Abstract
Oceans are the largest source of biogenic emissions to the atmosphere, including aerosol precursors like marine halocarbons and dimethyl sulfide (DMS). During the last decade, the CAMS-GLOB-OCE dataset has developed an analysis of daily emissions of tribromomethane (CHBr3), dibromomethane (CH2Br2), iodomethane (CH3I), and DMS, due to its increasingly recognized role on tropospheric chemistry and climate dynamics. The potential impacts of these compounds on air quality modeling remain, however, largely unexplored. The lack of a reliable and easy methodology to incorporate these marine emissions into air quality models is probably one of the reasons behind this knowledge gap. Therefore, this study describes a methodology to adapt the CAMS-GLOB-OCE dataset to be used as an input of the preprocessor software Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE). The method involves nine steps to update file attribute properties and to bilinearly interpolate compound emission fields. The procedure was tested using halocarbon and DMS emissions fields available within the CAMS-GLOB-OCE database for the Southern Ocean around Antarctica. We expect that this methodology will allow more studies to include the marine emissions of halocarbons and DMS in air quality studies.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Data Availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.
Code availability
The SMOKE codes can be downloaded at www.cmascenter.org. Maps used in the spatial plots were created using Panoply and it is available at www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/panoply.
References
Abrahamsson K, Granfors A, Ahnoff M et al (2018) Organic bromine compounds produced in sea ice in Antarctic winter. Nat Commun 9:5291. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07062-8
Baek BH, Seppanen C (2018) Spare Modeling Operator Kerner Emissions (SMOKE) modeling system. 10.5281/ZENODO.1421403
Badia A, Reeves CE, Baker AR et al (2019) Importance of reactive halogens in the tropical marine atmosphere: a regional modelling study using WRF-Chem. Atmos Chem Phys 19:3161–3189. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3161-2019
Bock J, Michou M, Nabat P et al (2021) Evaluation of ocean dimethylsulfide concentration and emission in CMIP6 models. Biogeosciences 18:3823–3860. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3823-2021
Boudjellaba D, Dron J, Revenko G et al (2016) Chlorination by-product concentration levels in seawater and fish of an industrialised bay (Gulf of Fos, France) exposed to multiple chlorinated effluents. Science of The Total Environment 541:391–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.046
Byun D, Schere KL (2006) Review of the governing equations, computational algorithms, and other components of the models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system. Appl Mech Rev 59:51. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2128636
Choi YN, Song SK, Lee SH, Moon JH (2020) Estimation of marine dimethyl sulfide emissions from East Asian seas and their impact on natural direct radiative forcing. Atmos Environ 222:117165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117165
Development UEO of R and (2020) CMAQ. 10.5281/ZENODO.4081737
Granier C, Darras S, Gon HD van der, et al (2019) The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service global and regional emissions (April 2019 version)
Hoffmann EH, Tilgner A, Schrödner R et al (2016) An advanced modeling study on the impacts and atmospheric implications of multiphase dimethyl sulfide chemistry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:11776–11781. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1606320113
Hoffmann EH, Tilgner A, Vogelsberg U et al (2019) Near-explicit multiphase modeling of halogen chemistry in a mixed urban and maritime coastal area. ACS Earth Space Chem 3:2452–2471. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.9b00184
Iglesias-Suarez F, Badia A, Fernandez RP et al (2020) Natural halogens buffer tropospheric ozone in a changing climate. Nat Clim Chang 10:147–154. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0675-6
Jia Y, Tegtmeier S, Atlas E, Quack B (2019) How marine emissions of bromoform impact the remote atmosphere. Atmos Chem Phys 19:11089–11103. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11089-2019
Lana A, Bell TG, Simó R et al (2011) An updated climatology of surface dimethlysulfide concentrations and emission fluxes in the global ocean. Global Biogeochem Cycles 25:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003850
Li Q, Badia A, Wang T et al (2020) Potential effect of halogens on atmospheric oxidation and air quality in China. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 125:e2019032058. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032058
Li S, Zhang Y, Zhao J et al (2020) Regional and urban-scale environmental influences of oceanic DMS emissions over coastal China seas. Atmosphere (Basel) 11:849. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11080849
Mahajan AS, Fadnavis S, Thomas MA et al (2015) Quantifying the impacts of an updated global dimethyl sulfide climatology on cloud microphysics and aerosol radiative forcing. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 120:2524–2536. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022687
Muñiz-Unamunzaga M, Borge R, Sarwar G et al (2018) The influence of ocean halogen and sulfur emissions in the air quality of a coastal megacity: the case of Los Angeles. Science of The Total Environment 610–611:1536–1545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.098
National Oceanographic Data Center (2017) World Ocean Atlas, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Informationversion 2. In: October 2017
NCAR NC for AR (2014) The climate data guide: regridding overview. https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data-tools-and-analysis/regridding-overview
Nightingale PD, Malin G, Law CS et al (2000) In situ evaluation of air-sea gas exchange parameterizations using novel conservative and volatile tracers. Global Biogeochem Cycles 14:373–387. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GB900091
Ordóñez C, Lamarque J-F, Tilmes S et al (2012) Bromine and iodine chemistry in a global chemistry-climate model: description and evaluation of very short-lived oceanic sources. Atmos Chem Phys 12:1423–1447. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1423-2012
Pino-Cortés E (2021) Processing methodology of global anthropogenic emissions for air quality modeling. MethodsX 8:101505. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MEX.2021.101505
Pino-Cortés E, Carrasco S, Díaz-Robles LA et al (2022) Emission inventory processing of biomass burning from a global dataset for air quality modeling. Air Qual Atmos Health 15:721–729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-01129-0
Quack B, Peeken I, Petrick G, Nachtigall K (2007) Oceanic distribution and sources of bromoform and dibromomethane in the Mauritanian upwelling. J Geophys Res Oceans 112. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003803
Saiz-Lopez A, von Glasow R (2012) Reactive halogen chemistry in the troposphere. Chem Soc Rev 41:6448–6472. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CS35208G
Saiz-Lopez A, Plane JMC, Baker AR et al (2012) Atmospheric chemistry of iodine. Chem Rev 112:1773–1804. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr200029u
Sarwar G, Simon H, Xing J, Mathur R (2014) Importance of tropospheric ClNO2 chemistry across the Northern Hemisphere. Geophys Res Lett 41:4050–4058. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059962
Sarwar G, Gantt B, Schwede D et al (2015) Impact of enhanced ozone deposition and halogen chemistry on tropospheric ozone over the Northern Hemisphere. Environ Sci Technol 49:9203–9211. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b01657
Schulzweida U (2020). CDO User Guide. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.5614769
Sherwen T, Schmidt JA, Evans MJ et al (2016) Global impacts of tropospheric halogens (Cl, Br, I) on oxidants and composition in GEOS-Chem. Atmos Chem Phys 16:12239–12271. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12239-2016
Simpson WR, Brown SS, Saiz-Lopez A et al (2015) Tropospheric halogen chemistry: sources, cycling, and impacts. Chem Rev 115:4035–4062. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr5006638
Skamarock WC, Klemp JB, Dudhia J, et al (2019) A description of the advanced research WRF model version 4. NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-475+STR 145
Stemmler I, Hense I, Quack B (2015) Marine sources of bromoform in the global open ocean – global patterns and emissions. Biogeosciences 12:1967–1981. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1967-2015
Stone D, Sherwen T, Evans MJ et al (2018) Impacts of bromine and iodine chemistry on tropospheric OH and HO2: comparing observations with box and global model perspectives. Atmos Chem Phys 18:3541–3561. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3541-2018
Tegtmeier S, Krüger K, Quack B et al (2013) The contribution of oceanic methyl iodide to stratospheric iodine. Atmos Chem Phys 13:11869–11886. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11869-2013
von Berg L, Prend CJ, Campbell EC et al (2020) Weddell sea phytoplankton blooms modulated by sea ice variability and polynya formation. Geophys Res Lett 47:e2020087954. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087954
Webb AL, van Leeuwe MA, den Os D et al (2019) Extreme spikes in DMS flux double estimates of biogenic sulfur export from the Antarctic coastal zone to the atmosphere. Sci Rep 9:2233. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-38714-4
Woodhouse MT, Mann GW, Carslaw KS, Boucher O (2013) Sensitivity of cloud condensation nuclei to regional changes in dimethyl-sulphide emissions. Atmos Chem Phys 13:2723–2733. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2723-2013
Yang G-P, Song Y-Z, Zhang H-H et al (2014) Seasonal variation and biogeochemical cycling of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. J Geophys Res Oceans 119:8897–8915. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010373
Ziska F, Quack B, Abrahamsson K et al (2013) Global sea-to-air flux climatology for bromoform, dibromomethane and methyl iodide. Atmos Chem Phys 13:8915–8934. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8915-2013
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge ECCAD for the archiving and distribution of the CAMS-GLOB-OCE data.
Funding
This work was supported by CONICYT-PIA-FONDEQUIP-FUNDACIÓN ALEMANA PARA LA INVESTIGACIÓN D.F.G (DFG190001), FONDECYT-REGULAR 1211338, and the supercomputing infrastructure at NLHPC (ECM-02).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable
Consent to participate
Not applicable
Consent for publication
Not applicable
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pino-Cortés, E., Gómez, K., González Taboada, F. et al. New processing methodology to incorporate marine halocarbons and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) emissions from the CAMS-GLOB-OCE dataset in air quality modeling studies. Air Qual Atmos Health 16, 681–689 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-022-01301-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-022-01301-0