Skip to main content

Tuberculosis in Children and Hearing Loss

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Hearing Loss in Congenital, Neonatal and Childhood Infections

Part of the book series: Comprehensive ENT ((CENT))

  • 189 Accesses

Abstract

Tuberculosis is, by far, the most deadly of all vaccine-preventable diseases worldwide [1]. It has been revealed that tuberculosis disease was present in Africa’s first human societies at least 70,000 years ago and migrated with them in the global spread of humans [2]. The disease was also shown in Stone Age skeletons and mummies from ancient Egypt, 2400 BC [3]. It is thought that tuberculosis has not evolved from a zoonotic infection as previously supposed; instead, the disease and its human host co-evolved together, changing over time [2].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Our World in Data. Deaths caused by vaccine-preventable diseases, World, 2019. Oxford: Global Change Data Lab. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-caused-by-vaccine-preventable-diseases. Accessed 29 Oct 2022.

  2. Buzic I, Giuffra V. The paleopathological evidence on the origins of human tuberculosis: a review. J Prev Med Hyg. 2020;61(1 Suppl 1):e3–8.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Pezzella AT. History of pulmonary tuberculosis. Thorac Surg Clin. 2019;29:1–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Reynolds J, Moyes RB, Breakwell DP. Differential staining of bacteria: acid-fast stain. Curr Protoc Microbiol. 2009;15(1):A-3H.

    Google Scholar 

  5. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2021 Oct 14, 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021. p. 1–43. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240037021. Accessed 29 October 2022.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Adigun R, Singh R. Tuberculosis. updated: Jan 5, 2022. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island: StatPearls; 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28722945/. Accessed 29 Oct 2022.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Dodd PJ, Gardiner E, Coghlan R, Seddon JA. Burden of childhood tuberculosis in 22 high-burden countries: a mathematical modeling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2:e453–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Martinez L, Cords O, Horsburgh CR, Andrews JR. Pediatric TB contact studies consortium. The risk of tuberculosis in children after close exposure: a systematic review and individual-participant meta-analysis. Lancet. 2020;395:973–84.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Diplan Rubio JM, Alarcón AV, Díaz MP, et al. Neuro-otologic manifestations of tuberculosis. The great imitator. Am J Otolaryngol. 2015;36:467–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Drain PK, Bajema KL, Dowdy D, et al. Incipient and subclinical tuberculosis: a clinical review of early stages and progression of infection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2018;31:e00021–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Roya-Pabon CL, Perez-Velez CM. Tuberculosis exposure, infection and disease in children: a systematic diagnostic approach. Pneumonia. 2016;8:23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Perez-Velez CM. Diagnosis of intrathoracic tuberculosis in children. In: Starke JR, Donald PR, editors. Handbook of child and adolescent tuberculosis. New York: Oxford University Press; 2016. p. 147–76.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Caulfield AJ, Wengenack NL. Diagnosis of active tuberculosis disease: from microscopy to molecular techniques. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis. 2016;4:33–43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. World Health Organization. Procedures for obtaining clinical samples for smear microscopy. In: Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014. p. 119–23. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK214448/. Accessed: Oct 29, 2022.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Tafur KT, Coit J, Leon SR, et al. Feasibility of the string test for tuberculosis diagnosis in children between 4 and 14 years old. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18:574.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Nicol MP, Wood RC, Workman L, et al. Microbiological diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children by oral swab polymerase chain reaction. Sci Rep. 2019;9:10789.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Song R, Click ES, McCarthy KD, et al. Sensitive and feasible specimen collection and testing strategies for diagnosing tuberculosis in young children. JAMA Pediatr. 2021;175:e206069.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Mesman AW, Rodriguez C, Ager E, Coit J, Trevisi L, Franke MF. Diagnostic accuracy of molecular detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis in pediatric stool samples: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2019;119:101878.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Chiang SS, Swanson DS, Starke JR. New diagnostics for childhood tuberculosis. Infect Dis Clin N Am. 2015;29:477–502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Togun TO, MacLean E, Kampmann B, Pai M. Biomarkers for diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0204029.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 3: diagnosis-rapid diagnostics for tuberculosis detection, 2021 update. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021. p. 1–137. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572344/. Accessed: Oct 29, 2022.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Aggarwal AN, Agarwal R, Sehgal IS, Dhooria S. Adenosine deaminase for diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0213728.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Pormohammad A, Riahi SM, Nasiri MJ, et al. Diagnostic test accuracy of adenosine deaminase for tuberculous meningitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2017;74:545–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Tuon FF, Litvoc MN, Lopes MI. Adenosine deaminase and tuberculous pericarditis–a systematic review with meta-analysis. Acta Trop. 2006;99:67–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Seibert FB, Glenn JF. Tuberculin purified protein derivative preparation and analysis of a large quantity for standard. Amer Rev Tuberc. 1941;44:9–25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Morris M, Whitfield A. Six cases of lupus vulgaris treated by Koch's new tuberculin: a preliminary note. Br Med J. 1897;2:207–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Von Pirquet C. Frequency of tuberculosis in childhood. JAMA. 1909;LII:675–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Cho YS, Dobos KM, Prenni J, et al. Deciphering the proteome of the in vivo diagnostic reagent "purified protein derivative" from mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proteomics. 2012;12:979–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Kimura M, Comstock GW, Mori T. Comparison of erythema and induration as results of tuberculin tests. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005;9:853–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. American Academy of Pediatrics. Tuberculosis. In: Kimberlin DW, Barnett ED, Lynfield R, Sawyer MH, editors. Red book: 2021–2024 report of the committee on infectious diseases. 32nd ed. American Academy of Pediatrics: Itasca, IL; 2021. p. 786–814.

    Google Scholar 

  31. World Health Organization. Administering, reading and interpreting a tuberculin skin test. In: Guidance for National Tuberculosis Programmes on the Management of Tuberculosis in children. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014. p. 115–7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK214448/. accessed: Oct 29, 2022.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Ildirim I, Hacimustafaoğlu M, Ediz B. Correlation of tuberculin induration with the number of bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccines. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1995;14:1060–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Gundogdu Z, Aydogan M, Arisoy ES, Gokalp AS. Effect of the number of BCG vaccination on tuberculin induration size. J Paediatr Child Health. 2007;43:476–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Menzies D, Gardiner G, Farhat M, Greenaway C, Pai M. Thinking in three dimensions: a web-based algorithm to aid the interpretation of tuberculin skin test results. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2008;12:498–505.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Buonsenso D, Delogu G, Perricone C, et al. Accuracy of QuantiFERON-TB gold plus test for diagnosis of mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children. J Clin Microbiol. 2020;58:e00272–20.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Meier NR, Volken T, Geiger M, Heininger U, Tebruegge M, Ritz N. Risk factors for indeterminate interferon-gamma release assay for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in children-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pediatr. 2019;7:208.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Kim KH, Kang JM, Ahn JG. Low-dose steroids are associated with indeterminate QuantiFERON-TB gold in-tube assay results in immunocompetent children. Sci Rep. 2021;11:6468.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Ruhwald M, Aggerbeck H, Gallardo RV, et al. Safety and efficacy of the C-Tb skin test to diagnose Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, compared with an interferon γ release assay and the tuberculin skin test: a phase 3, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2017;5:259–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Aggerbeck H, Ruhwald M, Hoff ST, et al. C-Tb skin test to diagnose mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children and HIV-infected adults: a phase 3 trial. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0204554.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Slogotskaya L, Bogorodskaya E, Ivanova D, Sevostyanova T. Comparative sensitivity of the test with tuberculosis recombinant allergen, containing ESAT6-CFP10 protein, and Mantoux test with 2 TU PPD-L in newly diagnosed tuberculosis children and adolescents in Moscow. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0208705.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Starshinova A, Zhuravlev V, Dovgaluk I, et al. A comparison of intradermal test with recombinant tuberculosis allergen (diaskintest) with other immunologic tests in the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection. Int J Mycobacteriol. 2018;7:32–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Flores J, Cancino JC, Chavez-Galan L. Lipoarabinomannan as a point-of-care assay for diagnosis of tuberculosis: how far are we to use it? Front Microbiol. 2021;12:638047.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Cobbet L. The portals of entry of the tubercle bacilli which cause phthisis. J Path Bact. 1910;14:563–604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Nahid P, Dorman SE, Alipanah N, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines: treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63:e147–95.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Turkova A, Wills GH, Wobudeya E, et al. Shorter treatment for nonsevere tuberculosis in African and Indian children. N Engl J Med. 2022;386:911–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Lee A, Xie YL, Barry CE, Chen RY. Current and future treatments for tuberculosis. BMJ. 2020;368:m216.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Zaheen A, Bloom BR. Tuberculosis in 2020–new approaches to a continuing global health crisis. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:e26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. World Health Organisation. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 5: management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents. September 21 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022: 1–128. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240046764. Accessed: Oct 29, 2022.

  49. Solomons RS, van Toorn R, Cresswell FV, Seddon JA. Update on the treatment of pediatric tuberculous meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2022;41:e393–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. World Health Organisation. Meeting report of the WHO expert consultation on the definition of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, 27–29 October 2020. Meeting report: Jan 22, 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021. p. 1–33. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/meeting-report-of-the-who-expert-consultation-on-the-definition-of-extensively-drug-resistant-tuberculosis. Accessed 29 Oct 2022.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Shakoor S, Mir F. Updates in pediatric tuberculosis in international settings. Pediatr Clin N Am. 2022;69:19–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Mirzayev F, Viney K, Linh NN, et al. World Health Organization recommendations on the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis, 2020 update. Eur Respir J. 2021;57(6):2003300.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Diallo T, Adjobimey M, Ruslami R, et al. Safety and side effects of rifampin versus isoniazid in children. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:454–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. p. 1–99. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/311389. Accessed 29 Oct 2022.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Salazar-Austin N, Dowdy DW, Chaisson RE, Golub JE. Seventy years of tuberculosis prevention: efficacy, effectiveness, toxicity, durability, and duration. Am J Epidemiol. 2019;188:2078–85.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Balcells ME, Thomas SL, Godfrey-Faussett P, Grant AD. Isoniazid preventive therapy and risk for resistant tuberculosis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:744–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. den Boon S, Matteelli A, Getahun H. Rifampicin resistance after treatment for latent tuberculous infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2016;20:1065–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Marais BJ, Gie RP, Schaaf HS, et al. The natural history of childhood intra-thoracic tuberculosis: a critical review of literature from the pre-chemotherapy era. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004;8:392–402.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Harausz EP, Garcia-Prats AJ, Law S, et al. Treatment and outcomes in children with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2018;15:e1002591.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Osman M, Harausz EP, Garcia-Prats AJ, et al. Treatment outcomes in global systematic review and patient meta-analysis of children with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25:441–50.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Angelidou A, Conti MG, Diray-Arce J, et al. Licensed Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) formulations differ markedly in bacterial viability, RNA content and innate immune activation. Vaccine. 2020;38:2229–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Mangtani P, Abubakar I, Ariti C, et al. Protection by BCG vaccine against tuberculosis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:470–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Soysal A, Millington KA, Bakir M, et al. Effect of BCG vaccination on risk of mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children with household tuberculosis contact: a prospective community-based study. Lancet. 2005;366:1443–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Roy A, Eisenhut M, Harris RJ, et al. Effect of BCG vaccination against mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2014;349:g4643.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Aronson NE, Santosham M, Comstock GW, et al. Long-term efficacy of BCG vaccine in American Indians and Alaska natives: a 60-year follow-up study. JAMA. 2004;291:2086–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Badurdeen S, Marshall A, Daish H, Hatherill M, Berkley JA. Safety and immunogenicity of early Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination in infants who are preterm and/or have low birth weights: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173:75–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. World Health Organization. WHO preferred product characteristics for new tuberculosis vaccines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. p. 1–26. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/273089/WHO-IVB-18.06-eng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 29 Oct 2022.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Vidal R, Miravitlles M, Caylà JA, Torrella M, de Gracia J, Morell F. Increased risk of tuberculosis transmission in families with microepidemics. Eur Respir J. 1997;10:1327–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Cohen A, Mathiasen VD, Schön T, Wejse C. The global prevalence of latent tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2019;54:1900655.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Olusanya BO, Davis AC, Hoffman HJ. Hearing loss: rising prevalence and impact. Bull World Health Organ. 2019;97:646–646A.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Birrell JF. Aural tuberculosis in children. Proc R Soc Med. 1973;66:331–8.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Eschle F. Tuberkel bacillen in dem Ausflusse bei Mittelohreiterungen von Phthisikerm [tubercle bacilli in the discharge in suppuration of the middle ear by phthisics]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1883;9:30. [article in German]

    Google Scholar 

  73. Mathews P. Tuberculosis of the middle ear in children, with special reference to its occurrence as a primary lesion. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1907;16:390–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Hammelburg E. Un cas d'otite moyenne tuberculeuse après distribution de B.C.G. par vole buccale [a case of tubercular otitis media after oral ingestion of B.C.G.]. Pract Otorhinolaryngol (Basel). 1952;14:81–5. [article in French, no abstract available].

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Proctor B, Lindsay JR. Tuberculosis of the ear. Arch Otolaryngol. 1942;35:221–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Miller J. Aural Tuberculosis. Arch Otolaryngol. 1934;20:677–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Ormerod FC. Tuberculosis of the middle ear. Proc R Soc Med. 1931;24:968–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Plester D, Pusalkar A, Steinbach E. Middle ear tuberculosis. J Laryngol Otol. 1980;94:1415–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Saltzman SJ, Feigin RD. Tuberculous otitis media and mastoiditis. J Pediatr. 1971;79:1004–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Cawthon T, Cox RH, Pankey GA. Tuberculous otitis media with complications. South Med J. 1978;71:602–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Singh B. Role of surgery in tuberculous mastoiditis. J Laryngol Otol. 1991;105:907–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. M'Cart HWD. Tuberculous disease of the middle ear. J Laryngol Otol. 1925;40:456–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Taipale A, Pelkonen T, Taipale M, Bernardino L, Peltola H, Pitkäranta A. Chronic suppurative otitis media in children of Luanda. Angola Acta Paediatr. 2011;100:e84–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Skolnik PR, Nadol JB Jr, Baker AS. Tuberculosis of the middle ear: review of the literature with an instructive case report. Rev Infect Dis. 1986;8:403–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Ricciardiello F, Martufi S, Cardone M, Cavaliere M, D'Errico P, Iengo M. Otorhinolaryngology-related tuberculosis. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2006;26:38–42.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Akkara SA, Singhania A, Akkara AG, Shah A, Adalja M, Chauhan N. A study of manifestations of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the ENT region. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;66:46–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Still GF. Observations on the morbid anatomy of tuberculosis in childhood, with special reference to the primary channels of infection. BMJ. 1899;2:455–8. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20261546. Accessed 29 Oct 2022.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Vaillaud JC, Sabatini R, Farouz S, Sarrouy C. Un cas de tuberculose congénitale à début otitique [a case of congenital tuberculosis of otitis beginning]. Pediatrie. 1967;22:719–22. [article in French, no abstract available].

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Aldana-Aguirre JC, El-Hakim H, Phillipos E, Landry MA. Congenital tuberculosis presenting as otorrhoea in a preterm infant. BMJ Case Rep. 2018;2018:bcr2017221797.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Hand JM, Pankey GA. Tuberculous otomastoiditis. Microbiol Spectr. 2016;4:6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Spencer FR. Tuberculosis of the middle ear. Arch Otolaryngol. 1927;6:242–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Johnson MM. Ear, nose, and throat infections. In: Kradin RL, editor. Diagnostic pathology of infectious disease. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2018. p. 118–42.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  93. Jesić S, Stosić S, Milenković B, et al. Middle ear tuberculosis: diagnostic criteria. Srp Arh Celok Lek. 2009;137:346–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Yaniv E. Tuberculous otitis: an underdiagnosed disease. Am J Otolaryngol. 1987;8:356–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Cho YS, Lee HS, Kim SW, et al. Tuberculous otitis media: a clinical and radiologic analysis of 52 patients. Laryngoscope. 2006;116:921–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Guan M, Zhang J, Jia Y, Teng Y, Cao X, Li Y. Primary bilateral tuberculous otitis media with peripheral facial paralysis: a case report and literature review. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2021;14:304–13.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Mehta R, Krishna Sasanka KSBS, Hussain N, Nagarkar NM. A rare case presentation of tuberculous otitis media with Turner syndrome. Indian J Tuberc. 2020;67:444–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Fields JA. Tuberculous mastoiditis. Laryngoscope. 1967;77:489–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Lucente FE, Tobias GW, Parisier SC, Som PM. Tuberculous otitis media. Laryngoscope. 1978;88(7 Pt 1):1107–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Aremu SK, Alabi BS. Tuberculous otitis media: a case presentation and review of the literature. BMJ Case Rep. 2010;2010:bcr0220102721.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Anderson CW, Stevens MH. Synchronous tuberculous involvement of both ears and the larynx in a patient with active pulmonary disease. Laryngoscope. 1981;91:906–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Wallner LJ. Tuberculous otitis media. Laryngoscope. 1953;63:1058–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Harbert F, Riordan D. Tuberculosis of the middle ear. Laryngoscope. 1964;74:198–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Kearns DB, Coker NJ, Pitcock JK, Jenkins HA. Tuberculous petrous apicitis. Arch Otolaryngol. 1985;111:406–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Jeang MK, Fletcher EC. Tuberculous otitis media. JAMA. 1983;249:2231–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Brar T, Mrig S, Passey JC, Agarwal AK, Jain S. Complicated coexisting pyogenic and tuberculous otitis media affecting the temporozygomatic, infratemporal, and parotid areas: report of a rare entity. Ear Nose Throat J. 2013;92:E10–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. DeSimone DC, Heaton PR, Neff BA, Dao LN, Wengenack NL, Fadel HJ. A rare case of chronic otitis externa due to mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis. 2017;8:13–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  108. Prasad KC, Gopi IV, Harshitha TR, Kumar BA, Koneru P, Pondala V. Labyrinthectomy: our experience in a tertiary care Centre. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;71(Suppl 2):1474–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  109. Ozcelik T, Ataman M, Gedikoglu G. An unusual presentation: primary tuberculosis of the middle ear cleft. Tuber Lung Dis. 1995;76:178–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Yaniv E, Traub P, Conradie R. Middle ear tuberculosis - a series of 24 patients. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1986;12:59–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Kahane J, Crane BT. Temporal bone histopathology case of the month: tuberculous otitis media. Otol Neurotol. 2009;30:865–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Balboni AL, Bergemann AD, Reidenberg JS, Laitman JT. Tuberculosis induced changes to the osseous cranial base and its potential effect on hearing. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2008;291:488–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Kameswaran M, Natarajan K, Parthiban M, Krishnan PV, Raghunandhan S. Tuberculous otitis media: a resurgence? J Laryngol Otol. 2017;131:785–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Truong TM, Uyen TH. Tuberculous otitis media with osteomyelitis of the regional craniofacial bones. Int J Mycobacteriol. 2020;9:319–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Sebastian SK, Singhal A, Sharma A, Doloi P. Tuberculous otitis media -series of 10 cases. J Otol. 2020;15:95–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Chen L, Ye S. Tuberculous otitis media complicated by meningitis-induced bilateral sensorineural hearing loss: a case report. Ear Nose Throat J. 2021;100(3 suppl):s225–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Briggs HH. Tuberculosis of the middle ear. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1914;23:529–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Malinvaud D, Shenouda K, Laccourreye L, Guiquerro S, Rubin F, Laccourreye O. Aural tuberculosis at the start of the 21st century. Literature review according to SWIM guidelines. Part 2: treatment. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2022;139:351–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Windle-Taylor PC, Bailey CM. Tuberculous otitis media: a series of 22 patients. Laryngoscope. 1980;90(6 Pt 1):1039–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Chen CF, Liu ZH, Xie J, Ma XB, Li Y, Gong SS. Cochlear implant challenges encountered in tuberculous otitis media. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2012;5:416–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. MacAdam AM, Rubio T. Tuberculous otomastoiditis in children. Am J Dis Child. 1977;131:152–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Vaamonde P, Castro C, García-Soto N, Labella T, Lozano A. Tuberculous otitis media: a significant diagnostic challenge. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130:759–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Min SK, Shin JH, Mun SK. Can a sudden sensorineural hearing loss occur due to miliary tuberculosis? J Audiol Otol. 2018;22:45–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Gräff S. Die Bedeutung des Epipharynx für die Menschliche Pathologie [the importance of the epipharynx in human pathology]. Klin Wochenschr. 1936;15:953–7. [article in German].

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Tse GM, Ma TK, Chan AB, et al. Tuberculosis of the nasopharynx: a rare entity revisited. Laryngoscope. 2003;113:737–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Yadav SP, Singh I, Singh J, Jaswal TS. Primary nasopharyngeal tuberculosis. Tuber Lung Dis. 1992;73:397.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Mair IW, Johannessen TA. Nasopharyngeal tuberculosis. Arch Otolaryngol. 1970;92:392–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Pankhania M, Elloy M, Conboy PJ. Nasopharyngeal tuberculosis presenting with auditory symptoms. BMJ Case Rep. 2012;2012:bcr0120125475.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  129. Sethi A, Sabherwal A, Gulati A, Sareen D. Primary tuberculous petrositis. Acta Otolaryngol. 2005;125:1236–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Özcan C, Vaysoğlu Y, Güçlütürk T, Apa DD, Görür K. Nasopharyngeal tuberculosis presenting as massive cervical lymphadenopathy and hearing loss. J Craniofac Surg. 2012;23:e341–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Chebraoui Y, Aljalil A, Hanine MA, et al. Acute miliary tuberculosis of the pharynx (Isambert disease): case report. Pan Afr Med J. 2020;36:249.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  132. Yoruk O, Fidan V, Sutbeyaz Y. Hearing loss unusually caused by tubercular retropharyngeal abscess. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20:955–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Hamzah MH, Mohamad I, Mutalib NSA. Primary Eustachian tube tuberculosis. Medeni Med J. 2021;36:172–5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  134. Vernon M. Tuberculous meningitis and deafness. J Speech Hear Disord. 1967;32:177–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. van Well GT, Paes BF, Terwee CB, et al. Twenty years of pediatric tuberculous meningitis: a retrospective cohort study in the western cape of South Africa. Pediatrics. 2009;123:e1–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Nataprawira HM, Ruslianti V, Solek P, et al. Outcome of tuberculous meningitis in children: the first comprehensive retrospective cohort study in Indonesia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2016;20:909–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Synmon B, Das M, Kayal AK, et al. Clinical and radiological spectrum of intracranial tuberculosis: a hospital-based study in Northeast India. Indian J Tuberc. 2017;64:109–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Topcu I, Cüreoğlu S, Yaramiş A, et al. Evaluation of brainstem auditory evoked response audiometry findings in children with tuberculous meningitis at admission. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2002;29:11–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Kuan CC, Kaga K, Tsuzuku T. Tuberculous meningitis-induced unilateral sensorineural hearing loss: a temporal bone study. Acta Otolaryngol. 2007;127:553–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Akyol AG, Nazliel B, Oner Y, Erdem O. Chronic bilateral hearing loss in an immunocompetent patient. An atypical course of tuberculous meningitis. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2014;19:322–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Shah I, Meshram L. High dose versus low dose steroids in children with tuberculous meningitis. J Clin Neurosci. 2014;21:761–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Crockett EA. Tuberculosis of the middle ear and mastoid. JAMA. 1906;XLVII(16):1293–6. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/460635. Accessed 29 Oct 2022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. Turner AL. The clinical aspect of tubercular disease of the ear. Proc R Soc Med. 1915;8:15–6.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  144. Turner AL, Fraser JS. Tuberculosis of the middle-ear cleft in children: a clinical and pathological study. J Laryngol Rhinol Otol. 1915;30:209–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  145. Mollison WM. Case of double facial paralysis due to bilateral tuberculous mastoiditis. Proc R Soc Med. 1919;12:6–8.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  146. Baar H, Evans R. Primary tuberculous complex of the middle ear. J Laryngol Otol. 1941;56:159–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  147. Fisher OD, Malkin EA. Tuberculous mastoiditis treated with streptomycin; report of a case. Lancet. 1948;2(6531):689.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Banham TM, Ransome J. Tuberculous mastoiditis treated with streptomycin. J Laryngol Otol. 1951;65:102–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Dickson DD, King PF. A case of tuberculous mastoiditis treated with P.A.S. and streptomycin. J Laryngol Otol. 1951;65:511–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Kollar D. Primary healing of tuberculous otitis media on combined operative and streptomycin therapy. Acta Otolaryngol. 1952;42:399–403.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Jeanes AL, Friedmann I. Tuberculosis of the middle ear. Tubercle. 1960;41:109–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Craig DH. Tuberculous mastoiditis–a review of eight cases. J Laryngol Otol. 1962;76:623–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Williams JL. Tuberculosis of the mastoid; (a case report of possible Koch's phenomenon). J Laryngol Otol. 1965;79:355–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Smoler J, Pinto SL, Vivar G, Ramirez JL. Tuberculous otitis media. Laryngoscope. 1969;79:488–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Marlowe FI. Primary tuberculous otomastoiditis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1972;81:288–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Wolfowitz BL. Tuberculous mastoiditis. Arch Otolaryngol. 1972;95:109–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Palva T, Palva A, Kärja J. Tuberculous otitis media. J Laryngol Otol. 1973;87:253–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Sellars SL, Seid AB. Aural tuberculosis in childhood. S Afr Med J. 1973;47:216–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. David SS, Venkataraman V. Otogenic tuberculous meningitis. J Indian Med Assoc. 1973;60:435–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Emmett JR, Fischer ND, Biggers WP. Tuberculous mastoiditis. Laryngoscope. 1977;87:1157–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Esmer N, Galgüner M, El Hayderi I, Uzun KH. Tuberculous mastoiditis. A case report. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1979;59:155–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Brutoco RL, Spencer MJ. Tuberculous otomastoiditis: an old disease renewed. West J Med. 1980;133:69–71.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  163. Glover SC, Tranter RM, Innes JA. Tuberculous otitis media–a reminder. J Laryngol Otol. 1981;95:1261–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Mugiyo KU, Rahayoe NN, Hendarto HH. Tuberculous mastoiditis in children. Paediatr Indones. 1981;21:125–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Mumtaz MA, Schwartz RH, Grundfast KM, Baumgartner RC. Tuberculosis of the middle ear and mastoid. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1983;2:234–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Hawkins DB, Dru D. Mastoid subperiosteal abscess. Arch Otolaryngol. 1983;109:369–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Reddy MR, Thomas M. Tuberculosis of the middle ear and mastoid antrum in a child: a case report. Med J Zambia. 1984;18:22–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Ramages LJ, Gertler R. Aural tuberculosis: a series of 25 patients. J Laryngol Otol. 1985;99:1073–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 25-1987. A seven-year-old Japanese-American boy with persistent right-ear drainage despite antibiotic therapy. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:1589–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  170. Davidson S, Creter D, Leventon G, Katznelson D. Tuberculosis of the middle ear in an infant. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1989;115:876–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Marion MS, Hinojosa R. Temporal bone histopathology: residents' quiz. Tuberculous otitis media. Am J Otolaryngol. 1989;10:432–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Naranbhai RC, Mathiassen W, Malan AF. Congenital tuberculosis localised to the ear. Arch Dis Child. 1989;64:738–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  173. Grewal DS, Baser B, Shahani RN, Khanna S. Tuberculous otitis media presenting as complications: report of 18 cases. Auris Nasus Larynx. 1991;18:199–208.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Grewal DS, Bhargava P, Mistry B, Gaikwad N. Tuberculoma of the mastoid. J Laryngol Otol. 1995;109:232–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Robertson K, Kumar A. Atypical presentations of aural tuberculosis. Am J Otolaryngol. 1995;16:294–302.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Ng PC, Hiu J, Fok TF, Nelson EA, Cheung KL, Wong W. Isolated congenital tuberculosis otitis in a preterm infant. Acta Paediatr. 1995;84:955–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Zahraa J, Johnson D, Lim-Dunham JE, Herold BC. Unusual features of osteoarticular tuberculosis in children. J Pediatr. 1996;129:597–602.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Farrugia EJ, Raza SA, Phillipps JJ. Tuberculous otitis media–a case report. J Laryngol Otol. 1997;111:58–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Barlas C, Ozçelik U, Göçmen A, Söylemezoğlu F, Onerci M, Kiper N. Tuberculous otitis media in a four-month-old infant. Turk J Pediatr. 1997;39:123–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Bitsori M, Galanakis E, Kokori H, Amanakis Z, Sbyrakis S. Tuberculous mastoiditis in a child. Eur J Pediatr. 1999;158:435.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Pulec JL, Deguine C. Tuberculous chronic otitis media. Ear Nose Throat J. 1999;78:820.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Pavlopoulou ID, Theodoridou M, Daikos GL, et al. Drug-resistant tuberculous mastoiditis in 2 children. Scand J Infect Dis. 2000;32:436–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Saunders NC, Albert DM. Tuberculous mastoiditis: when is surgery indicated? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2002;65:59–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Pejham S, Altman R, Li KI, Munoz JL. Congenital tuberculosis with facial nerve palsy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21:1085–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Joshi AR, Lawande MA, Shaikh SI, Nalavde SS. Tuberculous mastoiditis. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002;54:299–300.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  186. Mongkolrattanothai K, Oram R, Redleaf M, Bova J, Englund JA. Tuberculous otitis media with mastoiditis and central nervous system involvement. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:453–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Pitcher R, Thandar MA. Bilateral tuberculous mastoiditis and facial palsy. S Afr Med J. 2004;94:893–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Meher R, Singh I, Yadav SP, Gathwala G. Tubercular otitis media in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;135:650–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Nicolau Y, Northrop C, Eavey R. Tuberculous otitis in infants: temporal bone histopathology and clinical extrapolation. Otol Neurotol. 2006;27:667–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Halvorsen T, Townsend H, Stauffer W, Belani K, Kamat D. A case of tuberculous otitis media. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2006;45:83–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Kim CW, Jin JW, Rho YS. Tuberculous otitis media developing as a complication of tympanostomy tube insertion. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;264:227–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Sens PM, Almeida CI, Valle LO, Costa LH, Angeli ML. Tuberculosis of the ear, a professional disease? Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;74:621–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Vitali AM. Acquired encephalocele attributable to tuberculous osteitis: case report. Neurosurgery. 2008;62:e976.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Chmielik LP, Ziolkowski J, Koziolek R, Kulus M, Chmielik M. Ear tuberculosis: clinical and surgical treatment. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;72:271–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Verma SK, Mahajan V, Srivastava AN. Tuberculous otitis media with postaural abscess and submandibular lymphadenopathy. Lung India. 2009;26:22–3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  196. Munoz A, Ruiz-Contreras J, Jimenez A, et al. Bilateral tuberculous otomastoiditis in an immunocompetent 5-year-old child: CT and MRI findings (2009: 3b). Eur Radiol. 2009;19:1560–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Arya M, Dixit R, Paramez AR, Sharma S, Rathore DS. Tuberculosis of the middle ear with postauricular abscess. Indian J Tuberc. 2009;56:160–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Tang IP, Prepageran N, Ong CA, Puraviappan P. Diagnostic challenges in tuberculous otitis media. J Laryngol Otol. 2010;124:913–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Park SH, Goh EK, Kong SK, Lee JK. Tuberculous otitis media with facial nerve paralysis in an infant: a case of maternal transmission. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;142:774–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Bal ZS, Sen S, Yildiz KB, Ciftdogan DY, Vardar F. Tuberculous otomastoiditis complicated by sinus vein thrombosis. Braz J Infect Dis. 2012;16:608–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Oberdorfer P, Kongthavonsakul K, Intachumpoo J, Odell S. A 14-year-old girl with tuberculous otitis media and brain abscess. BMJ Case Rep. 2012;2012:bcr2012006618.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  202. Manigandan G, Venkatesh C, Gunasekaran D, Soundararajan P. Tuberculous otitis media and Staphylococcus aureus coinfection in a five-year-old boy with miliary tuberculosis. J Glob Infect Dis. 2013;5:26–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  203. Chakravarti A, Bhargava R. Primary tubercular mastoiditis in children. Indian J Tuberc. 2014;61:242–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Gandham NR, Sardar M, Jadhav SV, Vyawahare C, Misra R. Tuberculous otitis with Proteus mirabilis co-infection: an unsuspected presentation encountered in clinical practice. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8:PD01–3.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Scorpecci A, Bozzola E, Villani A, Marsella P. Two new cases of chronic tuberculous otomastoiditis in children. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2015;35:125–8.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  206. Petrucci R, Lombardi G, Cosrsini I, et al. Use of transrenal DNA for the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in children: a case of tubercular otitis media. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53:336–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Maniu AA, Harabagiu O, Damian LO, et al. Mastoiditis and facial paralysis as initial manifestations of temporal bone systemic diseases–the significance of the histopathological examination. Romanian J Morphol Embryol. 2016;57:243–8.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Eswaran S, Kumar S, Kumar P. A rare case of primary tuberculous otitis media with Bezold's abscess. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;71(Suppl 2):1462–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Jayakody N, Faoury M, Hellier W, Ismail-Koch H, Patel S, Burgess A. A rare presentation of a paediatric patient with acute otomastoiditis media caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis resulting in intracranial complications. J Surg Case Rep. 2019;2019:rjz093.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  210. Sebastian SK, Vijayan V, Kumar VB, Garg P. Tuberculous otitis media in children: series of 4 cases. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;135:110118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Aziz A, Md Daud MK. Primary middle ear tuberculosis mimicking cholesteatoma. Malays Fam Physician. 2020;15:44–6.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  212. McMaster D, Din WB, Ramalingaiah B, Agrawal S. Tuberculous mastoiditis in a 2-month-old infant presenting with facial nerve palsy. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13:e237606.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  213. Rauniyar N, Shakya D. Unusual presentation of tubercular mastoid cyst. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2021;9:2050313X211056410.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  214. Din TF, Fagan JJ, Peer S. Profile of paediatric tuberculosis mastoiditis - a case series. S Afr J Surg. 2022;60:62–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Hajare PS, Padmavathy O, Bellad SA. Changing clinical scenario of tuberculous otitis media: a case series. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2022;74(Suppl 1):160–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Te BC, Goh BS. Case series of tuberculous otitis media: spectrum of clinical presentation and outcome. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp (Engl Ed). 2022;73:123–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Pai KK, Omiunu AO, Peddu DK, et al. Tuberculosis of the middle ear: a systematic review. Am J Otolaryngol. 2022;43:103571.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nevin Hatipoğlu .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Hatipoğlu, N., Arısoy, E.S., Starke, J.R. (2023). Tuberculosis in Children and Hearing Loss. In: Arısoy, A.E., Arısoy, E.S., Bayar Muluk, N., Cingi, C., Correa, A.G. (eds) Hearing Loss in Congenital, Neonatal and Childhood Infections. Comprehensive ENT. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38495-0_37

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38495-0_37

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-38494-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-38495-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics