Дизайн 1981 / 2 by Industrial Design Bulgaria

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PE3IOME

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ABSTRACTS

Bblnt{EB, An. T€xNrKa B rcroprqecKoM pa3Bnrli, 6onrapn[. An3aiH, 1981, ilo 2,

c.3-36,$n. l4cropraqecKoe o6oapeHre npoqeccoB Tex'

HrqecKoro pa36rTrs 6onrepn, a Snoxy Bo3po*aeHxfi 14 B nocneaylou.lue aeceru-

nelrs. ycnosr4F pa3BnruF rexHsgecKoi

pe_

BOn|oqvrl,| Ha (boHe 6opb66r 3a HaqnoBanbHo-

ao ocBo6oxaeHrs, cor.llansHoi l,l ayxoBpesonrcqrl,r. flepexoA @ cpeAHoBe_ KOBFOTO HarypansHolo xo3BicrBa K K6nr' TarrcffiqecKoMy. BnnsHre reorpadn'{ecK-

Hoi

Cr. Ponb npoMHurneHltoro 3aiHa nph sHeApeHrn Hosbrx 43Aenri. 3afi8, 1981, ilo 2, c. 3 - 36, lrn. MyyAVl,

ar,t-

Ar-

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aeBFth Hay{Ho npoeKrrpoBaH}rbrx u3ae" n}lfi, HarpaxA€t{Hbrx CoBeroM no An3aiHy, XapaKTep{cr6Ka 6npMnpon3aoarrenefi , noaxoa SupM K pa3pa6orKe HoBbrx r3ae-

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or'

pacnei - ao6brql, pya6l, Merannyprnni

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xnf, norpe6Hoclei B HayqHotl,

xoi ,HOopMaqtn.

-texHngec_

OcHoBHbre

roMbl -

x€n8HoaopoxHhril.' BoAlrbli TpaHcnopT, cBF3' n @O6qesuF, ctpohrenscrao, nprnoxeHl,le 3n€KTprrqecr<oi 3Heprrhi @crofiHUe nrqeBoi, xnMrqecKoi, reKcT nsHoi npoMsrrrlneHHocrr4, aepeBoo6pa6oTKr rl

r.A. nepBLre uiarr,r 6onrapcKoi nonxrpa' Sux. BKnaa nerpa EepoHa - ablltKrqe_

roci yqeHoro 3nox, Eo3poxaefiuF paaBsrue 6on6pcKoi HayKn. o63op

KpynHeiuJnx 6ofl rapcKnx r3o6peieHr4r rexHgi{ecKvrx pa3pa6oroK 3Toi gnoxr. CseagHrs 06 agTopax. IllKonbl. LlKon85re t

npolpaMMbr !t noco6us.

TenSNOCtb nO tCCneAOBaHrlo

pa3grrvllo.

Al. History of the technical in Bulgaria. Design. 1981, No1.p.3-36. A historical review of the processes of technical development in Bulgaria during the period o{ National Revival and imme' diatelv following it. Historical background

VULCHEV,

development

schools, curricula and school appliances. Engineering education. Th€ Art School in

So{ia, transformed lator into

Art

and

lndustry School, The activity of its Applied Arts Department. Achievements in the field

ol applied arts. MOODY,

St.

The role of industriald€sign

in technological innovation. De$ign, 1981, No 2. p. 38 -46, ill. lnvestigation about the role o{ product prein technological innovation and

sentation

cii Awards. lntormation about the lirms

economv, The impact ol gaographical discoveries and technological inventions

on the

development

commerce. Pro'

middle of tgth cengy. Chronology of the industrial branchcs: ore mining, metal-

AoctrxeHtf, xvaoxHLKoB'npxtoxH'Koa-

inlormarion about their authors. Education:

and intellectual revolution. Tranaition from medieval natural econorny lo.capitalist

rensHocTb OtAene nprKnaaHoro ricKyccYBa

ula aei-

application of electric power, the state of food, chemical, textile. woodworking etc. industries. First steps of the Bulgarian printing industry. The contribution ot Peter Beron, the most outstanding scientist oI the sam€ period, lor the development ol Bulgarian scionce. A review of the most significant Bulgarian inventions and technical projects from that time:

commercial success. collat€d evidence drawn lrom a study of nine scionce based

o6p63oBaHre. co3aaHlle y{l,nt.lqa pxcoBaNxr B Coour, B aanbneiuroM - XYAoxe_ dSeH8o-raHAycTp$anbHolo y{gtn

transport, communicationi, building,

o{ the technical revolution, as wsll as the struggle for national liberatjon, the social

duction engineering and natural scinces, two stages. The use o{ water Power, a basic component o{ technology until the

T€xBraqecKoe

l!rgy, rextile industry during the period. The importance of tha press in answering the needs of scienti{ic and technical infoF mation. Basic topics: railway and water-

products which have received De6ign Counproducing the investigated products. Firm's approach to technological innovation. contribulion o{ the industrial designers in inno-

vation process, The position of indusdesigners in the firm. Opposition of

trial

the engineering slaff to the

Bmployment

industrial dssigners. The advantages of employing a consultant industrial designor. lndustrial de6ign and scientitic research and development,

YA( 62:7.0s (091)

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B peahua rpulKu ycrrrqa, Klaero

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a y{Hrxqero, 3ano{Ba x ,3aaBaHero Ha vce6Hhqu no reorpadqF (34), MareMar'{Ka, ou3"Ka. oco6eHo rorsM nprHoc aa pa3npocrpaH

yqHrenlr€ or cpeaHoBexoBHarg py_ rrlra uMa a-p nerLp EepoH, Na;_ KpynHs'a ovrypa lla yqe Br3paxaaHe. Toi pa6ortr B p€ahq6 o6nacr{ Ha 3HaHxero l,l 3aeMa Brpxo'

C,eMa

pa.pu

h Ha

dencraue (e,Eeo) u HadtLxeH

qutuHd.F E.6ymta

naqxa

Mauuks. ur@crpaquu kt' aHan4a Ha d.p nef6p nepoH HacLu*fav'aqufe 6ytunHo n.pHu MauuHu. ToM 3

nlpsrqHocrra Ha HapeA c reoperrqHu

Ma-tept

Ara

144).

,i3crersaHri 6e-

poH ce 3aHrMasa , c 'lr4cro npaKrD_ eKcnePxMeHranHa pa6ora.

qecKa

flpeacrasraaa ,Hrepec ,aeira 3a 6$xmeH renerpao, pa3Brra B rperrF roM Ha ,,naHenrcre, Ma". SepoH e nrpsrFr Nau yceH, 3aen ce c ,3yqaBaHero Ha ronrrH},rre .tpoqecr. Pa3pa60rBa noAMopcKla

83 ao3hqra Karo y'leH-efi4rknonelrlcr, He caMo c HaqHoHanHa, Ho ll c MexayHapoaHa 3HaqrMocr {35}, Eepo| pa6orn ,3BlH Elnraprs y Bntr3a € aon'{p c Hai-Hanpe4Huqssrre ray{HX nocr{xeH,fl ornocoscxl, Br3, '4 cBos ophrrhanHt rn€Ar. Toi ckaasa dunocodcKa c"creMa {36}, pa6o s o6nacrra Ha acrpoHoMrsra, Mereoponoruf,ra, srcrlKara, xqMuFrs, rexH,Kara. tl3ra8a Haa 20 KpynH, rpyAose rnsBHo Ha 6peHcx,1

Han-3HaqrrenHoro

Mv crqrHeHre

ceaeMroMHara "naHenxcreMa,, I I960-

77r.), or xoero fllpanre 4 roMa ca noA o6uroro 3arnaBre,,OnpocroHa dHrxa", a nocneaHrre rpu -,,He6ecaa 6nuKa". l43aasa oure "OM3r-

Ko-xr4Mrr8" (1870 r.) , "Mereoponorh, ,eH arnac" {1860 r.}. "Cr4creMa Ha

reoioruqra" {1855 r.) { ap.

napHl, MauirHr, c ocHo6Ha qen nosuTon

noanara Ha KprryqeH aHarr3 pa3nre"

Hll CynocoocKr t '$crHu reopvu 3t r,r3TocHrka Ha aBrxeHreTo 11 pa3srrrero, Karo pa3Kpr4Ba r xhrenH, h orprqarenH! crpaHy l,l H3ueHH, Mr{cnu, Maxap cecro rprMeceH, c HaeEH11 u HeHay,rH' cxsalllaHua. Ton c!3aasa oprrr_ H€nHa, floao6Ha Ha KaHr-nannacosa-

ra,

KocMoroHrqecxa co6cBeHa repMrHonoru se)l(Aa

ereMeH

Ha Hcropx3tM, pa3,

rpexAanK{ npou3xoAa Ha SceneHara. Cnopea Hero qen,iFr cEFr e cl3aaaeH or aBa ftpsrlcH, Marep[anHx Cnyrae (enekrpr). 'ipe3 rnx ron ce crapae aa o6FcH, BcmK, opraHrar}l

heoprasHcH11 Beurecrsa. 3acraBa ra no3ru1111 orHocHo

MrreprarrcrrqH'.

koe$'iqreHra Ha none3Ho AeicrBre. Pa6orenK,

s o6nacrra

Ha xxMrFra, HaMrpa peAuqa

peueHri

3a npaKrxcecKo reH$re 6aHl,l B rrHAycrpxFrala s AoMa. aaHe Ha noMeqeHrF

r.r

Ap. OprrnHan.

no csoF 3aMrcln e nporrBonokapHara My cficreMar eKctreprMeHrrpaHa Ha

caMun SepoH

co6crs€Hoyo My

{38). 'aMeHye C ,3cneaosarencxa , xoHcrpyKropcKa pa6ora ce 3aHrMaBar u Apyru 6\ntapu, rnaBHo tr3BlH npeAenrre Ba crpaHara. IVHo qrraBar aoKropcK, arlcepraqlny, cra. aar aarop, Ha nareHrr. TsKa HrKonan TouKosntr, B!3nuraHeK Ha nerep6yprcKrn tyr, pa3pa6oraa KoHcrpyKrrEHo, 3a, 11

urrrasa npea oPeHckara aKaaeMva Ha HayK{re nareHr 3a cer efirre Ha6y' ranara Ha napHtre MaurH',{, ,3o6pe-

acrMocr,Iano rnacrK B nprroxeHheto Ha nap_ HuA aB'.'raren {39)- B rpsHcnopra ,r

,HAycrpffir€. TorirKoBr{ pa6orn

ycneuHo r'r B o6nacrra Ha Kopa6o_ crpoeHero, oco6eHo no Kopa6H'rre

o6nacrra

npoFsf,Bar peauqa l43Becrtr Aeiqu Ha

H.uero BEpaxaaBe. OcBeH karo npo6ec,roHaneH peBonloqtoHep, lvla'

rei

npeo6paxeHcKu {1828-75

r.}

,3FB3Ba l1 Karo KoHcrpyKrop na aoaHl1 noMnr, MHoroqesH, nyuiK{, aeeeH kaneH4ap, npasq onr r 3a 3aaBxxBaHe Ha BoaeHrlrh clc co6crseHa KOHCTPYKUUF BCgEH AB'TATEN, rcFBF'

, ne{rren (40) . c KoHcrpyKropcKa aeiHocr ce 3aH'rMa Bar t.C.PaKoBcKrl, Xp-CFpoB, Saqo Kxpo

l,1

ap. Bt3po*GeHcK, aeiqr.

B!3poxAeHcKnFr neqar orpa3Ano'roreM, Hav{H, otKpur4F Ha BeKa. H8Ko, or rFX ca

6una aopa3gurtl h npucnoco6eH{1 clo6pa3Ho MecrNrre ycrosHR. Oco6eNo xapaKrepHa

reHIeHurF

|lnEcrpa4rlF

ra3,

aKuuf,ra 3a npoKonaBaHe Ha flnaBarenHu KaHanh y Hac no noAo_ 6qe Ha CyeqKafl KaHan (41).npoeK. r{pa ce BapxaHr 3a crearHFBaHe Ha e

AeBHeHcKoro e3epo

LiepHo Mope

(ocrurecrBeH eaEa B Haurl aHr) , 3a npeBpllraHe Ha aeBHF B MopcKx npr-

npo6neMxre Ha aHAyxonnaBa. Hero, neearapcrBoro, clo6ur,rrenHara 't2

ysne'reHrF c rexHrcecKti M r3o6perarencKh xapaKrep. l.43o6rtctBar 6o6'

orKphBa arenre s Serrpaa npe3 1862-63 r. nlpBere c8eAeBrF 3a HayKa y Hac npoHrKnpe3 Bl3par<laHero x c€ Bal eABa

ureHuF 3a nvcKaae Ba 6anoHlr

cBlp3aH, c rMero

3[paHero Ba BHAyxonnaBaHero, b y Hac ,Ma cBeaeHrF 3a oraenau Hecno

HhlrF rpluK, p€dopMarop

eneKrporexHrKara He ocrasar tanHa 3a 6lrrapure. EBpona e o6B3era or

r.r apyr.4 Hapea c nonynFpx-

nyqnrBr onuru (42), pa3npocrpaBFBaHu Karo rereHA,r. clo64rrenHara rexHrKa ce u3pa3F3a s crorrqrr€ Kr-

noMerpr renerpa6H, ruHx,, Kplcro can, crpaNara, x MHoro6poiHrre re nerpado-noureHckv craHurr.

Or uencerre roaxHi Boa,

Ha-

6tnrapcKata rbororFa

dur.

SnaroAapeHxe Ha HeF AHec pa3-

nora.aMe c o6pa3"re 6MrapcKu peBon6qqol]epr.

nlpsr'

re arenuera ca op.aHu314paHu rnaBHo no AyHascKhre rpaaose or dororpadu+yr(AeH4r. napBhflr 6MrapuH. OororpaS e A8acrac KapacroFHoB,

xoito

Ha KoHcraHrrH Oo-

ruHoB. oorhHoB ce y{'l I HayKu, 6t43uKa I xrM,F np, 3HaMeToMa

Karpu. B cn."Irlo6o€noBre" {1844 r.) negara oei,4ua npunoxHrlT€ HavKr, arporexH!4gecKrre cloplxeHnF, 6apyra, ropeHero 3a HacaxaeHrFra c KocrHo 6pa0Ho. B "6anrapcKq kHBxr,1Ll,1" (1858 r.) n,l'

ue pu

3a nopqenaHa, Kr6p,feH"re 6a6Kh, 6orarcr Bara Ha MopcRara Boaa,

"3opBrua' (1865

r.)

3a 3eMHo-

ro Macno, soaopoaa , ynorpe6ara My B 6anoHrre, canvHapcrBoro, crlKnap' crBoro. l4BaH SoropoB yc, xrMuF B flannqur a ny6nhKysa peahqa Mare. puanu Ha xriMuq€cKa MeHoBaHuF, cBoicrBara Ha Blrnepo-

Aa,

soaara/ 8!3ayxa s ap. 143) . y Hac

xuMus 3a

nrpa, nrr ce npenoaaBa

np$ la65 r. B Crapa 3a.opa or AraHac 6ense3, 3aBrpuhn ecrecrBeHr Haykl1 B PycnF. UaH11 T,Hqes {3aBLpuinn ecrsecrBeH" HayKH B KueB) oc!-

qecrsf,sa MHoxecrBo

xxMr4{ecKh

ekcneprMeHrr{ B Pyce11 Ta6po3o. npe3 1871 r, ArMrrlp Brqes H3aasa "CencKocronaHcKa HeopraHuqecka u opraHrqecKa xriMrF" - nlpsara xrMrqecKa KHrft y Hac, EaHs roa{Ha

no-KlcHo nlo6eH Kapaaenos ny6nrKysa x{rrara r'3a sBAyxa u Hero, 3a

6010 BnuFHre tsa x6sorHrre n pacre-

HrFrar'. npe3 70-re roArHh y Hac uH-

poKo ce 3acnnBa ,qeatucrtAe'1'ara

ayanrcrxqHa reoprr h yqeHhero 3a ,,x,3HeHara cnna,l' ocHosaHa oT 5ep.

qenryc

BeKoEeH o6n,1k l,

alpBeHoro pano oc-

rasa rnaseH ,HcrpyMeHr s o6pa6orHaropFBaHe Ha 3e-

Mhre He ce nprnara. npe3 1868 r. nPea arpxaBHra crBer cynraHlr rosoph 3a Heo6xoarlMocrra aa ce pa3srBar 3eMeaenxero, 3eMeaenckoro 06-

pa3oBaHxe, 3eMeaencKnle 6atrKr, npoMr4une!{ocrra 3a 3eMeaencKr Ma-

ur,H, (46). lvraxar

flauja npas,

h3BecTH' AOCTaBKU Ha 3eMeA€ncK, MauflHh B ayHaBcxHF srnaer. B Co,yHcKrF Brnaer ce aocra$r Blpuackn, xlrBapKr, nnyroBe, rynyM6! 3a HanoiBaHe. opraHx3rpaHo e apyxec, rao 3a pa3ljlrpnBaHe u3non3BaHero sa MAUJl.Hli. HOS'TE

Kynryp, aoaex.qar ao flphnaraHero

Ha no-cnoxHa arporexHrKa

l,1

cneqna-

r4 Be{e u3ocraseHa s EBpona. 3acrlnEaHero Ha ra3l,1 reopxF y Hac

rr3aqrs tsa

cnel HeiHnF yflaark ce Atnxx

pai YclBrpueHcrsaHero la arpoiexHrkara ,l B apyr{re o6nacrn. Makap qe orpoMHrre aurose npeqar 3a El.

A.BrqeB u C.BexrHoB, Ko"ro no npoOechF He ca x,Mrlrtr u He ca 6xru

op{eHrrpaH, B HoBocrHre. oco6eso MHoro ce pa6orr no cE3aaBaHero Ha ftnrapcKa xbMrqecKa HoMeHKrary-

pa (A.Paqes, n.naBnoB, A.EHq€s

IpJ or Koiro ,

l,!

Ao AHec ca 3ana3eHe

oraenHx eneMeHr" (44). CHAaBaHero Ha peAoBHa rvpcKa apMyfl npe3 1826 r. }j arpapHara pe$opMa or 1832 r. crr4Mynrpar HF.

so. 3anocaa orrrer<AaHero Ha Hos, Kyrryp, - naMyK, rlorloH. cycaMr rpaarHcK{ MaK, opr3, Macnoaai(a po3a, Konp!.lHeHa

6y6a (45).

titMa pe-

arqa vcnex, a cneuranM3aunFra

paioHri3aqMnra Ha crpaNara. Blnpek}l roaa TexHrKara 3ana3Ba caoa cpeaHo,

oraenHrre r€orpasck, pa;oH6. Te or csoF crpaHa cr,Myrr-

BerGaH€ro B urrpoKl1 Maura6u Ha Ma,

18 B, Ho€@acerrnn ce oslapla snarar cpe/rcrBa 3a npoKonaBase Ha aln6o-

R5 KraAeHq' y nocroiaar l<aunh 3a l0-120O0 oBqe 6caKa. 3a rDpBn nLr

ryk

ce ce€ naMYK,

nprnarar arporexHyqecke HoBoataereHvF {48). Oqe c ,AsaHero cla rypq$re (14 ' 15 E.) 3anoqsar aa c€Fr no nopeqrero Ha Maprqa roneMy nnoul, c opr.3, xaro 3a HanoFBaHero ,3rpaxlar nperpa4Hh cloplxeHHF 11 rBcra Mpexa or HanorrerH, KaHann {49) . norpe6socrrre npoMnuneHocr crxMynrpar pa3Brrrero Ha eaooro oBu€Bllcrao, Ernrapx8 ce osopMr Karo Ha;,6ofaru6 cxoroataeH pa;oH B uMneptrFra (50). CaMo B Konpgsu.lrqa npe3 cpeAara Ha 30 6aqy,a, BcFKo no

3000 osqe 151). no-KlcHo 3anaaHara ,HAycrpranHa KoHKypeHquF oKa3Bapxy osqeslacrBoro, Koero 6rp3o 3anaAa.

Tp.HcooprHrre cpeAcrEa noq Ha BHparqaH '<pai rpaar{roHHocr. clponrenrre Ha BoncK, Kon, u Kapy-

ueHHoro o6pa6orsaHe Ha 3eMFra {51), Bce no.,recro B npecara ce noFBaBar clo6|lreHra 3a Hosr4 onrr, 3a MexaHr3rpaHe rpvaa Ha 3eMeaefleua. I 3€MeAencKoro y'itrnrqe s qeurxuF

rpaA Ta6op c€ ycar MHoro 6lnrapcK14

3aHa'

Mnaaexr. I npecara ce noRBFBar p€arqa crarn, crc npaxrhqeck, clBe

no arporexHnKa, BHamr ce Blpujaq,

xlrBapKk,

nnyroBe.

Stnraprre c, cneqenBar ,Me Ha "HanAo6p, 3eMeAenqh", Kor4ro eArHcrBe, Hv ps3BxBar scrcl<, dopM, Ha 3eMeAenrero 3 TypqeF (47). Karo BaxeH p.noH ce oOopMF 6€3sorHa

Ao6pylxa. Our€ B KpaF

ql1 - apa6aAxurlre, aaEar42.5 %

or 06-

floBeqe

or 50

qoro flpor3BoacrBo H.

ao6pyaxa, np€3 ro3, neproA B crpaHara 3anoesa ychneHo narHo crpomencr, 3o. nrruqara ca crpoeH, no ecrecraeHo npoxoaaMxre Mecra, 3a aa ce E

B6erHar xcKycrBeHll GoplxenhFl,|

pa36,rBaHe Ha cKanu. KrM 1878 r. y Hac 6yHKqroHypar 2500 kM nlrrura,

KM uroctrpaH, (52i. Ao nlpsara nonoBrHa Ha l9 s€x nlrnllrar. ca 6e3 HacrunK., recHr, HepasHr,

or rax 1500

6e3 MocroBe {noa6rpaHx ca 6poaoBe

npe3 peKHrel. H8n-,recro ce n!'yBa Ha KoH. Klpar€nxicKtrre onycroue' HUA

[OBexlal AO

nrryBaH{nra

OrOaHrqaBaHe Ha 3dHeMaPnsaHe Ha n}_

rnurara. npe3 1865 r. noprara *eMa peueHhe 3a pa3rLpHaro uroceiHo 11 xn crpotrrencrao. ao 1860 r. no-ao6ap nrr e ,Mano caMo no HanpasneHrero CoO{' - nnoBArrB - Uapxrpaa. npe3 1869 r. lvlraxai nauia loKraaBa 3a nocrponBasero Ha 573 KM nlrrqa q 237 Mocra 11 3a peMoHra Ha 235 KM Pa3Brrre nony{ats8 h ynr{Hara Mpexa Ha rpaaosere, tlecro FBneHre npe3 nlpBara nonoEHHa Ha l9 3. ca KpnBrre ynuqv c aydKx l,1 Kan, nno_ qaaH c Kynuqa cMer, oco6€Ho B .pa_

aosere, pa3nonoxeHx

nrriura. nnaHnHcKrre rpa4ose uMar no-ooopMeHu ynxqh, c KanaapaMeHa Ha6hnKa, seHeph,

3e, Koero npe3 Bropara nonoBtHa

a)ka (ciporrencrBoro

BeKa ce npeHacF

noBpareH MoMeHr B ,croprFra Ha rpaHcnoPra Ha crpaHara e npoKap' Banero Ha nlpBtrr€ Hrv. nocrpo8BaHeio Ha xn ,|rHr1t na SanKaHgre cr.Ba cnea donynFprcr_ paHero 6M s EBpona

ce npheMar no_

HaceneHhero xapaK_ repHo e, ce aoKaro Ha 3anal ,Hrwaa_ rnBara 3a nocrpoFEaHero Ha xn nH_ Hr, e 'racrHa, a TypqrF l,rHeqvarop e arPxasara, fl opaar rKoHoMB'lecKara Ha 6arKaHcKrre crpaHi4, 3a crponrercraoro ce.43non3yEar

'rp(A,l Kanrrantr {53). KprMcxara

BonHa craBa 6oeo6pa3eH crrMyn 3a h3rpa)qaHe Ha xene3ontrHa, uocen_

r reierpaoHs Mpexa, np€ArMHo cac crpar€rrqecKa, aHrrpYcKa qennrpsrre npoekr, {l8Ea .) ca aHrnxncKy. flPe3 1860 r' ce orKP,Ba nrpsara xn nuHrF Ha 6anKaHrre ranra 64 KM: 'lepHa soAa ' K0creH Ha

1857 ..). npe3 1861 r. AHrrtrF 'pe3 Hanafa rypck! $€pMaH 3a nocrpoa-

nrHnira Pyce-BapHa {223xM) Karo BaxeH MerqyHapoaeH nrr EBpona-'lepHo Mope-A3rF. npe3 1963 r. HeiHoro nocrpoFBaHe Ha aHrnrncKo apyxecrBo n npe3 1866 r. nuHrFra e orKp,ra. Or 1873 BaHe Ha

r, rF e orKyneHa or abp canara Ha SepnvHcKrF aoroBop, u3nnauasero i e np€xsrpneHo crea ocso6orqeHuero Hs KHnxecrBo SLnraprF (53). npe3 1865 r. e pa3pa6or€H npoeKr 3a uinocrHa xn Mpexa Ha EsponencKa TyP4rF. TF noBrapF Haopa6neHrara Ha plMcKrr€

nlrrqa

Llap6rpaa-CoOun'KocreHArn'CKo_ nhe-14hrpoBhqa-AscrpoyHraprF

KnoHoBe oaprH-aeaearaq, oaprH FM6on-lllyMeH

cKonre ConyH c

2500 kM HopMans, nrH!4u. np€3 1869 r. 6apofl Xrpur o6pa3yBa apyxecTBo 3a excnroafauxa

noeMa

KoHqec,Fra crc cpoK s9 roasHu. ao 1875 r. ca roroB, nrH,xre qaprrpaa-

SenoBo, OAprH-AeAearae-T!pHoso, CenMeH-flM6on (yAlnxeHa no ycMo, rpeHre Ha 6apoH X"pur) , conyHCKonHe-lvlrrpoBrqa. Bcr,rKu Mocrose ca alpseHr, pa3croaHhero Mexoy

rpasepcrre e 120-180 cM (BMecro Ao 100 cM), npercaxre 6e3 6aphepr, pe3epBoaprre 3a soaa ca orKp6ru x Mtsoro rpaaoBe ocrasar 6€ rapr. ao

\^ t

b\t

r,!,,

AOXCO

h,a

ftc 8@888 8

Wffi$ a&) 88 888e

i878 r. B SuraprF He ca crpoeH,

ryHen,. Ao 1876 r. ca noc'oeHy 533 cpeaHo no 48 KM roar4!rHo, KonKoro e cpeaHrf,r rpupact 3a

neproaa 1878'1933

r. no rrHyera

Pyce'BapHa ca y3non3ysaH, anrnrnclc cpaaHrYerHo Manka MoulHocr. Ao 1888 r. Elnrapua ,Ma 2a

cxopocr 50 KM/!. nlrHrqecK{re aaroHu ca aByocH!,6errnicKo npor3Eoacrso. I Pyce e opraHk3rManHa

paHa nrpaara MaurrHocrporrenHa Oa6prKa 3a HyxArre Ha peMoHra Ha YcnopeAHo c pa3Brrhe nonycaBa

soaruFr rpaHc-

nopr. Or sropara nonoskHa Ha l8 B. no aYHaBa nnasar rypcK, reMh,, conH}l , xurrl1 karqr. I 1819 L ce

Ha AyHaBcKoro

napaxoacrBo, a or 183 r. Pycrs !4 Aacrplrs 3anocBar aa u3nor3B6r 3a Kopa6onnqfaHe AonHrF AyHaB. qeH 6p Ha "nnarHFHara drora,'e csr!loB, Klaero npe3 1850.. ca soaeH, Ha olrer 100 .eMrr. CneA eArH noxap npe3 1870 r. B CBxqoa e flocrpoeHa lr ntpBara Moaepaa nprcraHdurHa cKenn, SnaroAapeHrc Ha napaxoAcr-

tlep@u Ha pa3nueHu duaoee u zpebiu eutn., Ha H. TouRoeua n naeaedure rpa,uwH

xopa1+u

aHanu3 Ha chupan,o rpu,o-

narHo Kopa6ko

euno. geprex Ha H. fou Mv 3a n.paxodtre.

Boro no AyHas ce aKrhsr3rpar np,cTaHrqaTa, pa3ul4paBa c

crpeHe, kautKasan, Macno,

stnHa_

Oco6eHo pa3BHrre nonyqaBar

MopcKrre nprcraHrura.

6an{|K

exeAHeBHo ce pa3ioBapBar no 10001200 Kone xrro, or BapHa 3a tlapn-

rpaA execelMxqHo nrryBar flo 4 n.paxoAa. nprcraHxqara He ca ,Majg

srnlronoMy

re ocrasan,

KeioBrj creHe, Kopa6rpeiA. Ero 3auro npe3

nocneAHHre roauHl,| Ha Ba3paxaaHero

ycrneHo ce pa3arBa rPaxaaHe

rnaBHrre nphcranrqa

cnopeA h3uck8ar6Fra Ha kopa6onna-

npea,

Ocso6on<aeHrero no

TaKa Mexay nroBAr6 d oaprH no

6lnrapcKoro Kpan6pexre SyHKq,o-

l{ap$qa ca nnasan, cpeury reqeHnero or "npecroikr". 3d rerneHero Ha BceKv ca 6unn Hyx

H'PAT LIECT flGBAXHtr OAPo8E, KOHrponhpaHr or opeHcxoro ApyxecrBo "XoMf,aH, [e Oap oroMaH" (54), oc' HoBaHo npe3 1854 r.. koero 3ano{Hano aa 3aMeHF raBeHr sls BerpoynopHr oeHep,, c nerponHl naMn, noa HanFrafle, c pe+neKTopHa chcreMa

YcnopeaHo c

rpd<aaHero , eKcnonaraqnara Ha clspeMeflHx noureHcK, KoMyHhl<aqhh Kakro s crpaHara, raKa l,l c qYr(6rHa. Ao cpeAara Ha 19 BeK nourara € npeHacFHa Ha KoHe

KopaL 'rpoeHero or csoa crpaHa crqo nonyldBa rMnync. TaKa B apceHana Ha

Tyn{a npe3 cpeaara

BeKa ca npor3sexaaHu no 16 Kopa' 6a rorruHo (55). Kopa6ocrpoeHero, cropurencrsoro Ha x.n. r reneooHHrl nuHxl, nornlqar ronflMo Korrcecrso 4apBeH Marepran, xoero pa3srBa

aapBoao64sa

Boa, ao r43crraHe

npe3 1862 r. e orKpuro nlpEo

ro 6!nrapcxo aKqroHepHo naponnyB' HO ApyxecrBo "npoBxaeHMe", c aM_ 614ro3H6 nnaHoBe 3a noaaapxaHe Ha peaoBH, rparcnoprHx nrHfi no qep-

HoMopcKrra 14 ayHaBcK, nprclaHrura- To 3aKynxno MoaepHxF Kopa6 "A3uc" c rpe6eH BhHr (cKopocr 10 Mxnr/qac, 20 ayull,1 nep€lHan,

Ha 170 crrnKu,

a x,-

roBaponoAeMHocr

, MourHocr 120 K.c.). nopaa, orHaxcosh MauihHaql,r4 Kopa560 roHa

6ir 6/n

3ary6eH or apyxecrBoro r,r3slplisasero caMo Ha HflKonKo pen' ca. C roB€ ce h3eepnBa 6yorpa$rFra Ha rpax.oafickoro Kopa6onnaBaHe ao

srrpe 3 crpaHara clboro ca 6{ru opraHr3rpaHh soaHri clo6qeHxa. p€r(x

pFAKo c l<apyB ronaMara cH

qacr ca 6unl4 rarapx. TypcKara noura He ce ornrqaEana c ronsMa ctrrypHocr

n 3arGa urrpoko ca 6vnl, ,3non*aH' nycMoHocqh x qacrHh nlrY€aHva. no-ronnM aaropvrer ca ,Man, qyxahre noqH, qrirTo Mapupyr e np€Mr1Hasan npe3 Hauirre 3eMu. 3a flo-rone-

Mrre npeso3h ca r3non3BaHu Krpa. Axrlhr€ {Kapyur4, Hai{ecro c 6180rcKa rFra) . raKuBa KonapcK, rrHxh ca cr3naaeH, h eKcnnoaTrpaH, no Mapupyrxre CoO"8-Hxu (1863 r.), Pyce-nneBeH (1865 r.), Pyce-BapHa (1866 r.). npe3 1866 r. ce c!3aasa o6eArHeHo rPaHcnoprHo apyxecrBo,

npxrexaBauro 120 KoHF, 130 Kon'a, 60 qrdra KoLlyMu, 38 uetHu, Koero o6cnyxBa rrHriure Huui-CodxF-nre3eH'TlpHoBcCBruros'Pyce-BapHa .

CoOUF-Kocre€a"n-AxyMai. Kpan

nrrruara ca npoets, kohro ca cnYxxnr 3a pa3Erruero

Kapaynxr,

Karo noqr,

Ha noqeHcKnre

c!o60reHra aonprHacF slBexaaHero Ha renerpaoa. napBara rere.pasHa

nrnrF y nac no cpaBHrrenHo nrnHosoaHure

qr, karo nouranhoHrTe

e nocrpoeHa

Merqy

BaP-

Pyc4 npe3 1856 r. no crp.rer,qecKr c!o6pa*€HnF. OrKpxBaHero n npeMrRaBa np, ronFMa n.paaHocr. Ha

o6cnyxBaHero e r'aBHo or op3Hqy' 3l', Ha opeHcKu e3rk nopaA{ 3arpya_

neHri np,

nprcnoco6

ryPckara a36yKa xrM Mop3oBar. cn-

creMa. Or l86l r. ren€rpaoHara cnvx6a e orKpera 3a nor3yBaHe or npe3 1854.55 r. e npeKapaHa ren€rpaoHara rxH}jn qaps'

rpa4-CoShF-6errpaa-BneHa. 143nomBar ce Mop3oBx anaparv (56) . npe3 1857 r. ra3n dpeHcxo-aHrnrncka renefpadHa nrH'4F e npeaaaena sa rypqhre. Ao 1879 r. y Hac rMa 41 renerpaoHh craHqru. BcHKa craHqna ce nara Ha 61000 xnreni4 { o6cnyxsa nnour or 2400 KB.KM (57). [4op3oBrre anapaft pa6orar clc cKopocr 100'120 3Haka s MvHyKa {naK raM). no npeKapBaHero H. nrH5rle , B rererpasHure craHqx'4 pa6or6r MHoro 6rnrape, Koero aaBa a}3 nerpadlr He caMo aa 6!ae nonYrFpr3upaH cpea HaceneHxero, Hol,| aK-

rraHo aa 6LAe u3noruBaH 3a Hyx(Aure Ha rlproBr4Fra x peaorprlroHHsra 60p6a.

Bce slB BpBKa qvFra Ha rvpcKara ,Mneprn or qvxaecrpaHHna Kanurafl 3aoo'1Ba l1 Hen' Horo no.qanocrHo x3yqasaHe. TexHxpeMe e npe!. craseHa rrasBo o ryxaeHqu - rpaHc-

noprHx, MnHHh

q 4p, cneq&nxcrr.

npasFr ce peahqa npoy'raaHu8 3a ,3nprpoaHrre, 6orarcrsa,

3a pa3pa6orBaHe Ha MIHH|4 HaxoAriura. 143secrHrf,r speHck'4 feonor AM, Eye ,a8a np€ 1836 r. !a ,3yq,

TypqrF B reoroxKo npe3 ro3u nepuoa 6urapu

ce Haco,tBar

orHor.leH6e.

KIM rexHrqecKx

A MexaHuc*ka konaeKa l6azep) npu pyd.

Hoka "KyquaH.

Mudu nep4uk6"

npe3 Bl3palqaHero KaMeHHnre

Brrnuqa ca 6rnu Mant<o nonYnFpHe, CaMo B nepHnurxo r CaMoKoBcKo re

or Kosaqnre. npe3 1874 r. earH ,ranrraH€q 3anoqsa pa3' pa6orxH oKono c. lvollrHo 6 crc c!ca u3nor3yBaH, ae;crsrero

rypcKoro npaBrrencr-

30 pa3KprBa nwsara pyrHuqna rane prF. EABa no BpeMe Ba Ocso6oArrerHara BonHa, 3a Hyrqvre Ha pycKxre

BotcKu or oronneHue, B co6'4F 3ano{8a no-ycrneHo pa3pa6orBaB€ na 6r"3Ku KaMeHoBrrreH" Haxo!"ua. OraenHn Kapro.paocK" npoyq' BaHrF ca npaBeH, MHoro npeau B1,3pa)rqaHero rnaBHo or n} qn, Ho qFnocrHo noapo6Ho Kaprorpa-

OxpaHe Ha crpaHara

u38apuBa

rBrpae KlcHo no upxq6Ha Ha rypc-

KvF KoHcepBar43lM {58) . 3at@a no cpeaara Ha 18 Bex 6rnrapclrara rephroprF e orpa3esa s HFKonko HerocHH ape6HoMaqa6H6 xapr'{ {59) |

"Kapra Ha BrauRo, Clp6{F, 6urapuF' u PyMenuP'tt {PnM 1564 r.) (60}. "Kaprara Ha OroMaHckara uMnepuF, (1595 r.), B KoFro e la3nrcaHo rMero Ha 6rnrap'rF, "Kapra Ha MaKeAoH,lF" (1598 r.), "Kapra Ha 6lnrap6F, PyMenha , MaKeroHra" (1689 ..). B oiaenHl1 nproBcK4 ,r apyrn xapre, B 19 BeK rpyna 6peHck. 14Hx€Hepu npoy'iBar SarKsHcKrF f,c nyocrpoB e ca6rpar qeHeH ronorpad cK, x crar{{cTme€K6 Marepgan, noxlcHo earH or rFx - Ilanue - r3aaBa

Ha ExHara qacr Ha nonyocrpoaa ao nroBArs, Kaprb Ha Etrrapffi, Ha 6a3ara Ha {y)KA' npoycsaHrs, ce ,3aasar y ol MHoro poaorD6,Bs 6!nrapH (11BaH AaHrnoB . 1813 r., ArexcaHArp Py. Ape6HoMaura6Ha Kapra

Cen.pauut @

e.znoqd npu Dvd4uqufe

Uap@a Kpyua u

noroe don

uuHu"llephuR"

- 1834 r., ArMlarrp - 1862 r., Xprcro T.Aa.

ceB B Crpac6ypr

AHrenraxea

HoB-1863 r.l1 ap. Te3x

xap

Ape6HoMaura6Hl,1, o6qoreorpadck14 r,

clalpxar

MHoro HeroqHocrh. qino-

crHo, nHcrpyMeHranHo kaprorpachHe e ruBlpueHo no BpeMe Ha ocBo6oahr€nHara BoiHa or PycKara rono-

rpaocKa cnyx6a 3a xParK, cpoKoBe.

,3BlnpeAHo

Pa6orHhre

rpyfl,

ycacrBysar MHoro 6rnrapr. Ha flnout oKono 170000 kB.KM. ca pa3s,rr 25 reoAe3rcs, Bepqfu c 1274 wtiaatyl,1 oKono 350 ronorpaock, op4ruHana s Ma'qa6 I:42000. feoAe3yqHara Mpexa e 6hna cslp3aHa

aBrpyricKara x pycKara, karo 13 xoaHara rolxa e 6ffa orHeceHa KlM nynKo3cKara o6cepBaroprF. npor3BoAcrBoro Ha xenF3o 17

nocreneHHo 3anaaa noa sa3aeicrsnero Ha KoHkypeHqrFra H3 aoMeHHoro npor3Bo4clBo, Koero H€ Moxa aa Ha"

Mep, ycnoslrF aa ce pa3sre

Hac

l,|

auro

cnea ocso6oxqeHrero. Ero 3auro sa6pFiHoro npoh3aoacrBo e a neKara npoMrlurneHocr, Kl4ero ca Heo6xoarM, no. ManK, KanrranosnoxeHrn. Ha napBo Micro roas e reKcrHnxara npoMxu,neHocr, Koaro a rnaBHtrre npo. n3soasrBeHt1 qeHrpoae nocreneHHo npeMyHaBa Ha MaurHHa rexHonorrF. CrraaBaHero Ha poAGHa rypcKa BoncKa Hyxarre or o6neKno }l xpaHa

xoiro

cx''' {6Krop,

rnacKa pa3Brrrero Ha reKcr"nHara npoMhuneHocr (69). KrM Kpaa Ha nlp8ara nono6rHa Ha 19 3eK pa3nprcHaroro 3aHaFr'16icKo flpox3.

soacrso Aocrrra KynMrHaq4f,ra Ha cBoero p.3sur{e. oraenHy cenrqa rMar no noaeqe or 1000 3aHaarqr;cKn npeanpHFrnF, Karo 3/4 or o6uro 12O 3a{aaft € 3a croKlt 3a MacoB nnacMeHr. HanpHMep, E Kaproso oure Ao KprMcKara BonHa uv'a 70

Maicropr.nnariap,i c no 4.5 AbpseHh craHa. EceKH Maicrop AaBa aHes'

Ho npor3Boacrso or 2 rona no 20

raKfr, l1n,

aHeaHoro npotr3BoacrBo Ha rpaAa e 3000 raKrr. OmeH rsx B rpaAa pa6orFr 20 pa6orrnHrq, c no 25 6acMa!)auu x 7-8- Kanor, c no 4

re3rFxa, Kor4ro AdBar no 700 rona

Klpn, roarlrHo. B CaMoKoB or 5000 rvu,,lr, c reKcrrn ce 3aH'4Masar 2000 xeHr, ,Ma 380 a6aaxr!, 120 ranraHaxn4, 160 Myra+qh,, a s Konpuslrrqa or 8000 Ayur'r c.Mo B a6aAxrn' crBoro pa6orFr 1500 Ayuri. TaKa 18

BrnH€Hrir reKcrrn ,3nrca Ha nap. Bo Mncro x craaa Boaeq B npoMnuneHoro pa3Brrre. oqe npeay KprMcKara BoiHa 3ano'rsa rpynNpaHero Ha

3sHatrqrH s roneM, npeasprRrra. Taka HanpeMep B 6LnrapcKoro npeApa6o" npuar|,r',e t'Kanax't s uap$rp8A

rnr

HaA 100O

3,1

6!nrap,

urrffqr.

npeAnpveMqn-

Bce no.qecro npeanarat

ua6n, 3anoqBar aa srpoFr 6a6prxn, opraHrs6par aKqroHepHl.l apyxecrBa.

npe3 3Gre roArh, B nnoBArB AraHac floMlolrrepAaH opraHh3rpa eAHa

npexoafla oopMa Ha npoh3soacrso

pa3nFcHara MaHrsakrypa KaM npoMrluneHo np€anprFrhe. Ha eaHo Mrcro sMHata ce nepe, coprrF, pa3BnaqBar

BnprAa u 6odaucBa, cnea

Koero ce npeaaBa Ha rBKa{rre. opraHrcvpaHero Ha nlpsara oa6prka Ha Ao6p, XenF3Koa Oa6prKaaxnFra s Cr'as€H ape3 1834 r. ce FsFBa Karo 3asapurex Ha noarorsrrenHrn nepr. oA, C noMorqra Ha raiHo Aode€eHy Moaerx n {acri4 Ha MaurHe !r crop}-

xeHra x 6naroaapeHre Ha KOHCrpyKrop,

roi

opraHrcrpa Sa6prxa c 12 npeAa'lH' Mau.'l1H' 3a r*Ka r 8 3a Ae6ena nper(Aa. 8 MexaHu'rHu craHa, nespHa, xenBaPHa, alpBoaercKa pa6orenHrua,, 143non3aa c€ a {no aaHHla Ha AMn 6ve, noceim da6. pnxara np€ 1837 r. npe3 1853 r.6a6prKara pa3nonara clc 100-120 arp6eH. naHoBe 6 "xaBy3" (pe3epsoap) Ha CenrurKara peKa, Ko;ro e nlpso-

ro cloprxeBke aa

crxpa

nPe3 ManoBoa4flra. xpaHrndulero

e 6rno c BMecrrMocr 1000 Mr, 06. nrqoBaHo c KaMeHH, nnoq!. ao Hero

e rM6ro neparHs x

cyurrHn,

np€

1834 r. B CnraeH tr n.Harppvure e 6nn no3nar craH rrn "CaMoner", aBa fllry no-61p3 or o6rKHoBeHvF ArpBeH craH, c nprcnoco6neHre 3a 3aABrxaarc To3la craH e rcrcK8ar noBeqe SffiM.

qecK, ycrnyF l. e 6rr o6cnYxBaH rtaaHo or Mlxe (62). Oure npes 1830 r. Ao6p, XenF3Kos 6iBe)qa KoHcrpyMpaH or Hero AapaK c MHoro Ao6pr noKa3arenr. X€rs3KoB 6rn eHepr{qell, c rsopqec'<a OaHra3"f, q oqe roraBa oprasr3r4pa rxnHa Oa6pn'<a c AapaKHa orKprro, npe3 '1848 r. crroBere Ha floMrourrepAaH orKpnsar B c. llepMeHAepe (nlpBeHeq) npeAaqeH rlKaqeH

qex, AapaKqniHrqa, 6oFAXriHrqala

TenaBtrqa c BoAno Koneno c MoulHoct 25 K.c. npe3 1A72 L ABaH Kanna3a.

noB r3pa6oraa nap6rR "MexaHy'rer" aapaK 3a BnaceBe Ha BrrHa c aoaHa cuna. npe3 1869 .. B TlpHoso AotHo

BhKeHre yperqa KonprHeBa Oa6pxpa6orflr 500 MoM6'rera, cloprxeHa c MoaepHl, {rarllascKl,r roqhnHh, napHa MaulrHa l,l napeH Ko.

ren or ABcrpffi. C ra3,

MauJrHa na-

para Ha8rx3a B 6}nrapck Ha rHAycrprF.

no rosa speMe dvHKr.lroHrpar 6 oKoro 20 MoaepH, napH, MerHr.(y lBuArH, CBuuroB, Pyce, npe3 neprora 1834'60 r. ce 13rpax4ar okono 20 npor3BoacrBeH, npeanpuFrHF'

rxH,Ka. AoKaro

npeAh roBa 6arpe Hero e noqrn eahHcrBeHoro BanpaBre-

Mr8, npe3 ro3x nepnoA ce G3aaBar 6a6p,Kr, B korio ce np qecka rexHororrF. oqe npes 17 s- s Conor aBcrpriq, napcKa oa6prka 3a flpoh3soacrBo Ha omKoHu 3a po3oBo Macno. PaiHo nonoBu{ cLo6lraEa 3a crlKnap, B KapnoBo u Conor, xoxro nperoflFBar

npepa6orEar qaurr. Or 1855

r. 6yHKq'4or"1pa fa6crrKro 3 caMoKoB. npe3 1870 r. B CaMoKoB e orKprra la nlpBara Oa6puKa 3a Kr6prr. nLpBl4f,r onrr 3a npox3soacrBo Ha xaprrF e phka 3a

or AHr€n nofloa npes 1865 r. 3 c. Kunroapeso, TlpHoscko. Toi HanpaBeH

3aKynYsa ynorpe6FBaHa MenHrqa 3a xaprnF or ,1rannF, cneqqanHa rexHorof{n 3a nony{a8a, He Ha Kaua or flapqanr.

npe3 1850 r., no ,HhqrarhBa Ha yHrapcK, eMrrpaHru, e rcp.6oreHa or MecrHrre xene3ap, tr 6!{Baps

qsna ,HflanaqrF 3a npor3Boacrao Ha 6|pr. MeAHrnr K.3aH e c sMecrrMocr 500 n|rpa. noaBssar ce MHoro pa6o-

rrnH{q,l (qecro o6a6nEaHr Karo O.6prK'd 3a 6apyr lc rcnor3saHe Ha soaHa crna), cseqoneapHr, cnrproBapHx, 3a s{Ho oqaersBaHe Ha Koxy. Oco6eHo crnHo ce pa3sl{Ba napdo, Mepuii./'afa , canyHeHara npoMrurneHocr. Oqe npeA, 18 seK Ha 3sflaA c€ npc, po3oaolo Macno. c€Mrr€ cronaH[ Ha po3oB, rpaAsHy pa3flonarar r c ascr(r€p|, lKa3aHs, Hdi.qecro c BM6crrMocr ll0 nrrp3. MoHrrpaHN no! Hasecr) , np€ 1851 r, ca npors3e4eH, 30m00 Mycxana (1500 l<r,)

Oqe npe3 Bropara qerslpr tla 19 E. OpaHKrep3,"re, MoaHxre urr-

q, nrpB, alaexlr

crporrencrEo y cenrqHo 6na. roycrpoicrBo. HacrLosar 6rF!a n pa3Ho

Maurs6Hu apxureKrypHo.rpaaoycrpoicl6eHh r3M€HelrnF. EKcnnoaraqxFTa lla rnaBHrTe nrTlqa cnoMara

Hr, Hape4 c M8oroqBerHoro rlKaHe c'4 npo6rsa nlr , qaMnoBaHero (6oFAt<xncrBoro) . rnasHo Ha 6a3ara

3a ooopMFHe Ha rpaAose c koMnaKr-

Ha pL'rHr.r arpBeHy

ce orn€qarEar

nno8ArE, Crapa 3arooa, 8apHa, lllyMeH, Pyc€, nneB€H, TlpHo€o. Blnpe-

dr.ypnre, npe3 1835 r. HrKona KapacronHoB orkpxBs B caMoKos nrpBaia 6urapcKa neqarHr(a, 3aeAno cLc conyHcKara neqarBrua Ha

xa!x,

Teo.

ao€v (1838..) , r.3n Ha rlsaH 6010poa a Uaprrpaa {1847 r.} re nona, rar ocHoBHre Ha Haur.ra nonrrpao"s (63)

hkoHoM{{ecKrFr, KynrypHl,|ir h nonrrrKo-pesonbqroHHrnr noaeM ce 6npoBoxqa or roniMo y pa3Hoo6-

nnaHoBa crpyKypa

- cosffi,

crcreMH, rprxr4 "cHrMKx

perynaqrh"

Ha Hac€neHrre Mecra, 3acrpossaHero e npo[3sorHo, c l13secrHo perynxpaHe Ha ynhqrre cnea qecrxr€ noxapl1, ynrqrre ca c Hacrrnka or osantsl. p€{HH KaMrHy, la

6€ rporoapr, cl,c cpeAvnnqHfi Boaocroqr. B peAk, cny{a, ca crpoeH, qacrHh nprMrr,sHx K.Hank l"r"prcr") ,

a3seAeH" Ha ynhqara. (641.

Hai-orapua 6urapcnu apxtrresrypeEs fiorfiypcb, Ibme apxrrrexls

f, lfoa.po3t.

r !!arFrra :Ir:+:r': ,i::r,:!. ::r i. tta{es}

"O6aeaea ce KoHKvpc. Mexdy edcku xudyqu d E6a2apur ap\utFtt!.uHxPlepr ra.pu?onarePu. npoeFf\ no. \anm qe66 ae adauzHafh e cfa,uqa co'ua - aa npasd4oro Macro, H.xoAaqe ce Me*dy 46pxe.ra cd. co6uq u 3aaquefo re Pyekoro uMnepa

topcko auntoMatu4ecko

LII!rd)

a2e,.rdo My*{ 6 ourrpcxob

0oorloud ororrpnecs: MachBi{rre 3laHhF B rpaAosere ca AxaMrrre, Ka3apMrre, "xaMaMl,1re" (6.H,), 3arBop"re l"xa"caHu"') u HFKou AbKFHr. He ce crponi kynrypHr rtscrrryrr, o6qecrBeH, rpaarHu, cnoprHr arprqa. xorenh ca "xaHoBere" (&). EceKu roaa ,Ma oOopMeH qeHrlp|a caplllrF. nnouraalr e qernplrlneH (paaxo rprrrr neH) h e or 3HaqeH"e 3a xrsora Ha 'a3KntoqHrenHo cenuqero,

npoe<rbL notwun nbpea Ha.Fda

ap rt re k f ypHo u Hxe H epHu a koH k y pc

"Mnad

66nzapcKoro a63paNadHe".

clc conraHa orpaAa B. nrHHFra Ha dacaaara y or. Bop€Ha c qapaaqr, npo3opqu F crrnqara sacaaH" creHr,

6rura KIM srrpellHara rpaauHa, xapaKrepHa 3a npeaBHpoxaeHcK4s eran, npeMrHaBa npe3 18-19 s. KlM

l4rMe6F ce o6urxFr apxhreKrypeH Bua Ha xrnur4Hrre K6apran, u Maxanr.t136op!r Ha repeHa, cao6pa3f,BaHero c nphpoaHnre aaaeHocrs, Bfl pNoro KoMno3uLrqoaHo BKnocBaHe Ha qf,noro cenrlte B oxonHara cpeaa, pa3noroxeHuero Ha crpaaqre, ,3 6oprr Ha ynrqHara Mpexa, u3nonBa.

roneMr npeacrasqrenHla nocrpoixH Ha 2'3 eraxa 3a nxcHu, o6urecrBeHu 11 csercK14 HyxAq, orBopeH, KaM ynrqara, vkpacea,r c HaHr3u or npaBolrlnHl,, $nrHAph{Hg 14 koHyco-

Hero Ha peKrre 14 rexHrre 6perose odopMFr xrsonrcHrF o6n,K Ha Ha' uiara apxureKrypa or oHoBa BpeMe. Crapara AlpBeHa 6anKaHcKa apxareKrypa, clc sarsopeHq ori<aM ynr.

crpaarre orpa3asar HapacrHanoro 6naroclcro8Hue u caMoqyBcrBre Ha roMonprr€xarens {65) . Bcr{x,, K! ut, ce ornxqasar c noaqepraHa rHAr4

BaaH{ epKepr. NlaKap apxrreKrypHo' crpoHrenHara rpaatqxa, 3auhreHa or

narprapxanHria xrBo'r,aa e 3ana3eHa,

B!3-

coqua,19A0..

pnrr

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r.),

iil illilitrrlitiliil t'itiultiiltiit l,r t,,iit,i

Mocra Hs p. PocMqa npla CeBnre-

Bo (1857'58 r.), Mocra Ha p. BHrpg npx Sina (1865-67 r.) , alpseHrn floKprr Mocr Ha p. OclM B rloseq

tliilJill|Nit

(1862'74

r.l

B pearqa apyru o€,eKrh

ipKo ,3pa3eio cr{erafiHe Ha l4Hx€HepHo croplxeare tl apxvreKrYpa, c Korro cl,l cneqenEa 9MeTo Ha earH or poAoHacanHrqhre Ha HoEo6lnrapHa

cKara qrpxoBHa v rpar{aaHcKa apxrreKrvoa, npoarnxaBaiKH rparuqHFra Ha rprr(opa6H€ra 6a3"nu,Ka, lon

peka EHrpa Kpad .p. 6ena, u3. npe3 1865 lA67 ..

Mocr'r

.padeH

or H. ouea

v Hx, KoHaqu, 6onHrqr, nour, ylacrBy. Bar f,pe4uMHo 6Mrapr. Ho oco6eHo yqacrnero Ha 6!nrapu-

Bce no-qecro ce nofiBfl66 yn,r'1' (c ra3eHx naMnr) no

Kpacrosrurara Ha rnaBHrre ynl{qr 3a rpaaosere Pyce, BapHa, TlpHoBo, Co$,i. Beqepflo speMe xopara ce

a8nxar c deHepH s plKa. Ta3eHoro

cpe3 BHocHrl ,yKco3H, naMnh B rrproscKrre14 3aHaf,rcHncKh K!!rr, !oKaro B 06rk-

HoaeH re aoMoBe ra3€Hrl

KaKro B xHArBuayarHoro, raKa

h B o6qecr8eHoro crpoxrencrBo

u3FsFsa rBopeecKvBr crpoureneH re Hxn Ha 6!,rrapxEa. B crporYercrsoYo Ha crpaAx 3a Hyxaure Ha rvpcKara aaM,lHrcrpaqrF - xa3apMr, Kanera,

rxaMvs, Meapecera (rypcx, ayxoBHla yqvnuqa), xaHoBe, 6e3xcreHr, 6a-

re s

crpoxrencrBoro Ha 6lnrapcK, KynroBh x o6urecrBeHl,l crpaaq, Kor' ro cyBcrsrrerHo 13MeBFr 06rrKa Ha rpaAosere. ToBa ca apxnreKrypHo-

rparoycrpoicrBeHure KoMno3rutrla Ha MaHacr,rpcKrre fpaxaaHero Ha qlpKsu, yqunquta, aroKFHu, Maa3, (cKnaaoBe), 6onH,uq, 'iacoBHrKoBu Kyn, { r.H, B flnrr' Ho 3acrpoeHrre 3aHaFrcrnckh

uricK,

qap.

yn6ch 3axrsFBa nynca

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6rnrapcKr crpohren!. Oco6eHa nonvrFpHocr npfiao6sBa HrKona Orcea, nocrporln qerhpr,4eTaxHaTa crpas TrpHoso {186067

aa Ha KoHaKa

3aMeHn ArpBe|rre raBaH{ E qapk€I4' Te c MSC,|aHO 3aCSOAFSaHe, BaSOf,la

nepuoa Ha 6ap3o hHAvcipranHo pa3BNr{e Ha crpasara t npoqec fla n}p.

KepaM{qHara npoMrlrneHocr. Te ca cLcpeaoroceHH rnaaso B fpaaoBere

no Oaca{rre 'ineHeH!€ c}c cnen, ap' KaaH, cr3aaBa cBoF aoxrreKrvpHa Kofiqenq6F 6 Henosropr4Ml,| apxxrex-

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CoO,rF. CnrBeH, fa6poBo

BoaocHa6ffBaHero Ha ce iurara crasa qpe3 qeurMr.r,.rpr rpaBrraqrosHo reqeHre fla Boaara, Tpb6onpoBoarre ca kePaMrqH, hne arpBeHl|. B crpaHara Bf,Ma Hrro earH cny'iai H. MoaepHo aoaocHa6aFaaHe noa Hanop y c eraxHo o6cnyx6aHe. repaHrre cH

Pa3Brriaero Ha Kanrranr3Ma B 6an-

raprE ce noAnoMara qysciBmerHo or nokpoBsTencTBeHaTa Arpxaaara, or e4Ha crpaHa,

xpenocraBaHero

oa3-

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cn€.A

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crpaHeHrre soaor3roqH{qM. xapaKrepHa e uJrpoKara pa3rpocrpaHeHocr Ha crpoHrencrBo Ha qeurM, He caMo E

paioHa Ha fiac€neHrro Me

srH iFx

- kpat nareqara n ao rusopnre. ll4Horo or rFx ca qeHHu apxr. rekrypHl1 npou3BeaeHrF. Cnea Ocro60xlreHrero 3anoqsa

sn{aHne Blpxv pa3fprul N'r{ecKo rsopqecrBo s}rpe a crpaHara. npe3 l91l r. B slnraprn ca perxcrprpaHu 345 Oa6puKy c oKono 16

xrnFAl1 pa6orlrrllrl. ToBa ca npea,

npeanpkFrri

06xp6HrrerHara, xn-

MniecKara. Aw3006pa60rEaqara,

BapHa

loxono nonoBrHara), Korlo

oSopMFr

Karo rnaBHh npoM,urneHu qeHrpoBe Ha srpaHsra. Karo qnro 11

SlnraprF

cta ocraBa arpapHa crpaHa

crc cna6o pa3anra MeranyprrF

mBoacrso

npo.

llro €aBa okono 2.4 % or o6uroro npoMsun€rlo npor3Boacrso Ha crpaHara, l\rsLirrHHffir napK ocrasa Bce oure 6e-

aeH, I alpxaBnl1F 604 npe3 1880 r. ca pa6orutn 62 Ayun. 3aao!!r pa3nonaran c eaHa napH3 MaUrrHa, etHa nonoBxHToHoBa Ba-

rpaHKa, eaHH 6aHqrr. B clqoro speMe roBa npeanpvFrre ce cqrra Karo ra

eaHo 116

or aoaeqhr€ y

MauirHocrpoeH€ro.

Hac a

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oT PUCvBAnHOTO vqUtUAE ,qO XYAOI(ECTREHATA AKMEMUE

aarHo yeuruqe, Ho nopadu nunca docramvHo y.ceBurtu udeqra My

He ce

oc6qecfeaea. np* 1967.. H. nae. noeu.t orneqarea rceecrHara tu 6po-

uypa

"3aeedeHue 3a taBonuc", e Koafo oTHoeo uf.Kea Heo6xoduMo-

npeAu oBo6oxdeHuero o, fypcKo poGcreo Bo6pa3ufetHofo Hu u3Kycfeo ce Pa3euea nod etuauue aa au.aiiBfuiicKofo u Ha dpeeHofo rpaKudcKo u3kycfeo, Hoceqo caou cnaaqHo66n2apcKu eneMeHru. no roea epeue HEMa ylunuqa. MNo-

zoaponnufe 6.nrapcKt! xydoK4urtu-

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o6yeaeaf

HaaHuicKu pa6ofunHullu,

Kunuu-

MaHacfupu, a HRKoU

ot rFx - e

MaHacfupu e6H of cfwHam u no-Kncgo e Pycu4, repMaHuE

dpyzu crpaHu. Te ca o6eduHeHu e uKogonucHu u w36apcKu cdpyteHua, npepacfHatu TpeeHegcKa, Ca$oKoecKa. Ae6npcKa, Pa3noxka. Kouro c.3Aaeaf fpa-

pa3euruero Ha u3aqHoro u nputoxHoro nKycrco, Heo6xoAuMoctra or Bdu2aHero Ha Bo6pa3uretqofo Hu u3Kycreo paeHuqe ce eyecrea oqe npedu Oceo6oxde4uero or xydoxHuqu Karo CraHuctae AocneecKu u HuKoran naenoauq. Ot4e e nerep6ypz Aocneecku npaeu onuru 3a ofKweaHe Ha pucyearHo yqutuqe e 66nzapur- no-K.c4o ce onurea da eLeede npenodaaane no pucyntoeduecKofo yeuruqe. Ho u fyK ,te cnony,lea. np$ 1864 .od. naenoeuc ce sacerea e crapa 3a2opa, TyK foi u3da6a no3ua 3a ocHoaaea4e Ha pucy-

duquu

cffa of ofKpueaHe Ha xydoKecreeHo yruruqe 3a esnuraHue u ooyee4ue Ha xydolauqu no o6paseu Ha eeponencKurc aKade6uu. 'CaMo e Eac

nuwe naenoeuq

e ocfaHaro fosa da ce 3aqu-

faea f6 y6edurenHo, Ko2afo ebe ecu|Ku dpyzu npaeocnaequ Hapodu c6c esBaHue ce ioqe Henpektcllaro zoHur u npaeafa Kna" cucecKa eeuuHa ko aiAeoqeqa u ynpa,ffiEeMa". U naenoeus u AocneecKu patyeaf 3a orkpuaaHe Ha xydotecfeeHo y4unu4e - cpeduure 3a e.3nuraHue Ha feopqu c eKyc u asMo)KHocfu,

ofzoeapaqu Ha cbepeMeHHofo pa3autue Ha tueora. CteA OceoaotdeHuefo ra3u Hpda ce rcocfpR. Mtadara 66n.apcKa u4renuzeiquR enBa e c'npuKocHoaeHue c eeponencKara kynrypa. Ha3paea heo6xoduMocffa

o6ywHue Ha Kadpu 3a o6n@Rea-

tlu cLc cotudHu

3Ha4un

e o6nacffa

ha pucyHKara, Kotopura u u.zparKdaHero Ha $opMara e Hoeopaseueaqafa ce wdycfpua. AKrueHo cpeduu.p Ha Hoaure udeu u reeegua e Apq{ecraorc 3a

noAdhpnHe

utKycreoro s Ebn-

.apun. ocHo(nHo np8 1892 zod. 01 ueaH uluuMaHoe, UeaH MtpKeutKa,

AHroB Muroa u dp. I dauxeflueio ta ofKpueaHe Ha wcyeanHo yeutuqe,

KoHcfrHtuH BenuaKoe,

ouo@w R A6p-

@Hofo pucy@Ho wunuqe e co6ut. noprpet or rpoat,

,..

M6px.uek.

Haveno c KoHcfaHfuH Be,ueKoe rozaea MuHucfbp Ha Hapodaoro npoceeqeHue - ce qitcf of Hauara u,fenuzeHuua.

K. BeruqKoe esnaza Ha Apy*ecreoto 3a nodd6pxaHe Ha uKycfeofo e 66t2apu4 da

KoHonpoeKf 3a opzaHwupaHe A\pxze H o pucyeamo ylun u qe.

R saKoHonpoeKra, eHeceH e HapodHoro cb6paHue, 3a orKpueaHe Ha

yeutuqefo e co6uh

e onpedeteHa

xyaoxctu4u no

- ywrenu u yqurerKu no pu' cwaHe, eepfaHe, KpacHonuc aa zu&Ha3uufe, cneauanHurc -

pucyeattu no pasHure Kto-

Hoee Ha xydoxeefaeqafa u4dycfpun 23

fuxoaonrcqu, p*6a, dekoparueHo u3Kycreo, KepaMuKa, snafaPcfeo, hKalHa uHdycrpur u np.l". Aea dokyMeHra .oeopqr y6edureDHo 3a nbtuoro crpaHa Ha nbpao4ocufetufe Ha uoea-

fa ta pucyaanHo y.tunuqe

Ha pone-

ycrea a N3eufuefo Ha Kyrrypara Ha Hapodure

oco6eqoro uM sHatpHue 3a

creoro

Ha 6a3afa na MauuHHo npou3-

eodcrao u c Wacruero Ha Hat-wraKHaruE xydotoluqu. "Toea e (6n-

zapckoro 3aHaa4udcrgol coltudHo xydorccreeHo Hacredcreo, Koero rp6ea da ce c*paHaea u pa3euea, ako xenaeM 66n2apcKaB Haqun da

dy-

ce hapedu cryd KynrypHure crpaHu

B "U3roteHue a Horueue no

np4 e. Ahroe Murce nyatuKyea '899 "Peqep2r 3a pucyean-

cfpuRra u ftp.oauafa.

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orKpueaHe

Anqaeno pucyaanHo yvuruae C,OUR

ue:

K. RetusKo. eulda noaehnulHoro pa3gurue Ha 3aaantwd-

KoqcraHruH BenuqKoe nu-

"OohpHere osure cu ebpxy ecu't.

Ko, Koerc myxu Ha eoeeKa e Nreofa

My: ebpxy Hezoeurc opd(Ua u celuea, e6pxy He?oaure c6doee u noKht4suHai etpxy He.oeufe xarnuqa u xpa-

acueKo eue

qe audure

uaeecwu nracrurccKu 6opMu, weecrHu 3aKoHu na nu4uEfa u 60ufe, BeecrHo ecferurecKo cfpeMteHue K6M

xy6aeoro

npueneKaren4oro. 14 KonKoro noeeee e eucoKa Kynfypara Ha eduH Hapod, Konk KO CfOu Ha Clananoro Ha queutu3aquara, ronKoea Hezoeure Bdetua u

nponeedeuuq Hocnr e6e iopMure My eKyc, Ha ucruHcKoro

Hure u xydoxecreeHo-npoMuwreHure yeutlur4a". R peiepera y6enurer. Ho u ap.yMenrupano ce dokasea

Heo6xoduMocrra or xydo!rccreeHo ylutuqe, nod.lepraea ce, qe ukycreoro He e nyKc, a Moe'ur dakrop tluButusaquai jaqoro e pa36upaeMo ot scueKu xorg 6e3 pa3nuKa Ha zpaMorHocr u *uK. ll

@xoxdanKu

or 6aKra, qe

creoro ynpatonaa Mo.6uo

"u3Ky6razo-

2AU". 24

ndetuc e pucyHKara

rcea e axcuoMa, Ha KoFfo no'tuea coaeuKara npo-

R psytrar Ha ycutuFra Ha eudHure Haruu KynrypHu u odqecreegu denqu npes 1908/1909 rod. Pucyaat. Horo ytutuqe npepacrea e A6pxaaHo xydeKecreeHo-uhdyctpuanHo

ytu-

cbt4oro epeMe, Koearo npu-

noxHure BKycraa ce ate€,(dar Karo we64a ducrluntuHa e Xydoxecree-

Ho{ HdycrpuatH oro

yqu nu ue. Hau u -

re saHaafu wateEeaf rctcKa xpu3a.

CteA Oceo6otdeHuero y Hac wupoKo

pa36upaHe

na3apuqa Ha ceefa u oH3u Hapod 6uaa no6o2ar u cteaoearen4o Han+uneH u Mo.

u3kycr6ara Kbn npoMuuneHocffa. 3a da Motc aawara crpaHa de HanpedHe e uidycrpuarno A. Muios u3ftkea, qe ocHo.tara Ha

.lJrr$trt,lrJ tr rtt l;rkr-uBit|r ro e cturuJo (.lf.ritclto n|.rr p[t] a(ll.rr r( lrll.lli.r l|lxrtllirl.l, (_[litrB] tr :ti| ,utnli ||(\1.\:t.o_l|ls. nporpa.a 3a nptnoAe.armra r) 6L O6urxi xypcr. I

3Haere xy6aaure utdenu4 ce npednoturar npu edHaKeu ycnoeuq or no2p@Hure u no-zpy6urc, ro u npou3eedetru4ra Ha raK6e HapoA cc pat-

no ecuexu

Ha "y\utuqe 3a nrNcnoco64eaHe

lV. 3axnrxn H npgno.qa3eHHn.

eeeHo xy6aeoro. U

npodagar

reopHo etuaHue e6pxy uHdycTpuafa, lo e.pxy 6o2arcreara Ha Haqodufe" npenopiqaa c&daeaHero

ctedoeafe

rq$rru!

, l,l ;:,r'

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ce ofKpuea q yxdu

n68t

Ka nu

ratu,

no K po

uret crea

Hu or 6bn2apcKure ynpae4uqu,HaMupar 6naronpuRr4a norca 3a cudaea-

He aa aKquoqepHu

KoMafldufqu

dpp{ecrea, Kouro cyftuAupar Hoeoc*dadeHure QapouKu, rqx c6ou ptKoeodurenu-cyxdeHqu u ebeexdaf nponeodcfeo or tpzdutluure Hii Hawefo xydo|e cteeHo Hactedcreo. cyxdo no 6op, Ma

u yKpaca

Ha Hapoda. n3n6tHununa3apa HeMcKu 6a6puKatu ce

npueMar ot xannahHoro o6qecreo c oreopeHu o6EruE Kafo "Moda" da zneda c npeHe6pe, HapodHo reopee,

crcoi ccufadKu zo 3a npocro iaHaqreuncrco, HedocronHo da 3aeMe

Mqcro 3 "ModHun?6br?apcKu doM. Taea ce orpa$ea zu5er|o etpxy

Haaure xydoxecreeHu 3aHaqtu, eapxy HapodHofo Hu ujKycfeo, Kpenuno eeKoee Haped, e Han,rex

Kure dHu Ha ochaHcKoto poqct,o u Haqu oHat H oocao6odu retH u 6op6u, HauuollanHoro Hu edu4cfoo, dyxa u BapaB y Hapoda. Toea BeneHue eHac4 cep o3qo 64noKodcfeo cped npozpecueHara oaaecreeH.tcr. Ho HenHGf noeuK 6btzapcKoro HaquoBanHo u3Kycreo He HaMupa ongyK cped fozaeau4L re ofeoeopHu oakfopu.

B tnu KputucHu :ta Hauero u3Kycfeo 2oouHu of xyt)orecree|o-

uHdycfpuarqoro Wutuqe ce nucKea da u3uzpae cnacuretHa ponq Kato qeHftp Ha xydoxecrceBara Kytry-

Sta2odape4ue Ha ycunu1n Ha npozpecueHo HacfpoeHufe npenoda, eateru u Ha agrcputeft Ha yqunuqe,

ro, yfenpduno ce K o Baxe| {Ek. rop ia KynrypHoto pa3eufue Ha Ha uafa crpa4a, np* t92t/1922 .od. fo e npu3Hafo 3a sucue yee6Ho 3a" eedeHue A.,pres1axydoxecraeHa 25

npoaea. npu roea

notoxeHue

1924 ?od crPYKrYPara Ha AKadeMu4fa nqeftPnqea u3Me'

ofdennr 3a nputoxHu utKycrea caM uMa Hyxda or noMoq 3a o64oene

HeHue

Hue. Tod He e e c&roaHue da noMor4e Ha EnadHatufe e 6$nbruua 3aHaareuu. Te, yeteceHu of n@uKa 3a ModepHBaqua u a rbpceHe Ha

npB

- o60co6naaf ce aaa ofiena: ofden 3a u3FtuEU ntacrue u u3Kvcfea u ofden 3a npunoxHu usKy AoKaro ordenbr 3a u3rqBu ujKycrea ce parcuaa c 6bryu feM' noae,

ofden'r 3a npunoxHu usKy' 3 Hanped'K.

Yre6HuFr npoqec Ha HenpasunHu nduauu. R afetueto no KepaMuKa ce cMara, ce c ynofpe'

no4sruHo npoBeodcreo, 3a da ycro' Eear ha eeponencKufe 6a6puKaru, ce enycKaf no necH6 u 64ofroeo' peH n6f Ha yKpaca Ha ceoufe nde'

tuR. Bt'pxy rqx ce HaHacRr 66n2aq' cKu weeuqu, nnereHuqu, KonupHu FnoHcKu

dpYzu Morueu. TaKa Ba'

6ara Ha weeuqara u nreftAuuara Ka' fo deKoparueeH eteMeHr, orkonupa' Hu ebpxy ?oroeu 6opMu,ce B'Epnea 5bnzapcKuR crun. Ta3u deKoqa4uR ce nputaza etpxy ecu.tKo - nopqe'

pod6t Hu ce npuycea da r6qcu u KY' nyea 6seKycHu u nuwesu or xydo'

crvdeHfufe ce BucKea caMo npequ3 Ho KonupaHe Ha Modeta u eHuMarcn'

xydokecfeeH eKyc.

u3nbn're|ue. B arcnuefo no p*6a &qo He ce usucKea reopqecKa 26

x@cfee4a cronHocf Edetua. npeHe6pez\a ce edHa or HanaaxHure 3ada' .tu Ba

u3Kycreofo

da e63nurcea Ha' fexHuR

podHu,e Macu, Karo ndura

KpBara e ordeta no npunor' Hu uiKycfea ce 3ad6n6otaea. Are' nuefo no en6a u daHfetu Karo Heo'

nooexru Ht crydetru or Cne M a6pft@doto pucy@H. yunuqe npes

y46ME

1904

1905 zoduHa.

no tha ape e Cneq@Huqr KytE R yeu-

,uqeto

o6xeaq fN ofd uKoft ,o xydox@reda xe uK@a no 646a u uK@ no pH.

dokopatopu, paMuKa,

npaedaeaqo ceoero xydoxecreeHo

e 1932 ,od. a odena 3a u3Kycfea peHHu npoMeHu. qpej KoHKypc e HeEdea

nwolHu

Kadpu - xydotuu4u4nequatucfu, easnufaHurru Ha Xydokecree4ara aKadeMuF, noeru ecuqKu cnequanu3upanu

c aupok

eyx6u-

nozted u npaeunHo pa36upaHe Ha ctuHoctra Ha npunoruure Bkycrca. npoMewr ce ha,

yeeAtufe ntaqoee

npozpaMu

crydeufufe ce daea euMoxHocr da xydotecreeBu ta-

tox6u u da spacraat Karo rcopqu Ha eucoKo xydorccfee4o, peanucfueHo

ujkycreo. B arenuero no ce ofxatpnaf zofooure

KepaMuKa

nopqetaHoeu eeponedcKu Moderu u KonupKu. Pa6otu ce c MecreH Ma-

fepuan, Kafo ce c*daaaf

pa3Ho-

o6pa3Hu 6opMu u deKoparuaHu KoM.

n@uquu. Bneexdar ce p

Huqufe-nputottHurtu. qp* caoufe reop6u re nponaza$dupar wduzaheHaquoHarHo u3ky-

creo. np* 1931 2. ce orkpuea xydotecreeaa keryMuwa nnox6a, O6pa3yea ce dpyrcecreo Ha xvdorF HuKu c6o6pa3Ho

B6H

AKadeMuRra o64oau.

renBUEf npoqec e nputoxHufe u3KYctBa 3anowa ot4e nqdu 1932 2. npedcfaeaf eKcnoHafu, 27

dyn Ha HapodHoro reopeecfeo, eb3KpecRaauu cfapu fexHuKu

HaquoHanH

AuDtoMHu N6oru Ha crvdeHru or chequ.

anHocna "npoMuu,etu 6opMu". oc|dea Hz npd vce6fth 1964 1965 zoduHa.

trr

C zoraM uHrepec ce nocpeL4a u3not(6afa Ha xyOoxHuqufe"npu

npq 1936 ,. I HeF ce npedcfaasf eKcnoHaru of pa3rucHure ceKropu Ha nputoxHoto u3' Kycrea, kou.o pa3Kpueat Kpaco' rara Ha HapooHofo Hu taopeecreo, xv)oxquKa u npe-

DoxHuqu

rcopeHo a .EpeMeHHu 6opMu. B HaaaE npoMutuneHocr o6aee He ce npoMeHR Hut4o. HRKoU

xydottHuuu npaear onuru da nod' noMo,Har faqHcoeoto u nopqenaBosorc npou3eodcfeo ep* csda saHero Ha 6opMu u deKopaquu e 66n2apcKu

crut, Ho

co6creeHuqu'

Ha 6a6puKute ofxenpn4t ,eju

npedtot<eBuq u npodbB<aear npou3' eodcrcorc ha B)etuq c eeqoneicKu 6opMu u KonupKu. npu ycnoeuara

3 Ha KanuratucrueecKara d'pxaea e RKDneeHo npurotuure u3Kycrea da ujnbnHRt ceoero npedHa34aseda ce cebpxe BKycreorc c npoMuuneHocrfa u da e*dedcfea no ruu HaquH e6pxy xydo$ecrceHaft

Kynfypa ha

Hapoda,

c'ureepeMeHqo u 3a uHdycryuanHofo u3duzaqe Ha Hauara crpaqa. npu ro2aeauHufe couuatHu yctoeua xydo-

xecreeiata aKadeMua $Ma

s*Morr

Hocr da npeodonee c'qecfeyeauufe 2A

ro,o Hre

Or ro3, neproa Aarrpa

Haea-

npodecl,oHanHoro o6pa3osaElnraphn c rexHyqeck!4 npo.

Srn. npe3 1881 r. ce

cb3Aasa Mapyce, a npe3 1883 r. yle6Ha 3aHasrqnnHrqa s KHf,xeeo c Asa nposhna

alpBoaencrso y xe-

ne3apcrso. ToBa e mpsoro rexHnrecko yLrhnhure y Hac I sroporo npode, croHanHo - cnea Trp.oBcKoro ycr,

nrur€ B cBuuloB (c!3AaaeHo

npe3 1873 r.). CreAsa cHA€saHero Na uF, na Mpexa or pa3r,cHx r"noBe npose_

croHanHH yq{nqqa Nr'1ecKf

nposxn. B re3, yqxnxura

caMo ce npenoaaBar 3a

nlpBh nlr rerllrcecK, arcqrnrrrHll, Karo: Me, Ha Mareprarrre, cep r3He, ereKrporexHrka q ap,, Ho ce 3a pa3rpruraHe

ui,lpoxo HayeHo-rexHueecKo rBop. !ecrBo, pa33'1Bar cnoco6roc Ha Hauxs Hapoa, Brn. pek14 6€3pa3nrerero Ha ynpasrFsaHa

qrre cpeA,

MeHrapHh MarepranHr vcroB,rF,

Ule nocoqxM caMo HuKoh nph, Mepd Ha rexHueecKo rBopeecrBo or

ro3s nepuoA.

HenocpeAcrBeHo cnea

OcBo6oxreHrero HoHco AM6apoB ch3aaBa oDrruH6neH

ka{eH cra! B conor. Herosoro npoh3, aeaeHre KopeHHo ce pa3nrcaBa or u3BpeMe qyxrecrpaH_ Hu o6pa3q,. XapanaMny AxaMrxreB

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noner Ha 6parn Panr etc caMoner' no-KrcHo AxaMAXreE Pa3pa6orBa oule HiKonKo cBot npoex Ha nerarenHr anaparr, naphx s npara Ton cuaaBa ,1 co6oBeHa reoprF 3a "Bt3ayuHa B!3rtaBBrqa" , nPenoaaBa aBuaqroHHo aeno B BoeHHoro vcrn,{_

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ci x MuHeor E}nrapuf,, ypear, aflaparq,

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cnyrf aecerKure rlHxeHep6?

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ne;ck,

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, rpaaoycrpoicreeH'1 peue HrF, npoex Ha x.n. nrHry, npycMerH'4qu

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1892

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oraenHrre cloplxeHxa. ToBa oco-

6eHo ce orHaca 3a apxrreKrypHoro odopMneHxe Ha crpaahrc, vrhcHrre

croplxeHrfl - crLn6oBe,

KaHanu-

3aqrs l1 AP. I\4anKo cnea pa3rnexaafira nepuoa 3anoqBa cBoFra aei. Hocr BnaAuMyp UionoB, konro Moxe aa ce ccrra Karo nwBusr crxnrcr Ha npoMyu.lneHh l13aenrn y H8c, Toi pa3pa6oTBa pearqa Mo4enri Ha aepoa4aMuctsh aBroMo6rn, no BpeMe,

Blnpoc 3ce oqe He

HHF

o6nxK

r€xHHKara B Ernrap"F,

Te nporxqar slB speMe, Koraro

Ha-

rthor.i.nHoocso6oaurenHoro aBxxeHxe ce 3aparqa, aocrura caoF Bplx h ce 634asar ycnoBxF 3. KanrranrcrrqecKo Pa3Brrre Ha crPaHara. ToBa ca npoqec, cnoxHr, MHorocrpaHHH,3aBhceqx or peAyqa BtHurH, r,t BlrpeuHl4 oaKroptr, npu Korlro y3pFsa 6MrapcKara rexHy x ce nonarar ocHosure Ha 6!nrapcKoro rexHuqecKo rBoprecrao,

9. ro

srrrero

14T

HATAH.

XaK

s!3paxaaHe. CoSxF, 1939.

3BOPblKl4H, A.A. pm rexHnKr. M. 1962. 3. Bbn'lEB, An.. Mn.

xap.

l4cro-

LloHeB

MexaHhcH, cp€acrBa Ha BoaHara eHepfrF npe

6u.apcKoro slp3paxaaHe. foaxulHl4K HA HAq,oHAnHuF cKtr My3en.1973. roM 3.

1927

C. Onilr 3a,lcrocnrseH. c. 1911 -

TAEAKOB,

puF Ha rpaa

fh6EHCK|4,

Xp.

l4crophF

rpaAa fa6poBo ,4 ra6poBcK$re B!c-

HM. ra6poBo,

1903.

CTOffHOB, 3axap,i 3anxcl<, no 6!nrapcK,re BlcraHha. 1940. 7. AEAAXI4EE, n. BoaHo aeno. CnrcaHre Ha 614AA, l06uneeH c6op, Huk. 1S29. XPI4CTOB,

Hrero

Xp.

Surapra x no

OcBo6oxae.

78. EAH,

Xeneoao6trBaHe-

BeKoBrero. roanurHuK Ha Hau. no.

10.

MFei.

1912, toNt2.

HATAH, XaK

ap.

t4KoHoMri,

Kara H Elnraptra ao coqnanrcrnqec. Kara p€EonE{6a. 1969, roM 1.

11.

BAKAPEnCKI, Xp. OpraHru 6Hr npl4 xene3oao6rsHrre MaAaHr. foarLllHrK Ha Haq. nonr' rexH. My3e;. 1972,1oM2. 3aqxF

14PE'lEK,

KHFxecrBo

KH. 1.

H14KOnOB, T.

rhqH, nPouecr

ElnrapcKoro

brnrapcKure 3€Mu npe3 cpeaHo-

nsrexH.

13.

EPATYPA

AXMOB, B

12.

B Hacronurrs Marepran 3a pa3-

alpxa8x 1876

t968.

raprF. 1869,

Ha rexHrKara y Hac 63xa pa3rneaaH0 caMo oraenHl,1 Banpocu, Korro AaBar 8ai€6ura rpeacraBa 3a npouecure Ha oopMr/panero Ha HaqroHan-

3anaaHyre

hap.

5rr-

lveraryp-

riauero crapo xe-

ne3o[o6HBaHe.. foahuHxK fa Hau. nonrrexH. MFen. 1972, roM 2. 14. rEOPTI4ES. r. Xen$oao6hBHara xHAycrprF 3 MlpBauKo. EAH, 1953; l4s. TprOoHoB "t4cropr8 Ha xenF3oro B SlnraprF". 1924.

15. LIOHEB, Mn., An. Buqes 36 aFKox KrHeMarrqHfi arHaMu{npl4 MexaHxsMrre foarurHhK Ha Hau. nontrren. Mv3ei, roM 2. 16.

UOHEB,

lun.

X$pr!. 1969.

17.

YHAXI4EB,

C6oroM 6apoH

t4B.

KapnoBo.

EAH, t368.

18.

KPATKA ,cropuf, Ha 6!nrap-

cKara nrreparyPa. 6AH, 1965.

19. KAPABEflOE, fl. Ct6paHr c!'lyHeHya. c., 1966, roM 6, c.65. 20. KAPABENOB, N. npear21.

CTOaHOB,

"3Haiue", 1A74. [I. SurapcKa s!3'

pox,qeHcKa KHHxHrHa, roMoBe 1

l,r

22.

AYHAB, 1873, 6p.

1867, KH.

BeK.

ranaa,

1875,6p.2i

I877, 6p.4. TYPU,4F, 1873, 6p.

n3-

roqHo BpeMe,

23.

l4s. EoropoB)

AeH,

1876, xH.2.

24.

MAKEAOH14ff, 1869,

6p.

l,43ro,rHo speMe, 1874, KH. 6!nrapcKr4 KHdxhqr, '1858, KH.2j nE6ocnoBrae, 1844, KH. 1; AyHaB, 1865,

l. 25. IlEBAHT 6p

26.

TaiMc, 1874, 6p. 6.

SbnfAPl4H, 1878,6p. 1; AYHAB. 1866, 6p.

AlK, 1875, 6p.

9; Bex,1874,6p. t;

AT[1OCOEPHI,1TE orKpxrrF

cn. 3HaHr,e, 1; HloroH. B-K 3opHr[a,

nerbp

37.

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UB.

EcrecrseHo-

ounocoockrrre Ba3rneax

ka nenp SepoH (or 6uruF

1875, 1876,

6p- 1; EreKrpureckara crna ,r HeiHhre qyAecHh

qOHEB, wh. Eanrapu

6perarenu.1973-

39.

c6op-

x3o-

OnnAPETOB, CaBa CrarxF

UaperparcKla secrHrrK, 1857.

40.

nEXnfiBAHOB,

l4n.

nepne-

roMo6rnlr Ha orqe l\raren. C6opHeK "CneKrbp'1970". Apxus Ha Haq.

41.

nAHA|ZOTOB,

An.

BlneeB

crBoro. cn. nerocrpyt, 1870, Klr.2; nerocrpyn, 1876, KH. 8; 3sanre, 1875, KH. 1; cn. KHHroBrlre, 1875, kH. 1; 3HaHrc, 1975, KH. t, c. 8; c. 8; 3opHrqa, 1a77, 6p. 2; uap.

Crpoxrencrsoro Hanx, orpa3eHo B HaurF s}3pox, aeHcKy nepuoarqeH necar_ Toa_ sa Haq. nonhrexH. MFen. 42. nOnOA, Ac. AsxaquF, roM 1,

8€crHr4K, 1855, 6p. 5.

l4cropxs

29. 30.

nETOCTPYft, 186S, c. 77 CnACOBA,I-ls. An. B}n{eB XrMuFra 6anrapcKrFn€pro4r{eH Bl3poxaeHcKr4

ne'rar.

Toa, Ha Hau.

non,fexH. MFen, 1972. 31. HETEHLIOB, Xp. HapoaHoro sBpaxAaHe ,l yqHnrurero. c6opHrk 1000 roarHu 6}nraprF, 1930.

32.

TOHEB,

Ao6pyaxa

npe3

B!3pax4aHero. Bapsa, 1973.

33.

I,IOHEAXI4KOBA,

BeKoBere. 1946. 34, EAPAOBCK14, B,

CoOuF

npe3

{ecKa

[,4aTeMaTH.

reorpadxF. oaeca,1842;

Bce-

aBraLlrEra. C., 1923.

43. EbIqEB, An. Haurre poxaeHq,

eecKra

B!3-

nporpec

pa3Brrr€ Ha Sanrap F. l43sec Ha 6rnr. My3e , roM. 2.

44.

nAPYIIJEB,

lV.

KH.7 x 8.

48.

AYHAB, 1866, Ka. 2

KH.4,

1868.

h MareP'ran,. 6AH, 1962. 36. rPO3EB, Tp. OunocodcKhre Ba3rnea$ Ha ner6p 6epoH (or c!0rrs

38. Hanpe-

Ha BonHrcenn. r(H.

5EPOH,

Cna-

Llaperp. BecrHrK, 1858, 6p. 8.

28.

35.

HaycH"re

BFHcko 6parcrBo, 1878, KH. 1.

27.

o6qa reorpadrF 3a Aeqa. 6errpaa, 1843 (r ABere KHrfu ca la3aa[eHr or

KparbK ocepK

3a pa3Bxrr4ero Ha xuMxsm B ErrFa,

puF. 1'Ba cacr. 6AH, 195S. 45. l4cropx8 Ha Elnraphfl. roM r 961.

46. nPABO roa. 5,6p.9 47. TOAOPOB, n. Brpxy

49.

Ha OopMa 3a o6urecrBeHo,3nonfoa. Ha Haq. flonnrexH. MFei. 1971. 50. 3OPHL,A, 1A77, 6p. 2. 51. KAPABEnOB, Ilo6eH 3anhcKh 3a Elrrapr8 H 6lnraprre. H€a3BaHe Ha BoAxre.

52. KAulEB, Cr. nlrHo aeno. Cn. Ha 5l4AA, K)6HneeH c6opH"k, 1329.

53.

AOPOCI4EB, ,lB. ucrop,F Ha xene3H,urre. 1935. 54. 6OXKOB, Xp. OcBerneHrero no 6r'nrapcKoro qepHoMopre..., foA. nonurexH. My3ei, 1971.

Ha Haq.

55. 56. 57.

nrrero Ha ElnrapnF npea|1 Ocso6oxaeHrelo. cn. Ha 6!nr. xk. a.so, .1915,

TYPUtlF, 1864,6p. 1 AYHAB, 1865,6p. I TxU, Ten€rpa$Ho reneooHHo

'a aeno. Cn. Ha 6144A, l06rneeH c6op-

HuK, 1929.

58-

CTOfttlEB, T. np'aHoctr pycK'.rre ocso6oaxrcnHr Boick,

Ha 3a

Kaprorpao,paHero l]a 6lnrap,F. roA. Ha Hau. nonxrexh. MFei,1972. 59. CTOt'lEB, T. KaprorpaorpaHe Ha 6lnrapcKrre 3eM, ao ocBo6oxAeHuero. foa. Ha Haq- nonerexs. My3en,1972. KAPTHA c6rpKa -TpoFH.

60. 61.

[Jl4u[4AHOB,

!48. ysoa

ucropt4Fra Ha 6rnrapcKoro B!3paxaaHe. C6opH,K 1000 roahHx Slnra-

pnF,l930.

62. 3eMeae-

Y3YHO8, 5. T. naftanoroB

BoaRrre crs4rKar, Karo caMo6rr-

CA(b3OB,

us.

Pa3Burue Ha

rpaacKra xhBor SlnrapuF npe3 18

h tg seK. C6opH'4x 1000 roarHn ElnraphF, 1930. 35

63.

MtllllEB,

Br3paxaaHe 'rpe3

fle'lara. C6opsr4K 1000 roauH, EtnrapHF,1930. 64. HEHOa,

f. EnaroycrpoicrBe. Ho aeno. Cn. Ha 5l4AA, n6l1neeH crDpHrK,1929. 65. nPOT14t{, A. AeHaqbo8arBxpaHe , aEpaxaaHe sa Hauero l,13KycrBo or 1393 ao 1879. C6opHxK 1000 rorHH, ElnraprF, 1930. OT PI'ICYBA]IHOTO YqUJULE EO X YT OXE CTBEHA TA A KA,4EMN'

H3naB6aNu u3ro,tHu4u:

1. Ha

IIbPBU u.'uocrpoeav ?odurtHuK ,4?,p*a6 ofo pucyeanHo yqunuqe

sa tueqHara 190411905 1906 z.

,odma,

C.,

TPETA mncrpoaah zoduuHuK

a ,46plrae$oro pucyeMHo lrunurye C., 3a yae'Bara 19061t907 .odu 1908 e.

3. |O4WHIIK a ,4bpxa6hrra xydax*ecrceHa aKaaerdut no cntead 30-eoduuHuHna or orkpued4ero a,qbpxraeHoro pucleanvo t4u'1ut4e. 1896

1976. c.

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rrx

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cBereH na 1300-roaruBhHara or c!3laBaHero Ha 6lrrapcKara AlpxaBa,

nlpaa Harpaaa Ba o6iBetsra Mexay cryaeflrrre no ax3aiH KoHKypc aa Bai-ao6lp npoeKr Ha cyBeHrp, no-

koiro aa ot6erexr

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aa ce nPoeKrrPa

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cneqrars3rpaHa srooPMaqhn "Epl,trru Arca;H Mer!3rH", "Enp,pM,Bra nocr'r lMecren exerneeH,K) r cnr@Hxero Ha srpMrnraM37

PONATA HA NPOMHUNEHTf, AI43ANH NPX BHEAPflAAHETO HA HOBX X3AEN]1R

Crexn Myya,

florpx

n ponoAaBareir ep€fl aftanH

s EHpMxHraMcKar.

norrrexHxka

CfeHnu lvyydu e c'aerop Ha udeR6 yAK62.1,Os.OOt + 52.00r.2:?.05 (420):06l opzaHu3upaHe Ba du3antepcKu Fa4FvP. l3AO zoduHu S'rrapuP' e 6upMua2aMc^dta

H t/cdcfhu/ e peatut.tpaHeto

3a urbcrprpaHe ponFra Ba npeAxMcrBa. npH oqoHFs.Hero Ha plKoBoArrerrre sa OrpMrre-npor13afiaiH npu pa3pa60r- rcaerrero ce ,3non36ar creasrre Boarienr. Pe3ynrarnr€ or aon![Bag3aenrF ce h3noru- kprrepru: xoHcrpyKrsBHa Hosocr; Hero no npeaBapxrerHo onp€aeneH, 3ar aaHHx or aeiHocrra Ha aeser nponprroaHocr, Bt<n|o- slnpocr ca orpa3eH, B ra6nrqa 1. MnuneHl1 OhpM, (l). Cro6pa3Ho qnrenHo €Oekr'lBHo no-aony ca pa3rneaaH, HFKoir { or Hay'lhme r3rcK6aHrs ca noa6paHx Marepxan{ 11 cpeAclga; qenecro6pa3- Hai,BaxHhre ffisoayt or ra3e aHKera. {3Aenxi, xorro 3a Hocr or rneaHa roqKa Ha npoMrulrenpoMrurneHrF

q€nr, norpeorrentre. OcseH aaHHrre 3a S,pMlare 14 rexHrre ,3Aerur, ca npooecroHanHu 3a Aa ce

npoMruneH,

H6efHe 'lsrrFHrero Ha

Hra ArcanH; creneH Ha yAo6crBo np, XapaKrepucruKa Ha aupMara non3saHer ekcnnoarauuohHu xaqecr- eodutn Ea lr HKofloMr.!,recK"

eoeKi.

3a aa ce c!6epar

npou3

Heo6xoasl4Ma rn BF3Ka Mexay rone, ao- MriHara Ha orpMara (3a€aHo c drnrac n,rre n) li creneHra Ha 6non3BaHeHa

caqo }l Br3rnea,|re, ocBeaoMerocrra, Mrre a.HHr, 6eue opraH6xpaHo npeanoc,raHrara noa oopMa Ha

"HrepBD

npeay6eaehocna Ha cneuuanycrure,

y'rscrByaaurri a npoqeca Ha pa3pa6orBaHero, BHeApaBaHero Ha eaHa HoBocr 3aBu l or peueHm

r36poeHHre OaKropx.

EctKo oT fiAenrFra, BKn|oreHr B HacroFqero ,3creaBaHe, e npeanoxeHo 3a HarpaAa or CtBera 3a A,13anH {ra6nhqa 1) . 3a Aa 6tae npeA

T66n!qa

HATPAAEH| r,13AEnIf, HA OI4PMI,4TE

y3a€nra O$rarMocKon ToBoM€np

or Harpa4ara Ha rcAennE cl)c aHa{r'

crra Ha aocrosePH!

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ce nprclxAa

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B!.Avu4 38

O6EKTI4 HA h3CnEABAHETO

npoh3Borua@n

craBeHo 3€ HarpaAa, ,3Aelrero rpF6C xaH,paq , Hr€poepoMerp s Ba aa e npoeKrlpaso , nporcBeaeHo M'kpotuc.oroMep Ma5/Ma6 ot aH.nuicka 6ypMa, a 6uro Aa e 6rra$E xpoM.rorpao F 30 no 3 ynorpe6a Aocrarlqio npoarn. uBeroorqsn,rcrHa Mau"Bs xrreneH cpoK, 3; Aa Moxe Aa ce pa3Mr.HacKeh 550 crpaHa Ha norpe6rienrre.

noroK

roAeHa

KneMlHr K'apK Br<epc

197? 1975 1975

nepkrH€nMnp Kpocdrnra EneKrpoB"xc

1g-t4 1978

MyypeiaPgir

1978

r4HtupseulNrn l,lscFyM!(rc

co6€npaueH PaKan€Mnn,BoKc

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oro Ycacrge Ha roneMere q ManK6 6,rpM, s aHra' xrpaHero Ha arcah{eer. eaPrpa B

Ha,MeHo6aH,s

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np,

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npo,{3BoacrBoro Ha HayqHa ana-

parypa ManKrre oupM" Morar aa Han-pa3npocrpaHeHrFr MeroA 3a knacxoaq,paHe Ha o,pM"re cno pea roneMlrHara hM e cp6 6poF Ha 3aerrF nepcoHar, a rMeHHo:

ManKaohpMa-clao199

c 200 Ao 999

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B ra6iu\a 2 e aaa€Ha xapaKrep,rcruKa Ha 6rpMrre, o6ekru Ha

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sfchMocr. I OxpMa "ToyreHac" HanpuMep, al,, 3anHepar rrpae qeHrpanHa ponF. B kpy.Hara srpMa "MED - qutunc" npeqeHKara Ha Heo6xoarMocrra or

a!raxvpaHe Ha ax3aiHep ce Ba3nara Ha prkosoaurenF Ha BceKh oraeneH npoexr. npy rp,l or cpeaHqre 6MpM, ra3, cBo6oaa Ha aeicrB!1

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150

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raH'r.1, aoKaro nph "ToyneHAc" ra3{

OrpMara Moxe aa la3slpuBa an3aiHepcKa aeiHocr 6e3 aa h3nor3Ba

aeiHocr ce eHrara Ha KoscynraHr cneqkar,!cr no affiaiH.

npoSec"oHanHh ArcaiHepx. Bcr{i<11 OupMr, yqacrBysaq, s u3cneaBaHe.

Ponqra Ha npedcraeBHero Ha u3de'

tlueto e nodxoda Aa fupMurc KbM pa3pa6oreaHefo Ha Boeu BdetuE qpe3 q3non3BaHero Ha y3pa3a "npeafraBFHe Ha ,3aenrero" (npo. e'<rrpaHe Ha x3aenrero cr6pa3Ho na3apHara KoBDHKypa u norpe6vrencxrre u3"cKBaH"F) ce npaB, aonycKaHero, qe 6rpMrre Morar !a npoeKrfpar h3AeruFra raKa, qe aa 3raoBo-

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PONATA HA NPEACTAAAHETO HA

nPolyKr.ll4aTA B noaxoaA HA ol4PMATA KbM BHEAPflBAHETO HA HOA!I

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ca o6eKr x H6 {yrqecrpaHHa '{o.ro KoHKypeHqha. TrproBcKrre npea npErrF ,3rcx8ar h3Aenra c ao6!p

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npoa.x6Br6 (sd,q,e

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npercraBa 3a ed€kr,8Hocr,

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I -

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LrieHoro BHhMaHre KrM ao6plF ar,t3atH Ha x3rerrero Morar aa 6raar nocoqeH, H oyHKqhoHanHl, npx{,He. HanprMep, flp}l MeAhqrHckoro o63a, se)xaaae - naqrenrrre ce ycnokoFBar ,i ornycKar B ronsMa creneH, Koraro anaparypata e c ao6lp BlHuleH 6!ta, O,ipMara "lvlyyp eHA Pair", crrro

ce nnactrpar cp€3 Mara3hH, 3a npoasx6a Ha ape6Ho, ycraHoBn npeasapxlenHo lre 3,

TexHrqecK, rl3aenrB

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onpeae

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H.(oi rpv.

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cp.3 MoA€n, 3 ' npo.krrp€d€ d.6EpeM€r8, +opM,, Ko,ro orpa36Bd no3BaBaHero

npou€crra Hr oopMoo6ps3yB.neto

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O"pMu, c Hrle Ha ToyneHAc aa

Ha{rHa, no Konro ce cBap3Bar crc, raBHure cacr, Ha ,3aerhero h ao ,3crBoeMeHHa TexHono-

rna. npx Apyr, 6upMu aeiHocFa Ha An3anHeprre e crporo oapeAeneHa. Karo qflno ra3n AeiHoci HFMa ftrro Hay{Ha, Hxro r3pa3FBa rnasHo s

npaKrrqecK, yMeHrfl l1 cnoco6nocr

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npu pa3F6orsaHero Ha Hosl, n3aenxn. Ha npeAcrasnHero Ha r3Aenrero He ce rneaa Karo Ha H$atnxMreneH, AonMHrreneH? Koiro Moxe aa 61ae nponycHar 3 npoqeca Ha pa3pa6orBa-

ABe or CapMxre He npr6Fr, Bar ro ycnyrrr€ Ha affiaiHep, B pe3Ynrar Ha o6MrcneHo peueHne Ha p!Ko6oacrBoro, ca aocra cxoaHr. PrKoBoacrBoro ra

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Moxe Aa aoaeae ao cK o crpysaq, rpeLrKu, HanpuMep crrnHo l43arPxa. H€npreMnnBr 3. nasapa ,3AenrF. Heuro noseqe, ,Hxe-

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srr<Aa, qe caMo s eaHa

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KonKoro ,3fnexAa.

nps npor3Boa-

crBoro Ha ,3aenxF or ohpMara ,,Tov, neHAc" He ce rlpc, oprrrHanHocr ,

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npoMrujneHyF ar,BaiH Ao creneH aocraftqHa aa 3aaoBon, na3apHrre l,|3, rick8aH13. clurecrByBa MHeHrelo, qe l,l3BrpurBaHero Ha ar3aiHepcka !ei, or hHxeH€prre Ha o"pMara €

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rpvnaHrR onxr YcraH6eHo e, qe ar3aiHeprr Moxe

aa 3aalpxa npoqeca Ha yclslpueHcrBysaHe Ha u3aenrsra. or apyra crpaHa, eseKrrr or y3non3Basero Ha xoHcynraHr no npoMrurneH ar3aifi c qen oc{rypFEaHe

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,3AenrFra. Heqo noseqe. p€3ynrar or ro3n qFnocreH noAxoA e caqeraEaHero Ha yao6crsoro 3a nolpe6[rena c onrxManHh pa6orH11 xapaKreprclr-

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Ae cHAaAeHa

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ar3aiHepxre B HHAYcrpnara Moxe Aa 6rAe noBepeHa n Ha HHxeHeprre. Ta3y KoHdaraqra nosArra HFkonKo ,HropecHx srnpoca. AKo dopMara e saxeH faKrop 3a rlproBcKr4F ycnex

Ha ,3Aenrero (oqearflro 6onurHFBoro or y{acrHrqure s ,3cneaBaHero ca Ha iosa MHeHre), crurecrBysa nll aepoFrHocr Ha na3apa aa ce npeeMar x3aenxF c dopMh no-ao6pe cl3rareH' or nposecroHaneH eKcnepr no 41

crrroB14 reHAeHqrr,

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HA CnEUrAnICTI/TE nO NPOMIlUNEH AI43AfrH

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Myyp.B! Pair

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c no-rorFM asroprrer. Crapurre cneqvanuc nprrexaBar Heo6xoar.rMrlF aBropsrer 3a npeoaoHa ono3r-

riaaHe Ha rpyaHocrgre u

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ce ra3u cadporhaa aa ce npeoronaBa

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SL 75 20

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AeicrBui ce KoHrPonqpar crporo. Ba3MoxHocrrre 3a non3orBooHl,1 Ba npaKruKa He crqefiBvsar. ocseH roBa, re HFMar 6nrFHre Bipxy nonuruKara Ha 6,p'

aKo MMar, ro e rBrpae or' raKoBa nonoxeHue e qep_ roxHrKar 4 rtt Karo 3aaaqrre, kol{' ro ,3nanHsBa, ca Ha nplB norneA no ao6H, Ha re3Y Ha lrarHuF Ar3aiHeP, Mara,

tep6e po M er.p u ML k po z eroro Mep M85 /M86

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BHFra

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u rrn karo

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noaroroBKara Ha rHxeHeprre h Ha Ar3aiHeprre. N4oxe 6, roBa He e erliHcrEes4s daKrop. B AHrnffi HHxeHeprre 3aeMar Hrcxo nonoxeHxe, re ocrpo cBHasar roBa. Henpecrasa' qrre npl|3usr4 Ha rHxeHepHrre hs'

crury

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I t

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csMo HarpanBar Ha 63HaHrero coqranH,Te H,3,Hh a eAHo Haro o6urecrBo. BeposrHo e, l13xuBF-

or hHxeHeprre pa3oqapoBa, Hre 4a nperr3Brka Bpaxae6rocr, saHoro

axo rf,xHoro nonoxeHre 6!ae 3acrpaue8o or Ar3ariHepi4re. nprBrnr rpoHa ar3anHepa-

KoBcymaBr Moxe aa nopoau 3asrcr, oco6$o aKo ron e 6yHKqroHanHo 3aBrcrM or rHxeHephre. BlnpeKu roBa OrpMara, pa3pa6orBa aenrn, x3nrurHo qe ce 3arpyaHFsa flp'4 Han,'rrero Ha 1a3l1 dopMa sa npeay6eAeHocr. I rpyaHoro npecnea. saHe Ha

ycnexa npu BHeapFB6Hero

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He 13-

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AeneraquF 6yAane!.la, p!.

koBoaeHa or Heros'ri arpekrop Ivrxarx noxapHoK, 6e Ha aenoBo noce-

lreHre 3

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ArcanH{eHrLpar s 6yAatrerla or 1977 roa. He.oBa oc-

clurecrayBa

HoBHa 3aaava e aa nooulpFBa l1 noa,

noMara pa3Bhrrero Ha npoMruJneHuF Nll3ai'H B YHftpha. Brs BpNKa c roBa roi pa3rplura Lrjrpoka nponafaHAHa x aenHocr. tleHnprr 'rHoopMaquoHHa pa3norara

Ka,

c 6orara 6r6n,rore-

c nocroFHHa mnox6a, s KoFro ax3aiHepcKt1 eKcns!4,

qru ce noaMeHFr

Ba sceKu asa Mece-

qa. B ce Boah KaprorcKa Ha 'reHrlpa npaKrhKysa'4ure ar3aiHeph s crpa_ Hara. nohacroaqeM B HeF 6Brypx-

Par okono 1100 xMeHa. h3aaHue Ha tlernpa e cnrc+uero,,!4napx Oop.

1, desig.

MOODY, Sr. The rote dt industrial in technotogicat innovaiion. Anon

FBEEM,AN, C. The economi.s of ndu*rial innovarton. pensuin. Ha.monds

GOAMAN, A.G. Safety and confon mpodant considerations,. tfternarionat en viro^ment & Salety. JLne j978. p.9 1j. 4 Science Poltcy Fesearch Unit, Suc.

ce$ and failure in ndunriat innovation. Cenre for the sudy of indusria jnnova

DAVIES,

carcarure

of rhe

Demotishins rhe rwo desiqn cuhures.

tnpoMHujneH Ah?anH)

yHrapcKhre cfleqranrcr, 6e!re aa ce 3ano3Hasr c pa3BHruero, op.aHr3aq fira u ynpaBne Huero Ha ar3aiHa B Stnrap{s. OcBeH pa3roBopr4 c plkoaoacrBoro Ha UInE, re xMaxa cpeqx c prKosoAurenu npoekraHr" Ha UeHrbpa 3a Ho't h MoAa, s tleHrLpa sx croKa 3a Hayk Ha u eKcneprMeHranHa pa6ora no aM6anaxa a B Ueanpa 3a crasaaprBa-

Uenra

qhfl,

Hoau crorH HaquoBarHrs arpapHo-npoMruneH

K{xrr, nony$Hr s 6rE ror.kn rr qrxrpr,ltr..i t'refirF 3r npor,llj,li-

BAPflAIVOB, p, O. CrpyKoB

3neMeHrhr xyaoxecrBe crpyrpoBa8rF , rexHr{ecKon 3creraKl,, Ye, Md cpeAHhrx cneq, yq, 3aBeneHrn. M., Cos. paaro. t9B0 r. 96 c. n.

2. 3t4Ht{EHKO, 8.. 6. Ber"qkoRcKbn, f. Byqeruq OyHKqroHanbHaF ctpyKrypa 3purensHoi naMsrh. lrl

fY, 1980.271

^4.,

aEPHEP, r. "n. ncrxonor,,s Boc, np,FrrF o6reMHbrx dopM. itil., [4Ty, 1S80. 132 c.,in.

nOOC,

npoMLrurneHHaF

2-oe ,3a, Aon. u ficnp, KxeB. Texd'aka, t980. 183 c. /n. 5. HECTOPOB, B. BceKrAHeBue-

ro slB OopMr. Ay3anH

Kyrrvpa.

Krrrara e sKroqena s

nopearqara

C., naprr3aar, 1980.303 c.'t

"Enoxa

Kyr"rypa".

qen qp8 fly6nrqrcrrqHx u

Hay,rHr

nPou3BeaeHrF, nocBereHr Ha aKryanau npo6new/' Ha crBpeMeHHara Kyn-

rypa, aa

3aflo3Hae 6rnrapcKHF crra-

reopxara Ha Kynrypara. KHrrara

opueHrrpaHa KrM pa3xpxBaHe Ha sarpeuNoro clalpxaHhe Ha npeaMer

Horo o6KplxeHhe

Bxre KynrypHrl ,3MepeHru. AHarrcxpaHa ca aBoicrBeBara xapaKrepucruKa Ha sceKuAHeBhero, npeBplura, 47

F^l t

k!lt!r. i.

E&r\

ENOXA

l,4iinchen, Callvey, 1978- 186

BUTTNER, O., E. Hampe Bauwerk, Tragwerk, Tragstruktur. 8d. L Ber in, Balwesen, 1977, 296 p- ill.

KYI]TYPA

MoHyMerlrarfr c.paar,

Hoceur,

BnaouMuo

uecrnwcF

GOLDZAMT,

Ed.

William l'4o-

ris und die sozialen Ursprijnse der mo.

dernen Architektur. Dresden, VEB Verlag der K!nst, 1976, 258 p. ill.

BCEKI4-

IIHEBilETO BbB

Brnrf,M Mopnc xoa

OoPMr/

co{rairnf,r .poca-

oaepHara apxrreKrypa

GROTZSCH, H., Jr. Karpinski

Dresden N4athematisch-Physikalkche. Salon. Leipzis, Seemann Verlas, 1978,

naprflssdrt

Ape3AeH.

o,3sko-mreMarrqeckr

KH6rara H|a 3an6Haea c elHa or l]aicrapure Konekq,$ Ha UBuHrep, Ape3 Aet, Aarupaqa or 1728 roA. noA BaLl"Oh3uKo-MareMarr,rec-

canoH". noka3aHu ca ysu(anH, KoneKqyfi or cacoBBrud, rno6yd1,

ypea, 3a l43Mep8aHe Ha pa3nrqHr d,1, 3u,recx senrcuH, , ap. EkcnoHaryre ,npcrprpar $cHara BpHKa Mexay 1431(ycrBoro, 3aHarrure.

10.

tcocaADA, tcstD

World desisn sources directory 1980, New York, Pergamon Press, 1980. 188 p. ill. Cnpaaoqfi llK Ha opraHr3airsrre,'$eHyBaurr. B 14KOTPAAA, B t4KCUA.

CnpaBo,rHrKlr BKnlo,rBa aaH|h 3a opopraHx3aqrere - qneHKh Ha 14KCtlA (l,lexayHapoaeH c]Ber Ha opraHH3aqxure no npoMrurneH ar3anH) x Ha KOrPAAA {lVDKrVHapoaHa aco.

q{aqua Ha ar3aiHeprre-rpaorqr). CIAlDxa yKa3aren Ha c6KpaqeHrsra,

KynrypHo, spl3Krre MDKry oraet Hrre OopM" Na BceK,aHeBHhn x'asor

npoMruneH aH3aiH t1 npoMvuneHa

H€ro Ha coquanHoro npocrpaHcrBo

Mer<rY au3aiHa o

o6urecrBoro. EcreruqecKoro Br3nh

cneul,lan6crrTe no rpaS'aKa, Kaxro HriFra, n3aaBaHs

or opraHr3aqhvre

raHue KoNKperr3hpa re3q npo6neMu la oco6eHo crnHo Ha6nFra Ha Brnpo_ Ha xyaoxecrBeHoro ocMucraHe Ha npeaMerHoro o6KplxeHue c ornea

or orAen "EneKrponpo

cEAaBanero

Ar3aiH

crre

nrnHoqeHria u3FBa Ha coBeKa B rsopqecKara AeiHocr, B rpyaa u B orarxa

BENKER, G. Alte aestecke. Ein Beitraq zur Geschichte der Tisch4a

Ha ar3aiHepa PYMEH Kl4CKl4HOa npu U14flE e nprclaeHa da.oaaara Ha CEX 3a 1980 roAhra

3a 3a

crepeo+oHh{eH koMnrekr. Br.p,

ara Mv 43. nox6a "Au3anq Ha ayaroB"3yarka qFnocrHoro My rsopcecrBo B oonacrra Ha a"3anfla Ha pa.

Pe,qaxqnoxra Konerrfi

rxx- Mrnxo Xa6Mckll - rnaaeH p€AaKrop r.c. Cre$aH SM€s, apx. AHrer rcprrHoB, A-p Hrkorai fpaArxapoB, ArekcaHArp tla.Eoa, .,rHx. reop KrrcapoB, AceH l(oroB. apx. loAop Mna[aHoB, Croslr HuKonoB, AoSporb6 neunH, CraBoB, BErKo

x.rr.

t4BaH

Ulrul<ot

Pe4aKrop: AieRcaHAlp l49aEos

XyaoxErK: llssran,lnreB Kopnqa: 4seraH l'lrreB

Texr, peAaktop: AneKcE[ALp ny!{o6 CxrMKll: Hrl(onat Kyres, Bacrrka

nbroBr, Co$rs ApMeHkoEa

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