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Spatial monitoring and health risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental matrices from an industrialized impacted canal in South Africa

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Abstract

This study investigates the pollution of Markman stormwater runoff, which is a tributary to Swartkops River Estuary. Solid-phase and ultrasonic extraction methods were utilized in the extraction of water and sediment samples, respectively. The pH of the sampling sites was above the EU guideline. The ranges of concentration of \(\Sigma_{6}\)PBDE obtained in water and sediment samples for all the seasons were 58.47–1357 ng/L and 175–408 ng/g, respectively. Results also showed that BDE-66 was the dominant congener, specifically in the industrial zone, where its concentrations ranged from 2 to 407 ng/g in sediment. Consequently, the high concentration of BDE- 66 in the sediment of stormwater calls for concern. Penta-BDE suggests potential moderate eco-toxicological risk, as evident in the calculated risk assessment. The result showed possible photodegradation along the contaminant's travel time, as only 7% of the PBDE was detected at the point of entry into the Swartkops River Estuary. Markman stormwater may be contributing heavily to the pollution load of Swartkops River, as evident in the alarming concentrations of PBDEs obtained. The industries at this zone should eliminate the contaminants before discharging their effluents into the canal.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) for funding support.

Funding

The research was funded by the South African Medical Research Council (Grant No. UFH/SAMRC/P790).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa

    Chinemerem Ruth Ohoro, Abiodun Olagoke Adeniji, Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh & Omobola Oluranti Okoh

  2. Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa

    Chinemerem Ruth Ohoro, Abiodun Olagoke Adeniji & Omobola Oluranti Okoh

  3. Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa

    Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh

  4. Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, National University of Lesotho, P.O. Roma, 180, Lesotho

    Abiodun Olagoke Adeniji

  5. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

    Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh

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  1. Chinemerem Ruth Ohoro
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  2. Abiodun Olagoke Adeniji
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  3. Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
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  4. Omobola Oluranti Okoh
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Contributions

CRO performed conceptualization, data collection and analyses, and preparation of the manuscript; AOA, OOO, LS, and AIO contributed to data analyses and review and updating of the manuscript ; OOO and AIO done supervision and funding of the research.

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Correspondence to Chinemerem Ruth Ohoro.

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Ohoro, C.R., Adeniji, A.O., Okoh, A.I. et al. Spatial monitoring and health risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental matrices from an industrialized impacted canal in South Africa. Environ Geochem Health 44, 3409–3424 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-01114-7

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