Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

On the mechanocaloric effect of natural graphite/thermoplastic polyurethane composites

  • Composites & nanocomposites
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Solid-state cooling based on caloric effects is an alternative to traditional vapor-compression refrigeration systems. This technique and the solid-state materials have received great attention in recent decades. For example, the elastomers are promising because they have high values of adiabatic temperature change (ΔTS) and isothermal entropy change (ΔST). However, their thermal conductivity is limited, which is a fundamental property for heat transfer. Hence, in this work, we characterized the mechanocaloric effect in natural graphite/thermoplastic polyurethane (NG/TPU) composites. The pure TPU and its NG/TPU composites were characterized by their thermal and mechanical properties. The NG/TPU composites presented ΔTS = 8.6 K and ΔST = 35 J kg−1 K−1, which correspond to a maximum reduction of 28 and 45% in the ΔTS and ΔST, respectively, when compared to pure TPU, but with an increase of 500% in thermal conductivity. We reported no significant reduction in the ΔTS for the composites after 105 compression cycles. Our findings combine a large mechanocaloric effect with the unique characteristics of TPUs and the enhanced thermal conductivity of its NG/TPU composites.

Graphical Abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Not applicable.

References

  1. Takeuchi I, Sandeman K (2015) Solid-state cooling with caloric materials. Phys Today 68:48–54. https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.3022

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Cazorla C (2019) Novel mechanocaloric materials for solid-state cooling applications. Appl Phys Rev 6:041316–041416. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5113620

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Greco A, Aprea C, Maiorino A, Masselli C (2019) A review of the state of the art of solid-state caloric cooling processes at room-temperature before 2019. Int J Refrig 106:66–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2019.06.034

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Cirillo L, Greco A, Masselli C (2022) Cooling through barocaloric effect: a review of the state of the art up to 2022. Therm Sci Eng Prog 33:101380–101414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2022.101380

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Imamura W, Paixão LS, Usuda ÉO et al (2018) I-Caloric effects: a proposal for normalization. In: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on caloric cooling (Thermag VIII), Darmstadt, Germany, 16–20 September, pp 179–184. https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.thermag.2018.0029

  6. Xie Z, Sebald G, Guyomar D (2017) Comparison of elastocaloric effect of natural rubber with other caloric effects on different-scale cooling application cases. Appl Therm Eng 111:914–926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.09.164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Coativy G, Haissoune H, Seveyrat L et al (2020) Elastocaloric properties of thermoplastic polyurethane. Appl Phys Lett 117:193903–193905. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0023520

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Yoshida Y, Yuse K, Guyomar D et al (2016) Elastocaloric effect in poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene) terpolymer. Appl Phys Lett 108:242904–242914. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4953770

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Usuda EO, Bom NM, Carvalho AMG (2017) Large barocaloric effects at low pressures in natural rubber. Eur Polym J 92:287–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.05.017

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Carvalho AMG, Imamura W, Usuda EO, Bom NM (2018) Giant room-temperature barocaloric effects in PDMS rubber at low pressures. Eur Polym J 99:212–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.12.007

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Usuda EO, Imamura W, Bom NM et al (2019) Giant reversible barocaloric effects in nitrile butadiene rubber around room temperature. ACS Appl Polym Mater 1:1991–1997. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.9b00235

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Imamura W, Usuda ÉO, Paixão LS et al (2020) Supergiant barocaloric effects in acetoxy silicone rubber over a wide temperature range: great potential for solid-state cooling. Chin J Polym Sci 38:999–1005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-020-2423-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Patel S, Chauhan A, Vaish R, Thomas P (2016) Elastocaloric and barocaloric effects in polyvinylidene di-fluoride-based polymers. Appl Phys Lett 108:072903–072905. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4942000

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Wang R, Fang S, Xiao Y et al (2019) Torsional refrigeration by twisted, coiled, and supercoiled fibers. Science 366:216–221. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax6182

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Wang R, Zhou X, Wang W, Liu Z (2021) Twist-based cooling of polyvinylidene difluoride for mechanothermochromic fibers. Chem Eng J 417:128060–128069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.128060

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Lloveras P, Tamarit J-L (2021) Advances and obstacles in pressure-driven solid-state cooling: a review of barocaloric materials. MRS Energy Sustain 8:3–15. https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-020-00002-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Xie Z, Sebald G, Guyomar D (2017) Temperature dependence of the elastocaloric effect in natural rubber. Phys Lett A 381:2112–2116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2017.02.014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Xie Z, Sebald G, Guyomar D (2015) Elastocaloric effect dependence on pre-elongation in natural rubber. Appl Phys Lett 107:081905–081914. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4929395

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Sebald G, Xie Z, Guyomar D (2016) Fatigue effect of elastocaloric properties in natural rubber. Philos Trans R Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci 374:20150302–20150313. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0302

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Guyomar D, Li Y, Sebald G et al (2013) Elastocaloric modeling of natural rubber. Appl Therm Eng 57:33–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.03.032

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Xie Z, Wei C, Guyomar D, Sebald G (2016) Validity of Flory’s model for describing equilibrium strain-induced crystallization (SIC) and thermal behavior in natural rubber. Polymer (Guildf) 103:41–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2016.09.038

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Zhang S, Yang Q, Li C et al (2022) Solid-state cooling by elastocaloric polymer with uniform chain-lengths. Nat Commun 13:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27746-y

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Zhang S, Fu Y, Li C et al (2022) Polymer elastomer near plastic-to-rubber critical transition produces enhanced elastocaloric effects. Cell Rep Phys Sci 3:101147–101212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.101147

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Bom NM, Imamura W, Usuda EO et al (2018) Giant barocaloric effects in natural rubber: a relevant step toward solid-state cooling. ACS Macro Lett 7:31–36. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00744

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Bocca JR, Favaro SL, Alves CS et al (2021) Giant barocaloric effect in commercial polyurethane. Polym Test 100:107251–107256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2021.107251

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Weerasekera N, Ajjarapu KPK, Sudan K et al (2022) Barocaloric properties of thermoplastic elastomers. Front Energy Res 10:887006–887010. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.887006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Zhang C, Wang D, Qian S et al (2022) Giant barocaloric effects with a wide refrigeration temperature range in ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers. Mater Horiz 9:1293–1298. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1MH01920A

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Imamura W, Usuda EO, Lopes ÉSN, Carvalho AMG (2022) Giant barocaloric effects in natural graphite/polydimethylsiloxane rubber composites. J Mater Sci 57:311–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06649-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Bera M, Prabhakar A, Maji PK (2020) Nanotailoring of thermoplastic polyurethane by amine functionalized graphene oxide: Effect of different amine modifier on final properties. Compos B Eng 195:108075–108115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108075

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Voda A, Beck K, Schauber T et al (2006) Investigation of soft segments of thermoplastic polyurethane by NMR, differential scanning calorimetry and rebound resilience. Polym Test 25:203–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2005.10.007

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ryu S, Oh H, Kim J (2019) A study on the mechanical properties and thermal conductivity enhancement through TPU/BN composites by hybrid surface treatment (mechanically and chemically) of boron nitride. Mater Chem Phys 223:607–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.11.052

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. More AS, Lebarbé T, Maisonneuve L et al (2013) Novel fatty acid based di-isocyanates towards the synthesis of thermoplastic polyurethanes. Eur Polym J 49:823–833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.12.013

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Kwiecińska B, Petersen HI (2004) Graphite, semi-graphite, natural coke, and natural char classification—ICCP system. Int J Coal Geol 57:99–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2003.09.003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Bom NM, Usuda EO, Guimarães GM et al (2017) Note: experimental setup for measuring the barocaloric effect in polymers: application to natural rubber. Rev Sci Instrum 88:046103–046113. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4979464

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Xu Y-X, Juang J-Y (2021) Measurement of nonlinear Poisson’s ratio of thermoplastic polyurethanes under cyclic softening using 2D digital image correlation. Polymers (Basel) 13:1498–1511. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13091498

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Diani J, Fayolle B, Gilormini P (2009) A review on the Mullins effect. Eur Polym J 45:601–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.11.017

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Marckmann G, Verron E, Gornet L et al (2002) A theory of network alteration for the Mullins effect. J Mech Phys Solids 50:2011–2028. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5096(01)00136-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Samaca Martinez JR, Le Cam J-B, Balandraud X et al (2014) New elements concerning the Mullins effect: a thermomechanical analysis. Eur Polym J 55:98–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.03.014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Zhang M-G, Xu W, Wu T et al (2021) Investigation on Mullins effect of rubber materials by spherical indentation method. Forces Mech 4:100037–100047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.finmec.2021.100037

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Ain QT, Haq SH, Alshammari A et al (2019) The systemic effect of PEG-nGO-induced oxidative stress in vivo in a rodent model. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 10:901–911. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.10.91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Bera M, Chandravati GP, Maji PK (2018) Facile one-pot synthesis of graphene oxide by sonication assisted mechanochemical approach and its surface chemistry. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 18:902–912. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2018.14306

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Lavakusa B, Mohan BS, Prasad PD et al (2017) Facile synthesize of graphene oxide by modified hummer’s method and degradation of methylene blue dye under visible light irradiation. Int J Adv Res (Indore) 5:405–412. https://doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/3526

  43. Venkatesan N, Archana KS, Suresh S et al (2019) Boron-doped graphene as efficient electrocatalyst for zinc-bromine redox flow batteries. ChemElectroChem 6:1107–1114. https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201801465

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Yang Y, Wang Z, Zheng S (2021) Secondary exfoliation of electrolytic graphene oxide by ultrasound assisted microwave technique. Nanomaterials 12:68. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12010068

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Bandi S, Ravuri S, Peshwe DR, Srivastav AK (2019) Graphene from discharged dry cell battery electrodes. J Hazard Mater 366:358–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.005

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Wu B, Wang H, Chen Y et al (2021) Preparation and properties of thermoplastic polyurethane foams with bimodal structure based on TPU/PDMS blends. J Supercrit Fluids 177:105324–105410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105324

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Wang X, Xue R, Li M et al (2022) Strain and stress sensing properties of the MWCNT/TPU nanofiber film. Surf Interfaces 32:102132–102139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2022.102132

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Yahiaoui M, Denape J, Paris J-Y et al (2014) Wear dynamics of a TPU/steel contact under reciprocal sliding. Wear 315:103–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2014.04.005

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Pandey S, Jana KK, Aswal VK et al (2017) Effect of nanoparticle on the mechanical and gas barrier properties of thermoplastic polyurethane. Appl Clay Sci 146:468–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.07.001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Menes O, Cano M, Benedito A et al (2012) The effect of ultra-thin graphite on the morphology and physical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer composites. Compos Sci Technol 72:1595–1601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2012.06.016

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Mi H-Y, Salick MR, Jing X et al (2013) Characterization of thermoplastic polyurethane/polylactic acid (TPU/PLA) tissue engineering scaffolds fabricated by microcellular injection molding. Mater Sci Eng C 33:4767–4776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2013.07.037

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Mistry P, Chhabra R, Muke S et al (2021) Fabrication and characterization of starch-TPU based nanofibers for wound healing applications. Mater Sci Eng C 119:111316–111411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111316

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Mochane MJ, Luyt AS (2015) The effect of expanded graphite on the flammability and thermal conductivity properties of phase change material based on PP/wax blends. Polym Bull 72:2263–2283. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00289-015-1401-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Mochane MJ, Luyt AS (2015) The effect of expanded graphite on the thermal stability, latent heat, and flammability properties of EVA/wax phase change blends. Polym Eng Sci 55:1255–1262. https://doi.org/10.1002/PEN.24063

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Che J, Wu K, Lin Y et al (2017) Largely improved thermal conductivity of HDPE/expanded graphite/carbon nanotubes ternary composites via filler network-network synergy. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 99:32–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.04.001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Fu YX, He ZX, Mo DC, Lu SS (2014) Thermal conductivity enhancement with different fillers for epoxy resin adhesives. Appl Therm Eng 66:493–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.02.044

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Vitorino N, Abrantes JCC, Frade JR (2014) Highly conducting core–shell phase change materials for thermal regulation. Appl Therm Eng 66:131–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.02.001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Tu H, Ye L (2009) Thermal conductive PS/graphite composites. Polym Adv Technol 20:21–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.1236

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Kultys A, Rogulska M, Głuchowska H (2011) The effect of soft-segment structure on the properties of novel thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers based on an unconventional chain extender. Polym Int 60:652–659. https://doi.org/10.1002/PI.2998

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Piana F, Pionteck J (2013) Effect of the melt processing conditions on the conductive paths formation in thermoplastic polyurethane/expanded graphite (TPU/EG) composites. Compos Sci Technol 80:39–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2013.03.002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Rittigstein P, Torkelson JM (2006) Polymer–nanoparticle interfacial interactions in polymer nanocomposites: confinement effects on glass transition temperature and suppression of physical aging. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 44:2935–2943. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.20925

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Li B, Kawakita Y, Ohira-Kawamura S et al (2019) Colossal barocaloric effects in plastic crystals. Nature 567:506–510. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1042-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Aznar A, Lloveras P, Barrio M et al (2020) Reversible and irreversible colossal barocaloric effects in plastic crystals. J Mater Chem A Mater 8:639–647. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA10947A

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Lloveras P, Aznar A, Barrio M et al (2019) Colossal barocaloric effects near room temperature in plastic crystals of neopentylglycol. Nat Commun 10:1803–1807. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09730-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Lu B, Liu J (2015) Mechanocaloric materials for solid-state cooling. Sci Bull (Beijing) 60:1638–1643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-015-0898-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Sakata A, Suzuki N, Higashiura Y et al (2013) Measurement of the mechanocaloric effect in rubber. J Therm Anal Calorim 113:1555–1563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-013-3066-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Tishin AM (1997) Magnetocaloric effect in lanthanide materials. J Alloys Compd 250:635–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(96)02521-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Miliante CM, Christmann AM, Usuda EO et al (2020) Unveiling the origin of the giant barocaloric effect in natural rubber. Macromolecules 53:2606–2615. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00051

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Dong M, Li Q, Liu H et al (2018) Thermoplastic polyurethane-carbon black nanocomposite coating: fabrication and solid particle erosion resistance. Polymer 158:381–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2018.11.003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Fathy A, Shaker A, Hamid MA, Megahed AA (2016) The effects of nano-silica/nano-alumina on fatigue behavior of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. J Compos Mater 51:1667–1679. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998316661870

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Tate JS, Akinola AT, Espinoza S et al (2018) Tension–tension fatigue performance and stiffness degradation of nanosilica-modified glass fiber-reinforced composites. J Compos Mater 52:823–834. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998317714855

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Dani MSH, Venkateshwaran N (2021) Role of surface functionalized crystalline nano-silica on mechanical, fatigue and drop load impact damage behaviour of effective stacking sequenced E-glass fibre-reinforced epoxy resin composite. SILICON 13:757–766. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12633-020-00486-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Velmurugan N, Manimaran G, Ravi S, Jayabalakrishnan D (2021) Effect of silanised reinforcements on thermal, wear, visco-elastic and fatigue behaviour of stitched E-glass fibre-reinforced epoxy hybrid composite. J Rubber Res 24:41–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/S42464-020-00070-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Grant No. 406233/2021-7).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil

    Flávio Clareth Colman, William Imamura & Eduardo Radovanovic

  2. Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil

    Nicholas Dicati Pereira da Silva, William Imamura, Fernando Rodrigo Moro, Alexandre Magnus Gomes Carvalho, Cleber Santiago Alves, Júlio César Dainezi de Oliveira, Silvia Luciana Favaro & Jean Rodrigo Bocca

  3. Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, 57072-970, Brazil

    William Imamura

  4. Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, 09913-030, Brazil

    Erik Oda Usuda & Alexandre Magnus Gomes Carvalho

  5. Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-860, Brazil

    Fernando Rodrigo Moro

  6. Instituto de Física Armando Dias Tavares, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-013, Brazil

    Alexandre Magnus Gomes Carvalho

  7. Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil

    Paulo Vinícius Trevizoli

  8. Departamento de Engenharia Química e de Petróleo, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, 24210-240, Brazil

    Rita de Cássia Colman Simões

Authors
  1. Flávio Clareth Colman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nicholas Dicati Pereira da Silva
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. William Imamura
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Erik Oda Usuda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Fernando Rodrigo Moro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Alexandre Magnus Gomes Carvalho
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Cleber Santiago Alves
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Paulo Vinícius Trevizoli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Rita de Cássia Colman Simões
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Júlio César Dainezi de Oliveira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Silvia Luciana Favaro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Jean Rodrigo Bocca
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Eduardo Radovanovic
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Flávio Clareth Colman, Jean Rodrigo Bocca, and Eduardo Radovanovic conceived the study. The measurements were performed by Flávio Clareth Colman. Flávio Clareth Colman, William Imamura, Nicholas Dicati Pereira da Silva, Cleber Santiago Alves and Erik Oda Usuda contributed to the writing-original draft. Flávio Clareth Colman contributed to data curation and formal analysis. Nicholas Dicati P. da Silva, William Imamura, Erik Oda Usuda, Jean Rodrigo Bocca, Fernando Rodrigo Moro, Alexandre Magnus Gomes Carvalho, Paulo Vinicius Trevizoli, Cleber Santiago Alves, and Júlio César Dainezi de Oliveira contributed to the formal analysis. Rita de Cássia Colman Simões contributed to formal analysis and resources. Silvia Luciana Favaro contributed to project administration, supervision, formal analysis, and resources. Eduardo Radovanovic contributed to project administration, supervision, methodology, formal analysis, and resources. All authors contributed to the writing review and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Flávio Clareth Colman.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Additional information

Handling Editor: Jaime Grunlan.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

See supplementary material for additional data on Scanning Electron Microscopy for pure TPU and NG/TPU composites, FTIR of NG/TPU composites, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry for pure TPU and NG/TPU composites. We show adiabatic temperature change vs. temperature and Isothermal entropy change vs. temperature for 10 wt% NG/TPU, 20 wt% NG/TPU, and 30 wt% NG/TPU. We assess the normalized temperature change |ΔTS Δσ−1| as a function of ΔTS around room temperature (292–334 K) for pure TPU, NG/TPU composites (this work), and elastomers presented on literature. We present the temperature versus time curves for 10x cycles, with x varying from 0 to 5 for pure TPU, 20 wt% NG/TPU composite, and 40 wt% NG/TPU composite (this data were used to develop Fig. 8). Finally, we report a briefly description of the device for measuring the thermal conductivity of the samples.

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 3055 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Colman, F.C., da Silva, N.D.P., Imamura, W. et al. On the mechanocaloric effect of natural graphite/thermoplastic polyurethane composites. J Mater Sci 58, 11029–11043 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-08700-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-08700-3

Search

Navigation