Abstract
Cyclone Amphan (May 2020) is one of the strongest cyclones in the recent decade during premonsoon season in the North Indian Ocean. Satellite, observational and reanalysis data products were analysed before, during and after the passage of Amphan to understand the role of ocean–atmosphere interactions for the rapid intensification, recurvature and upper ocean response. To examine the pre-oceanic conditions and rapid intensification of Amphan in the North Indian Ocean, a two-layer reduced gravity model is used to derive the upper ocean thermal profile to estimate the tropical cyclone heat potential (TCHP). Results reveal that prior to the passage of Amphan, unusual high TCHP anomalies (> 25 kJcm−2) and SST anomalies (> 1 °C) are evident. Time-longitude, sea level anomalies suggest that high TCHP and SST are associated with propagation of downwelling Kelvin and Rossby waves in the Equatorial Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal, respectively. Before rapid intensification, Amphan changes its path from north-northwestward to north-northeastward direction. Amphan produced significant left rainfall asymmetry during its passage. Analysis from mid-tropospheric (600 hPa) equivalent potential temperature (K) reveals the presence and meander of dryline along the western Bay of Bengal (BoB) (< 325 K). The upper ocean response during life history of Amphan is analysed from Argo floats within vicinity of cyclone track. The key finding in this study is that mechanical mixing and intense precipitation are responsible for the changes in mixed layer depth and barrier layer along the Amphan track. These results indicate that the presence of dryline in the middle troposphere is crucial for the recurvature of Amphan track during premonsoon season. This study highlights that large-scale environmental and ocean–atmosphere interactions for the rapid intensification of cyclone in the North Indian Ocean.
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02 November 2021
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-021-00693-4
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Acknowledgements
Authors would like to acknowledge the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service for making available ARMOR3D data and sea level data. Argo data obtained from Coriolis Operational Oceanography and ESSO-INCOIS-Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services. The authors would like to acknowledge MOSDAC at Space Applications Centre, ISRO for making available INSAT-3D data. Authors also thankful to ERA5 data provided by the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). ERA5 data are obtained from the ECMWF data server: http://data.ecmwf.int/data. NKV like to acknowledge the sponsoring agency the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India for providing a research grant (MoES/36/OOIS/Extra/46/2016). The authors are grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their meticulous comments and valuable suggestions.
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Vissa, N.K., Anandh, P.C., Gulakaram, V.S. et al. Role and response of ocean–atmosphere interactions during Amphan (2020) super cyclone. Acta Geophys. 69, 1997–2010 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-021-00671-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-021-00671-w