Editor’s note: A PDF of this compilation is available at this link • More information about the project related to this work is available at this link. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54813/CAWZ3627.

A Compilation of Materials Apparently Reflective of States’ Views on International Legal Issues pertaining to the Use of Algorithmic and Data-reliant Socio-technical Systems in Armed Conflict

Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict (HLS PILAC)

December 2020

Editor: Dustin A. Lewis

Contributors: Sonia Chakrabarty, Minqian Lucy Chen, Edi Ebiefung, Zach Grouev, Rachael Hanna, Simon Gregory Jerome, Charles Orta, Will Ossoff, Vera Piovesan, Sam Rebo, Lilianna (Anna) Rembar, Ricardo Cruzat Reyes, Juan Rivera Rugeles, Carolina Silva-Portero, and Delany Sisiruca

Synopsis

This document is a compilation of materials that at least appear to be reflective of one or more states’ views on international legal issues pertaining to the actual or possible use of algorithmic and data-reliant socio-technical systems in armed conflict.

Project

In September of 2018, the Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict (HLS PILAC) commenced a project titled “International Legal and Policy Dimensions of War Algorithms: Enduring and Emerging Concerns.”^[1] The project builds on the program’s earlier research and policy initiative on war-algorithm accountability. A goal of the current project is to help strengthen international debate and inform policymaking on the ways that artificial intelligence and complex computer algorithms are transforming war, as well as how international legal and policy frameworks already govern, and might further regulate, the design, development, and use of those technologies. The project is financially supported by the Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence Fund.

In creating this compilation, HLS PILAC seeks in part to provide a resource through which the positions of states with divergent positions on certain matters potentially of international public concern can be identified. Legal aspects of war technologies are more complex than some governments, scholars, and advocates allow. In the view of HLS PILAC, knowledge of the legal issues requires awareness of the multiple standpoints from which these arguments are fashioned. An assumption underlying how we approach these inquiries is that an assessment concerning international law in this area ought to take into account the perspectives of as many states (in addition to other relevant actors) as possible.

Scope and Sources

This compilation was created as part of HLS PILAC’s efforts to better understand the extent to which states have, and have not, elaborated publicly discernible views on international legal aspects concerning the actual or potential use of algorithmic and data-reliant socio-technical systems in armed conflict. Focus is placed here on the views of states due in part to the centrality of states in making and developing international law. Only those materials that at least may appear to arguably be reflective of a state’s views are included. The spectrum of materials ranges from statements expressly made on behalf of a state in an international forum to views elaborated by an agent of a state who at least appears to be capable expressing views attributable to the relevant state. Nevertheless, inclusion of a material in this compilation is not meant to imply an assessment — by any of the authors of the compilation or of HLS PILAC as an institution — that the view reflected in a particular material included in the compilation is necessarily relevant in respect of a source of international law binding on the relevant state.

No international-law instrument applicable in relation to armed conflict contains a definition of “autonomous weapon,” “lethal autonomous weapons system,” “artificial intelligence,” or the like. In seeking to canvass the range of states’ views on potentially relevant applications of technology, including but not limited to the conduct of hostilities (not least weapons, means, and methods of warfare), restrictions on liberty, maritime systems, and humanitarian services, an editorial choice was made to adopt a relatively wide definition of possibly relevant applications of concern. Accordingly, the compilation includes materials that are seemingly reflective of the views of one or more states on international legal aspects that at least appear to pertain to the potential or actual use of algorithmic and data-reliant socio-technical systems in relation to situations of armed conflict.^[2]

The sources of the materials in this compilation included the following: reports of the Group of Governmental Experts on emerging technologies in the area of lethal autonomous weapons systems (hereafter, GGE on LAWS) established under the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which may be deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects (hereafter, CCW) (2017–2019); reports of the Meetings of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (2014–2019); statements and working papers submitted to the GGE on LAWS or to informal meetings of experts on LAWS (2014–2020); statements to the U.N. General Assembly First Committee on Disarmament (2013–2019); statements to meetings of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (2013–2019); statements to the Preparatory Committee for the Fifth Review Conference of the CCW and to the Fifth Review Conference of the CCW (2016); CCW digital recordings of (audio or video) statements given at the 2019 UN GGE on LAWS and certain digital recordings of audio or video statements given to past meetings of the GGE on LAWS as well as to the 2013 U.N. Human Rights Council; statements arising in relation to domestic legal systems or potentially relevant domestic policy frameworks (2009–2020); certain third-party compilations of purported state views; and media reports that contain views elaborated by persons who at least appear to be capable of reflecting a view that may be attributed to a state. The research concluded in early September 2020. Any materials produced after that time are not reflected in this compilation.

Methods

The primary sources for relevant statements to the U.N. were the U.N. CCW website^[3] and the U.N. Digital Recordings Portal.^[4] Working Papers and additional U.N. documents were also searched for through the U.N. Official Document System^[5] using potentially relevant symbols, such as “CCW/GGE.1.” Links to the original document on the U.N. website or on the website of each state’s delegation are provided, where possible. If original documents were not readily found or were otherwise unavailable on these websites, original documents were sought using Reaching Critical Will’s database of U.N.-related documents.^[6] The compilation authors supplemented this search through a review of documents referenced and cited in select third-party compilations: the August 2020 Human Rights Watch report, Stopping Killer Robots;^[7] the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots’ November 2018 list on countries’ views on killer robots;^[8] and the Library of Congress’ resources on the Regulation of Artificial Intelligence.^[9] These materials produced additional relevant statements from states to international bodies, as well as domestic legal systems and potentially relevant policy frameworks.

The majority of statements elaborated in relation to domestic legal systems or potentially relevant domestic policy frameworks for each state were found using “site:” searches of each state’s government domains, including defense ministry domains, through https://www.google.com. For example, materials pertaining to views of or the United States were found in part through “site:.gov” and “site:.defense.gov” searches on https://www.google.com that were accompanied by various strings of key search terms. These search terms included combinations of the following phrases: “artificial intelligence,” “technology,” “autonomous,” “unmanned,” “IHL,” “international humanitarian law,” “law of war,” “conflict,” “war,” “hostility,” “security,” “big data,” and “algorithms.” This was done for each state in English and, where possible in light of the research teams’ language capacities, in states’ (other) official or native languages.

One or more of the compilation’s contributors conducted a review of each candidate material for relevancy. Statements classified as insufficiently relevant were excluded. Many of the views catalogued in this compilation are expressly attributed to a state or group of states. To be included in the compilation, as noted above, at a minimum, the person elaborating a relevant view in the compiled material must have at least appeared to be capable — under international legal methods — of having their views attributed to the identified state.

Authors

The following HLS PILAC Research Assistants contributed to the compilation: Sonia Chakrabarty, Minqian Lucy Chen, Edi Ebiefung, Zach Grouev, Rachael Hanna, Simon Gregory Jerome, Charles Orta, Will Ossoff, Vera Piovesan, Sam Rebo, Lilianna (Anna) Rembar, Ricardo Cruzat Reyes, Juan Rivera Rugeles, Carolina Silva-Portero, and Delany Sisiruca. The compilation was overseen and edited by Dustin A. Lewis, Research Director of HLS PILAC.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge Jennifer Allison, Bridget J. Reischer, and Caroline Walters of the Harvard Law School (HLS) Library, as well as other members of the HLS Library staff, for research support.

Contact

Please send updates and emendations via email to pilac [at] law.harvard.edu.

License

The compilation is published under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).

Web

The compilation is available online at https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/international-legal-and-policy-dimensions-of-war-algorithms.

Acronyms and Initialisms

CCW The Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects as amended on 21 December 2001

EU European Union

GA General Assembly (of the United Nations)

GGE Group of Governmental Experts

HCPs High Contracting Parties

LAWS Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems

UN United Nations

States

Afghanistan

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Afghanistan is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least one of the relevant meetings identified. Views of Afghanistan may be reflected in (among other things) the report elaborated in the context of the CCW dated Dec. 11, 2017 (see below).

Afghanistan’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Albania

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by the European Union at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13–15, 2019) (Albania aligned itself with this statement) https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/hcp-meeting/statements/13Nov_EU1.pdf [https://perma.cc/KZ3E-TEVS].

General Statement, Statement by the European Union at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13, 2019) (Albania aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/hcp-meeting/statements/13Nov_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/3HWD-WMFQ].

Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 2019) (Albania aligned itself with this statement), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/4743F85F29E94653C125845D003AEC47/$file/EU+statement+20190820_GGE+LAWS.pdf [https://perma.cc/YB2D-6N8J].

Possible Options for Addressing the Humanitarian and International Security Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems in the Context of the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention Without Prejudging Policy Outcomes and Taking into Account Past, Present and Future Proposals, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25–29, 2019) (Albania aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/27March_EuropeanUnion5e.pdf [https://perma.cc/CNN6-FVPH].

An Exploration of the Potential Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems to International Humanitarian Law, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25–29, 2019) (Albania aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/26March_EuropeanUnion5a.pdf [https://perma.cc/R2QT-QH22].

Further Consideration of the Human element in the Use of Lethal Force; Aspects of Human-Machine Interaction in the Development, Deployment and Use of Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25–29, 2019) (Albania aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/26March_EU5c.pdf [https://perma.cc/ML9S-SD97].

Review of Potential Military Applications of Related Technologies in the Context of the Group’s Work, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25–29, 2019) (Albania aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/25March_EuropeanUnion5d.pdf [https://perma.cc/5GN9-UCQ3].

Characterization of the Systems Under Consideration in Order to Promote a Common Understanding on Concepts and Characteristics Relevant to the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25–29, 2019) (Albania aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/25March_EU5b.pdf [https://perma.cc/3LTV-PLX8].

Agenda Item 8: Consideration of the report of the Group on Governmental Experts on emerging technologies in the area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by the European Union at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 21–23, 2018) (Albania aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/APS7-RH8Q].

Minister Counsellor Viktor Dvořák, Delegation of the European Union to the UN, Statement at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 2018) (Albania aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/FEB2-MXVK].

Statement by the European Union at the General Exchange of Views of the Meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (April 9–13, 2018) (Albania aligned itself with this statement), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/00E636906F2DB883C12582720056F109/$file/2018_LAWSGeneralExchange_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/9VEE-RURH].

Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 13–17, 2017) (Albania aligned itself with this statement), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/8DDFEE147FB37799C125823B003FFAB0/$file/2017_GGE+LAWS_Statement_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/PSY3-WXXC].

Jacek Bylica, Special Envoy for Disarmament and Non-proliferation of the European External Action Service, Statement by the European Union at the General Debate of the First Assembly of the 71st Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 3, 2016) (Albania aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/3Oct_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/K5PR-E8EV].

Ambassador Peter Sørensen, Permanent Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations, Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 12, 2015) (Albania aligned itself with this statement), http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2015/MSP/statements/12Nov_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/FB23-9PPU].

Minister Counsellor Andras Kos of the Permanent Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations, Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13–14, 2014) (Albania aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2014/MSP/statements/13Nov_EUgeneral.pdf [https://perma.cc/EJJ3-MD4J].

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Albania is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least three of the relevant CCW meetings identified. As such, its views may be reflected in the reports elaborated in the context of the CCW dated June 2, 2015, June 10, 2016, and Dec. 11, 2017 (see below).

Albania also participated in the work of meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Algeria

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Algeria at the General Exchange of Views of the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016) (French), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/EBA56386AE5E61A1C1257F9200579F4F/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_GeneralExchange_Statements_Algeria.pdf [https://perma.cc/FHQ2-ZSSG].

Statement by Algeria at the First Committee of the 70th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 30, 2015) (Arabic), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/30October_Algeria.pdf [https://perma.cc/94DN-52MZ].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statements by Algeria to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 16:06:27 and 17:34:34), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E16A3633-6504-4B9B-935E-5B0AB0BEFD76_15h02&position=1000# [https://perma.cc/8TYR-HA5Z].

Statement by Algeria to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:10:13), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by Algeria to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:27:21), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Statement by Algeria to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 27, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 15:42:10), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/70E5CC90-B100-4658-95BA-8E8C0D4D581E_15h14&position=1654 [https://perma.cc/6E6R-4LSV].

Mr. Mohamed Djalel Eddine Benabdoun, Statement by Algeria to the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (May 30, 2013) (DIGITAL RECORDING 17:24), http://webtv.un.org/search/clustered-id-on-executions-and-idps-contd-10th-meeting-23rd-regular-session-of-human-rights-council/2419860367001?term=10th%20meeting#player [https://perma.cc/7M3B-ZV39].

Third-Party Compilations

Stopping Killer Robots: Country Positions on Banning Fully Autonomous Weapons and Retaining Human Control, Human Rights Watch (Aug. 2020), https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media_2020/08/arms0820_web.pdf [https://perma.cc/MS29-U5R6].

Country Views on Killer Robots, Campaign to Stop Killer Robots (Nov. 22, 2018), https://www.stopkillerrobots.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/KRC_CountryViews22Nov2018.pdf [https://perma.cc/KLH4-77J9].

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Algeria is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least two of the relevant CCW meetings identified. As such, its views may be reflected in report(s) elaborated in the context of the CCW dated June 10, 2016 and Dec. 11, 2017. Algeria participated in the work forming the basis of the report of the HCPs to the CCW dated June 2, 2015 as an observer delegation.

Algeria also participated in the work of meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Algeria’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Andorra

No responsive results identified.

Angola

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Angola’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Antigua and Barbuda

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Antigua and Barbuda’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the Caribbean Community and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Argentina

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Ambassador Martin Garcia Moritan, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Argentina, Statement at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 7, 2019) (Spanish), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/14Oct_Argentina.pdf [https://perma.cc/C34A-DYVJ].

Questionnaire on the Legal Review Mechanisms of New Weapons, Means and Methods of Warfare, Working Paper by Argentina to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2019/WP.6 (Mar. 29, 2019), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/52C72D09DCA60B8BC125841E003579D8/$file/CCW_GGE.1_2019_WP.6.pdf [https://perma.cc/7UVP-9YFV].

Statement by Argentina on Point 4) of the Report of the Group of Governmental Experts on LAWS at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 22, 2018) (Spanish), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/22Nov_Argentina.pdf [https://perma.cc/Q26H-VKJP].

Statement by Argentina at the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A General (Oct. 24, 2018) (Spanish), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/25Oct_Argentina.pdf [https://perma.cc/HH4F-P9UR].

Strengthening of the Review Mechanisms of a New Weapon, Means or Methods of Warfare, Working Paper by Argentina to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2018/WP.2 (Apr. 4, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/documents/GGE.1-WP2-English.pdf [https://perma.cc/XYL2-V9H9].

Statement by Argentina at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 12, 2015) (Spanish), http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/12Nov_Argentina.pdf [https://perma.cc/QLU8-4KB3].

Statement by Argentina at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2015) (Spanish), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/669F60A90A72A55FC1257E26005F553A/$file/Argentina.pdf [https://perma.cc/TTG6-R8ZJ].

Statement by Argentina at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 13–16, 2014) (Spanish), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/48466B2AC5D70D87C1257CDA005698A9/$file/Argentina_LAWS_FinalStatement_2014.pdf [https://perma.cc/5XMP-N4YE].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Argentina to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:12:44), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Statement by Argentina to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 26, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 15:32:14), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/3FCEC61E-B001-432A-964F-123C6522D8B9_15h09&position=1365 [https://perma.cc/5U59-J2RG].

Statement by Argentina to the Fifth Review Conference of High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (Dec. 12, 2016) (DIGITAL RECORDING) (Spanish), https://conf.unog.ch/dr/public/61.0500/DDE5EFD9-810F-41D4-A0AB-3D6244069E03_15h03/chunks/snippet_lOs83-47t88-38.mp3 [https://perma.cc/929N-FRLE].

Mr. Mariano Alvares Wagner, Statement by Argentina to the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (May 30, 2013) (DIGITAL RECORDING 01:29:04), http://webtv.un.org/meetings-events/human-rights-council/watch/clustered-id-on-executions-and-idps-9th-meeting-23rd-regular-session-of-human-rights-council/2419860355001#player [https://perma.cc/JTG4-F8CR].

Third-Party Compilations

Stopping Killer Robots: Country Positions on Banning Fully Autonomous Weapons and Retaining Human Control, Human Rights Watch (Aug. 2020), https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media_2020/08/arms0820_web.pdf [https://perma.cc/MS29-U5R6].

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Argentina is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain CCW meetings. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the CCW (see below).

Argentina is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Armenia

No responsive results identified.

Australia

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Australia, National Commentary, Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Aug. 2020, https://documents.unoda.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/20200820-Australia.pdf [https://perma.cc/6XMC-EN66].

Statement by Australia at the General Exchange of Views of the Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 11–15 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/hcp-meeting/statements/13Nov_Australia1.pdf [https://perma.cc/HN25-KB2U].

Peter Horne, First Secretary Permanent Mission of Australia to the United Nations, Statement at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 25, 2019), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/25Oct_Australia.pdf [https://perma.cc/V83N-CFSH].

Ambassador Sally Mansfield, Permanent Representative of Australia to the United Nations Office in Geneva and the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 11, 2019), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/11Oct_Australia.pdf [https://perma.cc/Q7H8-N534].

Ambassador Sally Mansfield, Permanent Representative of Australia to the United Nations Office in Geneva and the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 7, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/11Oct_Australia.pdf [https://perma.cc/83HS-4JTW].

Australia’s System of Control and Applications for Autonomous Weapons Systems, Working Paper by Australia to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2019/WP.2/Rev.1 (Mar. 26, 2019), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/16C9F75124654510C12583C9003A4EBF/$file/CCWGGE.12019WP.2Rev.1.pdf [https://perma.cc/TPT3-Z9C6].

Agenda Item 8: Consideration of the Report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by Australia at the Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 21, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_Australia3.pdf [https://perma.cc/PW62-4P9J].

Agenda Item 7: General Exchange of Views, Statement by Australia at the Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 21, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_Australia.pdf [https://perma.cc/PL6J-S9FR].

Ian McConville, Director, Nuclear Policy Section, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Statement at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 10, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/10Oct_Australia.pdf [https://perma.cc/W47P-YLE2].

The Australian Article 36 Review Process, Working Paper by Australia to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.2/2018/WP.6 (Aug. 30, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/46CA9DABE945FDF9C12582FE00380420/$file/2018_GGE+LAWS_August_Working+paper_Australia.pdf [https://perma.cc/3PGS-UFWG].

Statement by Australia at the General Exchange of Views of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/98023AD339EF9C30C1258274004219EB/$file/2018_LAWSGeneralExchange_Australia.pdf [https://perma.cc/7JW4-EVAP].

Statement by Australia at the General Exchange of Views of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 13–17, 2017), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/E4B1B901E6728457C125823B0041DB57/$file/2017_GGE+LAWS_Statement_Australia.pdf [https://perma.cc/PAG8-BDPC].

Statement by Australia at the General Debate Exchange of Views of the CCW Meeting of Experts of LAWS (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/008A00242684E78FC1257F920057BD3C/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_GeneralExchange_Statements_Australia.pdf [https://perma.cc/8G44-MDLK].

Statement by Australia at the General Exchange of Views of the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13, 2014), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2014/statements/13Nov_Australia.pdf [https://perma.cc/UF63-UBUV].

Statement by Australia at the Wrap Up Session of the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 16, 2014), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/BCD7E091F41A1BBBC1257CE600421042/$file/Australia_LAWS_wrapup_2014.pdf [https://perma.cc/77CV-44R3].

Australian Intervention on Legal Aspects, Statement by Australia at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 14, 2014), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/EFA1801429EDF702C1257CE40043305C/$file/Australia_MX_LAWS_IHL_2014.pdf [https://perma.cc/7AG8-M88A].

Australian Intervention on Ethics and Sociology, Statement by Australia at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 14, 2014), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/F9D5A8F320929986C1257CE40043103D/$file/Australia_MX_LAWS_Ethics_2014.pdf [https://perma.cc/RPT4-G7B3].

Statement by Australia at the General Debate of the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 13, 2014), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/026EC9EABF74393BC1257CE4004326A4/$file/Australia_MX_LAWS_GeneralDebate_2014.pdf [https://perma.cc/A9KS-35JQ].

Mr. Ian McConville, Chargé, Australian Permanent Mission to the United Nations in Geneva, Statement at the General Exchange of Views of the Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 14, 2013), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/45EC483858092567C1257CE5004D8BD4/$file/Australia_MSP+2013_statement.pdf [https://perma.cc/L73H-RDHH].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Australia to the Meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 16:59:41), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E16A3633-6504-4B9B-935E-5B0AB0BEFD76_15h02&position=1000# [https://perma.cc/8TYR-HA5Z].

Statement by Australia to the Meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:15:28), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by Australia to the Meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 17:57:26), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statement by Australia to the Meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:45:51 and 11:49:42), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Statement by Australia to the Meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:06:31), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E3373111-6687-440D-B02D-CEFB477A9AD6_10h06&position=3539 [https://perma.cc/D5NJ-38HS].

Domestic Legal System and/or Potentially Relevant Domestic Policy Framework

Glenn Moy et al., Technical Report: Recent Advances in Artificial Intelligence and their Impact on Defence, Joint and Operations Analysis Division Defence Science and Technology Group, Australian Department of Defence, Science and Technology (2020), https://www.dst.defence.gov.au/sites/default/files/publications/documents/DST-Group-TR-3716_0. [https://perma.cc/DY9J-U7ZR].

UAS Regulation. Self-paced Awareness Module, Defence Aviation Safety Authority, Australian Government, Department of Defence, https://www.defence.gov.au/DASP/Docs/Regulations/DefenceAviationRegulationSet/SelfPacedDASRUASAwarenessModule.pdf [https://perma.cc/4LQW-ZSYU].

Defence Aviation Safety Regulations, Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Australian Government, Department of Defence, Defence Aviation Safety Authority (June 1, 2020), https://www.defence.gov.au/DASP/Docs/Manuals/DefenceAviationSafetyRegulation/DASRWeb/index.htm#23738.htm [https://perma.cc/DK2Z-RAWR].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Australia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Australia also participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Austria

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

2020 Contribution of Austria to the Chair’s request on the Guiding Principles on emerging technologies in the area of LAWS, Group of Governmental Experts on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Sept. 2020, https://documents.unoda.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/20200901-Austria.pdf [https://perma.cc/5QZ2-VM9E].

Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Ireland, Germany, Luxembourg, Mexico, and New Zealand, Joint ‘Commentary’ on Guiding Principles A, B, C and D, Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (GGE LAWS), Sept. 2020, https://documents.unoda.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/GGE20200901-Austria-Belgium-Brazil-Chile-Ireland-Germany-Luxembourg-Mexico-and-New-Zealand.pdf [https://perma.cc/82NG-3XE8].

Statement by Austria at the General Debate of the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/hcp-meeting/statements/13Nov_Austria1.pdf [https://perma.cc/328R-HXPL].

Agenda Item 8: Consideration of the Report of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) Related to Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by Austria at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/hcp-meeting/statements/13Nov_Austria.pdf [https://perma.cc/26T7-GEFB].

H.E. Thomas Hajnoczi, Federal Ministry for Europe, Integration and Foreign Affairs, Conventional Weapons, Statement by Austria at the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 24, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/24Oct_Austria.pdf [https://perma.cc/P8XQ-JUW2].

Agenda Item 5(e): Possible Options for Addressing the Humanitarian and International Security Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems in the Context of the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention Without Prejudging Policy Outcomes and Taking into account Past, Present and Future Proposals, Statement by Austria to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25–29, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/27March_Austria5e.pdf [https://perma.cc/5MPG-EH78].

Agenda Item 5(a): An Exploration of the Potential Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems to International Humanitarian Law, Statement by Austria to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on (LAWS) (Mar. 25–29, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/26March_Austria5a.pdf [https://perma.cc/2ZHW-BCNV].

H.E. Mr. Alexander Schallenberg, Federal Minister for Europe, Integration and Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Austria, Statement at the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A (Sept. 26, 2019), https://www.bmeia.gv.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Vertretungen/OEV_New_York/JW/Statement_Austria_H.E._Schallenberg.pdf [https://perma.cc/JFM3-QYM4].

Agenda Item 8: Consideration of the Report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons System, Statement by Austria at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 21–23, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_Austria.pdf [https://perma.cc/575B-FAC7].

Thomas Hajnoczi, Federal Ministry for Europe, Integration and Foreign Affairs, Statement by Austria at the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the UN General Assembly (Oct. 8, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/8Oct_Austria.pdf [https://perma.cc/FN7N-HFH8].

Proposal for a Mandate to Negotiate a Legally-binding Instrument that Addresses the Legal, Humanitarian and Ethical Concerns Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), Working Paper by Austria, Brazil and Chile to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.2/2018/WP.7 (Aug. 30, 2018), https://undocs.org/CCW/GGE.2/2018/WP.7 [https://perma.cc/59VD-VNP9].

Ambassador Thomas Hajnoczi, Statement at the General Exchange of Views of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/AA0367088499C566C1258278004D54CD/$file/2018_LAWSGeneralExchang_Austria.pdf [https://perma.cc/27FV-CCEC].

Characterization of the Systems Under Consideration in Order to Promote a Common Understanding on Concepts and Characteristics Relevant to the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention, Statement by Austria at the Meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/22B754AAF8E23DDBC1258278004D80C5/$file/2018_LAWS6a_Austria.pdf [https://perma.cc/Q47Z-JFBY].

Further Considerations of the Human Element in the Use of Lethal Force; Aspects of Human-machine Interaction in the Development, Deployment and Use of Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by Austria at the Meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/9870C7B7FE556FFEC12582720057E67D/$file/2018_LAWS6b_Austria.pdf [https://perma.cc/9SSR-N5VZ].

Possible Options for Addressing the Humanitarian and International Security Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems in the Context of the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention Without Prejudging Policy Outcomes and Taking into Account Past, Present and Future Proposals, Statement by Austria at the Meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/147D69DBF392F6D5C1258278004E0E95/$file/2018_LAWS6d_Austria.pdf [https://perma.cc/43VB-CTCH].

Thomas Hajnoczi, Permanent Representative of Austria to the United Nations in Geneva, Statement by Austria to the U.N. Disarmament Commission (Oct. 4, 2016), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/4Oct_Austria.pdf [https://perma.cc/Z5CZ-2HVM].

Statement by Austria at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/D9D2AE3EC0D6F31AC1257F920057DFB5/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_GeneralExchange_Statements_Austria.pdf [https://perma.cc/9DAT-57PX].

Statement by Austria at the Annual Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 12, 2015), http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/12Nov_Austria.pdf [https://perma.cc/2346-P2ED].

Ambassador Alexander Kmentt, Statement by Austria at the Debate on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 70th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 26, 2015), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/26October_Austria.pdf [https://perma.cc/5QVF-NHQP].

Ambassador Thomas Hajnoczi, Permanent Representative of Austria to the United Nations Office in Geneva, General Statement at the First Committee of the 70th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 13, 2015), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/13October_Austria.pdf [https://perma.cc/Y8VS-JQP4].

The Concept of “Meaningful Human Control”, Working Paper by Austria at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/8D3B4C00FEFCA54CC1257E22004D14A4/$file/Working+Paper+by+Austria.pdf [https://perma.cc/D35A-RP7G].

Ambassador Thomas Hajnoczi, Permanent Representative of Austria to the United Nations, Statement at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/EE5D4833CA87BAB3C1257E26005C936E/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_Austria.pdf [https://perma.cc/M4QF-YVVJ].

Statement by Austria at the General Debate of the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 13, 2014), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/22D8D3D0ACB39CA8C1257CD70044524B/$file/Austria+MX+LAWS.pdf [https://perma.cc/V95S-UZFU].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statements by Austria to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 16:27:45, 17:00:46, 17:05:08, and 17:43:46), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E16A3633-6504-4B9B-935E-5B0AB0BEFD76_15h02&position=1000# [https://perma.cc/8TYR-HA5Z].

Statement by Austria to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:00:00), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by Austria to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 15:48:31), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statement by Austria to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:05:26), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Statement by Austria to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9, 2018) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:34:12), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/C48AE679-4D1A-4116-B692-B25F24046E84_10h06&position=8877 [https://perma.cc/9YSY-89QC].

Statement by Austria to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 13, 2017) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:56:41), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/61026CE1-F5DE-48FD-96D1-398CF7783D68_10h08&position=6464 [https://perma.cc/Y2SC-WQ92].

Ambassador Thomas Hajnoczi, Statement by Austria to the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (May 30, 2013) (DIGITAL RECORDING 01:14:31), http://webtv.un.org/meetings-events/human-rights-council/watch/clustered-id-on-executions-and-idps-9th-meeting-23rd-regular-session-of-human-rights-council/2419860355001#player [https://perma.cc/7DZG-BY65].

Domestic Legal System and/or Potentially Relevant Domestic Policy Framework

Safe. And Tomorrow? Security Policy Annual Forecast 2020, Austrian Ministry of Defense (2019) (German), https://www.bundesheer.at/pdf_pool/publikationen/sipol_jahresvorschau2020.pdf [https://perma.cc/T8JK-AYMG].

Shaping the Future of Austria with Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, Austrian Council on Robotics and Artificial Intelligence (Nov. 2018), https://www.acrai.at/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/ACRAI_White_Paper_EN.pdf [https://perma.cc/9CP7-J6U9].

Third-Party Compilations

Country Views on Killer Robots, Campaign to Stop Killer Robots (Nov. 22, 2018), https://www.stopkillerrobots.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/KRC_CountryViews22Nov2018.pdf [https://perma.cc/CX67-QFT7].

States Must Galvanize Counter-Trafficking Action, First Committee Delegates Stress, as Small Arms, New Drone Weaponry Continue to Fuel Wars, Hobble Development, U.N. Meetings Coverage (Oct. 24, 2019), https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/gadis3634.doc.htm [https://perma.cc/Y847-WKKR].

Warning of New Arms Race, First Committee Delegates Call for Galvanized Efforts to Overcome Stalled Disarmament Machinery, U.N. Meetings Coverage (Oct. 14, 2019), https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/gadis3626.doc.htm [https://perma.cc/J34W-XHE9].

Spotlighting Long-Term Impact of Unexploded Munitions, First Committee Delegates Discuss Progress Made through Multilateral Treaties, U.N Meetings Coverage (Oct. 29, 2018), https://www.un.org/press/en/2018/gadis3612.doc.htm [https://perma.cc/4NRE-SW44].

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Austria is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Austria is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Austria’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

Azerbaijan

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Azerbaijan’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Bahamas

Domestic Legal System and/or Potentially Relevant Domestic Policy Framework

Bahamas Unmanned Aerial System (BUAS) Solution: Request for Proposals (RFP), Bahamas Ministry of National Security (2018), https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/85264722-4318-4e82-9739-a5c16f9fd3c3/BAHAMAS+UNMANNED+AERIAL+SYSTEMS+SOLUTION+-+RFP+EXTENDED+TIME.pdf?MOD=AJPERES [https://perma.cc/PXU3-WC5K].

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

The Bahamas’ views may be reflected in relevant statements of the Caribbean Community and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Bahrain

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Bahrain’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Bangladesh

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Bangladesh at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 26, 2018), https://s3.amazonaws.com/unoda-web/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/statement-by-bangladesh-rd.pdf [https://perma.cc/DK6Z-B88N].

Statement by Bangladesh at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 71st Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 21, 2016), https://s3.amazonaws.com/unoda-web/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/21-Oct-Bangladesh-CW.pdf [https://perma.cc/J23W-4AQC].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Bangladesh is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least one of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in the report of the GGE on LAWS dated Aug. 21, 2019 (see below).

Bangladesh’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Barbados

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Barbados’ views may be reflected in relevant statements of the Caribbean Community and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Belarus

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Belarus at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (Nov. 13, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 15:33:36), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0490/B09BAD69-58EF-4293-98D4-6EB2A9A3B93E_15h08&position=1522 [https://perma.cc/2KSA-RRYQ].

Statement by Belarus at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 16, 2014) (DIGITAL RECORDING), http://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/B9A3EC4EEEE75FCAC1257CEE004A7C20/$file/1062.MP3 [https://perma.cc/QJ6U-3WMJ].

Statement by Belarus at the General Exchange of Views of the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (Nov. 14, 2013) (DIGITAL RECORDING), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/8FDC89B015D713DCC1257CEB0044E7C7/$file/1015.MP3 [https://perma.cc/5JHV-EUDX].

Domestic Legal System and/or Potentially Relevant Domestic Policy Framework

Program of Socioeconomic Development for 2016-2020, Government of the Republic of Belarus (Russian), http://www.government.by/upload/docs/program_ek2016-2020.pdf [https://perma.cc/8HFU-3N7G].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Belarus is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Belarus is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Belarus’ views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Belgium

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Belgium at the General Debate of the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to CCW (Nov. 13–15, 2019) (French), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/hcp-meeting/statements/13Nov_Belgium.pdf [https://perma.cc/2LCQ-SVXK].

Food for Thought Paper, Working Paper by Belgium, Ireland, and Luxembourg to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2019/WP.4 (Mar. 28, 2019), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/F3A850205D48D5A4C125841E00351CD7/$file/CCW_GGE.1_2019_WP.4.pdf [https://perma.cc/B3LP-DMJN].

Statement by Belgium at the General Debate of the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 21–23, 2018) (French), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_Belgium.pdf [https://perma.cc/T9CK-8WN2].

Statement by Belgium at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 2018) (French), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/15Oct_Belgium.pdf [https://perma.cc/Z2Z5-JC9C].

Agenda Item: 6(b) Human Element Segment, Statement by Belgium to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 27–31, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/28August_Belgium.pdf [https://perma.cc/584Y-B5E6].

Agenda Item 6(d): Possible Options, Statement by Belgium to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 27–31, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/29August_Belgium.pdf [https://perma.cc/6S59-26FX].

Statement by Belgium to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/9April_Belgium.pdf [https://perma.cc/4GS2-MTZQ].

Statement by Belgium to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 13, 2017) (French), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/89AE14A00F3908DCC125823B003F8AFC/$file/2017_GGE+LAWS_Statement_Belgium.pdf [https://perma.cc/2RRB-JRP4].

Towards a Definition of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Working Paper by Belgium to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2017/WP.3 (Nov. 7, 2017), https://undocs.org/ccw/gge.1/2017/WP.3 [https://perma.cc/FHY9-EHNH].

The Belgian Commission for the Legal Review on New Weapons, Statement at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/E561B679C0CD4C0DC1257F940052EFBF/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_ChallengestoIHL_Presentations_Belgian+Commission.pdf [https://perma.cc/CD6A-TZA7].

Statement by Belgium at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13, 2015) (French), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/13Nov_Belgium.pdf [https://perma.cc/D4BK-KF8H].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Belgium to the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 15:17:58), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0490/B09BAD69-58EF-4293-98D4-6EB2A9A3B93E_15h08&position=584 [https://perma.cc/V5QP-RSUC].

Statement by Belgium to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:32:26), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by Belgium to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 18:00:05), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statement by Belgium to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 11:43:07, 11:44:11), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Domestic Legal System and/or Potentially Relevant Domestic Policy Framework

Resolution Aimed at Prohibiting Use of Killer Robots and Armed Drones by Belgian Defense, Belgian Chamber of Representatives, Doc. 54 3203/001 (July 19, 2018) (French), https://www.dekamer.be/doc/flwb/pdf/54/3203/54k3203005.pdf#search=%22killer%20robots%20%2054k%20%3Cin%3 [https://perma.cc/NQM8-BANU].

Motion for a Resolution Aimed at Prohibiting Use of Killer Robots and Armed Drones by Belgian Defense, Belgian Chamber of Representatives, Doc. 54 3203/001 (June 27, 2018) (French), http://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/PDF/54/3203/54K3203001.pdf [https://perma.cc/G6FU-T49R].

Third-Party Compilations

Campaign to Stop Killer Robots, Country Views on Killer Robots (Nov. 22, 2018), https://www.stopkillerrobots.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/KRC_CountryViews22Nov2018.pdf [https://perma.cc/KLH4-77J9].

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Belgium is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Belgium is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Belgium’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

Belize

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Belize’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Caribbean Community, the Central American Integration System, and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Benin

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Benin is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of two of the relevant GGE on LAWS Meetings identified. As such, its views may be reflected in the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS published on Oct. 23, 2018 and Aug. 21, 2019 (see below).

Benin’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Bhutan

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Bhutan is not a High Contracting Party to the CCW but participated as an observer delegation in the work of one of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. However, it is unclear under international law whether the pertinent CCW report published on June 10, 2016 reflects the views of non-HCPs, including observer delegations such as Bhutan.

Bhutan’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Bolivia

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Bolivia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of one of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in the CCW report published on June 2, 2015 (see below).

Bolivia’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Bosnia & Herzegovina

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Agenda Item 8: Consideration of the Report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons System, Statement by the European Union at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 21–23, 2018) (Bosnia & Herzegovina aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/APS7-RH8Q].

Minister Counsellor Viktor Dvořák, Delegation of the European Union to the UN, Statement at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 2018) (Bosnia & Herzegovina aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/FEB2-MXVK].

Statement by the European Union at the General Exchange of Views of the Meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Ap. 9–13, 2018) (Bosnia & Herzegovina aligned itself with this statement), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/00E636906F2DB883C12582720056F109/$file/2018_LAWSGeneralExchange_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/9VEE-RURH].

Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE), Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 13–17, 2017) (Bosnia & Herzegovina aligned itself with this statement), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/8DDFEE147FB37799C125823B003FFAB0/$file/2017_GGE+LAWS_Statement_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/PSY3-WXXC].

Jacek Bylica, Special Envoy for Disarmament and Non-proliferation of the European External Action Service, Statement by the European Union at the General Debate of the First Assembly of the 71st Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 3, 2016) (Bosnia & Herzegovina aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/3Oct_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/K5PR-E8EV].

Ambassador H.E. Mr Peter Sørensen, Permanent Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations, Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 12, 2015) (Bosnia & Herzegovina aligned itself with this statement), http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2015/MSP/statements/12Nov_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/FB23-9PPU].

Minister Counsellor Andras Kos of the Permanent Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations, Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (Nov. 13–14, 2014) (Bosnia & Herzegovina aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2014/MSP/statements/13Nov_EUgeneral.pdf [https://perma.cc/EJJ3-MD4J].

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Bosnia & Herzegovina is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Bosnia & Herzegovina is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of two of the relevant GGE on LAWS Meetings identified. As such, its views may be reflected in the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS published on Oct. 23, 2018 and Aug. 21, 2019 (see below).

Botswana

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Mr Miliko Laba, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of the Republic of Botswana to the United Nations, Statement at the General Debate of the First Committee at the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 14, 2019), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/14Oct_Botswana.pdf [https://perma.cc/EY35-8DA7].

Brigadier Therego Seretse, Military Adviser of the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Botswana to the United Nations, Statement at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 29, 2018), https://s3.amazonaws.com/unoda-web/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/statement-by-botswana-cw.pdf [https://perma.cc/4GB2-PESH].

Brigadier Therego Seretse, Military Adviser of the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Botswana to the United Nations, Statement at the First Committee’s Thematic Discussion on “Conventional Weapons” of the 72nd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 20, 2017), https://s3.amazonaws.com/unoda-web/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/statement-by-botawana-72-cw.pdf [https://perma.cc/TU29-QLYA].

Statement by Botswana at the Eighteenth Meeting of the First Committee of the 70th Session of the U.N.G.A., U.N. Official Records, U.N. Doc. A/C.1/70/PV.18 (Oct. 27, 2015), https://undocs.org/A/C.1/70/PV.18 [https://perma.cc/BF6P-YVPW].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Botswana’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Brazil

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

LAWS and Human Control: Brazilian Proposals for Working Definitions, Working Paper by Brazil to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2020/WP.4 (Aug. 19, 2020), https://undocs.org/CCW/GGE.1/2020/WP.4 [https://perma.cc/Y577-7YF8].

Operationalizing the Guiding Principles: a Roadmap for the GGE on LAWS, Working Paper by Brazil to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2020/WP.3 (August 6, 2020), https://documents.unoda.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/CCW-GGE.1-2020-WP.3-.pdf [https://perma.cc/94KA-2G35].

Statement by Brazil at the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 24, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/25Oct_Brazil.pdf [https://perma.cc/E7VZ-DP6C].

Agenda Item 5(e): Possible options for addressing LAWS, Statement by Brazil to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 27, 2019) https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/27March_Brazil5e.pdf [https://perma.cc/E94Z-RYZR].

Agenda Item 5(a): Challenges to IHL, Statement by Brazil to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 26, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/26March_Brazil5a.pdf [https://perma.cc/C7MR-CE5W].

Agenda Item 5(e): “Human element”, Statement by Brazil to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 26, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/26March_Brazil5c.pdf [https://perma.cc/X2XX-U6Z7].

Agenda Item 5(c): Military Applications, Statement by Brazil to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/25March_Brazil5d.pdf [https://perma.cc/3XKM-AXJR].

Points for Agenda Items, Statement by Brazil at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 22, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/22Nov_Brazil.pdf [https://perma.cc/D4E2-GPZF].

Statement by Brazil at the General Debate of the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 22, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_Brazil5.pdf [https://perma.cc/J5YR-ADHJ].

Guilherme Patriota, Special Representative of Brazil to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement by Brazil at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 9, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/10Oct_Brazil.pdf [https://perma.cc/JC53-GDYM].

Areas of Convergence on LAWS, Working Paper by Brazil to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.2/2018/WP.5 (Aug. 28, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/documents/GGE.2-WP5.pdf [https://perma.cc/Y4Q4-HU5B].

Statement by Brazil to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 28, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/86852464EAF20A61C12582F8005C106B/$file/2018_GGE+LAWS+2_6b_Brazil.pdf [https://perma.cc/6X5D-GVDQ].

Statement by Brazil to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), (Aug. 27, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/A493736A4BCBA8D0C12582F80058F06E/$file/2018_GGE+LAWS+2_6a_Brazil.pdf [https://perma.cc/52KG-ZCUX].

Statement by Brazil to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/44C33134FCF6BE6EC12582720056F0A2/$file/2018_LAWSGeneralExchange_Brazil.pdf [https://perma.cc/U5KN-8URL].

Characterization of LAWS, Statement by Brazil to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/6B8B60EEC6D8F40AC12582720057731E/$file/2018_LAWS6a_Brazil1.pdf [https://perma.cc/U9RM-7HZD].

Brazil’s Intervention on Characterization Tuesday Afternoon, Statement to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/09DF6D9E7E92A6DAC12582720057893D/$file/2018_LAWS6a_Brazil2.pdf [https://perma.cc/W977-PHHC].

Human-Machine Interaction, Statement by Brazil to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/F03AC579CD6EDD4EC12582720057E6A6/$file/2018_LAWS6b_Brazil.pdf [https://perma.cc/B3M7-HT9Q].

Possible Options, Statement by Brazil to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/F2DF836114A2CF48C1258272005850D9/$file/2018_LAWS6d_Brazil.pdf [https://perma.cc/N32K-CX6R].

Statement by Brazil to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 13–17, 2017), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/A0B7B1C9846B02F9C125823B00452D57/$file/2017_GGE+LAWS_Statement_Brazil.pdf [https://perma.cc/PNT6-ENXT].

Ambassador Pedro Motta Pinto Coelho, Permanent Representative of Brazil to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the Annual Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 12, 2015), http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2015/MSP/statements/12Nov_Brazil.pdf [https://perma.cc/KS9R-M3DU].

Ambassador Pedro Motta Pinto Coelho, Permanent Representative of Brazil to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 13, 2014), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/12688EA8507C375BC1257CD70065815B/$file/Brazil+MX+LAWS.pdf [https://perma.cc/9TFK-HK52].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Brazil to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 16:42:26), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E16A3633-6504-4B9B-935E-5B0AB0BEFD76_15h02&position=1000# [https://perma.cc/8TYR-HA5Z].

Statement by Brazil to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:45:47), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by Brazil to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 16:51:04), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statements by Brazil to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:34:32), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Mr. Marcelo Bretas, Statement by Brazil to the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (May 30, 2013) (DIGITAL RECORDING 01:43:10), http://webtv.un.org/meetings-events/human-rights-council/watch/clustered-id-on-executions-and-idps-9th-meeting-23rd-regular-session-of-human-rights-council/2419860355001#player [https://perma.cc/AM3M-F5HK].

Domestic Legal System and/or Potentially Relevant Domestic Policy Framework

Study on the Brazilian and European Unmanned Aerial Industry, EU-Brazil Dialogues (2016) (Portuguese), http://www.mdic.gov.br/images/publicacao_DRONES-20161130-20012017-web.pdf [https://perma.cc/9U7C-QYX9].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Brazil is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Brazil is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Brazil’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Brunei Darussalam

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Brunei Darussalam is not a High Contracting Party to the CCW but participated as an observer delegation in the work of one of at least one relevant meeting held in the context of the CCW. Whether the report elaborated in the context of the CCW dated June 2, 2015 reflects the views of non-HCPs, including observer delegations such as Brunei Darussalam.

Brunei Darussalam’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of ASEAN and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Bulgaria

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Consideration of the Report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons System, Statement by Bulgaria at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13–15, 2019) https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/hcp-meeting/statements/14Nov_Bulgaria.pdf [https://perma.cc/3797-F8EV].

Statement by Bulgaria at the General Exchange of Views of the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13–15, 2019) https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/hcp-meeting/statements/13Nov_Bulgaria.pdf [https://perma.cc/49A4-33FT].

Possible options for addressing the humanitarian and international security challenges posed by LAWS, Statement by Bulgaria to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 27–31, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/29August_Bulgaria2.pdf [https://perma.cc/JQT2-GG3U].

Further consideration of the human element in the use of lethal force, aspects of human machine interaction in the development, deployment and use of emerging technologies in the area of LAWS, Statement by Bulgaria to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 27–31, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/29August_Bulgaria.pdf [https://perma.cc/5PCZ-WW5V].

Statement by Bulgaria at the General Exchange of Views of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/36A90A32412E64FCC125827200578962/$file/2018_LAWS6a_Bulgaria.pdf [https://perma.cc/SK8M-ASE4].

Further consideration of the human element in the use of lethal force, aspects of human machine interaction in the development, deployment and use of emerging technologies in the area of LAWS, Statement by Bulgaria to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/11April_Bulgaria.pdfhttps://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/11April_Bulgaria.pdf [https://perma.cc/5U8Z-MQRM].

Characterization of the Systems Under Consideration in Order to Promote a Common Understanding on Concepts and Characteristics Relevant to the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention, Statement by Bulgaria to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/9April_Bulgaria2.pdf [https://perma.cc/Z897-WD5F].

Statement by Bulgaria at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (Nov. 12-13, 2015), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/12Nov_Bulgaria.pdf [https://perma.cc/474Q-ZKWR].

Stephan Tafrov, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Bulgaria to the United Nations, Thematic Debate Conventional Weapons, Statement by Bulgaria at the First Committee of the 69th Session of the UN General Assembly (Oct. 23, 2014) https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com14/statements/23Oct_Bulgaria.pdf [https://perma.cc/GQ53-DCG5].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Bulgaria to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 17:35:15), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E16A3633-6504-4B9B-935E-5B0AB0BEFD76_15h02&position=1000# [https://perma.cc/8TYR-HA5Z].

Statement by Bulgaria to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 15:17:44), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statement by Bulgaria at the Fifteenth Meeting of the First Committee of the 69th Session of the U.N.G.A (23 Oct. 2014), https://undocs.org/A/C.1/69/PV.15 [https://perma.cc/4D2W-CW93].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Bulgaria is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Bulgaria is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Bulgaria’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

Burkina Faso

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Son Excellence Monsieur Eric Y. Tiare, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Burkina Faso to the United Nations, Conventional Weapons, Statement at the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 25, 2019) (French), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/25Oct_BurkinaFaso.pdf [https://perma.cc/78V3-KQ8J].

Madame Honorine Bonkoungou, Second Counsellor of Burkina Faso to the United Nations, Statement at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 72nd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 20, 2017) (French), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/23Oct_BurkinaFaso.pdf [https://perma.cc/FMW5-RYG5].

Son Excellence Monsieur Eric Y. Tiare, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Burkina Faso, Statement at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 71st Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 6, 2016) (French), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/6Oct_BurkinaFaso.pdf [https://perma.cc/NS4B-S6QV].

Son Excellence Mariame Fofana, Ambassadeur Représentant Permanente Adjoint Chargé d'affaires of Burkina Faso to the United Nations, Statement at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 70th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 14, 2015) (French), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/14October_BurkinaFaso.pdf [https://perma.cc/C7QT-2MD7].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Burkina Faso at the Nineteenth Meeting of the First Committee of the 72nd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 23, 2017), https://undocs.org/A/C.1/72/PV.19 [https://perma.cc/7E2E-TEM8].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Burkina Faso is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of one of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in the CCW report published on June 10, 2014 (see below).

Burkina Faso’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Burundi

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Burundi’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Cabo Verde

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Cabo Verde’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Cambodia

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Cambodia to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 13, 2017) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 12:18:13), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/61026CE1-F5DE-48FD-96D1-398CF7783D68_10h08&position=7756 [https://perma.cc/8BG5-44HJ].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Cambodia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of one of the relevant GGE on LAWS Meetings identified. As such, its views may be reflected in the GGE on LAWS report published on Dec. 22, 2017 (see below).

Cambodia’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of ASEAN and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Cameroon

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Cameroon to the Fifth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Dec. 12, 2016) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 16:47:27), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/DDE5EFD9-810F-41D4-A0AB-3D6244069E03_15h03&position=6251 [https://perma.cc/3QXD-2CJF].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Cameroon is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of two of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in report(s) elaborated in the context of the CCW dated June 10, 2016 and Dec. 11, 2017 (see below).

Cameroon is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of one of the relevant GGE on LAWS Meetings identified. As such, its views may be reflected in the GGE on LAWS report published on Dec. 22, 2017 (see below).

Cameroon’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Canada

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Canada at the General Exchange of Views of the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13–15, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/hcp-meeting/statements/13Nov_Canada.pdf [https://perma.cc/RR5V-TSRG].

Agenda item (A): An Exploration of the Potential Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems to International Humanitarian Law, Statement by Canada to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (March 25–29, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/26March_Canada5a.pdf [https://perma.cc/N4UM-E29T].

Further Consideration of the Human Element in the Use of Lethal Force; Aspects of Human-Machine Interaction in the Development, Deployment and Use of Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by Canada to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (March 25–29, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/26March_Canada5b.pdf [https://perma.cc/JZ46-AL6R].

General Statement by Canada at the Annual Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 21–23, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_Canada.pdf [https://perma.cc/QS5K-HSHR].

Rosemary McCarney, Permanent Representative of Canada to the Office of the United Nations and the United Nations Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, Statement at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/17Oct_Canada.pdf [https://perma.cc/4RU4-NCAB].

Opening Statement, Statement by Canada to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/86612887B010EB33C12582720056F0C6/$file/2018_LAWSGeneralExchange_Canada.pdf [https://perma.cc/U6UT-LQZJ].

Statement by Canada at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 72nd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 2017), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/20Oct_Canada.pdf [https://perma.cc/UJ89-8HJQ].

Thematic debate, Statement by Canada At the First Committee of the 72nd Session of the UN General Assembly (Oct. 2017), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/20Oct_Canada.pdf [https://perma.cc/RA7L-WANY].

Canadian Food for Thought Paper: Mapping Autonomy, Working Paper by Canada at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/C3EFCE5F7BA8613BC1257F8500439B9F/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_CountryPaper+Canada+FFTP1.pdf [https://perma.cc/53J3-LA2M].

Canadian Food For Thought Paper: Context, Complexity and LAWS, Working Paper by Canada at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/C6F73401FA55F58FC1257F850043AB3A/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_CountryPaper+Canada+FFTP2.pdf [https://perma.cc/J24R-ARY6].

National Declaration of Canada, Statement by Canada at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016) (Original in French), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/3B4959531DA33F78C1257F920057C4A5/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_GeneralExchange_Statements_Canada.pdf [https://perma.cc/Z6DL-N8CJ].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Canada to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 10:23:13), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by Canada at the General Exchange of Views to the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties of the CCW (Nov. 14-15, 2013) (DIGITAL RECORDING), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/E3200EB337236760C1257CEB0044CFC0/$file/1011.MP3 [https://perma.cc/ME6W-L9U6].

Domestic Legal System and/or Potentially Relevant Domestic Policy Framework

Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada, Minister of Foreign Affairs Mandate Letter, Office of the Prime Minister (Dec. 13, 2019), https://pm.gc.ca/en/mandate-letters/2019/12/13/minister-foreign-affairs-mandate-letter [https://perma.cc/J8GJ-7JF5].

Strong, Secure, Engaged: Canada’s Defence Policy. Canada’s Department of National Defence (2017), http://dgpaapp.forces.gc.ca/en/canada-defence-policy/docs/canada-defence-policy-report.pdf [https://perma.cc/XV3G-W2JS].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Canada is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Canada is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Central African Republic

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

The Central African Republic’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Chad

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Chad’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Chile

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Chile at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/B5FADFAA6CCC22B7C1257F9B0052E888/$file/2016_LAWS+MX+HRandEthicalIssues_Statement_Chile.pdf [https://perma.cc/3LKV-M6N5].

Statement by Chile at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13, 2015) (Original in Spanish), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/A61BC7B145D5C3E4C1257E26005CF1B2/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_Chile.pdf [https://perma.cc/L4Q3-PSU7].

Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Human Rights and Ethics, Position Paper by Chile at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/4107E2BB7C277642C1257E23006271E0/$file/Chile_LAWS-HR-Ethics.pdf [https://perma.cc/NRU6-DUNX].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Chile to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 16:54:19, 16:56:59, 17:42:49, 17:55:10, and 17:56:00),

https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E16A3633-6504-4B9B-935E-5B0AB0BEFD76_15h02&position=1000# [https://perma.cc/8TYR-HA5Z].

Statement by Chile to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 10:48:28), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by Chile to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 15:32:00), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statements by Chile to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 10:58:47), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Statement by Chile to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:33:58), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E3373111-6687-440D-B02D-CEFB477A9AD6_10h06&position=5186 [https://perma.cc/F2VA-L86H].

Domestic Legal System and/or Potentially Relevant Domestic Policy Framework

Chilean Foreign Policy, Ministry of Foreign Relations (Spanish), (Feb. 2018), https://minrel.gob.cl/minrel/site/artic/20180201/asocfile/20180201161909/2030_politica_exterior_chile.pdf [https://perma.cc/P2MN-9R3Z].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Chile is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Chile is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Chile’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

China

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by China at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Arms Control of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 25, 2019), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/25Oct_China.pdf [https://perma.cc/DFU8-VJZP].

Ambassador Fu Cong, Director-General of the Department of Arms Control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China, Statement at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 11, 2019), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/11Oct_China.pdf [https://perma.cc/EN6X-N746].

Statement by Ambassador Zhang Jun at the Open Meeting of the Security Council on "The Promotion and Strengthening of the Rule of Law in the Maintenance of International Peace and Security: International Humanitarian Law" (Aug. 13, 2019), http://chnun.chinamission.org.cn/eng/hyyfy/t1688543.htm [https://perma.cc/V4KS-DNZP].

Statement by China at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 29, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/29Oct_China.pdf [https://perma.cc/5L7X-3N2N].

Ambassador Fu Cong, Director-General of the Department of Arms Control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China, Statement at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 11, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/11Oct_China.pdf [https://perma.cc/WCN8-6NM9].

Position Paper, Working Paper by China to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2018/WP.7 (Apr. 11, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/E42AE83BDB3525D0C125826C0040B262/$file/CCW_GGE.1_2018_WP.7.pdf [https://perma.cc/NZ8B-CC56].

Statement by China at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 72nd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 20, 2017), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/20Oct_China.pdf [https://perma.cc/232T-7ZMQ].

Position Paper, Statement by China at the Fifth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Dec. 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/DD1551E60648CEBBC125808A005954FA/$file/China's+Position+Paper.pdf [https://perma.cc/YEG4-3GJZ].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statements by China to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 16:40:49 and 17:40:10) https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E16A3633-6504-4B9B-935E-5B0AB0BEFD76_15h02&position=1000# [https://perma.cc/8TYR-HA5Z].

Statement by China to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 11:26:16), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by China to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 16:22:40), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statements by China to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 11:18:18 and 11:19:00), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Mr. Cui Wei, Statement by China to the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (May 30, 2013) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 04:36), http://webtv.un.org/search/clustered-id-on-executions-and-idps-contd-10th-meeting-23rd-regular-session-of-human-rights-council/2419860367001?term=10th%20meeting#player [https://perma.cc/7M3B-ZV39].

Domestic Legal System and/or Potentially Relevant Domestic Policy Framework

The “13th Five-Year” Special Plan for Science and Technology Military-Civil Fusion Development, PRC Ministry of Science and Technology (Aug. 25, 2017), https://cset.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/t0163_13th_5YP_mil_civ_fusion_EN.pdf [https://perma.cc/5FGS-SBEY].

Notice on Issuing the Development Plan on the New Generation of Artificial Intelligence, State Council (Jul. 8, 2017) (Chinese), http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-07/20/content_5211996.htm [https://perma.cc/9E6E-A9W5].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

China is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

China is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Colombia

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Amb. Andres Rugeles, Deputy Permanent Representative of Colombia, Statement by Colombia at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 7, 2019), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/14Oct_Colombia.pdf [https://perma.cc/3KLT-A6F3].

Statement by Colombia at the General Exchange of Views of the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 21–23, 2018) (Spanish), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_Colombia.pdf [https://perma.cc/YFL6-V68C].

Agenda Item 8: Consideration of the Report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), Statement by Colombia at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 21–23, 2018) (Spanish), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_Colombia2.pdf [https://perma.cc/ESV9-EWRX].

Statement by Colombia to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018) (Spanish), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/13April_Colombia.pdf [https://perma.cc/BN8U-EC2R].

Statement by Colombia at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 17, 2015) (Spanish), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/036C8F5A520CB808C1257E2D002C09AA/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_Colombia_WA.pdf [https://perma.cc/TQG2-8ZPL].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Colombia to the Fifth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (DIGITAL RECORDING 17:11:35), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/95085662-2BB7-4469-A468-22885243AACA_15h11&position=7223 [https://perma.cc/75SW-JDR4].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Colombia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Colombia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Colombia’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Comoros

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Comoros’ views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Congo

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

The Congo’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Costa Rica

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Rodrigo A. Carazo, Permanent Representative of Costa Rica, Statement at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 25, 2018) (Spanish), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/29Oct_CostaRica.pdf [https://perma.cc/RNW9-2NFZ].

Agenda Item 8, Statement by Costa Rica at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (Nov. 21–23, 2018) (Spanish), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_CostaRica2.pdf [https://perma.cc/F2L5-Q62H].

Agenda Item 6(b): Further Consideration of the Human Element in the Use of Lethal Force; Aspects of Human-Machine Interaction in the Development, Deployment and Use of Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by Costa Rica to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 27–31, 2018) (Spanish), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/E293437E0A608B17C12583040030B1A6/$file/2018_GGE+LAWS+2_6b_Costa+Rica.pdf [https://perma.cc/X4U5-6LPU].

Agenda Item 6(d): Possible Options for Addressing the Humanitarian and International Security Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems in the Context of the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention Without Prejudging Policy Outcomes and Taking into Account Past, Present and Future Proposals, Statement by Costa Rica to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 27–31, 2018) (Spanish), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/382D26DFF7C978D2C125830400302C25/$file/2018_GGE+LAWS+2_6d_Costa+Rica.pdf [https://perma.cc/R2Z2-8QKZ].

Statement by Costa Rica to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13, 2018) (Spanish), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/364D59FE7BA8EE23C1258272005860CF/$file/2018_LAWS6d_Costa+Rica.pdf [https://perma.cc/JQ82-HN56].

Statement by Costa Rica to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11, 2018) (Spanish), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/EDF1D3B7AAC3CB44C12582720057E6B7/$file/2018_LAWS6b_Costa+Rica.pdf [https://perma.cc/3BDV-7TDW].

Statement by Costa Rica to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9, 2018) (original in Spanish), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/65D081F8BC2E4677C12582720056F0E7/$file/2018_LAWSGeneralExchange_Costa+Rica.pdf [https://perma.cc/2G4N-K9TR].

Juan Carlos Mendoza García, Permanent Representative, General debate on all aspects of international disarmament and security, Statement by Costa Rica at the First Committee of the 71st Session of the UN General Assembly (Oct. 3, 2016), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/4Oct_CostaRica.pdf [https://perma.cc/NZ2Q-UN6A].

Intervention of the Costa Rican Delegation on Human Rights and Ethical Issues, Statement by Costa Rica at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 14, 2016) (Original in Spanish), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/CC4712113BA981C7C1257F9B002CF165/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_HREthicalIssues_Statements_CostaRica.pdf [https://perma.cc/ML4S-W9JQ].

Statement by Costa Rica at the General Debate of the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (Apr. 11, 2016) (Spanish), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/5DF8EE2B9B3C881BC1257F920057A83B/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_GeneralExchange_Statements_Costa+Rica.pdf [https://perma.cc/QWZ4-HPX4].

Maritza Chan, Minister Counselor, Permanent Mission of Costa Rica to the United Nations, Statement by Costa Rica at the First Committee of the 70th Session of the UN General Assembly (Oct. 27, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/27October_CostaRica.pdf [https://perma.cc/K22F-LYJ8].

Ambassador Maritza Chan, Statement by Costa Rica at the Nineteenth Meeting of the First Committee of the 68th Session of the U.N.G.A., U.N. Official Records, U.N. Doc. A/C.1/68/PV.19 (Oct. 29, 2013), https://undocs.org/A/C.1/68/PV.19 [https://perma.cc/YVA6-WWE5].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statements by Costa Rica to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 16:08:32, 16:08:50, 16:11:10, 16:37:32, 17:36:22, 17:38:44, 17:52:49, and 17:58:19), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E16A3633-6504-4B9B-935E-5B0AB0BEFD76_15h02&position=1000# [https://perma.cc/8TYR-HA5Z].

Statement by Costa Rica to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 10:53:11), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by Costa Rica to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 17:00:13), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statements by Costa Rica to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:52:29 and 11:57:27), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Costa Rica is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of two of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in report(s) elaborated in the context of the CCW dated June 10, 2016 and Dec. 11, 2017 (see below).

Costa Rica is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Costa Rica’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Central American Integration System (see below).

Côte d’Ivoire

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Côte d’Ivoire is not a High Contracting Party to the CCW but participated as an observer delegation in the work of one of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. However, it is unclear under international law whether the pertinent CCW report published on June 2, 2015 reflects the views of non-HCPs, including observer delegations such as Côte d’Ivoire.

Côte d’Ivoire’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Croatia

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Agenda Item 7: General exchange of views, Statement by Croatia at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 21–23, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_Croatia.pdf [https://perma.cc/V73M-ZA7Q].

Ambassador Vladimir Drobnjak, Permanent Representative of Croatia, Statement at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 71st Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 20, 2016), https://s3.amazonaws.com/unoda-web/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/21-Oct-Croatia-CW.pdf [https://perma.cc/M3MZ-LZTF].

Statement by Croatia at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (Nov. 12, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2015/MSP/statements/13Nov_Croatia-LAWS.pdf [https://perma.cc/XS5T-Y2P6].

Statement by Croatia at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (Nov. 12, 2015), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2015/MSP/statements/12Nov_Croatia.pdf [https://perma.cc/L3AP-B2GG].

Opening Statement by Croatia at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2015/meeting-experts-laws/statements/13April_Croatia.pdf [https://perma.cc/XX8D-NZSD].

Statement by Croatia at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13, 2014), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2014/statements/13Nov_Croatia.pdf [https://perma.cc/N3X2-M7CT].

Opening Statement by Croatia at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 13, 2014), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2014/statements/13May_Croatia.pdf [https://perma.cc/2UTF-RPVG].

Statement by Croatia at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 14, 2013), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/17E0940C4F514E67C1257CE5004DC382/$file/Croatia_MSP+2013_statement.pdf [https://perma.cc/9WY3-G62Q].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Croatia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Croatia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Croatia’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

Cuba

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement By Cuba at the Thematic Debate on Other Disarmament Measures and International Security of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 29, 2019) (Spanish), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/29Oct_Cuba.pdf [https://perma.cc/QX8N-ZKVE].

Anayansi Rodriguez, Vice Minister of Foreign Relations of the Republic of Cuba, Statement at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 14, 2019) (Spanish), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/14Oct_Cuba.pdf [https://perma.cc/GS88-ENZX].

Statement by Cuba at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 22, 2018) (Spanish), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_Cuba.pdf [https://perma.cc/DLD7-BWBM].

Statement by Cuba at the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 26, 2018) (Spanish), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/30Oct_Cuba.pdf [https://perma.cc/94CB-FS4M].

Statement by Cuba at the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 8, 2018) (Spanish), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/10Oct_Cuba.pdf [https://perma.cc/B3AL-VHKT].

Statement by Cuba at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 72nd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 20, 2017) (Spanish), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/20Oct_Cuba.pdf [https://perma.cc/3NYV-BMEL].

Working Paper on Implementation and Enforcement of International Law, Particularly International Humanitarian Law, in the Context of Autonomous Weapons, Statement by Cuba to the UN (2016) (Spanish), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/2EC2FA3DC75A50FFC12580820056F458/$file/Cuba+WP.pdf [https://perma.cc/ZJU6-YPDK].

Statement by Cuba at the Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13, 2016) (Original in Spanish), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/meeting-experts-laws/statements/13April_Cuba.pdf [https://perma.cc/YA73-DB6Z].

Claudia Morgade Donato, Delegate, Statement by Cuba at the Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 13, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/13Nov_Cuba.pdf [https://perma.cc/SJM2-37YD].

Claudia Pérez Álvarez, Counselor of the Permanent Mission of Cuba in Geneva, Statement by Cuba at the Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 12, 2015), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/12Nov_Cuba.pdf [https://perma.cc/933P-DB2T].

Statement by Cuba at the First Committee of the 70th Session of the UN General Assembly (Oct. 26, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/26October_Cuba.pdf [https://perma.cc/9XKM-SC67].

Claudia Perez Alvarez, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Cuba to the Office of the United Nations in Geneva, Statement at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2015) (Original in Spanish), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/11984F8B88EBA8E6C1257E26005F7A98/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_Cuba.pdf [https://perma.cc/C62P-77YS].

Statement by Cuba at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2015) (Original in Spanish), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/meeting-experts-laws/statements/12April_Cuba.pdf [https://perma.cc/8WRC-2EXP].

Official Document of Cuba on Lethal Autonomous Weapons, Statement by Cuba at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2015) (Spanish), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/57B666986B91682EC1257E1A0038EF99/$file/Documento+Nacional+de+Cuba+Armas+Aut%C3%B3nomas+GE+2015+Rev+RBV.pdf [https://perma.cc/FPQ7-ZZ39].

Claudia Pérez Álvarez, Counsellor of the Permanent Mission of Cuba in Geneva, Statement by Cuba at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2015) (Original in Spanish), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/meeting-experts-laws/statements/11April_Cuba.pdf [https://perma.cc/LC2N-WSPE].

Anayansi Rodríguez Camejo, Ambassador Permanent Representative of Cuba to the United Nations Office in Geneva and Other International Organizations in Switzerland, Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13, 2014), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2014/MSP/statements/13Nov_Cuba.pdf [https://perma.cc/UP68-QSPN].

Statement by Cuba at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 69th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 21, 2014), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com14/statements/22Oct_Cuba.pdf [https://perma.cc/VT6Z-A4VD].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statements by Cuba to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 16:52:48 and 17:42:41), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E16A3633-6504-4B9B-935E-5B0AB0BEFD76_15h02&position=1000# [https://perma.cc/8TYR-HA5Z].

Statement by Cuba to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 10:41:18), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by Cuba to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 17:08:24), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statements by Cuba to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:02:02), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Statement by Cuba to the First Meeting of Informal Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 16, 2014) (DIGITAL RECORDING), http://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/8CB45FB0E1F80366C1257CEE00487303/$file/1025.MP3 [https://perma.cc/A32L-9S8Z].

Ambassador Vilma Thomas Ramirez, Statement by Cuba to the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (May 30, 2013) (DIGITAL RECORDING 02:04:53), http://webtv.un.org/meetings-events/human-rights-council/watch/clustered-id-on-executions-and-idps-9th-meeting-23rd-regular-session-of-human-rights-council/2419860355001#player [https://perma.cc/AM3M-F5HK].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Cuba is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Cuba is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Cuba’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Cyprus

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Cyprus is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Cyprus is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Cyprus’ views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

Czechia (formerly Czech Republic)

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Hani Stolina, Statement by Czechia at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 23, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/24Oct_CzechRepublic.pdf [https://perma.cc/NC9W-YDM2].

Statement by the Czech Republic at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (April 13, 2015), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2015/meeting-experts-laws/statements/13April_CzechRepublic.pdf [https://perma.cc/3PSK-8UZY].

Statement by the Czech Republic at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 16, 2014), https://www.mzv.cz/file/1178124/first_meeting_of_experts_on_lethal_autonomous_weapons_systems.pdf [https://perma.cc/7AWB-XT6J].

Ambassador Katerina Sequensova, Statement by the Czech Republic at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 13, 2014), https://unoda-web.s3-accelerate.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/assets/media/C741F66F2371E526C1257CD7005D6F66/file/CzechRepublic_MX_LAWS.pdf [https://perma.cc/HYJ2-TFVJ].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Czechia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Czechia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Czechia’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

The Democratic Republic of the Congo’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Denmark

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by the Nordic Countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland) at the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 23, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/23Oct_NordicCountries.pdf [https://perma.cc/G9A2-GYTQ].

Ambassador Tore Hattrem, Permanent Representative of Norway, Statement on Behalf of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 8, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/8Oct_NordicCountries.pdf [https://perma.cc/LX53-VPK9].

Ambassador Tore Hattrem, Permanent Representative of Norway, Statement on Behalf of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden At the First Committee of the 72nd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 2, 2017), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/2Oct_Nordic.pdf [https://perma.cc/V35A-PXH3].

H.E. Mr. Kai Sauer, Permanent Representative of Finland to the United Nations, Statement on Behalf of the Nordic Countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) to the First Committee of the 70th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 8, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/8October_NordicCountries.pdf [https://perma.cc/XV33-KYXU].

Susanne Rumohr Hækkerup, Ambassador for Disarmament, Non-proliferation, and Arms Control, General Statement by Denmark at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/C5B8B0A4AD379822C1257E26005D7D20/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_Denmark.pdf [https://perma.cc/A6YJ-J5ZP].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Denmark to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:04:55), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/64EFE0B1-3779-456A-8276-CE14225F1C9A_10h13&position=1067 [https://perma.cc/4FYQ-DYN7].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Denmark is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of two of the relevant GGE on LAWS Meetings identified. As such, its views may be reflected in the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS published on Oct. 23, 2018 and Aug. 21, 2019 (see below).

Denmark’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

Djibouti

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Djibouti to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018) (French), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/7EC942019ECD5CCDC1258272005860E2/$file/2018_LAWS6d_Djibouti.pdf [https://perma.cc/44U8-K52P].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Djibouti is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of one of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in the CCW report published on June 10, 2016 (see below).

Djibouti is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of two of the relevant GGE on LAWS Meeting identified. As such, its views may be reflected in the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS published on Oct. 23, 2018 and Aug. 21, 2019 (see below).

Djibouti’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Dominica

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Dominica’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the Caribbean Community and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Dominican Republic

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

The Dominican Republic is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of two of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in report(s) elaborated in the context of the CCW dated June 10, 2016 and Dec. 11, 2017 (see below).

The Dominican Republic is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Dominica’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the Central American Integration System and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Ecuador

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Ambassador Luis Gallegos, Permanent Representative of Ecuador to the United Nations, Statement by Ecuador at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A (Spanish) (Oct. 31, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/17Oct_Ecuador.pdf [https://perma.cc/LC3Z-TC2F].

Statement by Ecuador to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/22Nov_Ecuador.pdf [https://perma.cc/G7LA-3QWQ].

Statement by Ecuador at the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 29, 2018) (Spanish), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/29Oct_Ecuador.pdf [https://perma.cc/YNR2-29R2].

Statement by Ecuador at the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 17, 2018) (Spanish), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/17Oct_Ecuador.pdf [https://perma.cc/4W9U-BTAG].

Horacio Sevilla Borja, Permanent Representative of Ecuador to the United Nations, General Debate (International Security and Disarmament), Statement by Ecuador at the First Committee of the 71st Session of the UN General Assembly (Oct. 2016), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/4Oct_Ecuador.pdf [https://perma.cc/AK87-4JQ8].

Statement by Ecuador at the General Debate of the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016) (Original in Spanish), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/1B3261A0C11674D7C1257F92005A1E5F/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_GeneralExchange_Statements_Ecuador.pdf [https://perma.cc/GM72-5AJB].

Statement by Ecuador at the First Committee of the 70th Session of the UN General Assembly (Oct. 26, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/26October_Ecuador.pdf [https://perma.cc/H4CN-TG5G].

Statement by Ecuador at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2015) (Original in Spanish), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/8FD4D07ECAF70100C1257E26005E147F/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_Ecuador.pdf [https://perma.cc/FB9A-98RJ].

Fernando Luque Marquez, Statement by Ecuador at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 69th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 23, 2014), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com14/statements/23Oct_Ecuador.pdf [https://perma.cc/FNM6-5KEF].

Statement by Ecuador at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 13–16, 2014), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/7BFC0D328945A3A8C1257CD7006898F7/$file/Ecuador_MX_LAWS.pdf [https://perma.cc/B2TN-Y3Z8].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Ecuador to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:41:44), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by Ecuador to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 16:43:57), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statement by Ecuador to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 12:32:31), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Mr. Luque Marquez, Statement by Ecuador at the Nineteenth Meeting of the First Committee of the 68th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 29, 2013), https://undocs.org/A/C.1/68/PV.19 [https://perma.cc/YVA6-WWE5].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Ecuador is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of three of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in report(s) elaborated in the context of the CCW dated June 10, 2014, June 2, 2015, and June 10, 2016 (see below).

Ecuador is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of two of the relevant GGE on LAWS Meetings identified. As such, its views may be reflected in the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS published on Oct. 23, 2018 and Aug. 21, 2019 (see below).

Ecuador’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Egypt

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Reply by the Government of Egypt to Report of the Secretary General on Current Developments in Science and Technology and Their Potential Impact on International Security and Disarmament Efforts, G.A. Res. 74/122 Addendum, U.N. Doc. A/74/122/Add.1 (Sept. 3, 2019), https://undocs.org/a/74/122/Add.1 [https://perma.cc/4ZVP-S8VX].

Agenda Item 8: Consideration of the Report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons System, Statement by Egypt at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (Nov. 21, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/04D719B78A0FA6A4C12583670044BC1E/$file/2018_CCW_MHCP_LAWS_Egypt.pdf [https://perma.cc/G7KC-X5LS].

Ambassador Dr. Walid M. Abdelnasser, Permanent Representative of the Arab Republic of Egypt to the United Nations, Statement at the Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons (May 13, 2014), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/2028736E09C48CFDC1257CD7005D76D7/$file/Egypt_MX_LAWS.pdf [https://perma.cc/VTQ3-MWRE].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Egypt to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 113:06:59), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E3373111-6687-440D-B02D-CEFB477A9AD6_10h06&position=10767 [https://perma.cc/8H7N-GBXK].

Statement by Egypt to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (DIGITAL RECORDING 15:48:01), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/2DCCE4C0-9A85-4EB2-A384-5C7E59A8FF09_15h11&position=2191 [https://perma.cc/G94J-ZL7C].

Mr. Amr Essameldin Ahmed, Statement by Egypt to the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (May 30, 2013) (DIGITAL RECORDING 29:05), http://webtv.un.org/search/clustered-id-on-executions-and-idps-contd-10th-meeting-23rd-regular-session-of-human-rights-council/2419860367001?term=10th%20meeting#player [https://perma.cc/7M3B-ZV39].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Egypt is not a High Contracting Party to the CCW but is a signatory state to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. However, it is unclear under international law whether any of the CCW reports below reflect the views of non-HCPs, including signatory states such as Egypt.

Egypt is not a High Contracting Party to the CCW but is a signatory state to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. It is unclear under international law whether any of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS below reflect the views of non-HCPs, including signatory states such as Egypt.

Egypt’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

El Salvador

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Ambassador Ruben Armando Escalante Hasbun, Permanent Representative of El Salvador to the United Nations, Statement by El Salvador to the Twentieth Meeting of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 29, 2018) (Spanish), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/29Oct_ElSalvador.pdf [https://perma.cc/D45N-52S2].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by El Salvador to the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 22, 2018) (DIGITAL RECORDING 10:36:52), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0490/48BDF925-ECDE-4626-9ACA-D096163EABCF_10h01&position=2096 [https://perma.cc/9X5C-ALZ4].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

El Salvador is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

El Salvador is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS below.

El Salvador’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the Central American Integration System (see below).

Equatorial Guinea

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Equatorial Guinea’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Eritrea

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Eritrea’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Estonia

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Estonia at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 9, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/9Oct_Estonia.pdf [https://perma.cc/5D3X-YPG6].

Agenda Item 6(a): Characterisation of the Systems Under Consideration, Statement by Estonia to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 27–31, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/27August_Estonia.pdf [https://perma.cc/VK8K-RM7W].

Agenda Item 6(b): Further Consideration of the Human Element in the Use of Lethal Force, Statement by Estonia to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 27–31, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/28August_Estonia.pdf [https://perma.cc/2DM4-CJMD].

Agenda Item 6(d). Possible Options for Addressing the Humanitarian and International Security Challenges, Statement by Estonia to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 27–31, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/29August_Estonia.pdf [https://perma.cc/Q8XV-WB5G].

Categorizing Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems—A Technical and Legal Perspective to Understanding LAWS, Working Paper by Estonia and Finland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.2/2018/WP.2 (Aug. 24, 2018), https://undocs.org/CCW/GGE.2/2018/WP.2 [https://perma.cc/26TA-5KSW].

Agenda Item 6(a): Characterization of the System Consideration in Order to Promote a Common Understanding on Concepts and Characteristics Relevant to the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention, Statement by Estonia to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (April 9–13, 2017), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/7FCA301C9961E24FC12582720057897D/$file/2018_LAWS6a_Estonia.pdf [https://perma.cc/8EKT-4ANV].

Agenda Item 6(b), Statement by Estonia to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (April 9–13, 2017), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/8B2F347203F1D7E3C12582720057E691/$file/2018_LAWS6b_Estonia.pdf [https://perma.cc/9SCH-BRB3].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Estonia to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 16:40:20), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statement by Estonia to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:30:32), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Statement by Estonia to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (March 27, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:16:14), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/23259B84-DEBF-4877-9410-FF702E2AA998_10h12&position=3820 [https://perma.cc/RS3J-TDYX].

Statement by Estonia at the Meeting of the Preparatory Committee for the Fifth Review Conference of the CCW (Aug. 31, 2016) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:51:38), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/EDCD2305-B768-46FF-825E-4B5EDE5FCE74_10h12&position=5918 [https://perma.cc/S274-G2XZ].

Third-Party Compilations

Aaron Mehta, These Baltic Nations Could Build Europe’s Next Ground Drone, DEFENSENEWS.COM (Aug. 2, 2018), https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2018/08/02/these-baltic-nations-could-build-europes-next-ground-drone/ [https://perma.cc/6ZLB-E92L].

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Estonia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Estonia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Estonia’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

Eswatini (formerly Swaziland)

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Eswatini’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Ethiopia

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Ethiopia’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Fiji

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Fiji’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Finland

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Finland, Considerations on the appropriate level of human involvement in LAWS, Food-for-thought paper (June 2020), https://documents.unoda.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/20200706-Finland.pdf [https://perma.cc/5TKZ-KBQG].

Agenda Item 8: Consideration of the Report of the Group on Governmental Experts on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by Finland at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 21, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/22Nov_Finland.pdf (https://perma.cc/QL6N-CYL9).

Leena Pylvanainen, Director for Arms Control-Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Statement by Finland at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 8, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/11Oct_Finland.pdf [https://perma.cc/G25H-XBN9].

Statement by Finland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 27, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/27August_Finland.pdf [https://perma.cc/6S43-NDB3].

Statement by Finland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 27–31, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/29August_Finland.pdf [https://perma.cc/NF5L-EGBH].

Terhi Hakala, Permanent Representative of Finland, General Statement by Finland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/9April_Finland.pdf [https://perma.cc/NF5W-43MA].

Ikka Rentola, Deputy Director for Arms Control, Disarmament and Nonproliferation-Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Statement by Finland At the First Committee of the 72nd Session of the UN General Assembly (Oct. 23, 2017), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/5Oct_Finland.pdf [https://perma.cc/H2X2-ZJZH].

Ambassador Tore Hattrem, Permanent Representative of Norway, Statement on Behalf of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden at the First Committee of the 72nd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 2, 2017), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/2Oct_Nordic.pdf [https://perma.cc/V35A-PXH3].

Statement by Finland at the Preparatory Committee of the Fifth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (Aug. 2016) https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/PrepCom/statements/31Aug_Finland.pdf [https://perma.cc/FV8X-2J77].

Statement by Finland at the Preparatory Committee of the Fifth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (Aug. 31, 2016), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/PrepCom/statements/31Aug_Finland-MCI.pdf [https://perma.cc/END6-K8KM].

Statement by Finland at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/999D215ACBAD2C8BC1257F920057F580/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_GeneralExchange_Statements_Finland.pdf [https://perma.cc/7T7V-3PJF].

Concluding Remarks, Statement by Finland at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/06EE5826D66D6B58C1257E2D002C3ED4/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_Finland_W.A.pdf [https://perma.cc/2299-4CTY].

Statement by Finland at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 12, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/43811AA71321CDF9C1257F0F00383E96/$file/finland.pdf [https://perma.cc/FT4F-4EKQ].

Statement by Finland to the Fourteenth Meeting of the First Committee of the 69th Session of the U.N.G.A., U.N. Official Records, U.N. Doc. A/C.1/69/PV.14 (Oct. 22, 2014), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com14/statements/22Oct_Finland.pdf [https://perma.cc/6ATF-67GS].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Finland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:12:42), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by Finland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 16:37:42), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statement by Finland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 15, 2017) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:35:01), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/EDA01C29-125B-4280-9EC1-92C44A4E9830_10h09&position=5124 [https://perma.cc/CT84-X6WT].

Domestic Legal System and/or Potentially Relevant Domestic Policy Framework

Inclusive and Competent Finland - A Socially, Economically, and Ecologically Sustainable Society, Programme of Prime Minister Anti Rinne’s Government (June 6, 2019), http://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/161664/Inclusive%20and%20competent%20Finland_2019_WEB.pdf [https://perma.cc/6U8L-K9UY].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Finland is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Finland is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Finland’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

France

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Operationalization of the 11 guiding principles at national level - Comments by France (June 2020), https://documents.unoda.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/20200610-France.pdf [https://perma.cc/8QHC-TWDA].

Yann Hwang, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of France to the Conference on Disarmament, Conventional Weapons, Statement by France at the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 24, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/24Oct_France.pdf [https://perma.cc/WTL6-YHVJ].

Yann Hwang, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of France to the Conference on Disarmament, Conventional Weapons, Statement by France at the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 25, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/29Oct_France.pdf [https://perma.cc/J9H7-V52R].

Yann Hwang, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of France to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement by France at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 10, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/10Oct_France.pdf [https://perma.cc/W3UD-NSPV].

Possible options for addressing the humanitarian and international security challenges, Statement by France and Germany at the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 29, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/29August_France_Germany.pdf [https://perma.cc/U6L8-NMLL].

Human-Machine Interaction in the Development, Deployment and Use of Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Working Paper by France to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.2/2018/WP.3 (Aug. 28, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/documents/GGE.2-WP3.pdf [https://perma.cc/5P3K-6FZ5].

Characterization, Statement by France to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 27–31, 2018) (French), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/27August_France.pdf [https://perma.cc/H7GM-Y5BG].

Characterization, Statement by France to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018) (French), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/10April_France.pdf [https://perma.cc/GW4X-B42X].

Statement by France and Germany at the General Exchange of Views at the Meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/895931D082ECE219C12582720056F12F/$file/2018_LAWSGeneralExchange_Germany-France.pdf [https://perma.cc/CK58-7S9K].

Statement by France at the General Debate of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018) (French), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/9April_France.pdf [https://perma.cc/X92K-TEN9].

For Consideration by the Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), Working Paper by France and Germany to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2017/WP.4 (Nov. 7, 2017), https://undocs.org/ccw/gge.1/2017/WP.4 [https://perma.cc/7SGW-2HX7].

Alice Guitton, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of France to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 72nd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 4, 2017), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/4Oct_France.pdf [https://perma.cc/788N-PB7R].

Emmanuel Macron, President of France, Speech at Ambassadors’ Week 2017 to the Conference on Disarmament (Sept. 1, 2017), https://cd-geneve.delegfrance.org/Speech-by-President-Emmanuel-Macron-Ambassadors-Week-2017 [https://perma.cc/N4PC-DNZG].

Alice Guitton, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of France to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement by France at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 71st Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 4, 2016), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/5Oct_France.pdf [https://perma.cc/R4A5-HA46].

Louis Riquet, Permanent Representative of France to the Conference on Disarmament, General Statement by France at the Preparatory Committee of the Fifth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (Aug. 31, 2016) (French), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/PrepCom/statements/31August_France.pdf [https://perma.cc/ESF2-TJ7D].

Non Paper on Mapping of Technological Developments, Statement by France at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/B9E3E8041CE4D326C1257F8F005A31E2/$file/2016_LAWSMX_CountryPaper_France+MappingofTechnicalDevelopments+EN.pdf [https://perma.cc/AV7D-ZFY3].

Non Paper on Legal Framework for Any Potential Development and Operational Use of a Future Lethal Autonomous Weapons System (LAWS), Statement by France at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/C4D88A9E3530929EC1257F8F005A226C/$file/2016_LAWSMX_CountryPaper_France+LegalFramework+EN.pdf [https://perma.cc/JKN6-YXTQ].

Non Paper on Characterization of LAWS, Statement by France at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/5FD844883B46FEACC1257F8F00401FF6/$file/2016_LAWSMX_CountryPaper_France+CharacterizationofaLAWS.pdf [https://perma.cc/YLZ5-B54R].

Statement by France at the General Debate of the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016) (French), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/B57A1EAEFD1AF76AC1257F9200575529/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_GeneralExchange_Statements_France.pdf [https://perma.cc/8V9H-LRRA].

Towards an Operational Definition of LAWS, Statement by France at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016) (French), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/BEC4CD0DFE278031C1257F9300580565/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_Towardaworkingdefinition_Statements_France.pdf [https://perma.cc/PJ3L-AYWG].

Statement by France at the Session on Legal Aspects of the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016) (French), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/3FADA1090A65D42CC1257F9B00502932/$file/2016_LAWS+MX+ChallengestoIHL_Statement_France.pdf [https://perma.cc/PF5T-ZJ7M].

Statement by France at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (Nov. 12-13, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/13Nov_France.pdf [https://perma.cc/6JK5-583Y].

Alice Guitton, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of France to the Conference on Disarmament, Conventional Weapons, Statement by France at the First Committee of the 70th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 26, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/26October_France.pdf [https://perma.cc/LZT8-UT4D].

Alice Guitton, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of France to the Conference on Disarmament, General Debate, Statement by France at the First Committee of the 70th Session of the UN General Assembly (Oct. 13, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/13October_France.pdf [https://perma.cc/8LRN-S9U9].

General Statement by France at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2015) (Original in French), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/D7D84A60ADAC158CC1257E26005E532F/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_France.pdf [https://perma.cc/RMX3-NJEC].

Statement by France at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2015) (French), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/FF419502EEF258B2C1257E2A00418AF8/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_FranceConc.pdf [https://perma.cc/3C7K-2DG4].

Jean-Hugues Simon-Michel, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of France to the Conference on Disarmament-Chief of French Delegation, Statement by France at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 69th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 20, 2014) (French), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com14/statements/20Oct_France.pdf [https://perma.cc/E9NC-DW7L].

General Statement by France at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 13–16, 2014) (French), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/B20789F982F99395C1257CD7005D7DFA/$file/France_MX_LAWS.pdf [https://perma.cc/BWH2-PKZ3].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statements by France to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 16:14:30 and 17:22:19), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E16A3633-6504-4B9B-935E-5B0AB0BEFD76_15h02&position=1000# [https://perma.cc/8TYR-HA5Z].

Statement by France to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:12:08), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by France to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 15:25:24), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statement by France to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:40:40), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Statement by France to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 15, 2017) (DIGITAL RECORDING 15:46:08), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/8BE7ED70-8865-4389-9C4D-C16D56B89257_15h10&position=2118 [https://perma.cc/34S5-RXNQ].

Statement by France to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 15, 2017) (DIGITAL RECORDING 10:18:27), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/EDA01C29-125B-4280-9EC1-92C44A4E9830_10h09&position=530 [https://perma.cc/24RY-M4ZX].

Ms. Katerina Doytchinov, Statement by France to the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (May 30, 2013) (DIGITAL RECORDING 24:21), http://webtv.un.org/search/clustered-id-on-executions-and-idps-contd-10th-meeting-23rd-regular-session-of-human-rights-council/2419860367001?term=10th%20meeting#player [https://perma.cc/7M3B-ZV39].

Domestic Legal System and/or Potentially Relevant Domestic Policy Framework

Speech by President Emmanuel Macron on Defense Strategy and Deterrence to the Recruits of the Twenty-Seventh Class of the War College (Feb. 7, 2020) (French), https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/politique-etrangere-de-la-france/securite-desarmement-et-non-proliferation/actualites/actualites-et-evenements-lies-au-desarmement-et-a-la-non-proliferation-5181/evenements-lies-a-la-non-proliferation/article/discours-du-president-emmanuel-macron-sur-la-strategie-de-defense-et-de [https://perma.cc/9L3E-55G7].

Artificial Intelligence in Service of Defense, Report of the Artificial Intelligence Task Force, Ministry of the Armed Forces of France (September 2019), https://www.vie-publique.fr/sites/default/files/rapport/pdf/194000723.pdf [https://perma.cc/B7K9-S3RF] (French), https://www.defense.gouv.fr/content/download/573877/9834690/Strat%C3%A9gie%20de%20l%27IA-UK_9%201%202020.pdf [https://perma.cc/NU33-EGGL] (English).

Speech by Defense Minister Florence Parly: Artificial Intelligence and Defense, Ministry of the Armed Forces of France (Apr. 5, 2019) (French), https://www.defense.gouv.fr/salle-de-presse/discours/discours-de-florence-parly/discours-de-florence-parly-ministre-des-armees_intelligence-artificielle-et-defense [https://perma.cc/Q4R4-6GZK].

Nicholas Thompson, Emmanuel Macron Talks to Wired About France’s AI Strategy, WIRED (Mar. 31, 2018), https://www.wired.com/story/emmanuel-macron-talks-to-wired-about-frances-ai-strategy / [https://perma.cc/5PVS-ELRW].

Cédric Villani, For A Meaningful Artificial Intelligence: Towards A French And European Strategy, Task Force on Artificial Intelligence Strategy for France and Europe (March 2018), https://www.aiforhumanity.fr/pdfs/MissionVillani_Report_ENG-VF.pdf [https://perma.cc/M69E-673Z].

Future Shocks: Impacts of Technological Changes and Ruptures on Our Strategic and Security Environment, Secretariat-General for National Defence and Security (Apr. 2017) (French), http://www.sgdsn.gouv.fr/uploads/2017/04/sgdsn-document-prospectives-v5-bd.pdf [https://perma.cc/5GCH-3H8B].

Third-Party Compilations

President Macron on Artificial Intelligence, Privacy, Transparency, Democracy and Ethics, ICT for Peace Foundation (Apr. 4, 2018), https://ict4peace.org/activities/president-macron-on-artificial-intelligence-privacy-transparency-democracy-and-ethics/ [https://perma.cc/RK6Z-48WF].

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

France is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

France is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

France’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

Gabon

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Gabon is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of one of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in report(s) elaborated in the context of the CCW dated Dec. 11, 2017 (see below).

Gabon is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of one of the relevant GGE on LAWS Meetings identified. As such, its views may be reflected in the GGE on LAWS report published on Dec. 22, 2017 (see below).

Gabon’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

The Gambia

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

The Gambia’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Georgia

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Possible Options for Addressing the Humanitarian and International Security Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems in the Context of the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention Without Prejudging Policy Outcomes and Taking into Account Past, Present and Future Proposals, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25–29, 2019) (Georgia aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/27March_EuropeanUnion5e.pdf [https://perma.cc/CNN6-FVPH].

An Exploration of the Potential Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems to International Humanitarian Law, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25–29, 2019) (Georgia aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/26March_EuropeanUnion5a.pdf [https://perma.cc/R2QT-QH22].

Further Consideration of the Human Element in the Use of Lethal Force; Aspects of Human-Machine Interaction in the Development, Deployment and Use of Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25–29, 2019) (Georgia aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/26March_EU5c.pdf [https://perma.cc/ML9S-SD97].

Review of Potential Military Applications of Related Technologies in the Context of the Group’s Work, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25–29, 2019) (Georgia aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/25March_EuropeanUnion5d.pdf [https://perma.cc/5GN9-UCQ3].

Characterization of the Systems Under Consideration in Order to Promote a Common Understanding on Concepts and Characteristics Relevant to the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25–29, 2019) (Georgia aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/25March_EU5b.pdf [https://perma.cc/3LTV-PLX8].

Agenda Item 8: Consideration of the Report of the Group on Governmental Experts on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by the European Union at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 21–23, 2018) (Georgia aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/APS7-RH8Q].

Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 13–17, 2017) (Georgia aligned itself with this statement), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/8DDFEE147FB37799C125823B003FFAB0/$file/2017_GGE+LAWS_Statement_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/PSY3-WXXC].

Jacek Bylica, Special Envoy for Disarmament and Non-proliferation of the European External Action Service, Statement by the European Union at the General Debate of the First Assembly of the 71st Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 3, 2016) (Georgia aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/3Oct_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/K5PR-E8EV].

Minister Counsellor Andras Kos of the Permanent Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations, Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13–14, 2014) (Georgia aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2014/MSP/statements/13Nov_EUgeneral.pdf [https://perma.cc/EJJ3-MD4J].

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Georgia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Germany

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

German commentary on “operationalizing all eleven guiding principles at a national level as requested by the chair of the 2020 Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) within the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (June 2020), https://documents.unoda.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/20200626-Germany.pdf.

Berlin Forum for Supporting the 2020 Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Working Paper by Germany to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2020/WP.2 (June 25, 2020), https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G20/154/67/pdf/G2015467.pdf?OpenElement [https://perma.cc/24D2-23A5].

Statement by Germany in the Cluster on Conventional Weapons at the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/24Oct_Germany.pdf [https://perma.cc/KHC8-QHDN].

Agenda Item 5(e): Possible Options for Addressing the Humanitarian and International Security Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems in the Context of the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention Without Prejudging Policy Outcomes and Taking into Account Past, Present and Future Proposals, Statement by Germany to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 27, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/27March_Germany5e.pdf [https://perma.cc/RHR9-7UFQ].

Agenda Item 5(b): Further Consideration of the Human Element in the Use of Lethal Force; Aspects of Human-Machine Interaction in the Development, Deployment and Use of Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by Germany to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 26, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/26March_Germany5c.pdf [https://perma.cc/H7WT-AQTX].

Agenda Item 5(d): Characterization of the Systems Under Consideration in Order to Promote a Common Understanding on Concepts and Characteristics Relevant to the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention, Statement by Germany to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/25March_Germany5b.pdf [https://perma.cc/JHV8-TWZH].

Rüdiger Bohn, Deputy Commissioner for Disarmament and Arms Control, Statement by Germany at the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 4, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/9Oct_Germany.pdf [https://perma.cc/AY4C-HRAE].

Heiko Maas, Foreign Minister of Germany, Address at the General Debate of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Sep. 28, 2018), https://new-york-un.diplo.de/un-de/20180928-maas-general-assembly/2142290 [https://perma.cc/WQN9-UJFU].

Further Consideration of the Human Element in the Use of Lethal Force, Statement by Germany to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 27–31, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/D36F42A5816431D1C12582F8005C53B6/$file/2018_GGE+LAWS+2_6b_Germany.pdf [https://perma.cc/NP9G-Z428].

Possible Options for Addressing the Humanitarian and International Security Challenges, Statement by France and Germany at the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 29, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/29August_France_Germany.pdf [https://perma.cc/U6L8-NMLL].

Working Definition of LAWS/”Definition of Systems Under Consideration,” Statement by Germany to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/2440CD1922B86091C12582720057898F/$file/2018_LAWS6a_Germany.pdf [https://perma.cc/46WZ-SGHH].

Human/Machine Interaction, Statement by Germany to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/AF92A5842CDC3CF3C12582720057E6C8/$file/2018_LAWS6b_Germany.pdf [https://perma.cc/C9DN-FZKF].

Suggested Measures to Mitigate Adverse Security Policy Effects of LAWS, Statement by Germany to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/6FC36D1C9475655BC125827200586101/$file/2018_LAWS6d_Germany.pdf [https://perma.cc/E2KF-6LTR].

Security Dimension and Options, Statement by Germany at the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/13April_Germany.pdf [https://perma.cc/3SSA-M93K].

H.E. Ambassador Michael Biontino, Permanent Representative of Germany to the Conference Disarmament and Ambassador for Global Disarmament Affairs, Statement at the First Meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 13–17, 2017), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/129E7BEB7128A000C1258249003146EE/$file/2017_GGE+LAWS_Statement_Germany.pdf [https://perma.cc/76BG-VC6E].

Susanne Baumann, Ambassador and Deputy Commissioner for Disarmament and Arms Control, Statement by Germany At the First Committee of the 72nd Session of the U.N.G.A (Sep. 26, 2017), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/2Oct_Germany.pdf [https://perma.cc/E23Z-W2GR].

Statement by Germany at the Preparatory Committee of the Fifth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Aug. 31-Sep. 2, 2016), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/PrepCom/statements/31August_Germany.pdf [https://perma.cc/Z2EG-GTS3].

General Statement by Germany at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/1A10EE8317A92AA4C1257F9A00447F2E/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_Towardaworkingdefinition_Statements_Germany.pdf [https://perma.cc/4XJV-9DUT].

Implementation of Weapons Reviews Under Article 36 Additional Protocol I, Statement by Germany at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/56540402E64EC6BEC1257F9A00437856/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_ChallengestoIHL_Statements_Germany.pdf [https://perma.cc/4EFG-LCEM].

Statement by Germany at the First Committee of the 70th Session of the UN General Assembly (Oct. 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/9October_Germany.pdf [https://perma.cc/62BE-VPYG].

Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems Food-for-thought, Working Paper by Germany at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/MSP/2015/WP.2 (March 20, 2015), https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G15/061/30/PDF/G1506130.pdf?OpenElement [https://perma.cc/563E-W9C3].

Michael Biontino, Permanent Representative of Germany to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement by Germany at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13–14, 2014) https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2014/statements/13Nov_Germany.pdf [https://perma.cc/LE45-83RH].

General Statement by Germany at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2014), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/97636DEC6F1CBF56C1257E26005FE337/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_Germany.pdf [https://perma.cc/2V4K-GVAU].

Statement by Germany on Transparency at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2014), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/07006B8A11B9E932C1257E2D002B6D00/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_Germany_WA.pdf [https://perma.cc/DQG7-7FWW].

Statement by Germany on Legal Aspects at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 14, 2014), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/04604207D882AC50C1257CDA00704D32/$file/Germany_Legal+Aspects_rev.pdf [https://perma.cc/MYJ2-3BX8].

Michael Biontino, Technical Issues - Summary, Statement at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 13–16, 2014), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/6035B96DE2BE0C59C1257CDA00553F03/$file/Germany_LAWS_Technical_Summary_2014.pdf [https://perma.cc/8Y7L-BDYR].

Michael Biontino, Statement at the Wrap up Session of the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 13–16, 2014), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/6651B4E8E9DE4302C1257CDA00552FE6/$file/Germany_LAWS_FinalStatement_2014.pdf, https://perma.cc/3S2A-XZXS.

General Statement by Germany at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 13–16, 2014), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/9FB02F665072E11AC1257CD70066D830/$file/Germany+LAWS+2014.pdf [https://perma.cc/P8HR-5PPW].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Germany to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 17:33:29), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E16A3633-6504-4B9B-935E-5B0AB0BEFD76_15h02&position=1000# [https://perma.cc/8TYR-HA5Z].

Statement by Germany to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 11:05:47), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by Germany to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 16:56:38), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statement by Germany to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 11:36:18), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Mr. Hanns Schumacher, Statement by Germany to the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (May 30, 2013) (DIGITAL RECORDING 01:31:00), http://webtv.un.org/meetings-events/human-rights-council/watch/clustered-id-on-executions-and-idps-9th-meeting-23rd-regular-session-of-human-rights-council/2419860355001#player [https://perma.cc/AM3M-F5HK].

Domestic Legal System and/or Potentially Relevant Domestic Policy Framework

Response by the German Federal Government to the Questions of MPs Marie-Agnes Strack-Zimmermann, Alexander Graf Lambsdorff, Grigorios Aggelidis, et al. and of the FDP, Printed Report No. 19/20986 (July 13, 2020) (German), https://dipbt.bundestag.de/doc/btd/19/209/1920986.pdf [https://perma.cc/W2WA-V6LR].

Report from the Federal Ministry of Defense to the German Bundestag: Debate about the Possible Procurement of Armed Drones for the Armed Forces (July 3, 2020) (German), https://www.bmvg.de/resource/blob/274160/f5d26b7af1a024551e4aafc7b587a01d/20200703-download-bericht-drohnendebatte-data.pdf [https://perma.cc/ARW5-KW3J].

Annual Disarmament Report 2019, German Federal Foreign Office (June 2020) (German), https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/blob/2361924/3b8ee5d846703255dc2c505dcb3aa339/abrbericht2019-data.pdf [https://perma.cc/N86S-2C9K].

Response by the German Federal Government to the Questions of MPs Andrej Hunko, Matthias Höhn, Michel Brandt, et al. and of the Left, Printed Report No. 19/19638 (May 28, 2020) (German), https://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/19/196/1919638.pdf [https://perma.cc/JFV9-6F8E].

Forum on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, German Federal Foreign Office (Apr. 2, 2020), https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/aussenpolitik/themen/abruestung/forum-laws/2330682 [https://perma.cc/JE9Z-WX7W].

Summary of Preliminary Results from the Project Group “AI and State,” Study Commission on Artificial Intelligence, German Bundestag, Printed Report No. 19(27)93 (Dec. 19, 2019) (German), https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/672932/8dafccf73bce9d9560223d1683d82cb9/PG-2-Projektgruppenbericht-data.pdf [https://perma.cc/W3NT-G3JN].

Foreign Minister Maas on the Agreement on Guiding Principles for the Use of Fully Autonomous Weapons Systems, German Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Press Release (Nov. 15, 2019) (German), https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/newsroom/maas-letale-autonome-waffensysteme/2276738 [https://perma.cc/38M5-H9U9].

First Report on the Digital Transformation of the Management Division of the German Federal Ministry of Defense, German Federal Ministry of Defense (Oct. 2019) (German), https://www.bmvg.de/resource/blob/143248/7add8013a0617d0c6a8f4ff969dc0184/20190925-download-erster-bericht-digitale-transformation-data.pdf [https://perma.cc/2FWJ-FX5X].

Idea Paper: National Key Technologies and Capacities for Development, Implementation, and Life Cycle Support of More Trustworthy IT for the German Armed Forces (Aug. 7, 2019) (German), https://www.bmvg.de/resource/blob/140202/5f48d9a452805e7c3f2e61395682d7a9/ideenpapier-vertrauenswuerdige-it-data.pdf [https://perma.cc/56WQ-W9SM].

Heiko Maas, Foreign Minister of Germany, Speech at the Conference 2019 Capturing Technology. Rethinking Arms Control, Federal Foreign Office (Mar. 15, 2019), https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/newsroom/news/maas-conference-2019-capturing-technology-rethinking-arms-control/2199902 [https://perma.cc/TX3E-L4NB].

Heiko Maas, Foreign Minister of Germany, Slaying the Dragon - We Must Address Arms Control, Federal Foreign Office (Feb. 15, 2019), https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/newsroom/news/maas-munich-security-times/2189912 [https://perma.cc/DJ7X-38X8].

Heiko Mass, Foreign Minister of Germany, We Need to Talk About Disarmament, Federal Foreign Office (Nov. 6, 2018), https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/newsroom/news/maas-disarmament/2157994 [https://perma.cc/D5FP-HWT7].

Response by the German Federal Government to the Questions of MPs Mario Brandenburg, Dr. h. c. Thomas Sattelberger, Nicola Beer, et al. and of the FDP, Printed Report No. 19/3714 (Aug. 3, 2018) (German), http://dipbt.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/19/037/1903714.pdf [https://perma.cc/QF3G-M9W7].

Response by the German Federal Government to the Questions of MPs Katja Keul, Agnieszka Brugger, Dr. Tobias Lindner, et al. and of the Alliance 90/the Greens, Printed Report No. 19/3219 (July 4, 2018) (German), http://dipbt.bundestag.de/doc/btd/19/032/1903219.pdf [https://perma.cc/P9FH-7UFJ].

White Paper 2016 on Security Policy and the Future of the Armed Forces, German Federal Government (July 13, 2016) (German), https://www.bmvg.de/resource/blob/13708/015be272f8c0098f1537a491676bfc31/weissbuch2016-barrierefrei-data.pdf [https://perma.cc/S8V7-2W3W].

Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems: Technology, Definition, Ethics, Law & Security, German Federal Foreign Office (Dec. 5, 2014), https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/blob/610608/5f26c2e0826db0d000072441fdeaa8ba/abruestung-laws-data.pdf [https://perma.cc/T7HV-X8V8].

Third-Party Compilations

Ulrike E. Frankel, Laws on LAWS? Germany’s Place in the ‘Killer Robot’ Debate, European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) (Sept. 5, 2018), https://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_laws_on_laws_germanys_place_in_the_killer_robot_debate [https://perma.cc/J53L-M9RA].

German engineers to trial automated sea-bed bomb disposal robot, The Engineer (Aug. 3, 2018), https://www.theengineer.co.uk/sea-bed-bomb-disposal-robot/ [https://perma.cc/7423-77AT].

Germany Says it Won’t Use Killer Robots, But Soldiers Are Torn, MIT Technology Review (Feb. 16, 2018), https://www.technologyreview.com/the-download/610302/germany-says-it-wont-use-killer-robots-but-soldiers-are-torn/ [https://perma.cc/G5SG-SN48].

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Germany is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Germany is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Germany’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

Ghana

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

H.E. Martha AA Pobee, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of the Permanent Mission of Ghana to the UN, Statement at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 14, 2019), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/15Oct_Ghana.pdf [https://perma.cc/62HD-FRKA].

On the Way Forward on Discussions of Lethal Autonomous Weapons, Statement by Ghana at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 17, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/62E0AE2F663B03A4C1257E2D002D05B1/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_Ghana_W.A.pdf [https://perma.cc/LH86-8R2F].

Comments and Questions, Statement by Ghana at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 16, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/AD21547E3F5EAEDEC1257E2900469B18/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_Ghana_Ethics.pdf [https://perma.cc/3LEU-7PE2].

Mr. Alex Ben-Acquaah, Statement by Ghana at the General Exchange of Views of the Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 14, 2013), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/3117D7602AB14CE9C1257CE5004E41B3/$file/Ghana_MSP+2013_statement.pdf [https://perma.cc/AH7F-5QFJ].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Ghana is not a High Contracting Party to the CCW but participated as an observer delegation in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. However, it is unclear under international law whether any of the CCW reports below reflect the views of non-HCPs, including observer delegations such as Ghana.

Ghana is not a High Contracting Party to the CCW but participated as an observer delegation in the work of one of the relevant GGE on LAWS Meetings identified. However, it is unclear under international law whether the pertinent GGE on LAWS report published on Oct. 23, 2018 reflects the views of non-HCPs, including observer delegations such as Ghana.

Ghana’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Greece

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Potential Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems to International Humanitarian Law, Statement by Greece to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (March 25–29, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/26March_Greece5a.pdf [https://perma.cc/DG4H-8HD4].

Characterization of the Systems Under Consideration in Order to Promote a Common Understanding on Concepts and Characteristics Relevant to the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention, Statement by Greece to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (March 25–29, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/25March_Greece5b.pdf [https://perma.cc/6XVQ-3PDB].

Statement by Greece to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/3B8A2778AB92E456C12582720056F151/$file/2018_LAWSGeneralExchange_Greece.pdf [https://perma.cc/SPC2-VSAG].

Discussion on Possible Challenges to International Humanitarian Law (IHL) Due to Increasing Degrees of Autonomy, Statement by Greece at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 15, 2015), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2015/meeting-experts-laws/statements/15April_Greece.pdf [https://perma.cc/P4L4-2QVG].

Statement by Greece at the Nineteenth Meeting of the First Committee of the 68th Session of the U.N.G.A., U.N. Official Records, U.N. Doc. A/C.1/68/PV.19 (Oct. 29, 2013) https://undocs.org/A/C.1/68/PV.19 [https://perma.cc/YVA6-WWE5].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Greece is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Greece is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Greece’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

Grenada

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Grenada’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the Caribbean Community and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Guatemala

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Guatemala at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 7, 2019) (Spanish), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/11Oct_Guatemala.pdf [https://perma.cc/SA7Y-HUXU].

Statement by Guatemala at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 22, 2018) (Spanish), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/22Nov_Guatemala.pdf [https://perma.cc/9EUG-8HSQ].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Guatemala at the Fifth Review Conference of the CCW (Dec. 13, 2016) (Spanish), https://conf.unog.ch/dr/public/61.0500/95085662-2BB7-4469-A468-22885243AACA_15h11/chunks/snippet_lOs113–16t115-37.mp3 [https://perma.cc/U5ZF-HJ7H].

Statement by Guatemala at the Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 16, 2014) (DIGITAL RECORDING), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/1B10DA8E5FD0B051C1257CEE004A7BA6/$file/1058.MP3 [https://perma.cc/PF5Q-SEGB].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Guatemala is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of three of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in report(s) elaborated in the context of the CCW dated June 10, 2014, June 2, 2015, and Dec. 11, 2017 (see below).

Guatemala is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Guatemala’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Central American Integration System and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Guinea

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Guinea’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Guinea-Bissau

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Guinea-Bissau’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Guyana

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Guyana’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the Caribbean Community and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Haiti

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Haiti is not a High Contracting Party to the CCW but participated as an observer delegation in the work of one of the relevant GGE on LAWS Meetings identified. However, It is unclear under international law whether the pertinent GGE on LAWS report published on Aug. 21, 2019 reflects the views of non-HCPs, including observer delegations such as Haiti.

Haiti’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Caribbean Community and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Honduras

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Honduras at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 14, 2019), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/14Oct_Honduras.pdf [https://perma.cc/Q22V-NWXZ].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Honduras to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13, 2018) (DIGITAL RECORDING) (Spanish), https://conf.unog.ch/dr/public/61.0500/9DE8541C-724E-4B12-A25D-8AC1CB10FF42_15h23/chunks/snippet_lOs27-02t29-26.mp3 [https://perma.cc/9ZBJ-Z986].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Honduras is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of three of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in report(s) elaborated in the context of the CCW dated June 2, 2016, June 10, 2016, and Dec. 11, 2017 (see below).

Honduras is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Honduras’ views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Central American Integration System and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Hungary

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Ambassador Dr. György Molnár, Special Representative of the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade for Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, Statement by Hungary to the First Committee of the 71st Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 7, 2016), https://s3.amazonaws.com/unoda-web/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/7-Oct_Hungary.pdf [https://perma.cc/Z742-LEJQ].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Hungary is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of three of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in report(s) elaborated in the context of the CCW dated June 2, 2015, June 10, 2016, and Dec. 11, 2017 (see below).

Hungary is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Hungary’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

Iceland

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by the Nordic Countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland) at the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 23, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/23Oct_NordicCountries.pdf [https://perma.cc/G9A2-GYTQ].

Ambassador Tore Hattrem, Permanent Representative of Norway, Statement on Behalf of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden at the First Committee of the 72nd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 2, 2017), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/2Oct_Nordic.pdf [https://perma.cc/V35A-PXH3].

Jacek Bylica, Special Envoy for Disarmament and Non-proliferation of the European External Action Service, Statement by the European Union at the General Debate of the First Assembly of the 71st Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 3, 2016) (Iceland aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/3Oct_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/K5PR-E8EV].

Domestic Legal System and/or Potentially Relevant Domestic Policy Framework

Iceland Parliamentary Resolution on Iceland's Support for Establishing an International Ban on the Production and Use of Automatic and Autonomous Weapons], 145. löggjafarþing 2015–2016, Doc. 45/145 (Jun. 2, 2016) (Icelandic), https://www.althingi.is/altext/145/s/1486.html [https://perma.cc/WR92-4X2M].

India

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by India at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/24Oct_India.pdf [https://perma.cc/4K9A-5ALS].

Possible Options for Addressing the Humanitarian and International Security Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems in the Context of the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons Without Prejudicing Policy outcomes and Taking into Account Past, Present and Future proposals, Statement by India to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 27, 2019), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/07BA4FAE2CD3AB9AC12583D2003CB729/$file/5e+27+Mar+2019+afternoon.pdf [https://perma.cc/RU2E-NSP4].

Further Consideration of the Human element in the Use of lethal force; Aspects of Human Machine Interaction in the Development, Deployment and Use of Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by India to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 26, 2019), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/36D216B42ED8D7A7C12583D2003C8598/$file/5+b+26+Mar+2019+afternoon.pdf [https://perma.cc/6XXN-N9CC].

An Exploration of the Potential Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems to International Humanitarian Law, Statement by India to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 26, 2019), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/4C330E6B0BDD4C20C12583D2003C36AF/$file/5+a+26+Mar+2019+forenoon.pdf [https://perma.cc/5AGZ-VGSG].

Characterization of the Systems Under Consideration in Order to Promote a Common Understanding on Concepts and Characteristics Relevant to the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, Statement by India to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25, 2019), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/F8C1F0AEE961CA93C12583CC00353A09/$file/25+March+2019+-+5(d).pdf [https://perma.cc/WG5Q-PPVY].

Review of the Potential Military Applications of Related Technologies in the Context of the Group’s Work, Statement by India to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25, 2019), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/09D23109C8DCBF43C12583CF0055BF71/$file/25+March+2019+-+5(c)+(1).pdf [https://perma.cc/X5JK-CW2H].

Rachita Bhandari, Counsellor (Disarmament), Thematic Debate - Other Disarmament Measures and International Security, Statement by India at the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 30, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/30Oct_India.pdf [https://perma.cc/67ZV-52UG].

Pankaj Sharma, Joint Secretary-Ministry of External Affairs, Statement at the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 10, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/11Oct_India.pdf [https://perma.cc/3SD3-B4U9].

Submission of Views by India Towards the Report of the U.N. Secretary-General on G.A. Res. 72/28 on the Role of Science and Technology in the Context of International Security and Disarmament (Aug. 2018), https://s3.amazonaws.com/unoda-web/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/India.pdf [https://perma.cc/527V-D7BG].

Venkatesh Varma, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of India to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement by India at the Preparatory Committee of the Fifth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Aug. 31, 2016) https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/PrepCom/statements/31August_India.pdf [https://perma.cc/9RTS-CATL].

Statement by India at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11, 2016), http://meaindia.nic.in/cdgeneva/?4829?000 [https://perma.cc/SPM5-R9EC].

Venkatesh Varma, Permanent Representative of India to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement by India at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 12, 2015), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/12Nov_India.pdf [https://perma.cc/M4GW-LKZX].

Venkatesh Varma, Permanent Representative of India to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement by India at the First Committee of the 70th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 26, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/26October_India.pdf [https://perma.cc/VJ2M-A8PE].

Ambassador D.B. Venkatesh Varma, Permanent Representative of India to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 17, 2015), http://meaindia.nic.in/cdgeneva/?3996?000 [https://perma.cc/42X7-94X7].

Ambassador D.B. Venkatesh Varma, Permanent Representative of India to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the First Committee of the 69th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 7, 2014), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com14/statements/7Oct_India.pdf [https://perma.cc/8VLY-CB4W].

Venkatesh Varma, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of India to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement by India at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (May 13, 2014), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/56839DAAD755FFC9C1257CD8003E65FD/$file/India+LAWS+2014.pdf [https://perma.cc/2DD5-H98Q].

Statement by India at the Twentieth Meeting of the First Committee of the 68th Session of the U.N.G.A., U.N. Official Records, U.N. Doc. A/C.1/68/PV.20 (Oct. 30, 2013), https://undocs.org/A/C.1/68/PV.20 [https://perma.cc/LR29-GUFK].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by India to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 16:13:36), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E16A3633-6504-4B9B-935E-5B0AB0BEFD76_15h02&position=1000# [https://perma.cc/8TYR-HA5Z].

Statement by India to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 11:27:36), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statements by India to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 15:41:57 and 15:43:23), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statement by India to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 12:19:39), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Statement by India to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 27, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 12:46:37), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/23259B84-DEBF-4877-9410-FF702E2AA998_10h12&position=9243 [https://perma.cc/98UP-XYYW].

Statement by India to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 26, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 15:53:52), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/3FCEC61E-B001-432A-964F-123C6522D8B9_15h09&position=2663 [https://perma.cc/8XQB-Z834].

Statement by India to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 26, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 11:53:12), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/158251CC-F1AB-4612-922A-FD57F70B0CBE_10h06&position=6189 [https://perma.cc/GZ8M-X5Q2].

Statement by India to the Meeting of High Contracting Parties of the CCW (Nov. 14, 2014) (DIGITAL RECORDING), https://unoda-web.s3-accelerate.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/assets/media/B09A6A59EAFE039EC1257D9500564619/file/India_LAWS_MSP2014.MP3 [https://perma.cc/34Z7-3LVA].

Domestic Legal System and/or Potentially Relevant Domestic Policy Framework

William Foxley, India’s Defense Minister Touts Blockchain, AI Role in Warfare, Coindesk (Nov. 4, 2019), https://www.coindesk.com/indias-defense-minister-touts-blockchain-ai-role-in-warfare [https://perma.cc/VN2E-WR32].

AI Task Force Hands Over Final Report to RM, Ministry of Defense of India, Press Release (June 20, 2018), https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1537260#.WzeRYhRIQC8.twitter [https://perma.cc/5GCW-M3Q5].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

India is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

India is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

India’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Indonesia

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Mr. Prayusdiniyarto Prakasa Soemantri, Statement by Indonesia to the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (May 30, 2013) (DIGITAL RECORDING 01:52:51), http://webtv.un.org/meetings-events/human-rights-council/watch/clustered-id-on-executions-and-idps-9th-meeting-23rd-regular-session-of-human-rights-council/2419860355001#player [https://perma.cc/AM3M-F5HK].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Indonesia is not a High Contracting Party to the CCW but participated as an observer delegation in the work of three of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. However, it is unclear under international law whether the pertinent CCW reports published on June 10, 2014, June 2, 2015, and June 10, 2016 reflect the views of non-HCPs, including observer delegations such as Indonesia.

Indonesia’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of ASEAN and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Iran

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Mr. Mohsen Ghanei, Statement by Iran to the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (May 30, 2013) (DIGITAL RECORDING 09:00), http://webtv.un.org/search/clustered-id-on-executions-and-idps-contd-10th-meeting-23rd-regular-session-of-human-rights-council/2419860367001?term=10th%20meeting#player [https://perma.cc/7M3B-ZV39].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Iran is not a High Contracting Party to the CCW but participated as an observer delegation in the work of one of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. However, It is unclear under international law whether the pertinent CCW report published on June 10, 2016 reflects the views of non-HCPs, including observer delegations such as Iran.

Iran is not a High Contracting Party to the CCW but participated as an observer delegation in the work of two of the relevant GGE on LAWS Meetings identified. However, It is unclear under international law whether the pertinent reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS published on Oct. 23, 2018 and Aug. 21, 2019 reflect the views of non-HCPs, including observer delegations such as Iran.

Iran’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Iraq

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Iraq to the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 12-13, 2015) (Arabic), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/64597570B3352E0FC1257F0F004C35D4/$file/2015_CCWMSP_LAWS_Iraq.pdf [https://perma.cc/Q94C-8FFJ].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statements by Iraq to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:48:05), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Statement by Iraq to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 27, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:345:08), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/23259B84-DEBF-4877-9410-FF702E2AA998_10h12&position=9154 [https://perma.cc/XHS5-NGBQ].

Statement by Iraq to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 26, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:21:35), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/158251CC-F1AB-4612-922A-FD57F70B0CBE_10h06&position=7892 [https://perma.cc/DW5U-2AMX].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Iraq participated as a High Contracting Party to the CCW in the work of three of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in report(s) elaborated in the context of the CCW dated June 2, 2015, June 10, 2016, and Dec. 11, 2017. Iraq also participated in the work of the CCW report published on June 10, 2014, but only as an observer delegation, so it is unclear under international law whether this report reflects its views.

Iraq is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Iraq’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Ireland

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Ireland, Germany, Luxembourg, Mexico, and New Zealand, Joint ‘Commentary’ on Guiding Principles A, B, C and D, Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (GGE LAWS), Sept. 2020, https://documents.unoda.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/GGE20200901-Austria-Belgium-Brazil-Chile-Ireland-Germany-Luxembourg-Mexico-and-New-Zealand.pdf [https://perma.cc/82NG-3XE8].

Ambassador H.E. Mr. Michael Gaffey, Permanent Representative of Ireland to the United Nations, Statement by Ireland at the Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/hcp-meeting/statements/13Nov_Ireland.pdf [https://perma.cc/N9EV-UW6C].

Statement by Ireland at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 74rd Session of the UN General Assembly (Oct. 24, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/24Oct_Ireland.pdf [https://perma.cc/4TYK-MDRN].

Statement by Ireland at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 15, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/16Oct_Ireland.pdf [https://perma.cc/4ECN-JKC2].

Michael Gaffey, Ambassador in the Permanent Mission of Ireland to the United Nations and Other International Organisations in Geneva, Agenda Item 5 (e): Possible Options for Addressing the Humanitarian and International Security Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems in the Context of the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention Without Prejudging Policy Outcomes and Taking into Account Past, Present and Future Proposals, Statement by Ireland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 27, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/27March_Ireland5e.pdf [https://perma.cc/X5Q7-WCSL].

Frank Groome, Deputy Director for Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, Agenda Item 5 (a): An Exploration of the Potential Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems to International Humanitarian Law, Statement by Ireland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 26, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/26March_Ireland5a.pdf [https://perma.cc/Q5PU-72QW].

Frank Groome, Deputy Director for Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, Agenda Item 5(b): Characterization of the Systems Under Consideration in Order to Promote a Common Understanding on Concepts and Characteristics Relevant to the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention, Statement by Ireland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/25March_Ireland5b.pdf [https://perma.cc/UX6H-SSGP].

Orlaith Fitzmaurice, Director for Disarmament and Non-Proliferation-Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Agenda Item 8, Statement by Ireland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 22, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/22Nov_Ireland2.pdf [https://perma.cc/Y5F6-QS85].

Orlaith Fitzmaurice, Director for Disarmament and Non-Proliferation-Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Statement by Ireland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 21, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_Ireland.pdf [https://perma.cc/7ZWF-BSRR].

Frank Groome, Deputy Director Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Statement by Ireland at the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 24, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/29Oct_Ireland.pdf [https://perma.cc/6R9R-99YY].

Statement by Ireland at the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 9, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/10Oct_Ireland.pdf [https://perma.cc/E26A-7DSK].

Working Definition, Statement by Ireland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 29, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/documents/29August_Proposal_Definition_Ireland.pdf [https://perma.cc/F7GU-RA6M].

Agenda Item 6(a): Characterization of the Systems Under Consideration in Order to Promote a Common Understanding on Concepts and Characteristics Relevant to the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention, Statement by Ireland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 27–31, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/EB3013D97D876150C12582F800598429/$file/2018_GGE+LAWS+2_6a_Ireland.pdf [https://perma.cc/BL59-Y84C].

Agenda Item 6(b): Further Consideration of the Human Element in the Use of Lethal Force; Aspects of Human-Machine Interaction in the Development, Deployment and Use of Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by Ireland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 27–31, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/9A87BBDA75C3416BC12582F8005C624D/$file/2018_GGE+LAWS+2_6b_Ireland.pdf [https://perma.cc/D969-2ME9].

Characterisation of LAWS, Statement by Ireland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 10, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/10April_Ireland.pdf [https://perma.cc/3AJU-L84X].

Michael Gaffey, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Ireland to the United Nations, Statement by Ireland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/C654800985AB9DD5C125827200572DC0/$file/2018_LAWSGeneralExchange_Ireland.pdf [https://perma.cc/D9GZ-57XW].

Options to Address Challenges, Statement by Ireland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/13April_Ireland.pdf [https://perma.cc/SPT8-K79H].

Agenda Item 6(b): Human-Machine Interaction-LAWS, Statement by Ireland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/11April_Ireland.pdf [https://perma.cc/ZR3T-RDMV].

Michael Gaffey, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Ireland to the United Nations, Statement by Ireland at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 72nd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 20, 2017), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/20Oct_Ireland.pdf [https://perma.cc/4KJ6-GMWJ].

Rosie Keane, Deputy Director Disarmament and Nonproliferation-Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Statement by Ireland at the Fifth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Dec. 12-16, 2016), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/RevCon/statements/13Dec_Ireland-LAWS.pdf [https://perma.cc/UE9T-NMBD].

Rosie Keane, Deputy Director Disarmament and Nonproliferation-Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Statement by Ireland at the General Debate of the Preparatory Committee of the Fifth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Aug. 31, 2016), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/PrepCom/statements/31Aug_Ireland.pdf [https://perma.cc/AW2D-EPHS].

Draft Statement on Definitions, Statement by Ireland at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 12, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/418B926307C399A5C1257F930057F6CD/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_Towardaworkingdefinition_Statements_Ireland.pdf [https://perma.cc/N426-DZUL].

Patricia O’Brien, Permanent Representative of Ireland, Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 12-13, 2015), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/12Nov_Ireland.pdf [https://perma.cc/6KMZ-V4XN].

Patricia Cullen, Deputy Permanent Representative, Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by Ireland at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 12, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/13nov_Ireland.pdf [https://perma.cc/7U3P-U8R7].

Patricia O’Brien, Permanent Representative to the United Nations and Other International Organizations in Geneva, Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons, Statement by Ireland at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 70th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 26, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/26October_Ireland.pdf [https://perma.cc/F9M8-LZGU].

Helena Nolan, Director for Disarmament and Nonproliferation Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Statement by Ireland at the First Committee of the 70th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 26, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/14October_Ireland.pdf [https://perma.cc/FR3G-TRWX].

Jacqueline O’Halloran, Deputy Director of the Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Section of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Ireland, Statement at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/9F68F22981B84F2DC1257E26005E7524/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_Ireland.pdf [https://perma.cc/RB2T-3VUD].

Jacqueline O’Halloran Bernstein Deputy Director, Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Section Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Statement at the Meeting of Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2015/meeting-experts-laws/statements/13April_Ireland.pdf [https://perma.cc/2Y9M-3QL5].

General Statement by Ireland at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May. 13–16, 2014), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/52D60AFBBA85588FC1257CD700675837/$file/Ireland_MX_LAWS_2014.pdf [https://perma.cc/XS6Y-5HA7].

Statement by Ireland at the Nineteenth Meeting of the First Committee of the 68th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 29, 2013), U.N. Official Records, U.N. Doc. A/C.1/68/PV.19 https://undocs.org/A/C.1/68/PV.19 [https://perma.cc/YVA6-WWE5].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Ireland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:30:13), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by Ireland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 17:29:06), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statements by Ireland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:09:39), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Statement by Ireland at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13, 2014) (DIGITAL RECORDING), https://unoda-web.s3-accelerate.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/assets/media/5A4A1AC86A180A3DC1257D9500565710/file/Ireland_LAWS_MSP2014.MP3 [https://perma.cc/75WV-FDUQ].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Ireland is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Ireland is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Ireland’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

Israel

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Israel, Considerations on the Operationalization of the Eleven Guiding Principles Adopted by the Group of Governmental Experts, Aug. 31, 2020, https://documents.unoda.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/20200831-Israel.pdf [https://perma.cc/RGN2-4WX6].

Asaf Segev, Representative of the Arms Control Department-Division for Strategic Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Statement by Israel at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the UN General Assembly (Oct. 24, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/24Oct_Israel.pdf [https://perma.cc/6WGN-8NUW].

Maya Yaron, Deputy Permanent Representative to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement by Israel at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 29, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/29Oct_Israel.pdf [https://perma.cc/4FKV-48NV].

Ofer Moreno, Director of the Arms Control Department of the Strategic Affairs Division of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel, Statement at the Meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 29, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/7A0E18215E16382DC125830400334DF6/$file/2018_GGE+LAWS+2_6d_Israel.pdf [https://perma.cc/9C88-3BE7].

Maya Yaron, Deputy Permanent Representative of Israel to the Conference on Disarmament, Human-Machine Interface, Statement to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/990162020E17A5C9C12582720057E720/$file/2018_LAWS6b_Israel.pdf [https://perma.cc/PXN4-BZG7].

Maya Yaron, Deputy Permanent Representative of Israel to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the General Debate of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/3F39A4A25049C9FCC1258272005789C6/$file/2018_LAWS6a_Israel.pdf [https://perma.cc/ZR9H-EK5J].

Maya Yaron, Deputy Permanent Representative of Israel to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 22, 2017), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/5E83649B3405FD3FC1258242004709CD/$file/2017_GGE+LAWS_Statement2_Israel.pdf [https://perma.cc/YQK4-BH7B].

Maya Yaron, Deputy Permanent Representative of Israel to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/A02C15B2E5B49AA1C1257F9B0029C454/$file/2016_LAWS_MX_GeneralDebate_Statements_Israel.pdf [https://perma.cc/Y58J-SVAD].

Maya Yaron, Deputy Permanent Representative of Israel to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement by Israel at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/meeting-experts-laws/statements/13April_Israel.pdf [https://perma.cc/PPY7-UB6L].

Maya Yaron, Deputy Permanent Representative of Israel to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement by Israel at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/13NOV_IsraelLAWS.pdf [https://perma.cc/HTL6-AC5K].

Maya Yaron, Deputy Permanent Representative of Israel to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement by Israel at the General Exchange of Views of the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 12, 2015), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/12Nov_Israel.pdf [https://perma.cc/XP8A-3TN8].

Michal Sehayek-Soroka, Deputy Director-Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Statement by Israel at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons First Committee of the 70th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 26, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/26October_Israel.pdf [https://perma.cc/7A3L-VMNT].

Mr. Eitan Levon, Representative of Israel to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/1B879A0827FBA307C1257E29004778B8/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_Israel_GS+bis.pdf [https://perma.cc/4D67-DY8L].

Statement by Israel to the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 14, 2014), https://unoda-web.s3-accelerate.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/assets/media/A9D6A596BC5B169DC1257D9700471102/file/Israe_LAWS_MSP.pdf [https://perma.cc/9D7W-LMQD].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statements by Israel to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 17:26:59 and 17:49:34), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E16A3633-6504-4B9B-935E-5B0AB0BEFD76_15h02&position=1000# [https://perma.cc/8TYR-HA5Z].

Statement by Israel to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 18:04:58), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statement by Israel to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:50:13), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Statement by Israel to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 26, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 17:24:09), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/3FCEC61E-B001-432A-964F-123C6522D8B9_15h09&position=8080 [https://perma.cc/MF48-9EXW].

Domestic Legal System and/or Potentially Relevant Domestic Policy Framework

IDF Machines are Outsmarting Humans, Israel Defense Forces (Feb. 4, 2018), https://www.idf.il/en/minisites/technology-and-innovation/idf-machines-are-outsmarting-humans/ [https://perma.cc/WK2L-GW9X].

The IDF Sees Artificial Intelligence as the Key to Modern-Day Survival, Israel Defense Forces (June 27, 2017), https://www.idf.il/en/minisites/technology-and-innovation/the-idf-sees-artificial-intelligence-as-the-key-to-modern-day-survival/ [https://perma.cc/TLR2-9RM8].

Will Robots be the Soldiers of the Future, Israel Defense Forces (May 28, 2015), https://www.idf.il/en/minisites/technology-and-innovation/will-robots-be-the-soldiers-of-the-future/ [https://perma.cc/AW7S-JVTP].

Meet i-Robot: the First Soldier to Enter Terror Tunnels, Israel Defense Forces (May 1, 2014), https://www.idf.il/en/minisites/technology-and-innovation/meet-i-robot-the-first-soldier-to-enter-terror-tunnels/ [https://perma.cc/8QGG-DV4M].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Israel is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Israel is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Italy

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

National commentaries on the 11 guiding principles – Comments by Italy (Aug. 2020), https://documents.unoda.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/20200831-Italy.pdf [https://perma.cc/FP5U-AY9U].

Gianfranco Incarnato, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Italy to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 24, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/24Oct_Italy.pdf [https://perma.cc/9UQ3-TGMW].

Gianfranco Incarnato, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Italy to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 14, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/14Oct_Italy.pdf [https://perma.cc/9X4S-QKWT].

Gianfranco Incarnato, Permanent Representative of Italy to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 29, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/29Oct_Italy.pdf [https://perma.cc/4LV8-5A4V].

Statement by Italy to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 27–31, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/30August_Italy.pdf [https://perma.cc/H72X-3DTQ].

Gianfranco Incarnato, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Italy to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the General Exchange of Views to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/8F7600027923383BC12582730038E522/$file/2018_LAWSGeneralExchange_Italy.pdf [https://perma.cc/3TSU-4NKC].

Gianfranco Incarnato, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Italy to the Conference on Disarmament, Characterization of LAWS, Statement to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/36335330158B5746C1258273003903F0/$file/2018_LAWS6a_Italy.pdf [https://perma.cc/ZZV9-2H9L].

Gianfranco Incarnato, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Italy to the Conference on Disarmament, Next Steps, Statement to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/13April_Italy.pdf [https://perma.cc/65JG-TF6P].

Vinicio Mati, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Italy to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the First Committee of the 71st Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 5, 2016), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/5Oct_Italy.pdf [https://perma.cc/4Q4B-4K7M].

Vinicio Mati, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Italy to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the Preparatory Committee of the Fifth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Aug. 31-Sept. 2, 2016), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/PrepCom/statements/31Aug_Italy.pdf [https://perma.cc/WT2Y-L4BM].

Vinicio Mati, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Italy to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 12-13, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2015/MSP/statements/13Nov_Italy.pdf [https://perma.cc/43MV-QPNE].

Ambassador Vinicio Mati, Permanent Representative of Italy to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the General Exchange of Views of the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/E5B3EDD0CA2B8ABDC1257F920057D983/$file/2016_LAWS_MX_GeneralDebate_Statements_Italy.pdf [https://perma.cc/BPJ7-48KD].

Towards a Working Definition of LAWS, Statement by Italy at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/06A06080E6633257C1257F9B002BA3B9/$file/2016_LAWS_MX_towardsaworkingdefinition_statements_Italy.pdf [https://perma.cc/UU6U-7AYC].

Statement by Italy at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/EB44D762270E548BC1257E26005EE76F/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_Italy.pdf [https://perma.cc/F36E-MS67].

Ambassador Vinicio Mati, Permanent Representative of Italy to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement by Italy at the First Committee of the 70th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 26, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/26October_Italy.pdf [https://perma.cc/5GKJ-55XM].

Ambassador Vinicio Mati, Permanent Representative of Italy to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement by Italy at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May. 13–16, 2014), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/8C502B0AE9630732C1257CD7006779A8/$file/Italy_MX_LAWS_2014.pdf [https://perma.cc/7GFG-BBKQ].

Ambassador Vinicio Mati, Permanent Representative of Italy to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 14-15, 2013), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/5DE8B566886FE9EFC1257CE5004E9190/$file/Italy_MSP+2013_statement.pdf [https://perma.cc/8EHZ-GV9T].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Italy is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Italy is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Italy’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

Jamaica

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Ambassador E. Courtenay Rattray, Permanent Representative of Jamaica to the United Nations On All Disarmament and International Security Agenda Items, Statement at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 14, 2019), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/14Oct_Jamaica.pdf [https://perma.cc/5DP9-2J9N].

Shorna-Kay Richards, Deputy Permanent Representative of the Permanent Mission of Jamaica to the United Nations, Statement at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 69th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 23, 2014) https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com14/statements/23Oct_Jamaica.pdf [https://perma.cc/2BFA-7BQB].

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Jamaica is not a High Contracting Party to the CCW but participated as an observer delegation in the work of one of the relevant GGE on LAWS Meetings identified. However, it is unclear under international law whether the GGE on LAWS report published on Aug. 21, 2019 reflects the views of non-HCPs, including observer delegations such as Jamaica.

Jamaica’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the Caribbean Community and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Japan

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Japan, Commentary on the operationalization of the Guiding Principles affirmed by the Group of Governmental Experts on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems at national level (Aug. 2020), https://documents.unoda.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/20200828-Japan.pdf [https://perma.cc/34UU-D762].

Thematic Debate: Disarmament Machinery, Statement by Japan at the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 31, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/31Oct_Japan.pdf [https://perma.cc/3722-LVZK].

Ambassador Nobushige Takamizawa, Ambassador of Japan to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 24, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/24Oct_Japan.pdf [https://perma.cc/VYL7-26FT].

Possible Outcome of 2019 Group of Governmental Experts and Future Actions of International Community on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Working Paper by Japan to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2019/WP.3 (Mar. 22, 2019), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/B0F30B3F69F5F2EEC12583C8003F3145/$file/CCW_+GGE+.1_+2019_+WP3+JAPAN.pdf [https://perma.cc/JJ48-FSDN].

Nobushige Takamizawa, Ambassador of Japan to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 9, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/29Oct_Japan.pdf [https://perma.cc/7LAB-778S].

Japan’s Views on the Role of Science and Technology in the Context of International Security and Disarmament Pursuant to U.N. G.A. Res. A/RES/72/28, Statement by Japan to the U.N. (Aug. 2018), https://s3.amazonaws.com/unoda-web/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Japan.pdf [https://perma.cc/69DZ-DHB4].

Nobushige Takamizawa, Ambassador of Japan to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the Meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/9April_Japan.pdf [https://perma.cc/HS4A-LFTD].

Nobushige Takamizawa, Ambassador of Japan to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 72nd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 18, 2017), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_Japan.pdf [https://perma.cc/3FAR-GKCP].

Toshio Sano, Ambassador of Japan to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 71st Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 20, 2016), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/20Oct_Japan.pdf [https://perma.cc/ZEY9-3S2K].

Toshio Sano, Ambassador of Japan to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 71st Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 6, 2016), https://www.disarm.emb-japan.go.jp/files/000194242.pdf [https://perma.cc/7BP3-4QXB].

Statement by Japan at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/B367B41929F206A4C1257F9200573ADC/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_GeneralExchange_Statements_Japan.pdf [https://perma.cc/4FYR-CKNA].

Statement by Japan at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/meeting-experts-laws/statements/12April_Japan.pdf [https://perma.cc/E3BY-SNVN].

Statement by Japan at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 12, 2015), https://www.disarm.emb-japan.go.jp/Statements/151112_CCW.htm [https://perma.cc/6JNA-P9ZM].

Position Paper: Japan’s View on Issues Relating to LAWS, Statement by Japan at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/0B240327184B83A0C1257E1800543142/$file/LAWS(JAPAN'S+POSITION+PAPER+2015).pdf [https://perma.cc/Q3TX-2NR9].

Statement by Japan at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/7C284472DDBBA998C1257E26005EA5DC/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_Japan.pdf [https://perma.cc/N54L-Q5T3].

Statement by Japan at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13, 2014), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2014/MSP/statements/13Nov_Japan.pdf [https://perma.cc/XTJ4-PYZF].

H.E. Ambassador Toshio Sano, Permanent Representative of Japan to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 13, 2014), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/C9406F3B0BB44225C1257CD7005D900D/$file/Japan_MX_LAWS_2014.pdf [https://perma.cc/7RXQ-FXJR].

Statement by Japan at the Nineteenth Meeting of the First Committee of the 68th Session of the U.N.G.A., U.N. Official Records, U.N. Doc. A/C.1/68/PV.19 (Oct. 29, 2013), https://undocs.org/A/C.1/68/PV.19 [https://perma.cc/YVA6-WWE5].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Japan to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 12:21:52), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by Japan to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 17:46:50), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statement by Japan to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 12:22:59), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Domestic Legal System and/or Potentially Relevant Domestic Policy Framework

Yokoyama Daiki, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Panel 1: Human-Machine Interaction and Human Control; From Engineering to IHL, Presentation at the Rio Seminar on Autonomous Weapons Systems (Feb. 20, 2020), http://www.funag.gov.br/images/2020/Fevereiro/LAWS/YokoyamaDaiki.pptx [https://perma.cc/8VRY-TJA6].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Japan is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Japan is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Jordan

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Jordan to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:49:56), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by Jordan to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13, 2018) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:21:24), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E91311E5-E287-4286-92C6-D47864662A2C_10h14&position=7623 [https://perma.cc/SGV9-NB28].

Statement by Jordan to the Meeting of the Conference Preparatory Committee for the Fifth Review of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (Aug. 31, 2016) (DIGITAL RECORDING), https://conf.unog.ch/dr/public/61.0500/EDCD2305-B768-46FF-825E-4B5EDE5FCE74_10h12/chunks/snippet_lOs15-52t22-18.mp3 [https://perma.cc/LX3U-ZNX8].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Jordan is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Jordan is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Jordan’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Kazakhstan

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Thematic discussions on specific cluster 4: Conventional weapons, Statement by Kazakhstan at the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 23, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/24Oct_Kazakhstan.pdf [https://perma.cc/9CWV-772F].

Thematic Discussion on Specific Cluster 4: Conventional Weapons, Statement by Kazakhstan at the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 24, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/29Oct_Kazakhstan.pdf [https://perma.cc/D8BG-CPXF].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Kazakhstan to the Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 13, 2017) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:39:33), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/61026CE1-F5DE-48FD-96D1-398CF7783D68_10h08&position=9036 [https://perma.cc/2CNM-HS97].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Kazakhstan is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least three of the relevant CCW Meeting identified. As such, its views may be reflected in report(s) elaborated in the context of the CCW dated June 2, 2015, June 10, 2016, and Dec. 11, 2017 (see below).

Kazakhstan is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Kenya

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Kenya’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Kiribati

No responsive results identified.

Kuwait

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Kuwait to the First Committee of the 70th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 30, 2015) (Arabic), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/30October_Kuwait.pdf [https://perma.cc/D769-2SJF].

Statement by Kuwait to the Seventeenth Meeting of the First Committee of the 70th Session of the U.N.G.A., U.N. Official Records, U.N. Doc. A/c.1/70/PV.17 (Oct. 26, 2015) https://undocs.org/A/C.1/70/PV.17 [https://perma.cc/B3YP-SR2Q].

Third-Party Compilations

Warning of New Arms Race, First Committee Delegates Call for Galvanized Efforts to Overcome Stalled Disarmament Machinery, U.N. Meetings Coverage (Oct.14, 2019), https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/gadis3626.doc.htm [https://perma.cc/J34W-XHE9].

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Kuwait is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Kuwait is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Kuwait’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Kyrgyzstan

No responsive results identified.

Lao People’s Democratic Republic

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Lao People’s Democratic Republic is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Lao People’s Democratic Republic is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Lao People’s Democratic Republic’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of ASEAN and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Latvia

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Latvia to the Seventeenth Meeting of the First Committee of the 71st Session of the U.N.G.A., U.N. Official Records, U.N. Doc. A/C.1/71/PV.17 (Oct. 21, 2016), https://undocs.org/A/C.1/71/PV.17 [https://perma.cc/5EX2-BD7Z].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Latvia to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:07:39), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Latvia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Latvia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Latvia’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

Lesotho

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Lesotho is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of one of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in the CCW report published on June 10, 2014 (see below).

Lesotho’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Lebanon

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Maya Dagher, Counsellor, Statement by Lebanon at the First Committee of the 71st Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 5, 2016), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/5Oct_Lebanon.pdf [https://perma.cc/79G8-YRKY].

Maya Dagher, Counsellor, Statement by Lebanon at the First Committee of the 70th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 12, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/12October_Lebanon.pdf [https://perma.cc/9CBT-XJPH].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Lebanon participated as a High Contracting Party to the CCW in the work of one of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in the CCW report published on Dec. 11, 2017. Lebanon also participated in the work of report(s) elaborated in the context of the CCW dated June 10, 2014, June 2, 2015, and June 10, 2016, but only as an observer delegation, so it is unclear that this report reflects its views.

Lebanon is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of two of the relevant GGE on LAWS Meetings identified. As such, its views may be reflected in the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS published on Oct. 23, 2018 and Aug. 21, 2019 (see below).

Lebanon’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Liberia

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Liberia’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Libya

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

H.E. Elmahdi S. Elmajerbi, Ambassador to the United Nations, Statement by Libya at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 14, 2019) (Arabic), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/14Oct_Libya.pdf [https://perma.cc/F6HR-PJTE].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Libya is not a High Contracting Party to the CCW but participated as an observer delegation in the work of two of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. However, it is unclear under international law whether the pertinent CCW reports published on June 10, 2014 and June 2, 2015 reflect the views of non-HCPs, including observer delegations such as Libya.

Libya’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Liechtenstein

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Ambassador Peter Matt, Permanent Representative of Liechtenstein to the United Nations in Geneva, Statement at the First Committee of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 14, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/17Oct_Liechtenstein.pdf [https://perma.cc/DG69-CPYZ].

H.E. Ambassador Dr. Peter Matt, Permanent Representative of Liechtenstein to the United Nations, Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 21–23, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_Liechtenstein.pdf [https://perma.cc/D2MT-J2XK].

H.E. Ambassador Dr. Peter Matt, Permanent Representative of Liechtenstein to the United Nations, On All Disarmament and International Security Agenda Items, Statement at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 15, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/15Oct_Liechtenstein.pdf [https://perma.cc/8XU2-FUEN].

Minister Counsellor Viktor Dvořák, Delegation of the European Union to the UN, Statement at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 2018) (Liechtenstein aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/FEB2-MXVK].

H.E. Ambassador Dr. Peter Matt, Permanent Representative of Liechtenstein to the United Nations, Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 21, 2017), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_Liechtenstein.pdf [https://perma.cc/GWW2-XSG4].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Liechtenstein is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of one of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in the CCW report published on Dec. 11, 2017 (see below).

Lithuania

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Lithuania to the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 14, 2013), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/B918B1BD58247374C1257CE5004EC651/$file/Lithuania_MSP+2013_statement.pdf [https://perma.cc/B4ND-N4Q7].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Lithuania is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Lithuania is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Lithuania’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

Luxembourg

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Food for Thought Paper, Working Paper by Belgium, Ireland, and Luxembourg to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2019/WP.4 (March 28, 2019), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/F3A850205D48D5A4C125841E00351CD7/$file/CCW_GGE.1_2019_WP.4.pdf [https://perma.cc/B3LP-DMJN].

Statement by Luxembourg to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/9April_Luxembourg.pdf [https://perma.cc/LYR2-DMA6].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Luxembourg to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:39:47), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Domestic Legal System and/or Potentially Relevant Domestic Policy Framework

Declaration of Foreign Policy, Luxembourg Foreign Minister Jean Asselborn (Mar. 13, 2019) (French), https://maee.gouvernement.lu/content/dam/gouv_maee/minist%C3%A8re/d%C3%A9clarations-de-politique-%C3%A9trang%C3%A8re/2019/FR-Declaration-de-politique-etrangere-2019.pdf [ https://perma.cc/4XB7-GLBY].

Guidelines of Luxembourgish Defense until 2025 and Beyond, Luxembourg Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (July 2017) (French), https://defense.gouvernement.lu/dam-assets/la-defense/lignes-directrices-de-la-defense-luxembourgeoise-a-l-horizon-2025-et-au-dela.pdf https://perma.cc/ZC7D-WL9L]

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Luxembourg is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of one of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in the CCW report published on June 10, 2014 (see below).

Luxembourg is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Luxembourg’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

Madagascar

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Ambassador Annick H. Andriamampianina, Statement by Madagascar to the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 14, 2013), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/BD4FD09FDC45E989C1257CE50038C83B/$file/Madagascar_MSP_GenStatement_2013.pdf [https://perma.cc/SP7F-SPRK].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Madagascar is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of two of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in report(s) elaborated in the context of the CCW dated June 10, 2014 and June 2, 2015 (see below).

Madagascar’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Malawi

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Malawi’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Malaysia

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Malaysia is not a High Contracting Party to the CCW but participated as an observer delegation in the work of three of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. However, it is unclear under international law whether the pertinent CCW reports published on June 10, 2014, June 2, 2015, and June 10, 2016 reflect the views of non-HCPs, including observer delegations such as Malaysia.

Malaysia’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of ASEAN and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Maldives

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

The Maldives’ views may be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Mali

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Mail at the General Debate of the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 13–16, 2014) (French), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/D86D6698D6BDF751C1257CE4004339A5/$file/Mali_MX_LAWS_GeneralDebate_2014.pdf [https://perma.cc/Z7VS-N73S].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Mali is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of two of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in report(s) elaborated in the context of the CCW dated June 10, 2014 and Dec. 11, 2017 (see below).

Mali’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Marshall Islands

No responsive results identified.

Malta

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Malta’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

Mauritania

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Mauritania’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Mauritius

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

H.E. Mr. Paramasivum Pillay Vyapoory, G.O.S.K, Acting President of the Republic of Mauritius, Address at the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Sept. 27, 2019), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/unga/2019/27Sept_Mauritius.pdf [https://perma.cc/UK4E-JUP7].

Ministry of Technology, Communication and Innovation, Inputs of the Government of Mauritius for UN General Assembly Resolution 73/32 - Role of Science and Technology in the Context of International Security and Disarmament (May 29, 2019), https://unoda-web.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Mauritius-74-122.pdf [https://perma.cc/QYC5-R2XV].

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Mauritius is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of one of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in the CCW report published on June 10, 2014 (see below).

Mauritius’ views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Mexico

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Ambassador Juan Ramon de la Fuente, Permanent Representative of Mexico, Statement at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 10, 2019) (Spanish), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/10Oct_Mexico.pdf [https://perma.cc/BU8M-VG44].

Statement by Mexico at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (Nov. 21, 2018) (Original in Spanish), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_Mexico.pdf [https://perma.cc/4ALV-5UX3].

Juan Sandoval Mendiolea, Alternate Permanent Representative of Mexico to the UN, Statement at the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 26, 2018) (Spanish), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/26Oct_Mexico.pdf [https://perma.cc/E9P5-QHH6].

Statement by Mexico at the General Exchange of Views of the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11, 2016) (Spanish), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/44FB014A6029D721C1257F920057E636/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_GeneralExchange_Statements_Mexico.pdf [https://perma.cc/Y36X-F5J6].

Statement by Mexico at the First Committee of the 70th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 26, 2015) (Spanish), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/26October_Mexico.pdf [https://perma.cc/9S9B-RC4X].

Statement by Mexico at the Concluding Session of the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 17, 2015) (Spanish), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/0DD090756AE445A9C1257E2A0041D2E8/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_MexicoConc.pdf [https://perma.cc/263Y-7WP8].

Statement by Mexico at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 13, 2014) (Spanish), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/246B67320C5B1D92C1257CD7005D975E/$file/Mexico_MX_LAWS_2014.pdf [https://perma.cc/9DHZ-JKFF].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statements by Mexico to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 17:06:54 and 17:44:01), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E16A3633-6504-4B9B-935E-5B0AB0BEFD76_15h02&position=1000# [https://perma.cc/8TYR-HA5Z].

Statement by Mexico to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:19:56), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by Mexico to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 16:30:53), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statement by Mexico to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:34:36), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Ambassador Ulises Canchola, Statement by Mexico to the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (May 30, 2013) (DIGITAL RECORDING 01:24:26), http://webtv.un.org/meetings-events/human-rights-council/watch/clustered-id-on-executions-and-idps-9th-meeting-23rd-regular-session-of-human-rights-council/2419860355001#player [https://perma.cc/AM3M-F5HK].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Mexico is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Mexico is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Micronesia

No responsive results identified.

Moldova

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 2019) (Moldova aligned itself with this statement), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/4743F85F29E94653C125845D003AEC47/$file/EU+statement+20190820_GGE+LAWS.pdf [https://perma.cc/YB2D-6N8J].

Possible Options for Addressing the Humanitarian and International Security Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems in the Context of the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention Without Prejudging Policy Outcomes and Taking into Account Past, Present and Future Proposals, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25–29, 2019) (Moldova aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/27March_EuropeanUnion5e.pdf [https://perma.cc/CNN6-FVPH].

Characterization of the Systems Under Consideration in Order to Promote a Common Understanding on Concepts and Characteristics Relevant to the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25–29, 2019) (Moldova aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/25March_EU5b.pdf [https://perma.cc/3LTV-PLX8].

Agenda Item 8: Consideration of the report of the Group on Governmental Experts on emerging technologies in the area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by the European Union at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (Nov. 21–23, 2018) (Moldova aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/APS7-RH8Q].

Minister Counsellor Viktor Dvořák, Delegation of the European Union to the UN, Statement at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 2018) (Moldova aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/FEB2-MXVK].

Mr. Victor Moraru, Statement by Moldova at the Fifth Review Conference of the CCW (Dec. 12, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/A0EC63E7FEC21EFEC125808A005D27DD/$file/Statement_RoModova+CCW+RevConf+5+General+Debate+pdf.pdf [https://perma.cc/9HYS-GAKT].

Jacek Bylica, Special Envoy for Disarmament and Non-proliferation of the European External Action Service, Statement by the European Union at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 71st Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 3, 2016) (Moldova aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/3Oct_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/K5PR-E8EV].

Ambassador H.E. Mr Peter Sørensen, Permanent Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations, Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 12, 2015) (Moldova aligned itself with this statement), http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2015/MSP/statements/12Nov_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/FB23-9PPU].

Minister Counsellor Andras Kos of the Permanent Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations, Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13–14, 2014) (Moldova aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2014/MSP/statements/13Nov_EUgeneral.pdf [https://perma.cc/EJJ3-MD4J].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Moldova is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of three of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in report(s) elaborated in the context of the CCW dated June 10, 2014, June 2, 2015, and Dec. 11, 2017 (see below).

Moldova is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of one of the relevant GGE on LAWS Meetings identified. As such, its views may be reflected in the GGE on LAWS report published on Dec. 22, 2017 (see below).

Mongolia

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Mongolia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of three of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in report(s) elaborated in the context of the CCW dated June 2, 2015, June 10, 2016, and Dec. 11, 2017 (see below).

Mongolia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of one of the relevant GGE on LAWS Meetings identified. As such, its views may be reflected in the GGE on LAWS report published on Aug. 21, 2019 (see below).

Mongolia’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Monaco

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Monaco is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of one of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in the CCW report published on Dec. 11, 2017 (see below).

Montenegro

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Delegation of the European Union to the UN, General Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13, 2019) (Montenegro aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/hcp-meeting/statements/13Nov_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/3HWD-WMFQ].

Statement by the European Union at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13–15, 2019) (Montenegro aligned itself with this statement) https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/hcp-meeting/statements/13Nov_EU1.pdf [https://perma.cc/KZ3E-TEVS].

Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 2019) (Montenegro aligned itself with this statement), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/4743F85F29E94653C125845D003AEC47/$file/EU+statement+20190820_GGE+LAWS.pdf [https://perma.cc/YB2D-6N8J].

Possible Options for Addressing the Humanitarian and International Security Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems in the Context of the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention Without Prejudging Policy Outcomes and Taking into Account Past, Present and Future Proposals, Statement by the European Union at the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (March 25–29, 2019) (Montenegro aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/27March_EuropeanUnion5e.pdf [https://perma.cc/CNN6-FVPH].

An Exploration of the Potential Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems to International Humanitarian Law, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (March 25–29, 2019) (Montenegro aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/26March_EuropeanUnion5a.pdf [https://perma.cc/R2QT-QH22].

Further Consideration of the Human Element in the Use of Lethal Force; Aspects of Human-Machine Interaction in the Development, Deployment and Use of Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (March 25–29, 2019) (Montenegro aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/26March_EU5c.pdf [https://perma.cc/ML9S-SD97].

Review of Potential Military Applications of Related Technologies in the Context of the Group’s Work, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (March 25–29, 2019) (Montenegro aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/25March_EuropeanUnion5d.pdf [https://perma.cc/5GN9-UCQ3].

Characterization of the Systems Under Consideration in Order to Promote a Common Understanding on Concepts and Characteristics Relevant to the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (March 25–29, 2019) (Montenegro aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/25March_EU5b.pdf [https://perma.cc/3LTV-PLX8].

Agenda Item 8: Consideration of the report of the Group on Governmental Experts on emerging technologies in the area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by the European Union at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (November 21–23, 2018) (Montenegro aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/APS7-RH8Q].

Minister Counsellor Viktor Dvořák, Delegation of the European Union to the UN, Statement at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 2018) (Montenegro aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/FEB2-MXVK].

Statement by the European Union at the General Exchange of Views of the Meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (April 9–13, 2018) (Montenegro aligned itself with this statement), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/00E636906F2DB883C12582720056F109/$file/2018_LAWSGeneralExchange_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/9VEE-RURH].

Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE), Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 13–17, 2017) (Montenegro aligned itself with this statement), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/8DDFEE147FB37799C125823B003FFAB0/$file/2017_GGE+LAWS_Statement_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/PSY3-WXXC].

Ambassador Milorad Scepanovic, Permanent Representative of Montenegro to the United Nations in Geneva, Statement by Montenegro to the Fifth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Dec. 12, 2016), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/RevCon/statements/12Dec_Montenegro.pdf [https://perma.cc/9LFZ-9LSZ].

Jacek Bylica, Special Envoy for Disarmament and Non-proliferation of the European External Action Service, Statement by the European Union at the General Debate of the First Session of the 71st Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 3, 2016) (Montenegro aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/3Oct_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/K5PR-E8EV].

Ambassador H.E. Mr Peter Sørensen, Permanent Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations, Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 12, 2015) (Montenegro aligned itself with this statement), http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2015/MSP/statements/12Nov_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/FB23-9PPU].

Minister Counsellor Andras Kos of the Permanent Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations, Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13–14, 2014) (Montenegro aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2014/MSP/statements/13Nov_EUgeneral.pdf [https://perma.cc/EJJ3-MD4J].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Montenegro is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of two of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in report(s) elaborated in the context of the CCW dated June 10, 2014 and Dec. 11, 2017 (see below).

Montenegro is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Morocco

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Morocco at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 21–23, 2018) (French), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/22Nov_Morocco2.pdf [https://perma.cc/A3NF-43CN].

Ambassador Mohamed Auajjar, Permanent Representative of Morocco to the United Nations, Statement at the General Debate of the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 16, 2016) (French), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/115CC5BA5EC92A24C1257F920057672E/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_GeneralExchange_Statements_Mocorro.pdf [https://perma.cc/Q72Q-ZLEX].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Mr. Said Ahouga, Statement by Morocco to the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (May 30, 2013) (DIGITAL RECORDING 01:11:09), http://webtv.un.org/meetings-events/human-rights-council/watch/clustered-id-on-executions-and-idps-9th-meeting-23rd-regular-session-of-human-rights-council/2419860355001#player [https://perma.cc/AM3M-F5HK].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Morocco is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Morocco is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Morocco’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Mozambique

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Mozambique is not a High Contracting Party to the CCW but participated as an observer delegation in the work of two of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. However, it is unclear under international law whether the pertinent CCW reports published on June 2, 2015 and Dec. 11, 2017 reflect the views of non-HCPs, including observer delegations such as Mozambique.

Mozambique is not a High Contracting Party to the CCW but participated as an observer delegation in the work of one of the relevant GGE on LAWS Meetings identified. However, it is unclear under international law whether the pertinent GGE on LAWS report published on Aug. 21, 2019 reflects the views of non-HCPs, including observer delegations such as Mozambique.

Mozambique’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Myanmar

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Ye Minn Thein, Director of International Organizations and Economic Department at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Statement at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 25, 2019), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/25Oct_Myanmar.pdf [https://perma.cc/49MH-N37M].

Statement by Myanmar to the Eighteenth Meeting of the First Committee of the 72nd Session of the U.N.G.A, U.N. Official Records, U.N. Doc. A/C.1/72/PV.18 (Oct. 20, 2017), https://undocs.org/A/C.1/72/PV.18 [https://perma.cc/6TN4-F2P7].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Myanmar is not a High Contracting Party to the CCW but participated as an observer delegation in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. However, it is unclear under international law whether any of the CCW reports below reflect the views of non-HCPs, including observer delegations such as Myanmar.

Myanmar is not a High Contracting Party to the CCW but participated as an observer delegation in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. However, it is unclear under international law whether any of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS below reflect the views of non-HCPs, including observer delegations such as Myanmar.

Myanmar’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of ASEAN and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Namibia

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Namibia’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Nauru

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statements by Nauru to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 16:26:44 and 16:29:32), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Nepal

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

H.E. Amrit Bahadur Rai, Permanent Representative of Nepal to the United Nations, On All Disarmament and International Security Agenda Items, Statement at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 16, 2019), https://www.un.int/nepal/statements_speeches/statement-he-amrit-bahadur-rai-permanent-representative-nepal-united-nations-0 [https://perma.cc/DEN2-QEA7].

Mr. Bharat Raj Paudyal, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nepal, On All Disarmament and International Security Agenda Items, Statement at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 11, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/11Oct_Nepal.pdf [https://perma.cc/FRN6-3UT9].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Nepal’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Netherlands

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

National commentary by the Kingdom of the Netherlands regarding the national interpretation and implementation of the Guiding Principles affirmed by the Group of Governmental Experts on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons System (Sept. 2020), https://documents.unoda.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/NL-Comments-LAWS-guiding-principles-formatted.pdf [https://perma.cc/X42W-J3D4].

Robbert Jan Gabriëlse, Permanent Representative of the Netherlands to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the General Exchange of Views of the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/hcp-meeting/statements/13Nov_Netherlands1.pdf [https://perma.cc/5NMR-HLVP].

Robbert Jan Gabriëlse, Permanent Representative of the Netherlands to the Conference on Disarmament, Consideration of the report of GGE LAWS, Statement by the Netherlands at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/hcp-meeting/statements/13Nov_Netherlands2.pdf [https://perma.cc/KT7X-NNKQ].

Sandra de Jongh, Policy Officer of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons, Statement by the Netherlands at the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 24, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/25Oct_Netherlands.pdf [https://perma.cc/53TW-YEH3].

Robbert Jan Gabriëlse, Permanent Representative of the Netherlands to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement by the Netherlands at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 14, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/14Oct_Netherlands.pdf [https://perma.cc/G43U-39N8].

Reint Vogelaar, First Secretary-Permanent Representation of the Netherlands to the Conference on Disarmament, Agenda item 5(a): An Exploration of the Potential Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems to International Humanitarian Law, Statement by the Netherlands to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 26, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/26March_NL5e.pdf [https://perma.cc/AJ9Z-9A2U].

Sandra de Jongh, Policy Officer-Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Agenda item 5(b): Further Consideration of the Human Element in the Use of Lethal Force; Aspects of Human-Machine Interaction in the Development, Deployment and Use of Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by the Netherlands to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 26, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/26March_NL5b.pdf [https://perma.cc/2QG9-QH5T].

Reint Vogelaar, First Secretary-Permanent Representation of the Netherlands to the Conference on Disarmament, Agenda item 5(c): Review of the Potential Military Applications of Related Technologies in the Context of the Group’s Work, Statement by the Netherlands to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 25, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/25March_NL5c.pdf [https://perma.cc/GPB2-8GHN].

Sandra de Jongh, Policy Officer-Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Agenda item 5(d): Characterization of the Systems Under Consideration in Order to Promote a Common Understanding on Concepts and Characteristics Relevant to the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention, Statement by the Netherlands to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 25, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/25March_NL5b.pdf [https://perma.cc/DXY2-AGFF].

Robbert Gabriëlse, Permanent Representative of the Netherlands to the Conference on Disarmament, Agenda item 5(e): Possible Options for Addressing the Humanitarian and International Security Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems in the Context of the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention Without Prejudging Policy Outcomes and Taking into Account Past, Present and Future Proposals, Statement by the Netherlands to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 27, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/27March_NL5e.pdf [https://perma.cc/9B92-T2GS].

Robbert Gabriëlse, Permanent Representative of the Netherlands to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement by the Netherlands at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 12, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/12Oct_Netherlands.pdf [https://perma.cc/GFE5-8MDL].

Characterization, Statement by the Netherlands at the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/27August_Netherlands.pdf [https://perma.cc/85N5-2WWA].

Robbert Gabriëlse, Permanent Representative of the Netherlands to the Conference on Disarmament, General Statement to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/30165DBD739441F9C125827200572DDC/$file/2018_LAWSGeneralExchange_Netherlands.pdf [https://perma.cc/39DL-5LDR].

Characterization, Statement by the Netherlands to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/8DAE1606A1B08197C1258272005789E2/$file/2018_LAWS6a_Netherlands.pdf [https://perma.cc/9JDY-G7T7].

Human-Machine Interaction, Statement by the Netherlands to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/48F6FC9F22460FBCC12582720057E72F/$file/2018_LAWS6b_Netherlands.pdf [https://perma.cc/7PKA-N2EM].

Options for Challenges - The Way Ahead, Statement by the Netherlands to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/7ACA9FFECEAA8ADFC125827200586161/$file/2018_LAWS6d_Netherlands.pdf [https://perma.cc/9BFN-CY7Q].

Weapons Review Mechanisms, Working Paper by the Netherlands and Switzerland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2017/WP.5 (Nov. 7, 2017), https://undocs.org/ccw/gge.1/2017/WP.5 [https://perma.cc/8VVM-XS52].

Examination of Various Dimensions of Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, in the Context of the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention, Working Paper by the Netherlands to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2017/WP.2 (Oct. 9, 2017), https://undocs.org/ccw/gge.1/2017/WP.2 [https://perma.cc/3NRM-4PLD].

Ambassador Henk Cor van der Kwast, Permanent Representative of the Netherlands to the Conference on Disarmament, Opening Statement by the Netherlands to the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/FC2E59B32F14D791C1257F920057CAE6/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_GeneralExchange_Statements_Netherlands.pdf [https://perma.cc/44JJ-R48D].

Statement by the Netherlands to the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/EBF7067C197CF88CC1257F9B005160AA/$file/2016_LAWS+MX+ChallengestoIHL_Statement_Netherlands.pdf [https://perma.cc/F4GR-ZWCG].

Statement of the Netherlands to the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/meeting-experts-laws/statements/12April_Netherlands.pdf [https://perma.cc/QB9A-L52C].

Henk Corvan der Kwast, Permanent Representative of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to the Conference on Disarmament and Disarmament Ambassador at Large, Statement by the Netherlands at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 70th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 9, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/9October_Netherlands.pdf [https://perma.cc/Y3FU-P2DX].

Ambassador Henk Cor van der Kwast, Permanent Representative of the Netherlands to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the General Debate of the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/D5A22AEF369C4ED4C1257E340053754B/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_Netherlands.pdf [https://perma.cc/H2UL-4QPH].

Statement by the Netherlands to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/4AD55D74C760290FC1257E2D002C7D0F/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_Netherlands_W.A.pdf [https://perma.cc/7TG8-6QKA].

Theo Peters, Head of the Non-Proliferation, Disarmament, Arms Control and Export Control Policy Division, Security Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Statement by the Netherlands at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 69th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 21, 2014), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com14/statements/22Oct_Netherlands.pdf [https://perma.cc/ML4N-3JRF].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by the Netherlands to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 17:09:59, 17:44:37, and 17:45:21), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E16A3633-6504-4B9B-935E-5B0AB0BEFD76_15h02&position=1000# [https://perma.cc/8TYR-HA5Z].

Statement by the Netherlands to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 12:30:04), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by the Netherlands to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 11:37:41), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Statement by the Netherlands at the Nineteenth Meeting of the First Committee of the 68th Session of the U.N.G.A., U.N. Official Records, U.N. Doc. A/C.1/68/PV.19 (Oct. 29, 2013), https://undocs.org/A/C.1/68/PV.19 [https://perma.cc/YVA6-WWE5].

Domestic Legal System and/or Potentially Relevant Domestic Policy Framework

Autonomous weapon systems; the need for meaningful control, Advisory Council on International Affairs and Advisory Committee on Issues of Public International Law, October 2015 (views adopted by Government), https://www.advisorycouncilinternationalaffairs.nl/documents/publications/2015/10/02/autonomous-weapon-systems [https://perma.cc/DV9P-FWQ2].

Parliamentary Motion by Member Sven Koopmans et al., Government of the Netherlands May 19, 2019 (Aug. 26, 2020), https://www.tweedekamer.nl/kamerstukken/moties/detail?id=2019Z08535&did=2019D17366 [https://perma.cc/F38Q-YCP2].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

The Netherlands is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

The Netherlands is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

The Netherlands’ views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

New Zealand

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by New Zealand at the Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/hcp-meeting/statements/13Nov_NZ.pdf [https://perma.cc/2BC8-UT2Q].

Agenda Item 5(b), Statement by New Zealand to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 27, 2019), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/27March_NewZealand5b.pdf [https://perma.cc/5ECH-HNZA].

Agenda Item 5(e), Statement by New Zealand to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 27, 2019), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/27March_NewZealand5e.pdf [https://perma.cc/CY9L-EJG8].

Statement by New Zealand at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 22, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/22Nov_NZ.pdf [https://perma.cc/TY3C-MYCL].

Katy Donnelly, Deputy Permanent Representative of New Zealand to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 29, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/29Oct_NewZealand.pdf [https://perma.cc/39EN-MJJZ].

Katy Donnelly, Deputy Permanent Representative of New Zealand to the Conference on Disarmament, Geneva, Agenda Item 6(d), Statement to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/1180CDB066905100C125827200586183/$file/2018_LAWS6d_New+Zealand.pdf [https://perma.cc/8TYB-UWV5].

Katy Donnelly, Deputy Permanent Representative of New Zealand to the Conference on Disarmament, Geneva, Agenda Item 6(b), Statement to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/4A54EE38E2F8223AC12582720057E761/$file/2018_LAWS6b_New+Zealand.pdf [https://perma.cc/2WMQ-35JZ].

Statement by New Zealand at the General Debate of the Meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 13, 2017), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2017/gge/statements/13Nov_NZ.pdf [https://perma.cc/5QA5-ENY4].

Katy Donnelly, Deputy Permanent Representative of New Zealand to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement on Conventional Weapons at the First Committee of the 72nd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 20, 2017), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/20Oct_NZ.pdf [https://perma.cc/DSQ9-Y25S].

Katy Donnelly, Deputy Permanent Representative of New Zealand to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement on Conventional Weapons at the First Committee of the 71st Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 21, 2016), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/21Oct_NZ.pdf [https://perma.cc/Z8TL-AAL6].

Katy Donnelly, Deputy Permanent Representative to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement by New Zealand at the Preparatory Committee of the Fifth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Aug. 31, 2016), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/PrepCom/statements/31Aug_NZ.pdf [https://perma.cc/VV4B-DR3T].

Towards a working definition – or “common characterisation” – of LAWS, Statement by New Zealand at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/meeting-experts-laws/shttps://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/meeting-experts-laws/statements/12April_NewZealand.pdftatements/12April_NewZealand.pdf [https://perma.cc/7SXX-FR7C].

Statement by New Zealand at the General Debate of the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/F45D947312ACA423C1257F9B004A53F1/$file/2016_LAWS+MX+GeneralDebate_Statement_NewZealand.pdf [https://perma.cc/FCP2-8TG9].

Katy Donnelly, Deputy Permanent Representative, Statement by New Zealand at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 12, 2015), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2015/MSP/statements/12Nov_NZ.pdf [https://perma.cc/TT4P-BXFU].

H.E. Dell Higgie, Ambassador for Disarmament of New Zealand, Cluster IV Conventional Weapons, Statement by New Zealand at the First Committee of the 70th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 26, 2015), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/26October_NZ.pdf [https://perma.cc/X5JS-BW8F].

Dell Higgie, Ambassador for Disarmament, Cluster IV Statement - Conventional Weapons, Statement by New Zealand at the First Committee of the 70th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 26, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/26October_NZ.pdf [https://perma.cc/DVM9-WKWW].

Joseph Ballard, Deputy Permanent Representative of New Zealand to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 13, 2014), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/6B52D37E83AEADC4C1257CD7005D9EC7/$file/NewZealand_MX_LAWS_2014.pdf [https://perma.cc/V9XP-758M].

Statement by New Zealand at the Twentieth Meeting of the First Committee of the 68th Session of the U.N.G.A., U.N Official Records, U.N. Doc. A/C.1/68/PV.20 (Oct. 30, 2013), https://undocs.org/A/C.1/68/PV.20 [https://perma.cc/LR29-GUFK].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by New Zealand to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 15:44:35), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Domestic Legal System and/or Potentially Relevant Domestic Policy Framework

Manual of Armed Forces Law: Volume 4 Law of Armed Conflict, New Zealand Defense Force, DM 69 (2ed) Volume 4 (Mar. 3, 2019), https://www.nzdf.mil.nz/assets/Publications/DM-69-2ed-vol4.pdf [https://perma.cc/KH2G-7YZN].

Algorithm Charter for Aotearoa New Zealand, New Zealand Government (July 2020), https://data.govt.nz/assets/data-ethics/algorithm/Algorithm-Charter-2020_Final-English-1.pdf [https://perma.cc/AV7Q-824T].

Strategic Defence Policy Statement, New Zealand Government, 2018, https://www.defence.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/8958486b29/Strategic-Defence-Policy-Statement-2018.pdf [https://perma.cc/PZ5G-5RVT].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

New Zealand is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

New Zealand is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Nicaragua

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Nicaragua to the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 12, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/F6A08D38408A7395C1257F0F0049729D/$file/2015_CCWMSP_GenStmnt_Nicaragua.pdf [https://perma.cc/82TL-FGKX].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Nicaragua to the Meeting of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13, 2018) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:38:02), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E91311E5-E287-4286-92C6-D47864662A2C_10h14&position=8621 [https://perma.cc/ZZ7Y-USB5].

Statement by Nicaragua to the Fifth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Dec. 12, 2016) (DIGITAL RECORDING 17:02.29), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/DDE5EFD9-810F-41D4-A0AB-3D6244069E03_15h03&position=7153 [https://perma.cc/G6Q4-6S5H].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Nicaragua is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of two of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in report(s) elaborated in the context of the CCW dated June 10, 2016 and Dec. 11, 2017 (see below).a

Nicaragua is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Nicaragua’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Central American Integration System and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Niger

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Niger’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Nigeria

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Nigeria’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

North Macedonia (formerly Macedonia)

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

General Statement by the European Union at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (Nov. 13, 2019) (North Macedonia aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/hcp-meeting/statements/13Nov_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/3HWD-WMFQ].

Statement on the report of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) related to emerging technologies in the area of lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS), Statement by the European Union at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (Nov. 13–15, 2019) (North Macedonia aligned itself with this statement) https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/hcp-meeting/statements/13Nov_EU1.pdf [https://perma.cc/KZ3E-TEVS]

Possible Options for Addressing the Humanitarian and International Security Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems in the Context of the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention Without Prejudging Policy Outcomes and Taking into Account Past, Present and Future Proposals, Statement by the European Union at the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (March 25–29, 2019) (North Macedonia aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/27March_EuropeanUnion5e.pdf [https://perma.cc/CNN6-FVPH].

An Exploration of the Potential Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems to International Humanitarian Law, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (March 25–29, 2019) (North Macedonia aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/26March_EuropeanUnion5a.pdf [https://perma.cc/R2QT-QH22].

Review of Potential Military Applications of Related Technologies in the Context of the Group’s Work, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (March 25–29, 2019) (North Macedonia aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/25March_EuropeanUnion5d.pdf [https://perma.cc/5GN9-UCQ3].

Characterization of the Systems Under Consideration in Order to Promote a Common Understanding on Concepts and Characteristics Relevant to the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (March 25–29, 2019) (North Macedonia aligned itself to this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/25March_EU5b.pdf [https://perma.cc/3LTV-PLX8].

Minister Counsellor Viktor Dvořák, Delegation of the European Union to the UN, Statement at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 2018) (North Macedonia aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/FEB2-MXVK].

Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 13–17, 2017) (Macedonia aligned itself with this statement), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/8DDFEE147FB37799C125823B003FFAB0/$file/2017_GGE+LAWS_Statement_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/PSY3-WXXC].

Jacek Bylica, Special Envoy for Disarmament and Non-proliferation of the European External Action Service, Statement by the European Union at the General Debate of the First Assembly of the 71st Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 3, 2016) (Macedonia aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/3Oct_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/K5PR-E8EV].

Ambassador H.E. Mr Peter Sørensen, Permanent Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations, Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 12, 2015) (Macedonia aligned itself with this statement), http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2015/MSP/statements/12Nov_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/FB23-9PPU].

Minister Counsellor Andras Kos of the Permanent Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations, Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13–14, 2014) (Macedonia aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2014/MSP/statements/13Nov_EUgeneral.pdf [https://perma.cc/EJJ3-MD4J].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

North Macedonia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of one of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in the CCW report published on Dec. 11, 2017 (see below).

North Macedonia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of two of the relevant GGE on LAWS Meetings identified. As such, its views may be reflected in the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS published on Oct. 23, 2018 and Aug. 21, 2019 (see below).

Norway

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Further Consideration of the Human Element in the Use of Lethal Force; Aspects of Human-Machine Interaction in the Development, Deployment and Use of Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (March 25–29, 2019) (Norway aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/26March_EU5c.pdf [https://perma.cc/ML9S-SD97].

Statement by Norway at the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 29, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/29August_Norway.pdf [https://perma.cc/HD6A-XDNY].

Further Consideration of the Human Element in the Use of Lethal Force; Aspects of Human-Machine Interaction in the Development, Deployment and Use of Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by Norway at the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 28, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/28August_Norway.pdf [https://perma.cc/2HL5-WUZ3].

General Statement by Norway to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 13–17, 2017), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/DF861D82B90F3BF4C125823B00413F73/$file/2017_GGE+LAWS_Statement_Norway.pdf [https://perma.cc/DR5F-6P6J].

Challenges to International Humanitarian Law, Statement by Norway at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/8C7CF21AC000BEF7C1257F9B002D5532/$file/2016_LAWS_MX_ChallengesIHL_Statements_Norway.pdf [https://perma.cc/T4F6-WR9F].

General Statement by Norway at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 13–16, 2014), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/D47349EE647EB6BBC1257CD7005DA52D/$file/Norway_MX_LAWS_2014.pdf [https://perma.cc/TN3R-AWUZ].

Domestic Legal System and/or Potentially Relevant Domestic Policy Framework

Committee to Review the Guidelines for Observation and Exclusion of Companies from the Government Pension Fund Global (June 15, 2020) https://nettsteder.regjeringen.no/etikkutvalget/the-committees-proposals-in-brief/ [https://perma.cc/XQ2S-PBNE].

Written Questions from Knut Arild Hareide (KrF) to the Norwegian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Storinget, Doc. 15: 1900 (2017–2018) (Jun. 29, 2018) (Norwegian), https://www.stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Sporsmal/Skriftlige-sporsmal-og-svar/Skriftlig-sporsmal/?qid72809 [https://perma.cc/7HLY-EV6H].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Norway is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Norway is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Oman

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Oman is not a High Contracting Party to the CCW but participated as an observer delegation in the work of three of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. However, it is unclear under international law whether the pertinent CCW reports published on June 10, 2014, June 10, 2016, and Dec. 11, 2017 reflect the views of non-HCPs, including observer delegations such as Oman.

Oman is not a High Contracting Party to the CCW but participated as an observer delegation in the work of two of the relevant GGE on LAWS Meetings identified. However, it is unclear under international law whether the pertinent reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS published on Dec. 22, 2017 and Oct. 23, 2018 reflect the views of non-HCPs, including observer delegations such as Oman.

Oman’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Pakistan

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Agenda item 8: Consideration of the Report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons System, Statement by Pakistan at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 15, 2019) https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/hcp-meeting/statements/13Nov_Pakistan2.pdf [https://perma.cc/S26N-JNL9].

Statement by Pakistan at the General Exchange of Views of the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13–15, 2019) https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/hcp-meeting/statements/13Nov_Pakistan.pdf [https://perma.cc/L2SN-95XN].

Statement By Pakistan at the Thematic Debate on Other Disarmament Measures and International Security of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 31, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/29Oct_Pakistan.pdf [https://perma.cc/XNM6-W4K4].

Statement by Pakistan at the General Exchange of Views of the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 22, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_Pakistan.pdf [https://perma.cc/D4VX-J23C].

Agenda item 8, Statement by Pakistan at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 22, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_Pakistan2.pdf [https://perma.cc/57CT-SZKW].

Jehanzeb Khan, First Secretary to the Permanent Mission of Pakistan to the United Nations, Statement at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 29, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/29Oct_Pakistan.pdf [https://perma.cc/5TN2-HNUE].

Ambassador Farukh Amil, Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations, Statement at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 9, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/9Oct_Pakistan.pdf [https://perma.cc/DRY4-SRAL].

Ambassador Farukh Amil, Permanent Representative of Pakistan, Agenda Item 6(a), Statement at the Second Session of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 27, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/F76B74E9D3B22E98C12582F80059906F/$file/2018_GGE+LAWS+2_6a_Pakistan.pdf [https://perma.cc/8FJN-XRK3].

Ambassador Farukh Amil, Permanent Representative of Pakistan, Agenda Item 6(d), Statement at the First Session of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/737EA5C545402850C125827200586194/$file/2018_LAWS6d_Pakistan.pdf [https://perma.cc/9TSD-7LVW].

Usman Jadoon, Counsellor of Pakistan, Agenda item 6(b): Further Consideration of the Human Element in the Use of Lethal Force; Aspects of Human-Machine Interaction in the Development, Deployment and Use of Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by Pakistan at the First Session of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/8D3985AC41854006C1258272005837D9/$file/2018_LAWS6b_Pakistan.pdf [https://perma.cc/L5RK-RZPY].

Usman Jadoon, Counsellor of Pakistan, Agenda Item 6(a), Statement at the First Session of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 10, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/3C4ACA67DFAE8308C12582720057CBFA/$file/2018_LAWS6a_Pakistan.pdf [https://perma.cc/M78V-4QZ9].

Ambassador Farukh Amil, Permanent Representative of Pakistan, Statement at the General Exchange of Views of the First Session of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/05439CD3DE9DDB55C125827200572E00/$file/2018_LAWSGeneralExchange_Pakistan.pdf [https://perma.cc/645N-S9D9].

Jehanzeb Khan, First Secretary of the Permanent Mission of Pakistan to the UN, Statement by Pakistan at the Thematic Debate on Other Disarmament Measures and International Security at the First Committee of the 72nd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 23, 2017), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/23Oct_Pakistan.pdf [https://perma.cc/9D2M-YGHW].

Usman Jadoon, Counsellor, Permanent Mission, Statement by Pakistan at the General Exchange of Views of the Preparatory Committee of the Fifth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Aug. 31-Sep. 2, 2016), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/PrepCom/statements/31August_Pakistan.pdf [https://perma.cc/372N-3ASW].

Usman Jadoon, Counsellor, Security Issues, Statement by Pakistan at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 14, 2016), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/meeting-experts-laws/statements/14April_Pakistan.pdf [https://perma.cc/ZZB6-TWNK].

Usman Jadoon, Counsellor, Challenges to International Humanitarian Law, Statement by Pakistan at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS) (13 Apr. 2016), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/meeting-experts-laws/statements/13April_Pakistan.pdf [https://perma.cc/G74G-S6UH].

Usman Jadoon, Counsellor, Towards a Working Definition of LAWS, Statement by Pakistan at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS) (12 Apr. 2016), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/meeting-experts-laws/statements/12April_Pakistan.pdf [https://perma.cc/8P43-Y5WK].

Tehmina Janjua, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Pakistan, Statement at the General Exchange of Views of the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/D6F11030CC982C11C1257F93005933A0/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_GeneralExchange_Statements_Pakistan.pdf [https://perma.cc/MPG8-3Q62].

Tehmina Janjua, Permanent representative of Pakistan to the United Nations in Geneva and Conference on Disarmament, Statement by Pakistan to the First Committee of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 26, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/26October_Pakistan.pdf [https://perma.cc/YGQ3-BHHT].

Tehmina Janjua, Permanent representative of Pakistan to the United Nations in Geneva and Conference on Disarmament, Statement by Pakistan to the First Committee of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 15, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/15October_Pakistan.pdf [https://perma.cc/Y4JB-QKND].

Inputs by Pakistan, Statement by Pakistan at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/14636F3813F314DBC1257E21005A2A95/$file/LAWSPaper_Pakistan_CCW.pdf [https://perma.cc/8QW4-67EV].

Irfan Mahmood Bokhari, Second Secretary, Statement by Pakistan at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2015/meeting-experts-laws/statements/13April_Pakistan.pdf [https://perma.cc/2Q54-5LF2].

Irfan Mahmood Bokhari, Second Secretary, Statement by Pakistan at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13, 2014), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2014/statements/13Nov_Pakistan.pdf [https://perma.cc/F7NZ-6UU9].

Zamir Akram, Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations, Statement by Pakistan at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 69th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 22, 2014) https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com14/statements/22Oct_Pakistan.pdf [https://perma.cc/3338-SDXV].

Zamir Akram, Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations, Statement by Pakistan at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 69th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 15, 2014) https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com14/statements/15Oct_Pakistan.pdf [https://perma.cc/446B-TCV3].

Statement by Pakistan at the First informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS) (May 13, 2014), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2014/statements/13May_Pakistan.pdf [https://perma.cc/78CQ-ZDQ6].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statements by Pakistan to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 10:18:28, 10:21:40, and 10:46:05), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by Pakistan to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 17:31:33), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statements by Pakistan to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 28, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:40:12 and 12:48:16), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/64EFE0B1-3779-456A-8276-CE14225F1C9A_10h13&position=7268 [https://perma.cc/C9LJ-BF9L].

Statement by Pakistan to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 27, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:35:01), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/23259B84-DEBF-4877-9410-FF702E2AA998_10h12&position=8547 [https://perma.cc/WN4Y-5DSP].

Statement by Pakistan to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 26, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 15:40:22), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/3FCEC61E-B001-432A-964F-123C6522D8B9_15h09&position=1853 [https://perma.cc/RRN6-HGP6].

Statement by Pakistan to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 26, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 11:16:12), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/158251CC-F1AB-4612-922A-FD57F70B0CBE_10h06&position=3969 [https://perma.cc/Y6NX-VUVV].

Ms. Mariam Aftab, Statement by Pakistan to the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (May 30, 2013) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 01:21:55), http://webtv.un.org/meetings-events/human-rights-council/watch/clustered-id-on-executions-and-idps-9th-meeting-23rd-regular-session-of-human-rights-council/2419860355001#player [https://perma.cc/AM3M-F5HK].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Pakistan is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Pakistan is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Pakistan’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Palau

No responsive results identified.

Panama

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Ambassador Isbeth Quiel, Permanent Representative of Panama to the United Nations, Statement at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 14, 2019) (Spanish), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/14Oct_Panama.pdf [https://perma.cc/K5NV-AE2V].

Statement by Panama at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 21–23, 2018) (Spanish), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/22Nov_Panama.pdf [https://perma.cc/94K8-DA72].

Statement by Panama at the General Debate of the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 21–23, 2018) (Spanish), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_Panama.pdf [https://perma.cc/TCX4-84Z9].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Panama to the Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 14, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 10:32:59), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0490/3916479B-3360-4C69-AB5A-AE0BD6FBC687_10h10&position=1351 [https://perma.cc/C2DL-925Y].

Statement by Panama to the Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13, 2017) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:51:00), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/61026CE1-F5DE-48FD-96D1-398CF7783D68_10h08&position=6123 [https://perma.cc/227X-DYLS].

Statement by Panama to the Fifth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Dec. 12, 2016) (DIGITAL RECORDING 15:35:45), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/#linkto-1949 [https://perma.cc/KEE5-CWLN].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Panama is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of two of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in report(s) elaborated in the context of the CCW dated June 10, 2016 and Dec. 11, 2017 (see below).

Panama is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Panama’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Central American Integration System and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Papua New Guinea

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Papua New Guinea’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Paraguay

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Paraguay is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of one of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in the CCW report published on Dec. 11, 2017 (see below).

Peru

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Minister Luis Ugarelli, Permanent Representative of Peru to the United Nations, Statement at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 7, 2019) (Spanish), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/11Oct_Peru.pdf [https://perma.cc/NPH8-87GS].

Item 8: Considerations on the Report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by Peru to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 22, 2018) (Spanish), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/22Nov_Peru.pdf [https://perma.cc/5C33-66Q4].

Gustavo Meza-Cuadra, Permanent Representative of Peru to the United Nations, Statement by Peru at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 12, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/12Oct_Peru.pdf [https://perma.cc/YL7X-68CL].

Statement by Peru to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018) (Spanish), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/13April_Peru.pdf [https://perma.cc/LH9S-V6FT].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Peru to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:53:05), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by Peru to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 17:39:27), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statement by Peru to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 16, 2017) (DIGITAL RECORDING 02:01:16), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/419FD8D8-C666-45AE-8CAA-FD3AA0DA9949_10h17&position=7276 [https://perma.cc/2XNH-DDW7].

Statement by Peru to the Fifth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Dec. 12, 2016) (DIGITAL RECORDING 16:19:40), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/#linkto-1949 [https://perma.cc/KEE5-CWLN].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Peru is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of three of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in report(s) elaborated in the context of the CCW dated June 10, 2014, June 10, 2016, and Dec. 11, 2017 (see below).

Peru is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Peru’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Philippines

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by the Philippines at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 21–23, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_Philippines.pdf [https://perma.cc/PY68-CLPW].

Statement by the Philippines At the First Committee of the 72nd Session of the U.N.G.A. (October 3, 2017), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/3Oct_Philippines.pdf [https://perma.cc/XJA6-DYVC].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by the Philippines to the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13, 2016) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:08:28), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/B3431A05-F41F-489C-B2AA-2599EBF1A9D0_10h08&position=7187 [https://perma.cc/88MZ-SEMJ].

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

The Philippines is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

The Philippines is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

The Philippines’ views may also be reflected in relevant statements of ASEAN and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Poland

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Marcin Wróblewski, Deputy Director of the Security Policy Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Statement by Poland at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 31, 2019) https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/11Oct_Poland.pdf [https://perma.cc/PRD7-NQLF].

Agenda Item 5(e), Statement by Poland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (March 27, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/27March_Poland5e.pdf [https://perma.cc/F6MC-B7RJ].

Agenda item 5 (c), Statement by Poland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (March 27, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/26March_Poland5c.pdf [https://perma.cc/PRU2-8UUL].

General Comments, Statement by Poland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (March 25, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/25March_Poland5d.pdf [https://perma.cc/A4DS-FND3].

Marcin Wróblewski, Deputy Director of the Security Policy Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Statement by Poland at the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 9, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/9Oct_Poland.pdf [https://perma.cc/KTJ3-TM4H].

Statement by Poland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 29, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/29August_Poland.pdf [https://perma.cc/Z3VY-AXTT].

Statement by Poland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/11April_Poland.pdf [https://perma.cc/445J-VCEA].

Working Paper on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Working Paper by Poland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2018/WP.3 (Mar. 28, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/DD887E725A1AF8B3C125825F004AF1E3/$file/CCW_GGE.1_2018_WP.3.pdf [https://perma.cc/PT4U-XJZD].

Ambassador Piotr Stachańczyk, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Poland, Statement at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/931EEA0041DF4AB4C1257F930057DD03/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_GeneralExchange_Statements_Poland.pdf [https://perma.cc/Q3GH-2M3B].

Karolina Zawieska, Research Assistant at the Industrial Research Institute for Automation and Measurements, Human Rights and Ethical Issues, Statement by Poland at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/6D90AD0D94A8796AC1257F9B002A574D/$file/2016_LAWS_MX_HREthicalIssues_Statements_Poland.pdf [https://perma.cc/RMH3-B7MH].

Statement by Poland at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/meeting-experts-laws/statements/12April_Poland.pdf [https://perma.cc/4N32-A2KB].

Challenges to International Humanitarian Law, Statement by Poland at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/D1821C5C4E2D691EC1257F9B005130E1/$file/2016_LAWS+MX+ChallengestoIHL_Statement_Poland.pdf [https://perma.cc/CXB7-ZVUT].

Towards a Working Definition of LAWS, Statement by Poland at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/400223F5850705E2C1257F9B002C008E/$file/2016_LAWS_MX_towardsaworkingdefinition_statements_Poland.pdf [https://perma.cc/YKQ9-2LZK].

Statement by Poland at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/13Nov_Poland.pdf [https://perma.cc/QZP9-8QB8].

Statement by Poland at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/2308C038260A8338C1257E26005E798E/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_Poland.pdf [https://perma.cc/Y4MC-AJF3].

Military Perspective on Accountability In the Context of Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems, Statement by Poland at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/1C220A81A79ADB44C1257E2900471378/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_Poland_IHL.pdf [https://perma.cc/BGM3-RML5].

Developing “Best Practices” in the Exports of LAWS, Statement by Poland at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/856F387814FF4AE1C1257E2A0041F445/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_PolandConc.pdf [https://perma.cc/CV7S-QP7S].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Poland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:03:07), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by Poland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 10:56:20), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Statement by Poland to the UN National Security Council (Aug. 13, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 00:40:44) http://webtv.un.org/search/-the-promotion-and-strengthening-of-the-rule-of-law-in-the-maintenance-of-international-peace-and-security-security-council-8595th-meeting/6072429087001/?term=&lan=english&page=399 [https://perma.cc/6UWQ-H27B].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Poland is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Poland is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Poland’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

Portugal

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Commentaries by Portugal on “Operationalising all eleven guiding principles at a national level” (Aug. 2020), https://documents.unoda.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/20200831-Portugal1.pdf [https://perma.cc/D42J-WA9U].

José Amaral, Minister Counsellor of the Permanent Representation of Portugal, Statement by Portugal at the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 24, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/24Oct_Portugal.pdf [https://perma.cc/CNU9-ZW28].

Mateus Kowalski, Director of the International Law Department, Department of Legal Affairs, Statement by Portugal to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (March 25–29, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/25March_Portugal5d.pdf [https://perma.cc/B5VZ-JNK9].

José Amaral, Minister Counsellor of the Permanent Representation of Portugal, Conventional Weapons, Statement by Portugal at the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 29, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/29Oct_Portugal.pdf [https://perma.cc/64JG-SYBJ].

Cristina Pucarinho, Deputy Permanent Representative of Portugal to the United Nations, Statement by Portugal at the First Committee of the 71st Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 6, 2016), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/6Oct_Portugal.pdf [https://perma.cc/L8JW-JUNQ].

Álvaro Mendonça e Moura, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Permanent Representative, Statement by Portugal at the First Committee of the 70th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 14, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/14October_Portugal.pdf [https://perma.cc/BED7-YN7S].

Ambassador Alvaro Mendonça e Moura, Permanent Representative of Portugal, Statement by Portugal at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 69th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 14, 2014), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com14/statements/14Oct_Portugal.pdf [https://perma.cc/X2QD-ZHUY].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Portugal to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:34:30), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by Portugal to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 16:47:22), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Portugal is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Portugal is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Portugal’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

Qatar

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Qatar is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of three of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in report(s) elaborated in the context of the CCW dated June 2, 2015, June 10, 2016, and Dec. 11, 2017 (see below).

Qatar is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Qatar’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Republic of Korea

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Korea at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 29, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/29Oct_RoK.pdf [https://perma.cc/W4G6-XWZV].

H.E. Ambassador Inchul Kim, Agenda Item 5, Statement by Korea to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/C4C9A800486BA81DC125827200572EE6/$file/2018_LAWSGeneralExchange_RoK.pdf [https://perma.cc/B472-LVT7].

Seo Eunji, Minister Counsellor, Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 72nd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 18, 2017), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/18Oct_ROK.pdf [https://perma.cc/9RSU-R9Y3].

Kim Young-moo, Statement by the Republic of Korea at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 12, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/12Nov_ROK.pdf [https://perma.cc/97RD-5V7A].

Ambassador Oh Joon, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations, Statement at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 70th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 12, 2015), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/12October_ROK.pdf [https://perma.cc/8LZP-6K6L].

Ahn Youngjip, Ambassador, Statement at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2015/meeting-experts-laws/statements/13April_ROK.pdf [https://perma.cc/Y8B3-PW34].

Ahn Youngjip, Ambassador, Statement by the Republic of Korea at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13, 2014), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2014/statements/13Nov_RoK.pdf [https://perma.cc/8PX6-PT8P].

Ahn Youngjip, Ambassador, Statement by the Republic of Korea at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 69th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 2014), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com14/statements/22Oct_ROK.pdf [https://perma.cc/DR65-9PEL].

Ambassador Ahn Youngjip, Statement at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 13, 2014), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/15FD27B028D31769C1257CD8003E25CB/$file/ROK+LAWS+2014.pdf [https://perma.cc/MTQ9-EPS2].

Statement by the Republic of Korea at the General Exchange of Views of the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 14, 2013), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/6A4DA60B95929B46C1257CE5004FA673/$file/RoK_MSP+2013_statement.pdf [https://perma.cc/4KSY-HD8A].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by the Republic of Korea to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:43:25), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by the Republic of Korea to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 16:15:50), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statement by the Republic of Korea to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:41:01), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Statement by the Republic of Korea to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 21, 2018) (DIGITAL RECORDING 15:47:31), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/9DE8541C-724E-4B12-A25D-8AC1CB10FF42_15h23&position=1466 [https://perma.cc/9Z5H-JC8L].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

The Republic of Korea is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

The Republic of Korea is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Romania

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Narcisa Vladulescu, Counselor, Permanent Mission of Romania to the UN, Statement by Romania to the Seventeenth Meeting of the First Committee of the 70th Session of the U.N.G.A., U.N. Official Records, U.N. (Oct. 26, 2015), https://undocs.org/A/C.1/70/PV.17 [https://perma.cc/W7RJ-Q4W3].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Romania is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of three of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in report(s) elaborated in the context of the CCW dated June 10, 2014, June 10, 2016, and Dec. 11, 2017 (see below).

Romania is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Romania’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

Russian Federation

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

National Implementation of the Guiding Principles on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Working Paper of the Russian Federation (unofficial translation) (Sept. 2020), https://documents.unoda.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Ru-Commentaries-on-GGE-on-LAWS-guiding-principles1.pdf [https://perma.cc/Z67Q-5J5N ]; in Russian: https://documents.unoda.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/200824-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82.pdf [https://perma.cc/56ER-WHVN].

Potential opportunities and limitations of military uses of lethal autonomous weapons systems, Submitted by the Russian Federation, Working Paper by the Russian Federation to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2019/WP.1 (Mar. 15, 2019), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/489AAB0F44289865C12583BB0063B977/$file/GGE+LAWS+2019_Working+Paper+Russian+Federation_E.pdf [https://perma.cc/ED7E-3YZB].

Russia’s Approaches to the Elaboration of a Working Definition and Basic Functions of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems in the Context of the Purposes and Objectives of the Convention, Working Paper by the Russian Federation to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2018/WP.6 (Apr. 4, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/FC3CD73A32598111C1258266002F6172/$file/CCW_GGE.1_2018_WP.6_E.pdf [https://perma.cc/LE8H-V6Q2].

Consideration of the Report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by Russia at the Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 22, 2017), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/37365361B9432DC2C125823B00418F0C/$file/2017_GGE+LAWS_Statement_Russia.pdf [https://perma.cc/6N34-G2X3].

Examination of Various Dimensions of Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems in the Context of the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention, Working Paper by the Russian Federation to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2017/WP.8 (Nov. 10, 2017), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/2C67D752B299E6A7C12581D400661C98/$file/2017_GGEonLAWS_WP8_RussianFederation.pdf [https://perma.cc/SA7Z-DMKB].

Vladimir Yermakov, Representative of the Russian Federation to the First Committee, Statement by the Russian Federation at the First Committee of the 72nd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 20, 2017), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/20Oct_Russia.pdf [https://perma.cc/YD26-PYSH].

Vladimir Yermakov, Head of Delegation of the Russian Federation, Deputy Director of the Department for Nonproliferation and Arms Control-Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Statement by the Russian Federation at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 12, 2015), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2015/MSP/statements/12Nov_Russia.pdf [https://perma.cc/3MDN-TP25].

Vladimir Yermakov, Head of Delegation of the Russian Federation, Deputy Director of the Department for Nonproliferation and Arms Control-Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Statement by Russia at the Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13, 2014), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2014/MSP/statements/13Nov_Russia.pdf [https://perma.cc/49UU-JUP3].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statements by the Russian Federation to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 13, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 10:19:43), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0490/3916479B-3360-4C69-AB5A-AE0BD6FBC687_10h10&position=555 [https://perma.cc/NXG8-2E36].

Statements by the Russian Federation to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 16:19:25, 16:20:29, 16:29:55, 16:44:46, 17:40:43, 17:53:50, and 17:57:10), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E16A3633-6504-4B9B-935E-5B0AB0BEFD76_15h02&position=1000# [https://perma.cc/8TYR-HA5Z].

Statement by the Russian Federation to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 10:27:46), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by the Russian Federation to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 15:56:48), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statements by the Russian Federation to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 10:20:52, 10:24:57, and 10:26:27), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Statements by the Russian Federation to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 27, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 15:57:32), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/70E5CC90-B100-4658-95BA-8E8C0D4D581E_15h14&position=2576 [https://perma.cc/PZT7-URER].

Statements by the Russian Federation to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 16, 2017) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:12:13) https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/419FD8D8-C666-45AE-8CAA-FD3AA0DA9949_10h17&position=3296 [https://perma.cc/6HQG-NC2X].

Mr. Alexey Ulsugin, Statement by the Russian Federation to the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (May 30, 2013) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 01:50:45), http://webtv.un.org/meetings-events/human-rights-council/watch/clustered-id-on-executions-and-idps-9th-meeting-23rd-regular-session-of-human-rights-council/2419860355001#player [https://perma.cc/AM3M-F5HK].

Domestic Legal System and/or Potentially Relevant Domestic Policy Framework

Presidential Order No. 490 on the Development of Artificial Intelligence in the Russian Federation: National Strategy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence in the Period until 2030 (Oct. 10, 2019) (Russian), http://static.kremlin.ru/media/events/files/ru/AH4x6HgKWANwVtMOfPDhcbRpvd1HCCsv.pdf [https://perma.cc/D6PV-EK7S].

Roadmap for the Development of End-to-End Digital Technology “Neurotechnology and Artificial Intelligence” (2019) (Russian), https://digital.gov.ru/uploaded/files/07102019ii.pdf [https://perma.cc/T8X6-KPED].

Memorandum of Intent Between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Russian Direct Investment Fund for the Development of a High-Tech “Artificial Intelligence” Region in the Russian Federation, Government of the Russian Federation (Sept. 3, 2019) (Russian), http://static.government.ru/media/files/9Kjc019Pc7Swb2oWu6RccQaiAsNjVfkm.pdf [https://perma.cc/CM5X-8MR4].

Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly (Mar. 1, 2018) (Russian), http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/56957 [https://perma.cc/7K5W-BT29].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

The Russian Federation is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

The Russian Federation is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Rwanda

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Rwanda’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Saint Kitts and Nevis’ views may be reflected in relevant statements of the Caribbean Community and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Saint Lucia

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Saint Lucia’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the Caribbean Community and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines’ views may be reflected in relevant statements of the Caribbean Community and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

San Marino

Third-Party Compilations

São Tomé and Príncipe

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

São Tomé and Príncipe’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Samoa

No responsive results identified.

Saudi Arabia

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Saudi Arabia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Saudi Arabia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Saudi Arabia’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Senegal

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Senegal is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of two of the relevant GGE on LAWS Meetings identified. As such, its views may be reflected in the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS published on Oct. 23, 2018 and Aug. 21, 2019 (see below).

Senegal’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Serbia

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement on the report of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) related to emerging technologies in the area of lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS), Statement by the European Union at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13–15, 2019) (Serbia aligned itself with this statement) https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/hcp-meeting/statements/13Nov_EU1.pdf [https://perma.cc/KZ3E-TEVS]

Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 2019) (Serbia aligned itself with this statement), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/4743F85F29E94653C125845D003AEC47/$file/EU+statement+20190820_GGE+LAWS.pdf [https://perma.cc/YB2D-6N8J].

Possible Options for Addressing the Humanitarian and International Security Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems in the Context of the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention Without Prejudging Policy Outcomes and Taking into Account Past, Present and Future Proposals, Statement by the European Union at the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (March 25–29, 2019) (Serbia aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/27March_EuropeanUnion5e.pdf [https://perma.cc/CNN6-FVPH].

An Exploration of the Potential Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems to International Humanitarian Law, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (March 25–29, 2019) (Serbia aligned itself with this statement) https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/26March_EuropeanUnion5a.pdf [https://perma.cc/R2QT-QH22].

Further Consideration of the Human Element in the Use of Lethal Force; Aspects of Human-Machine Interaction in the Development, Deployment and Use of Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25–29, 2019) (Serbia aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/26March_EU5c.pdf [https://perma.cc/ML9S-SD97].

Review of Potential Military Applications of Related Technologies in the Context of the Group’s Work, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25–29, 2019) (Serbia aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/25March_EuropeanUnion5d.pdf [https://perma.cc/5GN9-UCQ3].

Characterization of the Systems Under Consideration in Order to Promote a Common Understanding on Concepts and Characteristics Relevant to the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25–29, 2019) (Serbia aligned itself with this statement), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/25March_EU5b.pdf [https://perma.cc/3LTV-PLX8].

Agenda Item 8: Consideration of the report of the Group on Governmental Experts on emerging technologies in the area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by the European Union at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (Nov. 21–23, 2018) (Serbia aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/APS7-RH8Q].

Minister Counsellor Viktor Dvořák, Delegation of the European Union to the UN, Statement at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 2018) (Serbia aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/FEB2-MXVK].

Statement by the European Union at the General Exchange of Views of the Meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (April 9–13, 2018) (Serbia aligned itself with this statement), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/00E636906F2DB883C12582720056F109/$file/2018_LAWSGeneralExchange_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/9VEE-RURH].

Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE), Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 13–17, 2017) (Serbia aligned itself with this statement), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/8DDFEE147FB37799C125823B003FFAB0/$file/2017_GGE+LAWS_Statement_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/PSY3-WXXC].

Jacek Bylica, Special Envoy for Disarmament and Non-proliferation of the European External Action Service, Statement by the European Union at the General Debate of the First Assembly of the 71st Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 3, 2016) (Serbia aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/3Oct_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/K5PR-E8EV].

Ambassador H.E. Mr Peter Sørensen, Permanent Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations, Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 12, 2015) (Serbia aligned itself with this statement), http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2015/MSP/statements/12Nov_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/FB23-9PPU].

Minister Counsellor Andras Kos of the Permanent Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations, Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (Nov. 13–14, 2014) (Serbia aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2014/MSP/statements/13Nov_EUgeneral.pdf [https://perma.cc/EJJ3-MD4J].

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Serbia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Serbia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Seychelles

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Seychelles’ views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Sierra Leone

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Yvette Stevens, Ambassador of Sierra Leone, General Statement to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 13–17, 2017), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/1BEE51E43955BD8AC12582490037910A/$file/2017_GGE+LAWS_Statement_SierraLeone.pdf [https://perma.cc/BT54-GB2X].

Yvette Stevens, Ambassador of Sierra Leone, Opening Statement at the Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/0054AE2FAA24E566C1257F9B004A2CAB/$file/SIERRA+LEONE+GENERAL+STATEMENT+2016+MEETING+ON+LAWS.pdf [https://perma.cc/J35W-TG5G].

Yvette Stevens, Ambassador of Sierra Leone, Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13, 2015), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/13Nov_SierraLeone.pdf [https://perma.cc/K38P-UWS5].

General Statement by Sierra Leone at the Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/DBF38F108668C619C1257E26005FACB2/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_Sierra+Leone.pdf [https://perma.cc/RQM5-ACYP].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Ms. Yvette Stevens, Statement by Sierra Leone to the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (May 30, 2013) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 01:59:43), http://webtv.un.org/meetings-events/human-rights-council/watch/clustered-id-on-executions-and-idps-9th-meeting-23rd-regular-session-of-human-rights-council/2419860355001#player [https://perma.cc/AM3M-F5HK].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Sierra Leone is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Sierra Leone is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Sierra Leone’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Singapore

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Singapore is not a High Contracting Party to the CCW but participated as an observer delegation in the work of three of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. However, it is unclear under international law whether the pertinent CCW reports published on June 10, 2014, June 2, 2015, and June 10, 2016 reflect the views of non-HCPs, including observer delegations such as Singapore.

Singapore’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of ASEAN and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Slovakia

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Slovakia at the Fifth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Dec. 12, 2016) (DIGITAL RECORDING 16:37:03), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/DDE5EFD9-810F-41D4-A0AB-3D6244069E03_15h03&position=6251 [https://perma.cc/3QXD-2CJF].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Slovakia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Slovakia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Slovakia’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

Slovenia

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Darja Bavdaz-Kuret, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Slovenia to the United Nations, Statement by Slovenia at the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 15, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/15Oct_Slovenia.pdf [https://perma.cc/FXM2-J3EX].

Statement by Slovenia to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/27August_Slovenia.pdf [https://perma.cc/669E-D36M].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Slovenia at the Fifth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Dec. 12, 2016) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:58:55), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/54DA5E73-CC69-4071-B338-12F997CB3076_10h05&position=6828 [https://perma.cc/W95G-TY89].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Slovenia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Slovenia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Slovenia’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

Solomon Islands

No responsive results identified.

Somalia

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Somalia’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

South Africa

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Martin Ngundze, First Secretary at the Permanent Mission of South Africa to the United Nations, Statement by South Africa at the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 24, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/24Oct_SouthAfrica.pdf [https://perma.cc/Z74X-WK2M].

Statement by South Africa at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 21, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_SouthAfrica.pdf [https://perma.cc/BDN4-KSXJ].

Martin Ngundze, First Secretary at the Permanent Mission of South Africa to the United Nations, Statement at the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 29, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/29Oct_SouthAfrica.pdf [https://perma.cc/KNQ4-WCGD].

Shuaib Mahomed, First Secretary at the South African Mission to the United Nations in Geneva, Statement by South Africa at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 72nd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 20, 2017), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/20Oct_SouthAfrica.pdf [https://perma.cc/B4L6-AZTR].

Statement by South Africa at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/2D4ABB83F4BDC6CBC1257F920057B573/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_GeneralExchange_Statements_South+Africa.pdf [https://perma.cc/YHH2-H2QE].

Statement by South Africa at the Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 9, 2015), http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/12nov_SouthAfrica.pdf [https://perma.cc/43L5-4D9A].

Statement by South Africa at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the 70th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 26, 2015), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/26October_SouthAfrica.pdf [https://perma.cc/J9CB-S7JV].

Statement by South Africa at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/12491185C0E05F97C1257E26005ED1D2/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_South+Africa.pdf [https://perma.cc/YL8R-LUDV].

Statement by South Africa at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the 69th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 22, 2014), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com14/statements/22Oct_SouthAfrica.pdf [https://perma.cc/D9TL-MTH].

Statement by South Africa at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May. 13, 2014), https://unoda-web.s3-accelerate.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/assets/media/07EAD77B37DFB03CC1257CD7005B2DCE/file/SouthAfrica%2BMX%2BLAWS.pdf [https://perma.cc/BUH8-F7FC].

Statement by South Africa at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 2014), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/07EAD77B37DFB03CC1257CD7005B2DCE/$file/SouthAfrica+MX+LAWS.pdf [https://perma.cc/JX9M-KM56].

Statement by South Africa at the First Committee on Disarmament and International Security (Oct. 30, 2013), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com13/statements/30Oct_SouthAfrica.pdf [https://perma.cc/YR4L-FMWP].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statements by South Africa to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 16:11:54 and 17:06:22), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E16A3633-6504-4B9B-935E-5B0AB0BEFD76_15h02&position=1000# [https://perma.cc/8TYR-HA5Z].

Statements by South Africa to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 10:45:35 and 12:18:15), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by South Africa to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 17:35:01), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statement by South Africa to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 26, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 15:43:12), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/3FCEC61E-B001-432A-964F-123C6522D8B9_15h09&position=2023 [https://perma.cc/6XW8-VXHZ].

Statement by South Africa to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13, 2018) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:18:03), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E91311E5-E287-4286-92C6-D47864662A2C_10h14&position=7422 [https://perma.cc/2LMK-PMPV].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

South Africa is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

South Africa is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

South Africa’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

South Sudan

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

South Sudan’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group (see below).

Spain

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Commentaries on National Implementation of the Guiding Principles on LAWS (Spain) (July 2020), https://documents.unoda.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/20200706-Spain.pdf [https://perma.cc/G68Z-7NYV].

Commentaries on National Implementation on the Guiding Principles on LAWS, Statement by Spain to the Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (June 2020), https://documents.unoda.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/20200706-Spain.pdf [https://perma.cc/54R2-4URZ].

Julio Herraiz, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Spain to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement by Spain to the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 21, 2018) (Spanish), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_Spain.pdf [https://perma.cc/DTS3-TH7B].

Statement by Spain at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 29, 2018) (Spanish), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/29Oct_Spain.pdf [https://perma.cc/3EKM-9YQ6].

Statement by Spain at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 16, 2018) (Spanish), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/16Oct_Spain.pdf [https://perma.cc/2MZ9-EV77].

Julio Herraiz, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Spain to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9, 2018) (Spanish), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/072ED40378F79CFBC125827200575723/$file/2018_LAWSGeneralExchange_Spain.pdf [https://perma.cc/HCJ5-GQR8].

Ambassador Julio Herraiz, Permanent Representative of Spain to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 13, 2017) (Spanish), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/7B1AF477D65127AFC125823B0041DB1E/$file/2017_GGE+LAWS_Statement_Spain.pdf [https://perma.cc/9F23-ZV4Z].

Julio Herraiz, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Spain to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11, 2016) (Spanish), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/11D5559FF34EE280C1257F9A004436F3/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_GeneralExchange_Statements_Spain.pdf [https://perma.cc/T7BN-MCAB].

Ambassador Julio Herraiz, Permanent Representative of Spain to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13, 2015) (Spanish), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/27553F79A5E96123C1257E3400530A54/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_Spain.pdf [https://perma.cc/CL3J-J38W].

Statement by Spain at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 13, 2014) (Spanish), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/ACB8BE214BAF691BC1257CD7005DAB8A/$file/Spain_MX_LAWS_2014.pdf [https://perma.cc/8K4T-LXKQ].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Spain at the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25, 2018) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 16:44:27), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/F3D2463F-A164-40F5-A3E5-87C81CDDA2FE_15h06&position=5775 [https://perma.cc/3RYF-VXFF].

Statement by Spain at the Convention on Conventional Weapons Meeting of High Contracting Parties (November 15, 2013) (DIGITAL RECORDING), https://unoda-web.s3-accelerate.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/assets/media/1494255AE01A6DA6C1257CEC002CAB05/file/1003.MP3 [https://perma.cc/7M5C-Y7X7].

Domestic Legal System and/or Potentially Relevant Domestic Policy Framework

Ángel Gómez de Ágreda et al, Artificial intelligence, Automation and Robotics (AIA&R) in the Military, Spanish Institute for Strategic Studies (April 2019) (Spanish), http://www.ieee.es/Galerias/fichero/docs_trabajo/2019/DIEEET04-2019InteligenciaRobotica.pdf [https://perma.cc/6QHG-9J76].

José Manuel Roldán Tudela et. at., Artificial Intelligence Applied to Defense, Spanish Institute for Strategic Studies (March 2019) (Spanish), https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/d/s/dsd_79_la_inteligencia_artificial_aplicada_a_la_defensa.pdf [https://perma.cc/8EFN-9RCC].

Félix Fernández Merino et. at., Unmanned Systems, Spanish Institute for Strategic Studies, (2012) (Spanish), https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/P/D/PDF223.pdf [https://perma.cc/YW6L-44FJ].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Spain is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Spain is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Spain’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

Sri Lanka

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Sri Lanka at the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 11, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/11Oct_SriLanka.pdf [https://perma.cc/9H7F-JT6X].

Statement by Sri Lanka at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 21, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_SriLanka.pdf [https://perma.cc/7BBA-NJTH].

Statement by Sri Lanka at the General Exchange of Views at the Meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/B863C8597C0B6E78C125827200572F03/$file/2018_LAWSGeneralExchange_Sri+Lanka.pdf [https://perma.cc/E7UN-AHQA].

Statement by Sri Lanka at the General Exchange of Views at the Meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 13, 2017), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/57E7A2A6AEC534B6C125823C00601784/$file/2017_MHCP_Statement_SriLanka.pdf [https://perma.cc/BEJ3-5SJT].

Niluka Kadurugamuwa, Minister Counsellor of Sri Lanka, Statement at the Thematic Debate on the Convention Weapons Cluster of the First Committee of the 71st Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 24, 2016), https://www.un.int/srilanka/statements_speeches/statement-delegation-sri-lanka-thematic-debate-conventional-weapons-cluster [https://perma.cc/H6DT-9WGQ].

Statement by Sri Lanka at the General Exchange of Views of the Preparatory Committee of the Fifth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (Aug. 31, 2016), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/PrepCom/statements/31August_SriLanka.pdf [https://perma.cc/9LXQ-JWVY].

Ambassador Ravinatha P. Aryasinha, Permanent Representative of Sri Lanka, Statement at the General Debate of the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/3C6DB800C1A0D79AC1257F9200574C75/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_GeneralExchange_Statements_Sri+Lanka.pdf [https://perma.cc/G6PQ-EFEP].

Statement by Sri Lanka at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/30534E70A6CFAAC6C1257E26005F2B19/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_Sri+Lanka.pdf [https://perma.cc/7J3K-TDG2].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Sri Lanka is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of three of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in report(s) elaborated in the context of the CCW dated June 2, 2015, June 10, 2016, and Dec. 11, 2017 (see below).

Sri Lanka is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Sri Lanka’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Sudan

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Sudan is not a High Contracting Party to the CCW but is a signatory state to the CCW and participated in the work of one of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. However, it is unclear under international law whether the pertinent CCW report published on Dec. 11, 2017 reflects the views of non-HCPs, including signatory states such as Sudan.

Sudan is not a High Contracting Party to the CCW but is a signatory state to the CCW and participated in the work of one of the relevant GGE on LAWS Meetings identified. However, It is unclear under international law whether the GGE on LAWS report published on Aug. 21, 2019 reflects the views of non-HCPs, including signatory states such as Sudan.

Sudan’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Suriname

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Suriname’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the Caribbean Community and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Sweden

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Sweden at the General Debate of the Meeting of High Contracting Parties of the CCW (Nov. 14, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/hcp-meeting/statements/13Nov_Sweden.pdf [https://perma.cc/6TQ8-WZX8].

Agenda item 8, Consideration of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on LAWS, Statement by Sweden at the Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13–15, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/hcp-meeting/statements/13Nov_Sweden2.pdf [https://perma.cc/4GFQ-HYGP].

Andrés Jato, Deputy Director General at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Statement by Sweden at the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 9, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/9Oct_Sweden.pdf [https://perma.cc/9Q9J-KC94].

General Statement by Sweden to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/12706C2B73502F13C125827400536FA9/$file/2018_LAWSGeneralExchange_Sweden.pdf [https://perma.cc/K87N-T2FR].

Ambassador Tore Hattrem, Permanent Representative of Norway, Statement on Behalf of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden At the First Committee of the 72nd Session of the UN General Assembly (Oct. 2, 2017), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/2Oct_Nordic.pdf [https://perma.cc/V35A-PXH3].

Statement by Sweden at the Preparatory Committee of the Fifth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Aug. 2016), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/PrepCom/statements/31Aug_Sweden.pdf [https://perma.cc/7NNS-PKJ6].

General Statement by Sweden at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/1E243D02F4D06BEEC1257F9400420DA0/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_GeneralExchange_Statements_Sweden.pdf [https://perma.cc/6ZC4-YQNA].

Challenges to International Humanitarian Law, Statement by Sweden at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/0B1EA0C5D19CEE25C1257F9B0051BB4E/$file/2016_LAWS+MX+ChallengestoIHL_Statement_Sweden.pdf [https://perma.cc/MFX4-4VZ4].

Statement by Sweden at the First Committee of the 70th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 26, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/26October_Sweden.pdf [https://perma.cc/WSP2-V5WP].

General Statement by Sweden at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/FBA5C1A7B76A728AC1257E26005F529B/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_Sweden.pdf [https://perma.cc/XG6N-2C9D].

Remarks on Transparency and the Way Forward, Statement by Sweden at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/5AF329FE18687930C1257E2D002BE59D/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_Sweden_W.A.pdf [https://perma.cc/RGN2-6PHM].

Statement by Sweden at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 69th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 2014) https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com14/statements/23Oct_Sweden.pdf [https://perma.cc/DK2E-QNS9].

Statement by Sweden at the General Debate of the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 13, 2014), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/1E2F8F22E2F4F32EC1257CDA00725F47/$file/Sweden+LAWS+2014.pdf [https://perma.cc/3JFL-LR6Y].

Session on Legal Aspects, Statement by Sweden at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 13–16, 2014), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/0793D8814115659DC1257CDA0072B673/$file/Sweden_Legal+Aspects_IHL.pdf [https://perma.cc/W3B9-82KU].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Sweden to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 16:58:06), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E16A3633-6504-4B9B-935E-5B0AB0BEFD76_15h02&position=1000# [https://perma.cc/8TYR-HA5Z].

Statement by Sweden to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 18:03:03), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statement by Sweden to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 12:17:57), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Statement by Sweden to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 27, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 15:36:42), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/70E5CC90-B100-4658-95BA-8E8C0D4D581E_15h14&position=1325 [https://perma.cc/6R6A-BSKF].

Statement by Sweden to the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (May 30, 2013) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 02:07:49), http://webtv.un.org/meetings-events/human-rights-council/watch/clustered-id-on-executions-and-idps-9th-meeting-23rd-regular-session-of-human-rights-council/2419860355001#player [https://perma.cc/AM3M-F5HK].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Sweden is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Sweden is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Sweden’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

Switzerland

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Switzerland’s commentary on operationalizing the guiding principles at a national level, as requested by the Chair of the 2020 Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) within the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (Aug. 2020), https://documents.unoda.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/20200825-Switzerland.pdf [https://perma.cc/D2PQ-CKES].

Statement by Switzerland at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 23, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/23Oct_Switzerland.pdf [https://perma.cc/F53R-3T7X].

Félix Baumann, Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the Conference on Disarmament, General Debate, Statement by Switzerland at the First Committee of the 74rd Session of the UN General Assembly (Original in French) (Oct. 14, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/14Oct_Switzerland.pdf [https://perma.cc/WL9U-FRT9].

Sabrina Dallafior, Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the General Debate of the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 21, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_Switzerland.pdf [https://perma.cc/PD26-VGSM].

Sabrina Dallafior, Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the Conference on Disarmament, Agenda Item 8, Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 21, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_Switzerland2.pdf [https://perma.cc/ZTT2-26X5].

Sabrina Dallafior, Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement by Switzerland at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 24, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_Switzerland.pdf [https://perma.cc/T7X2-V58Y].

Sabrina Dallafior, Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement by Switzerland at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the UN General Assembly (Oct. 17, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/17Oct_Switzerland.pdf [https://perma.cc/8U7C-JZC3].

Agenda Item 6d: Possible Options for Addressing the Humanitarian and International Security Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems in the Context of the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention Without Prejudging Policy Outcomes and Taking into Account Past, Present and Future Proposals, Statement by Switzerland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 27–31, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/1C584CEA107C0F9DC12582FE003992CA/$file/2018_GGE+LAWS+2_6d_Switzerland.pdf [https://perma.cc/9T55-DQ3P].

Agenda Item 6b: Further Consideration of the Human Element in the Use of Lethal Force; Aspects of Human-Machine Interaction in the Development, Deployment and Use of Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by Switzerland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 27–31, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/28August_Switzerland.pdf [https://perma.cc/HQ2G-UV8L].

Elements - Agenda item 6a) Characterization of the Systems Under Consideration in Order to Promote a Common Understanding on Concepts and Characteristics Relevant to the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention, Statement by Switzerland at the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 27–31, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/27August_Switzerland.pdf [https://perma.cc/HR8E-LMYD].

H.E. Sabrina Dallafior, Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the Conference on Disarmament, Policy Options, Statement to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/BD37A4166403DFE9C1258272005861A5/$file/2018_LAWS6d_Switzerland.pdf [https://perma.cc/GTW7-HDMZ].

Reto Wollenmann, Deputy Head of Arms Control of the Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Section of Switzerland, Agenda Item 6b: Further Consideration of the Human Element in the Use of Lethal Force; Aspects of Human-Machine Interaction in the Development, Deployment and Use of Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/37E72F1F348D2A84C1258272005837F9/$file/2018_LAWS6b_Switzerland.pdf [https://perma.cc/XYK2-AK85].

Reto Wollenmann, Deputy Head of Arms Control of the Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Section of Switzerland, Agenda Item 6a: Characterization of the Systems Under Consideration in Order to Promote a Common Understanding on Concepts and Characteristics Relevant to the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention, Statement to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 10, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/53A01364B895DF97C12582720057CC3D/$file/2018_LAWS6a_Switzerland.pdf [https://perma.cc/3XXF-8MHL].

H.E. Sabrina Dallafior, Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the Exchange of General Views of the Meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/CDA07B933C0B0143C125827200572F23/$file/2018_LAWSGeneralExchange_Switzerland+(EN).pdf [https://perma.cc/862G-LET3].

Sabrina Dallafior, Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement at the General Debate of the Meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 13, 2017), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/B1AF39F7073E6ADEC125823B00418ECB/$file/2017_GGE+LAWS_Statement_Switzerland.pdf [https://perma.cc/CTP4-U3CM].

A “Compliance-Based” Approach to Autonomous Weapon Systems, Working Paper by Switzerland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2017/WP.9 (Nov. 10, 2017), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/6B80F9385F6B505FC12581D4006633F8/$file/2017_GGEonLAWS_WP9_Switzerland.pdf [https://perma.cc/XY56-63QT].

Sabrina Dallafior, Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the Conference on Disarmament, General Debate, Statement by Switzerland At the First Committee of the 72nd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 23, 2017), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/5Oct_Switzerland.pdf [https://perma.cc/5ZRZ-BU6H].

Sabrina Dallafior, Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the Conference on Disarmament, General Debate, Statement by Switzerland at the First Committee of the 71st Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 5, 2016), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/5Oct_Switzerland.pdf [https://perma.cc/X6Y2-ZXAV].

Reto Wollenmann, Swiss Delegation, Preparations for Main Committee II - Views of Exchange on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), Statement by Switzerland at the Preparatory Committee of the Fifth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Sept. 1, 2016), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/PrepCom/statements/1September_Switzerland.pdf [https://perma.cc/6VHL-T6ZR].

Sabrina Dallafior, Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement by Switzerland at the General Exchange of Views of the Preparatory Committee of the Fifth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Aug. 31, 2016), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/PrepCom/statements/1Sep_Switzerland.pdf [https://perma.cc/GZ5B-DYTX].

Michael Siegrist, Legal officer of International Humanitarian Law and International Criminal Justice, Directorate of International Law DIL, A Purpose-Oriented Working Definition for Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by Switzerland at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/558F0762F97E8064C1257F9B0051970A/$file/2016.04.13+LAWS+Legal+Session+(as+read).pdf [https://perma.cc/ZJ9V-R4FH].

Reto Wollenmann, Deputy Head of Arms Control of the Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Section of Switzerland, A Purpose-Oriented Working Definition for Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 12, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/A204A142AD3E3E29C1257F9B004FB74B/$file/2016.04.12+LAWS+Definitions_as+read.pdf [https://perma.cc/XSF5-ZF9R].

Urs Schmid, Statement by Switzerland at the General Debate of the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/29BA73179A848FF5C1257F9C0042FD40/$file/2016.04.11_LAWS+CCW+General+Debate+Switzerland_as+read.pdf [https://perma.cc/8H45-4RXH].

Towards a “Compliance-Based” Approach to LAWS: Informal Working Paper, Statement by Switzerland at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 30, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/D2D66A9C427958D6C1257F8700415473/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_CountryPaper+Switzerland.pdf [https://perma.cc/WRJ6-CCMS].

Reto Wollenmann, Division for Security Policy-Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems, Statement by Switzerland at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2015/MSP/statements/13Nov_Switzerland.pdf [https://perma.cc/23SE-CW9W].

Urs Schmid, Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement by Switzerland at the General Debate of the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 12, 2015), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2015/MSP/statements/12Nov_Switzerland.pdf [https://perma.cc/H4X5-MB6C].

Benno Laggner, Chief of the Political Security Division, Statement by Switzerland at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 70th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 26, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/26October_Switzerland.pdf [https://perma.cc/JQ8G-A74X].

H.E. Urs Schmid, Statement by Switzerland at the General Debate of the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13, 2015) (French), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/9E2AB27D6A90C666C1257E26005F8E20/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_Switzerland.pdf [https://perma.cc/W8M9-MJAP].

Statement by Switzerland at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 69th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 22, 2014), https://unoda-web.s3-accelerate.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/assets/special/meetings/firstcommittee/69/pdfs/TD_CW_22_Oct_Switzerland.pdf [https://perma.cc/UQH3-2YJW].

Benno Laggner, Head of Security Policy Division, Statement by Switzerland at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 69th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 8, 2014), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com14/statements/8Oct_Switzerland.pdf [https://perma.cc/X95E-25VN].

Statement by Switzerland at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 13–16, 2014) (French), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/525D6AD9D368DC1AC1257CDA00569251/$file/Switzerland_LAWS_FinalStatement_2014.pdf [https://perma.cc/9L4Q-22ZH].

Statement by Switzerland at the General Exchange of Views of the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 13, 2014), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/5F8BCC604DF5F6BFC1257CD7004543F1/$file/Switzerland+MX+LAWS.pdf [https://perma.cc/SD2H-ADPS].

Statement by Switzerland at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (Nov. 14, 2013), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/MSP-2013/Statements/14Nov_Switzerland.pdf [https://perma.cc/A4FW-RSHN].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Switzerland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:34:23), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statements by Switzerland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 17:19:30 and 17:47:36), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E16A3633-6504-4B9B-935E-5B0AB0BEFD76_15h02&position=1000# [https://perma.cc/CTH7-RXJL].

Statement by Switzerland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 16:34:51), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statement by Switzerland to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:12:12) https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E16A3633-6504-4B9B-935E-5B0AB0BEFD76_15h02&position=1000# [https://perma.cc/CTH7-RXJL].

Ms. Anh Thu Duong, Statement by Switzerland to the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (May 30, 2013) (DIGITAL RECORDING 01:55:27), http://webtv.un.org/meetings-events/human-rights-council/watch/clustered-id-on-executions-and-idps-9th-meeting-23rd-regular-session-of-human-rights-council/2419860355001#player [https://perma.cc/AM3M-F5HK].

Domestic Legal System and/or Potentially Relevant Domestic Policy Framework

Challenges of Artificial Intelligence: Report of the Interdepartmental Artificial Intelligence Working Group at the Federal Council (Dec. 2019) (French), https://www.sbfi.admin.ch/dam/sbfi/fr/dokumente/2019/12/bericht_idag_ki.pdf.download.pdf/bericht_idag_ki_f.pdf [https://perma.cc/B7NZ-3PQ6].

Future of Aerial Defense: Security of Airspace for the Protection of Switzerland and Her Population, Swiss Armed Forces (2019) (French), https://www.vbs.admin.ch/content/vbs-internet/fr/die-schweizer-armee/sicherheit-im-luftraum.download/vbs-internet/fr/documents/defense/s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9espacea%C3%A9rien/Bericht-Luftverteidigung-der-Zukunft-f.pdf [https://perma.cc/U223-CNF7].

Future of Land Forces: Report on Development Perspectives of Land Force Capacities, Swiss Armed Forces (2019) (French), https://www.vbs.admin.ch/content/vbs-internet/fr/die-schweizer-armee/modernisierung-der-bodentruppen.download/vbs-internet/fr/documents/defense/forces-terrestres/Grundlagenbericht-Zukunft-Bodentruppen-f.pdf [https://perma.cc/9ZRD-HVP3].

Are the Air-2030 Systems Among the Autonomous Weapons Systems?, The Federal Assembly of Switzerland, Motion 18.3624 (Jun. 15, 2018) (German), https://www.parlament.ch/de/ratsbetrieb/suche-curia-vista/geschaeft?AffairId=20183624 [https://perma.cc/2RPM-PBCX].

Are the Air-2030 Systems Among the Autonomous Weapons Systems?, The Federal Assembly of Switzerland, Motion 18.3675 (Jun. 15, 2018) (German) https://www.parlament.ch/de/ratsbetrieb/suche-curia-vista/geschaeft?AffairId=20183675 [https://perma.cc/84QV-LGE7].

Prohibition Of Autonomous Robotic Weapons Systems in a New Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions, The Federal Assembly of Switzerland, Motion 17.3195 (Mar. 16, 2018) (German), https://www.parlament.ch/de/ratsbetrieb/suche-curia-vista/geschaeft?AffairId=20173195 [https://perma.cc/25TB-D2AR].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Switzerland is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Switzerland is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Syria

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Syria’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Tajikistan

No responsive results identified.

Tanzania

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Tanzania’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Thailand

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Pichamonch Pintola, Second Secretary, Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of Thailand to the United Nations, Statement at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 29, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/29Oct_Thailand.pdf [https://perma.cc/D3TY-D6NH].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Thailand is not a High Contracting Party to the CCW but participated as an observer delegation in the work of three of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. However, it is unclear under international law whether the pertinent CCW reports published on June 10, 2014, June 2, 2015, and Dec. 11, 2017 reflect the views of non-HCPs, including observer delegations such as Thailand.

Thailand’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of ASEAN and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Timor-Leste

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Timor-Leste’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Togo

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Togo is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of one of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in the CCW report published on Dec. 11, 2017 (see below).

Togo is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of two of the relevant GGE on LAWS Meeting identified. As such, its views may be reflected in the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS published on Dec. 22, 2017 and Oct. 23, 2018 (see below).

Togo’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Tonga

No responsive results identified.

Trinidad and Tobago

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Trinidad and Tobago’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the Caribbean Community and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Tunisia

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Tunisia to the Ninth Meeting of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A., U.N. Official Records, U.N. Doc. A/C.1/73/PV.9 (Oct. 17, 2018), https://undocs.org/A/C.1/73/PV.9 [https://perma.cc/VM69-7BEG].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Tunisia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of three of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in report(s) elaborated in the context of the CCW dated June 2, 2015, June 10, 2016, and Dec. 11, 2017 (see below).

Tunisia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of one of the relevant GGE on LAWS Meetings identified. As such, its views may be reflected in the GGE on LAWS report published on Dec. 22, 2017 (see below).

Tunisia’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Turkey

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Turkey at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 24, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/25Oct_Turkey.pdf [https://perma.cc/2YCZ-YRR6].

Statement by Turkey at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 25, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/29Oct_Turkey.pdf [https://perma.cc/H36B-B2UH].

Minister Counsellor Viktor Dvořák, Delegation of the European Union to the UN, Statement at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 2018) (Turkey aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/FEB2-MXVK].

Statement by the European Union at the General Exchange of Views of the Meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (April 9–13, 2018) (Turkey aligned itself with this statement), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/00E636906F2DB883C12582720056F109/$file/2018_LAWSGeneralExchange_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/9VEE-RURH].

Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 13–17, 2017) (Turkey aligned itself with this statement), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/8DDFEE147FB37799C125823B003FFAB0/$file/2017_GGE+LAWS_Statement_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/PSY3-WXXC].

Statement by Turkey to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 15, 2017), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/1ABD0657BFB3B9F9C12582490037E7D8/$file/2017_GGE+LAWS_Statement_Turkey.pdf [https://perma.cc/5WBV-WA8R].

Statement by Turkey at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 72nd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 20, 2017), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/20Oct_Turkey.pdf [https://perma.cc/B6KY-FZW3].

Statement by Turkey at the General Exchange of the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/D3C97CBA51D5EF62C1257F9400422F29/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_GeneralExchange_Statements_Turkey.pdf [https://perma.cc/65ZT-LL2B].

Statement by Turkey at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 12, 2015), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/12Nov_Turkey.pdf [https://perma.cc/MJM8-U3XM].

Ambassador H.E. Mr Peter Sørensen, Permanent Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations, Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 12, 2015) (Turkey aligned itself with this statement), http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2015/MSP/statements/12Nov_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/FB23-9PPU].

General Statement by Turkey at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/4347A31E7414D544C1257E26005FD37F/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_Turkey.pdf [https://perma.cc/3NSD-YLEU].

Statement by Turkey at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 69th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 23, 2014), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com14/statements/23Oct_Turkey.pdf [https://perma.cc/KN8N-HQCE].

Statement by Turkey at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 14, 2013), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/7997878D08A27D88C1257CE5004F41B6/$file/Turkey_MSP+2013_statement.pdf [https://perma.cc/YXR8-44XQ].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Turkey is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Turkey is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

Turkmenistan

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Turkmenistan’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Tuvalu

No responsive results identified.

Uganda

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Uganda to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 17, 2017) (DIGITAL RECORDING 16:39:27), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/CA6B41B2-A483-43A5-8916-64BE77E2AD58_15h48&position=3050 [https://perma.cc/3DE6-C7U5].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Uganda is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Uganda is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS below.

Uganda’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Ukraine

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement on the Report of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) Related to Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), Statement by the European Union at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (Nov. 13–15) (Ukraine aligned itself with this statement) https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/hcp-meeting/statements/13Nov_EU1.pdf [https://perma.cc/KZ3E-TEVS]

Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 2019) (Ukraine aligned itself with this statement), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/4743F85F29E94653C125845D003AEC47/$file/EU+statement+20190820_GGE+LAWS.pdf [https://perma.cc/YB2D-6N8J].

Jacek Bylica, Special Envoy for Disarmament and Non-proliferation of the European External Action Service, Statement by the European Union at the General Debate of the First Assembly of the 71st Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 3, 2016) (Ukraine aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/3Oct_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/K5PR-E8EV].

Ambassador H.E. Mr Peter Sørensen, Permanent Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations, Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 12, 2015) (Ukraine aligned itself with this statement), http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2015/MSP/statements/12Nov_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/FB23-9PPU].

Minister Counsellor Andras Kos of the Permanent Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations, Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13–14, 2014) (Ukraine aligned itself with this statement), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2014/MSP/statements/13Nov_EUgeneral.pdf [https://perma.cc/EJJ3-MD4J].

Mr. Oleksandr Aleksandrovich, Head of the Delegation of the Ukraine to the CCW, Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 14, 2013), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/0E07C8C64E863BDCC1257CE5004F695A/$file/Ukraine_MSP+2013_statement.pdf [https://perma.cc/X72Q-LTE4].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Ukraine is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of three of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in report(s) elaborated in the context of the CCW dated June 2, 2015, June 10, 2016, and Dec. 11, 2017 (see below).

United Arab Emirates

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

United Arab Emirates is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

United Arab Emirates is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of two of the relevant GGE on LAWS Meetings identified. As such, its views may be reflected in the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS published on Dec. 22, 2017 and Aug. 21, 2019 (see below).

United Kingdom

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

UK Commentary on the Operationalisation of the LAWS Guiding Principles (Sept. 2020), https://documents.unoda.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/20200901-United-Kingdom.pdf [https://perma.cc/X2TX-T2FX].

H.E. Mr Aidan Liddle, Permanent Representative to the Conference on Disarmament, General Statement by the United Kingdom at the Meeting of the Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13, 2019) https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/hcp-meeting/statements/13Nov_UK.pdf [https://perma.cc/7AMP-FDQN].

Agenda Item 8: Consideration of the Report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons System, Statement by the United Kingdom at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13, 2019) https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/hcp-meeting/statements/13Nov_UK2.pdf [https://perma.cc/39DC-4LM7].

Statement by the United Kingdom at Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 21–23, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/22Nov_UK5.pdf [https://perma.cc/2RKD-XPVH].

Statement by the United Kingdom at the Thematic Debate of the First Committee of the 73rd Session of the UN General Assembly (Oct. 29, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/29Oct_UK.pdf [https://perma.cc/4E8M-8W4V].

Human Machine Touchpoints: The United Kingdom’s Perspective On Human Control Over Weapon Development And Targeting Cycles, Working Paper by the United Kingdom to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.2/2018/WP.1 (Aug. 8, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/documents/GGE.2-WP1.pdf [https://perma.cc/23YQ-VZL2].

Possible Options for Addressing the Humanitarian and International Security Challenges Posed by Emerging Technology in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by United Kingdom to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 12, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/F53CCFF100191B6FC125827A003503DB/$file/2018_LAWS6d_UK.pdf [https://perma.cc/3JK5-8ACE].

Discussion on the Human Element in the Use of Lethal Force; Aspects of Human-machine Interaction in the Development, Deployment and Use of Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by the United Kingdom to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/9CE24D9A02CCBAC5C125827A0034B4A5/$file/2018_LAWS6b_UK.pdf [https://perma.cc/7WWK-7JTV].

Characterization of the Systems Under Consideration in Order to Promote a Common Understanding on Concepts and Characteristics Relevant to the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention, Statement by the United Kingdom to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 10, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/DAFE6116DB9425CAC125827A003492FD/$file/2018_LAWS6a_UK.pdf [https://perma.cc/28WM-5H2V].

Statement by the United Kingdom at the General Exchange of Views to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/271A66FCD9412E18C125827A003454CF/$file/2018_LAWSGeneralExchange_UK.pdf [https://perma.cc/RK82-CP2Q].

Statement by the United Kingdom at the General Exchange of Views at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/49456EB7B5AC3769C1257F920057D1FE/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_GeneralExchange_Statements_United+Kingdom.pdf [https://perma.cc/QX2Z-TUL7].

Working Towards a Definition of LAWS, Statement by the United Kingdom at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/44E4700A0A8CED0EC1257F940053FE3B/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_Towardaworkingdefinition_Statements_United+Kindgom.pdf [https://perma.cc/A4YL-AYBG].

Possible Challenges to IHL Due to Increasing Degrees of Autonomy, Statement by the United Kingdom to the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/37B0481990BC31DAC1257F940053D2AE/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_ChallengestoIHL_Statements_United+Kingdom.pdf [https://perma.cc/C24R-QC95].

Statement by the United Kingdom at the General Debate of the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/1CBF996AF7AD10E2C1257E260060318A/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_United+Kingdom.pdf [https://perma.cc/8D3L-JPSQ].

Guy Pollard, Deputy Permanent Representative to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement by the United Kingdom at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 69th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 22, 2014) https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com14/statements/23Oct_UK.pdf [https://perma.cc/RV5B-7GGH].

Statement by the United Kingdom to the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 16, 2014), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/51FD5D35067644D8C1257CDA005687E5/$file/UnitedKingdom_LAWS_FinalStatement_2014.pdf [https://perma.cc/3DFW-XDGV].

Draft Statement by the United Kingdom at the First Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (May 13, 2014), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/127D57D3E3E86F91C1257CD7005DB61D/$file/UK_MX_LAWS_2014.pdf https://perma.cc/MWB3-2JGX].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by the United Kingdom to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:39:11), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by the United Kingdom to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 17:19:16), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E16A3633-6504-4B9B-935E-5B0AB0BEFD76_15h02&position=1000# [https://perma.cc/8TYR-HA5Z].

Statement by the United Kingdom to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 17:54:21), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statement by the United Kingdom to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 15, 2017) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:03:19), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/EDA01C29-125B-4280-9EC1-92C44A4E9830_10h09&position=3223 [https://perma.cc/4PHE-X6QH].

Mr. Chris Lomax, Statement by the United Kingdom to the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (May 30, 2013) (DIGITAL RECORDING 06:53), http://webtv.un.org/search/clustered-id-on-executions-and-idps-contd-10th-meeting-23rd-regular-session-of-human-rights-council/2419860367001?term=10th%20meeting#player [https://perma.cc/7M3B-ZV39].

Domestic Legal System and/or Potentially Relevant Domestic Policy Framework

Army Industrial Engagement Framework, Army be the Best (Aug. 23, 2020) https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/829625/ADR007574_industrial_engagement_FINAL2_WEB.pdf [https://perma.cc/KJ4F-7GJK].

Government response to House of Lords Artificial Intelligence Select Committee’s Report on AI in the UK: Ready, Willing and Able?, Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy by Command of Her Majesty (June 2018), https://www.parliament.uk/documents/lords-committees/Artificial-Intelligence/AI-Government-Response2.pdf [https://perma.cc/3FUG-R8KN].

AI in the UK: Ready, Willing and Able?, House of Lords, Select Committee on Artificial Intelligence (Apr. 16. 2018), https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201719/ldselect/ldai/100/100.pdf [https://perma.cc/T3TP-NYBZ].

Unmanned Aircraft Systems: Joint Doctrine Publication (JDP) 0-30.2, Ministry of Defense (2017), https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/673940/doctrine_uk_uas_jdp_0_30_2.pdf [https://perma.cc/KJJ6-UNB8].

Earl Howe, Minister of State for Defence, Response to Question from Lord West of Spithead on Autonomous Weapons Systems (Dec. 13, 2016), https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/?id=2016-12-06.HL3864.h&s=autonomous+weapons#gHL3864.q0 [https://perma.cc/629Z-CGFY].

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

The United Kingdom is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

The United Kingdom is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS (see below).

The United Kingdom’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the EU (see below).

United States of America

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

U.S. Commentaries on the Guiding Principles (Sept. 1, 2020), https://documents.unoda.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/20200901-United-States.pdf [https://perma.cc/JF6J-GLWM].

Ambassador Robert Wood, Permanent Representative of the United States to the Conference on Disarmament, Statement by the United States at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 74rd Session of the UN General Assembly (Oct. 23, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/23Oct_US.pdf [https://perma.cc/FKU9-X8N6].

Thomas G. DiNanno, Deputy Assistant Secretary and Senior Bureau Official, Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance U.S. Department of State, Statement at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 10, 2019), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/10Oct_US.pdf [https://perma.cc/YRL8-TJ9X].

Implementing International Humanitarian Law in the Use of Autonomy in Weapon Systems, Working Paper to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2019/WP.5 (Mar. 28, 2019), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/B2A09D0D6083CB7CC125841E0035529D/$file/CCW_GGE.1_2019_WP.5.pdf [https://perma.cc/V3E2-BW7U].

Shawn Steene, U.S. Practice in the Assessment of Weapons Systems, Statement by the United States to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 27, 2019), https://geneva.usmission.gov/2019/03/28/convention-on-ccw-u-s-practice-in-the-assessment-of-weapons-systems/ [https://perma.cc/PM9N-ARSD].

Charles Trumbull, Possible Options for Addressing Challenges Posed by LAWS, Statement by the United States to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 27, 2019), https://geneva.usmission.gov/2019/03/28/convention-on-ccw-gge-possible-options-for-addressing-challenges-posed-by-laws/ [https://perma.cc/K7WN-EGVZ].

Paula Marshall, Potential Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of LAWS to IHL, Statement by the United States to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 26, 2019), https://geneva.usmission.gov/2019/03/27/convention-on-ccw-potential-challenges-posed-by-emerging-technologies-in-the-area-of-laws-to-ihl/ [https://perma.cc/BH96-4WC6].

Charles Trumbull, Potential Military Applications of Advanced Technology, Statement by the United States to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25, 2019), https://geneva.usmission.gov/2019/03/26/u-s-statement-on-laws-potential-military-applications-of-advanced-technology/ [https://perma.cc/4MQH-EWH7].

Josh Dorosin, Deputy Legal Adviser, U.S. Department of State, Possible Policy Options, Statement by the United States to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 29, 2018), https://geneva.usmission.gov/2018/08/29/u-s-delegation-statement-on-possible-policy-options [https://perma.cc/56E6-GLJP].

Charles Trumbull, Characteristics of the Systems Under Consideration, Statement by the United States to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 28, 2018), https://geneva.usmission.gov/2018/08/29/statement-of-the-u-s-delegation-on-characteristics-of-the-systems-under-consideration/ [https://perma.cc/K8SU-T5NN].

Human-Machine Interaction in the Development, Deployment and Use of Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Working Paper to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.2/2018/WP.4 (Aug. 28, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/D1A2BA4B7B71D29FC12582F6004386EF/$file/2018_GGE+LAWS_August_Working+Paper_US.pdf [https://perma.cc/L43Z-SJ3R].

Counter-Rocket, Artillery and Mortar System C-RAM, Presentation by the United States to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/11April_US-technical-presentation.pdf [https://perma.cc/4V95-73PS].

Characterization of the Systems Under Consideration in Order to Promote a Common Understanding on Concepts and Characteristics Relevant to the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention, Statement by the United States to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 10, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/10April_US.pdf [https://perma.cc/SJD3-AGAU].

Matt McCormack, Characterization of the Systems Under Consideration in Order to Promote a Common Understanding on Concepts and Characteristics Relevant to the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention, Statement by the United States to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 10, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/10April_US-2.pdf [https://perma.cc/XK46-KT4R].

Katherine Baker, Further Consideration of the Human Element in the Use of Lethal Force; Aspects of Human-Machine Interaction in the Development, Deployment and Use of Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by the United States to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/11April_US.pdf [https://perma.cc/9YD5-X6UW].

Ian McKay, Opening Statement, Statement by the United States to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9, 2018), https://geneva.usmission.gov/2018/04/09/ccw-u-s-opening-statement-at-the-group-of-governmental-experts-meeting-on-lethal-autonomous-weapons-systems/ [https://perma.cc/A6YW-XHZQ].

Humanitarian benefits of emerging technologies in the area of lethal autonomous weapon systems, Working Paper by the United States to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2018/WP.4 (Mar. 30, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/documents/GGE.1-WP4.pdf [https://perma.cc/Q44X-3ARA].

Josh Dorosin, On the Way Forward, Statement by the United States to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 17, 2017), https://geneva.usmission.gov/2017/11/17/ccw-gge-meeting-on-laws-u-s-statement-on-the-way-forward/ [https://perma.cc/A2EV-QZ7E].

John Cherry, Intervention on Appropriate Levels of Human Judgement Over the Use of Force, Statement by the United States to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 15, 2017), https://geneva.usmission.gov/2017/11/16/u-s-statement-at-ccw-gge-meeting-intervention-on-appropriate-levels-of-human-judgment-over-the-use-of-force/ [https://perma.cc/J7VV-ZT7P].

Autonomy in Weapon Systems, Working Paper by the United States to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2017/WP.6 (Nov. 10, 2017), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/99487114803FA99EC12581D40065E90A/$file/2017_GGEonLAWS_WP6_USA.pdf [https://perma.cc/25JS-FQMV].

Characteristics of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Working Paper by the United States to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2017/WP.7 (Nov. 10, 2017), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/A4466587B0DABE6CC12581D400660157/$file/2017_GGEonLAWS_WP7_USA.pdf [https://perma.cc/VCR5-4M7N].

Catherine Amirfar, LAWS and Human Rights/Ethics, Statement by the United States at the Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11–15, 2016), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/meeting-experts-laws/statements/14April_US.pdf [https://perma.cc/P69C-C9TJ].

Michael Meier, Weapon Reviews, Statement by the United States at the Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13, 2016), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/meeting-experts-laws/statements/13April_US.pdf [https://perma.cc/HJT9-4JUM].

Michael Meier, Appropriate Levels of Human Judgment, Statement by the United States at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 12, 2016), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/meeting-experts-laws/statements/12April_USA.pdf [https://perma.cc/FG8E-W32Z].

Michael Meier, Opening Statement, Statement by the United States at the Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 11, 2016), https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/meeting-experts-laws/statements/11April_UnitedStates.pdf [https://perma.cc/J8VL-QV7A].

Michael Meier, Opening Statement, Statement by the United States at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (Nov. 12, 2015) https://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/12nov_USA.pdf [https://perma.cc/U2KP-WCY9].

Christopher L. Buck, Statement by United States at the Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 70th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 26, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/26October_US.pdf [https://perma.cc/W4QL-8TC6].

Michael Meier, Closing Statement, Statement by the United States at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 17, 2015), https://geneva.usmission.gov/2015/05/08/ccw-laws-meeting-u-s-closing-statement-and-the-way-ahead/ [https://perma.cc/3ZB4-3Y2G].

Michael Meier, Opening Statement, Statement by the United States at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2015/meeting-experts-laws/statements/13April_US.pdf [https://perma.cc/D3H8-UTL2].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statements by the United States to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 16:32:04, 17:11:18, and 17:46:05), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/E16A3633-6504-4B9B-935E-5B0AB0BEFD76_15h02&position=1000# [https://perma.cc/8TYR-HA5Z].

Statement by the United States to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 21, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:42:14), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/276F75E7-B4CB-4E14-8F90-813F92F9B51C_10h10&position=2113 [https://perma.cc/S4T3-EUJE].

Statement by the United States to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 17:12:22), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statements by the United States to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:22:42), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Mr. Stephen Townley, Statement by the United States to the United Nations Human Rights Council (May 30, 2013) (DIGITAL RECORDING 01:39:03), http://webtv.un.org/meetings-events/human-rights-council/watch/clustered-id-on-executions-and-idps-9th-meeting-23rd-regular-session-of-human-rights-council/2419860355001#player [https://perma.cc/AM3M-F5HK].

Domestic Legal System and/or Potentially Relevant Domestic Policy Framework

Talal Husseini, US Army Clarifies Rules On Autonomous Armed Robots, Army Technology (Mar. 13, 2019), https://www.army-technology.com/digital-disruptions/us-army-armed-robots/ [https://perma.cc/G9U2-9XQV].

Army Artificial Intelligence Task Force in Support of the Department of Defense Joint Artificial Intelligence Center, Army Directive 2018-18 (Oct. 2, 2018), https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN13011_AD2018_18_Final.pdf [https://perma.cc/BV2B-PNKC].

Artificial Intelligence Strategy, U.S. Department of Defense (2018), https://media.defense.gov/2019/Feb/12/2002088963/-1/-1/1/SUMMARY-OF-DOD-AI-STRATEGY.PDF [https://perma.cc/3ZFC-XXHM].

Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America: Sharpening the American Military’s Competitive Edge, U.S. Department of Defense (2018), https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf [https://perma.cc/GWD7-7P8X].

U.S. H.R., Rise of the Machines: Artificial Intelligence and its Growing Impact on U.S. Policy, Subcommittee on Information Technology, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform (2018), https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=816362 [https://perma.cc/4VDM-H2DN].

Summary of the 2018 White House Summit on Artificial Intelligence for American Industry, The White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (2018), https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Summary-Report-of-White-House-AI-Summit.pdf [https://perma.cc/2TLH-PK66].

Unmanned Systems Integrated Roadmap 2017-2042, Office of the Secretary of Defense (2018), https://cdn.defensedaily.com/wp-content/uploads/post_attachment/206477.pdf [https://perma.cc/3BXE-8TLX].

Army’s S&T Investment in Ground Vehicle Robotics, U.S. Army (2018), https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2018/groundrobot/MillsPT1.pdf [https://perma.cc/H5G3-CQB6].

Future of Artificial Intelligence Act, S. 2217, H.R. 4625, 115th Cong. (2017-2018), https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/4625/text [https://perma.cc/PR7K-4NT7].

U.S. Department of Defense Response to Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) “questionnaire on Article 36 review process” (Sep. 2017), https://ogc.osd.mil/LoW/practice/DoDDocuments/sipri_questionnaire_on_article_36_review_process_usa_response_final.pdf [permalink https://perma.cc/5CHL-S9CQ].

Department of the Army Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of the Army, Robotic and Autonomous Systems of Systems Architecture, Army Science Board Fiscal Year 2016 Study (Jan. 2017), https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1058366.pdf [https://perma.cc/A4L9-XUXV].

Robotic and Autonomous Systems Strategy, U.S. Army (2017), https://www.tradoc.army.mil/Portals/14/Documents/RAS_Strategy.pdf [https://perma.cc/TG6U-FL9C].

National Security Strategy of the United States of America, Executive Office of the President (2017), https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf [https://perma.cc/63FE-85GA].

Directive 3000.09, Change 1, U.S. Department of Defense (2017), https://www.esd.whs.mil/portals/54/documents/dd/issuances/dodd/300009p.pdf [https://perma.cc/2MP8-QGX3].

Joint Concept for Robotic and Autonomous Systems, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Oct. 16, 2016), http://www.ndia.org/-/media/sites/ndia/meetings-and-events/divisions/robotics/3hallrd12815.ashx?la=en [https://perma.cc/C9G4-LDTU].

Joint Operating Environment 2035, The Joint Force in a Contested and Disordered World, Joint Chiefs of Staff (2016), https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/concepts/joe_2035_july16.pdf?ver=2017-12-28-162059-917 [https://perma.cc/UZ6E-AKJS].

The National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan, National Science and Technology Council Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Subcommittee (2016), https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/whitehouse_files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/national_ai_rd_strategic_plan.pdf [https://perma.cc/2ZXH-FKSA].

Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence, Executive Office of the President, National Science and Technology Council, Committee on Technology (2016), https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/whitehouse_files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/preparing_for_the_future_of_ai.pdf [https://perma.cc/5W4R-PT6E].

Strategy for Robotic and Autonomous Systems, U.S. Army (2015), http://www.ndia.org/-/media/sites/ndia/meetings-and-events/divisions/robotics/ltc-matt-dooley-usa.ashx [https://perma.cc/67JK-XXEJ].

Technical Assessment: Autonomy, Office of Technical Intelligence, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering (2015), https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a616999.pdf [https://perma.cc/XHW2-ZBA2].

Autonomous Horizons, System Autonomy in the Air Force, Office of the Chief Scientist, U.S. Air Force (2015), https://www.af.mil/Portals/1/documents/SECAF/AutonomousHorizons.pdf?timestamp=1435068339702 [https://perma.cc/8Y7V-HTJX].

Strategy for Robotic and Autonomous Systems, U.S. Army (2014), http://www.ndia.org/-/media/sites/ndia/meetings-and-events/divisions/robotics/ltc-matt-dooley-usa.ashx [https://perma.cc/PBR4-ZB4J].

Autonomy in Weapon Systems, United States Department of Defense Directive 300.09 (Nov. 21, 2012), https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodd/300009p.pdf [https://perma.cc/EJ23-7974].

Marine Corps Science & Technology Strategic Plan, U.S. Marine Corps (2012), https://www.mccdc.marines.mil/Portals/172/Docs/MCCDC/FDSP/FDS%20References/USMC-ST-Strat-Plan-2012-Final-31Jan.pdf?ver=2018-05-01–115232-020 [https://perma.cc/FW4Q-ECDG].

Unmanned Systems Integrated Roadmap 2017-2042, Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) and the Armed Services (2012), https://www.defensedaily.com/wp-content/uploads/post_attachment/206477.pdf [https://perma.cc/3D6T-8YRM].

United States Air Force Unmanned Aircraft Systems Flight Plan 2009-2047, U.S. Air Force (2009), https://fas.org/irp/program/collect/uas_2009.pdf [https://perma.cc/48MD-BFDX].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

The United States of America is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

The United States of America is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS below.

Uzbekistan

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Uzbekistan’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Uruguay

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Uruguay is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of two of the relevant meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in report(s) elaborated in the context of the CCW dated June 10, 2014 and June 10, 2016 (see below).

Uruguay is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of one of the relevant GGE on LAWS Meetings identified. As such, its views may be reflected in the GGE on LAWS report published on Aug. 21, 2019 (see below).

Vanuatu

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Vanuatu’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Venezuela

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Reflections by the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) and the Mandate of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE), (Sept. 2020), https://documents.unoda.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/20200901-Venezuela.pdf [https://perma.cc/S7L6-27LB].

Statement by Venezuela to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 18:06:09), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statement by Venezuela to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 12:49:11), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Statement by Venezuela on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 27, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 10:16:47), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/23259B84-DEBF-4877-9410-FF702E2AA998_10h12&position=254 [https://perma.cc/PR9K-WZJJ].

Statement by Venezuela on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9, 2018) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 10:25:19) https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/C48AE679-4D1A-4116-B692-B25F24046E84_10h06&position=1144 [https://perma.cc/9LCV-RTLA].

Statement by Venezuela on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement at the Convention on Conventional Weapons Meeting of High Contracting Parties (Nov. 22, 2017) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 17:21:48), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0490/3FF5C101-C529-4F77-BCA2-8B3826A85FE2_15h07&position=8060 [https://perma.cc/PN5V-6VN9].

Statement by Venezuela on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 16, 2017) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 10:21:30), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/419FD8D8-C666-45AE-8CAA-FD3AA0DA9949_10h17&position=253 [https://perma.cc/JA7S-GW7Y].

Statement by Venezuela on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 15, 2017) (DIGITAL RECORDING: 10:32:08), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/61026CE1-F5DE-48FD-96D1-398CF7783D68_10h08&position=1391 [https://perma.cc/JU8E-JPSA].

Statement by Venezuela to the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW) Fifth Review Conference (Dec. 13, 2016) (DIGITAL RECORDING), https://conf.unog.ch/dr/public/61.0500/BC9C066A-D0BD-4291-830A-C2C19A54B656_10h10/chunks/snippet_lOs133-53t138-55.mp3 [https://perma.cc/7QJH-PUVS].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Venezuela is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Venezuela is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least some of the meetings of the GGE on LAWS. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS below.

Venezuela’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Vietnam

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Vietnam’s views may be reflected in relevant statements of ASEAN and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Yemen

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Yemen is not a High Contracting Party to the CCW but participated as an observer delegation in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. However, it is unclear under international law whether any of the CCW reports below reflect the views of non-HCPs, including observer delegations such as Yemen.

Yemen’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Zambia

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Zambia at the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 15, 2017) (DIGITAL RECORDING 12:02:15), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/EDA01C29-125B-4280-9EC1-92C44A4E9830_10h09&position=6759 [https://perma.cc/A2XN-DH8G].

H.E. Mr. Lazarous Kapambwe, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of the Republic of Zambia to the United Nations, Agenda Item 98: The Role of Science and Technology in the Context of International Security and Disarmament, Statement at the First Committee of the 72nd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 2017), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/23Oct_Zambia.pdf [https://perma.cc/8AX3-3TBU].

Recommendations over the Challenges to International Humanitarian Law, General Comment by Zambia at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 14, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/40C4DB1B36391342C1257F9A0043E3C5/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_ChallengestoIHL_Statements_Zambia.pdf [https://perma.cc/F9MK-S2XX].

Statement by Zambia at the General Exchange of Views at the Third Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 11, 2016), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/2927422250D59E8EC1257F920057EDB5/$file/Zambia+Statement+at+the+meeting+of+Experts+on+LAWS.pdf [https://perma.cc/B3LH-MJHQ].

Statement by Zambia at the Second Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 13–17, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/720C60CE55BA1ADCC1257E2E002AB03C/$file/2015_LAWS_MX_Zambia.pdf [https://perma.cc/S6TL-EAEN].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Zambia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of at least certain meetings convened in the context of the CCW. As such, its views may be reflected in at least some of the CCW reports (see below).

Zambia is a High Contracting Party to the CCW and participated in the work of one of the relevant GGE on LAWS Meetings identified. As such, its views may be reflected in the GGE on LAWS report published on Dec. 22, 2017 (see below).

Zambia’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Zimbabwe

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by Zimbabwe at the Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 12-13, 2015), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/842EF3CB3B61A2FBC1257F0F003B9521/$file/zimbabwe.pdf [https://perma.cc/PRX2-NJES].

Third-Party Compilations

Collective Statements as a Group of States in the Context of (Other) International Organizations or Political Fora

Zimbabwe is not a High Contracting Party to the CCW but participated as an observer delegation in the work of three of the relevant CCW Meeting identified. However, it is unclear under international law whether any of the pertinent CCW reports published on June 10, 2014, June 10, 2016, and Dec. 11, 2017 reflect the views of non-HCPs, including observer delegations such as Zimbabwe (see below).

Zimbabwe is not a High Contracting Party to the CCW but participated as an observer delegation in the work of two of the relevant GGE on LAWS Meetings identified. However, it is unclear under international law whether the pertinent reports elaborated in the context of the GGE on LAWS published on Dec. 22, 2017 and Oct. 23, 2018 reflect the views of non-HCPs, including observer delegations such as Zimbabwe.

Zimbabwe’s views may also be reflected in relevant statements of the African Group and the Non-Aligned Movement (see below).

Groups of States, including International Organizations and Political Fora

African Group

The African Group is one of five U.N. regional groups. The following countries were Member States of the African Group for the pertinent period of all relevant document found: Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cape Verde, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Côte D’Ivoire, DR Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Eswatini, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Morocco has been a Member State of the African Group since 2017.

Statements to the GGE on LAWS

Statement by the African Group at the Third Meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 27, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/29August_AfricanGroup2.pdf [https://perma.cc/K7FP-BWT3].

Statement by the African Group to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 9–13, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/9April_African-Group.pdf [https://perma.cc/WK2W-93Z9].

Usman Sarki, Ambassador/Deputy Permanent and Representative Permanent of the Mission of Nigeria to the United Nations, Statement on Behalf of the African Group at the First Committee of the 70th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 26, 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com15/statements/26October_AfricanGroup.pdf [https://perma.cc/BGJ7-4G75].

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a regional organization that promotes economic, political and security cooperation among its member states in Southeast Asia. The following states were Member States of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations for the pertinent period of relevant documents found: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.

Materials

Co-Chairs’ Summary Report, 12th ASEAN Regional Forum Experts and Eminent Persons Meeting (Mar. 6-7, 2018), http://aseanregionalforum.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/29.-Final-Version-Summary-Report.pdf [https://perma.cc/LE5T-KNJR].

Caribbean Community (CariCom)

The Caribbean Community is an organization of states in the Caribbean aimed at coordinating the economic and foreign policies of its members. The following states were full members of the Caribbean Community for the pertinent period of all relevant documents found: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago.

Statements to the UNGA First Committee

Ordell Barman, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, Statement on behalf of the Caribbean Community at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 7, 2019), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/10Oct_CARICOM.pdf [https://perma.cc/L67Y-79C4].

Central American Integration System

The Central American Integration System is an economic and political regional organization of Central American states. The following countries were Member States of the Central American Integration System for the pertinent period of relevant documents found: Belize, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama.

Statements to the UNGA First Committee

Amb. Egriselda Lopez, Permanent Representative of El Salvador, Statement on Behalf of the Central American Integration System at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 10, 2019), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/10Oct_SICA.pdf [https://perma.cc/KJV4-BSNJ].

The Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (CCW)

Reports of the UN CCW

Final Report, Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, U.N. Doc. CCW/MSP/2017/8 (Dec. 11, 2017), https://undocs.org/CCW/MSP/2017/8 [https://perma.cc/73DA-A9LN].

Report of the 2016 Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Fifth Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, U.N. Doc. CCW/CONF.V/2 (June 10, 2016), https://undocs.org/CCW/CONF.V/2 [https://perma.cc/8KGA-KEXT].

Report of the 2015 Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, U.N.Doc. CCW/MSP/2015/3 (June 2, 2015), https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=en/ccw/msp/2015/3 [https://perma.cc/LUJ6-4R2K].

Report of the 2014 Informal Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, U.N. Doc. CCW/MSP/2014/3 (June 10, 2014), https://undocs.org/ccw/msp/2014/3 [https://perma.cc/DG8F-TQHZ].

Reports of the GGE on LAWS

Draft Report of the 2019 Session of the Group of Governmental Experts on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Group of Governmental Experts of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2019/CRP.1/Rev.2 (Aug. 21, 2019), https://undocs.org/CCW/GGE.1/2019/CRP.1/REV.2 [https://perma.cc/5S49-83A2].

Report of the 2018 session of the Group of Governmental Experts on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Group of Governmental Experts of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2018/3 (Oct. 23, 2018), https://undocs.org/en/CCW/GGE.1/2018/3 [https://perma.cc/UU2L-3LB6].

Report of the 2017 Session of the Group of Governmental Experts on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), Group of Governmental Experts of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2017/3 (Dec. 22, 2017), https://undocs.org/CCW/GGE.1/2017/3, [https://perma.cc/D6JL-FUE7].

European Union (EU)

The European Union is an international organization that functions as a political and economic union of several states of Europe. The following states were Member States of the European Union for the pertinent period of all relevant documents found: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, and Sweden. The United Kingdom was a Member State of the EU for the pertinent period of all relevant documents found except those published after January 2020.

Written Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

General Statement by the European Union at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/hcp-meeting/statements/13Nov_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/3HWD-WMFQ].

Statement on the Report of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) Related to Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons systems (LAWS), Statement by the European Union at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13–15, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/hcp-meeting/statements/13Nov_EU1.pdf [https://perma.cc/KZ3E-TEVS].

Jacek Bylica, Special Envoy for Disarmament and Non-proliferation-European External Action Service, Statement by the European Union at the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 10, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/10Oct_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/HH9J-TGC2].

Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 2019), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/4743F85F29E94653C125845D003AEC47/$file/EU+statement+20190820_GGE+LAWS.pdf [https://perma.cc/YB2D-6N8J].

Possible Options for Addressing the Humanitarian and International Security Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems in the Context of the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention Without Prejudging Policy Outcomes and Taking into Account Past, Present and Future Proposals, Statement by the European Union at the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25–29, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/27March_EuropeanUnion5e.pdf [https://perma.cc/CNN6-FVPH].

An Exploration of the Potential Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems to International Humanitarian Law, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25–29, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/26March_EuropeanUnion5a.pdf [https://perma.cc/R2QT-QH22].

Further Consideration of the Human Element in the Use of Lethal Force; Aspects of Human-Machine Interaction in the Development, Deployment and Use of Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25–29, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/26March_EU5c.pdf [https://perma.cc/ML9S-SD97].

Review of Potential Military Applications of Related Technologies in the Context of the Group’s Work, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25–29, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/25March_EuropeanUnion5d.pdf [https://perma.cc/5GN9-UCQ3].

Characterization of the Systems Under Consideration in Order to Promote a Common Understanding on Concepts and Characteristics Relevant to the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 25–29, 2019), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2019/gge/statements/25March_EU5b.pdf [https://perma.cc/3LTV-PLX8].

Agenda Item 8: Consideration of the Report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons System, Statement by the European Union at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 21–23, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/APS7-RH8Q].

Minister Counsellor Viktor Dvořák, Delegation of the European Union to the UN, Statement at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/25Oct_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/FEB2-MXVK].

Further Consideration of the Human Element in the Use of Lethal Force; Aspects of Human-Machine Interaction in the Development, Deployment and Use of Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (August 27–31, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/CCACABC4BCDB60B6C12582F8005C41D5/$file/2018_GGE+LAWS+2_6b_European+Union.pdf [https://perma.cc/C6AY-3K7D].

Possible Recommendations on Options Related to Emerging Technologies in the Area of LAWS in the Context of the Objectives and Purposes of the CCW, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (August 27–31, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/CCE85F7A2991DEFEC12582F9002A9ECF/$file/2018_GGE+LAWS+2_6d_European+Union.pdf [https://perma.cc/Y5DX-UGVB].

Review of Potential Military Applications of Related Technologies in the Context of the Group’s Work, Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (August 27–31, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/unog/website/assets.nsf/7a4a66408b19932180256ee8003f6114/832392b4e19c9ffec12582f8005948a8/$FILE/2018_GGE%20LAWS%202_6a_European%20Union%201.pdf [https://perma.cc/6A2K-2NDH].

Statement by the European Union at the General Exchange of Views of the Meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (April 9–13, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/00E636906F2DB883C12582720056F109/$file/2018_LAWSGeneralExchange_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/9VEE-RURH].

Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE), Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Nov. 13–17, 2017), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/8DDFEE147FB37799C125823B003FFAB0/$file/2017_GGE+LAWS_Statement_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/PSY3-WXXC].

Jacek Bylica, Special Envoy for Disarmament and Non-proliferation of the European External Action Service, Statement by the European Union at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 71st Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 3, 2016), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/3Oct_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/K5PR-E8EV].

Ambassador H.E. Mr Peter Sørensen, Permanent Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations, Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 12, 2015), http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2015/MSP/statements/12Nov_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/FB23-9PPU].

Statement by the European Union at the Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Apr. 2015), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2015/meeting-experts-laws/statements/13April_EU.pdf [https://perma.cc/W4A6-3FYG].

Minister Counsellor Andras Kos of the Permanent Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations, Statement at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 13–14, 2014), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2014/MSP/statements/13Nov_EUgeneral.pdf [https://perma.cc/EJJ3-MD4J].

Verbal Statements Submitted in relation to the UN and/or the CCW

Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 15:20:50), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/53087D36-FA85-4050-88DB-27932ABEBFAA_15h12&position=8529 [https://perma.cc/XAE2-DN8P].

Statement by the European Union to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 20, 2019) (DIGITAL RECORDING 11:28:33), https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/index.html?guid=public/61.0500/D438BEC1-48F6-4116-BEE5-1A44BE7EBC19_10h09&position=8860 [https://perma.cc/G2JU-DL7S].

Other Materials

White Paper on Artificial Intelligence: A European Approach to Excellence and Trust, European Commission (Feb. 19, 2020), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0065&from=EN [https://perma.cc/PZS7-MN5B].

Federica Mogherini, Press Conference After the Informal meeting of Defense Ministers in Finland (Aug. 29, 2019), http://www.federicamogherini.net/press-conference-after-the-informal-meeting-of-defence-ministers-in-finland/?lang=en [https://perma.cc/JLB2-NVD8].

Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence: Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, European Commission, Doc. COM/2018/795/final (Dec. 7, 2018), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2018:795:FIN [https://perma.cc/XG45-CS5G].

European Parliament Resolution of 12 September 2018 on Autonomous Weapons Systems, EUR. PARL. DOC. 2018/2752(RSP) (Sept. 12, 2018), http://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-8-2018-0341_EN.html?redirect [https://perma.cc/BG8S-G6Q9].

Autonomous Weapons Must Remain Under Human Control, Mogherini Says at European Parliament, European Union External Action (Sept. 10, 2018), https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/50465/autonomous-weapons-must-remain-under-human-control-mogherini-says-european-parliament_en [https://perma.cc/BCE3-35CF].

Artificial Intelligence for Europe: Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, European Commission, Doc. COM/2018/237/final (Apr. 25, 2018), https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/communication-artificial-intelligence-europe [https://perma.cc/LBY5-XLPH].

Statement on Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and ‘Autonomous’ Systems of the European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies to the European Commission, European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies (Mar. 9, 2018), http://ec.europa.eu/research/ege/pdf/ege_ai_statement_2018.pdf [https://perma.cc/43UW-JYWJ].

European Parliament Resolution On Autonomous Weapon Systems, EUR. PARL. DOC. 2018/2752(RSP) (2018), http://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/B-8-2018-0360_EN.html?redirect [https://perma.cc/EZ7S-8LBB].

Rapporteur Mady Delvaux, Report with Recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics, EUR. PARL. DOC. 2015/2103(INL) (Jan. 27, 2017), https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-8-2017-0005_EN.pdf [https://perma.cc/W99U-GCNN].

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)

The Non-Aligned Movement is an international organization of states who do not consider themselves to be formally aligned for or against other major power blocs. The following states were Member States of the Non-Aligned Movement for the pertinent period concerning relevant identified documents: Algeria, Afghanistan, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Belarus, Benin, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Côte D’Ivoire, Cuba, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua- New Guinea, Peru, Qatar, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Singapore, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

Written Statements in relation to the UNGA First Committee

H.E. Ambassador Dian Triansyah Djani, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Indonesia, Statement on Behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 74th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 7, 2019), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com19/statements/10Oct_NAM.pdf [https://perma.cc/FMP6-N5VV].

H.E. Ms. Ina H. Krisnamurthi, Deputy Permanent Representative of the Republic of Indonesia, Statement on Behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) at the General Debate of the First

Committee of the 73rd Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 8, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com18/statements/8Oct_NAM.pdf [https://perma.cc/8PXW-JRJ9].

H.E. Ms. Ina H. Krisnamurthi, Deputy Permanent Representative of the Republic of Indonesia, Statement on Behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 72nd Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 2, 2017), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com17/statements/2Oct_NAM.pdf [https://perma.cc/8JVZ-2TFP].

H.E. Ms. Ina Hagniningtyas Krisnamurthi, Deputy Permanent Representative Permanent Mission of the Republic of Indonesia, Statement on Behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) at the General Debate of the First Committee of the 71st Session of the U.N.G.A. (Oct. 3, 2016), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com16/statements/3Oct_NAM.pdf [https://perma.cc/53P7-8PRD].

H.E. Ambassador Desra Percaya, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Indonesia to the United Nations, Statement on Behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) at the Thematic Discussion on Conventional Weapons of the First Committee of the 69th Session of the U.N.G.A (Oct. 7, 2014), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/1com/1com14/statements/7Oct_NAM.pdf [https://perma.cc/S39A-KSSL].

Written Statements in relation to the CCW

Agenda Item 7: General exchange of views, Statement on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and Other States Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons by the Delegation of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to the United Nations Office in Geneva at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) (Nov. 21, 2018), https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_NAM2.pdf [https://perma.cc/V68Z-RU6C].

Delegation of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to the United Nations Office in Geneva, Agenda Item 8: Consideration of the Report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Emerging Technologies in the Field of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (GGE on LAWS), General Statement on Behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and Other States Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) at the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW (Nov. 21, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/hcp-meeting/statements/21Nov_NAM3.pdf [https://perma.cc/D5B2-R76V].

Written Statements in relation to the GGE on LAWS

Working paper by the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and Other States Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW), CCW/GGE.1/2020/WP.5 (Sept. 14, 2020), https://documents.unoda.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/G2022909.DOC4.pdf [https://perma.cc/P6HS-H6P8].

H.E. Mr. Jorge Valero, Permanent Representative of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to the United Nations Office in Geneva, Agenda Item 5e: Possible Options for Addressing the Humanitarian and International Security Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems in the Context of the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention Without Prejudging Policy Outcomes and Taking into Account Past, Present and Future Proposals, Statement on Behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and Other States Parties to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Mar. 27, 2019), https://mnoal.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/25.03.2019-Statement-CCW-GGE-LAWS-.pdf [https://perma.cc/79UA-SL92].

H.E. Mr. Jorge Valero, Ambassador, Permanent Representative of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to the United Nations, Agenda Item 6d: Possible Options for Addressing the Humanitarian and International Security Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems in the Context of the Objectives and Purposes of the Convention Without Prejudging Policy Outcomes and Taking into Account Past, Present and Future Proposals, Statement on Behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and other States Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) (Aug. 29, 2018), http://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2018/gge/statements/29August_NAM.pdf [https://perma.cc/8V52-6T5W].

Delegation of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to the United Nations Office in Geneva, General Principles on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Working Paper on Behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and Other States Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2018/WP.1 (Mar. 28, 2018), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/E9BBB3F7ACBE8790C125825F004AA329/$file/CCW_GGE_1_2018_WP.1.pdf [https://perma.cc/Z9JQ-UD49].

Delegation of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to the United Nations Office in Geneva, General Principles on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Working Paper on Behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and Other States Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) to the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2017/WP.10 (Nov. 13, 2017), https://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/A980151CB5E662D4C12581D80025D4F3/$file/2017_GGEonLAWS_WP9_NAM.pdf [https://perma.cc/4BFQ-8PFG].

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a security alliance of 30 countries from Europe and North America, whose fundamental goal is to protect the people and territory of its members. The following states were Member States of NATO for the pertinent period of all relevant documents found: Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. Montenegro became a Member State of NATO on June 5, 2017.

Materials

Matej Tonin, Rapporteur, Artificial Intelligence: Implications for NATO’s Armed Forces, Science and Technology Committee, NATO Parliamentary Assembly (Oct. 13, 2019), https://www.nato-pa.int/download-file?filename=sites/default/files/2019-10/REPORT%20149%20STCTTS%2019%20E%20rev.%201%20fin-%20ARTIFICIAL%20INTELLIGENCE.pdf [https://perma.cc/9PXQ-MDXE].

Václav Hlaváč and Michal Reinštein (Eds.), Robots Underpinning Future NATO Operations. Final report of Task Group SAS-097 (May 2018), https://www.sto.nato.int/publications/STO%20Technical%20Reports/STO-TR-SAS-097/$$TR-SAS-097-ALL.pdf [https://perma.cc/NK8Q-8NGM].

Paramsothy Jayakumar, Co-Chair; Jean Dasch, Project Officer, The Next Generation NATO Reference Mobility Model Development, NATO-STO-AVT-248-Research Task Group https://www.sto.nato.int/publications/STO%20Meeting%20Proceedings/STO-MP-AVT-265/MP-AVT-265-11.pdf [https://perma.cc/4AHB-NSAT].

Nato Science and Technology Board, Tech Trends Report 2017. Empowering the Alliance’s Technological Edge (2017), https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_topics/20180522_TTR_Public_release_final.pdf [https://perma.cc/X58V-88E7].

Pierre Claude Nolin, Special Rapporteur, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Opportunities and Challenges for the Alliance (Nov. 2012), https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ul_kom/natopa/docs/raporlar_2012/b3.pdf [https://perma.cc/8CHV-Z2CS].

[1] See https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/international-legal-and-policy-dimensions-of-war-algorithms [https://perma.cc/ZAU9-SRA9]. [2] This compilation complements two resources published by HLS PILAC in August 2016 as appendices to a report titled War-Algorithm Accountability written by Dustin A. Lewis, Gabriella Blum, and Naz K. Modirzadeh: Appendix I to that report contains states’ most common international-law reference points at the 2015 and 2016 CCW Meetings of Experts on LAWS, and Appendix II contains states’ positions as reflected by their statements at the 2015 and 2016 CCW Meetings of Experts on LAWS. Both appendices, as well as the report, are available at https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/aws [https://perma.cc/9BV9-4NFL]. [3] See https://www.unog.ch/80256EE600585943/(httpPages)/4F0DEF093B4860B4C1257180004B1B30?OpenDocument [https://perma.cc/64BM-JL6K]. [4] See https://conf.unog.ch/digitalrecordings/ [https://perma.cc/8ESV-NM9Z]. [5] See https://documents.un.org/prod/ods.nsf/home.xsp [https://perma.cc/9UE7-6NAE]. [6] See https://reachingcriticalwill.org/documents/statements [https://perma.cc/Q9EJ-D5QG]. [7] See https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media_2020/08/arms0820_web.pdf [https://perma.cc/MS29-U5R6]. [8] See https://www.stopkillerrobots.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/KRC_CountryViews22Nov2018.pdf. [9] See https://www.loc.gov/law/help/artificial-intelligence/ [https://perma.cc/4NYW-C4PD].