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Heat capacity of (ethanol + diamond) nanofluid near the critical point of base fluid (ethanol)

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Abstract

In the present work, the isochoric heat capacities of pure ethanol and ethanol-based nanofluid (ethanol + diamond) were experimentally studied near the critical point of pure base fluid (ethanol). The measurements were taken using a high temperature, high pressure, nearly constant volume adiabatic calorimeter. The combined expanded (k = 2) uncertainty of the density, temperature, and heat capacity measurements at 95% confidence level is estimated to be 0.2%, 15 mK, and 3%, respectively. For pure base fluid (ethanol), the isochoric heat capacity measurements were taken for two selected isochores of 285.2 and 275.58 kg m−3 (critical) in the one- and two-phase regions near the phase transition and the critical temperatures (514.74 K). The measurements for nanofluid (ethanol + diamond) were taken along the selected near-critical isochore of 284.38 kg m−3 for the concentration of 5 mass% of diamond nanoparticles with size of (3–10) nm in the temperature range from (347 to 537) K. We experimentally found that the phase transition temperature of the ethanol + diamond nanofluid is shifting to high-temperature range (to 526.18 K). Thermal instability of the nanofluid (ethanol + diamond) at high temperatures (around 500 K) and its effect on measured properties was studied.

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Abbreviations

T :

Temperature/K

P :

Pressure/MPa

V :

Specific volume/m3 kg−1

\(T_{\text{S}}\) :

Phase transition temperature/K

\(P_{\text{S}}\) :

Vapor pressure/MPa

\(T_{\text{C}}\) :

Critical temperature/K

\(C_{\text{V}}^{{}}\) :

Isochoric heat capacity/kJ kg−1 K−1

\(C_{\text{P}}\) :

Isobaric heat capacity/kJ kg−1 K−1

\(K_{\text{T}}\) :

Isothermal compressibility/MPa−1

m :

Mass of a fluid inside the calorimeter/kg

\(k_{\text{B}}\) :

Boltzmann’s constant/J K−1

\(\Delta Q\) :

Electrical energy released by the inner heater/J

\(U\) :

Voltage drops/V

I :

Current passing through the heater/A

\(C_{ 0}^{{}}\) :

Empty calorimeter heat capacity/J K−1

\(\Delta T\) :

Temperature change/K

\(L_{\text{n}}\) :

Average distance between the nanoparticles/nm

\(n\) :

Refraction index

\(T_{\text{nb}}\) :

Normal boiling temperature/K

\(g_{{{\text{C}}_{\text{V}} }}\) :

Finite-size scaling function of heat capacity

\(x\) :

Finite-size scaling variable

\(V_{{{\text{P}}_{ 0} {\text{T}}_{ 0} }}\) :

Volume of the calorimeter at room temperature and 101 kPa m−3

\(V_{\text{pT}}\) :

Volume of the calorimeter at given P and T/m3

\(\bar{A}_{0}^{ \pm }\) :

Asymptotic critical amplitude of heat capacity

\(\bar{B}_{\text{cr}}\) :

Fluctuation-induced “critical background” parameter of heat capacity

ρ :

Density/kg m−3

\(\rho_{\text{C}}\) :

Critical density/kg m−3

\(\rho_{\text{S}}\) :

Saturated density/kg m−3

\(\rho_{293}\) :

Density at 293 K/kg m−3

τ :

Heating time/s

\(\xi\) :

Correlation length/nm

\(\nu\) :

Critical exponent of correlation length

\(\alpha\) :

Critical exponent of heat capacity

\(\Delta\) :

Nonasymptotic critical exponent

\(\lambda\) :

Thermal conductivity/W m−1 K−1

s :

Saturation properties

c :

Critical point

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Russian Foundation of Basic Research (RFBR) Grants Nos. 16-08-00536 and 18-08-00500.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Physics of the Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Makhachkala, Dagestan, Russian Federation

    Nikolai G. Polikhronidi, Rabiyat G. Batyrova & Ilmutdin M. Abdulagatov

  2. Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Dagestan, Russian Federation

    Ilmutdin M. Abdulagatov

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  1. Nikolai G. Polikhronidi
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Correspondence to Ilmutdin M. Abdulagatov.

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Polikhronidi, N.G., Batyrova, R.G. & Abdulagatov, I.M. Heat capacity of (ethanol + diamond) nanofluid near the critical point of base fluid (ethanol). J Therm Anal Calorim 135, 1335–1349 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7475-5

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