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Porphyrin-based metal–organic frameworks: focus on diagnostic and therapeutic applications

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Abstract

As a hybrid material, metal organic frameworks (MOFs) contain unique characteristics for biomedical applications such as high porosity, large surface area, different crystalline morphologies, and nanoscale dimensions. These frameworks are assembled through the interconnection of organic linkers with metal nodes, while the engineering of an MOF for biomedical applications requires versatile linkers with acceptable symmetry. Porphyrin, as an organic linker with interesting photochemical and photophysical properties, attracted the attention of many for engineering the potent multifunctional porphyrinic metal organic frameworks (PMOFs). In this regard, a large number of approaches were conducted for designing robust practical PMOFs with a wide range of applications. In this review, we introduced another perspective of MOFs and coordination polymers constructed from porphyrinic linkers with a special focus on those synthesized by meso-tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP). In the following, we summarized and discussed the different types of PMOFs and their biomedical applications in terms of diagnostic agent, therapeutic platform, and drug delivery vehicle.

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Abbreviations

MOFs:

Metal–organic frameworks

PMOFs:

Porphyrinic MOFs

NMOFs:

Nano MOFs

NPs:

Nanoparticles

TCPP:

Meso-tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin

PDT:

Photodynamic therapy

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

PSs:

Photosensitizers

NIR:

Near Infrared

EPR:

Enhanced permeability and retention

4,4’-bipy:

4,4’-Bipyridine

PPF:

Porphyrin-paddlewheel framework

GSH:

Glutathione

3D:

Three dimensional

PEG:

Poly ethylene glycol

MRT:

Magnetic resonance imaging

CT:

Computed tomography

DOX:

Doxorubicin

5-FU:

5-Fluorouracil

PTT:

Photo thermal therapy

ISC:

Intersystem crossing

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre for access to the CSD Enterprise. We also acknowledge the support from Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM) and Mashhad University of Medical Science.

Funding

This work was supported by Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Grant Number: 54238.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

    Naeimeh Hassanzadeh Goji & Amir Sh. Saljooghi

  2. Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Mohammad Ramezani & Mona Alibolandi

  3. Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Mohammad Ramezani & Mona Alibolandi

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  1. Naeimeh Hassanzadeh Goji
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Hassanzadeh Goji, N., Ramezani, M., Sh. Saljooghi, A. et al. Porphyrin-based metal–organic frameworks: focus on diagnostic and therapeutic applications. J Nanostruct Chem 14, 167–208 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-022-00500-6

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