, the baked bricks were worked by the Babylonians. Glazed brick reliefs were \\\\JScd extensively in Babylon, but they also had a long history in Elam. These. archers were probably part of the king's Persian bodyguard. Because the Elamites and Persians wore a similar dress they were sometimes identifled as Elamite. Height of archer 1.46 m. Right This gold figu re of a man carrying a b~by goat is one of a pJir (the other is made of silver) found on the pavement ofa ruined tomb near the Temple of Inshushinak on the Acropolis mound and may have been par1 of a votive offering. It dates to the end of the 2nd millennium ec, perhaps the 12th cemury. Height 7.5 cm.","l i M P IIUi S 30\\\" 38\\\" 46\\\" 54\u2022 - C::. ~ MEDITt:RRAN\u00a3AN MEDIA CHORASM1A ~ SEA \/, t.ebanon ljOICl..,,.\\\"t \\\"''\u2022 dlcorallfl91M~ 0 1i11isa1em C Hamaoan yoCAosi:.. C F lllsutun ------~- .... ----- - - ELAM - - Ivory O!IAIIGIAAA \\\\RED \\\\ _ o_e.~ SEA Persepol,i' ~ ~ 1\\\\ PERSIA } , The Gvlf SAGARTIA (CARMAN1A) 1IJ L,, ;L l ............. canal bu,n Dy Oanus, 500 BC NUBIA remrces fo, palace al Sua Slone - - - - ancient ooasU.oo bnck __ ---- __.,._ - - anc,en1 CO\\\\Jrse of nver WOOd dec()(Otivo tnlHCn&IS SCAie 1: 17 000 000 400km 0 300ml Q<'cl ~ ac1r1ily ol people JOCO<Oed by Darius province of t he Indus to hi:-; e mpire. Whe reas of 494. With 600 ships th e Persia n fleet, req uisi- The building or the palace at Cyrus had bee n conte nt to take over th e existing t ioned from the Phoenicians, Egyptians, Cilicia ns Susa administrative st r uct ure of t he conquered regions, and Cy priots, easily ou t numbered t he opposing In the foun dation inscriptions Darius reorganized the empire into a system of pro- Greek force made up of contingents from nine vinces, called satrapies, each r uled by a governor, cities an d containing only 353 shi ps. Sed uced by for his pJlace ,ll Susa, Darius or satrap, who was normally a close associate or a Persian promises of leni t:ncy for th ose w ho su b- listed the pcopl1: and th<: relative of t h e king. Darius also established a mi tted, some of t he Greek ships sailed away, allow- nMt1,:ria l~ involved in it~ regular system of taxation and tribute a nd possibly ing the Persians to inflict a hea vy defeat on the instituted legal and economic reforms, in part icular r e m aind er. construction. The intenlion of in Egypt. Once the Greek s in Asia were un d er th eir the list was not w provide an T he successful administration of the em pire control, the Persia ns turned their attention to th e depend ed on good communications. Herodotus' Greeks on t he ot her side of the Aegea n . Persia ,1ccurate record of how the description of t he Royal Road between Sardi s a nd already controlled the coast of Thrace and its posi- p.1l,1cc w,rs built but fu i11d ic,1lc Susa, w it h regular relay stations w he re spare tion there was strengthe ned by a cam paign led by mounts were available, is almost ide ntical to the Mardonius, the son of Gobryas, in 492. However, the contribution m,1de by 1he Assyrian system in trodu ced two ce nturies earli er. after landing s uccessfully th e Persians were Ta blets fo und a t Pcrsepolis and dating to the time d efea ted by the Athenians at Marathon, a nd failed whole empire ,mu d c111ons1 ,\u00b7ate of Darius include authorizations issued to travelers to take Athens from the sea when t he Athe nia ns on the king's business. quickly returned to defend the coast. After that the the immen~c re~uurccs ,lt the invasio n was called off. In 499 BC the Greek subjects of the Persian king commJnd or the Persian king. in Cyprus a nd a long the Aegea n coast joint:d Darius' bu ilding program The organization of the worl< is togeth e r and re belled, sacking and burn ing t he Darius chose the ancie nt Elamite city of Susa as his indicated by the tablet\u2022 from satrapal ca pital of Sardis. Cyprus, which had capital, though he had palaces at Baby lon , Hama- Pcrscpolis, which record become subject to the Persia ns at t he time of the dan and in the Persian h omela nd. Early in his reign co11 1ingcnts of workers under conquest of Egypt, was quickly reconquered with he re built Susa and constructed a palace some 250 l'crsi,1n supervisors receiving the help of the Phoenicians, but the struggle in the meters square. It combined a series of courtya rds, rJ1 lons i'rom 1hc royal 1rc,1sury. Aegea n lasted longer. The d ecisive battle took similar to the ones at Babylon, wi t h columned ha lls M,,ny of 1h,\u00b7 workers were place off th e isla nd of Lade, near Miletus, in tbc fall slaves. prisoners of war 01\u00b7 deportees. The design and Jrchitectu.-al decoration ol' Persian palaces represented ,1 synthesis of the artistic tradition\u2022 of different region, ol ihc empire. 2 12","'r HE LAST EMPIRES 10\u00b7 J like those a t Pasargadae and in Media. This pa lace d efea ted tht: Persian tlect at t he battle o f Salamis. became the principal residence of the Persian With the a pproach o f w in ter, the Persian army ----- kin_gs. Forty kilometers so uthwest of Pasargadac, aba nd oned Athens a nd we nt into w in ter quarters Darius built a new roy al residence, which in Old in north ern Greece w hile Xer xes returned to the ARABIAN SEA Pe rsian was called Parsa bu t it is now known as east, leaving bis experien ced genera l Mard oni us to Persc polis. The high citadel, about 450 meters long car ry on th e wa r . The following year Mardonius by 300 meters wide, formed part of a vast compl ex aga in ma rc hed south a nd reca ptured At he ns, but commissio ned by Da rius, w hich included ma ny shortly a rtcr ward h e was killed at th e battle of Pla- sma ll palaces spread across t he plain . The constr uc- taea and his army heav ily d e feated . In A ugust 479 tio n of Persc po lis was not completed during Dar- t he Gree ks aga in routed the Persia n army, at ius' lifetime but contin ued into t he reigns of his Myca le on the mainland opp osite the isla nd of son and grandson. Samos, causing pla ns to in vad e Greece to be abandoned . Darius a nd his successors were buried in rock- cut tombs some 6 kilometers north of the palace, at These defeats inllictcd by the Gree ks were no Naqsh - i Rust am. Dariu s' tomb bears a remarka ble mean achievement even tho ugh blunders by the carved inscription in which he s ummarized bis P ersia n command ers a nd lack of resolve had been be liefs: he had been mad e king by Ahuramazda, con tributory fa ctor s. Greece was, in any case, peri- the creator of the world; he was a friend to good p hera l to Persia's ma in in terests and th e rest of t he ;rnd an l: nc my to evil; he protecte d the wea k from empire remained intact and at peace under the rule the strong and also t he strong from th e w eak; he or th e Pe rsian ki ng. The battles of Sala mis, Pla taea desire d what was rig ht; he was a good horseman, a and Mycale marked a turning point in the relations good archer and a good spea rman. Darius further be twee n the Greeks a nd the Persians. The Persia n commanded the reader to follow the co mm ands of army was no lo nger in v incible a nd the Persian Ahuramazda, to believe t hese inscri p ti ons a nd not na vy no longer ruled the seas. During t he next to rise in rebellion . decad es Pe rsia lost its territori es in Europe and the Greek cities in western T ur key effecti vely gai ned To build Pcrsc polis and Susa Da ri us broug ht their independence. both materials and workers from all over the empire. As t he Persians had no tradition or pa lace Palace and harem intrigues building, he a lso borrowed motifs and desig ns from Xerxes died in 46 5 BC. Accordi n g to Ctesias, a di ffere n t regio ns, a nd the in0uen ces o r Egy pt, Greek doctor at the Persian court some 60 yea rs Greece and particu la rl y of Mesopotamia a rc appa r- later, he was murdered by t hree of his cour tiers ent in the buildings and their d ecoration . Monu~ including th e hazarapat, or grand v izier, a nd his mcnls commissioned by Darius in Egy pt a lso had a e unuch chamberlain. After acc using Xe rxes' eldes t simila r mi xture of styles, including a la rger tha n son Darius or th e mu rde r, the cons pirators per- li fe-size statue of the king found at Susa but which, suad ed another son , Artaxerxes I, to kill Da rius according to the inscriptions, had been carved in a nd become k ing. Twenty years later in 425, wh en Egypt. It had pro ba bly been bro ug ht by sea from Artaxerxes d icd, th rec of his sons occu pied the Egy pt through the canal, which Darius completed , throne in quick succession, as the first two were leading from t he Nile to t he Re d Sea. murd ered after only a fe w months of the ir reigns. The third son, called Ochus, w hose mother was a Pe rsian defeats Baby lonian con c ubine, took the thro ne name In 486 BC Egy pt re be lled , but Dar ius died before Darius JI (423- 405 BC). 'Toge th er wit h his w ife the re be llio n could be put down and th e crown Parysatis, who was a da ughte r or Artaxerxes by prince Xerxes became king, Xe rxes was not Darius' another conc ubine, h e e liminated all op posi ti on eldest son but h e was the rirst son born after Darius within the court. Their eldest son was Arsaces but had become king. His mother was Atossa, the their fa vorite son was Cyrus, w ho was made satrap da ughter of Cy ru s, w ho, before becoming Darius' in Sardis. When Da rius died , Arsaccs beca me k ing, wife, had bee n married lo Cambyses a nd Smcrdi s. taking the name Artaxer xes II (404- 359 BC). At According to Herodotus, Atossa had exercised about t his time Egy pt re be lled and ga ined its inde- great influence over Darius, presaging the harem p ende nce. In 401 BC Cyrus, a t th e head of a n army intrigues that la te r dogged the succession of Achac- t h at incl ud ed 10,000 Greek mercena ri es, marched menid rulers, tho ugh in Xe rxes' case his cla im to through Turkey and d own the Euphrates to chal- the throne was not challenged . lenge Artaxerxes IT, bu t his ca use was lost w he n he w as killed at the battle of Cunaxa in northern Ear ly in Xer xes' reign (485 465 BC) h e put dow n Ba by lonia. Cyrus' Gree k me rcenaries we re left t wo r e bellions in Ba by lonia a nd a nother in Egy pt. stra nd ed in the midd le of th e Persian e mpire. The Most of w hat is known a bo ut Xerxes has come e pic story of the ir ma rc h north t hroug h Assyria from his enemy, the Greeks, and con cerns his and Arme nia to the Black Sea a nd from t here to unsuccessful in vasion of Greece. Herodotu s Greece was record ed by Xe nop hon, wh o was one of reco unts how , after yea rs of pre pa ration , Xerxes the lead ers of the 10,000. led an army numbering almost two million me n across the Dardanelles on br idges formed by boa ts. Arta xer xes II was reputed to have had 160 con- To avoid a repetition of t he di saster of 12 years c ubines a nd to ha ve fa th ered 11 5 sons. His eld est earlier, whe n a Persian 0 cet had sunk in a storm off son conspired against him and was p ut lo death Mo un t Athos, Xer xes had a ca nal dug thro ugh t he after being be trayed by a e un uch. Th e next son promontory. The Pe rsian s march ed v icto rio usly was pers uad ed by his brother Och us that his father south, easily o vercoming t he bra ve but ineffectual was displeased with him and h e comm itted sui cide opposition of the Spartans at the pass o r T hermo- by d rinking poison . Artaxerxes II died in 359 a nd py lae. Xerxes too k Ath ens but w hile h e \\\"looked on Oc hus became king, taking th e nam e Artaxerxes flI from under a golden ca n opy\\\", the Gree k na vy 211","EMPIRES 24' Pe rsia and 1he G r'cc k s Under Darius I and Xerxes I the ( ARMENIA Persians ,1ttemptcd to conquer the independent Greek city _,...~ LVilll states. Yet, dc&pitc the .... ~~-i overwhelming superiority of 6. ~ Persian land forces, they failed. N First at Marath on and then at Sal,1111b ,,nd l'l,11aea, the Persians ~ {J Rh were defeated by a Greek X ma,or banle, ~Ill GIit MEDITERRANEAN So4 confederation led by the D Peraa e.400 ec Athenians. D ,noepenc1Cn1 GtNk S1a1e, e 400 ec In 401 nc Cyrus the Younger. D =.o1~~=1e the satrap (provincial governor) - rOIJle olGreekmercenaries, and brother of the Persian king rteOtded by Xet>Ol)hon Artaxerxes II, rebelled. Among IICllie I 16 0()()000 4001(,n the troops under Cyrus' 0 command was a contingent of 300ml 10,000 Greek foot sold iers. Cyrus mdrched through Anatolia and Cilicia and then fo llowed the Euphrates down toward Babylon, w here he was defeated and killed at the battle of Cunaxa. The Creek mercenaries, rather than surrender, l'ough1 their way back tv Creek territory by marching almost due north to reach the Black Sea. The details of this march were recorded by Xenophon, who was one of the Greek generals. (358- 338 BC). Immediately, he kill ed off any of his xerxcs III, b ut it was too late to sa ve the Persian Alexa nde r 's co n quests relatives who might have la\u00b7d~claim to th e throne. empire. Sixty years earlier Xenophon had obser ved In 343 Artaxer xes Ill recovered He faced serio us revo lts in he west but he sur- that \\\" whereas the king's empire was st rong in that v ived them and in 343 BC eve managed to reca p- it covered a vast territory with large numbers of F.gyp1 af'ter 60 ye,irs of ture Egy pt. However, fi ve years later, Bagoas, t he people, it also was weak because of the need to chief eunuch and commander of the Persian forces travel great distances and the wide dist ribution of indcpcnc.lcnw. T he geographical in Egy pt, murdered Artaxerxes and made his son its forces, making it vulnera ble to a swift attack\\\" . extent of the Persian empire was Arses (337 336 BC) king in his place. Arscs And so it p roved to be. In 334 BC, t he 22-yea r-old then not muc h difTerent from attempted to remove Bagoas but he himself was Alexander, \u00b7afte r t wo years on t he t hrone of Mace- what it had been in the time of poisoned after less than two yea rs on the throne. d on, led his army against Darius III. Alexander had Bagoas then mad e Darius, a second cousin of Arses, not set out to annex the whole of Darius' empi re, Darius I, 150 yea rs earlier . king, as all the relatives with a better claim to the but as v ictory followed victory his aims and ambi- throne had already been killed. The new king tions increased . Darius' armies suffered d efeat in Alexander ,i nd Darius TII both Darius III (335- 330 uc) forced Bagoas to drink three major battles, at Grani cus in 334, the came to their thrones in 336 11c poison and t hen set about restoring the empire . follo win g year at Issus and t hen , after Alexander after their predecessors had been had in vaded Egypt, at Gaugamela, near ancien t murdered. Alexander invaded The end of the ancient N car East Nineveh, in 331. Darius fl ed from t he battlefield, Asia in 334 and defeated Darius In the first year of his reign, Dariu s invaded Egypt, leaving Alexa nd er to take possession of the palaces which had again rebelled after the d eath of Arta- and treasuries of Babylon, Susa, Pcrse polis and Ill who died in 330. Alexander spent the next seven years fighting almost entirely wi thin t he borders of the i'ersi,rn empire, carving out a kingdom, which was divided between his gencrah al'ter his death. Along the course of his route, Alexander fou.11ded cities which he n~nicd after himself or renamed existing cities in his own honor. scale 1:26 500 000 500ml X majOr ballle, wtlh dale 1,f 0 rocle ol Alexandor ARABIAN SEA 2 14 L J empire of Alexander,c.323 BC \\\"\\\"- L J region dependenl on Almnder","THE LAST EMPIRES Above 'rhc Tomb of Xerxes. Four Hamadan. The b urning of Persepolis, whether acci- th e Near East. Over t he next thousa nd years t he Persian kings, Darius I, Xerxes, dental or as a matter of policy, marked the end of Near East remained d ivided between cast and west \/\\\\rt3xcrxes I and Darius II were the ancient Near East. Darius III was murdered by until it was reunited under the banner of Islam. Its buried in almost identical tombs one of his courtiers and Alexander extended his distin ctive culture faded away under foreign r ulers at Naqsh-i Rustam, 6 km nort h campaign throughout the eastern provinces of the and although Mesopotamian gods continued to be of Persepolis. The king is shown Persian empire, before return ing to Baby lon, w here worshi ped, th ey we re increasing ly assimilated by worshiping in front oia fire altar he died in 323 BC. Gr eek and Iranian deities. Cuneifo rm w riting before the god Ahurama>.da. He lingered on in the temples o f Ba by lonia to t he 1st stands on a dais supported by 30 The empire of Cyrus and Darius I had s urvived ce ntu ry AD, long after pa pyrus and parchment had peoples of the em pire. for over 150 years until it fell, still almost intact, to replaced clay tablets elsew here. Duri ng t he Baby lo- Alexand er . But within a fe w yea rs of Alexa nder's nian exile of the Jews and the Greek ru] t;: over Asia, Overleaf T he Alexander Mosaic death, the empire had split up. The conq uests of t he accum ulated w isd om of the Near East became showing Ihe the battle of Alexa nder effecti vely bro ught to an end the Meso- part of t he in tellectual heritage of t he Jews an d the Gaugamela in 331 nc. It was potamian civilization and the scribal tradition of Greeks. T hroug h them it surv ived and contributed fo und in the House of the Faun t he p rev ious t hree millennia. From then on, Eu rope to the d evelopment of Eu ropean civilization. at Pompeii and Is thought LO be a would play as importan t a part in world histo ry as mosaic copy made in about JOO uc of a 4th century nc painting by Philoxenos of Erctria. Complete height 3.42 m. 21 5","","._,,. \\\"' ,z ,'., . Q, ~__..,\u2022 t","1.MPIRI S Persepolis \\\\ The citadel of Perscpolis is one of the best- preserved of all the ancient Near Eastern sites. Building was started by Darius I (521 486 sc) in about 500 sc, continued under his son Xerxes I (485 465 BC) and was completed by his grandson Artaxerxes I (464 425 HC). The palaces borrowed R1ghc Per,cpolis wa, one of the clements from many traditions- Median, Mcsopo- : : : .::c:-=n fir,t of the ancient ,ne, in the tamian, Greek and Egyptian. The citadel formed 'car E.1,t to be recognized by part of a complex including the fortified hill to the European visitors, but the early cast, the buildings at the foot of the citadel plat- I reports were ,orncwhat fanciful. By the 18th century quite l#lt'cislled oa1e dCCuratc descripuons of the visible ruins were published form, the royal tombs in the cliff of Naqsh-i T-T. . such as th,, drawing by Car~tcn Rustam, where Darius and three of his successors ......... ... Niebuhr. were buried, and a large city where the common people lived but which has not yet been located. Far nght Most of the citadel wa, cxcavitcd by the Oriental ... Palace GI .........\u2022\u2022\u2022 Institute of Chicago ,n the 19 30, and this rccon,tructed plan I\u2022 ~}1s: PDaariluasof ,.._ ba,cd on its work and that of the p Iranian Archeological Service ;,nee then. The plan, of Palace ; : ;; L! '- \\\" 0, Palace G and of the : :.:.Li] :::: fortification wall are rnostlv restored, JS these ,tructurc, 50 100m were alrno,t completely eroded I I II away. 100 200 3'00 In Orlow Some of the mo,t interesting of the reliefs decorating the palace, ,how peoples >UbJcCt to Pcn,,an rule, in their dbtinctlve drc,,, prc,cnt,ng g,fts to the k,ng. Herc an Armenian ,,\u00b7caring the tvp,cal hat. tunic and trou,cr, of Iranian horsemen brings J jar, prc,umablv ofgold, with the handle and spout decorated with winged griffons. 2 11\\\\","THE LAST EMPIRES Left Often shown above the king Below The largest of the 80110m right This double griffon is a figure in a winged disk, buildings on the terrace was the capital was found 10 the probably representing northeast of Xerxes Gate; it is Ahuramazda, the chief god of Apadana. probably the main not certain to which building it reception hall of the king. fl had the Persians. The coloring of this columns almost Wm higb originally belong('d, Columned drawing of the figure on a door halls were characteristic of of the Hall of 100 Columns is surmounted by complex capitals Persian architecture and column in the shape of bulls or lions. based on trace~ of paint still capital, with lions, bull, or remaining on the stone. From the western portico the human-headed bulb were mo~t king's throne overlooked the Marv Oasht plain. common. Lefc The king is the focus of the decoration of the palaces at Persepolis. This carving. between the staircases on the platform of the Apadana, shows the king on hi~ throne receiving gifts from his subjects. He holds a ~taff and a flower, and in front of him is a censer for burning incense. The inspiration for this relief is probably As,yrian. A similar scene was painted on the walls of the Assyrian palace at Til Barsip 200 year, earlier. Right Behind the carvings of the king were others of soldiers and members of his court. These guards may have belonged to the ~lite Persian regiment of the Ten Thousand Immortals. 219","The Oxus Treasure u:ft CutOUl gold figure oft he Persian king, in a long robe of In May 1880 three merchants in Afghanistan were attacked by robbers. Their servant escaped and the type \\\"'Orn by Elam1tcs and alerted the local British political officer, Captain Persians at court. F.C. Burton, who set off in pursuit. At midnight he Height 6.15 cm. caught up with the robbers and persuaded them to return more than half of the merchants' goods. One Belou; left Gold roundel of a of the bags had been cut open and contained a winged lion griffon with four magnificent gold bracelet, which Burton himself loops on the back. Garments later bought. The merchants told him that they were carrying gold and silver ornaments, gold with gold decorations sewn on cups, a silver and a gold idol and a large ornament them were worn by the Persian resembling an anklet, all of which had been found and Assyrian kings Jnd by lhe at Takht-i Kuwad on the north bank of the Oxus statue, of the gods. river. Diameter 4.75 cm. The merchants eventually sold the treasure in Below Gold sheet showing a man Above A dozen gold signet rings Rawalpindi (today in northeast Pakistan) to Major wearing lhe tight trousers and are associaled with the Oxus General Sir Alexander Cunningham, the Director of tunic that are charaeleristic of the Archaeological Survey of India, who sold it to Treasure. Some, like lhis one, are Sir Augustus Franks. On Franks' death in 1897, it the Mede~. Armenians and in the Achacmcnid court style; passed into the collections of the British Museum. Cappadodans on the relids al Persepolis. This dress was also others arc Greek in style. The More than 150 objects and as many as 1,500 worn by Persians. particularly in motif may represent the queen coins arc said to be part of the Oxus Treasure. Most the hunt or in warfare. The or a noblewoman. Diameter; of of the objects are of the Achaemcnid period. The figure has been idcnlified as a hoop 2.25 cm, of bezel 1.9 cm. coins, however, range from the early 5th century priest. Height 15 cm. to about 200 BC. While some objects may have been added to the Treasure by astute dealers in Rawal- pindi, most of them probably came from a single hoard that may have belonged to a temple treasury. 220","Lcfc Gold model of a chJriot drawn by four hor,es. On the front of the chariot is a head like that of the Egyptian god Be,. A second frngmcntary gold chariot was acquired by the Earl of Lytton, the Viceroy of India, at about the s.,me time that the Oxus Treasure wJs discovcred and may have come from that source. Length 18.8 cm. Below Ifft Hollow head of beaten gold. This is one of the object, that is not in the Achaemenid style. ll may be of local manufacture and postdate the Achacmcnid period or it may have been added to the Oxus Treasure by dealer, in Rawalpindi. Height 11.) cm. Below This gold bracelet is Ihe companion to the one bought by Captain Burton, which is now in London's Victoria and Albert Museum. The hollow ,pace, would have contained inlays of glass or semiprecious stones. The bracelets arc typical of the Achacmenid court ,tylc and similar to the object, shown a, pan of the Lydians' tribute on the Persepolis reliefs. Less elaborate bracelets with simpler animal terminals have been found at Pasargadae and Susa. Width 11.5 cm. 221","Babylon in Western Art During the 150 years that have passed since Botta Because of the exile of the Jews the name of Babylon was cursed in the Bible. \\\"Babyl<;m, the and Layard discovered the palaces of the Assyrian glory of kingdoms, . . . shall be as when God kings, Mesopotamian civilization has been redis- overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah\\\", wrote the covered and its story recounted using the evidence of ancient Mesopotamian monuments and texts. prophet Isaiah (Isaiah 13:19), and in the New Testa- Yet, despite the wealth of information made avail- ment Book of Revelation Babylon was denounced able by archeological excavation, the art and litera- as \\\"the mother of harlots and abominations of the ture of the Western world have clung to the earth\\\" (Revelation 17:5). The Babylon of Western stereotyped images of the ancient Near East art and literature has been tailored to the expec- presented in the writings of the Jews and the tations and prejudices of the Western public. Although Western paintings may suggest Mesopo- Greeks. Those images chosen were all drawn from tamian themes, ofen they allude to contemporary episodes that were made familiar through the Bible concerns of the artist or they refer to events in the and classical authors-the Tower of Babel, the past in an allegorical way. feast of Belshazzar, the death of Sardanapalus, the The most sympathetic treatment of Mesopotamia burning of Babylon. None of them have, however, been corroborated by contemporary Mesopota- and the ancient Near East in art today is found in mian sources and they all display a hostile attitude the Arab world, where modern rulers support the toward Mesopotamian civilization. work of artists treating traditional themes. Above The Coming of che Messiah Right A 16th-century German and che Descruccion of Babylon by woodcut showing the burning of the British arlist Samuel Colman Babylon, which was a popular (1780-1845). This allegorical topic for Bible illustration. In the picture illustrates incidents in vision related in the Book of the Book of Isaiah. In the Revelation, Babylon was background Babylon burns but behind the collapsing ziggurat destroyed in one hour and those the skyline is that o(London. who witnessed the destruction \\\"cried when they saw the smoke Righc A Still from Intolerance (1916), an epic of the silent of her burning, saying What city cinema directed by the American Is like unto this great city!\\\" 0.W. Griffiths. Onusually, Cyrus (Revelation 18:18). That allusion was cast as a tyrannical however, is to the destruction of untrustworthy despot. Griffiths Rome. The city shown here has used the most up-to-date knowledge ofthe culture of been identified as Mainz or Babylon and l?crsia: the soldiers Worms. Indeed Babylon was carved on the sides ofthe stairs come straight from Persepolis. later used as a metaphor for any This scene shows part ofthe large. ,orrupt commercial city. great banqueting hall in Babylon, the set for which suetchcd for one mile (1.6 km). Above righc Belsha::ar's Pease by Rembrandt (1606- 1669). The incident of the writing on the wall which was interpreted to mean that the kingdom of Babylon had been weighed and found wanting is dramatically portrayed. 222","Above The Tower of Babel by Pieter Bruegel the Elder (c. 1525\/ 30 I 569). The magnificent tower owes more to the Colosseum in Rome than to the ziggurats of Mesopotamia. Left The Tower of 8(1bel by the 20th-century Polish artist Josd Szubert. Like Bruegel. Szubert has made no concessions to historical accuracy, though he has given the scene a Near Eastern, rather than European. setting by including palm trees and camels. Herc, however, the Biblical story of the Tower of Ba bet has been neglected and the Tower acts as a symbol for tyranny from which Mary and Joseph. themselves ~ymbolizing refugees. are fleeing. 223","BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 here 1s an extensive lilt:rJtur..- on the Jnc,enl NcJr Ea,I, A I , Perkins, l'he Compumtll',' Ard,arolog_v oj liol'\/1\u2022 K.M , Kenyon, A,chacoiox,v m tltt\u00b7 Holl' \/.,c111,J, <ll h t\u2022tlltion, g,b1ru1JIlpI hm,n1ne1n,h,ycgocJfozuctrhtlsececohrsaf,,plecrcntproyaocrlJl,ullpfoocnrdl,ri,nIc\\\\d,cJ,1,1nrdc,vhi.idii,cubt,c\u00b7iohmn\u00b7aa\\\"nrlycb,iy,belJlaorrc-s M,\u00b71ttpotaml<l, Chi<:ago, 1949. (cds, j, IJ11lh\u00b7tl11 011 .\\\\11111ct'w11 u,,,..-,,,1.undon, 1979. A1~\u2022\/w,\u202211\/11gv. ,,\u2022vbcd J.N. Postg,1tc ,ind M,A Powell K.M. Kenyon, Tile \/Jr\/tit\u2022 w1d cdilion by P.RS Mno,cy, London, l9t!7. Agnrnltun\u2022, Cambridge. 1984 . Sha1khJ IlayJ Ali Al KhJhfJ ,111d MlchJcl Rile (cd,.), before these projc,\u00b7t, arc con1 \/1lewtl . Thi, hlbllugr,1phy C,L. Redman, The flr,,\u00b7 oj C11,,t,w111111. S,,n l\u2022,,rndsco. 197!! Ar,:httt\u2022ulttgy, London, I Y811. 111dud,\u00b7, ., ,m.1 11 ,election of l 1c work\\\\ th.it may he of th,\u202211 111\\\\tarv. Culwn\u00b7 ,md r. Singh, Ncoltthic C11\/tun\u00b7, of Wc<1,-r11 A<w. Lc111don, 1975. Bailra\/11 throu,~h tit<\u00b7 A,~\u2022\u2022.1: the P.J Ucko and G.W Dimblcby (eds.), nume,1mmo111111d S.N , Kram<r, 111r Sum,\u00b7nan.,: lntcrc~t to the non,pccl,1li\\\\t reJdcr .,nd mo,t of the title, ol Chlc,1go Pres,, I% l . l!ngll,h l.111guage. Much fapio,1a11011 of Plams um\/ Allt111al.,, London, 1969. Clwn1ctcr, Un,vcr\\\\ity A111ww11 C1tv-Srn1e uttt\/ 11., Culu11\/e,, listed J re of book, in Ihe 111 other furm, Jl,tdcmic P.J , Ucko, R. T ringham and G.W . Dlmblcby (eds.), Ma11, M.T LJrsen, Tht\u2022 Old 11nportJnl rc,cJrCh b publl,hcd \u00b7 or f,\u202211s,lm{cs and in Settlcmmt and Urb,111m11, London, 1972. CopenhJ1tcn, 1976. ' h, l1,1llan, l\u00b7IL\u00b7mi,h, Ru, G.A.Wri11h1, O\/,,ldw11 A1t.1\/_ys1s u11CI Prdti.,\/lll'lr journa ls, ,ymposi,l, conforence, Ne w S I loyd, \/'urly Ili,~lr\/u11d Peoplts of A1wto\/1<1, l.ondon, other l,rngujagc, Gcrm.1n, Fr,\u2022nc sian, Hebrew ,1nd the 11.llivc l,1111:uJgcs of the Ne.ir l' a,l, Eu11t\u00b7n1 Trut\/1\u2022: 7500 to )500 \/1(, Ann Arbor, 19&9. 1967. Arabic, Turki1h .ind l'ersl,111 , 'r.C. Young. P. 6.1.. Smith ~nd I'. Mortensen (cd~.). Tht S. Lloyd. Thr An\u00b7har,,\/11gv oj Mr,011mamw. Lnndon, 1978. lltlly Flimh und IJ<ruud, Chic,,go, I 9t!1 S. M,1l hc,on, Per<io: 011 At'ciw,\u00b7ulugiml G111dr\u2022, London, 1972. P. M,11thi,1e, Eb\/,1: Utt t,111111n\u2022 Red1st\u00b7ot\u2022fn\\\\\/, London, 1977 Re fere n ce wo rks Vmtlcrt'n 01\u00b71t\u2022111, produces cxccllcn1 Hl5to ry J>ry,\/udr lo J,mptrt\u00b7 IJ,1hyloma11 SU<'tctv am\/ J . Mcllaarl, Anhacalo,C{l'Of A11rn\u2022111 'tu,\u00b7h\u2022v, London, 197!1. 'l'iibin~,\u00b7r Atlu., dt, J ,A, Bri nkman, U.ll. Plotrov~kil. Tit,\u00b7 KmsJom of U1\u00b7c11111 a11J \/IS Ail, map~ ,111d other volumes on Ihe Jndcnl Ncilr l'.ist Including the llrpi'rtnlre r;t'osraph1,1u<'1 dt\u00b7s '\/htc1 Poltttn 747 626 11c, Philadclphi.1, 1984 vols. 1 8, Ti.ibingcn, 1974 . J.A. llrl n k111,1n, Mut,\u2022rio\/1 and St11dtt\u2022s Jor Ka.t<lle l\/1v\/111y I, l.undun, 1%7. Cune,forme~ ll1b\/1011rnphy of 1We1opotar111,111 M. D Roaf. S(uiJIIUres ,md Sct1\/p1ors ut l'enepu\/1.,, London, K.S. !,Ills, A Archuc11in,111rnl Chicago, 1976 J ,A. llrinkm,111, A Po\/11\/rn\/ H,,rnty of i'ost\u2022Kas~11,\u2022 1983. Sit,\u00b7s, W lesb,1dcn, I 1)72. D. B. Stro11,1ch, Pasurgaclae, ox rvrd. 1978. Arla, ofth,\u00b7 A1c\/,u('11\/c,g1ca\/ S1t1\u00b71 \/11 \/n1q, B,1ghd,1d, 1979. 11a\/Jy\/011iu, Rome, 1968. G. Wilhelm, 71,c \/-lr1rr1e111s, Warminster, 1989. llca\/\/ev,l.:on Jiir 1h,y1wlog1,\u2022 uml VorJL\\\"ro,1<111~.Jw Camh1\u00b71dgr At1c\/(\u2022t1t llt\\\\l0t)', nt:w e d it i o n , CJmbndgc, C.L. Woolley, l\u00b7,cm\u2022t1t1011, <II Ur. revised by P.R,l,. TArhcthAiio,l.,vyrgilot1\u00b7,1llDc1r<li1n10l1n1adryNofetiwl<Y' Oorrkie, n1t9a2l 8\/11.,1\/1111<\u2022 of till' ~,,,,,,\u2022y,1970 1984. uf 1\u2022u!1t\/c'a\/ 1\/1.,t,lfV Moorey, l.ondon, 1982 oj A11,11olta: tltt \/.,a,,, J . Y,1kar, ll. Carter and M Stolpcr, Flam: 711,\u2022 1,c.t,\u00b7r p,.\u2022\/t1}IOIJ a11d Al'charology, Univcr,ity of C,1llfor 111J 1>uhllcat11m In U11ivcr.,1ty of C\/11casu, Chl<\u00b7ago, 1956 . , ofNear f!,1stcrn Stud ies 25, llcrkclcy. 1984 . TC''\\\".ltCml.V.lrY>uollmutinltigl,tcaannAddrth\/LJuc.e1Lur\/lyeovs\/Ji_rncy1e1o1(zfc1G\u00b7dA,,.e,)~a,<t'J,e\\\\OlrnMxtmf,\u2022olsaor11d>1,o\/\\\\tal9u118u1~J1c~11,.CUJwn\/0t1lc1dn1a:, L. Vandcn Bcrghe, 81b1Juwap\/11c u11alytiquc J,, I C1ffltcolog1<\u00b7 A. H. Gardiner, EJi,Jpl tltt l'lwraoli<, Oxford. 1%1 cir l'lra11 a11cw11, Leiden, 1979 (wi1h add1tion.1I O.R. Gurney, Th,\u2022 HII\/Jte:,, rcvi,et.l cd it,c111, supplcmcn b) (ed . ), F.11cydopard1<1 of Ardw,,oltt.~it\u2022a\/ \u00b7n,,\u00b7Harmondswort h. 1980. 1977. M . Avl-Yonah txcat1<1twr1, 111 the \/ \/11\/y L,m<i t\\\\ vol,., Oxford, l<175 8. W .W . H~llo and W .K. Simp,on, Alllll't\/1 Nra, [ia.<{.' A Special \\\\lullie~ W. Klclss o1nd H. Ir.,uplm,111 11, Toposrapl11Sclw Kw\u00b7tc 1@1 llisw,y, New York, I971. R.D. U,1rnell, Am\u00b71r11t 1<,ol'irs 111 the Mrtldh\u2022 \/Iu~,. Jcrusdkm. A.T. Olmstead, Hl\\\\toty of the Pt\u2022; ~,011 l\u2022mp,n\u2022, Chicago, Urartu, Berlin, 1976. 1982. 1948. J .A. lllack ,u1el :,ymbol~ of D. O,,te~. Stt1cllrs !11 thr A11de111 \/-l\/5\/a1\u00b7y ,if Ni>rthrm Iraq. ,,nd A . I{. Orren, (;11d~. Dr111011, tu rc books Gcne r~ I works and pk Creek A1\u00b71. 1he Nfrdite,ram\u00b7t111 ,111<1 ALNo..LnKd..OoSnpa,pn1ed9na6hr8,e..imTh, ,\u00b7AS11r,u1t\u2022Pt1etoMpf<~o,C,\u00b7tpWttatanm\u00b7lwo,rsCohjllt,h1i)\u00b7:0A,111d%,\u00b71141. A11rn\u2022111 M,\u2022sopotumla, London, 1990, E. Akurgal, 1'ilc Bi-th of Mcd,terr,111,\u00b7<111. rev1>cd edition, London, 1985. 0 , Collon 1'11\u00b7st lmprt.\\\\.\\\\lon,: Cy\/111dc1\u00b7 .\\\\wl< \/11 the Anl'i,\u00b7111 the N,\u2022ar liust, l,undon, 1%8. Ea,t, New York, 19110. Nfttr Ea,,, London, Iq87. Ill,,,,.J .11. Crnuwcl and M.A Llttauer, Wlr,\u2022decl Vtl11d,\u20221 and r. Amlct, Ari of thr A11c1ent Nca,\u00b7 J . Baines ,111d J. M;iick, Atlas oj A11cimt Egypt, o~ford, Allrtt'II\/ N,\u00b7<1r 1\\\"1>1, Leiden, 1979. flttlc\/;11 A111mat., 1980. ,I.TI. Cunis (cd. J, Urn11: ,\u00b7 Wn,\u00b7k,11,~ Cc111,\u00b7,\u00b7s of Weslt-r11 l\\\\:,1c, 1. C.A. Burney, 11,r A11tlt11t Nca,\u00b7 i,as,, Ithaca, 1977. Text\\\\ in tr.111, IJtion \/(}OU 539 IK, Lo ndon, 1988 J .E. Curti~ (ed.), P1fty Y,\u2022ut > of Mc1C1p1JWIIIWII \/)11nwe1 \\\\', I.S. Cooper, ~u111,\u2022nu11 a11d Akl.:ud1a11 Rny11\/ l11s,r,p\/,u11,, vol. R.W. llhrit:h (ed .), Cltru111Jlo,~1es uf Old World Att\u00b7lwr~loXJ, Lo n d on , 1982. 11 New 11,,ve n, Connertkul, I9R6. Cn\u2022a\/1011, 1\/11\u00b7 l'iolhl, Chicago, I965. 11. Fr.ink Cort, The S. 11. FrJnklon anu H.A.G.- Fro1nkfor1 (cd,.), D,1llcy, Myth:, jrom M,\u2022:.opQIC11111c1: Art anti A ,..-illtrrttm\u2022 of th,\u2022 Andc\/11 \u00b7,1,~G,(~c1111r,lt am\/ 0:\/,,\u00b7r~. Oxfort.l, 198'>. \/11tdlt\u00b7ct11<1\/ Ot'itlll, t\\\\ th lmpre~,ion, HMmond,wort h and Baltimore. A.K Gray, on, A~.l\\\\'l'IUII ttml 8abylo11\/a11 Ch r11111d,-, New A,h\u2022t\u202211tun\u2022 of ll11rn\u2022111 M<111, Chicago, 191<,. S.-almg tlrr A.M. Gibson Jnd R.D. Bigg, (cd~.). Scc1\/s u11d 1970. York, 197',. III A.K. Ordyson. A\u00abv1h111 \/loyal \/11~cnpt1011s. vol,. I ,utd 2. W'\\\"R. Ghir,hman, Pt,.\\\\la from thr 01 ltJ Alr.,a11drr tile Anrl,\u2022nt Nt\u2022cir t;u,t, M,1iibu, 1977. A.M . Gibson and.R.D. Bigg, (eds.), 01:~a111=,11io11 oj Po1,,,\u00b7r: Alopt.\u00b7cl\\\\\u00b71>J Bun\u00b7t1uC'rdt)' m the\u2022 AnLtcnt Nc\u00b7ur \/.:.ast. Great, London, 1964. n,cWic,badcn, 1972, S. Lloyd , Ari of tJr,, A11ctr11t A.K Gr,1ywn and Neur Fa.II, London, 1961 I976. Royal \/11su\u00b71ptw11, a} other,, A. Moortgat, T\/te Art \u2022>f A11C'1rnt Mr.\\\\upot,1m,a, l.undon. Chicago, 1987. n,eM<'.,upotamw, Toronto, 1987 , l96'l. <;1011e, oj AS,.1yria. l,nndon, 1916. D.D Luckenbill, Am't<'tlC l\/t'cc,,'tl., foor,e,jrc,n, Room SWJ7 Fmt 'i\/1<1\/ma11ew\u00b7r, S. Mosc.111, rh,\u00b7 J>\/,oc111cta111, Milan, 1988. uf A1sy1\u00b71<11111,I llahvloma, C. I. GJdd, H.J. Nissen, The \/:\\\"orly \/-\/1Mu1y oj t\/w A11c1r111 Nt'<ll' lm11, G llerrm,1nn, CJJ\\\\.h.BlLc.,1POgroipt.p,\u00b7 he19nJ2rh&dei(m7e,d, .l)-,dTlll'irc~AJ1m1dm,\u202211Mt rNsuepamt ,1l1'u11s1t 0\u00b7 ,wC,hAl<11:ta\/1g1o1,\/o1,'{%\\\\' 1o1f. IL\u2022t1r1t\u00b7sf1,1111 NJ111md (191\/9 196)), vol. 4, Loni.Jon, 198f,. 9000 2000 Ill. Chl<'ago, 1988. T<-.,1, and P1cttm\u00b7~. l'rincclon Univcr,lly Pre,,. Prlnse10 11, T. Jacoh,en, Thr Tre,rntrts of J)ark11,\u2022s;, Nc,-i: liJvcn, 1976. D. and J . Oatl'b, The Rtse uf C,vtlm111u11, Oxford. I976. W .G. L,1mber1 n,,by\/11111,w W11elu111 l11em1u,\u00b7<', oxrord, J. Oates. Babyln11, Lundon and New York, 1979, 1958 1%0. A. Parrot, N\/11e,,en c111d 8abylo11, New York. 19& I . J .B. Pritchard M ,T. Swnptl\\\\lWII on (ed .), A11rn\u00b7111 Nc<1r 1:.0,1,\u00b7m \/'i'.,1, llrhitmg 111 I .irsen (ed .). Po11\u2022,\u2022r 0111\/ P10pa,~u11da: a A. Parrot, Sumc,\u00b7, London, 1960. Pt\u00b7e\u2022 lslamlr Tim ,\u2022s, th<\\\" Ohl 1rMar,1t\u2022111, Princeto n, 3rd ed l1 1on. 1969. A11rn\u2022111 IJmpm\u2022.,, Copenhagen, 1979. n. Porada, A11ritt11 Iran: tile Art ct) A H LJy,1rd. N\/11e,\u2022eil a11d \/1, Rema\/11~. London. 11149. S. l'Jtpola (ed.), '>tau\u00b7 Ard1i1\u2022e~ t\u2022j' A<\\\\JtW, llclsinki, 1987 S. Lloyd, Fotmda11om. 111 the Du~c. rcvbcd edit1011, Lonclun, ,.-,,.~cLondon, l %S. b. Sollbcrg,\u00b7r anJ JAl. Kup per, lnsrnp11q11, 1\/0)'ulc, IImpircs, Oxford, 1977, .111mr1w1m,\u00b7, et 11kkmlw1111t\u2022~, P,,rb, 197 1. 1980, .1,N Posti:,1tc, Tlrt K.R. Maxwell\u2022Hyslop. West,\u2022r11 A<it111r J,\u202211\u2022c\/\/c,\u00b7y r. J .B. Pritchard (ed .), Thi' 1'1111c, Atlas of tile Bthh-. revised ed ition, London, 1989. Place, a n d per iods 11} C111e.s: S11r<'cy, oj Al\/rlc11t JOOO 6\/l nc, London, 197 1 ,I. Rogerson, At\/,1s of th,\u2022 IJ,b\/c, Oxlord, 1911'1. C\/11 the Cmtral Ploo.l11la111 of R.M, Meadow Jrtd H.-1'. Ucrp11131111 (cd~.), F.7u1d, 111 the G. Roux, A11nc,1t Iraq, 2nd edition, llarmondowort h. 1980. R.M. Adam,, Ilccll't\/011JI A11L1,0111 \\\\Vot'id, Wiesbaden, 1986. 11.W .I'. Saggs, T\/,c GreallltISS 1\/11.11 wa, llub\\\\'\/011, London, Se11\/m1cnt anJ L,111J Ust\u2022 1he P.ll.S. Moorey, Mate,wl< a11tl Ma11ufac1ur,\u00b7 ,,, Anu,\u00b7nt M,\u00b7,11po1u1111u : tl1t\u00b7 liu1d,\u00b711ct\u00b7 oj Archc1t\\\"ul,18JI am\/ J\\\\rt: Metal,, 1962. that wa.1 A1syna. London, 198'1. 611plmues, ChiC~)(ll, 1981 Nis~cn, Tl,1\u2022 Un,k C1>U1llt)'S\/(\/i\u00b7: tit,\u2022 H.W.F. Sagg\\\\, T\/;c Might lirmcr, T\/tc Art of Mr,opotam,a, K.M AdJm; and Hans J . JMll.tIc').<tc.tl1hM1<1ru'aoh<t'lkcy,m,GcClltaohp:e,p,JeNr<Mc11ta1111te1tl,r\u2022'\/i'ao11lf1<.t'hta,i\u20221le1MdDtG\u20221ts,\/1tun\/,b,\\\"1,T11On1i0xd1fl1o' vmrdf.tMlr1,r\u20229c88a51l\u00b71.111:1\u2022 N,1tural Sc11111.~ oj Urbun So,wt11\u20221, Chk,1go, I972. c. S1rommengcr and M. I \\\\'. \/\\\\hJroni, The .A 1\u00b7,h,1coln,v._1\u2022 of the l<1111\/ of \/11\\\\ll'\/, l.nntlon. London, 19M. Ftum Ebia to D<tmasrn,\u00b7 Art am\/ 1982. Ag,\u2022, New IIJVCll, 1971 &. H. Wcir.s (ed .), P Amlet, L'arc d'As11d,\u00b71111 M11,et'dt1 Luu,\u2022n\u2022, PJris, 1976 Arcilurolugv of ll11c1c111 sy,w. W a~hing1on, 191!5. P. A111lc1, Hum, Auvers\u2022w r\u2022Olsc, 1\\\\)(,6. 0. Ncugcb,tucr, 'the G.,u,t Snr11cc, 111 Anltt\/ulty, Princclon, Pr e h btory 1'ilt\u2022 EntlflWtrlll't11t1\/ ll1story uf th,\u00b7 Nect,\u00b7 G. lllbby, l.ooki11qfor Di\/1111111, London, 1970. 1952. W .C. Brice (ed.), K. Bittd. lla\/111.1\/w: tltt\u00b7 Cap,ca\/ ,; tlw \/1111111\u2022:,, O,dord, O. Neugcb,iuer Jnd A Sachs, Mathemu11n1\/ C1111eiform East s111a tile uni frr Ag,\u00b7, London, 19711. 1970. Tn-t~. N~w H,wen, 1945. S. Davi~. The Artl11m,logy ofA111111a\/s, I u11don, 1'>87. C.A . Burney .rnd D. LJng, P,\u00b7opit'l of,,,.. Ht\/\/.,, AIIOC\/11 S.A. Palil,, Thr A1111q1111)' of ln1q, Copenhagen, 195<>. D. Frankel. A11:hueolo.~1<1, <1t Wt1\/'I.: S111,llr, 011 1-\/ulaf Arurat am\/ Ctwco,u,. London, 1971 M .V. Pope, l'\/w Scary oj \/Jeetphr1111e111, London, 1975. A . Curti~, U,~ur,t (l\/<1, Slw111r<1), C.11nbridgc. 1985. J.1;, Reade, A ..-w-1a11 Srnlpw,\u00b7c. London, 19113. l'oucry, London, 1979. ,J.E. Curtis, A11c,e11t PcrMa, London, 1989. lMl.aTrcdosp,ni\/e1r.CAull:<t\\\"nCrtmionN, rU<1n1ivEcar,,tit1'rynoCfCy\/1,11l1ldfeorrn5,l\u2022.1a,l,Bje'mrkmeletity<.' \/\\\\.N. Garrard and I I.G. Gebel (ct.ls.), 'f'he Prelmtu,y nJ <;. Dalley, M,1ri and Ka,ww: Two Old Uabylt1t1ia11 Citit\u2022s, Jorda11: tilt Stall' of Rc,earch in 1986, Oxford, 1988. London ,111d New York, l'-16'1 19114. l.<1)'\\\"'r,I uj N1t1el'l'i1. Lundon, I963. .I. MellJarl, <;t1tal Huyiik: Cl Nmltt\/11, fm1\u202211 111 A11t1tult11, D. 1\u20221 .,nkel, The Am\u00b7rel\/t K111gdo111 oj Urart11, London, 197() and J .D Mu h ly (ed s.), The Cu111111,~ D.B. H,1ruen, Thr Pltue111cwm, London, 1962. (;. Walrrflcld, o f tit,\u2022 London, 1%7. S.W . Helm~. Jtiwa l..a.u city of tltr 8\/a,k De~r,\u00b7t, London , T .A. Wc1time J. Mclla,m, The Ncu\/11\/11r of the Neur Fast, Loni.Jun and AY,.~Ye o,1fd,i,n,,,,1,1(,Ye JAlcllUfJnfivWca, ,,1il,y11\u00b7,l\u00b7'1r1l1''8'1\u00b7\/J1\/19<8\u00b700\/).I.um\/,, London, 1981. New York. 1975. Orl}lllt~ oj C11\u20221\/twt10n, Wolfson F. 1lulc (ed.). 7 \/,c Arrilu,\u202211\/o,'{\\\\' oj Wnten1 \/ l'Q\/1 , 1961. l'.R.S. Moorcy (ed.). W,1\\\\hlnglon, 1987 Colle1te Lecture~. Oxford, 1979 l24","GLOSSARY Tech nical and foreign terms dppcaring in the book ,,re, fnr beveled -rim bowl A audely-n1,1dc ,\u00b7nnic.il pollL\u00b7ry vc,,el Dilmt111 \/\\\\ rcgiu11 ,111d i,1,,nd ,ituated in thr Gliil'. pr11b.1bly the most part, explained in the contexts where they occur formed i,1 ,, lllL1id. Thb wide,111\u00b7,-., d type wa, ch,1rJl'leristiL 111 be idcntlflcd with ll.1hr,1in. the wc,tcrn ,h,1n\u2022 ol the Such explanations ,1re ,1 lso included hert\u00b7 in t he gloss,1ry. of the Lite Uruk period. Gu lf' ,111,J t he i,l.111d 111' l'.,ilakJ In Kuw,dl. in some cases in fuller forrn and with Jd.lition,,I infor mation. lie,1dwords and cross-reference, ,,re given i11 b i\/ rcdutiThe house uf,ucct\u00b7sslon, 1he p.1i,1l'e of the di ,\u2022innlion i'o1\u00b7ccJsllng lhc f'uture. Th,\u2022 prim\u00b7lp,11l\\\"urm, ul bold type. The glossary also indude, expl.,natory nok~ an Assyrinn crown princ.:~. divination prncill'ed in tht' anclt'nt Nc,11\u00b7 l.:Jst included the proper names a nd on rhc dating systems cmpluyt\u2022d by t he cx,1min,1tlon ,it 1he lnt~rn,11 Ol'g,111, (extispi .:_y) cspcd,1lly au thor. llron ze Age The penod when eu11l11g tools were m,ide ol t h,\u00b7 liver (hcp,1toscopy) uf' ,111i111ab, the p.illern, formed copper .,lloy,. 'f'hc llronze Age is often divided into three by oil in w,uer (lcra11llm,111ry) ur by \\\"11ukt\u00b7 (lih.111,,111,111,\u00b7y) T he spelling of word:. .,nd names bclunglng to ,111cfen t periods, the f:ar ly llronze Age(,\u00b7. 4000 2000 m:), th~ .1s well as the bcl1,ivior or ,111i111als, lrc.1k binh,, dream, la nguages, although based on the wrin en forms, is partly a ,111d lhl\u00b7 movcmt.\u00b7n l ~ of rc.\u00b7lc~ti,11 hnd11..\u00b7~. Midd le Bronze A!(e (c. 2000 1600 11,) ,ind tht\u00b7 1~1te !ll'Onze matter of tonvc:ntiur'I. The ptonuul'iat iun cJn be ~ucssed ,H d ivi ne k in gs In F.gyp1 the ph,1r,1oh w,,s .,rrnrdcd divine Ai:e (c. 1600 1200 uc) bu1 rhc chrt11111lngk,1I limits ,rnd the :-.l .llu:-., but nl(J:-.t ruler:-. ln 1hc Nt:'.1r bhl cl~1 amL\\\"d h> be: by comparison with words that ,urvivc in modern terminology vary J'rom region lo region. languages such as Persian, Arnbic or Aramaic and rrom mt\u00b7rely Ihe prlc~I\u2022 1)\/' ,1ge11h or the g,,,J,. s,,11,c ca, ly klng, names that were also wrincn in other scripts such,,. bu IIJ \/I lu mp of clay be~rlng sea l intprc,slons. Greek. As with all langu,1ges, t he pronunciation varied ,uch a;, Gilgame,h were dcll1cd after tic.1th ,rnd ulher,, according to the d ialect and period . In l,1ter periods the b urn ish To rub tht\u00b7 surf.ice of J pottery vessel before particularly In t he late Jrd and e,1rly ind mlllcnni,1 uc flnal m on nouns was dropped, but here the more fa111iliar firing to give a smooth shiny surface. Th is was done 10 claimed to be god, in t heir lifL\u00b7linw,. form ha, been used : thus akitu, nnt <1ki111111, ,i nd r1tc11\/t,m, m~kc the vessd lcs, porous and ,1;, a dccor,uive tcchnit1uc. not awilu. d y na~ty Line ol rulers normally from .1 si 11gle fJm ily, hut sometime, used for rulers from ,1 single (1ty or ethnic ra lc ndM Ancient NeJr l:Jstcrn calcndJrs varied from city i;rnup. a ccessio n yc~r 'the year in which J rule,\u00b7 became kin):!, Sec 10 dty and l'rom period tn period . In most cities the year ,\u00b7nSurnt\u00b7rian word me,,ning high priest. niler. lord, J title also rcgna l yc.ir . slartcd i11 the spl'ing ,111d w.,, divided into 12 or IJ u,cd by the ruler, ,11' e,,rly Sumeri,rn cl11c,, 1lllt,1bly Uruk mon1hs. In some pl,iccs lhe months were of fixed length; 111 ensi SumcrlJ n 1ltlc used by rult\u2022r~ ol Sllllll' city states. AccramicNeo llt h icThc e,1rly part of the Neolithic period other, they were lun.ir 111011th, s1<1rt ing al 1he llrsl ~lj!htini;? meaning governor. before the wid espread use of pollcry vc,scls (c. 8500 7000 of the crescent of the new muon. A, lht\u00b7rc .,re more I han ,\u00b71110-pricste, , Akbdi,111 form or the Sum,n.111 lenn lor nc), Including the Prc\u2022Poltcry Neolith ic B period in ihe twelve lun,1r months in a ,ola, yc,,r ,1ddilion,1I, or high pricstcs.o,. Levan t. intcrcal,iry, months were Included ,o IIML every third ye,1r Epir nfC rcati1111 A rcllgiou, pm\u2022m In pr.,isc nl th,\u00b7 god 1 cont11i11ccl thirtet:'n months. M:irduk whi ch wd:-. n.\u00b7citcc,.I ,11 the B,1 hyln 11i1111 New Vt:d1 Pe,tiv.11. It de,crlbt\u00b7s the origin uf !ill' world ,ind Marduk'\u2022 Aclrncmc n id d y rmsty The li ne of'l'crsla,1 king, (c. ri:.c Io power. 559 JJ0 ac) who ru led the Near lc,,,. t l'rom Cyn,, to D,1rlu, r,1r-1 ouc;hc An oval cont.1inrng J 1rnmc. U!,CU in E~ypt for e pig rap hy The ,tudy of ancltnt inscriptio ns. l[J. writing royal 1i;1111c,. !lpi pa lcolil h ic The continuation of P,1lculithic (Old Sto1w acropolis The higher part of a wwn, the citadel where the ca;,ema te wall' A dclcn,lve wall w11h dwmbcr, in the Age) culture, .1rtcr the end ofthe !,1st kc Agt\u00b7. It w,i. palaces and temples were ,Huated. thickness of the w.,11 . Somclinw, the,c eh,,mbcr, were fol lowed hy the Neo lit hic period. rooms: sometime, ihcy were lllled wilh dchris or left Aga dc A city in southern Mc,opot,1mia, l'ounded by empty. cxct.:r :iliu n 1c.\u2022xts Cur.st.l~ wtlttc:n u11 clJy ligurlncs or Sargon (2JJ4 2279 uc) as his cap ital. Its locat ion Is pOltcry Vl\\\"~~~1~ cunt,1lnlng the llditlC\\\"' of' 1hr cnt\\\"mie-, ol uncertain. c c\/\/,1 Th~ mom in a temple where the sl,1tuc or symbol ol llgyp1, which wcrt' rilu,,ily ,111,,shctl 10 bring ml,fortunc to 1he god was worshiped the ent:mlcs or Mlddl~ Kingdom Egypt. ,1ki1U A sc<1sona l festival th.11 took \/ll,,cc i,1 the akiw temple sit uated outsi<k the city wa Is. T he most l,1111ous Chalcnllth ic The pcrlud between the Neolithic ,ind the 1:1ie nce An ~rtillci,11111,1teri.1I m,1de or au,hed qu,ll'tZ wa, the New Year festival In Babylon but there were also Bronze Age when stone ,111tl t(.lppcr tools were i11 use, The pebbles held together by J i:laze. ak\/cu tentplcs In J-larran, Terqa. Nineveh. Arbil. Ashur. s1 r p,1r, Dl lbat and Uruk. ord,1ling the period varie, f'rurn region lO region. Flo od, the The Bible ,111d Sumcri.111 Jnd H.1bylon i\\\"n myth, recnrdcd ,1 ,\u00b7.,t.1slrophii- llond ,,\u00b7nt hy the god, to ,k,troy Akk ad The nonhern part of the soul hern Mcsopot~rni,111 chloritc A soft gray or bl,t,k ,Lune used tor ,ca l, ,,nd humankind . With the as,bt,,nw uf t he gL1d,. one man plain named .,f'lcr the city of Ag,1dc. Sec a l~o Su m e r . vcs,cls, also called stcatile (so,1pslonc). (variously c.1llcd No,,h, Zlu.~udr,1 or Ut-11,1pi~htl111 ) .111d hi\\\\ t:1111lly su,\u00b7vlvcd by building ,1 bu,11. Am\u00b7mpls by Akkadia n language T he Scmitk langu.,gc ,pokcn in chro nolo gy A da1it1i;? system. Relative chronology Is ,1rchculoglst~ to i<kntli'y the Ploutl ,\u00b7ithcr with hisloric,il Mesopo1a111la front the 3rd to the 1st millennium 11e. T he b,1scd on t.hc applk.11 io11 ol the prlnd plcs of',1r,1tii.:raph y even1, or by meJ11> or archeologlc,11 evidence have not rri n~ipal known dl,,lccts were Assyrian and Babylonia n. and 1y po l11gy lo determine the timing ol'a sequence of been successful. events. Fur the early periods the absolute chronology is al luviu m Slit brough t down by the rivers and deposited ba,cd on scientific methods s uch\u00b7\\\" radioca rbon fl o tatio n T he technique of recovering pl.mt nrnteriJI ,ud1 as sed iment in the noodplain. dc:tcrn1i n11tiou ,1ncl for 1hc lr11t\u00b7r r,cric,,d:,. on hi~torictJI ,1s c.,rbonized seeds by immersing the soil from Jn evidence. l'or the pel'iod 2600 1500 uc lh r,\u2022c different ,,rrhcologiral dcpo,it in water ,ind collecting the urgJn1c Anatolia The plains ol' highl.,nd Turkey. :,(\\\"het11l'S haw hc,\u2022n proposed, ca lled the lligh, Mid d le Jnd 11t,11cri,,I thJt float~ tn the surface. an nnkum A metal l,iken by the Old Assyrian merchants Low Chronologies, based 011 different possibilities ror the fou nda 1ion <kposil \/I collcetlon ofohjccrs burled In the from \/\\\\Sh ur lCl An,,t,oli,,, c1l111ost ccrt.ilnly 1111. wnll-, or b1.\u00b7nc\u00b7r1 1h !he lloCJr~ nl' ,1 building I ll cn~un: lhl' dat ing ofobscrv,1t io11s of the planet Vem,s ,;o,nained 111 gnuuwill uf~hc god, ,111c.l 10 perpetuate th1: 1;1111c 01\\\"1he ap k,1\/111 One of the seven sages from lhe time before the t he Ven us t,, h lc ts nf Ammisaduq a. T he Middle builder. l'lo od , Cl,,y ~1.,1 ucLteS or apkc1\/lw, were placed under the Chronology. which giws the daic, of H,1mmurabi', ,\u00b7c!g,1 noors and doorways of b uildings to ward off evil spirits. as 1792 175011c, is still Lhc most widely supported. Date, Gilgamesh Epit\u2022 An Akbdian poem writtt\u2022n on 12 t.1blcts .,,;cordi,,g tu 1lw High Chronology arc 56 years eJrlicr and describing the deed~ of the lc)!t'ndJry GilgJ111<\u2022,h ruler nf a.,lllpu A priest specializing in exorcism. dJ tes ,ict\u00b7ording to 1he I.ow Chronology Jre &4 yc,1rs later. Uruk and hb search for immortJliLy. It incluck\\\\ !he ,tnry l\u2022or dates ,1fter 1500 Ill the ,1b,olutc chronology is not or the Jlloo cl . Assy ria The par1 of northern Mcsopot,nnia that b in likely tu ch,rngc by n1orl' lhdn ,1bout ten yc,1rs. present-day Iraq . gip,1ru Sumerian term for the rc,iden,\u00b7e ol' the cone mos,1ic \/'I typl' of wa ll de.:oration used in the Uruk cn\/u-prle ~tcs;., pJl'llcui.1rly in Ur where at tlm,\u00b7s It ,11,u Assyr iology The Sl11dy nl J 11C1c ,1LMcsopuL,11nla, and J emdet N,1sr perluds In which , 1onc or haked clay indudcd 1he temple ufthe goddc,, Nlng,1 1 principally through the cune ifo r m te,ts. cone, were stuck illlo the , urf,1ce uf' ,1 wall t(l produce a ,olored pJttem. !fl,1ri, A ,mouth, ultcn pla,tered, ,lope .it \u2022ht\u2022 b,1,e ul ., awilum T he ~o-r,1llcd freemen class in Hammurabi's La\\\\\\\\ defensive WJ I~ p.1rlicularly characterbtic or the Midtlll' Code. Aw1\/u111 m c,rns \\\"111.111'' In Akkadia n. Sec ., !so cune iform Th~ script used in Mesopot,1m ia nnd Bro nze Age in Ihl' Lev.int. m ushke num, wc11\\\"dun1 . nc!ghh111\\\"ing re,~ion, f1Jr writing on cl,1y tablets, T he ,igns were rormetl by prc,si11g a re,\u00b7t,111gul,1r-1rnded instrument gra n u l.it ion A metalworking tech nique for Joining tiny Da b y lon i,1 Sout hern Mesopot,1mia. Into the plJstic d.1y lo le.we a wedgc,shapcd impression. Jrorlcls or ~old together 10 ,lct;ur.11c jL\\\"wclry. MJny The word Is dcrlvcd Irum n111<\u00b711,t, the L.,1ti n for nail (early cx<1niples of !he ted111iquc wer~ fou11,J in the Royal b11 \/,1 A taxJlion and redistribution ,ystcrn In opcr,111011 011 nails were r ut from , hect, or metal J11d had no heads). Cemetery .ii Ur a 11d it i, , 1111u,ed i11 the Neal' Ea,l lodJy. the cities of southern Mc;opotnmia in the time of the Third Dyn~s1y or Ur. cyli nd er seal ,\\\\ cylinder engr,ived with a Je,ign, wh,ch v,.,s imprcs,l'd 01110 the pl,,st ic d ay when 1hc cy linder ~e,,1 be \/ Ak kad lan bclu. meaning master, lord, ruler. own~r. wa~ rolled over ,1 d,1y tablet. and a tilleol'lhegod Marduk. \/Jel biliwas thechil-fofa tribe. d a r lc I\\\\ gold coin bc.,rlnj! the.: design of,1 royal archer, Issued by Darlu, I (52 1 '1R6 Re:) and l,1tcr Ach,1cmcnid ru lers. d en droch ronology A method of dating timber by Ihi:' pattern, of the annuJI wo\u00bc\u2022th rini,1,. 225","GLOSSARY G reat Sea (or Gr<\u00b7al Sea ol' Amurru) The M~dllerrancan U n e,, r Ela m i te script i\\\\ syliJbic script u,cd In El,1m fo,\u00b7 processio na l way A route along which the statue~ of the Sea. god~ were cMrlcd al fcstiv.1 ls, in particular tht\u00b7 ruad Inscriptions of Kul ik- lnshushlnak (c. 2200 uq. leading from the Temple of Marduk 10 the ,1kiw te mple in g un mad,1An annual L,1x paid In a nimals by military Babylon. personnel in the regions to t he 11onh and east oflhc cort lugogra m A sign stand lug ror a word. of the empire of the Third Dynasty or Ur. Proto-Elam i re The undeclphered scri pt and the lost-wax castin g A method of turning w.,x models Into H an1n1ur~1bi's Code Sec law codes. metal objects by forming an intermedlale cl,iy mold. Also civilization of Elam in the l,,tc 4th ,111d early 3rd millennia called c,rr perc\/111\u00b7. UC. Ha m ri n 0nm Salvage p roject Sec re~cu c proj ects. Lower Sea The Gulf. l'roto-Neolit h ic The 1ransition,1l period between thL\u00b7 hunting and gathering cu ltures of the Flpi pa leollth lc and h,n ,1r,1p.1t LcJ der of one thou,.,,nd, cJ lled ehilic,rc-h by the \/ug ,II The Sumerian word for king (literally mc,,nlng big the farming cultures or the Acc rnm ic Ncc.,lithic man). The lusal m,,y origi11aliy have been a war leader. (c. 9100 8500 uc). The term i~ used dlffcrent.ly by different Greeks. Lhe hig hest omcial M I he Persian Achaemcnid ,1u1hors, but here it includes the Pl'e-PotLery Neolithic A of court. Luwia n An An,1Wlian la nguage spoken in the 2nd and 1st the Levant. millennia. It was often written down l\u2022slng the Hittite hierogly ph ic scr i p t Writing sy~tcm in which the s ign~ hieroglyphic scrip!. rad ioca rbo n d c tcrrnlnatlo n The estimation of thl'. d.,1e or for words or syllables arc mos ily identifiable picture,. The materials thrnugh the measurement of the surviving most important were Egyptian a nd I lillile hieroglyphic. m,,g u s A prie~t among the Mede~ a,,d Persians. It is the proportion of the Isotope Carbon 14 . This m,iy be origi n of the word magi (the three kings) and of the h u s k in g tray A type of' pollery dish with a corrug,11ed Englis h \\\" m,1glc\\\". calibrated to obtain a more accurate value. inside, typica l of th e llassuna period. regnal year The ye,1r of reign. At some periods documents k c Age Period ofIntense cold throughour rhe world, maiiku m The Akkadian word for counsellor, hut at Ebia whkh resulted In a lower sea level. In the past, there the title of the ruler. were dated by the king's rcgnal yc.~r. Bclor\u00b7e the time of were rnany Ice Ages, of which the 1.,~1 ~tarted to e nd Alexander the Great the nrst rcgrral year ~t.irtcd as the C, 15,000 IIC, Mel uhlrn In the 3rd and 2nd mille nnia llC a cou ntry Lo the New Vear following the king's accession, Sec ,,lso c~s1 of Sumer, which was rc~ched by way of lhc Gulf. accessio n yea r. i n cision A decora tive tec hnique 111 which a design Is proh,,hl y 1.he Indus valley. 111 the i.1 millennium nc $Cratchcd into the surface, p,,rtlcu larly of pottery vessels Mcluhha refers to Nubi,1, to the south of Egypt. relief Scul pture In which the design stands out from a 11at or met,1I objects. surface (also ca lled raised bas- relief). M igd a l te mples Towcr-li>rtrc,s temples typical of'the J ntc rc ultura l S ty le A ~Ly le of decoration of stone vessels Middle llronzc Age in th~ Levant. rescu e projects In the last 10 years much archeological or(normally made c h lo rlle) found i11 Iran. Mesopotamia m ina I\\\\ weighl of'ahoul ~00 g. There were normally 60 research has been carried oul a, p~rt of rescue projects in s hekels 10 I mina and 60 minas to I talent. ,11id the Gulf In the second half of t he 3rd millennium nr. areas threatened by development, onen through ITooding behind dams or by large-scale agricu ltural or urb.in Iro n Age The period when iron was used for tools and mushkcnum One of the three classes of people in development schemes. The principal projects in Iraq have Hammurabi's Code, prob,rhly\\\" servant of the slate. Sec been the Ookan Dam, the Derbend-i Khan Dam, ,ind the weapons, starting c. 1400 1200 oc. Iron did not become Jiso ,11vllum and w.,rd um. \u00a3ski Mvsul (or\u00b7 S,1dclam) Dam; in SyriJ th~ Tabga Dam a nd niore widely usea than bronze until t he 9th century nc. the Lowe r Ila bur D,rn1; and in Turkey t he Kcban Dam Jnd the Erbaba Dam . But even otrtsidc these projects almost all karum An Akkadian word for quay or 111nrket place, archeologic,1I sites arc in danger through increasing pressure on the available land. especially the t rading s l,1tions eslabirshcd by Old Assyria n Nat uOan A part ol' tht\u00b7 lljl i pa leol ithic period in t he r h y ton A drinkiJ1g vessel in the shape of ,111 ,111imal he,,d, merchants in Anatolia and elsewhere. Ltvant which witnessed the development of cereal grain with a small hole In the base lhrough which the liquid exploitation, c. I 1,000 9 300 uc. nowcd. Kh irbe t Kera k wan: A type of black or red burnished Neolith ic New Slone Age, the period c har,1cterized by tht\u00b7 rh\u00b7m chcn A rectangular, ~quare\u2022sectloned brick used In pottery found in t he Lev,111t ,111d related to Early the Uruk period. Trl111sc;;au,.:1slt111 wares. use of stone wols and the adooptinn ol'agrlculrure as the s,, crcd marriage A religious ccrc111ony, performed by the principal mc,rns of subsistence. Sumerlans and Babylonian s, that was Int.ended to emurc the fcrlliily of the land . The groom ,,nd t he bride were the ki n g list A texl recording the names of kings ancl the New Yea r fest ival Sec ,1kii11. ru ler and a priestess and rhcy rcpre$c1Hed the city god and lengths of their reigns. The most important. are the his spouse. S umerian King List, which recorded t he dynasties ruling southern Mes~potamia fror)1 the myth ical per!od b~fnre,thc N i nev ite 5 The period from c. 3000-2500 KC in nonhcrn l'lood to the lsin Larsa period, and lhc A~~y r ran Krng Lrst. Mesopotamia c harnc tcrized by distinctive painled ,,ntJ which listed the ru lers of Assyria from before 2000 ec 10 indsed a nd excised pottery. The name derives from the sit~ of Nineveh where it was firsl excav,,tcd. the L.ltc l\\\\s~yrian period. kudurru An Akkadian term for a doc ument recording J o b e lis k A l'urm rJf stele or stone monument that tapers sacred t ree: The not ii' or a stylized Lree in ritual scen~\u00b7s Is royal land gran t. It was normally a carved stone stele tow.1rd the rop. containing the details of the grn nt ,1nd images of the gods found in Middle illld 1..-rtc Assyrian art ns well as in the who guaranteed it. Kudurrus have bec11 c,,lled 13,,byloni,111 o b sidi,111 A r:aturally-oecurring volcanic j\\\\lass. It was Levant. It was probably Lhe result of Egypti,,n inllucnce In bound.1ry s tones, as some were placed in tt\u00b7mples ,rnd widely u sed for culling tool$ and nccasionaliy for vessels, ot hers were possibly used as boundary markers. The word mirrors and jewelry. rhc I \\\\th ,cntury oc. The signiOcance of the mot ii is not ,1 1s0 mea ns son, as in personal names such as Nabu-kudurri- usur (more f.uniliarly. Ncbuchadnczz.1r), o nagcr A type of' wild abo (Equus h~mivnus) which lived in cle;:ir. \/am;,ssv A gu~rdian ngure. This term has been used to the steppes of Lhe Near East. satra py A province of the l'er>i'111 e mpire, ruled by J governor or satrap appoi11t~d by I.he king. describe the coloss,rl. stone, p,irl-hurnan, part-animal p,1pyru s Writing material made frotn the pith of t he Ogur\u00b7c~ carved on the doorways of l\\\\ssyriJn ,md papyrus plant. CJ~cd n ,\u00b7st In Egypt. it later replact'd cl,1y Scarlet wore A type or red and black p,1inled pottery used Achacmcnid buildings. tablet~ in tht Near East when th e Aramaic alphabet in t he early 3rd millennium nc in the plains of cJslcrn replaced the cune iform script . The l:nglish \\\"paper\\\" is Mesopotam ia. la w codes Texts written for Mcsopot,imian dnd Hittite derived from papyrus. ru lers recording the judgments and ,1pproprl,1Le penalties sea people; Invaders of E)lypt in the 13th .111d 12th p ictogra ph ;\\\\ sign in., script whose picture s uggests the cent urles nc. They were part of a wider movement ol for various c ri mes. The mos t famous i~ t tam111urabl's Code. meaning. penple~ including those responsible for the widespread destruction of settlements in the Aegean, Anatolia and Lhe Levant. Leva nt The brids bordering the e,1~tern Medlterr.111can. p ia n o-convex b r ick A sun-dried or kiln-Ored rect,1ngubr Sc,1la n d The arc,, of marshes and l,1goons a t the head of brick wi t h J nat under surf,,ce ,ind ,1 domed upper surface. 1he Gulf. In the middle of the 2nd millennium nc the level (or bui ld ing level) In arc heological excavations Lhc Such hrlcks were used extensively in ,outl1ern d y nasty nf 1he Seal,ind had control of much ofsor,,thern remains ~re dlviJed Into levels that contain the buildings Mesopotaniia In the Early Dynastic period. Mesopotamia, but little Is known about its rule. and objects be longing to an an:hitectural phase. llmmu (or \/im11) The Litle o r ,111 official in Assyria whose p o lle n core A slratillcd sample ofsuil or sediment that is Semit ic A group of language, including i\\\\kkadian, term of omce IJsted for one yea r . T he name of 1he \/\/11111111 t.,ken 10 recover the plant pollen, and hence tn discover Ehlalte, Canaanite, Amorite, Ugaritic, l'hncnici~n. Aram,1lc, omcial was used to refer LO Lhc year ln which he held that d1angcs in t he loc.,I vcgetJtlo n over time. Hebrew an,I Arabic, widely spoken rhroughuut t he Nt\u00b7ar office, pots herd Sec s herd. E<rs l. 226","GLOSSARY ~\u00b7ha rt.\u2022.fhc An J.\\\\kkadian term meaning \\\"one nf the head\\\" tumulus I\\\\ mound o f c.ir1h or s1m 1cs covering\\\" hurl,1I. ,is did the cit y ufGasur, which bccanw Nuzl in the second u~cd tu re fer to ,1 class of people at the Assy rian toun. millennium. the more fa mili,1r ancient name hJs been used almost certainly consisting of eunuch~. turt,111u The chief offici.,I or 1hc L,llc As,yd,rn cour t, o ftt'n translated a, grand vizier or field mars hal. 111 th1~ c,1sc Nu21 L'vcn whi:n the ri.:fc.\u00b7n.:ncc b to i111 s haft grave A grave in whic h the buri,1I diambcr was e,lrller pcr'lod. When the \\\\1nclcnI 11.1111c of,, place is 1101 reached by a vertical shaft. ty pology The study ,rnd dassific,Hion of .irtifacts. In known the modern 11ame ha, bee n used instead. partic ular, the p lacing o f a group of objects in Undoubtedly many new idcntl11cations will be made lrt the s hekel A wcighl. Nonnally there were 60 shekels 10 the chronologica l order on the ,1ssumption that similar obj,\u2022c1s furnre and m,rn y now thuuRht 10 be ,ccure will prove ln mina but sometimes SO. were c lo~c in d.1 tc.\u00b7. be crmneous, as happe ned in the case o l'Tello, which for m,,ny ycJrs was thought to be the site of Lagash but is sherd I\\\\ broken fragment most common ly of poucry, Up per Sea T he M cdi1c rrdnc,111 Se.1 . now k nown to be that of Girsu. ,omclimcs wrl1tcn \\\"shard\\\". urlJ!allu I\\\\ s rnndard. The same word refers LO ,, high NOie on dates ,fit .fhanuhi \/\\\\kkadlna for sun r ise, the name of\\\" r,rkst, but this n,\\\"Y be read s\/11\u2022shgollt1. 'rhcrc arc st ill rn,my problem~ fo r d,1tlng t he p,1st in remarkable bronze sculpture from f'il.in1 , Me~opota,nl.1. 111 the c.irly pe riods 1he dates ore b,1scd on Ven us table ts of Ammisaduqa Record s of observations the c,,llbralicm nfradioc,1rbon d eterminatio ns (C.irbon 14). slip A thin l,1ycr or line liquid c lay applied to rhe surface of the pl,111et Venus th,ll m,1y cstJblis h the d,ltc of the reign Jlo wever, recent resc,1rd1 has shown th,11 these dates arc o f a pottery vcssd to impr1Jve its apenranee and to make It 1Jf the Babylonian king Ammisad u,Ja, Sec c h rono logy. inaccurate and subject 10 considcrahle error. \/\\\\rd1cologb1s less porous. prcftt to cite l'.:idlcK'arb1)11 determin.1li0 11'i (,~ time inlcrv;il~. Vin M aris Latin for the Way of the Sea. the Roman name s tamp seal An e ngraved seJI whic h b pressed into the for the mn,1 im portant route from Egy pt to SyriJ, whic h but in this book. to ,woid confu,lng 1hc re,1der. dale, l1<1 ve s urfJ cc to leave an Impression . followed the coas t,,I pl,,in before crossing nvcr intn the been given a ccording to the middle of the r.i,1gc.,uggc,1cd plain of .Jc~rccl ,rnd the .Jordan vdllcy. by c,1libr,11io n. $1e le A stone mon ument normally erected by a ruler. Stelae (plural) were o ften inscribed and had sculptured 1v,1rdum A ,lave, and ht'ncc a servant or orficlal of the For the histo ri c,,! periods the 1r,1dition,1 I d ,Hing sy,1c n1 images carved on lhem . king. ha~ been followed ev,\u00b7n though rcn\u2022nl research Sll!().lCSls (tho u!!h has nm ye t p roved) that c,1rlicr dates may sat isfy strati~raph y The princ iple th,11, on an arc heological site, ,1 winged dis k I\\\\ ~olar disk with wi ngs. d erived from the evidence heller. Conseyuently, for the period depos it overlaying another was the refore laid d o wn later. Egypt. Commonly usec.l ln the Lev.int ,ind b y the Hiultc\u2022, 2600 1500 nc, where the so-c.,llcd Middle <..:ltronology h:i\u2022 been ,idopted. there may be .,n l'rror of' ,,s much .1~ 100 in Assyria ii re prese nted the s un god Sh,1111,,sh ,ind years. The rea fter. hlsto rk,1I tl,11es .ire unlikely to d iffer i>y mo re thJn .1bou1 ten yea r,. s 11kkulmah I\\\\ hlgh court o fficial in southern pc rhap\u2022 A,hur. It was .,dopted by the \/\\\\c hae111e nld In the Near Gast the year was normally rec k o ned to s tart Mesopotamia and the title of the rule r of' El,1m In the early Pe rs ians to re present the ir c hief god J.\\\\huramazda. in lhc spring. and this method has generally been followed in t his book. Thu~ 1792 Bl' means the year st,ll'ling in 2 nd millennium BC. s r,rini: 17'12 .rnd ending in spring 1791 . However, where numLf1s t1r1: givl,'.'n ,1cl;ording to the Juli;1n c,1icndt1r. the yea r- name In Mc,opotamla, dates were ,omctimcs year is reckoned front J anuary lo December. Thus January Sume r The part of the southern Mesop ota mian plain tha t referred t o by an event that occurred in the previous year. 179 2 nc was part of the year 1793 by the o lc.l Nea r F.,1s1 l,1y to the south o f Nippur. Sec also A kkatl. Lists of year- names enable the c hrono logy of the period tu calendar. In M esopo1aml,1 the part of the year ,1rtcr the deJth of a previous ruler un t ll the following New Year (in be determined . See ,1lso rcgnal year .1na \/i mm11. the s pring) was ca lled the accession year o f t he new ruler. and the first year of a king's reign was reckoned as t he su.fi te mple I\\\\ type of temple found 111 Ura r1u. perhaps z iggurat \u00b7the anglicized form o r the Akk,1dian :1qq11rrur11. New Year. T he conven eion used by Assyriologisls, of the square, sing le-chnmbered tower-like buildings fou nd a high mound on which a temple was \u2022ltu.11cd_ da1i,1g I he rclgn_s nf kings from Lhc year ~fter the ,Kcc~sic>n in excavations. yea r, has been followed. Thus th,\u2022 dale~ tor Ashurb~n\u2022p~I arc given ,,s 669 7627 nc. even though his f'alh er died o n talen t I\\\\ weight un it equal to 60 minas, thal is, abo ul Nute on pro per na ines I November 670 ,Hid he act ually ascended the lhrnck before the end nf Dcccmticr 670. II' the king rulcc.1 l11r less 30 kg. Musl of the names of people and places in the ancient Near than one year and died before the next New Year, h b E.1\u20221 .ire unl'.1 mili.1r to the no nspecialist readers. accession year is given JS his reign. The date.. J::iVcn fur kings, unless otherwise specified , refer LO the durJ tinrt of table t A nat, cushion-shaped object o n whic h in,crlptlo n, Furthermore I here are di!Terent versions of names that are reign and arc not from birth to d eath. in the cune ifo rm script were written . Tablets were accepted b y differe nt scho l,1 rs ,rnd this c,111 be confus ing. Nt,tc on maps I\\\\ nu111ber uf' f'c\\\"turcs 1h,11 n'}iularly dppe~r on the maps .ire normally o f clay b ut were ,1lso made of st01te or mct,1I. T he Thus, the name of the Assyrian king who is calle d S,1rgon not keyed. These include: dr,1inagc (coastli ne. river\u2022. seaso nal rivers. and lakes), bound,,rlcs. sea and shape and s ize va ried a ccording to the the ,1.,1 urc o f the in the Bible i\u2022 some times given as Sh,Jrruk in or Shukc n . backgrounJ C<)lors, and gcner.il townh itc location ~ymbo ls. There are man y instanees where more 1ha11 unc hiscription ,rnd the period whe n the 1,,blet wa, insc ribed . One of1 he reasons for s uch inconsistencies is that !here c,He!!o,\u00b7y o f symbol occur, ,Hone site. Where pos~lble I he sy mbo ls are combined , bm the diffc,\u00b7cnt cumbi nJ1io,1s arc were many language, spoken in the ancienl Near 1:!d,t each 1101 keyed. Where the symbo ls canno t be com bined they have been ra nged below the name of the s ite . A scpJratc 1.1ufThe Arabic term for b11ilc.li11g <l ut o f mud . Mud mixed of which had its own way ol' representing ndme,, so that symbo l usua lly an open black squa re indicate, th~ location of lhc s ite. Dil'fc rcnt typefa ces arc ,1lso used to with straw is applied to the top vi' the wall and allowed to !he modern version uf ,, name may tkpcnd on which signify w,11.cr rca tu rcs, p h ys ic~! fc,11t1res (mountJins, dcserls etc.) ,Jnd ,1dministr,11ive a rc.is. dry before a further course is added. Also known a s pis1' language was being used . In partic ular. most name, (Fre nc h) Jnd chi11eh (Persian). wrlt1.cn in the ctmclform script could be read either in Sumerian o r In Akkadi,111. Furthermore different versions \/cl\/The Arable term for a mound cons isting oft he dcbl'ls or1he names are used in Hebrew, German, English, of an ancient settleme nt. Also called tel (Hebrew), chugo or J.\\\\r,1bic, Turkish, Pe rsian, French and so on. Generally, in trpc (Pe r~ian) and hiiy11k (Turkis h). this book the most familiar version of a name has been used even if, stt\u00b7Jctly, this may be less correc t : thus 1\/10\/os A round building with a co11ical or vaulted rool, i11 H,1111111urabi is p referred lo Harnm urapi, and Nineveh to particular a circular hut of the Halaf period. Ninua. Througho ut the text the ancient name of places ho1vc been usc<l tJLhi:r lha11 Lhc rnodcrn I,:vcn wlu:n Lhc tr ipartite The ,,rc hltec tural pl,111 common 10 Ub,1id houses .mcicrit n,nncs Is no i as familiar a~ the moden1. For and CMly Mesopotamian temples, wilh a long cc111r,1I room c ,rnmple, the Asoyrlan c,1pltal city is called Kalhu r,Hhcru nankcd by rows o f smaller rooms. than Nlmrud . Whe n a place c hanged its name In antiquity, 227","LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Abbrcvatilins: 1 \u2022 top, ti =- top lcrt, tr ~ top right, (after Trevor W,1tklns); DU. 6Ztr. Cone: JF. t \u2022 cenicr, b bouom etc. 6lr. Tell UqJir lre,co ol leopard from J ltar: Profc,,or SL'!Llll 29. DiJgram of plan1 domc,tic,1t1on: Kevin Maddison. )Otr. Skeleton, Mou nt C.,rmcl: By courtesy of the 1~r.1cl Lloyd. Oxon. 63. Site plan of Uruk: JB, AAA - A11clen1 Ari .ond Archi1<\u00b7cturc, HJrr,Jw, Dep~rtmenl of An1k1ultic, dnd Museum,. 66. Susa \/\\\\ v,1,c (Louvre): tiirnudon. l',1rb . f,t; 7. Eye idob from Tell IJrak : AAA. Micldlc,ex; Ash = l\\\\~hmolea n Museum, Oxford; Htl . Mud-brick (Ashmolean Museum): JP 68. Stone heac.1 from Tell Rr.,k (llrltish Mn~cun'I): Equinox llL = British Library, London: UM - Britbh Museum, J l cl. Urick -making: DJvid Stro n,,ch, Berkeley. A\\\"hlvc. 31bl. Mold -made bricks: Sonia HallidJy .ind Laur.1 69i.r. Cylinder se,1I with ~liver 1\\\\1111: A,h. London; DB - Dick llarnard, l.ondo n; Jll .John 691. lmprc,~lon ul' .ibove (A,,hmolc.i,1 Museum): Equinox Lusl,lngtnn, Weston Turvl lk Bu~ks, Brennan, Oxford; JF - John Puller, C,11nhrlclgc: Ar~hlve. HV = Hirmcr Verl,1g, Munich: MH c Mlch.1el I lulford, ~ llr Village in NW lrJn: Pict urcpolnt, New Mald~n, 70cl. Hollow clay sphere with clay tokens (Louvre): RMN. ~urrey. 70r. Gabled stamp seal (Yale University): Pyramid st,1mp Loughton, E~scx; MR \u2022 Michael Roaf. Oxford; scJI (Y,1le University); lntprcsslon from L<11c Uru k ,ylindcr RMN \\\"\\\" Service Photographlque de la Rtunlon des 32tr. Skull: D~mc K,1thleen Kenyon, Jcrld,u Excavation sc,,I (Louvre): JP. 70c. Pictogrnphic tablet (1.ouvre): RMN . Mu~ces NatlonJux, Par!~; RII PL = Robert Harding Picwre Fund (Eq uinux Archive). 71b. Object, from the hoard ol' Naha l MlshmJr(hracl Librnry, London; VA = Staatllche Museen. Berlin 321. Sile plan of Jericho: JB. Museum): O.,vld 1-1.,rrls, .Jeru,.1le111. (Vurderasiatbches Museum). 32cr. The round lower, J~richo, c. 8000 nc: \/\\\\AA, 72 3. Artwork derived f'rom t)\/imle,\u00b7 Seal~ by Dom inique Cullon (llrltbh Museum PubllcJ1ions): JP. or32br. Artwork tower: Oil. 72bl. Seals [lr,19 Museum, BaghdJd): II Quadr,1111e Edlzionc, Milan. Maps d raughtcd by Euromap, l' angboumc; Lovell .lohn,, )4tr. Plgurines, Ain Ghazal: Instit ute or \/\\\\rd,~colugy, 74tc. Represenl,1lions of temples on cylinder scJI Oxford; Alan Mais, Hornchurch and \u00b7rhame~ C,1r1oiiraphlc U11ivcrsity of London. impressions: from <.,:Vlindcr Seals by Dominique Collo n 35. Whit e ware (Ashmolean Museum): JI', (British Museum Publications). Service,, Maidenhc,1d. 74tr. Al1ar nl'Tuk \\\\1l1I-Ni11 ur1~ I, A,hur: VA. 16t. Mas1iff(Ariti,h Museum): MIi. 74cl. Votive stone of Puzur-ln, hushinak (Louvre): RMN, Hndpapers: Excav,it 1011 of Nineveh by \/\\\\ , Ii . Layard : 36b. G,ncllc (Llriti,h Museum): MJ-1. 74cr. llronzc mndel of ceremony a1 sunrise (Louvre): Mary Evans Picture Library, Lo ndo n. )6 71. Horse being groomed (British Museum): Ml I. 37tr. Ewe's head , terrncollJ: BM. Mag num (photo: Erich Lessin!(), 74b. Tr.,nsport of divine ~y mbols by boat, seal linpre\u00bbion: pr,,ge 37br:. Exotic animals (llritish Museu\u2022n): MH, I 7. Delegation, from , ubjcct >l,1tcs lo Xerxes, l\\\\pad,1r1,1 J7bl. Arabs riding ,:amcls (British Museum): MJ-1. VJ\\\\. 75t. Worshipers: Oriental lnstitme, Chic,1go. staircase, Persepolis: JF. 37cr. Toilet box In shape ul cluck: Ash , 75cl. Sacrif'i.ce scene (Damascus Museum): Picturep1lint . 8. Limestone bird head, height 10.4 cm (Iraq Museum, J8b. Ubald vase, Mp,1d1lyd1, lratt: IIM (l':9ulnnx Arrhlvc). Boghdod): JF. 381. Uhaid dis h, Ur: IlM (fa1uln1l>< Archive) 75cr. Libation before Muon God, , 1clc, Ur: 8x pll1rerfr:li,rc. Paris. !!. l'Jlntcc.l bowl !\\\"rum Susa, di,1mc1cr c. 20 cm (\/\\\\,hrnol,w1 3911. Artwork nr pottery: DB. 75b. 1Jcporta1io11 of the gods: MR. 761c. l, htar, ivury: MetropnlitAn Museum, New Yurk. Museum trn loan from the Louvre): Jr. J9tr. liassu 11.1 ware from Te ll Hassuna (lr,19 Mu,eum, 7f,tr. 8ound,1ry ~lone ofNebuch,.1dnez,41r I: BM. 8. S1011c ) tatuc from the Nlmu Temple, hei)!ht 2J cm ll,1ghdad): Equinox Archive. 7&d . FJcc of' the demon Ilumbaba (British Mw,cum): Jr. 76bl. Protective splrl t, Nimrud. 865 860 uc- {British (Unlvcrsl1y Mu~cum, Philadelphi,1): JI'. l9bl. S,1marr,111 bowl. 6th millcnium 11c: Equinox Archive. Museum): Mli. 76br. lncJnlJlion Jga insl Lam,1sht.u (Louvre): l!MN . 8. Bronze Mag inlaid ,1nd ovcd,1id wit h silver from a 1mnh, J9br. IialafJn bowl frnm Arpachiych (Iraq Museum. 77tr. l'our-faced god : Oriental Museum, Chicaio, height 52 cm (Ankara Museum): JI'. Uaghdad): HV. 771. 1)0\u2022111011 l',1ZIIZU (Louv re). l{MN. 9. Faicnce mask, height 11 .9 cm (lr,19 Mu~cum. Baghddd): 40 41. Iraqi marshes: Jamie Simpson, DAS Pho tos, 77cr. Cylinder ,ca l (llrlt ish Mus,\u00b711111): MH . 77br. God dis patching ,1 w l,1r being (lrn'l Mu,L'l11n, Jf'. Chcrrywood. Baghd.1cl): Seal,,, Florence. 9. Horse head lrom Dur-Sharruk ln (Louvre): Jr. 4411. Goddess wit h panther,, Chatal Huyuk (Ankara 79cl. Sca rlet ware (lraq Mu,eum, ll.lghdai.l): IIV. 8 111. S1.011e bowl, Nippu,\u00b7 (11\u00b7,19 Museum): Scal,1, Florence ~- l\\\\~\u2022yrian tent from the North Palace at Nineveh Museum): Arlette Mcll,1ar1 , l.0 11cl1in. 8llr. View of Nlppur: Jo,111 and David O,llc,, CJm bndgc (S1aa 1llchc Muscen, Berlin]: ,II'. 44lr. Shrine, Ch,1l,1I Huy11k: Frum Villr,,s,\u00b7 lo fimpir,\u00b7 by Bi bi. PIJn ofsite, Nippur: JB. 81 br. Foundation fig ur~ (Iraq Museum, Baghdad): Sc,1la. 9. ll.1)alt stele of the prl!'sl Sinzirban, height 9J cm Ch,1rlcs Burn,:y, Phaidon Press. Florence. (Louvre): J r . <M ~r. Plan ol'w11lemc11t of'Chatal lluyuk: From Vfllc1si: rn 82br. Weld-Blundell prism: Ash. fl4 115 Cylinder seal of Queen l'uabi (flrllish Museum): HV. 9. Head of eunuch, prince or princess with inur:li crown, l1111pin\u00b7 by Ch.,rles liurney, Phaldon Pre,,. 8Str. 1;Ton-headed eagle from M;,rl (Damascus Museum): II height 6.5 cm (Iran Bastan Museum, \\\"l'chr,111); JI'. 44b. Site plan orCh<llal Huyuk: Jll, Quadrante Edizionc, Turin. I I. Cuneiform inscriplion from Nurthwe,1 l'aldce, Kalhu 451I. View ofChata l J-luyuk: JJmes Mcllaart. London . 851. Shell lnl,1y from Mari (Lo uvre): Giraudon. 86b. Relief of a lion-headed eagle and two stags from Tt'II (British Museum): MH . 4'ilr. Stamp seal from Chata l liuy uk (Ankar,1 Museum): al-Ubaid: BM. l4bl. Planning area ofcxcavatlo11, Syria: AAA jphoto J,1mcs Mcllaart, London, 86 87c, Cold ncckld,e (Aleppo Museum): AAA (phulo G, G. Tol'IOII). 45c. Vulture fresco room wilh platform~, Ch,11,,I lt11y11 k: Tortoli). 87tr. Site plan or Ebia: JB. 14br. F.xcava ti<J11 .,t Ebia: AAA. DB. 87c. Tablet~ in sicu at Ebia (Univcr,ity or Rome, Italian ArchJcolog1cal Mission in Syria, courtc,y Paolo M,1lthiac): ISte. f.lushlng sediment for carbon plant remains: British 45h. Pain1ccl leopard, in relief, Chat,1I lluy uk: James Equinox Archive. lnstitme at Amman for Archaeology and History. M1:1!;1t1rl. London. 87cr. Human-headed bull (Aleppo Museum]: Clau, Harismann, Munich. I5tr. Sieving for artif,1c1> and bones: British Institute ,11 46b. Anthropomorphic put. liacilar (Ash molean Must\u00b7um): 87bl. Ebia tablets: AAA (photo G. Tortoli). Amman for Archaeology and History. JI'. 87bc. Ebia archives: DB. 88t. Plaq ue of Ur-N,rnshe (Louvre): Gir,,udon. 151. Excavation at E!blJ: \/\\\\AA. 461. Village settlement. Kurdistan: Hutchinson Library. 88r. Stele o f the Vu ltures (Lou vre): RMN. ISbr. LJbor,1lory rcconstructiun of' Aln Gh.izal ligurcs: London. 89b. Incised silver vase (Louvre): HMN . 90br. Stone rnuple (Iraq Museum, llaghd.,d): Phaidon lnstitutt' of Archaeology, University of London. 47. Wall painung from Umm Dab,1gh1ych, ,1r1work af'ler Press. I~er. Ard1acol,1gists collectinil ;irtefocts: Brit!sh Institute Jt Diana Kirkbride, 1975. 90t. Hu111a11-he,1dcd bull (Louvre): RMN . AmmJ n for ArcF,aeology and History. 481 , \/\\\\labastcr f'cmJh: figurine, Tdl c,-S,1ww~n. 6th 90bl. Statue of IJbih-il (Louvre): \/\\\\AA. 91tr. J-lead of a woman (Lm,vre]: RM N. l61. Diagram of' dendroL\u00b7hronology: Colin Sa lmon. millenium (IPtJ Museum, ll.,ghdad): J>lc1urcpulnt, New 911. Ur-Nanshc statuette (Damascu, Museum]: HV. 91c. Man carryi ni box: Metropolita n Muscl1111, Nev.\u2022 York . 16c. R,1Jiocarbon graph: Colin Salmon. Malden, Surr~y. 91 br. St,Huctte of a woma n: BM . l6br. Artwork of excavation Ne,1r ~nswrn 1cll: Dl3. 48b. Alahnstcr vessels, Tell c,-Sawwan (lr,19 Muse11111. 92 J t. Stan dard of Ur (British Mu,cum): Ml-I. 16bl. \/\\\\rtwork of cquipnwnt : DB. B~ghd,1d): Da vid ,,nd Juan Oates, Cambrld,tt,:, 92c. A gaming board (British Mliscu111): AAA. 92bl. Cow' s head ly re (British M\\\\1SCun1): Mil. l 7. Prehistoric female ngurlnc, Chatal Huy uk (Ankara 49lr. Tc,\u00b7racotta hcJd, Chog,1 M,1mi {lrilq Mu seum, Museum]: MH . Baghdad): Jr. 19. Taurus muu111ah1s: Sonia Halliday and Laura 49. Tho los: J B. Lushington, Weston Turville, Bucks. 50 I, Marsh Arab bnat, Iraq: Zefa, London . 2 1b. Lar valley. northern Iran: RliPL (photo, Desmond 51 . Recd house, ,11 Shobabh 111,,r~lw~. lr,1ti: RHPL (ph11t11: Harney). V. Southwell). 2 lt. Bank of the Euphrates: RHPL (photo: Mkh~cl .lcncr). 52, bridu temple: 1)8. 24 tl. Doscn and ansis, Syria: RHPL (ph111u; Mich.,,:I 54 5, bom<'Slk ohjccls, Tell M,1dhhur (lr.,y Mu,eum, Jenner). B,1ghcl,1d): JI'. 2Stl. l.cop,1rd, potsherd , from Chia Pah,m, Lurist,rn, lra,1 54. Site plan ol Tell Madhhur: Jll. (Britb h Mu~~um): Drawn by JR 56. LllJrd-hcadcd fil!urine: BM . 24tr. Snake, po tsherd, Arpachlyeh (Brilish Mu~cum): JP. 57. Akkadian relief of captive,, c. Z100 ll,, lrnm Su,a 26 7. Plowing scene: Sonia Ilalllday and Laura (Louvr~): RMN. Lushlngton, Weston Tu1\u00b7villc, llucks. 60tr The site of Uruk : Z~fa. London (photo: K. Goebel). 27tr. Winnowi ng, trJn : Soni., H,1lliday II. l.,1ur,1 60cr. Pcmalc m,1, k lh.>111 Uruk (lr,14 Muscuni, llaghd.1d): Lu~hington, Weston Turvillc, Bucks. J(l-11'1,. 28b. Nahal J-lcmar sickle (Israel Museum): JP. 60b. Site pla,1 of Uruk: JU. 28br. Variou, tools from Nahal Hc nrnr {Israel Mu,eum): Jfl (, 11 . Rc~onM rc1c1l1111 or Warka va,e: JI'. 28tr. \u00b7rcxtllc ti.'1:!hnlq ues: .IF. GIer. Warka vase (Iraq Museum, Baghdad): Scala, 281. Textile technique,: JF. r lorence. 28t. Reconstructed stone ma~k. Nahal Hemar (lsrJcl 6ib1. Stone st\u00abluette ofa bcJrdcd man, Uruk (Iraq Museum): JF. Museum, B,1g hdi1d): S.:ala, Florence. 28bl. Mort.,r Jnd pestle, Jericho (A,hmolcan Museum): JI'. 6211. Cone mnsJk rccon,truction by W . AndrJc: from 28c. Reconstruction or sunken house, Qcrmc2 Derc, lrJg W<11'kC1 Repurt (Equinox Ard11vr), 228","LIST OF 11.LUS'rRATJONS 92br. Gold vessels: BM. IJ0ir. Wom,111 reeding child frwrn skin bo11 lc, Southwest Iu2bl . Sile pla11 or Northwest Pal,,cc. Kalhu: JB. 931I. Queen Pu,,bi's hc,1,Jurrss; Univcr~ity of PJlace, Nineveh, rrlicf (British Museum): MH, (62 lb. Dr,1wlng of throne room frum \/1. H. Layard, PcnnsylvM1i,1. 131. Wall painting of AssyriJn ,oldicr f'rom the palJce ol Mo1111111nc11ts of N111ct1ch, I, pl. 2 (Ashmolean): Equinox 9ltr. 'Ram in Lhe thickd': 13M. ShJlmaneser, TII ll.,r,,ip 8th cemury ne (N.1tlon,1I Mus~t11n, Archive, 93bl. Gold dagger (lra9 Museum, llaghd.1d): Sc,il,1. Al\\\"ppo): Claus 11.,nsmann, Munich. l63tl. Sacred tree and the king (British Museum): MH. 93br. Gold helmet in the l'orm ofa wig (lr;u,J Museum. I 321. Statue of ldrlrni (British Mu,cum): Mil. 163tr. St,11ue nf King Ashurnasirp,11 II (Brltl~h Museum): Baghdad): Scala, Florence. I 3Jt. The Valley of.Jezreel: Rolf Kneller, Jerus,1lcm. \/I\/IA . gq 5. Standard o r Ur (British Museum): MH . I 36tr. Hc,1d of m,111, Dur- Kurigalzu {Iraq Muscu111, 163c. lleardcu courtier ill Northwest Palace at Ka lh11: MR. 98br. Victory stek of Naram-Sin (Louvre): MH. 8aghd,1d): JI'. I6Jbc. Hu111a11-headed winged bull: BM. 991 I. Copper head from Nineveh {lr,1q Museum, Baghdad): I }61I. Amarna Jeu er (British Museum): MH. 163br. Ashurnasirpal and aueni;fonts (British Museum): C:l,1us Hansmann, Munich. 137c. Hiuitc st~mp ,e,,I lrnprcssion: IIV\/Phaidon \/\\\\rchlvc. MH. I00. C.udc,1(Louvre): Scala, Flom1cc. 14 1I. Ziggurat JI Dur-Kurigalzu: MR. 165. Gold jewelry from K,1lhu (Iraq Museum, Baghd,1d): IOI tr. View nfthc 1,iggur.11 of Ur: \/1\/1\/1 (photo 13ruce 142br. Kudurru ol' Mclishihu II (Louvre): RMN. il,,rry lvcrson(l'lmc M.igazine. Norman), 14)11. Wdll plaque: llM . 165. ShalnMnescr and Marduk-zakir-~humi on throne hasc, IOI bl. Site pla11 of Ur: JB. 1'1 3rr. View of A I- Unt.1sh-Napiri;ha: MR. fou11d at Kalhu (Iraq Museum, IJaghdJd): David ,ind Joan I0lbr. Stone bowl from Ur (Iraq Museum. llaghd.id): Sc.ii\u2022, 14Jcr. Ziggur,H di AI-Un1,1sh- Napirisha: RHPL. Oates, C;imbridgc. Florence. 14 lbl. Site plan of AI- U111.1sh-Napirisha : JB. 166- 7. Balawat Gates ,,nd scenes (British Museuru]: .JF. 1031. Weight in the shapl' of .1 duck (Iraq Museum. 111, Site plan ofllaitus,1s: .Jll. 168- 9. Relief scene rrom 1hc Balilw,11 GJtes (British Baghdad): Claus Hansmann, Munich. 144c. Great temple of I\\\\Jtlus.,~: MR. Museum): MH. 103b. Silver figure of ,1 bull inlaid with golJ (lkitbh 1\u202215tc, Rim ol' Hittitc va,e fro,n Haltus,1s wilh w,111 and 170tr. Bronze disk, Urartu: Coll. Vcrzamcling Ebnotha, Museum): MH. lower: HV\/ l'haidun Archive. Les \/\\\\res. 10~ 5. ZiggurJt~: DB. 145r. Relld' of' w,,rrior god: PhaiJun Archive. I70cr. Model of fortress: BM. 106 7. ZiggurJt of Ur: Georg Gerster (.John Hillelson 145bc. View ul 1-1,lllUSJS: MR. l70bl. Winged bull centaur: BM . Agency, LonJun), 147tr. I-lead, Ug~rit (Louvre): Jr. 171 tr. Hel met: Pr:ihistorische Staatssammlung, Munich. I IOb. Vase frun, lJrsa (Louvre): JP. 147c. Statue of' god, Ug,,rit (l.ouvrc): Ml-I. 17lcr. Cauldron and lrlpod: Badischcs Landesmuseum, 1111. Monkey (Iraq Museum, u.1ghd,1d): JF. 147cr. Face v,1sc, llgarlt (Louvre): RMN. Karlsruhe. 111 r. Necklace fmm Kish: Ash. 147b. Site pl,111 of Ug.,rit : .Ill, 1711. Bronze figurine: VA. 1121. V.1se In the form of a lion, K.rncsh (Louvre): f<MN. 148. Temple relief (ln<titul fur Vordcr,,siatische 174. Stele ofShamsh l-Adad V: llM . 112b, War.id-Sin foundation figure: BM. \/lltertum,lrnnde, Free University, Berlin): SW,1tlkhe 175, Scene on Black Obelisk (British Museum): MH. I I 1. View of Kancsh: MR. Muscco. llcrlin 1761. King Tiglath-pileser Ill (British Museum): MH. 116. Chariot mod~!; Ash. 149tl. Sitt\u00b7 plan of \/lshur: JB. 176b. Phoenician coin (National Museum, L~banon): ,JI'. 117. Silver s1,1ludtc: Bruno Rabey, fl,1sk. 14911', View nf A~hur: MR . 178. King Uar-rakib: Poto M,1rburg. 118. Gold pecrnral (Louvre): llMN. I49cr. Royal tomb. \/lshur: MR. 1801. King Sargon II: BM. I1911. Statue of llo-lHup-l lum (Aleppo Museum): I51lc. Exercise l11 cuneiform writing (British Mu;eum): 1811. Reco11s1ruc1cd head of King Midas: J. 'Prag, The Picturepoint. John Ridgeway. M11ncheste1\u00b7 Museum. I 19tr. Site plan of M,1ri: JB. 151 tr, Stylu, and wedge, (IJrirbh Museum): JI'. 181b. lvriz relief: Rlll'L. 119cr. Goddess with 0owing vase (Aleppo Museum): I~ Icl. Hittite hieroglyphic i11~cription from C'J1\u00b7chcmlsh: 183. Site plan of Tepe Nush-I .Jan: J8. Picturepoint. A\/1\/1 . 182 Jb. View of Tepe Nush-I .Jan: MR. t 19bl. View of Mari: RHl'L (photo: Mich,1el Jenner). 15 lc. Diction,1ry of' synonym, f'rom Nineveh (Britbh 183cr. McdiJn silver hoard : BM. I 19br. W,1II painting from Mari (Louvre): HV, Mu,cum): lohn Ridgeway. 183b. ExcavJtcd doorway, Tepe Nush- I Jan: MR. 120. I-lead oia ruler (Louvre): RMN. 15 1cl. Serlhes (British Museum]: Ml I. 184tl. Mural: from\/\\\\. Parrot, Nin~veh and naby \/011. 121 . St,llUNtt: of Lu-Nann,1 (Lm,vrc): AAA. I5lcr. Alph,1b\\\"1ic s,ripl on polle1\u00b7y J'rom 1,,ichish (British 184tr. Clay 11gurine (Louvre): MH. 122b. Silver boat (Iraq Museum. llaghdJd): Kud,1n~h,1, Mu,cum]: Ml I. 184. Site plan r,f Khnrsabad: JB. Tokyo. 151 cb, Cuncll'orn, inscription from rcliel al K.ilhu (Rritish 184br. Four-winged genie (Louvre): RMN . 122 3t. Marsh flrnb boat: RHl'L (photo: V. Suuth wcll). Museum): Mil. 184bl. Prism of Sargon: BM. 122d. Model clay boat (Iraq Museum. Baghdad): JI'. 151 bl. Lcucr and envelope (British Museum): John 185br. Impaled c,1p1ives (British Museum): MH. 122~ )b. Rcwnstrucuon 1J1' sledge (British Mu,cum): Riclgew,1y . 18611 . Assyrian king (Btili,h Museum): MIi . Kodansha, Tokyo. 151 be. Writing bo.1rd (British Mu,e111n); JI'. I86r. Site plan or Nineveh: JB. 1211. Plaque showing sledge (British Museum): JI' I~2lc, C.1111eu portrait of Ilcnry R,lwlln,on: \/\\\\sh . 186b. Relief of Nineveh palace, detail : BM . 123tr. Wagon model: Ash. l 52lr. Hurmuzd Rassam: BM . 18711. View of walls, Nineveh: AA\/I. 12Jcr. Charlot from Persepolis: RIIPL. 152c. Woulley ,ind Mallowan: BM. 187tr. Rei k!' ('>11 flaid ch c,1nal: MR, l24t. Eclip;cs: Kevin M,1dd lsun. I 52bl. Silver lyre, Ur: llM. 187b. Oa111 at Sh,1llala1: .Julian Reade, British Museum. 124b. Quarter, or the moon: Kevin Maddison. \u00bbM.152br. Lyre ill situ, Ur (British Museum): l'h.1ldon Archive. 188. Stet..- of Esarh.1,Jdo n: V\/1. J 2'H. Tributes being weighed (British Museum]: AA\/I. 15 ltr. \/\\\\rch ,11 Khor,.,h.,d ; l'rom M. l'illet, U11 l\\\"\\\"'\\\"'\\\"'r ch\u00b7 189t. Stone tablet of Esarh.,ddon: I251. Cuneiform numbers: D,ivid Smith. \/'assyrlolo.~it-, 1962. 189c. Astronomical treatise (British Museum): MH. 125~. World map, cuneiform tablet (British Museum): Mil. l 5Jcl. Austen I lenry Lay,,rd In Persl,111 dre-,: BM . 1901. Ashurbanipal feasting (British Museum): MH. 125h. Ser of lion weights (Rritish Museum]: JI'. I5 lcr. f'. E. Bott,1 (Louvre): RMN, 190br. Hlamite battle (British Museum]: MH. 126tc. G,~ld cup !'rum Marlik Tep..: (Jr.in IJ,1,tan Museum, 1511. Lay,1rd on rock sculputurc: UM. Tehran): Bruno Babey, Basic. 1921I. Statue of deified king (head, StJatlkhc Museen, I26tr. Polychrome gf,,1...-d jar: A,h. 1541. Ch,11,,1 H11yuk fresco: Roger Gorringe. Berlin, body, Museum of Oriental Antiquities, 154c. Sl\u2022,,I 11nprcssio11 or a lion hunt (llrllish Mu;cum): MR. Archacologica I Museum, Istanbul): VA. 126b. Lost-wJx prucc,,: ,JF. I'>4cr. Cupy of p.1i111ing J'rom Ti! Bar,lp .,bowing lion hum: I 92tr. Ashurb,tnipal the builder: BM. 126 127b. Transporting a stJtuc: BM . from \/1. P,1rro1, Ni111\u00b71\u2022ch c,nd Babylon. l 92r. Relief bricks fr,.,m hhtar Gate, Babylon: Zefa (photo 127tl. Glass globlct (lrJq Museum, BJJ.:hd,,d): Ju,rn ,ind I 54bl. Lion hunt Stele from Warka: Iraq Mu,cum, C, Skrcin\/M. Epp). Raghd.1d . David Oates, Cambridge. J92cl. Glazed relief of !Ion: RHPL. 127tr. Trrlg~tiun (,rnals: Explorer (!Joulin). I5'\\\\br. \/lshu1\u00b711<1,frp,1I II hunting (British Museum): MH 192br. Plan of Babylon: .Jll. 127c. Shaduf(Brltlsh Museum): MH. 1551I. Gold pl.He (Louvre): Ciraudon. Paris. 1931. Ishtar Gnte (Sta~tllche Muscen. l)erlln): HV . 127bc. Carp..-11tcr (l.uuvre): RMN. I55tr. A,hurh.1nipal stabbing a lion (British Mt\\\"t'Ltm): 193tr. OrJwing of Ishtar Gate: DB. 127br. Assyrian sieg..- w,wf.,rc (Rrlti~h Museum): Mil , Mil. 19 k r. Glncd 1ilcs from Ishtar Gate (Iraq Mus..-urn, 128l r. Plowing scene seal impr..-ssion: Ash. 155b. \/l~hurb,,nipal hu111ing on hor~cb,,ck (British Baghdad): ClduS Hansmann, Munich. 128c. Poucry mold ror food, from M,irl: .lfl. Museum): MH. 193bl. Site plan of llahy lon: JB. l 28cl. Kettle: \/\\\\~h. I56tr. P,1lr of l'cn,,,le 11gurcs: llM. 194t. Seal hnpresshJn from Uruk (Staatliche ,\\\\1useen. 128cr. Str,1iner: Ash . I % c. Container fur cosmetics (lr.iq Museum, fl.Jghcl,1d): JI Berlin): JF. 128br. l'unerary banquet {Aleppo Museum, Syl'i,1): A\/\\\\\/1 Quadr,1nte Edizlonc, Turin. 194c. Battle wagon 011 St.rndard of Ur (British Museum); (Photo G. Torloli}. I5Gbl. I-ront,11 sphinx (Ir.it! Museum, Baghdad): II MH. l29t. Prep.iring food in a c.11np (Uritbh Museum); Ml-I Qu,,dr.rnte 1::clizionc, Turin. 1<J4 I. Side of the Vultures (Louvre): RMN. I29br. MJn climbin1t ladder, ,\u00b7yllnuer ,e,11 imprc,-lon I56hr. Chair back (lr,1q Museum, Raghd,1d): ScJla, 191r. Counting the heads (llritish Museum]: MH. (Louvre): Erich Lessinl!\/Magnum. l'lorencc. I95t. Ashurrrnsirp,11's c,iva lry (llrltish Museum): MH 129cr. Baked clay sickle from IMdu (llriush Museum): J I'. I 57tr. Lioness d,\u00b7vourtn)! J Nubian (British Mmcum): MrI 195tr. M,1cc heads (AshinolcJn Museum): JF. 129bl. Model of house (Aleppo Mu,cum]: l11grid Strubcn . 15711. Openwork plac1ue of seated llun : HM. I 30tl. Woman with ,pind le (Louvre): Erkh 195c. Axe: Ash. Lessing\/Magnum. I 57bl. Lady ,1( the win,Jow (llritish Mu,cum): MH. I95cl. De,tl'Uction of I lamanu, Nineveh relief (British I JObr. Faience Jar: Ash . I57bc. Tusk ill rem,,lc furm (Iraq Museum, llaghdad): JI Museum]: Mil. Qu,1drante Edlzlo ne, Turin. l 9Scr. Dagger, (Ashmoledn Mu;eum): JP. 1lOc. Toy hcdgchll!( (I.ouvrn): \/\\\\Ai\\\\. 1611. \/\\\\pc JS tribute (Urltlsh Museum): Ml-I . 195b. Assyrian ;oldler about lo kill a captive [British I IO[,I. Nake,J womJn 011 bed : \/\\\\sh. I621r. Protect Ive ,plrlt (Britbh Mu~cum): Ml I. Museum): MH 229","11ST OF ILLUSTl(\/\\\\TIONS 195br. ArrowhcJd~ (\/\\\\,hmQlo.:.,n Museum): JI'. 21Jtl. Site plan of Susa: JB. 22 Ibr. Cold bracelets: BM. 222 Jtr. Tower of Babel by Brucghd (Kunsthistorii.chei, 196 7. Glazed tiles, griffon (Louvre ): Urkh 21 Jr. Elamitc gold statue (Louvre): RMN. Museum, Vienna): Bridgeman Art Li brarv, London, 222cl. The Coming of the Messiah and the Dcstrunion of' Lessing\/ Magnum . 21 ! bl. Archer, gl,1zcd bricks (British Museum): MH , Baby lon by Samuel Colman (City of Bristol Museum and 215b. \u00b7r omb of' Xerxes: l<Hl'L. Art Callery); Bridgeman Art Library, Lond on. or200. l'acade of throne roum of the Pal,1cc 222cr. Feast of Belshazzar by Rcmbr,111dl (Naliunal G,,llcry, 216 7. Alexander mosaic (Naples Museum): Seal.,, London): l'haidon \/\\\\rchive, Oxford . Nebuchadnezzar II (Sta~tlk hc Muscen, llcrlin): Erich 222h. Src11c rrnm lntulcra,icc by D.W. Grilll th s: Kubal Collcttio11. London. l.csslng\/ Magnum. Flt,rtnce. 223b). llabylun burning. 16th century wood cut (llible Society, Ca mbr ldite): Bridgeman Art Library, London. 20 1. Stele of' Babylonian king: BM. 218c. Drdwlng of Pcrscpolls: MR . 223b,\u00b7. The Tower of Babel by Jozef Szuberl (Private Collection): Bridgeman \/\\\\rt Library, London. 202tl. Croesus (.)n his funeral py re (Louv,\u00b7c): RMN. 2l8bl. Relief'of J\\\\rnienian : MH . Whilst every effor1 h.1s been m,1de by Equinoll (Oxford ) 202Lr . Coins (Ashmolean Museum): F.t1ulirnx i\\\\l'd1lvc. 2 l8br. King Darius: MR. Ltd t.o Lrace the copy,.lght owners or the dl ustratluns In this book, it has 1101 proved possible in every case. 203. Cyru, seal (Oriental Inst itute. Chlc~go): Jfl. 2 I9L Ahul'\\\\lniazda (reconstruction of G. Ti Ila): fn.1rn A. 8. Anyone con~crncd is invited to cnntact Eq uinox (Oxford) Ltd. 204. Site plan of Pasarg,,dnc: JB. Tllla. Studies and ,\u00b7estorations at Pcrscpo\/1s a11d otlte,\u00b7 sites of 205tr. Pa face J> al l'as,rgadac: RHPL. Fars II. 204 '.lb. Tomb of Cyrus: Rl-lf'L. 219c. View of Pcrscpolis: Zcfa, L ondon. 205cr. Winged figu re: MR. 2 I9bc. Apadana staircase, Persepolis: Mil. 206. Silver rhyton (Luu vrc): Erich Lessing\/Magnum. 2i9br. Gri ffon capital, l'ersepolis: MR. 207. Column capitals from Sus3 (Louvre): Erich 220tc. Figure of king: BM. Lessing\/ Magnum. 220tr. Ring: BM, 2l0tr. Relic( of gods (LOUVl'e): A\/\\\\A. 220br. Sheet embossed with figure of Mede: BM . 210cl. Statue of Darius (Iran B,1sran Museum, Tchr,,n): MR . 220bl. Roundel of winged lion: BM. 2 10b. i\\\\rd wrs. gla,ed bricks (Lo uvre): Erich 221t. Model or chariot: !3M , Lcsslng\/ Ma~num. 22 I bl. Hollow head : liM . GAZETTEER An en1ry Includes i1 dc,crl p1lve IL\u00b7rm II II 1-. Alashly,\u2022. 1)4, IJ<l, 119 ~pl,k (Iraq), l2'12'N <M ' 41'li, 102, 109 Jl;lbylo11 (l,,,q(, J2\\\"Jl'N 44\\\"24'li, 7l, \u202217, Bor,lrp,, (Ulr, Nlmrud), (hvq), l2'2 l 'N a phy)h:11 lcalur', ,rnd 1hc mod1m1 L'0u1111 y ~H\\\\zl1.ych (frLlJ.1), 12\u2022S';'N 44' '1618, Ml n1ntc efl Rhode, (1,\\\\\/), {G,..,1\\\"(\u00b71\u2022) An f nlry a), l);i',15.1 (Qt-lHH), 2)'401~ 1\\\\0\\\"32'1::., H ~pku (Tell Abu M,i ya(, (lroiql, 16\u00b026'N 102, 101, 109, 116. 120, IH, 1)4, 140, 44 l~\u2022a, IOI. l ll'l, 120,142, 179. IO'I ln llow cd by lll\\\"I J ~lerlsk lndk,:u~ J 142. 1(,4, 179. l'JI, JIJ9, 20J, 208,212, 1crrhorl;el unh (e~ a province, kingdom or ,tl- l)or (UAli}r 25\u00b0)2'N s~\u2022ll:S't, 1)g 112\\\"N' ll, 10,. 1-10, 179 \u00a3\\\\M111nk.iy1 ('furkty), JIJ\\\" HiN 42\\\"lK'P., l7) Altppo (~yrla), )6\\\"14'N 17' 10'1J, 12, I IJ. .114, 214 rcgltn'I) Modern pl.11cc rlJJm:.!, lncludln,ll ~pu' , 115 Bou9ras (~)'rla), J5' ol\\\\'N 40'26'~ l !, H , \u2022 I 116, 120, tl\\\\'1, 119. 1.-:0. 100. ,,,-11. 1'1~. R.lhylnni,1\u00b0, I )4, 16'1, 179,208, l ll \\\\nme not .,h~wn 11\\\" lht- m:.p, ar~ l\\\\pu\u00b7, I I(, Btmr.i (AJ.~hafll\\\\Wn). J6.461N 6f,''0' U, 209, Oon ilh (Syria). l~\\\")l)'N )6\\\"12'E1 IJ5 ftiq.,b,1 (Jonltm), \\\\1,tJl'N )1}'00'1., 12 ctoi.s-rrrrn:nctd to 1he .andcm ni11mc tor du\u00b7 l l< llushlrt (ln:rn), 281 S9\u00b0N so\u2022,o\u2022u. IJ tlAc1dJ 0, lO'), 2 1J ,r\u2022full entry, cg Abu llilt\u2022 h M.\\\"e Khurra. 108 1\\\\1.'l.u Qut 'tee Dur~Kut ljrtaliu R.:ad.1kh1r1h11n\\\", 2 1J IJ\u2022.Ryblo, (IJbunon ), l4 '08'N lS'J8'B. J4. I'll. u,dn, (T11,-koj, l6'18'N )8' 1\u2022'11. 111 u.'fo1cncc c.1nno1 be fou nd h rn11y be- 11~1cJ Alexondrl\u2022 (F.~pl), Jl' t2'N 29\\\",fR. 12, \/\\\\filbl.:I ' , IC10, lUM, l,l l llad \u2022>lhlr, (T<II M,JJlnJ, (Ira~(, l 1\u00b046'N 49, I). ?l. ?\u2022. 60, Ii), 1ll, II~. I)I, undtr h.t. lull n.ime (ontJlni11g u n c 1.11 lh~ 214 f\\\\r..chu..i,1', 209,2 13 <16' 00'~. )9, 6), lll'J 119, 160, 161, 177, 179,214 Alex11ndrl11 ( I rort), 281 liN '1~ 1 19' 1,, llt1 H.:aghd.1d {lrc1q), H\\\".20'N 4,1\u20222f:hlt ll followln}l prcOxc,\u00b7 Abu. al-. lshatt, Ti1kh1-I. Akxandrl11 ll1h1m1l), (l\\\\}gh\\\"rmlttrl), H 1 ll'N AtJd S(e Grt.11 And B.ighoui (.',,.YrrtJ), ) 1'1\\\"27'N r10\u2022~6'H, ,t l Byzantium (lslllnbulj, IT11rkrJJ. 41'02'N Tall~!, Tell, Trlul (1r Tepe. T he m Q\\\"il li:tkl'11wa (\/t11qj. l,., lo'N 4S'4 1'h M And nl 8clh0 Yc1oh.1m (h11tr\/), 11\u20221l'N 11.iku (tl~~H), 4D'll'N 4q\u20221 l'll I J 28'57'8. 12,214 c11mmon prcOxes ;uo 'l'cll .,nd 1'cJH' ;\u2022tu.rr. Mq ll,1ladru1 {fro~)\u2022 lJ\\\"\u2022ltfN -1\\\\10.,'f.. t11l hlt2lrti, 1 14 }J.1J,1k~t ( Pal1\\\\tm1), 25',1l'N li6. l2'b, ')8 Ab\u2022d\u2022n (Iran). JO\\\"W'N 48\u00b01fr.. I l zu~.Alcxandrli'i (K.1nd.tl13r). (A\/ShrJ111wa,1J. Arnm\u2022, 159, 160. 119 IJJl,ia jlr<1~), l6' ll'N42'4)'h, 181 CJdll' ~l' G:.d~ Ab.tilum (..\\\\Jrl'1), 11\u00a7\\\"(1,~'N 18\\\"it,fL, I lb ll ' J~'N 65'~7' li, IJ, 2 14 C.rcr \u25baluyuk ('l'urkr)), 36'2 t'N J8'4 1'li, 2) 2\u00b7,....ArJr-.u, M oun1~'lllrkr;I, 19\u00b0M'N 4'1\u00b0l fL, l2. U,1l1HVill hCl' lmgur-Pn lll C\u2022~llarl (llaly), J?\\\"I J'N ?008'1., 177 Ahu Oh,bl (l\/Abl, M\\\"28'N ,4'21'1:. I J Alc.)(andrlil \/\\\\rel,1 {J ll'rAtl, (Afgha,ibran), Arbil (Iraq), J6 I \u2022111 \u00b7n. 102, 10,. 116, IJ,111111u1 .\\\\Cl' l'ur,1 C.lro(Rgypt), JO'OJ'N ll' IS'B, 12 l).in;ihilk ( l ruq), J6'11~'N 44\u2022119'1!. J'1, '19 Abu (io.'lh {hrc,t\u2022I), Jl 0 5J'N l'i'Of,'l>, l\\\", 3\\\"20'N 62'10'1i, IJ, lO'l. 2 14 iW, I \\\"1, 1-10, IM, 171J, lt:I';, IVl . lM Can1;,i n\u2022, ll b, lJ5 Abu H:ttitb i\u00ab t-:l,11rril v-.\u00b7\u00b7u,\u00b7r..Anlrua (l.dkUWI), Jl1.11)'N U.rnd,11 Alib.1'1 (lnrn). z7' 11'N ,c,\u2022 11\\\\'P., I \\\\ C w J-li1\u00b0;;m (Turkt\\\"J), l7' 27'N ll.2611: , 2S, 3'1, \/\\\\bu llutcyr.1 (SJirld), l 51'i2'N l81ll'E. l4. Altx.tndrlt1 F.,k h.itJ (Kok,tnd), (U.SS~), 115 11,u\u00b7har (H\u2022hNln(, 26\u00b01\\\\'N IO\\\"Jg' H. 9H UJ,hbulok (\/lirk,yl, )9'1K'N 44'19'1l, l ?l 4), 49. 5) 25. ),(, ,l} 40' J)'N 70\\\"55'li. 2 14 ArRbh1U11nlll [\/\\\\1111:tvh )1{USSR), 110' (),1 'N R,1d1ime!0 , 101. Abu Kh.sm\\\\ (Sumi( A,ub1t1), 27\\\"lJt'N \u2022>.C,1ppad0('.l11\u00b0, 2.08, 212 e.A.lc\u2022il ndrlll Oxl.inc (Al Kh.111urnJ, 44'1 l'O. 17) U1Bimuzly.J n (Ira'\/}, Jb' 1)'N 44\u00b01\\\\7'1 , M 4\u00b71 r19'P..1l IA\/shwibtcut)137\u20221J'N &9',4 214 c~rcbeml,h (Syno), 36'4\u00b0J'N 17'19'\u20ac, M, Abu ~\u2022lablkh (Iraq), J2'>6'N 4,'0l'll, I~. Arl,1', 209, l l l u_,rn (liuq), JO'JO'N <7'50'U 80, 1021 II J, 116, ll01 114, J JI), 140, 1I-H11Jor (hahrum). 26\\\"M'N so\u2022n\u2022t, ?R '9, M, Kl, 98 Al lluful (s11,d1 Mabl4 l~'lO'N 4 9'J4'r,, Arinb(rd -sec- l~rrb1m1 l!ab,clk l (lr,1q}, J71 02'N 42\u00b016'11, 97 160, 179, 19 1 Abu S.,lt111 (\/Jrccl), )0.l?'N 1-1\u2022U11E. 24 ll.:a\\\\ 111 !)'1rJun), JO' M'N J5\\\"J.2~1t 2' Abu 6i1ww.::in (Jun\/.111)1 12\u20221-.'N l~\u2022,111t.., l', f\\\\rjounL'{,\\\\)'rmJ, 111\u202241\u2022N 1u\u202211i\u25ba1+. 4'' u,n1am (1nm), 11rl1\\\"N 4d ''5l'A. 171 cardtcmish\\\", 160 Abu Shilln\u2022ln ~c .Erld~ R.11 (01mm), 21-16'N \u00be ' 201 b. Ot' ll Artttanum (~)r\/i,), l(tCJ7'N 11\u202202'b, r17 Oa1 rou11 (l.d1111w11), l4'1(i'N )5\u00b041 '~, 1)5 C.rt,\u2022, lO~, i12 \\\\'e.Acc;o tl,\\\\r,1rij, .)2\\\")5'N 1~\u202201 1l\\\\, 1, 111 177 o,yrokll ('l~,-kry), Jij'll'N l7'1l'll, 11), 119 All (IJuhrulnJ, 26\u00b01U'N )0')2'6, 9~ Arm.1vir ,er A.r~bhLlhlulJI H('t1-~h(b,1(\/o;r\\\\W\/), 11\u2022t\\\\'N 11\u202243\u2022n, 150 C.rloforie (llaly), J9\\\"08'N 8'17'b, 177 Actmhuy uk !i(C' lluru, khnnd.l 81.'ldha (Jordan), 30'l91N H'lb'E. .2\u20221, ..:). H Ad1,h.1ph lfJrat\/), .Jl1 J 4'N n~m \u00b7t-. I Ii u\u2022nAll X'.o-.h (Jrt1n), 1N 4 7'2,1'H. 2';, H, 4J ArnH:nl,i'. 2u8. 21l:, l lt1 llc:lnn ,tee Khi!lde Cilrmom, (Seville), (SpamJ, 37\u2022z4'N )'59'W, Arpnd (Tell n1r:.l), Vi_.vrh1), Jb1l 1J1N )710d1lt Athzlb (lmlfl), ))'O)'N Jl\\\"Wll. 177 Allsl1.1r .!tel' A11kuw11 lkl-.dmuun (lcbm11J11), J t\\\"08'f\\\\ 1,\u2022.u 111, 2~. 176 Adg~I (TJ1rlr)\u2022)1 l81H'N H \u202211 1b, l'1 Al J.awt (SuuJ, ArJblt11, l9\u00b011S'N }9\\\"'il'I\u00b7, 12 160, IM, 179. 19 1 C.trth.11ge(TllnJt{t1), .l6\\\"5\u2022fN 10\u00b0 l 6' 81 177 Arciilc jLcbu,um), \\\\-4\u2022 ll'N )(,.0)11:, I l'i )4 Cauruus Ml.1 (USSR), 4l'OO'N 44100'b, ll. Ad\u2022b (Tcll lli, m,ya), (lmql, ll'l7'N 1'1- Khlam{Jo,\\\"(fott), Jl .41\/N ,,\u00b7 1t1\u00b71~. 24, 25 ArlJphJ (Klrkuk), (lrdq(, J5\\\"28'N 44\u00b026'1!, UclbHI (1'i11-.ry), )b'H'N IO'll'P., 24 18, 20) 45'58'E. 5g, 5,':J, ?9. 8J, IOl, 105, 109, :il\u00b0Khnr (Q,11Ur). lS'SO'N 51.Jl'E. ',J 12, 102, I IJ, lib, 120, 1)4, 140,1 79. I'll ltC\\\"lhtl(J11n\/u,i), } 1\u20225c,'N J')\\\" IJ'li, IS9 Cedar Mt ('\/\\\\lr.A:ry), )61 1\\\\0'N ,lf,' 12'B, 97 120, Ml ill\u2022Kowm(..\\\\)'rio). )'Sf l 'i'fll )R' 'Sl'h, .N, 111, M Htlh-Muron j\/nn.:\/1, )1 1 5l'N 15\u202207'1:i. 159 Cl!taJUj (TurktJ), 11Q'!i7'N l 81 l6'B, 214 Ad\\\"\\\"' (Joo'1,111(, J2'08'N Wll'~. 119 Ar\u2022;:?i'?:. ~ :\u2022~:~;, ( ~ ; ~ ~ { t,J~~::'i~g, Alnwn (t,.i,;J Jll\\\"32'N 4,\u2022ss1b, 101, ll,,t, Hc:1h St1i1n (Tell Jl0 t1u:;11), (JorJan), J;z\u202221J'N Ch,1go1r 0,11,1r ,ee A3;hn.ikkum Adona (T,iriYyl, J7'00'N J5\\\"19'li, 12, II J, 1~ 1 ll'Jl'e, 11, 60, I 11. 110 Chalctdo,, (Tutlty), ~0\u202259'N 29'01'P, 214 li'l. 199 Arun.t jl.s,a,\u2022I), l21 29'N )S' Ol'l:, i,'J l l':J lk:th \u2022Sh!!1m\u2022ih (hHh1\/), ) 1' 4 fN )11 '$8' [!, 15f) Ch11n hu D::irn (Pakl.tran), 2C,' 12'N 68\u00b007' 1J, 98 ,1-Morkh (n11\/,n,lu(. 2~'19'N iu\u00b7n\u2022r.. )l ArvJd (Svriri), H'Sl'N 1,\u2022,tR, I )I), Jc,0, tte1h Vcrah (Khlrbc:I Kfritk), (im,d), )2\\\" J9'N Ch.1tJI Huyuk (Turkt)), .171 27'N J2'461li. l '1, Adlkt!v,1'.t p\u00b7ur'-'7.), 1s\u2022111'N i12\u202242'h, 17 J A.Ip.!! (1n(\\\\J, (l\u2022nmr,, Sui11urldnd), (15\\\"JO'N 177 ll'H'n, 80 4), \u20229 Ag\u2022d\u2022 (Iraq), ll 46'N 44' ZO'O, 97, IlO c t,.,.I Huyuk (Tiirk,y), )6' 2?'N 16'i8'U, 1,4, J\\\\-hil (trnq), \u00b741\u202202'N i1'1.Jf\\\\'E. IU~ 10'00'1\u00b7. IM Ano1w,1', I )'1, I JU lkyCC')llh.Jll ( ru,\u00b7\u00a3.\u00b7~:.v), 1'1.ll '?\\\\ 29\u202252'61 11 ), Ar1:t1hl11;1 j\/mrf), 1s\u2022-1s'N 11\u202224'1.:. 140, I '1lJj l JO I\\\\(! Ahhlyll\\\\Y.l', I \\\\i} Al-.he\u2022. I )I\\\\, I llJ Ahv\u2022t(\/rurt), Jl \\\"l 7'N '1tl1 4J'8, I} Ahlmcpc (lurl;t'JJ, \\\\'t'iil'N 111\u00b711o'n, 111 1q1 !Jlkni, M1 (\/ran), l<l' itO'N 48\u2022J21l. 171J Chnu.shtcpc: sec Slrdu1lhlnlll Ash0rnc (~J1Ju), \\\\\\\"j\\\"ll'N Jb0 1t'l-t, l ?\u2022l fllllum (h'd11), 12\u202212'N 4 :;'11)',._\u00b7, IOIJ Chayonu {7'urby), '33\\\"19'N 39\u20223&'1I, 2S, J4 Al (Joflian). Jl'U)' N ll\\\"Ol'P., 80 Alu A!'hur.1y.a (\/,....,,,1, 3Ci\\\"22'N ,11\u202209'1,, 18\\\"i Dingo! (Ti,rk,y), W14'N 40\\\"H'n. 14 Chlflllk (Tii\u2022k,y), )g' IO'N J4'2?'e. I\u2022 \/\\\\lj,lon (l,n,cQ, 11\u00b71o'N J;'(tJ'b. I)), 159 A~hdCltl (\/M\\\\lr\/)1 ll\\\"111'N l4.40'b , I\\\\), l)\u2022i Blrj.md (lr11t1), )l'SfN ~9\u20221n'1;. I ) Al kl11mum 1riee Alcx,111d rl11 O\\\"li1nc 1~;\u2022;.~~:r;;\\\\~:\u2022IAl-~ ~~\\\\~g:~7.11nhill,(\/run), 179, 19 1 Chog, llnnul (1nm), l 2'06'N 48\u00b00\u20221'6, 25 AlvJ11d, Ml I\/rim), \\\\,1,- I.O'N <1&\\\"l2'1J. l l lllr!t NlnmnJ \\\\Cl' llor,1pp.i Aln Ge\u2022 I (Syrtu), JZ\\\"J5'N J5'4l' l1, 24 .1I.-W11d (hr'lldl, 121 )7'N 111\u2022'i1J'I:, ,M A~h1kll Huyu~ ('f,,rk,'J), llJ(lt'N \\\\'\\\\\\\"\\\",\\\"7'1\u00b7 Uh,uh,ul p,-a,i), 14~)fl'N <iit\u2022121h, 209, 212 Chos\u2022 Moml Jtm,1(, J J'll'N \u2022l\\\"27'N, 41, 49, ,\\\\In Gh,ul (J~,,hm), 12\\\"10'N n\\\"Hll, n Am11nu~ Mt~ (Turkt.)1), 1h0 'iO'N n\/i:fl,, 11, 2t 111 lli1..Adlnl\\\\ 160 ,1 Mhkrlon (\/uw\/), 11 '40'N H'JJ'~, 41, 111. 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IR' ll'N ll'IH 111 Ynrghun Tl'pt' '.CCC Nu1I IH l\\\"\u2022khl I J,1111..hiJ \\\"lt'l\\\" l't\u00b7r,.. roh\\\\ Ttll llall.n-1\u2022\u2022 f~yrJ,1), \\\\h\u20221t'fN \\\\N'I l'L, tkl Tltt..1h j1dl l-u~h north~ (Jt1hl1ut), U'l7'N VurtJ lfm,r\/), ll Jl' N tt1\u2022.z~l'i, I \\\\'S 1'i1kh1 -I M,1di1r-1 Sul.111111111 \\\\t( PJ,t1r~,1t.lJt' Trll ll,1111111.1m .il-Turknun -.C.'<' 2..llra '11111Jl,)'dio1' 109. 211 Tall ! U,1ku11 {\/hrn), J'l}\u202241J'N '.2.%'1\u2022, \\\"i) \\\\'\\\\\\\"l2'1 ISl) uh,l,m ilbuykh) (ha.1), li'H'N -1nn. \\\"-W.al.tn. Muun1(lr.ml. \\\\tf0'\\\\1N,17'\\\\bl 11 L1ll\u2022i <,h,1,h (lnJ11J, \\\\I \u2022l l'N 411\u2022 JO'I;. h\u2022l Tdl llo111r1 't\\\"'t' M.m 19, 109, 120 ~\\\\.Jlan. Mt (fr.1,1), ur.zu'N ,1s\u00b7oo\u00b71 12 T,111 I lhl1,- (\/nm), ~l)\\\".ufN 'i6-.!8'L. 'tJ 111' Trll llo1rn1JI \\\\,L\\\"l,I ,h.adurrum Tup.1Ji1 In\u00abr,lry), \\\\8\\\"J.7'N 111 -28'},, lhtl Tell IIJ\\\\,111 j\/n,,I), M'l\u2022t'N 11,1A7'h ,111 ?.lb,hall'. 102 't\\\\ytl11.i', lll l\\\"\u2022ll--1 Maly.an R~ An,lun Torr.tkk.tl~ \\\"lt't' l(u\\\\,4hln1II ~(llmfrl jlr1rn), If'\\\" 111'N 4h\\\"11M'f-l. 17 I T.all I Q.1leh 11nm). llJ\\\\lll'N 1 \\\\' ll' I 711 TC\\\"II lhr.ahlm ~l'l\u2022 Ku1h11 Tt1J,t4WJ tlr.iv). l6', l'N H 'J'l'I 17 J 7-lJ:.r-o~ Mt~ 11r\\\"\\\"'\u00b7 U'CkfN so\u2022oo\u00b7t 11. 22 i11lniu,c,1 (lr\\\\11\/), l<,14 l'N \u25c4 l\u2022 I t't'.. I It,, 1-10, Tr.1hum ~r Ttilllot'lu, St'v1llr Wt' C,1nnu11,1 1 di I n~harr,1 '\\\\Ct' l<.i\\\\h TUJll:'lU\\\\ jTuhmnl. I ru,4ry), \u00b711 '00'N 4'J. 7q, A), 102, 140 T.11n',\\\"11'\u00b7(J1mq1J,w), 30'1\\\\'N n\u202227'(1, 11\\\\ll 1AhM.a (\/rut1), u \u00b7 ll'N ,u~\u2022 11J'L, '\\\" ~kl l~f\\\\lltl) U, H ' N 4 lh w. 176 T.amJ1khAn (1nm). l\u2022l'0'\\\\1 N n\u2022\\\\7'1 J:'i Tdl l\\\\hlh.alf ,.1.-i\u00b7 Nerlhlum Zllhcd\u2022n (lcao). 2q\u2022 Jl'N bO\\\"l,l'I' 11 \\\\h,Jlk\u2022nnl tT\u2022II \/\\\\J\u2022j\u2022hi, (\\\\1\u2022,1J). lh\\\"2R'N f,1m.avw1,.(('tprt.i'I), l1\\\"01'N Jflb'I 177 Ti1ngl<'r (Momuo), n\u00b7\u25c4tfN \\\\\u00b711-;'w, 11b \u00b7rdl lukh,1 \\\"ll'c< Umm.i 7..1lmJ4u111', I lh 4lf Ut'I Mll, lh-1 1111 1,1ng I V.1r\\\\\\\"\\\"\\\"l, \\\\'\\\\\\\"I l'N H.1\u00b0zo'1.. IIJI l..itlp.1 ( fell ll,1mm.a1n ;11. rurkm,:m), (.1).,\u00b7rfJI. ;,,1t11Juprium 1re111 l,mttJIJ, [\/t'41if), l \\\\ 22'N 7 dtbi'iu ffe I ,hcdl h.h,rni (\/rd'\/), Jlt,.?\\\\'N le-II lul,.h,1 (\/r-tl,71- H .:!lfN 41\u20221-1\u20221 .\u2022 HI \\\\l)\\\".iJ'J, ll, ,IM T~1.1y j 1'1,r.ll'V), l'l-,'5'N lb1 1t1, 11 l. 1 \\\\ll 11,\u00b0ll' N n\u202211't 4 ). M , 11 }, 1111 4\u2022\\\"JK'I I l b. llO -4 l1 07 I!, 1M, ldl lu1.k\u00b7ldth p,vrwl, \\\\f, JJ'N ,t, U't, II. T.anu,(l\\\"Ur.A.o). JCJ'\\\\l'N ~\u00b7-;1'1 1 \u2022I). 41) . '\\\\l. Tuhply, ( liu!l'I'), 4 i\\\"IWN ll'lz'I , l 11 '-''I\\\" ll~\\\"l\u2022p<), I111,~rv), 41 \u20221q'N JS\\\"W1, \\\"hJh Tcpt\u2022 lJnmJ, J7 11'N , 1\u00b7oo't. IJ1' ,o\u00b7 )111,,11, \u00a3,4. t40 1J'N J'f 1 ,., KO 80,8). 11), lltl I l~I. H,O lf;.I 17\u20221. llll Tukrl,h\\\" 110 Ill \\\\hi1hU.td lh\\\"nj, 111'.?YN ,7\u2022,n\u20221, (t,, 711 Tt:11 ~hu('I.I (\\\\yrw), Tul,.,p,J (lnml, Kfll'N \\\\ I IOT I ltl t;maht ~'<' Q.i1.1u \\\\hJtn I ;,,.n~hlc jlrut1~ kt'l:6'N b l .Uil'I h\\\"t, l 14, 2M t'unlpj\\\\'vr1\\\")\u2022 )\\\\\u00b7 1l 'N 11,\u00b7,,n'J- tl, TMut j,\\\\twJ, J\\\\nihi11). .lb\u2022}1\u00b0N '\\\\0\\\"0'\\\\'L:. 711 Tdl ~uuJu ,~_YHll). lh',U'N l(\\\\\\\"11'1 <111 7.Amuo1\u00b7 164, 17'1 Tur-.h,rn l'\\\"-\\\"11, n\u00b7~ l'N 11'\\\\ \\\"0-l't, 140 711. 1)M q3 Tdl KuyunJil \\\\Ct.\\\" ~moch I u,hhJn f1'w.l,\u2022yl, n\u00b7,1,'N '10' l,t 'I-., I IO, Z.phun (JnrJ1m). u\u20221 \\\\'N )'' H'I \u2022 1n, 1,l) T\u2022\\\"\u00b7 Ml (Ir~'{), ]b\u2022so\u00b7N 4~\u2022..-,\u00b7,... lt4l Tell L:ihm ~t\\\",\u00b7 Kl..lg.i 2,mt Kuh (ml),(,,.,,,,, u~Jtl'N !10\\\" 17'1. I l r.,hhn, (U.\u00bbR). 4l ' lb'l' 6'1\u00b01)'1 11 l<lnl (lia,,1, U'OO'N 1l\\\"06'Li, 11 ~h.,l,ll\\\\lW,11 (ftuA.t'',1), n \u00b7 \\\\\\\"i'N \\\\l\\\\'U'I II) I di I r-111111 u\u2022c Shuhoill\u2022l nlll 7,.iwl Chcml (lhJi\/1, lt,-l8'N '1'11 1J'l!, lil Toshkupru (Turkty). 40'\\\\2'N 4J\\\"ll'L 171 bmn\u2022lm (JonliJ11) ll.!b'N l!i l 7't . I~\u2022, -..hJIIJl,H l>,1m 1\/rnqJ, }(,\\\"JO'N -11\u2022 1 \\\\'H, IM~ i .a,h1e11e jlr'-'n). J7'0l'N n \u2022l-1'1.. 171 Tell MdJ.tln 'itt.' U,1d tlMr,, IM, 1711 T.llll U\\\" Mt, r1urA,,yl, n\u00b7t~)'N t'1\u00b7ou\u00b71 .. l l Zlni.:1rli ~t'r ~m'\u2022I \\\\)umuh,1(Turh:,\u2022), Jli.\\\\N'N 1R'22'1, 11} h\u2022II M.iJhhut (\/r,,qJ, l'1 \\\\O'N 41'{}()1J i. \\\"'i ), l\\\"l1\\\\hro11V.anJ,(hr4o). lH\u2022l,fN 1l\\\"l0'1, 7 t \/Jk1r1u\u00b7. 17q 22. 111 171. ,,. J I-I lo,11 tJ11\/\\\\lu11t, \\\\(l'\\\\q'N 15\\\"!7'L 111 Sh,mid,u lh~i\/J. ,7\\\"0'\\\\'N \u25c4 )\\\"\\\\l't:-, 24 M.~ Zubrldl l\/11,i\/), l4\\\" 11'N 45'Otl, 141 Tt'!II M\u2022)thUhyeh ('1J<fl\u2022 ,11\u00b71-,\u00b7~ 11\u2022u\u2022r1. Tu11ul (Tttll D1'.1I j\\\\V?lll~ l\\\\\\\",a'N )1fll.l'I ,h.ur.akum t'\\\"\u00b7\\\"{~ U' let'N 1\\\\\\\"l&'l 11~1 2, AO, '17, I lh, I.Hl ,h.,uhrn (1 ,11 \u20221 \/\\\\ijul). (1'1w\u2022\u2022I). JI H'N 1\u00b7u1uh (Kh11l.ild1J, (frihJI, \\\\ \\\\\\\"lffN '14 \\\"40'h, rC'IJ M.udlk.h 4f(' I hl,1 l1'l7'1, I U, 119 1,\u20221611. M 7\u20221 ilO, RI, Q7, qH, 116. llll \\\\ht'dlt\\\"ln (J1m\/1wJ, 12\u00b71 l'N J l'>, 1,11 Trll Ml\\\\hnleh ..Cl' QJlll,1 Trll MhmJl'(\/r,JI\/), ll\\\"!6'N 'l'i'1J1'1. \\\\K. '111 Tu\\\".in.i (Kc1nrtlm.1rl, ('nirkrv). )7\\\"\\\\ll'N ,h~ll,,,h HiAmld M:t\\\" L>u1 -._,.:itll111nrn leoll Muh.a111111cd Auh (\/rJ'f'I, lb*1\\\\'~ Sht'.rlhum\u00b7. \u2022)7 4.?'\\\"t'I\u00b7 b4. jjO, 1-10 \\\"1\u00b0ll'I I \\\\ 11 lhO \\\\h\/~JnlhJ pdl 1li1l1i0l,\u2022~u'n''.\\\"1i1)1,1 m\u00b72~'N Trll Muh.ammJd (h,11\/I, I l'J\u00b7l'N 'I I ll'I. lm.,..111.a', Jh(I ,11\u00b7 1,,., I Vil\\\" ll.1\u2022\/llm,t11), H Ht'N }t\\\\'ll'l. I\\\\'\\\\ IW flu, lbll. IM. 177, 17'1. IOI, 214 ,111i...111 1(iulJlul {l,\\\\JJJI, n\u00b7to'N 11<,\u00b7 HI I l'n 120 1'('11 M11Jt'li11 >t1.\u2022 Ak\\\\h,1k Shlloh (.11111\/,111), l2\\\"0J'N Vi'lf\\\\' t , I \\\\1 ll2","INDEX l'111,1c m1mhcr1\\\"1 In ,w\/in; rcf(r to Amel- Marduk 199 Ar.lmilC,)lh <lfl, 108, 1'1(t. l'lU, 159, 160, Mt y.1~\u2022\u2022< 20 ), l(M ilh.1\\\"'1r.1tlo11> or chelr t<Jf>lh>n> Am,nemh,1 I I 18 16,1, 1(,7. 171, 170, 118, 179, 182, 192, I\\\\M1r\u2022,hdrl'd- U)Ur 181 Amtnophis II 134 195, 19H Alai-Sin 108 A\u2022 Ancpad,1 81,. 87 Amenophts Ill I JS, I U1, I '7 \/\\\\1all,1 \/Hll A b,1dd1, \u2022rcll 54. % Ar;1mu ) 72 Amcnopt11, IV I 35, IJb. 117, 141 Ar,H,11 , Mount 20, 148 l\\\\lhl'l'l,'ltD Abdhnilqut 189 Af,lllJ 84 Amcrka 25 l\\\\lhcn,21J Ablak 100 Amid 158 ArJxts valley Bl Atho,, Mounl 21 l Abu lforcyr,, 29. H, J5, 44 Ar hil I If,, I JQ, 140. 150, 174. 185, Jgl Ato~s.1 21 l Abu S,1l,1b1kh 82. IM,%, I Ill Amm.1n J4 \/\\\\rL\u00b7 h,ill' !->u~i,111,1 period 4 l Aw,1yli. Tell jTl'II cl\u2022Ourlli) ~ I, H, , I Abu Simbcl 144 Ay I lQ AmmisJ duqa 123 orAr'Chl'ologicdl C,urv(\u2022y l11dl,1 2ZO Abydos R2 Ammon\/Amrnonlte\u2022 I$8. 176 \/\\\\?:,Hlwaod,h I )H l\\\\ c~o I J6 Amorltc, %, 'l9. iOl, 108, 110. 112, 11 ,1, Jn.::hcoln~ic,1l 1c.;hnitJUC-: 14 IG, It\/ 16; Accmhuyuk 111. l 14 ,1n,,ty~lnJi e.ced!t Jnd boncli 2'5: polll'ry tlJJI, 89, 14&, 1,17 AchJcani. 146 119, 121, 146 ,cq\\\\1ettce 56; \\\\i.'t' a\/(jo anlm.11 bones. !label, Tower o f '>\u2022I, 104, \/\u2022\/\/, \/9J, IQ9, l\\\\chacmenid rcrlod 207, 2111, 220. 22\/; Amoritc dyn.1s1y of llabylon 121, 192 radioc.1rbu11 d,nlng,. Ir-ti: ring d,uings \u00b7\u2022'1\/ art hltec turc 2116 7 JlllllitlS 49, 150 222. 222,223 A1nu11 JJJ architecture Achacmcnlds 15 l. I83, 207, 211 Amuq fl period 4 J ll,,bylon 75, BJ, 8 7, 108, 10,~, 110, 111, Amurru 12'\/, 1 lh, IJ~. 144, 14',, 15Y, 160, Xch.1cmcn id .206 7; Babylonl,,n Achshaph I ln I ll, 114,119, 12\/J, Ill , 121,121,117, 189 192 3; early domcs>k 47, 48, 49. 51. Ad.,b KS, IOU, 12I Amu1 -p1-0I I 10 56, 61. 82, 129: jlJl,1cc 86, 86, 87, 152, l'>K, 1(,7, 176, 1(1(), 182, 188, 18'1, Adad 75, 110, 144, 149, 175, 188, 191 An 81, 83 141. 1<16, 161. 161, 171.212; 10mple 189. 190, 1q2. 192 1, t 98. 1qs, 201. Adad-guppi 199 Ana 160, 175 ',1, S4, 79, KO, 100,141,144: Ad,1d- nfr.irf I 14',, 148, 176 Ur,1rt1an mllit,1ry J70; :,ec c,\/::,u 202, 204, 20(,, 212, 214, 2 15, l22 Adad~111ri1ti 11 1591 164, 1&7 Ana1oli,1 20, J 1, 35, 4J, ~6, 5 1, 68. 70, 7igjtur,1t\\\" ,rnd lndlvidu11I slt<:s Ad.,cl, nlrari 111 175 103,108,113,114,123.132, 117, 119, archive, 1!7, I JS 1st Dyn,,sty IY2; !rd l)ynJ<ty 141 ; l\\\\dad -shuma- lddlna 148 Jl,illUSdS 117, Jf16; l.lck nf MlttJnl..111 14 5, 146, 148, 1$0, 151, 154, 164, 180, I 35; of M.irl R9, 108, 119; of Median l~htJr g,11l' 191, \/9 3; n!U)l'llnl \/9J; Ad,1mdun 142 18). 19 1,202, 20), 21,1 mun I'll, 2(11, UgJrll 147 Northern ci tJdc\u00b7I 192; Procc~sic)ll,11 Ad,Jlhl 176 JnimJI bones 14, 29, JO, JJ, 36. 4(,, 47, h2, \/\\\\1d.1 Muliss i 188 A,dini 172 Way 192, \/Yl, 202, Suu1hcrn di.1dd l\\\\doni> SJ 128 Aegean Sc,1 1'16, 212 ,., b,ue for moJel, 44, 45 Argishti I 17 1, 172 lqJ, 201; rcmplc of M,>rduk 167, Arlnna 146 l\\\\l)lhanl\\\"Jn C,4, I,\\\",, 72. 78, I\/\/. 11 J, 18), dnimJI hmbtmdry 25, 36, 42, 4i A1rnenl,, 8.l, 2131 220 I92, I 9J. I'J9, l04 live'1ock 70, 102, 102 220 Jro,ies 165. 167 Uahyloni\u2022 r,R. %, 97, till, 12,1, \/ M, 141, Afri<J 25, 122, 123, 177 Jnlm.11,r;: In .,rt 4S Assyrl,111 127, In; tlJbylonlan l04; 1, gyptl.111 185; Greek 202; l'c1slJn 142, 148,149. I SO. 152. 1',9, \/6 5. 167, Agadc 74, 87, 'J7, 105. 110, 148,210 bull> 36. 45. 63, 7 1, 7'J, 8'J, Sb, IOI , A~,,dodynasty 90, 96, 100,101,108,11 2; 101, \/Ol, 192, 191, 2\/Y; cnw< 8h, 87: 204, 2 1J, 214; Sumcrl,111 194 174, 175, 176, 186, 188, 19>, 198, 198, armor 117, 171 , 171, 194 St't' 11\/st\u2022 s,1rio11 I. II donk~y 8~: g~>cl lc l(,; leopJrd, 44, 202,210, 21 J; languai;tc or 141 Aiadc period 111, 112; .1\u00ab Akkadlan 45, o2. 63; lions JG. 63, 71, 72, 76, helmc1, 86. 9J, 171, 194, sh ield~ 17(1, 194 B.1bylonlnn Chronicles 11 2, 148. 159, 180, period 85,112,125,151, \/92, 191, 2 \/Y; Arnuw,111d.1~ 11, 119, 14(, ,1,i,:trku hur\u20221,.\u2022 2lJ, 126, 142; dcvc:lopment nf IX8, 189, 201, 20J r.1m, 4,;, 6~). 75; ~1.1~, l6, ,n, f>J, 86, Arp,1rhlyrh. Tell 39, 42, 49, 51 18, 19, 25, n, 42, 52, 58, 12r,; origin, Alj>,,d 176, 180 UJby luniitn 13p1cofCrcd1io11 5 1, 82, l'Jl , of 25: str also animal hu,bandry, sr,, 87; wolves G6 Arr,1pha 149, 198 201 huntcr-g.1thcrc.\\\"n;;, nomadic p,1l!otort1lil!on\\\\ animJI>, beasts of burden Arli,1CCS 2 1 l 1.Jahylontan King l~l',1 11'.10, 17'1 a~rlcuhure, ,1r;,blc r,1r'rni11g 181 25; ccredl 11!.M.'S\/\/7; bull~ \/2J;c,1111t:I~ J6. J7. AriCji 2111 cultlvJlion .25, 17, 29; crops St'I! ccrrais, ll,1hylonl,111 M,,p of the World 125 legumes, vegc1.1bll\u2022s; domei,tlc.11lon of 122. \/75; do11kcy1, Jo, 72, LOB, 11 J, Ar~l,1111cpc (1?1 IU pl.u11s 25, 29, 11 Arti1shum,1i,1 I 3'.>, 117 ll,1byloniJn N,\u00b7w YcJr festival 75, 178. 117,122; horses 16,117,122, 12), .,grlculture, dairy r,,rrning 27; milk 27, 47 I 15, I 19, I\u202210, 159. I(,'>, 182. \/YS. ArtJi.1111.1 I I \\\\h, l '7 182. i 'J0, 198, lO I, 206 dgrkuhurc, dry (r.iinfccl) !arming 18, l'l, 221: horse 11\u2022,1pr,h1~, 17n. l 7J, 174; Ar1J1,,mo II 117 l\\\\11k1r,1 wmrlc I 9 I, 202 25, 42, 4~. 4f,, 112; w,1tcr In 24 .1grlcu tiure. lrrl~J tlon IM, 19. 42, 46, 48. m11ic, Jo. 122. 181; UXCII 27, 72, 11 7, Art,1xcrxc, I 21 J, 2 1H IJJbylonian period Art.1xcrxcs II 21 i Old 77, 88, 90, 1)6, 98, 121, 121, 140, 49, 52, SJ, 126 20J; Willer buffalo 51, 72 Artaxerxes ill 213, .214, 214 Artemis W2 142, 198, IY,~. 210 agrlculturc, marshland forming 51, n, h9, Jnimalo;, on coins 2.02 Arunasll (VM~nn) I ) 7 Arvnd 149, I 60, 176, 177 LJ1c I'12 112 ;1nlm.1I~. dotn\\\"s1h. Ar'z,, 189 ~Jlllc J6, 46, 47, 4 1), 69, 159; cal>)\/,. Nco-Babylonlan 77, 189 JArlcullllrc, ,ub,i<lcncc for ming % 16; dog, 29, J6, 4,. 41,, 47, 4Y, 51,, Ar,ashkun 172 Ah~b 165, 198 6[,, I H; )l0,m 1<J, JO, 11, 16, J6, 47, Bad-tibirn 84 Arzaw,1 117, I )9. \/ J9. 146 lla)\\\\dal1i IR2 Ahaz 176 4'1, 1,6, \/ 56,211; guinea pigs Jr,; Ahhly.1wJ I J9, 14n IIJmJ> 16; pi~, lb, 47, 4\u2022): rabbit, 16; Ar7JWJII~ 112. I !6, 145 1l,1l\\\\lid,1d 79, 111. 152 ,het\u00b7p 19. 20. 27, ll, Jn, )7. 47, 4~, Ashdod 158 AhlJ111u 146 70, 7 1, 159, 16 1 Ash kcIon I 18, I 16, 146 Baf,oas 214 Ahlamu-ArJmJL'iltlS 111'1 ,lnun,11,, <lomL'i-.lic.Hlon of 25, 29, 16, 36 A,hur 74, 71,, I\\\\J, 89,90, 98, 102. l tJ8, 112, ll,1irai11 52, 97, 98. 110. 111; se,\u2022alm Ahmose 112 ,111im,,I, in religious rltu.11 10, 44. 45. 46, 112. JJ J, II J, 121. 121 , 1l4, I Jtl. I J;, Ollmu,1 Ahuni 165 71, 75, 118, \/19 I 19, 140, 14~, 148, 1411, MY, 150, 158, Ahuromazda 211,219 16l), 16 l, 167, 174, \/ 75, 176, 17'!, 182, u..1.,wa1 16&, t 71 ,111i11Mb. wild 18'1, ISR. I'll. 1'>8 Aln Dara 161 ,1 J)CS J7, J60, IG4; ,IS>C) 2 l, JJ, 16, nalaw.11 Gates \/ 52, l6f1, \/66, 17 1 Aln Gcv 27 45, '16, 47, I'.i9: be.us 21, 4'j, ho,11 2 t, \\\"remplc of' Ashur 1118, 11111, 149 Ain Ghazal 15, JJ, 34, 43, 44, 45 Ashur-bcl-k,1I, 1'19 llail kh river 97 Ain M\u2022llaha 29, JO 29, )6, 45, 46: C,ltllch 2 l. J6, J 7; Ashur-dan11h1pl.1 1711 Ak.1 84 CJlllc 2l, 2Q, I), J6, 46,154.155; l1,1' il> 189 cavic.:s 16; chcctJhi 23; deer 21. 29, \/\\\\ih\\\\lr\u2022 rhldim :.humi 185, 188 Ak,1IM11dug 92 45, 46, 159; clcph.1111s 36, 17, 112, l\\\\shur-rcsh-i>hl I 149 Banc!.h period 78 Akht'nat<.\u00b7n st\u00b7t\u00b7 Amcnophls IV Ashur-shal'r,11 !YI Akhc1.11en I J5, I Jf, 1, 4. 155. 1'5. 159. 161: loxc<ll. 29, As hnr-uballit I I 17, I J9. Id I, 148 zx.n.111111. 180 I (>I, 2(12 Akkod 81. 82, 83, ~J, 90, %, 100, 108, 'I';; t11\u00a3dlc 2 3, 29, 451 86; ~o;its 2J, A<hurhanipJI J(,. 37. 141, IS\/. \/H, 186, 27, 29, 36, J7, 46, I H; ~UOtl,ICO l6; b.mquci. M, 92, I 112, 124, 140. 148, 176,198,201.204 hares 2 l, 2Y; hcd)le hogs 2 I, I JO: 189, \/89, 190, 191 , 191. \/9S, 198, 20J, hor~e~ 16; hyl~n,1< 21, 2CJ; ih:x 24, llO B,1r-r,1kib I7r., I 78, 202 Akkadian period 77; sec Ag,1dc pcrloJ A,hurn,i>irp,d 11 IJ5, 148, \/ t\/9, \/ SJ, JS<\/, 159; j,lCkJIS 23: kopards 21. 24. 62; 158, 159, 162, lb], 16). l66, 174, 171, BarJhshi 97 Akslrnk 68, A8, I00 lion~ 2.J, 361 15, '161 62, 61, 117, 154 1 Aloe,, Huyuk 103, \/OJ 159, l61 ; lynxc, 1 \\\\; munkcyi, 17, 185 U;ll'IJIU,l 189 \/\/\/; r,tbbH~ J6; rhino~t\u2022roscs 3'7; p,lll!Cl' .it KJlhu 1.2.rJ Alalah 108, 118, 112, I 12, Ill. IM, 1l~, IJ,,SJr 108 I 16, \/SI rodent, 23, 29; sheep 21, 24. 16, 46: A~ir 11101111l ,1ini. 21 Ai,,111~1r, Trll 791 RO oa,himc 101 AIJShiyJ I JI,, 146 .n:tigt.:r!t W,lll.:r burf,1l0 }7: WC,I\\\\C:b Assyrt.1 %, 108. I I 3, \/I J . 114, 1\/4, I l'l, Bassctkl 98 Alcppo 89, I08, 118, I 12, I n, 137, I J7, \u2022Vi; wtldc.11i 21, JC-,; wulvc.:~ 2J, 29, 124.125, Ill, lH. 136, IJ\u2022J, 14 1,142, lla,1,,)) }6, 45 139, 1)9, 144, 14', \/41, 14(,, 148, 149, I ~8 7~. 176 '17, 8,1vi,in \/ 5J, 185 Alcx,indc1' the GrtJI b5, 192, \/9), 202, AnitlJ 114 198, fq\u2022J, 202,207,210, 21 I, 222 Ankar,1 11 7 beads 28, 84, 85, 86, 89, 98, 111, I 50, 18 l 210, il4, 214,2 15 As,yrl.111 t'mplrc 140. 152. 203 Ali Kosh J5 Ankh1:~C:11Mnu,, 1J') A\u00bbyrlan King 1..ist 112, 114, 1 1\/, t-1ar,1pp,1n bt,1,t, 111 , \/I\/ Ali, h.1r 114 mmakum IIJ As~yrian period Ankuwa 114 beer 70. 7'1 Alm,111 167 Middle 11g, I 15, 1'\/9, 154, 159, 162. .,lphJbct, 72. 120. 147, 148, 150, 150, ISi , Ansh,1n 6A, 78. QR, 100. 101, 108, I 10. 172 brewing 126 I 19, 142. 149,201. 20!, 2 10 L,IIC 761 112. I t,1, I 'if,, l 'i~J 158, 170 As>yrian Tri,rngle 150 ' bees 17'> Anu 76, 149, 201 A~IJrfc 7b Ahi111epe 171 ...et ul,o ltiht.1r.1,1roloS!y 12,1, J1(1, \u00b70cldha 27. l l temple, Uruk 1,0 l~'I, 189 Alvand, Mount 18Z An,-u bird H9 Beirut 136, 144 AlyJtte, 199, 202 JSlr0110111y 189 A nMnui fllt)UIH,lln:,. h2, 84, 167 Aphrodilc 83 Bcli.1moun l l, l'1 <Jpk<11\/11 (7 ,.,~n) 7b \/\\\\nur-Sln 1(11, 103, 112 Ap,11 2()1 bt\\\"I bit\/ (turd or the ht>US<) 141 Am,,rna, al-, Tell I J5, I 36 Amarna l.cttcrs 11',, I H. l lh, I )6. 117, Apu I 16, 145 Uc.:l-ll.1 rr.111-bcl-u~ur 175 119,145, 14\/,, 1% Jqucduct 1\/17 Rcl-lbni l8~ Ar- hnnu111 f\\\\l) Ud~sli.,hl NMm,11 20 1 Arnasis 206 M.lh, 10~, 185 AmbJrls 180 nrl-:,hM-u:,ur ,,.,l' Dclsh,.1i1.1r Ar,101 17(, llclshazzar I 9J, 20 I, 204, 222 llcl1t1 140 llen t-1 ,1d,1d 158 lkn1.1111initt'.; 117 llcq \u2022 valley 111 Ucrossus EM Be, 121 Bclh-Shan 118, 1 16. 144 lll',1 , Tclln lllalnfll 172 Bible, the SJ,%, IOI , \/JJ, 1<16, 147,152, 158, 158. 159, 162, 179. 185, 199, lOI, 2 11 ,222; llanlcl. IJook of l0I, JI I; llst h~r. !look o[ 2\/ \/; llcveiJtion, Book of 222. 222 Blknl, Moun1. 182 birds 25, 29, lQ , 66. I 10. 129 \u2022s food 2; mi~rntion r ouics 2; 233","INl)bX bird< ChatJI lluyuk '10, 34, 4 3. 44, 44, 4 5, 4b. demon&. 76 1~rmH1. har;i~c_.,, wt' Ml\u00b7b.irtljtt'\\\"' bu<1,ml 25: chicken )fi, 134: duck 47, 48, 18. 71. 74, \/54 dendrochronology .<ce tree tin~ datong lmmtrk,1r tM 25, l 7, l l~; ugks .lO, \/9); gee\\\"' 2~. IJcnyen tribe 14u J1nn1r~.,l.11tn,, 100 17: ,i,tnch cs 25, IS9, 161, vuhures Cluyonu JJ. I'>, 4 2 dr()<lrl.ltlnnsJ\\\\4 n11ll t,11y la<ito 17q, 181, I 11-;haku~h:.11.1 Qb Chlldo, Gordon 56 16, 4,1, 45, 156 1'!4, 195, l~K. 19'J, .2\/2 ''\\\"\\\" (.l:nverno,) X2, 102 Mc hcologlc\u2022I ,urvey& 56 Iler 1118, 125, 148, 179, 180 l\u00b7111c 111<:n,1 H9 \\\"birth goddess\\\" 44, 44, 45 Ch ina 25, 86 Der~nd IGawr 99 r111u-prlc<1e\u00abc, ~7. 100. 101, Ill, 201 llls utun, Rock of 152, \/ 52, 21){, Ch ng\u2022 MJrnl 48, 56, 58 l\u2022phcsus 202, 2\/\/5 Chc1g,1 M.1ml trans hlonJI period 48 de,cm 19, 22 Rlt Adln l 16'; Arabl,111 22, 108; Oasht I Kavlr 20, Te mple of Ar1<\u2022ml, 202 Choga Mish 65 66, 78: Da,ht-1 1ut 20, 78. Jordan 19. Oil Amukoni 69, 178 Choga Zlnbll 14 I, 144 82; JuJc,tn 14: Syrl.m Iq l\u00b7plh 14'1 ch, onology 123 l1p lpaleollth k period 2\u2022l Blt- D.ikkurl 167 l)c1 river l-4 J bu rrduti (house of ,uccc<slon) 188 As<ym n I )6, I H; Egyptian 123, Dllmun (B\u2022hraln) 114, 97,911, I 10, 111 , l\u00b7rnh 110 Blt- Vokln 1&7, 178, 179, 182 136, liS; I.ow. Middle, ll lgh 123: Pr~am M,1dc11 )t; problems with 96 11J, IR2, 188 l\u2022rldu JC,. 5', , 4, 56, 62, h',, 72, 82. 8 l, H4, bitumen ll. 47, 78, d6 dlvinJtlon 75, 76. 118, I J7, 167 Black Obelisk ofSh\u2022lm\u2022ncscr Ill, lulhu i,,,Clllci,1 19, 1)5, 1'7, 1'8, 165, 167. lflO, l)ly.,la river\/\/\/, 141, 1(,7 86. 87, 100, 121. 122 191 ,202. remetrry 72; 1,1ggurat 1(14 )7, 174, \/?S Clmmcrlans IllO, 182, 189, 191, 202 Diy.rboklr, 98, 158 cities. c<1ablfsh111ent of 19, 40, 58 , 69 d ogs 29, 36, 45, 46, 4 7. 49. %, 6(,, 74, 155 l\u00b7rl,hum I 112, 11 4 Ul\u2022ck Sea 19,2 11,211 hra-lmittl J12 bo,m 85, 98. IU, 11>~. 210, 21 J religion .,s motivating force 74 grcyhuund 16; m,,stlfT 16 IU1\\\\ 11l\u00b7,1n 17 1 R\u2022\u2022~lla I99, 20 I. 202 Phoeni cian g\u2022 lley 177 city states 68, 7ft, 79, 82. 89 dowrle< 116 l\u00b7<arhaJdu n 72, 162, 1!18. 18'), ;qo, \/9\/, lloghnkoy\/Boghotkale 114, 144 dr,,gon, \/9.2, 191 Greek 214 t'J8 Boreas 140 climate 22. 21 n,ehem 102 1',drJelon \/ JJ, I )1 llorslpp,1 7 ), 167, 1?5, 176, \/ 91\/, 201 n,hnunn.175, IOJ. 108, I 10, I I I. 112. llott\u2022, Paul J'!rnllc \/ 5J, I84, 22:l humJn Intervent ion 22, 23 lludu 99 1cc hnique, lor ldcntlfyln~ pJ>I 21 114. I 16, \/20, 121. 121. 148; p,1latc Bouqr>s ll, 34, 44 Dugd11mrnc 191 11 4, Square rempie 79, 79, l!O BrJk, Tell , I, 66, 67. 69, 71, 89, 98, \/ J,t. cloves 121 Dumu,1 8 l, 84 1\u2022,hpurt'I ',ti\\\\ coins 202. 202. 220 llur-Kurlgalw \/J6. Ml , \/1\/ , 144, 14K. l\u00b7tcmcn.mkl \\\\t'\u00ab.' 811bcl. Tower uf 135. \/95 Colman, SJ1m,el .222 l\u00b7uphoate> rivet 10, 2 1, 2.7. 29, 11, 49, 51. colo n ies, 6J, 66, 67, 72, 176 176 H 59, 62, 6J, 6&, 67, <12, 89. % . q7, brass 180 Dur-sh,rrukln 105. 148, \/ SJ. \/110. 182. 101, lll8. 110, 11 2, 1\\\"1, ll'l. 12 1,12 1, Egyptia n 82. m' d\/so trJdlng colon1e, 115, 112, 114. I l7, 1411, 145, 148. 149, British Museum 220 \/ 29. 144, I ~o. I60. Comrnngcnc- 17(, 184, IH1, 185, 186 158, 159, 160, lbO, \/64, 165, 172, \/7J. bronze 72, 11 l , 120. cookln~ 27. 56, 126, 121!. 129 N,1hu 1,\u2022mpl<\u2022 184 175. 17h, 185, 188, 19R. \/Y8, 199,20 1. copper, 46, 47, (18, 80, 85, 87, 98, \/20, 21 l, 214 \/86; 195 Dur-U11t,1'h-G.1I 141 horope 117, ISO, 211. 21\\\\ Lurls tan 174; manufacture o f 174; I 26, I 95, 202 Dur-Unta<h-NaplrlshJ l H llvol Mcrrnl.,r h l'N tool< 4 2, 88, 129; Urart l,n 170,\/70-1; ,,llny, 35, 71. 72. 91, 11 1, 126, Our-Y., kin IK2 \\\"cxccrd110 n 1c,w~\\\" I I~ ve,sc ls 160, 113, 180; wc,,pon, 194: CJbl ln~, llr\\\\t 44; rnount,1in c)f Klm11sh Dus.,hara 102 l\u2022xudu, 146 99; ore 78, trade 15, 110, 11 I; tools \\\"eye\\\" Idol, 66. t,7 St~ also n,ctalworklrl)? 42, 4i, 72. 88. l 14, 145, 147. 176 Duweor. al-, Tcll \/1!5 dwelll11gs. drnnnt lc 47, 48. 49,511, (,I , 129 fo lcnrc 72, 121,, I 27, I ~O Bron.. Age 150, 176 cosmetle,; 113, 84. I )(J t'orly Bronze 78, 82, I OJ. 11 7 rcc1JJ1gul,r 4 7, 4?: rc,\u00b7d 51, 69; I Jllaka 110. 111 Middle Rronze 87. 11, 120. I 34 cotton 185 round 28, 10. 49, 51, 82 h1 klw 1ych, \u2022I . Toll \/ J4, 11', 1..atc llronzr 120, I H. 1110 (r;a ft<j:Olt'll, fit\u00ab prorc~'.llon.11 'i6 hu.,'in , cl-, Tell &8 Crnc,us 202. 202. 204 ~Jr< 68, 78, 88, 101, 14'1. 201 llruegel. l'eter the Olde, 22J Ctc,ia> 211 n,epl,1re, 45, 82 {'unaxa 211,214 n,h and ~hc llO, h 2 l, 16, I I0 Buda\\\"kow river, 144 runclf'o,m text, Hl. BJ, 87, 124 , IJ5, l4J. l\u2022J 74. 7&. 77. SJ, 110,201 c r,b, 16; dolphin 149, nou,-.el, l9; n.Bur-sag\u2022lc 175 147. 14~. 150 I, \/SO \/, 152, \/S1, 172. l-.111,lluon 811. 8\/J n,1rwh,1l 14':I 174, l~ I. Akkadlan I 16, \/5\/, A-'yrtan <tclc of ,cc Siele of the Yu h u,c, ll~h111g 49 burials JO, 12. B . 14, 44, 4,1. 45, 46. 148; ll\u2022bylunlon 148, I52, 2011: l'l,mlte 47. 4ft, 49, 51, 56 . 65. 60, M . 86, 12H. 78, \/4 I, l06; K\\\"'slte st\u2022nd,11c121ng of l\u00b7arly n yn,1'lk per,cld 59, 62, 611. 70, 71, Oax 28. 48. 49, sq text, 142; Old Persl,111 I5 I, 152, \/ S2, 76, 711, 79, 79, 82, \/H, 115. 87, 88. 89, 9\\\\1, 137, 144 206, 207; S umerian H6 9\/, '12, % , 97, 98, 100, IOI, 102, 110, n h11 14. 28. H . 78, 1\u2022)5, nlnt-wu,klrt~ I~, burlJI mounds 911, 111. 180, 202; r uoetlorm wntin)l c;y\\\\tl'm 14, 70, 71, 82, 2l, 126 hum,rn s:.crlficc 92; St~ aho HJ, 8i, 124, 125, I JS, 116, \/ J'1. IH I II, 112. 117, I I9, \/ 25, 148 147. l5il I. ISO I, 1'>2. 158, 171. 189. P.1rly Tr.111sc11 uC\\\"1, sl.:m culturc- 82, 88, IOR Hood, the 82, 84, IOI. 1q1 ccmctl\u00b7rk~, grave objcc11 l\u00b7oi I Sho1l111,111ei,cr I S1, l62, 171 215 fontnrJtlun, 171, 1')4, l9S; Lily w,111, 82 Burl.sh 140 Cunnln~llJm. A. 220 l'.l>t lnd ic, 121 currency 202, 201 88, 144. 158, 1(,0, 162, 18'>. 187. 1qq_ Hurna-Burl,1s h 11 141 Fb,h\u2022d <JO mnt1t, 198, l 'J'J; 1lJlj1rc~ IH2. 11121ll8. g r.oin ,,. 2\u2022), 84, 8'), 111 , 12 1 hbla 14, 82. 87,117, 89, Y7, 98, !OJ, \/ lR l\/8; ,1ure houst- IH J. town! 82, 11\/\u00b7I, llu11on, I'. C. 220, 221 Cy,11.,xe, 198, 199, l02, 20} 1,18, 149, 172, 184, llr,111ian 1111llts11y cy linder 1eah 36, 67, 69, 70, 71. 72. 7 J, Jrchltl'cturt.\u00b7 170 Dushlrc 149 Western p,ll.lt;C 86, I ZR fortre\\\" nrs,rgon 182, 18-1, IM 75, 77, 78, 8 2. 84, 8(,, l(JO, 117, 122, fc-,tindatlon dcpo!tiU. ,111t..l ln~cr1ptlon 621 Buyukkalc\/ Ruyukkay,1 144. 144 tr,u. \/28. 150, H1, 194 ebony lf,O 124 , \/ 21, I )b, 175, tK1J, 201 98, II 1, i 5<J, 166, 184, 20I, 202, flyblos 8 2, 101, 118, 118.120, IJ6, cylinder,, d \u2022 y 99 eclipses 14, Cy pru, I 16. 145, 146, 147, 117, 17(,. 177, 211,211 176, \/ 77 l\u2022dlct of AmmiSJduqa 12 I ~r.rnk>, A. l2ll 182, 2 1l ~oayne, l)ougt.,- 108 Cadiz 177 Cyrus of Ansh.111 203, 20J udom\/ 1:dumiles 158. 176 fru ot ,,pplei 211, ng, 29. 31; i:r,1pt\\\", SY; Cyno tl1< Great 2111. 201. 2(\/J, 204, 2M , hgy('t 17, 67, 68,112. R6, 89, ltl-1, 111 . Calah 162 melon, 29; peJr, 29 C>,nby,c, 20J. 20J, 206, 207, 21) 206, 2111, 1\/0, 212,211.215. 221 11 7, 118, 120, I 12, 1 H. I J4, I J5, I lb, Cyrus's tnmh 205. 206 119, 144,14 5, 146, 147, I ',(,, \/57, 1&5, G&1Llc~ 177 Can H\u2022\u2022\u2022n 11 44 \/ 7!1. IRO, 182, 18~. 169, 189, 190, 19 1, C~i1111bulu 182 C,rn lla\\\"'n 11141 Cyruc; the Youn~er 2 13, 11,1 191, 198, 199,202, 20), 201, lOf,, 207, g,1ming bo,1,d, 85, 92 Can,1,rn Ill. 1)6, l 44, 146 212. 21J, 214,214: Olcl Kingdom 10); Ganj IJ,1rch 14, Vi. 42. is CanJ~11 i1cs 150, 176 Dadu, hJ 116, 121 New Kongdom JJ2; 12th Dyna-ty 1111, go1rdcn, 192, I\u2022J~. 2tJ4 canals 4 5. 59. 100,1 17,121. 122. 121,, IJ,ljt,tn 97, 14!, \/\/8; I 71h Dyn\u2022sty I l2; 18th uynasty G,1ugamcl.a 21'1 D,nn\u2022srus 89. Ill. I 36. 145, i,s, l bS, G,1un1,ll d 207 127, Ml, \/ SJ, 160, 161 , 162, 172, 185, IJ2. I l\/,, 144: 19th Oynasty 144; 201h GawrJ, repe 54. '>6. 66 11\/6, IR7, 198, 198. 2 10, 211 176, 180 l)yn,,;iy 158; 22nd Dyna,ty 158; 2\\\\ih Dy n ,1>1y IX'l: l\u00b7gypti,tn clelt,1 ll. \/,8, Round 1lou,,c fl(, Capp\u2022dod ons 220 d.10,e 28 C.i,1wra l0ulturc M, Carchcmi,h 49. lt.6, 158, 161. 180, 198 I 12 G,11J I 16, 176, 180 O,inubc river 207 ,\u2022kt1l m,11ltar11 (dl\\\\pl\u2022 y t\u00bblace) 171 Gcbd e l Ar,1k knife h,mdle l>H C\u2022rma nla 204 rkallo1um lll8, 114, l \/ 6 )tt'U~rt1 phy ol n\u2022won I 'I Carmel r,rngc 27. 101. Ill, \/ JJ, 115 l>M1un 11 176 H\u2022m 68, 70, 7K, 118, 'l?, 99. 1110, 112, 111, CMJ\\\"'ntry 118, l 26 Dard\u2022nelle< 21 I A<OIO):Y 19 Catthagc 73, 177, \/77 ll,1rlus I I ~2. I SJ, I 54, I QR, 201, 204, 206. 121, 124. \/JO, I J9, 142, 144, 1411. 149, in Mcht:c.--.1<.1>,:y M Ca sp inn Sea l'J, 20. 22, 126 \/95, 1'19, 20), 207. 2 10. 211 cav\u2022lry J6, 179, 194, 195 20 7.1\/19, 210, l \/ O, 1 11 ,2 12,114. 2 1S, Homitcs 96, ~7, ')9. 10). I 10, 111, 1l I. C,c-.h1ln,1nna 100 Cedar mountoln, 62, 99 1\/S. 218 11 6. I 32, 141. 142, I 12, 14), 179, 180, Geter I lb, 146, 158 ccll\u2022 plan found.itlon, JJ l).1rlus 11 21 }. 2\/S gho,i, 71, cemcwrlcs 65, 72. 80. 84, 88, 92. JO), \/OJ, l>Mlus 111214, 1 15 182, IX'>, 188, 1111 , 191 C,llgamc,h bl, 76, 64, \u2022lS. IHI, l\u00b7pir of 84, D,tr IU). WIil of Xe1 :<c<; 21 } pJtl!.'rn of,u,..,c,~1tm 14lJ II I, 119, 144, 117, 149, 164, 180, 180, 117, 191 ilark Age 158 lilamlt c period, Midd le 150 x1pJr11 (rt\u2022s1d<.\u00b711u\u00b7 uf t\u2022,1\/u\u2022r,rlc-.,11..\u2022-., 111 Uri 202 d;uing trc hnlquc.\\\\ 14, 1'i, HJ bbla 128; M,rllk 126; ShJ hdad 101; 1'1bur1 20, 78 \/0\/.201 Ur, Roy,11Cc111c1<\u00b7ry o f92 ), IOI l datmg ~yMems Ill;~,:,\u2022 t1l~\u00b7o ,\u2022lectru m C,f,, 8'5, 8(,, 10 J CHrsu 82, XI, 88, HH, 'JI. 97, 11'1, 11)(1, \/00 ch rono loMy lJJ vld 15H, I SH ctnl.iur 170 l1lcpha111 inc 20(, 103. \/\/2, 121. 194 cereals (grain) 27 27, 42, 70; carbonl,cd u,,yy\u2022n\u00b7A,hur 174 Glrtab 100 ll<',1d Sea 19, 20, 11, 28, ll. H , 68, 71 llllp i 174 b5, \u2022\u2022 cu rrency 29, 84, 89, I 11, 121; Dead ~c, Scroll, 201 d omesticated ,,. wild 27. 29, 29 dl'\\\\.'IOIJI 'Y'.il<\\\"m 125 Eltckch 111, u,\u2022girmt ntcpe , ., barley 18. 21, 29, JI, 4 6, 47, 48. 4?; l\u2022m.ir l)J b>rlcy, wild 27, JJ; mlllcl 18; rice llch-1 No 142 18; wheat JI!, 24, 29, 46, 47, 48, 49; Deloe,- 182 l\u2022nouth.11 112 wheat, el nkurn 27,29, ll, 46, 47, 48. Ormav,1111I. Mount 20 4\u2022l; whtJI, cmmer 29. 29, 1 l, 46, 47, an.r.cdl r,11 48, 49 l\u2022rt nlg,t ldl.N.11111.1 199 Chagor 11,11-\\\" 80, IOM ChJldcan dynasty 198, 19H l\u00b7n,HlJIUm I 87 ChaldcJn, 167, 17K, 179, 182, IRS, lll!I. l\u2022nb1\u2022 l~h1.ir 9(, 192, 198, 198 d1orlot5 ll7, 11 7. llJ, i)S, 139,159. 1~1. Pnhcdu.mna Y7 165. \/66, 167, 171, 181. 186. \/94, 221. l\u00b7rtki 5 l, 5~. 81, M, \/ \/0 dt.11 lot trappl ngs 170 . ch 3rlntry 171) 1, nkldu 84 I nlll 76, 81. 81. 89, 89, I08. 148, 2111 N1pp11r tempi,\u2022 81, q7 l\u2022nlll-banl II l, ISQ I nlll llJdln-ahl 149 t\u00b7nlil 11ddl11-,humi 14H 234","INDEX glass 180 161 , 180,202 t~hmc0 J)Jgll11 l 1-1, I lb 201 ~l\u2022s~maklng l lt,, 127, 150 Jshpuinl 172 Kassite period 141, 2\/0 Great Temple \/15: King's Gate 145: ls hlar 74, 7f,, 77, 81, %, 97, 110, 11 7, 1)6, Ka,allu 111 gil\u2022bJ I 1c mpero1ur,:s 21 l.ower Town 145; urper Town 11,1 Keb,1rJn 11crlo>d 27 llattusills I 114, 141, 146 149, 1\/,2, Jn, IR2, 186, 201 Kclls hlr1 172 Gubrya, 207, 2 12 Hallusllis Il l I SO Kerman 78, R8 Godin Te pe 66, 82, 88, 182, 183 \/-layonlm 29 Ashur lcmple 148; Mari te mpl e 85, Kerm.rn5,lrnh 7R C.odln Ill c ulrure 118 lw,arapar (grand vizier) 2 1J 90. 91. 119; Ni neveh temple 98, 99 gods 66, 74, 76, 82. 81 Hazor 118, I J6. 118 tsh1up-llum 11 '.J Kc,h 100 liebrews I I 7, \/Jo Khafajch, Tell 77, 79, 84, 87, 91, 98 kings wi1h divine ,wus 98, 102: 1.shuwJ I )7 Khcit Qaslm ~'1 symbols 76, 175, ')9; gods, Assyrian HcJ\u2022\u2022 range 21 l>in 103. 108, 108, 11 0, 111 , 121, 121, Khor,Hs.rn 7K 148; lil,,milc 142-4: lilirrlan 140; Hepa 108. 146 KhonJbJd 153, 180, 184 lndo\u2022AryJn 140: K,>SSIIC 140: Persian Herodotus 104. 177. 182, 185, 189, 191 , or141 . 148, 189. 1, 1 Dy n,,sty 112; 2nd Khosr river 187 119; Sumera- Babylonian 201: 1)y na,1 y or 149 Khucra. Tell 14. 89. 90 Sumcro-Akkadlan 89 192, 199,202,202, 203. 206, 207, 209, Khuzl~tnn 78, 2 IO gold 89, 103, I I), I J9, I 59, I 60, 170, 202, 212. 21 ) ls in Lars., period 108,108, Ill, 12 1 Kidi n\u2022 llutran 148 220 Hc7,ckloh 185 Is lam 2 15 Kldmuru 162 gold beads 66: ornamenrs 72, 92: hieroglyphic\u2022 120, IJ7, 146, 150; Hlllitc 1s l,1ml c pe riod 28 Klkkull 137 vessels 92: leaf \/ 0 J 151,158,160; Luwalan 114: ls l,llld> KlldlllUW,1 176 Gomorrah 222 Phocn celan\/\/-l lulte 158; plc10ria l for Kili-Tcshup I 37 Inscriptions 151 Cdri,1 20'1; Faililka 98; Ionia 204; Lade Kllu- Mc pa 116 Gondwanaland 19 Hillitcs 103, 114, 132, I J4, U5, 137, I 37. 212; Lyrla 204; s.,rnos 213; Tarut iB Kind.mu iOJ 139, 139. 140, 144, 141, 145, 146, 147, lsruel 27, I 17, 146. 158, 165, 17b, 179. \/85 king li sts 11 0 Gordl\u2022s IRO I Si , 16 1, 178, 189, 192 Israelites J2, IJG, 146, 175 Gordion I80, J8 I lssu5 214 Assyrian 112, 114, 116: Raby lonlJ u llittitc kingdom 149. 158: Hittite lturlya 114 140, l 79: SumerlJn 82, 82. 81, 84. Sf Tomb of Mid.JS \/81 empire 160, 160: pa111hcon IJ7, 137 96, 98, 99, 119 Cranicus 2 1'1 h oney l 7S ivory 37, 66, 67, 72. 76, l 11, 134, 1% , King's Highway I ll grave obJee1s 46, 47, 48, 56, 65, b6, b 7, \/ 56, 157, 160, 162, 170, 180 Klrlrls h., 144 horoscopes 124 Phoenician. Syrian \/96 72. 80, 84, 84, 10), \/OJ, 11 l. \/ 17; s,\u2022r IIOrusll8 Klrto 135 Humbab\u2022 76. 84 lvrlz 18 1 Kish 69, 82. 83. 84. 86. 88. SQ, 97. 11 I, also Jewelry liumb3n 144 Humban-llaltash Ill 191 JaiTa 136 \/JI, 198 CreAw7.ab 160 Humban-nlkash I 180 Japan 18 Klzll lrm,1k 202 Humban, numcna 142 Jarmu 28, J.l, JS Ki1.wwa1na I 35, I J 7, IJ9, 145 Greece 146, 21 J llumrl 175 .1,,w., 82 Kade 146 Greeks 177,203,204,212,21 5,222 hunler-gathcrcrs 19, 25,271 38, '1 2, 68 JaxartC'S river 203 Koldcwcy. R. 1'>2, \/92. 19'J hunting 1) 4, \/ j1\/, 155, 161. 162, 164, 171 , Jcbel Muda 72 Kml ur- M,,bu k I IZ Greek cl1y s1,11es 214: legend , In. Jcbcl llishrl 108 kudurrus 76, 142, \/:12, 201 194 J ebel Poldeh 187 Kuh-i T;1ftan 20 USO; sources I i;2, I 79: see also Hunusa 185 J e hel Hamrln 112 Kultepe I\/ J Hups hcn 14 2 Kurnid u 132, 136 Herodotus l-lurrlan nJmcs 1)6, 141 Jebd s,nJ.r 112 Kummuh 176 Griffiths, D. W . 212 Jcholachln 198 Kur.1sh 201 llurrlans % , 108,1 14, I H. IJ3.136. 141 Jehovah 204 Kurtgalzu I 141. 141, 143 grill- plan found,,tlon, 33 Hutcludush -lnshushlnak 149 Kurigal,u II IJ9. 141 Grotoftnd, Georg 152 l\u00b7lutron 144 Jer usalem \u2022c mplc 158 Kush 189 Gubba, Tdl 80. 203 llyksos I lO, I32 Jehu 179 Kusiiar., 11'1 Gudea 74, 91, 99, 100.1 00. 11 0 lly>t,,spcs 207 Jcmdct Nasr period '>8. 59. 62, 66, 67, 68. GulJ 74 KtHJ IIJ 111 Gulf, the 19, 2 1. 56, 68. 78. 78, 84, 89, Q7, lbal-pl-cl 110. I lb 71, 72. 78, 79, 80 Kul ha 175, 176. 185, 198 !bbl-Sin IOJ, 108, 114 98,108,1 10, 11. 1, 122,14 2,149,154, lbbl-zlkir 89 Jericho JO, 11 , 32, J2, J), 34, 45, 48, 58, Temple of Ncrg,11 167 176, 182 l bgol of l nanna. Lagas h 87 82 Kutli-.Nahhunt c 149, 210 Gu ngunum 11 O. 111 Ibol-Adad 114 Kuy unjl k, Tcll 15J, 182, IR6, 186 7 Gurdl 182 lbrlum 89 .IC1'lls,olc111 I 18. 136 . ISA, 158, 185, 188, C.urguin 176 Ice Age, last, 19, 20, 2 1, 23, 27, l<J 198,201,204 L~bun 11 d; sc,\u2022 l..c.:bM,on Temple of Jehovah 158 Gutlum 96. 204 Ice house 118 ~ 1b.1rn,1,\\\\ I 1141 144 Gutians 99, 1.00 ld\u2022maraz 116 ,le rWMl \/85, 187 Labashi- Marduk 199 Jewelry 28. 30, JS, 45, 47, 48. 49, 56, 65, l.a bbana 148 Guzana \/57, 161. 167, 175 ldrlml I 32, I 32, I ) 1, l 1S l,abynetes 202 Gygcs 191, 202 66, 72, 73, 84, 86, 86, 92, 92 J, 111 , Lacf1ish I 36, 158, 185 lge-h,1lkl 142 I IA, 150 , 162, 164, \/ 65, 170, 171, 180, Ligash 74 , 84, 87, 88, \/!8, 69, 96, 97, Y9, Habuba Kablra 66. 166 lgigi 9<J JRJ,220 Habur ,\u00b7cgior> 89. 'J8. 114. 159 lk unum 11 2 Jews 158, 158, 188, 204, 215, 222 100, 100. 110, 121. 14Z, \/94 llaburrivcr3J, 5 1, 1,6, 131, \/ 57, 159 lla, k,1bkapl I 14 .Jezebel 1'>8 LJ h,1mu 201 Hacllar JJ, 4 3. 46. 17 Jezrccl valley IJJ, IJJ Llhrnu 184, 201 Hadad -cscr 158. 165 llshu\u2022iliy a 114 Jordan 15, J), 34 I.iun,1shtu 76 Hilfit culture 68 llu-shumma 11 2 .Jordan river I33 land,cJpc 20 Haft Tepe 142, 144 lmdugud 89 Jord,111 va lley 2 1. 29. JO, 32. \/JI J,,nguagc lmg,,r. (lnlll 116, 17 1, 174 Joshu\u2022 146, 158 Hoill Muhammad 'i i , 'iJ. t;8 .Joii_,h 198 di:vclopmcnt or 2S: de:velo1>mc111 of lmi 99 wr htc n 69; Akkadlan 89, 151, 19 1; H,,fab I33 l nanna 7 1, 75, 76, 78, 8 1. Al, 84, 88. 97, Joruh IR2. 186 Arnbic 15 1; Aramaic 151, 178; Halaf, Tell 5 I, I 57 J uddh 15~. 158, 176, 185. 198, 199 Eblaltc 89: P.lamltc 203: Greek 151: Hala r cuhure 39, 42, 48, 4 9, 5 l , ,s 100, 1\/0. 141. 149, 191 Hebrew l~ I. 189; Phoenician ISi: Ilaldl I72. 182 Kabnak 14 2 Semitic 9&; SumL\u00b7rian 96, 15 11 20J Nippur lt:mplc 90i t\u00b7n\u2022pricst or al K~1lashrn.1n-11n lll l 141, 142 lapis lazull 6\u00a3,, 67, 7 1, 7 3, 78, 84, BS, 86, Temple of Musa,ir 170: \\\"gaits of Kad,,shn1,111-Turgu 146 88. 89. 92. IOJ. 111 , I )9, I 57 Haldi\\\" 172 Uruk 100 Kadmuh 159 L\u2022r v~ lley 20 Halman 149 lndar\/ lndras 117 Kahal 108 Lirok 84 India 25, 72. 11 I, \/II , I )7, 156 K,1!1> 160 1.1rsa 68, 6), 100, \/OR, 108, I 11), I I I), 111, ,o,Hol11lc 188 lndo--Guropeans 114 11 2, l\/ 2, 120,121 , 121,201 Indus river 181 97,212 K,1lhu 36, 76, 125,127.129, 148, 151, \/ 5J, litW codes 102 dm\/ St'(' I lammurJbl Ilalys, It Indus va ll<y 11, , 125 154. 156, 160. 162, 162, 163, 171. 174, 1..ayard, Auslcn Henry I S2, IS J, I 57, \/62. Indus vall,y clvlll1.Jlion 110 175, 176, 177, 11\/0, 182, 184, 186, 18'), 16J, 170, 222 Mama 82. 129. 180. 198 Industry 110, 121.150 195, 198 lc,uh,rworking 126 J-fornad,111 78, 174, 182,164,203,206, 2 121 Northwest Palace J6. 76. 156. J S7, tanning processes 12(, lndus1rlnl roglon, 11 4 lr,O, 16 1. 161. l 6J, 19S; Central l, ebano o 21. I 32 215 lnsc:cts Pa lace 177; Te mple of N\u2022bu 162, l.cbonon, Moun, 1'.i'J Hamanu 195 175, 175; Temple o f Ninurt,1 161. legends 84 flama1h 16S Ilic\u2022 J6; locusts I 17 legumes 29. 31 ~lammurabi 96, I lO, 11 2, 114, 116, \/1 6, lnshus hinak 144, 149. 150 161. 163: se~ also lll~ck Obelisk of ch lck1>cas 27. 49; lentils 27. 2~. JJ. l ntcreullllral sty le 78. 78. 88 47, 49; pcds 27, 29, ~7; velchcs 29, 119,110, 121,1 21, 12J, 132,192 i1Htre~t on lo,rns l21 Shillnrnnt:,Cr 111 ]], 49 Hammura bi's I.Jw Code 99. 120. 12 1. l plq-Adad It 114 K,llllO~C 132 I.ell.in. Tell 89. J 14 12 1; letters 12 1 Ir.in IQ, 20, 22, J I, 14, 35, 4 2, 4r,, 49, 62. Kanda la nu 191 , I ~8 LeVJ nt 27. JO. )J, J5, 42, 4 3, 82, 103, 118. 123, 132, l H I J,J, 136, 137, 1)7, 144, Hamrin Dam Sa lvage project 48, 54, 51 63, 66, 70, 72. 78. 82. 97. 99. 111 . 112, K,rnes h 72, I08. 112, 1n , II), 114, 114 146, \/ ~ I. I 5I, 156, 15(1, 159, 176, 1R,, Hamrin river 49, ';4, 72 137, 140. 148. 164. 170 . 173. 17). 17~. t-1,Hl,1 123 ll\\\\2. 198, 20J. 21)4, 2 10 Kar-Shalm\u2022ncser 165, 175 202 lrJnian Archcological Scrvkt.\u2022 218 Kar-Tukultl- Nln u rta 148 library llanbi 77 Iraq 18. 29, 13. 34. lQ, 4R, 49. H 54. %, K,1ra- lnd .ish (K.isslte kin~) 141 H\u2022nig\u2022lba t 132, 145, 159 66, 68, 69 , 73,122. IH 170, 171, 184 Kor,,- lndash (10w,1) 148 Ashurbanipal's I qI Hapiru 11 7, I 33, 136 lrh ulcn i 165 Karahar 108 Harappan clvlll:r..11lon 91\/, 110, 111 , I\/\/ Kara tc pc 158 235 HJrbe 140 iron 72, 80, 129, l 'iO Karkhch river 14J, 176 Haridum 108 Harhi, Tell 11 5. 1 19 1oo ls 129: weapons I ~4 ,sKa rmir lllur 171 li.orpagu, 204 Iron \/\\\\ge 148. I 50 11:irran 198, 199,201,201 l>aiah 222 Karn\u2022k 146, I ls hbi- ll rra 101. 108, 110, 112 kcJ1'1m1 (n,cr~htnll suburb) 11 J Hasanlu 173 l<hc hnll, Tell 77, 11 \/ Karzlabku 141 Kashtiliash IV 142, 148 Has,rnuglan II 7 Kas kas IJ7, I 39, 14 ', ll,1>sek ll uyuk 67 ,K\u00bbsltcs96, 132, 111. 139. 140, 14 1.192. 1-lassum I 08 Hassuna, Tell J9 1-ias,un\\\" c ulture 39. 4 5, 4 7, 186 llat,he p>ul IJ) Hatti 114, 115, I36, 119, 146 lla11usJ\u2022 11 1, 114, IJ7, I J9, 144, 144,","INDEX. lilllC pl.Ncr 2,, 12, I I, 15, 12 Meliship,,k I M8 N.t<JSh\u2022l l!11<t.trn, 21 l , 218 OvJI Temple in Kh,,fJJch 84, \u20221\/ \/111111111(nllkl,tl)%, Ill Mcllshlpak II 1,,2 Ni1r.u11-Si11 8lJ, 97, tJX, \\\\)9, 10.l, 110, 11 2, <Jxu, river 220 MrllJ,,rt, Jilltlt\\\"' <M Oxus 1\\\"rc\u2022Jsure 2211. 220 I lunmu lha:i- ')6. 174. 17'1, 17(,; l11t11'\/li Mcluhho 97. 98, 99, I lO, I ~\u20221 or\u00b7IM, 11<,, 1'18 Memphi s 189. 190, 191 \\\"T,tlc, I l7 P,1c1olus river 20.Z yc,11 t. l I J1 I 14~ .,et\u00b7 ul.,u t:hrunoli:Jt:Y Menu,, 172, 17) Nt1~;1tty,111,1\/N,1~i11ya, 117 p,iint. l'on-tpo~ltlon ol '1 l Natun.m period 27, 28, 2'1. )U. 12, 11. 14 paintings, cave 25; wnll )4. 4). 47, 62, 63, 11011 1111111 ,ic-h: bK, 71 Mcrncptoh l4i n~vks212,21) N,,w,,r IOR IOI, 116,117,148,151. J(,J Lipll\u00b7 lshtJf 121 McroJ\u2022c h- balod,11 (s,\u00b7\u2022 Nl',indcrth,11 :,kc:lct1111:, )0 Lixu, 177 Nebi Yunus, T,\u00b711 I8f>, 186 P._1ki~l1lll 220 i.ly.111 142, 141. (4q M.irduk-,1plJ\u00b7iddln,1 II) Pal.ice w,1hoo1 .1 n1vj1I 186 lollll'), W .K, J. II Mcryt\u2022ten IJ'J Nclw-.~h.1dnezz,1r I 76, 149 pal,,ces 86, 14 3. 143. 149. t(,IJ, 162, 171, lo,t w,1x proi:c,, l'.,lJ1 7 1, 71., <JI, tJK, lJ<J, Mc~~AncpJda 84, 85, 861 8'? NebuchaJnen.ir ti 192,191,191, 1'18, 17J, 212,213, ll\u2022l 126. 170 Inscribed ~\u2022d or85, 86, 8'l 198. i~'l. 101. 202 ,irchltcclure 8~. 86, 87. 14l. 146. J.uth.,I 111 Mc~alim glj Mcshwcsh 146 N,\u00b7cho I 190, 191 ,~o.161. 162, 17 1,21 2; l\\\\ssy rlan87, 149, Lower Sc:.1st\u2022t\u00b7 Ciulf Me>k,11.lmdug 81, 86. 92 Ncchn 11 177 152, 1r,o, 222; life 10s. 114,11 7. l. u\u2022 Nann., IW Nefen iti I J<J 118. 161, 171; Persian \/55, 211; I u~du 145 gold hcl11tcl of 9K N,\u00b7mrik H. 45 Ur..irtiJn 17J; 3l't' alw, indivhJuJI ,itt''i l.u~11lh,rn<lil tl-1, lJK McsopotamiJ Neo- lil11 l1c kingdoms 158. 160, IGI. 176. Palc~awra 29 Lug,.1lkignt\u00b7Umlu 89 P,1lcoll1hk period. Upper 18, 41 dl\u2022covery of I52, I 52 J. 222; 192 Lll~J!J,l~CSI Ki), ()(1, fJ7 northern 20, 21, 63, 66, 70, 103, \/\/6, Neolithic period 27, 28, Jl, 34, l'l, 14, l',1h:olithic C,1\\\\ic ,1r1 70 132,137, 150; snu1hcrn 21, 42, 5 1. Polcslinc 21, 21, 27, Jl, 42. r,7, 68, 82, Lukkil1h 14'> )2, 63, 6~. 72. 88, 110. II I, 11,\/, 112 t26. I'>4. I 5d; Aceramlc Ncoli1h1c Lullubi tribe 99 mctalwu,\u00b7klng 19. 68. 72. 88, 92, IOJ, 101, pcrh1d \/ S. 14. M. 41: i'ottcry (or Later) 118, 120, 126. I l I, 114, 116, 116. Mf,. l.11rl<i1.1n IS l, 171\\\\ 118, 126, 126, 144, 145. 147. ISQ.170, 158. I SH. 185, 1911 1.,,wl,rno 101, 114, 1\/,u, 171! J70; first ca~ring ol cup per 46: ,\\\\t't' also Ncolrthk 42, '17, 70; l1rc- 1)011e1\u2022y h1dlvldu,1l mc1,1ls Neolithic 45 Kcbar,111 period In 27 Lydi,111, \/JJ, I'}I, I ll<J, l02, l O I, 20 \/, 2\\\\l<l, Mid\u2022i 180, 181. IHI Ncrg,.r 108 P\u2022lil-lrish 175 206 Tomb. Gordion JHJ l',1psukkJI 110 Migdal temples 120 Kush,, 1c111ple 167 r ,1ryru< 15!, jq8, 21~ t ygd,ml, I~ I MilaAa 192 11\u2022rchn1cnt 1'18, 215 1. ytton, l\u2022,,rl or 111 Miletu, 212 Ncr~\u2022l-cresh 175 l'arr,1ttarn,1 112, 111 Milid src Arslantcpc N1,;rg.1l- shar-u'iur I 'JI) P.mu,1 17 J, 174, 20 l M,1,cdon 214 n,Jllwy service 121 Ma,\/cm or M ,11\u00b7,h At'tJIJs JI , 85, 122 MlttCI ol\u2022 Ucldh\u2022 147, 147 orNerlbt u,n I I I l\\\\1rthi,1 174, 207 Madhhur, Tell 54, 55 Mlri1.i r 140 Temple l>ht.,, Kltln1m I I I M\u2022A\u00b7'\\\" 9 7, 98, 99, I Ill Mitra (MlthrasJ I 37 Parrati> 21J M-\u2022~ht,tllyeh. Tell 11, Vi, H2 Mitrusll 117 Ncrlglissar 19'1 l',1<.trAad,10 204. 204 5. 206, ll J. 22 1 MillJni I J2, I J2, I J4, I l<i, I l~. 116. 117, \\\"\\\"'X'\\\" (Median piic,t) 207 139, 145, 146 Nes., 114 tribe 207 Moob 1\\\",8, 176 Mah,1ll11t,1 1fiO Moguls I J7 r1<\u2022,h1\/i (I lit1ite dialect) 111 P,1Zl17.ll 76 M.11111 222 money, grt1i11 ,,s 2lJ. 8l1. 121 Neve Noy 68 M,1\\\\UJ1\\\\I 112, I JS: '-\u2022'f ,1\/~,> Mi11,rni Morghab plain 204 Niebuhr. Carsten 218 pc,,rl~ 111 MdiZd 160 Nile river 42, Ill, 211), 213 Mal,11y.1 1ll, 146, I58. 176 fllOSalcs )), 71. 85. 86, 86, 87, 92. I~o. IKO Nimrud, Tcll \/ 5Z, 15 l, I%, 160, 162, l'clcsct 146 Mnlglum 111 121 clJy cone 61. r,2. r,1, Gu, <,7, 68 Pcll,1 I 36 M,1ly,1n. Tell ~6. 7H 162 J M,1111'h1u,hu 97, 118, 1IU Moses 96 Nina 82 Pclui.ium 206 M;11rnc.1 182 Mosul 152, I 5J, 186 N111b,l11d.l 86 M ,11)1\\\\Ctlll\\\\ 1\\\"11 rno1her o f'pearl 7 1,781 86 Nineveh 36, 17, J'), 66, 80, '18. lt18, 112, Pcpt I 89 M,1r.1d 100, 111. 148 mud brick 14. 16. 10, ) !, JI, 46, 48, 49, pcrfon1< 11111klng I26 M,1rJI hon 212 121 121, 124, 126, \/JO, IJY, 140, 1,0. l'er,cpoli, (18. I 2J. J 52, 155, WJ, 201, Ma,dlkh. Tell 11. 87. 87. 89 52, 56. 65. 68, 82, 84. 1112. 187; iod of ISi. 152. \/HI~ ',. 1\/,0. 1\/,2, 174, 175, M,,rdoniu\u2022 212. 2 11 bricks 81; other bricks; folencc I ~O. 182. 18~. 185. JBS. 186, IR6 7. 188, 204, 205, 2 12, 211, 21 ], 2 14, 215, 21 s, MJrduk 73, 76, 82, 8J, 104, 148, 14'J, 1'12, rier1irhe11 61. 66, 68 190, 191 , 198, 20J Muhammad. \u00b7rell 140 218,118 9,220,221 IY2. 19). 201 Mukish 133 lshrnr Temple 98, 99; N,\u00b7rg,d GJtc th,\u2022 ApJda,1J 2119, 2\/9; 11.,11 ur 100 M.trduk\u2022JplJ\u2022iddind 178. 179 Mull, Mount 167 \/87; Nvrth l-\\\\1lr1cl' 16, 37, 1521 \/55, Columns 219; Xcrxe> Gale 219 Marduk-aplo -lddlno II 182. 185 Muqayyar, ol. , Tell IOl 18f>, 186, 195: Scnnachcrlh' s P,1l,1ce Marduk- h,1las,u -lqbl 175 11\\\\llrC'X 145, 147, 176 127; Southwest P,d.cc I lO, 150, 18&, Persia Ill, In, 19 J, 201. 201, 206 M11rduk..l,d..osJtl' 167 Murtyb\u2022t. Tell JJ. 34 11!6, 191, \/9S Per.ion, b5, I J7, 141. 14H, 154, l?J, 177, Marduk-zak ir-shumi 165, 167, 171, 174, Mursflls I 87. IM, IJ2 Ninevile c; cuhurc 78, 88 Mursilis 11 I )7, I 39 Nlng,11 100, IOI 198,202.204, 21l 175 Mus.sir 170, 172, 182 Nlnglrsu 82, 83, 88, 88. 89. 99 Persian empire 181. 1q2, 202. 201. 214, Ma1\u2022~lart1 207 11.:mple, Glfsu ~lJ M,irhhhl 97, !OJ. 142 Temple or Haldi 170 211. 215 Mari 7), 75, 82, 84, 85, 8 7, 88, 89, 90, 91, Mushkl 146. 149. I~O. 180, 182 Ninhurs\u2022g 86 Pcr,ii111 pt.\u2022rlod 152 musica l im,truml'nl:, Nlnlil 83 Pc1ra 27 96,97, 100.10). 108. IIJ.114, 116, Nlnuna 89. 162 l'hili~tio 14b. 185 116. 117, 119, 119. 121, 12 1. 12). 192 drums 71; lute 72; lyres 85, 86. 92, temple. Kalhu 161, 161 , \/6J l''hili~tinc~ j 'HS Tem ple or Ish tar 85, 90, 119; Temple 152 Nippur 51, SJ, S'J, 65, 82, 8J, 89. ~R. IU2. ofSharn.1sh 74; palace IOJ; Trc.1sur~ Musri )7, \/ 75 Phuenicla 158, 161. IM, 17(,. 177, 177, of Ur. 85 Muwatallis II I J7, 146 10), 104,108,110,112,1 2 1, 121, 141 , 185 \\\"Mari bead\\\" 85, 86, 89 142. 148. 178. 201 Phoeni<IM1 n,,vy 167. 17?; carllc,1 Mari lcllcrs, the 11 1 , I I8, I 32, I J6, I 51 Myc, lc 21 J Phu<nlcl\u2022n ln,rrlptlon 177: MJrlik 126 Myson 201 ,crib.ii school SI; r cmplcorrnlll 8t, Phoenicians 122, 212 m\u2022 rriagcs, dip lomatic lOO. 102, 103, lJ5, myths 28, 77, 84 97; i \u00b7cmple or lnann\u2022 78. 81, 110; 136. 139. 141. 14'>. 146. 167, 189.199. 7.lggurm 101 Phr ygia 180, 181, 181, 191 202,207,211 \\\\Jg,irltlc 147; Hurrlan 17) l'hrygl,1ns 144. 141, marshes 19, 20, 51 Nlqmera 17. 1)'l pilgrimage centers 57. 63 marshes of S, Iraq 185 Nabunidus 97, (9Q, 201. 201, 2tB, 201 Nisibin l 59 Plnikir 142 M.irtu 120 museum 201; \\\"pr~ycr\\\" 21.)1 Nlya 112, 114 fllr I lu~,eln t.Ja Manilas 140 NoJh 84 Marv Dasht plain 2 \/9 Nabopolassar 192. 198 nomJdie iribcspcople 11 7, 12 l, 116, 206 Plrl~Cd~nJ CJ n;JI K8 ma,ya1111u (nobles) 115, 117 Nabu 74, 149, \/~4. 198, 201 Nubia 132, 133, 189, \/89 Pitkhana l l4 M,1shka11 -shaplr 112 mass wedding between Greek~ dnd temple, Uorslpp,1 167 IHHll(:l',l lS 67. \/ 2~ 1,1,1cc, Victor IS I, !M Persians 210 temple, Kalhu 162, 175, 175 l'l.11.,c,1 2 13 rmuhcmntli;s 124, 191 Nabu ,1pla-lddlno 167 positlont1I (or pl,1ce v~luc) 1101.11io11 Nabu-kuJurrl-usur 198 plow 45, 47, 72, I8'J tJblc texts 124; problem text> 124 Ndbu- n,11'.ir 176, I ?ts 125 goddess of 8 l Mc-Turnat M9, 167 Mcbaragesl 84, 96 N\u2022bu-shumJ -ukin I l<,7 Nur- Adad 11 2 f'nl,111d 72 Mcdcs98, IJ7, 148, 17J, 174, 182,183, Nah.11 I lcmar 29, 14, 15, 4~ Nush- lJJn. 't'cpc 182, 182. 183 4,183 4, polk\u00b7n gr,dn d,Hing 2 \\\\ 186, 186, 191. 198, W I. 202,203.203, NJ Ital Mlsh,oM 6~. 71. 72. I26 202 Pontus: mou ntains 20 220 Nah,I Oren 27, 29 Nusku 74, 144 poucry I 4. 19, 18. )9, 42. 1\/,, 17, \u202217, M, Medi,, 174, 162. 199. 202. 204. 206. 207. Nahhuntc 111'1 211 N;lhrln I 12, I , 1 llUlS 9\/J, 126: Aceramlt Neolithic t,; Ard1Jk Median kingdom 203 Su~i,111,1 45; cy linders for wJII Median wall 199 N,1hrk\u2022l b 144 11corns, olmum.ls. 1>1:.t,H:hlo 29 dcror.llion 6'5; d(\u2022vclopmcn1 of styI<.\u2022,; mcdlcl11e I 17, 124. 117. 18'). I'll Naln 119. 172 Nuz i 108, i lJ, I 14, I 15, 116. 141 . ld9 N,1Jnrclrnb,1d 182 Jij, 90 (see also pottery ;c,10,\u2022n cc); liarly disease, 46. I 24. 189; healer, 124 N\u2022rtna 75, SJ. 97, 11! 1, l lU, l ll ubsldiJl'I 20, 14, 15, 47, 48, ~I. 78, 8~, 12u Mcditcrr.incdn Sea 19, 34 , 48, 56, 63, 89, Trt1m,cauc,1.,iJn 80; l!rfJu wMc 5J; firM Temple JI Ur IOI, 110 obsidian working 126 97,108,122.116, 147. l~Q, 1~5. 1~9. N,rnum 1)9 olives 89 oruse of pollcry vessels 25; Rlazcd pots 176, 177, 177 N,1pJ1J 18~ Megiddo I l 8, 120, lJJ, IIJ, 136, 158. 198 nllve nil 82 150; gray wore Iro n l\\\\gc t t 48; 11,111 Melane,,sla 86 N,1pir,1Su 143 Om\u2022n 21. 68, 97, 118, 98. 110, 111 Naqada II (Gcrzc\u2022n) period 67, b8 ome ns 112, 118, 124, 137, 181, 189, 19 1, M11hJ111n1,1d ~J,I ~~; l tal.,f 19, 4\/i, ~ I. 236 194,201 ,202 55. ~8; Ha,anlu 72; Massuna J9. 45: Omri 158, 175 lcmdct N,i,r 67. 68; Khlrbct Kerak Opts 148, 204 wtirc 82: kilns 48: J..itt\u00b7 Url1k 67. t, ?; oracle, 187. 189 Middle Susi\u2022n\u2022 55; Myet\u2022nacan 116; NaqadJ II 68; Ni ncvite 5, 80; Oracle JI Delphi 202 Pabtiili,111 82; prchl,torlc 24. 47; Orlcnlol lnSlilulc, Chlc>Ao 218 Proto~ll.1s!tu11,1 4 7; Red ll,1rb,1r 111: Oron1csrivcr 108, 118, I Jl. I Jl, 114, Silnldrrnn J9, '18i Scarlet Wilrc 7'1, 79, ll7, 141, 146, 1>8, 16~ 110; Ub,1Jd J9, 11, 5J, ~$, 122; Urartl.rn Ol,mc~ .207 J7J; u , uk %. ~8. 67; white w.,c J~. 17, 42 pollery sequence 14, 18, '>R, 80 J\\\"IUI 11.'r'Y Vl,,'\\\\)(.11,","INDf:.X bt\u00b7vrlcd nm bowl\\\\ \\\",ij, (:,~. fl S. M,, (17; Samaria 118. H,~. 17Q, IRO, 199 Shlmro n I lt, SuryJ 140 11.isk, C,l , four- luignl j,tr> 65. 67: Sus., 6l, 66, 68. 7ll, 72, 78. 88, 90. 97. 'JS, ft.Ir!! whh t.ln)op\\\\ng 'ipt>Ul\\\"i 65, (-,?, U'): SJmarr.i J88 Shhnut 144 St11n,ur.m period 5'2 Sh1p,,k MO qg, 99, 102, 101,1 08, 110, 120, \/ 25, led~<\u00b7 h,111dlt\u2022d I\u00b7\\\"\\\" ~7; m..1,1, (for Shlru k tuh I 16 IZY, I 19. 142, 142, 14 3, 14<1, 14R, 149, ciH>k1 ni) 128: v,1'c, pointcJ II Z SJmmurnm.1t 17~ Shlwlno 17'- 150, 158. 171, 1q1. 1911. 204. 2 10, 2\/0, S.amsat 65 Shoshcm1 I 158. 151\/ 1 11, 213,214,22 1 l'n.\u2022lly n.1,1 \\\\c .11 1 l'rwn l\u00b7Jtypt. Late 65 Samsu-lluna 121. 111. 140 Prrhi,tork Pit ,ll Nl11c;:vch KO Shu-durul 99 Ar-rnpoll~ 2 10, 21I ; Apadan.1 P.1l,1cc, S1rng:ir I J\\\\ Shu - llushu I 10 210, 2\/0, 21 1; \/\\\\rtls.1ns' Town 1 11; l' roto-1:lamitc c ulture 68, 7H, ~8 Shu-Si n 101, 1Cl8, 114 Roya l City 211; Temple ol' l'ruiullttr,Ht: pt:-1iod. I ,ltl' 78 Sanskrit 1J7 Shu bat-P.nlll IM, 116, 116 hhhu,hln,,k Wl. l ~O. 1 10.111 : Pruto\u2022Nl.'0111 hie (01 Prc\u2022l'1 11 tc\u00b7ry Ncolithk Shulgl 81. 100, IOI. IOI. 102. I OJ, I ll, T omb ofO,tnk l 2 10 nSaqqara 101 A J period i .i. is. J(), 11. Ji , JI 121 . WI Susa I (nr AJ period 65, 72 Sordanapalu s 222 Shu nashur,1 IJ 5 Pro1oihyc~ UVJ Sardis 202. 206, 212.21 l Suslan., 6 l. 66. 68, 78, 119 l'terl,1 144, 201 S,1rdurl I 172 Shuqamuna 140 Sutu num,>di 11 2. 11 7. 136, 146 Pu,1bi IN, tU), 92. IJ.l, J'jJ Sycnncsi~ 202 SMdu rl 111 7 1, 176 Shurlash 140 Syria 14, 2 1, 24, 27, 1), 48, 6 l, 66. 70, 7 1, Pulu (.m\u00b7 Tlgl,ah- pilc,c, 111) Shuruppak 83. 84, 96, 98 Sargon I (d Agadt)78, 89, 96, 97. 9q, 110, Shushan 2\/ I 72. 71. 82, 87. 1!7. R~. 108. 116, \/\/ 7, l\\\\w t1~k hJml.1 q7, 114 Shusharra I08. 11 3, 116 12 3, I 29, 112. I l'J. I 39. I%, I f 7. t i9, 112,201 Shu1r uk- Nohhu,11e 148. 14q 176. 198 Putrhh~l)JA,lll I 02, 10 l .Sargon Strle 99i 11Tdlc.!t uf~rugon of' S:when, .losd 223 Shuuarna I 1J5 Puzur- As hu r I 11 2 Ag,1dc\\\" 137 Shuttarna II 136 TabJI 180, 182 l~uiur\u2022A~hur 11 11 2, I 12, \\\\ IJ Sargo n 11 97, 97, \/ 5J, 160. 170. 17'1, 179, tablets, Impressed day 14, 65, 66, 67. 68. Sh1111Jrna Il l I 17 Pui ,1r\u2022ln tih11,hin.1k. 7'1, 101 18(). 180, 18 1, 182, 184, 185. 188 , 191 Sia lk. Te pt 66, 78 70, 70, 72, 74, XI. 84, 8b, 87, 89. 108, Pu1ur\u2022lsht,1t 192 Sor I Pol-, Zohab 99, 167 J 10, 11 J, 114, 116, I 11, I ),. I JG, \/ 36, Sicily 177 142, 147, 15 \/, 191. 1'18, 20 1,212,2 15; Q.1de,h I ll. 135. I IC,. I l7. \/ 17. 144. 14'>. s atr.iplcs 212 Sidon 133, 13&, 160 , 167, 176, 177, 171, Proto-Elamlte 78 Sa11agydi, 207 t,1blcts. Iron 1,0 146 S,11unl q9 189 Ti1bq.1 0nm 66 Oakcst,111 1Tepe f,'1 Slk:uw I ) Iii Taharqa 189, 189, 190 U,ll,11 ShcrR\u2022t 148 Saudi ArJbl,1 52, I 10. 111 Talmo 176. 201,202 QU.J ''Lli' r i 'iA, 1,; -;_ 180 Saul 158, 158 Silk Houle 7~ T,lkln-1 t<uwad 220 l},IIJr H, 111 silver 69, 72, 84, 86, 89, 111 l, t Il, I~9. Tammuz 81 Sau shtat.ir 135 T JnLamani 190, 19 l QJ1df,1 108 160. 170. 180,202 S.1 v..1 IJ'1, M o unt 20 bnrs 18J. 202: mnun1,1ln 167; Ta, bls u 19A QJtn,1 IOR. I 1ft, IM, 118, lllJ, 11& s tandard tnte rc>t on loa n s of 121 : T alu-t lq >J 116 Qmner Der~ 28. 74 S.aww.in, al\u2022, \u00b7rc:11 '16. ,o vessels l73 1\\\\mru-. mou11t11im, 19, 20. 21. 2J, 11 1, Que 167, 180, 181 Q11ml'nu 172 scribes 96, I0 2, 150, I ?Ii Slmurru 108, 136, 18() II J, 114, t,8, 167, 182 female 118; Kassilc 142; ,crlb.11 11\\\\ts Sin 76. lOJ. 144, \/49, 17~. 199,20 1,201 1,lXt!> 58. 6 1. 111, 114, I ZI , IAI , 18'), lOb, radio~t>rbo11 <lJtillJ,t'\u2022 1'1, I ~. \/6, .,10. ~6. 5H 70, 89, 124. 117. 140, \/ 5 \/ ; schools Sin\u2022ah-usur \/ 84 81 : tradition\u2022 142, 19 1.215 2 1i 1<.unad, Tell 33. l ~ Sln- kashld 11 2 b<1IC1 102. \/ OZ; ,111111 rr1<1d<1 I0 2. I01 s cy1hi.1 201 l(,,n,esse, 11 I I(,, \/ 17, M i, l\/46 Sln -shar- lshkun 186, 198 Tclshc h.t 170, 172 Scyth lans 189 Sln,1i 20, 8 2. ! ~O. 1ij2 Tcblw h.11nn 17 1 Ramessts Ill 14(, sea level. ~ha11gln~ 20. 2 l ScJ ofGolllcc 27, 82 singing 118 imTclspcs 201. 201, \\\" RillTIS c.,ught In the Thkket \\\" q I \\\"sc.1 peoples\\\" 146, 147 Slnuhc 118 Slpp~r 7(), 81, 84, Q7, 111, 140, 148. I l J , 1'elul a l-Thalathnt 5\u20221 1t,1plqum l 12. I l l Se;land. Dy 11a<1y 101 , 121, 140, 142, 198 te mples 74. 90, 99, IU4, 121. \/.1J. 144. seals and \u2022e\u2022lings (,6, 67, r,s, 7 2, 7 1, 74. 176, 185, 198, 199,204 Ra>Jl\u2022 Aln 115 145, 148, \/ <\/Y, t ui, l7J 78. 98: seal imprcs~io n s 8'1, 129. 11,. <11 s\/111111.<h\/ (sunrise) 149 .irc hit c<1urc 53, 54, 79, 80, It)(), 141, RJ:, Sh,1111r~1 147 IJ7, 194,203.203; A\u00bbyrla n roy,11sc,11 ,kele1o ns. 16. 80. 84, 142. 143. 173, 180 144; archives 83; fo undation ( t l'enwu, l~s 74 ; herd~ 16; l rl'asury lR<a,,<s,,.>,npp,.\u2022 175 \/ Sl, I b6 155; St'i' allw cy linder scdl!., sw111p sc,ils Nc,1ndcrth,1I JO . hoard.s 61 , 681 72,75, 220; ur.,r1lnn I 10,mu?.d 172: Uruk 62: s\u00ab also ziggurJts ,ind Selcuda t9i ~kulls 28, n. n. 34, 4~. 181 R,1Ssa111 Obeli, k . K,ilhu 12S ,w lll.,~k Seleucid period 71, 96 ,1l11,ied ,emplcs Senn,1chtl'l b 125. 116. IH. \/ \/JO, 182, 165, \u2022 lave. 83. 121. 198,212 Ten Thoui,,rnd hnmort,11:i 219 Obdi'i'.k ofShalm.rnl.',er 111 wardum 12 1 185, 186, 186, 187, IRR. IQ2, \/9Z, 198 Tcpcj 1k 67 RawalplnJ i 220, 211 Slcimch, Tdl 72 Scrabit- a l- Kh.1dim 150 Tcpt l- Ah\u2022 r 142 t\\\\,iwlin,011. I tenr} Crc, wlckc 152, 151 s ,11enk hn rr t 19 Tcp li- llum ban tm hushinJ k 191 orSev,111, l,lkc 172, 171 s ,11crdIs 207. 2 1J Tcrq.1 114, 117, 121 ttazuk, Tell 80 s muggli ng 113 Ttslwr IOX, l4b, 172 Seven Wo,1J e1'< the World 192 Sodom 222 Tethys st',l 19 Red Se,, I9, 21, H, 158, 177, l lO, 2 1l Hanging Gardens of 0,1by lon 1?2, Teumm,111 191 , 191 199; Chy Wdlls ufBabylan 192 urSolo111nn t 1H, 158, 204 tCKtilcs 84, I64 reeds 27. 28, 49, 90, 122 Prison Solon101~ 2().1 s~xagt~lmi1l counting system 124, 125 linc:n 16fl; in,inurilc\u2022urt l 2f,, I JO, rcgn\u2022I ye.rs 96. 142 s lw rcshr (,111 A\u2022syrl,1n or'l'lcial eunuc h) Sulo mon's Temple 120 Songor A 48. ~6 n.145: spi n ning 1 17: w e av ing ZIJ. Rek hmire t 32 IM, 176 Sotto, Tell 47 , , . 118, \/JD; wool 89 rdlAlon lj1\\\"' ,rn element of sod,11 rab ~ha rl'shc 179 Sovie t Union 72. 1711, 17J The be< 72, I U, t l l, 1YO, I'JI , he1 :iqnl (le.1dl11~ Assyrian omclal) 164 Sp.man, 21 l organl:t..ition) I\u2022J ~hagi11 (military governor) I02 Great Temple of A,nun 13J ,phc res. ,e,tlcd ho llow cl,,y t,J, 64, ~9. 70 Thcrmopylac 213 orreligio us dutic\u2022 king\u2022 146, 16 1 of Ur 100 T hr,,cc 2tl7, 212 Shohdnd RA. 101 s phinx I 56 TiJm,1t lO I religious rituals 30, 34. 44, 45, 71, 7\/4 . 71. Shahr-i Sokhtc 65, 78, 88 Tiglmh- pilescr I 140, 14'), I ~O, I H, 154. 112, I 18, I JO. I J7. 1\/42, .,c,\u00b7 aim burl\u2022I s pies 182 Shalkhan 99 ,pirl1s 76 1~8. 180 rite:\u00bb, dfvin,:11 ion shak11u (mllltary governor) 103 >IJIIII' seals '>4. 70. 7 1. 72. RB. 111 . 1\u00b716, Tlglath\u2022pllcscl' 111 \/Ml. 11,2. 176. 177, 178. Rc mbrdndt 122 Shala 144 150 179, 179, 11:10, \/Iii , 191 Sh,1la1uwar 114 Tigris river 20, 2 1, J J, 5 1, 59, 63. 66, u7, r~ptlles anJ ampbl~ian, n utr sty l~ 98 Sh,11101,,hu 112 R9, 101. JOA, 11 2,121, ll2, 1'18, \/19, frogs H: lizarJs 23: snalls 29; snakes Shallalot \/87 , 1cel 150 Shalmanrscr I 140, 146. l4S s telac 68. 88, 88, q7, 99, 99, I00, 142, I'M. 160, \/ 66. 172. 182. 18~. 186, I A8. 192, 23, 24, 29, JC,, 78, 84, \/ 9 J; tortoise\u2022 Slrnhn,m escr 111 17, 162, 16\u20221, I 6'i. 16S, 198, 19q_ 20,1 146, 148. 154. 158, 159. 164. 17~. l 1S. Tit Oorslp 114, I 65, t 7't, 21g 23, 29: 1unles JG. 110 166, 16~. 1~7. \/ 67, 17 1, tn , 17l. 174, 171;, 182, IH9, 192,20 1 Til-Tub\u2022 191 Stele of the Vult11res. Glrsu 88, 88, 99,191 T ille lluy u k 20J Rcscph 147 \/ 75, 180 sto11crnJSons. l..y<li:lll 204 Tlmn,1 valley 72 Sholmanrser V 179. \/1\/IJ Str,1its of Gibraltar 177 Tish-.11,1I I U8 Rich , CIJudiu, James I Sl Sham.uh 74, 77, 8 ], li7, 144, 149. \/61. TishpJk 108 >1y l11>. recd 70, \/ SI Uiqmchc11g1.\u00b7bu11dc 62 175, l8R. l8Q, 201 Subart u I 08, 12 1, I 1\u20221, I Y8 orTjckcr 146 i\\\\lmah , ,11-, Tell 108, l 18, 117 Mari temple 74 Subcrdc 43 To111h of 1.ord Goois. Bhla 86. 128 Sh,1mas h-rcsh- usur 175, I 92 sub,tltutc kln)!S l l l , I 21. 189 tau I\u2022 25, 27, l4. 47. %, '2. I l9. I SO. 164: Ri m-Sin 1 110, 11 i. 12 1 Sh.1n1.,sh\u2022shum-11kln 189. 189, 191), 191 , Sud 83 Sudan 8& awl, 28; bow-drill 72; chisel> 65. ijO; Ri m-Sin 11 121 , 12 1 191. 1q8 hoes 5'4; knives 30, f18i mort,,r and Sugun ia 172 Rlmus h 9 7, 97, 98 Shams hi-Ad ,,d t 98. t 12, t l\/4, 116, 116. pe,tlc 28: need les 28: pins 2R1 sickles Suhu 160. 175. \/ 92 281 15, 129; scc al,\\\\u w c:~ pum, robbery J 17 118. 119. 119. 121. 142, 148 s ukka lmab (grand vl~1crJ 142 Toprakkalc 170 rock reliefs 99, 159, \/6\u2022\/, 172, \/ 7l, ! RI Sha rnshl-Adad V 149. 174. 17\\\\ \/ 7 5. 171, torture 194 Sultan, di- , \u00b7r\\\"II st\u00b7t.\u00b7 Jl\u00b7rlchu toy\u2022 IJO stone relief' 98 Stolr of \/ 7S tr,1dc 33. 34, ),. 38. 40, 47. 5 1. SJ. 5Q, 61 Sumer ~ l , 66. 67, 70 , 81, 82, Kl, IIJ, IJ7, 66, 79, 82, 84, 89, 108. 114, I 1q, l lJ. Rom.ms 177 Shams h i-ilu 175 88. 89. 90, 90. 96. 102. 108. 111, 142, Sh,111ldar cave 10 148, 176. 20 1. 204 2l7 Rome 222 Shardan tribe 146 Swncrlan King Li\u2022t 82, 82, BJ, 84, 88. %, royal anMls 137. 139, 16\u20221. 179, 179, 195 Slrnr-kali-slrnrri 96, 99, 108 Sharrum-kln \u00abc Sargon of Aga<lc 98, 99, I I9 Roya l Cemetery a t Ur 84. 84, 86. 92. 91 J. SlrnlliwJlJ I 15, 137 Sum~riJn IJogu.ige IJ(), 1,11 Shalluara I 145 Sumu-abum it2 103 Shalluor, 11 146 Sumu- ln-1!1 112 Supp llullunws I 115, t l7. I J9. 139, 145, r-lood Pit 10 1, 102; Grca1 De.uh Pit Sheba. ~ccn of I ~8 146 86: Kin g's G~ave RS. 122: Queen Shc~hcm IJ6 Suppil,dlunus ti 14b Shckelcsh 146 Puabl'oTomb 123, 121. 151. \/95 Shcrlhum 98 Shihu 140 Roya l Road (Sardis Susa) 2 12 Shilh.,k-lns hushlna k 1,1. 149.110 Rubeldhch, Tel1 12 Shlm,llya 140 Rusa I 182 Rusahinili 170 l<us,la )6, I l 7 Sab'a 1'8. 176 S.ih 140 Sal~ 190, 20(1 Saka 137 SJlnmls 2 1l Sjiltttiw.ira 114 sail) \\\\ J5, 47, 145, 147 Sam'ol 176, 178, 189, l02","IND!eX 144. I IY, 144, 1~0. 158 Ug.ril 82, 118, 120, I 15, 111\\\\, 145, 141\\\\, Usmu 77 captive~ IJ~; doc1or 11 8; mu~ici,ms in clo1i1 I I0 , 111, 11 J; In grnln 11 i, 146,147, 147, IS i , \/H, 176 Ut- naplsh1hn 84 135 145. 147; in metals 34, 6J, I 10, 11 I. Utica t 77 Woolley. Leon.rd 84, 85, 86, 92, 92 l, Ill. 145, 147: lnprcciou5<1oncs(,l, Ug.1rl1lc lang,1,1gc 15 I 152 66, I IU. 11 I: 111 >IOIIC 14. 61. 110: In Ugbaru 204 Utu 8J Worms 222 timber 14, 6 5, q9, IOJ, 145, 147. 176; Uknu river 176 Utuhegal 100 wrlllng 19, 42, 58, 68, 69, 70, 70, 7 1. 78. In wine 14~. 147 Ulal rlv,\u2022r 1,18, I'll 80 i\\\\ssyrlnn w. i\\\\no101l.1 11 l, I I J; V,1n \/ 70, 172 goddess of 33: Invented by decline of Late llruk tradh1g empire Ullusunu 182 Unmc;rkJr !M; rl Ullll'rals 651 701 124; 78; egyp1lan 103; marllimc 98, 103, Ululayu .w:e ShalmMtcscr V Van, Lake 20. 149, 172, 173. 176 146, 147; mcrdurn1 ~nlonlcli 66, 67, Umm IJ.11haghlyeh 47, \\\"I I Van K.1te 172 sec also alphabe1, cu nell'orm. 72. l\/ 1, Ill, 1\/J, \/14, 144,148; Varuna 137 trade routes 98, 111 , 112, tf,7, IH2 U111m,J 68, 88, 8IJ, 89, 97, 100, 101, 111, vegeta bles 29 h ieroglyphics. 1ablc1S Venus Tablets 123 1ransporta1lon 47, 5q, 72, 122 1, 126. 179 194 Via Maris J33 Xenophon 2 1), 21 4,214 b y bo,,t J5, 51. 5Y. 72, 75. 122; hy Vlc torl\u2022 and Albert Museum. London 221 Xerxes 213, 214 earl 72, 85, I1J; by covered w,,gon n,Umman,ldash 191 111 , 112 Vic tory Sicle of Narom-Sln 9q, 100, 148 \/ 2J; by donkey caravan 11 ) , 114; by Vulcl, In ll tn1rltl 202 Yaba 180 ,c., 122; by slcd~e 122. \/ 2J: st,1glng United At',lb IJn1lr,11e, Y3J1ii.'1 11d 182 posts \/ 791 HSI 1 2 12; ,.\\\\Ci' ul.\\\\u c.111,ils Wdd, al- 29 Yaggid - Lim 114 Unqi 176 Wadi Arobah 21 Ya hdun-1,im 114 tree-ring dating l4, 15 Un1ash-Napirisha 14). 141, 1~4. 14ij W,1dl liasn J 4 Yahya. Tepe 66, 78. 78. 88 Yamhad 108, 110, 114, 1 18 trees cedar 21, 84, 9Q, 167, l76; junipcr F,1ncrl1I Pal,,cc 14 l Wadi Madamagh 27 Yamln ites 11 7 2J; oak 23; palm 2J. 50. \/66: pine 2J, wall-plaques 8~. 99. \/4) Yarlm-1.lm 110, 114 '-Jt.J, 191; 111,narlsk 2); lcr'cbl11th 2J u,11.ish-N.ipii\u2022ish., Al- \/04, 14 !, 141, 144 Warad-Sln 11 2, I I2 Yarlm, Tepe 47, 49, 5 1 Upcri 182 warfore 3J, J6, 37, 66, 84, 85, 88, 89. 9 l, Yarmuti 97 1ribu1c 58, 6 1, 148, 159, too, 161, 161, Upper Sea St'C\\\" Mcd ltcrr.HlCJll Yasmah- Adad 115. 119 164, 16~. 167, \/67, 171 , \/ 7}, 176, 177, 99, 103, 112, 11 7, 127, 148, 149, 164 , Yasmah- Addu 114 181, 18\/, 182. 206, 212.221 Upper Zab 162 165, \/66, 179, 194. 198. 213; c\u2022 valry YlllHI J75 Yazilikaya IM. 146 Troji1n WIii' JHO U4\u2022ir, Tell 62, 65 13,.lf,7; prisone rs SJ, 99, 103. 130, JJ1, year-names 102, l 10, 11 2 Tudha liyas 111 I J7 142, 14 5, 148, 159, 161, 164, 167, Yemen 2 1,153 Tudhaliyas IV 146 Ur 20, 19, ~t. H ~4. 68, M, Xf>, RS, 89, t79, 18 1, 185,185, 194 ~- 202. 2 12: a t Ycnoam 146 Tukulll\u2022 Nlnuna t 74. 140. 14 3. 148, 154 Tukul1I- Ninurta II 159. 164 9(,, 117, IOI), IOI, I OI, 104, \/04 5,110. sea 2 12; siege I 27, I 66. I 85: sec also Yiftahcl J, Tulaspid 149 111 , 11), 121 , 12 1, 141 , I 52. 201 <lepottdtions, slaves, torture, wCdpc)m, Tunnl, M ouni 167 Z. ba ba 83, 97 Standard of 92, 93, I 94; Third Wark\u2022 Vase 61 , 7 1, 75 Zabalam 68, 112 Turkey 20, 22, :.7. 13. JS, 42, 41, 47, ~ t, Warpalawas 181 56,67,70,72,82, 98, I ll , 111, 11 7, Dynas1y %. 100. l(ll, IOI , 104, 108, Wt1sash~1t;i 145 Zab.1ya t 10 11 7, 141,, 15 1, \/ Sl, 170, 171, 171, 20), Washukanni \/34. 145 7~1gros mountains 20. 2l. 27. JO, J4. 48, 108. 110. 11 2. 114, 142, 192,2 10: water-ma nagement 126, 127, 198 2 13 ziggurat 101: see also Royal Cemetery 68. 78, 88, 108, 114, 148. 149, 182, 195, ruI\u00b7rarIu (chief vizier) 184 at Ur dr,1l nage 126; shaduf I 27: stor,1ge 203 Tushpa 172, 173. J76 Ur-Nammu 8 1, %, 100, IOI, IOI . 102. I26 ; sc,\u2022 also c;inals Tush ratl a 135, 11\/,, 137 l04, \/04 water supplies (civic) 110, 11 2, 143, 185, c uhures of 30 'futa1tkhamu11 I 37, I J(), 150 185. 187 Zak u tu 188, 190 Tu1 hmosis I I J2, I 3J Stele of 75, I03 weapons 66. 84. 88, 89, IJS. I50. 164, Z.. lpa 114 Tu1lunosis II ID Ur- Nanshe 88, IJIJ, t t O 170, 17 1, 17), 180, 194, \/94 5 Za lpu wa 114 Tut hmosi, Ill I H. I j) ass\u2022drawn batrl\\\\! w,1gon~ 9J, 122, Z.irlqum 11 2 T ulhmusis IV I ]5 Ur- Nan,he (the singer) 91 194: axes 63. 80. 85, 86. 99. 99, 194, Zarzian culture 29 Tullul 97, 12 1, 121 Ur-Z.ibaba 97 195: bows and arrows 28, 71, 154. Zawi Cheml )0 Tuiub 77. 79. 91 164, \/66, 194; clubs 194; daggers 80, Zedekiah 198 Tuw,,na \/IJ\/ Urarru 12$, 148. 149, 170. 172, 173, 176, 84, 86, 92, 10), 114, ISO, 170, \/9S; iiggurdlS 51, 52. 60. 74,IJ\/, 101.104. Tya na 181 I 79. 180, I82, 202 'l'yr~ I H, I) 6, 114. I ~B. 160, I67, 176, mace- heads 66, 71. 195: slings 194: 104 S, 141 , Id\/ , 162 Urb,1 la 18 1 clubs 194; st.'t also armor, chariots, a, hrldu 5 1, I l8, 121; at Ur 100, 143, 177. 189 tools, warfare 144, 148, \/49, 18'1, 192, I~~ urbdnization S8. 65 weighis .rnd meosures 78, t 02, 103, ! 11, Ubald culture JC,, 19, S i, 51, 54, ~(,, 58, urlga\/lu (priest) 201 JIJ. I 25, 147 Zimri- Lim 108, 114, I 16, 117, I l 'J, 1\/9 59, 62, 6J, 64, 79, 61, 87, IOI , 104, 150, duck-shaped weight \/OJ; Zinjirll 178, 189 152 Urklsh 108 Harnppan-stylc weights 98, ! I 1, 12) Zlu~udra 84 Wcld- Ulundcll prism IJ2 wdlJc, sign s of 111,\u2022 124 Ubald, Tell 84, 86 Urmlo, 1.1ke 20, 172, 173, 179, 182 wheels 72, 117, 11 7, 122 zoos 159 1'c;111plc ol Nlnhur~ag 86 wind erosion IS Zoroastrians 18J Urshum 108 women 44, 4 5, 84, 9 1, 103, 11 8,119, \/JO, Ubar-tulu 84 IJ9, \/ 6 \/ , 175, 180, 199,207,213,220 Udjahorresn 20h Urul nimgtna 102 Uruk J7. 53. SC>. 59 63, 65, 66, 68, 69, 72, 73. 83, 84, 88, 97, 100, 104, 111, 112, 121, 121, 141,1 49, 1$4, 191,194.202 \/\\\\nu Temple 6 1. 62; llann,1 Temple complex 61 2. 62; llyc T<mple \/,6. 68; Limestone Temple 61 ; PIiiared Hall 61, 62; Sto ne Cone Mosaic Temple 61. 62: Uruk Tablets 70, 71; ICXIS 7 8; Warka Vase 6 I, 7 1, 75: While Temple 62, 63; zlggur,1t 60 Uruk pCl'lod 51, 5 1, 56, 58, 59, 62, 65, 69, 71, 7l. 71, 79, 83, 87, I 23, 143. 186 lair Uruk 66. 67, 68. 70. 78 Ushan,huru 189 Ush u kanl 135 238","Corrections to Michael Roaf Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the ancient Near East (1990) This file contains some corrections to Michael Roaf Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the ancient Near East (1990). This is not a comprehensive list and is a somewhat arbitrary selection. Furthermore, I have not attempted to update the text and for the most part I have not included references to the many new discoveries (such as Gobeklitepe and the Royal Tombs of Qatna) and to the many detailed studies made in the last twenty years, even though they have radically improved our knowledge of particular aspects of the ancient Near East. Please send further corrections, preferably with references, to me ([email protected]) and I will update this file accordingly. Stephan Kroll (11.3.2017) has pointed out to me that the link that I gave to the place marks on Google Earth (ANE.kmz) (http:\/\/ancientworldonline.blogspot.co.uk\/2011\/07\/ane) no longer works. The correct url is http:\/\/www.lingfil.uu.se\/research\/assyriology\/earth\/. Passim CHANGE Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. CHANGE The Gulf to The Persian Gulf NOTE dates between 2150 and 1550 are given according to the (Upper) Middle Chronology (UMC) Recent investigations have shown that the Lower Middle Chronology with dates 8 years more recent than the UMC is the most probable chronological system for this time period. p. 16 top illustration. The tree trunk on the left is actually older that the tree-ring sections on the right. So, the label \u201csequence from living tree\u201d should be corrected to \u201csequence from old tree\u201d. The label \u201ctime back into the past\u201d should be corrected to \u201ctime forward into the future\u201d or the direction of the arrow should be reversed. The label \u201csequences from older timber\u201d should be corrected to \u201csequences from future trees\u201d. pp. 22-23 Map: The vegetation of the Near East. This map is intended to show the \u201cclimax vegetation\u201d under recent climatic conditions without interference from humans. It would be more informative to show reconstructions of the vegetation at different periods. p. 24 Map: Early settlements in the Near East ADD Epipalaeolithic: Ohalo II ADD Protoneoliothic: Gobeklitepe, Kortik, Hallan Chemi, Jerf al-Ahmar, Tell Aswad, p. 25 Map: The spread of farming and animal husbandry ADD Gobeklitepe, Sheikh-e Abad, Jani, Zaghe, Tell Seker al-Aheimar, Jerf al-Ahmar, Tell Sabi Abyad p. 31 ill. tr is not of a village in NW Iran but is a view of the city of Arbil and is to be attributed to David and Joan Oates. p. 36 Table of domestication: CHANGE Chicken and Camel as follows: 1","Corrections Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the ancient Near East (1990) March 2017 Domesticated animal Wild ancestor Region Date Chicken Red jungle fowl South-east Asia c. 3000 BC? Bactrian Camel Wild Bactrian camel Central Asia \/ Mongolia c. 3000 BC Dromedary Wild camel Arabia c. 1500 BC The supposedly domesticated Chinese chicken turned out to be a wild pheasant! p. 43 Map Early pottery using cultures ADD Tell Sabi Abyad, Mezraa Teleilat, Tell Halula, Akarchay, Seker al-Aheimar, Salat Jami Yani, Tell el-Kerkh, Shir. Recent research has demonstrated that the earliest styles of pottery included a painted ware that was perhaps a luxury ware imitating coloured stone vessels and a more utilitarian ware given the ungainly name \u201cpre-proto-Hassuna\u201d See Olivier P. Nieuwenhuyse, Peter M.M.G. Akkermans & Johannes van der Plicht. Not so coarse, nor always plain \u2013 the earliest pottery of Syria, Antiquity 84 (2010). p. 44 Chatal Huyuk. NOTE recent excavations directed by Ian Hodder, which have shown that a rigid distinction between shrines and normal houses is not valid. p. 49 Map Halaf and other cultures ADD Domuztepe. p. 53 Map The extent of the Ubaid culture REMOVE Diraz East ADD Dalma Island p. 63 Plan of the earlier and later levels in the Eanna precinct in Uruk. REVISE KEY: pale green Level IVa (later) beige with blue outline Level IVb (earlier) lilac Ur III c. 2100 BC p. 64-5 Map The influence of early urban cultures ADD Tepe Sufalin p. 73 Map Cylinder seal use ADD Tepe Sufalin p. 79 Map The trade in chlorite vessels of the Intercultural Style INCLUDE Jiroft and ADD Konar Sandal p. 80 Map The distribution of pottery styles in the 3rd millennium EXTEND ETC to the NE to include area near Tehran. See Christian K. Piller, Neue Erkenntnisse zur Verbreitung der Kura- Araxes-Kultur in Nord- und Zentraliran in Heather Baker, Kai Kaniuth, & Adelheid Otto, Stories of long ago. Festschrift f\u00fcr Michael D. Roaf (2012), 441-457 ADD Tell Niml, Tell Arbid, p. 83 Map The cities in the Sumerian King List ADD Tell Beydar, Tell Banat\/Bazi, 2","Corrections Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the ancient Near East (1990) March 2017 p. 97 Map The conquests of the kings of Agade MOVE Marhashi, Elam, Armanum, Purushhanda, Agade p. 100 CHANGE Ur-Nammu to Ur-Namma throughout The Third Dynasty of Ur family tree CHANGE DATES 1. Ur-Namma 2110-2093 2. \u0160ulgi 2092-2045 3. Amar-Sin 2044-2036 4. \u0160u-Sin 2035-2027 5. Ibbi-Sin 2026-2002 p. 102 Map The empire of the Third Dynasty of Ur MOVE Marhashi, Bashime, Simanu MAKE Mari an allied state p. 111 Kings of Mesopotamia and Elam c. 2000 -1600 BC REVISE as follows ISIN I (2019-1794) LARSA (2025-1763) BABYLON I (1894-1595) URUK 1. I\u0161bi-Erra 1. Naplanum 2025-2005 2. \u0160u-ili\u0161u 2019-1987 2. Yamsium 2004-1977 1986-1977 3. Iddin-Dagan 1976-1956 3. Samium 1976-1942 4. I\u0161me-Dagan 1955-1937 4. Zabaya 1941-1933 5. Lipit-E\u0161tar 1936-1926 5. Gungunum 1932-1906 6. Ur-Ninurta 1925-1898 6. Abi-sare 1905-1895 7. Bur-Sin 1897-1876 7. Sumu-El 1894-1866 1. Sumu-abum 1894-1881 8. Lipit-Enlil 1875-1871 9. Erra-imitti 1870-1863 8. Nur-Adad Sin-kashid c1850 1865-1850 2. Sumu-la-Il 1880-1845 10. Enlil-bani 1863-1839 9. Sin-iddinam Sin-iribam 1849-1843 3. Sabium 1844-1831 11. Zambiya 1838-1836 10. Sin-iribam Sin-gamil 1842-1841 11. Sin-iqi\u0161am ANam 1840-1836 12. Silli-Adad IRnene c.1810 1835 13. Warad-Sin Nabi-ilishu 1834-1823 12. Iter-pi\u0161a 1835-1832 13. Ur-dukuga 1831-1828 1803 4. Apil-Sin 1830-1813 14. Sin-magir 1827-1817 14. Rim-Sin I 1822-1763 15. Damiq-ili\u0161u 1816-1794 1763 5. Sin-muballit 1812-1793 6. Hammu-rabi 1792-1750 14. Rim-Sin II 1740-1736 7. Samsu-iluna 1749-1712 8. Abi-e\u0161uh 1711-1684 9. Ammi-ditana 1683-1647 10. Ammi-saduqa 1646-1628 11. Samsu-ditana 1627-1603 The interlinked dynasties of Ur, Isin, Larsa, Babylon, and Uruk according to the Upper Middle Chronology. According to the Lower Middle Chronology the dates should be 8 years more recent i.e. I\u0161bi-Erra reigned from 2019-1979 (revised according to Dominique Charpin in Charpin, Dominique, Marten Stol and Dietz Otto Edzard, Mesopotamien: Die altbabylonische Zeit (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, 160\/4, 2004): 385-9 and M. Roaf, The Fall of Babylon in 1499 NC or 1595 MC, Akkadica 133 (2012), 169-170) ESHNUNNA ELAM ASHUR MARI Ituriya 2000 Shu-iliya c.2010 Kindattu c. 2005 30. Puzur-Ashur I Nur-ahum c.1950 Idaddu (I) c. 1970 31. Shalim-ahum Kirikiri Tan-ruhuratir 32. Ilushuma Bilalama 33. Erishum I 1971\u20131932 Ishar-ramashu Ebarti (II) 1931\u20131917 Usur-ramashu Azuzum 34. Ikunum 3","Corrections Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the ancient Near East (1990) March 2017 ESHNUNNA ELAM ASHUR MARI Ur-NinMAR.KI Idattu (II) c. 1905 1900 Ur-Ningishzida Ebarat 1916\u20131877 1800 Ipiq-Adad I Shilhaha c. 1900 35. Sargon I 1876\u20131870 Sharriya Addahushu 1869\u20131835\/1815 Warassa 36. Puzur-Ashur II 1834\/1814\u20131808 Belakum 37. Naram-Sin Ibal-pi-El I 38. Erishum II 1807-1775 Ipiq-Adad II Naram-Sin c.1862-1819 Shiruk-tuh c. 1800 39. Shamshi-Adad I 1774- Yaggid-Lim Dannum-tahaz c.1818- Shimut-wartash Yahdun-Lim Iqish-Tishpak Siwe-palar-huhpak c. 1765 40. Ishme-Dagan Sumu-Yamam 1792-1775 Dadusha -1780 Kuduzulush c. 1646 40a. Mut-Ashkur Yasmah-Addu 1775-1762 Ibal-pi-El II 1779-1765 40b. Rimu-[...] Zimri-Lim Silli-Sin 1764-1762 40c. Asinum 1762 1762 40d. Puzur-Sin 41. Ashur-dugul 1700 Iluni 42. Ashur-apla-idi Ahushina 43. Nasir-Sin Kuk-nashur 1600 The dynasties of Eshnunna, Elam, Ashur, and Mari according to the Middle Chronology (revised according to Charpin, 2004: 389-390, M. Stolper in \u00cb. Carter & . Stolper, Elam: Surveys of Political History and Archaeology(1984), and G. Barjamovic, T. Hertel, & M.T. Larsen, Ups and downs at Kanesh: Chronology, History and Society in the Old Assyrian Period (2012) p. 113 Map Anatolia and the Old Assyrian Trade MOVE Purushhanda REVISE KEY: CHANGE Assyrian trade route to Trade route CHANGE DATES to c. 1940-c. 1835BC and c. 1834-1730 p. 116 Map World of the Mari letters ADD Tushhan, Nurrugum, p. 116 Map Hammurabi\u2019s kingdom MOVE ?Agade and EXTEND extent of Hammurabi\u2019s kingdom Key: CHANGE \u201cdate of Babylonian tablet find\u201d to \u201cdate of latest Old Babylonian tablet find\u201d CHANGE \u201c1719-1700\u201d to \u201c1719-1600\u201d p. 123 Sealand: Both excavated textual and archaeological evidence for the rule of the Sealand in southern Babylonia has been found at Tell Khaiber 19 km NW of Ur (Campbell, S., Moon, J., Killick, R., Robson, E., Calderbank, D., Shepperson, M., Slater, F: (in press) Tell Khaiber: an administrative centre of the Sealand period, Iraq 79). An illegally excavated and exported archive of this period from an unlocated site has also been published (S. Dalley (2009), Babylonian Tablets from the First Sealand Dynasty in the Sch\u00f8yen Collection (CUSAS 9)). Venus Tablets and Middle Chronology Recent astronomical and radiocarbon investigations have shown that the Lower Middle Chronology (LMC) with dates 8 years more recent than the (Upper) Middle Chronology (UMC) is the most probable chronological system for the period 2150 to 1550 BC. A solar eclipse mentioned in the Mari Eponym Chronicle may have been that of 1833 BC and could be compatible with the LMC. See Denis Lacambre & Werner Nahm (eds.) (in press), Nouvelles perspectives sur la chronologie de la premi\u00e8re moiti\u00e9 du IIe mill\u00e9naire av. J.-C. au Proche-Orient et en \u00c9gypte \/ New Perspectives on the Chronology of the Early Second Millenium BC in the Near East and Egypt 4","Corrections Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the ancient Near East (1990) March 2017 p 129 mr CHANGE \u201cIn the Ubaid period\u201d to \u201cIn the Ubaid and Uruk periods\u201d p. 134 Map The empire of Mittani ADD Tell Bazi, Umm al-Mara, p. 139 Map The Hittite empire ADD Porshuk, Basiri, Sirkeli MOVE Ahhiyawa, Arzawa. p. 140 Map The Middle Assyrian empire ADD Idu, Tell Sabi Abyad, Giricano, Uchtepe CORRECT boundaries to exclude Hit p. 143 Map Kingdom of the Kassites EXTEND to include Mari, Bahrain and Mahi Dasht p. 143 Hattusas Site plan ADD silos and reservoirs p. 160 Map The Aramaean and Neo-Hittite kingdoms The map does not distinguish between Hittite hieroglyphic inscriptions dating to the time of the Hittite Empire and those after its collapse. p. 162 REVISE plan of North-West Palace p. 172 REVISE Urartian king list as follows: Urartian kings and their fathers known from Urartian kings mentioned in Assyrian their inscriptions and the proposed inscriptions with the dates of the abbreviations synchronisms Seduri (830) Sarduri son of Lutipri Sarduri L U\u0161pina (ca. 820) I\u0161puini son of Sarduri I\u0161puini S Argi\u0161ti\/u (774) Minua son of I\u0161puini Minua I Sarduri, I\u0161tar-\/Issar-d\u016br\u012b, etc. (743, 735) Argi\u0161ti son of Minua Argi\u0161ti M Ursa, Rusa (719-713) Sarduri son of Argi\u0161ti Sarduri A Argi\u0161ti\/u (709) [?Sarduri son of Sarduri] [?Sarduri S] Ursa (673\/2, 652) I\u0161tar-\/Issar-d\u016br\u012b (646\/642) Rusa son of Erimena Rusa E Rusa son of Sarduri Rusa S Argi\u0161ti son of Rusa Argi\u0161ti R Rusa son of Argi\u0161ti Rusa A Urartian kings known from their inscriptions and from Assyrian sources arranged in a sequence of son following father. This order is consistent with the Assyrian synchronisms. Since the names of the fathers of the Urartian kings are not mentioned in the Assyrian texts, the synchronisms with Sarduri A and Sarduri S and Rusa E and Rusa S are not certain. . (based on M. Roaf, Could Rusa son of Erimena have been king of Urartu during Sargon\u2019s Eighth Campaign?, in S. Kroll, C. Gruber, U. Hellwag, M. Roaf & P. Zimansky (eds.), Biainili-Urartu: The Proceedings of the Symposium held in Munich 12-14 October 2007 Tagungsbericht des M\u00fcnchner Symposiums 12. -14. Oktober 2007, Acta Iranica 51 (2012): 187-216) 5","Corrections Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the ancient Near East (1990) March 2017 p. 173 Map The kingdom of Urartu ADD Ayanis REMOVE \u201cother temple type\u201d from Erebuni p. 178 Late Assyrian kings 2 REVISE DATES: Ashurbanipal 668-631? Ashur-etelli-ilani ?631-?626 Sin-shum-lishir ?626 Sin-shar-ishkun ?625-612 p. 178 Map The Assyrian empire in the late 8th century BC ADD Rabat, Qalaichi, Tang-i Var (Sargon II), and Karalla ALTER route of Sargon\u2019s 8th campaign p. 185 Map Assyrian capitals and irrigation systems REVISE courses of canals according to Jason Ur p. 191 Map The Assyrian empire in the7th century BC REMOVE Tang-i Var and ADD to map on p. 178 p. 199 Map Babylonia ADD Agade, Eshnunna p. 203 Map The conquests of Cyrus REVISE extent of Media p. 204 Site plan of Pasargadae REMOVE wall and central water channel ADD reservoir pp. 230-232 Gazetteer The locations of the sites given in the Gazetteer are not reliable as they have been compiled from the individual maps. More accurate place marks on Google Earth (ANE.kmz) for many sites can be downloaded at http:\/\/www.lingfil.uu.se\/research\/assyriology\/earth\/ Michael Roaf 12 March 2017 6","",""]