Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Co-delivery of artemisinin and metformin via PEGylated niosomal nanoparticles: potential anti-cancer effect in treatment of lung cancer cells

  • Research article
  • Published:
DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Despite the advances in treatment, lung cancer is a global concern and necessitates the development of new treatments. Biguanides like metformin (MET) and artemisinin (ART) have recently been discovered to have anti-cancer properties. As a consequence, in the current study, the anti-cancer effect of MET and ART co-encapsulated in niosomal nanoparticles on lung cancer cells was examined to establish an innovative therapy technique.

Methods

Niosomal nanoparticles (Nio-NPs) were synthesized by thin-film hydration method, and their physicochemical properties were assessed by FTIR. The morphology of Nio-NPs was evaluated with FE-SEM and AFM. The MTT assay was applied to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of free MET, free ART, their encapsulated form with Nio-NPs, as well as their combination, on A549 cells. Apoptosis assay was utilized to detect the biological processes involved with programmed cell death. The arrest of cell cycle in response to drugs was assessed using a cell cycle assay. Following a 48-h drug treatment, the expression level of hTERT, Cyclin D1, BAX, BCL-2, Caspase 3, and 7 genes were assessed using the qRT-PCR method.

Results

Both MET and ART reduced the survival rate of lung cancer cells in the dose-dependent manner. The IC50 values of pure ART and MET were 195.2 μM and 14.6 mM, respectively while in nano formulated form their IC50 values decreased to 56.7 μM and 78.3 μM, respectively. The combination of MET and ART synergistically decreased the proliferation of lung cancer cells, compared to the single treatments. Importantly, the combination of MET and ART had a higher anti-proliferative impact against A549 lung cancer cells, with lower IC50 values. According to the result of Real-time PCR, hTERT, Cyclin D1, BAX, BCL-2, Caspase 3, and Caspase 7 genes expression were considerably altered in treated with combination of nano formulated MET and ART compared to single therapies.

Conclusion

The results of this study showed that the combination of MET and ART encapsulated in Nio-NPs could be useful for the treatment of lung cancer and can increase the efficiency of lung cancer treatment.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of data and materials

The data and materials that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.

References

  1. Zhang Y, et al. Global Patterns and Trends in Lung Cancer Incidence: A Population-Based Study. J Thorac Oncol. 2021;16(6):933–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Siegel RL, et al. Cancer Statistics, 2021. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(1):7–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Oser MG, et al. Transformation from non-small-cell lung cancer to small-cell lung cancer: molecular drivers and cells of origin. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(4):e165–72.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Zheng M. Classification and Pathology of Lung Cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2016;25(3):447–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Huang CY, et al. A review on the effects of current chemotherapy drugs and natural agents in treating non-small cell lung cancer. Biomedicine (Taipei). 2017;7(4):23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Shafiei G et al. Targeted delivery of silibinin via magnetic niosomal nanoparticles: potential application in treatment of colon cancer cells. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1174120

  7. Davoudi Z, et al. Molecular target therapy of AKT and NF-kB signaling pathways and multidrug resistance by specific cell penetrating inhibitor peptides in HL-60 cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(10):4353–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Abdulzehra S, Jafari-Gharabaghlou D, Zarghami N. Targeted delivery of oxaliplatin via folate-decorated niosomal nanoparticles potentiates resistance reversion of colon cancer cells. Heliyon, 2023;9(11):e21400

  9. Olaku O, White JD. Herbal therapy use by cancer patients: a literature review on case reports. Eur J Cancer. 2011;47(4):508–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Luo H, et al. Naturally occurring anti-cancer compounds: shining from Chinese herbal medicine. Chin Med. 2019;14(1):48.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Kamarudin MNA, et al. Metformin in colorectal cancer: molecular mechanism, preclinical and clinical aspects. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2019;38(1):1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Yang B, Shi J. Developing new cancer nanomedicines by repurposing old drugs. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2020;59(49):21829–38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Yu H, et al. The Potential Effect of Metformin on Cancer: An Umbrella Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:617.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Saraei P, et al. The beneficial effects of metformin on cancer prevention and therapy: a comprehensive review of recent advances. Cancer Manag Res. 2019;11:3295–313.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Gupta G, et al. A clinical update on metformin and lung cancer in diabetic patients. Panminerva Med. 2018;60(2):70–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Ghorbanzadeh F, et al. Advanced nano-therapeutic delivery of metformin: potential anti-cancer effect against human colon cancer cells through inhibition of GPR75 expression. Med Oncol. 2023;40(9):255.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Jafari-Gharabaghlou D, et al. Potentiation of Folate-Functionalized PLGA-PEG nanoparticles loaded with metformin for the treatment of breast Cancer: possible clinical application. Mol Biol Rep. 2023;50(4):3023–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Jafari-Gharabaghlou D, Jabbari A, Soltani A. 187P Development of a magnetic nanostructure for co-delivery of metformin and silibinin on growth of lung cancer cells: possible action through leptin gene and its receptor regulation. Ann Oncol. 2022;33:S116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Xiao K, et al. The effect of metformin on lung cancer risk and survival in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2020;45(4):783–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Mohammadinejad S, Jafari-Gharabaghlou D, Zarghami N. Development of PEGylated PLGA Nanoparticles Co-Loaded with Bioactive Compounds: Potential Anticancer Effect on Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev: APJCP. 2022;23(12):4063.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Zi F, et al. Metformin and cancer: An existing drug for cancer prevention and therapy. Oncol Lett. 2018;15(1):683–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Hassani N, et al. The effect of dual bioactive compounds artemisinin and metformin co-loaded in PLGA-PEG nano-particles on breast cancer cell lines: potential apoptotic and anti-proliferative action. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2022;194(10):4930–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Konstat-Korzenny E et al. Artemisinin and Its Synthetic Derivatives as a Possible Therapy for Cancer. Med Sci (Basel). 2018;6(1):19

  24. Li D, Zhang J, Zhao X. Mechanisms and Molecular Targets of Artemisinin in Cancer Treatment. Cancer Invest. 2021;39(8):675–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kiani BH, et al. Artemisinin and its derivatives: a promising cancer therapy. Mol Biol Rep. 2020;47(8):6321–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Alibakhshi A, et al. An update on phytochemicals in molecular target therapy of cancer: potential inhibitory effect on telomerase activity. Curr Med Chem. 2016;23(22):2380–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Zhang Q, et al. Artemisinin Derivatives Inhibit Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cells Through Induction of ROS-dependent Apoptosis/Ferroptosis. J Cancer. 2021;12(13):4075–85.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Mokhtari RB, et al. Combination therapy in combating cancer. Oncotarget. 2017;8(23):38022.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Dashti MR, et al. G Protein-Coupled Receptor 75 (GPR75) As a Novel Molecule for Targeted Therapy of Cancer and Metabolic Syndrome. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2023;24(5):1817–25.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Firouzi-Amandi A, et al. Development, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of cytotoxic activity of Rutin loaded PCL-PEG nanoparticles against Skov3 ovarian cancer cell. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev: APJCP. 2022;23(6):1951.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Alagheband Y, et al. Design and fabrication of a dual-drug loaded nano-platform for synergistic anticancer and cytotoxicity effects on the expression of leptin in lung cancer treatment. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2022;73:103389.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Monsen RC, et al. The hTERT core promoter forms three parallel G-quadruplexes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2020;48(10):5720–34.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hannen R, Bartsch JW. Essential roles of telomerase reverse transcriptase hTERT in cancer stemness and metastasis. FEBS Lett. 2018;592(12):2023–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Khosravi-Maharlooei M, et al. Expression pattern of alternative splicing variants of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) in cancer cell lines was not associated with the origin of the cells. Int J Mol Cell Med. 2015;4(2):109.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Chen RJ, et al. P53-dependent downregulation of hTERT protein expression and telomerase activity induces senescence in lung cancer cells as a result of pterostilbene treatment. Cell Death Dis. 2017;8(8):e2985.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Barkhordari A, et al. Potential Anti-Cancer Effect of Helenalin as a Natural Bioactive Compound on the Growth and Telomerase Gene Expression in Breast Cancer Cell Line. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev: APJCP. 2023;24(1):133.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Suvarna V, Singh V, Murahari M. Current overview on the clinical update of Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic inhibitors for cancer therapy. Eur J Pharmacol. 2019;862:172655.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Carrington EM, et al. Anti-apoptotic proteins BCL-2, MCL-1 and A1 summate collectively to maintain survival of immune cell populations both in vitro and in vivo. Cell Death Differ. 2017;24(5):878–88.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Zhou M, et al. Caspase-3 regulates the migration, invasion and metastasis of colon cancer cells. Int J Cancer. 2018;143(4):921–30.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Walsh JG, et al. Executioner caspase-3 and caspase-7 are functionally distinct proteases. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2008;105(35):12815–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Lamkanfi M, Kanneganti T-D. Caspase-7: a protease involved in apoptosis and inflammation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2010;42(1):21–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Caglar HO, BirayAvci C. Alterations of cell cycle genes in cancer: unmasking the role of cancer stem cells. Mol Biol Rep. 2020;47(4):3065–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Kaldis P. The cdk-activating kinase (CAK): from yeast to mammals. Cell Mol Life Sci CMLS. 1999;55(2):284–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Amirsaadat S et al. Potential anti-proliferative effect of nano-formulated curcumin through modulating micro RNA-132, Cyclin D1, and hTERT genes expression in breast cancer cell lines. J Clust Sci. 2023;8:1–10

  45. Kato J-Y, et al. Direct binding of cyclin D to the retinoblastoma gene product (pRb) and pRb phosphorylation by the cyclin D-dependent kinase CDK4. Genes Dev. 1993;7(3):331–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Bonelli M, et al. Multiple effects of CDK4/6 inhibition in cancer: From cell cycle arrest to immunomodulation. Biochem Pharmacol. 2019;170:113676.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Musgrove EA, et al. Cyclin D as a therapeutic target in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2011;11(8):558–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Wagh VD, Deshmukh OJ. Itraconazole Niosomes Drug Delivery System and Its Antimycotic Activity against Candida albicans. ISRN Pharm. 2012;2012:653465.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Arunachalam A, et al. Niosomes: a novel drug delivery system. Int J Novel Trends Pharm Sci. 2012;2(1):25–31.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Bhardwaj P et al. Niosomes: A review on niosomal research in the last decade. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2020;56:101581

  51. Shahbazi R, et al. Design and optimization various formulations of PEGylated niosomal nanoparticles loaded with phytochemical agents: potential anti-cancer effects against human lung cancer cells. Pharmacol Rep. 2023;75(2):442–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Ali Hadi Z, et al. Design and Development of Fe3O4@Prussian Blue Nanocomposite: Potential Application in the Detoxification of Bilirubin. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2023;24(8):2809–15.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Ge X, et al. Advances of non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) and their application in drug delivery. Pharmaceutics. 2019;11(2):55.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Umamaheswari A, et al. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extracts of Raphanus sativus var. Longipinnatus and evaluation of their anticancer property in A549 cell lines. Biotechnol Rep. 2021;29:e00595.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Gurunathan S, et al. Platinum nanoparticles enhance exosome release in human lung epithelial adenocarcinoma cancer cells (A549): oxidative stress and the ceramide pathway are key players. Int J Nanomed. 2021;16:515.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Amirsaadat S, et al. Metformin and Silibinin co-loaded PLGA-PEG nanoparticles for effective combination therapy against human breast cancer cells. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2021;61:102107.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Alshetaili AS. Gefitinib loaded PLGA and chitosan coated PLGA nanoparticles with magnified cytotoxicity against A549 lung cancer cell lines. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2021;28(9):5065–5073

  58. Guo M et al. Cediranib Induces Apoptosis, G1 Phase Cell Cycle Arrest, and Autophagy in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cell A549 In Vitro. BioMed Res Int. 2021:5582648

  59. Kis B, et al. Inorganic Element Determination of Romanian Populus nigra L. Buds Extract and In Vitro Antiproliferative and Pro-Apoptotic Evaluation on A549 Human Lung Cancer Cell Line. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(7):986.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Firouzi-Amandi A, et al. Chrysin-nanoencapsulated PLGA-PEG for macrophage repolarization: Possible application in tissue regeneration. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;105:773–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Hawash M, et al. The impact of filtered water-pipe smoke on healthy versus cancer cells and their neurodegenerative role on AMPA receptor. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2022;45(5):2292–300.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Yoo J, et al. Active targeting strategies using biological ligands for nanoparticle drug delivery systems. Cancers. 2019;11(5):640.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Dang Y, Guan J. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. Smart Mater Med. 2020;1:10–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Rizvi SA, Saleh AM. Applications of nanoparticle systems in drug delivery technology. Saudi Pharm J. 2018;26(1):64–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Momekova DB, Gugleva VE, Petrov PD. Nanoarchitectonics of multifunctional niosomes for advanced drug delivery. ACS Omega. 2021;6(49):33265–73.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Rasul A et al. In vitro characterization and release studies of combined nonionic surfactant-based vesicles for the prolonged delivery of an immunosuppressant model drug. Int J Nanomedicine. 2020;7937–7949.

  67. Solomun JI, et al. Manual versus microfluidic-assisted nanoparticle manufacture: impact of silk fibroin stock on nanoparticle characteristics. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2020;6(5):2796–804.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Hajizadeh MR, et al. In vitro cytotoxicity assay of D-limonene niosomes: an efficient nano-carrier for enhancing solubility of plant-extracted agents. Res Pharm Sci. 2019;14(5):448.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Barani M, et al. Evaluation of carum-loaded niosomes on breast cancer cells: Physicochemical properties, in vitro cytotoxicity, flow cytometric, DNA fragmentation and cell migration assay. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):7139.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Minamisakamoto T, et al. Sequential administration of PEG-Span 80 niosome enhances anti-tumor effect of doxorubicin-containing PEG liposome. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2021;169:20–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Buchman JT, et al. Understanding nanoparticle toxicity mechanisms to inform redesign strategies to reduce environmental impact. Acc Chem Res. 2019;52(6):1632–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Barani M, et al. In vitro and in vivo anticancer effect of pH-responsive paclitaxel-loaded niosomes. J Mater Sci - Mater Med. 2021;32:1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Hajizadeh MR, et al. Diosgenin-loaded niosome as an effective phytochemical nanocarrier: Physicochemical characterization, loading efficiency, and cytotoxicity assay. DARU J Pharm Sci. 2019;27:329–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Durak S, et al. Niosomal drug delivery systems for ocular disease—Recent advances and future prospects. Nanomaterials. 2020;10(6):1191.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Jadon PS, et al. Enhanced oral bioavailability of griseofulvin via niosomes. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2009;10:1186–92.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Jadid MFS et al. Enhanced anti-cancer effect of curcumin loaded-niosomal nanoparticles in combination with heat-killed Saccharomyces cerevisiae against human colon cancer cells. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2023;80:104167

  77. Davarpanah F, et al. Magnetic delivery of antitumor carboplatin by using PEGylated-Niosomes. DARU J Pharm Sci. 2018;26:57–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Barani M, et al. In silico and in vitro study of magnetic niosomes for gene delivery: The effect of ergosterol and cholesterol. Mater Sci Eng, C. 2019;94:234–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. El-Ridy MS, et al. Metformin hydrochloride and wound healing: from nanoformulation to pharmacological evaluation. J Liposome Res. 2019;29(4):343–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Nazim UM, et al. Activation of autophagy flux by metformin downregulates cellular FLICE–like inhibitory protein and enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Oncotarget. 2016;7(17):23468.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Wu N, et al. Metformin induces apoptosis of lung cancer cells through activating JNK/p38 MAPK pathway and GADD153. Neoplasma. 2011;58(6):482–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Zaki NM. Augmented cytotoxicity of hydroxycamptothecin-loaded nanoparticles in lung and colon cancer cells by chemosensitizing pharmaceutical excipients. Drug Deliv. 2014;21(4):265–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Kamranvar SA, Rani B, Johansson S. Cell cycle regulation by integrin-mediated adhesion. Cells. 2022;11(16):2521.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Cheong DH, et al. Anti-malarial drug, artemisinin and its derivatives for the treatment of respiratory diseases. Pharmacol Res. 2020;158:104901.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Prasedya ES, et al. Carrageenan delays cell cycle progression in human cancer cells in vitro demonstrated by FUCCI imaging. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016;16(1):1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The authors declare that no funds were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Salah Jaafar Abdulkareem and Davoud Jafari-Gharabaghlou are co-first authors and contributed equally to this work

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Salah Jaafar Abdulkareem, Davoud Jafari-Gharabaghlou, Mahdi Farhoudi-Sefidan-Jadid, Elnaz Salmani-Javan & Nosratollah Zarghami

  2. Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamedan University of Medical Science, Hamedan, Iran

    Fatemeh Toroghi

  3. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Nosratollah Zarghami

Authors
  1. Salah Jaafar Abdulkareem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Davoud Jafari-Gharabaghlou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mahdi Farhoudi-Sefidan-Jadid
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Elnaz Salmani-Javan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Fatemeh Toroghi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Nosratollah Zarghami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nosratollah Zarghami.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Conflict of ınterest

No potential competing interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

40199_2023_495_MOESM1_ESM.tif

Supplementary file1 (TIF 1093 KB) Figure S1. FTIR result of ART, MET, and drug loaded NPs. A) ART, B) MET, C) blank Nio-NPs, D) ANP, E) MNP. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a powerful technique used for the characterization and analysis of various materials, including polymeric and biopolymeric materials.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Abdulkareem, S.J., Jafari-Gharabaghlou, D., Farhoudi-Sefidan-Jadid, M. et al. Co-delivery of artemisinin and metformin via PEGylated niosomal nanoparticles: potential anti-cancer effect in treatment of lung cancer cells. DARU J Pharm Sci (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40199-023-00495-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40199-023-00495-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation