Taw nt species profiles by Emy J. Riquero

Near Threatened Amphibian Species

610

Threatened Amphibians of the World

ANURA

ARTHROLEPTIDAE Arthroleptis pyrrhoscelis Laurent, 1952 This species occurs in the Itombwe and Kabobo Highlands in southern Kivu Province, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. The type locality is at 1,900-2,000m asl. It is said to be common. It is a species of montane grasslands that presumably breeds by direct development. There is no direct information on threats to the species, but it is not likely to be seriously threatened. It is not known from any protected areas. Taxonomy: We follow Poynton (2003c) in retaining the genus Schoutedenella only for Schoutedenella xenochirus, and we therefore assign this species to its original genus, Arthroleptis. There are major taxonomic problems with the genera Arthroleptis and Schoutedenella through much of Africa. In many cases, the available names can be referred only to museum specimens, not to animals in the ﬁeld. This is because the identiﬁcation of these species frequently depends more on their vocalizations than their morphology. Bibliography: Laurent, R.F. (1952), Laurent, R.F. (1954), Poynton, J.C. (2003c) Data Providers: Robert Drewes

Arthroleptis reichei Nieden, 1911 This species occurs in eastern and southern Tanzania (the Uluguru and Udzungwa Mountains), and the southern highlands (Poroto Mountains and Mount Rungwe) and extreme northern Malawi (Misuku Hills). It is a montane species, occurring from 1,500 to at least 2,000m asl. There is very little information on its population status. It inhabits montane forest, perhaps ranging into montane grassland near forest. No information is available on its adaptability to secondary habitats. It lives in leaf-litter on the forest ﬂoor, in low shrubs, in grassy areas, and in wild bananas, and like other members of the genus presumably breeds by direct development and is not dependent upon water. Forest loss as a result of agricultural expansion, wood extraction, and human settlement are likely to be the key threats. It presumably occurs in Udzungwa National Park, but this has not yet been conﬁrmed. Bibliography: Channing, A. (2001), Howell, K.M. (1993), Poynton, J.C. (2003b), Poynton, J.C. and Broadley, D.G. (1985a) Data Providers: Kim Howell, John Poynton

Cardioglossa nigromaculata Nieden, 1908 This species is known only from extreme southern Nigeria and south-western Cameroon at low altitudes. It is fairly common, though it is often absent from apparently suitable habitat. It lives in lowland moist forest and in degraded habitats near more mature forest and can be found in small groups along forest watercourses, often in undergrowth among dead leaves and in holes. It breeds in streams. This species is presumably affected by forest loss. It occurs in Korup National Park. Bibliography: Amiet, J.-L. (1972a), Amiet, J.-L. (1972c), Amiet, J.-L. (1972d), Amiet, J.-L. (1973c), Amiet, J.-L. (1987), Herrmann, H.-W. et al. (2005), Lawson, D.P. (1993) Data Providers: Jean-Louis Amiet, Arne Schiøtz

ASTYLOSTERNIDAE Astylosternus montanus Amiet, 1978 “1977” This species has been recorded from several localities in the western Cameroon mountains from the Bamenda Highlands north-east to the Adamawa Plateau, with some outlying populations at lower altitudes to the south of this range on Mount Ngorro and the Yoko (Djan) Mountains. It has also been recorded from the Obudu Plateau in eastern Nigeria. It occurs in the submontane zone from 900-1,700m asl. The distribution is discontinuous, perhaps due to forest clearance in the 17th century. It is reported to be common within its range. It lives in or near ﬂowing water in lower montane and submontane forest or herbaceous vegetation and gallery forests. At night it can be found in relatively dry areas along forest tracks and in agricultural areas. It can survive in deforested areas in temporary, eutrophic, silted streams that are low in oxygen. Breeding takes place in ﬂowing water, with the males calling from rock cavities or from in the water. Although this species is probably suffering from habitat loss, it appears able to adapt to some non-forest habitats. It is not known to occur in any protected areas. Bibliography: Amiet, J.-L. (1977), Amiet, J.-L. (1983a), Gartshore, M.E. (1986), Herrmann, H.-W. et al. (2005) Data Providers: Jean-Louis Amiet

Leptodactylodon ovatus Andersson, 1903 This species occurs in extreme eastern Nigeria and western Cameroon, below 800m asl. Two subspecies are known: the nominate form occurs in the westernmost part of the range (including Nigeria); L. o. orientalis occurs in the east. The ranges of the two subspecies are probably separated around Mount Kupe. This is a common species. It lives in lowland forest, requiring forest with a continuous canopy, and is not found in degraded forest. It breeds in slowﬂowing streams and tiny watercourses in the forest. The males call from holes and cracks in rocks. It is presumably threatened by the loss of its lowland forest habitat. It is thought to occur in Korup National Park, though this has not been conﬁrmed. Bibliography: Amiet, J.-L. (1971a), Amiet, J.-L. (1980a), Amiet, J.-L. (1987), Amiet, J.-L. and Schiøtz, A. (1972), Herrmann, H.-W. et al. (2005), Ohler, A. (1999) Data Providers: Jean-Louis Amiet

BUFONIDAE

to adapt to modiﬁed habitats. The major threat is forest loss and fragmentation, due to the conversion of forests to rubber and oil palm plantations, as well as the resulting eutrophication of streams by chemical fertilisers and stream siltation (thereby depriving larvae of feeding sites). It is present in several protected areas, and the continued protection of large areas of hilly rainforests is essential. Bibliography: Das, I. (1995b), Inger, R.F. (1960a), Inger, R.F. (1966), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun

Ansonia hanitschi Inger, 1960 This Bornean endemic occurs at a number of sites within Kinabalu National Park, and the Crocker Range south of Kinabalu in Sabah, in Gunung Mulu Park in Sarawak, and also in the montane forests of Kalimantan. It probably occurs more widely than current records suggest. Its altitudinal range is from 750-1,600m asl. It is abundant at most locations where it has been recorded. Adults are found on the ﬂoor of submontane and montane forests. Breeding takes place in clear, rocky mountain streams. The larvae cling to rocks in the torrents of these streams. It appears to be unable to adapt to modiﬁed habitats. The main threat to the species is siltation of streams needed for larval development, as a result of logging in the submontane and montane forests, and the clearance of forests for cultivation. This species is known to be present in Kinabalu and Gunung Mulu National Parks. However, there is no well-protected reserve in Kalimantan at the appropriate atltitude protecting the habitat of this species. Bibliography: Herrmann, H.J. and Ulber, T. (1992), Inger, R.F. (1960a), Inger, R.F. (1966), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Malkmus, R. (1994), Malkmus, R. (1995), Malkmus, R. (1996a), Malkmus, R. et al. (2002) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun

Ansonia leptopus (Günther, 1872) This species is known from a number of localities on Borneo. It is also present at two localities in Peninsular Malaysia, and at a single site in Sumatra (Indonesia). It has been recorded from lowland altitudes of 50-700m asl. It is abundant at a number of sites. Adults disperse widely over the ﬂoor and herb stratum of primary rainforest. It breeds explosively in small, clear, rocky-bottomed streams, and larvae are most common in shallow side pools and in submerged masses of dead leaves. It is unable to adapt to modiﬁed habitats. The major threat to the species is deforestation and the resultant siltation of larval habitats. This species is present in several protected areas, and the continued preservation of large areas of rainforest is needed. Taxonomy: A taxonomic review of this species is urgently required, since it almost certainly comprises more than one species. Bibliography: Dring, J.C.M. (1979), Grandison, A.C.G. (1972a), Inger, R.F. (1985), Inger, R.F. and Dring, J.C.M. (1988), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Peter Paul van Dijk, Robert Stuebing

Ansonia longidigita Inger, 1960 This widespread Bornean endemic is present in relatively steep terrain from 150-1,500m asl. It is known to be abundant at several localities. Adults can be found on the ﬂoor and herb stratum of rainforests. It requires small, clear, rocky-bottomed streams to breed in, an environment that persists only where forest cover is intact. Larvae live in torrents, clinging to rocks and feeding on lithophytes. This species is unable to adapt to modiﬁed habitats. The main threat is rampant habitat loss due to the rapid clearing of forest in Borneo, and the subsequent siltation of streams. This species is known to occur in several protected areas, including in Sabah and Sarawak. However, in Kalimantan, the existing forest preserves and parks are not well protected. Bibliography: Inger, R.F. (1960a), Inger, R.F. (1966), Inger, R.F. (1992), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Malkmus, R. et al. (2002) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun

Ansonia minuta Inger, 1960 This Bornean endemic is known only from a few localities in western and central Sarawak (Malaysia) and scattered areas of Kalimantan (Indonesia), although it probably occurs more widely than current records suggest. All known localities lie between 200 and 1,000m asl. There is no information on its population status. This is a terrestrial species of lowland moist tropical forest, which breeds in small, clear, rocky streams where the larvae also develop. It has not been found in modiﬁed habitats. The main threat to this species is habitat loss and fragmentation largely due to the effects of extensive logging on lowland Borneo. This species is known from the Kayan Mentarang protected area and continued protection of large areas of hilly rainforest is needed. Bibliography: Inger, R.F. (1960a), Inger, R.F. (1966), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun

Ansonia spinulifer (Mocquard, 1890) This Bornean endemic is widely distributed in relatively steep terrain in Malaysia and Indonesia, from 150-750m asl. It appears to be abundant at scattered lowland localities. Adults disperse widely over the ﬂoor and herb stratum of rainforest. It requires small, clear, rocky-bottomed streams to breed in, and larvae live in torrents, clinging to rocks and feeding on lithophytes. It appears to be unable to adapt to modiﬁed habitats. The main threat to the species is deforestation of large portions of the habitat, with the resultant loss of adult and juvenile (through the siltation of streams) feeding microhabitats. Conversion of forest to oil palm plantations is also a threat and it is possible that a broad portion of its range might soon be converted to Acacia plantations. The species is known from several protected areas, including Kinabalu National Park, which is in Sabah, where good, large areas of forest are now protected, as are some sites in Sarawak. The species might well occur in Kalimantan but existing forest preserves and parks are not well protected. Further protection of large areas of rainforest is needed. Bibliography: Inger, R.F. (1960a), Inger, R.F. (1992), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Malkmus, R. et al. (2002) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun

Ansonia albomaculata Inger, 1960

Bufo achalensis Cei, 1972

This species is endemic to Borneo where it is known from several widely scattered localities across the northern part of the island, in relatively steep terrain, at altitudes of 150-350m asl. It appears to be abundant in a few places, although in general the population is decreasing in direct proportion to rates of deforestation. The adults of this species are mostly terrestrial and disperse widely over the rainforest ﬂoor. Breeding takes place in small, clear, rocky-bottomed streams. The larvae live in torrents, clinging to rocks and feeding on lithophytes. This species appears to be unable

This species is restricted to the high plateau (Sierra Grande) of Córdoba and San Luis Provinces, Argentina, at 1,6002,200m asl. It is common within its limited range. The population was apparently stable through 2002. It occurs in rocky outcrops in montane grasslands and reproduces in mountain streams during the ﬁnal snowfalls of late August. Free-living larvae develop in these streams, and can occur below ice. Some habitat disturbance is tolerated. The threats to this species are habitat loss due to extensive cattle ranching and the pollution of water sources by cattle.

Near Threatened Amphibian Species

611

Some populations might also be declining due to ﬁres. However, these threats appear to be relatively minor at present. It occurs in Parque Nacional Condorito and the Reserva Hídrica Provincial de Pampa de Achala.

Mountains, in Parque Nacional Laguna Lachuá and the Reserva de Manantiales Montañas del Mico, and Parque Nacional Cerro Azul in Honduras.

Bibliography: Acosta, L.E., Pereyra, F.E. and Pizzi, R.A. (1995), Avila, L.J. and Priotto, J.W. (1995), Di Tada, I.E. et al. (1980), Di Tada, I.E. et al. (1996), Di Tada, I.E., Martino, A. and Sinsch, U. (2001), Jofre, G.M. (2003), Lavilla, E.O. et al. (2000), Lavilla, E.O. and Cei, J.M. (2001), Rahn, I.M. (1982), Sinsch, U., di Tada, I.E. and Martino, A.L. (2001) Data Providers: Esteban Lavilla, Ismael di Tada

Bibliography: Attum, O. and Eason, P. (1999), Campbell, J.A. (1998), Campbell, J.A. (2001), Franklin, C.J. and Franklin, J. (1999), Lee, J.C. (1996), Lee, J.C. (2000), Mendelson III, J.R. (1994), Mendelson III, J.R. (1997b) Data Providers: Julian Lee, Manuel Acevedo, Larry David Wilson, Paul Walker

Bufo cryptotympanicus Liu and Hu, 1962

Bufo blombergi Myers and Funkhouser, 1951 This species occurs in northern Ecuador (in Esmeraldas and Carchi Provinces), and in Colombia on the western ﬂank of the Cordillera Occidental in Nariño, Cauca, Valle del Cauca and Choco Departments, between 200 and 550m asl. It is locally common. It lives in closed lowland tropical rainforest, coming close to human habitation in some areas. Breeding takes place in temporary and permanent pools, sometimes close to rivers (where young animals in particular are often found). The major threats it faces are deforestation for agricultural development and cultivation of illegal crops, logging, mining, the introduction of exotic species, human settlement, and pollution resulting from the spraying of illegal crops. In Ecuador, there is commercial export of animals for pharmacological research and the pet trade. In Ecuador, its range overlaps with the Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas, and it also occurs in protected areas in Colombia. Legislation is needed to regulate the international trade and the harvesting of this species. Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Bringsoe, H. (1990), Hoogmoed, M.S. (1989), Howard, C.J. (1981), Morales, M. et al. (2002), Myers, G.S. and Funkhouser, J.W. (1951), Obst, F.J. (1979), Pawley, R. (1988), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996), Seidel, B. (1979) Data Providers: Wilmar Bolívar, Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Diego Cisneros-Heredia

Bufo boreas Baird and Girard, 1852

WESTERN TOAD

This species occurs along the Pacific Coast of North America from southern Alaska (Wiedmer and Hodge 1996) to Baja California, and ranges eastward to the Rocky Mountains in west-central Alberta, Montana, Wyoming, Utah (Ross et al. 1995), Colorado (Hammerson 1999), and (formerly) northern New Mexico (Degenhardt, Painter and Price 1996). It is absent from most of the desert south-west (Stebbins 1985b). Its altitudinal range extends from sea level to at least 3,640m asl. The total adult population size of the species is unknown but is likely to exceed 100,000. It is still common in much of its range. The Rocky Mountain populations in Colorado and Wyoming have undergone a drastic decline since the 1970s (Corn, Stolzenburg and Bury 1989; Hammerson 1989, 1992, 1999; Carey 1993; Muths et al. 2003). It has also declined greatly in the Yosemite area of the Sierra Nevada, California (Drost and Fellers 1996). It is apparently undergoing localized declines in Yellowstone National Park (Peterson, Koch and Corn 1992), Montana (Reichel and Flath 1995), and elsewhere (Olson 1989). This species is found in a wide variety of habitats including desert springs and streams, meadows and woodlands and mountain wetlands. It is also known from around ponds, lakes, reservoirs, and slow-moving rivers and streams. It digs its own burrow in loose soil or uses those of small mammals, or shelters under logs or rocks. The eggs and larvae develop in shallow areas of ponds, lakes, or reservoirs, or in pools of slow-moving streams. The extent of threat across the species’ range is not known with certainty. The decline in the Southern Rocky Mountains is not due to acidification of breeding habitats (Corn and Vertucci 1992). Carey (1993) hypothesized that some environmental factor or synergistic effects of more than one factor might stress the toads, causing suppression of the immune system or indirectly causing immunosuppression by causing elevated secretion of adrenal cortical hormones; immunosuppression, coupled with the apparent effect of cold body temperatures on the ability of the immune system to fight disease, might lead to infection by Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria (which causes “red-leg”) or other infectious agents and subsequently to death of individuals and the extirpation of populations. Die-offs in the southern Rockies have been associated with chytrid fungus infections (Muths et al. 2003). Eggs are highly susceptible to the pathogenic fungus Saprolegnia ferax, which might be introduced during fish stocking (Kiesecker and Blaustein 1997). Another possibility is that declines are related to the sensitivity of eggs to increased levels of ultraviolet radiation (Blaustein et al. 1994), but see Corn and Muths (2002) for an alternative viewpoint. In the Cascade Range of Oregon, persistent predation of adults by ravens during the toad breeding season appears to have contributed significantly to some population declines (Olson 1992). Possibly significant predation by birds has also been observed in Colorado and Idaho. The decline might be related, at least in part, to habitat destruction and degradation, water retention projects, predation by, and competition with, native and non-native species, fishery management activities, or other factors, but these factors have not been adequately assessed. This species occurs in many national parks, wildlife refuges, and wilderness areas in the US where habitat destruction is not a major threat. In Mexico, it is found within Parque Nacional Sierra de San Pedro Martir. It is listed as an endangered species in the state of Colorado and is warranted but precluded from US federal endangered species status. Bibliography: Behler, J.L. and King, F.W. (1979), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Blaustein, A.R. et al. (1994), Campbell, J.B. and Degenhardt, W.G. (1971), Carey, C. (1993), Corn, P.S. and Muths, E. (2002), Corn, P.S. and Vertucci, F.A. (1992), Corn, P.S., Stolzenburg, W. and Bury, R.B. (1989), Drost, C.A. and Fellers, G.M. (1996), Frost, D.R. (1985), Green, D.M. (1997), Hailman, J.P. (1984), Hammerson, G.A. (1982), Hammerson, G.A. (1989), Hammerson, G.A. (1992), Hammerson, G.A. (1999), Herreid, II, C.F. (1963), Hodge, R.P. (1976), Johnson, P.T.J. et al. (2001), Kiesecker, J.M. and Blaustein, A.R. (1997), Kiesecker, J.M., Blaustein, A.R. and Miller, C.L. (2001b), Livo, L.J. and Yeakley, D. (1997), Muths, E. et al. (2003), Muths, E. and Nanjappa, P. (2005), NNHP (1999), Nussbaum, R.A., Brodie, Jr., E.D. and Storm, R.M. (1983), Oliver, G.A. (1997), Olson, D.H. (1989), Olson, D.H. (1992), Peterson, C.R., Koch, E.D. and Corn, P.S. (1992), Reichel, J.D. and Flath, D. (1995), Ross, D.A. et al. (1995), Samallow, P.B. (1980), Smits, A.W. (1984), Stebbins, R.C. (1985b), Welsh Jr, H.H., Hodgson, G.R. and Lind, A.J. (2005), Wiedmer, M. and Hodge, R.P. (1996) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson, Georgina Santos-Barrera, Erin Muths

Bufo brongersmai Hoogmoed, 1972

BRONGERSMA’S TOAD

This species is restricted to western, southern and eastern Morocco, ranging into northern Western Sahara and northwestern Algeria, from sea level to 1,600m asl. It can be abundant in suitable habitat, but is in decline as its habitats are being lost. It is present in semi-arid, hilly areas with Argania spinosa, Euphorbia, and graminaceous vegetation. It may be found in ploughed ﬁelds (Schleich, Kästle and Kabisch 1996), and hides beneath stones during the day. The temporary ponds that it breeds in are mostly located in rocky areas, and it has been observed in artiﬁcial waterbodies (such as dammed temporary rivers). It is threatened through much of its range by increased aridity, pollution and drainage of its breeding habitats. This species is present in Parc National de Souss-Massa but is not protected by national legislation. It can be bred successfully in captivity. Bibliography: Bogaerts, S. (2001), Bons, J. and Geniez, P. (1996), Gallix, T. (2002), Geniez, P. et al. (2004), Geniez, P., Mateo, J.A. and Bons, J. (2000), Grillitsch, B., Grillitsch, H. and Splechtna, H. (1989), Guillaume, C.P. and Bons, J. (1982), Hoogmoed, M.S. (1972), Mateo, J.A. et al. (2003), Salvador, A. (1996), Schleich, H.H., Kästle, W. and Kabisch, K. (1996), Schouten, J.R. and Thevenot, M. (1988) Data Providers: Alfredo Salvador, David Donaire-Barroso, El Hassan El Mouden, Tahar Slimani, Philippe Geniez, José Mateo

Bufo campbelli Mendelson, 1994 This species is found at low and moderate altitudes in northern and eastern Guatemala, southern Belize, and extreme western Honduras, from 100-1,080m asl. It probably occurs more widely. It is still found in good numbers in appropriate habitats in Belize and Honduras, and is still common in the Sierra de Santa Cruz. It lives in and near streams in pristine forest in mountainous regions (in Honduras, in lowland moist and premontane wet forest). It breeds primarily in streams but has also been found breeding in pools in Guatemala. In Honduras and Guatemala, it is threatened by habitat destruction, and in Belize, by hurricanes. Much of its range is protected in forest reserves of the Mayan

This species is known from southern China in Guangxi and Guangdong Provinces, from 450-1,870m asl, and from only two specimens in northern Viet Nam. One of these was collected on Mount Fan Si Pan near Sa Pa, Lao Cai Province (Liu et. al. 2000), and the other was collected at 1,900m asl in O Quy Ho, Sa Pa District, which is very close to, but on the other side of, Mount Fan Si Pan. It is likely to occur more widely than currently recorded. It is uncommon. This species inhabits forest, and has not been found in open areas. Its breeding habits are not known, but it presumably breeds in water by larval development. The threats that it faces are relatively unknown although presumably habitat destruction and degradation are important. All known localities of this species are within protected areas. In Viet Nam these are within Hoang Lien Son National Park. Further documentation of the species’ extent of occurrence, population status and ecological requirements in Viet Nam is needed. Bibliography: Fei, L. et al. (1999), Le Nguyen Ngat, Nguyen Van Sang, and Ho Thu Cuc (2001), Liu, C.-C. and Hu, S.-Q. (1962), Liu, W. et al. (2000), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996) Data Providers: Raoul Bain, Annemarie Ohler, Michael Wai Neng Lau, Yuan Zhigang

Bufo hypomelas Boulenger, 1913 This species is known from the Paciﬁc lowlands of Colombia in Choco Department, and from two localities in northwestern Ecuador (in Esmeraldas Province), and is presumed to exist in between these two areas. It occurs between 10 and 500m asl. It is a rare species, and there have been no records of this species in Ecuador since 1984. It lives on the ground in leaf-litter close to water sources, in lowland tropical moist forest. All records of this species come from mature forest. There is no information on its breeding biology, although reproduction is presumably by larval development in water. The major threats are deforestation for agricultural development (including the cultivation of illegal crops), logging, and human settlement, and pollution resulting from the spraying of illegal crops. It has been found in a few protected areas in Colombia. Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Boulenger, G.A. (1913), Cochran, D.M. and Goin, C.J. (1970), Duellman, W.E. and Schülte, R. (1992), Hoogmoed, M.S. (1989), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996) Data Providers: Wilmar Bolívar, Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Diego Cisneros-Heredia

Bufo lonnbergi Andersson, 1911 This species appears to be endemic to the Kenyan Highlands above 1,800m asl, where it occurs on both sides of the Rift Valley, and on Mount Kenya and in the vicinity of Limuru. Records from Nairobi require conﬁrmation. A related species has been found in the Udzungwa Mountains of southern Tanzania, but this has not so far been named. It is a reasonably common species. There is some evidence of a decline at one site, but there is no information as to whether or not such a decline might have been more widespread (M. Tandy pers. comm.). It is a species of montane grassland, moorland and forest patches, and it survives in agricultural land. It breeds in small, shallow permanent and semi-permanent pools in open areas. There is little information on its threats, but although it is somewhat adaptable, it is possibly affected by the intensiﬁcation of agriculture, overgrazing by livestock, and expanding human settlements. It occurs in Aberdares and Mount Kenya National Parks. Taxonomy: We follow Poynton (1997) in considering Bufo mocquardi and B. nairobiensis as distinct from this species. However, M. Tandy (pers. comm.) considers both B. mocquardi and B. nairobiensis to be synonyms of B. lonnbergi. Bibliography: Grandison, A.G.C. (1972b), Lötters, S. et al. (2004), Poynton, J.C. (1997), Poynton, J.C. (2003b), Tandy, M. and Keith, R. (1972) Data Providers: Mills Tandy, Stefan Lötters, John Poynton, Kim Howell

Bufo mexicanus Brocchi, 1879

SOUTHWESTERN TOAD

This species occurs in extreme central-eastern Sonora and western Chihuahua along the Sierra Madre Occidental, south to western Durango and extreme north-eastern Sinaloa, Mexico. This is a rare species. It inhabits pristine conifer forests where it can be commonly found along low rivers and streams, where it breeds. It is not present in altered habitats. Disturbance, and any kind of alteration of forested areas that might cause the desiccation of streams and soils, are threats to this species. This species occurs in at least two protected areas. Urgent protection of the forested areas along the Sierra Tarahumara area is recommended. Bibliography: Gergus, E.W.A. (1998), Price, A.H. and Sullivan, B.K. (1988) Data Providers: Georgina Santos-Barrera, Luis Canseco-Márquez

Bufo pageoti Bourret, 1937 This species is known from north-east and western Myanmar, extreme northern Viet Nam and Gaoligongshan in Yunnan (Tengchong, Baoshan and Lushui Counties), China, from 1,900-2,500m asl. It probably occurs more widely than current records suggest. This species is rare and is seldom found. It inhabits forested mountain areas, and probably also occurs in the surrounding farmland. It is a stream-breeding amphibian. Forest loss due to agricultural expansion is an ongoing threat. The range of the species includes some protected areas: in China it is known from Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, and both of the populations in Myanmar are within protected areas. Taxonomy: Bufo burmanus was synonymized with B. pageoti by Dubois and Ohler (1999). The genus Torrentophryne (Yang, Liu and Rao 1996) was synonymized with Bufo by Liu et al. (2000). Bibliography: Bourret, R. (1942), Dubois, A. and Ohler, A. (1999), Liu, W. et al. (2000), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), The Comprehensive Scientiﬁc Expedition to the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau (1997), Yang, D.-T., Liu, W. and Rao, D. (1996) Data Providers: Peter Paul van Dijk, Guinevere Wogan, Annemarie Ohler, Lu Shunqing, Yang Datong

Bufo parietalis Boulenger, 1882 This species is relatively widespread in the Western Ghats, India, from 400-900m asl. Dutta (1997) lists uncertain records from the Eastern Ghats, which require further veriﬁcation. It is a locally common species. It is a terrestrial toad associated with leaf-litter, rocks and other ground cover of moist tropical evergreen and semi-evergreen forest. It is not known if it can occur in degraded habitat. Breeding takes place in slow-moving stretches of streams. The main threat to this species is deforestation caused by both regional infrastructure development (roads, dams, and urbanization) and the collection of wood and timber for subsistence use by local people. It has been recorded from Indira Gandhi National Park (in Tamil Nadu), Agasthyamala Hills of the Neyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Silent Valley National Park (both in Kerala), and might also occur within other protected areas in the region. Bibliography: Biju, S.D. (2001), Chanda, S.K. (2002), Dubois, A. and Ohler, A. (1999), Dutta, S.K. (1997), Inger, R.F. et al. (1984) Data Providers: S.D. Biju, Sushil Dutta, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, S.P. Vijayakumar, Chelmala Srinivasulu, Gajanan Dasaramji Bhuddhe

612

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Bufo sternosignatus Gunther, 1859 (“1858”)

Pedostibes rugosus Inger, 1958

This species is known from the Venezuelan states of Aragua, Carabobo, Cojedes, Falcón, Lara, Miranda, Portuguesa, Yaracuy, and the Andean piedmont of Barinas State. It has also recently been reported from Colombia on the Cordillera Central and Cordillera Oriental. It is a mid-altitude species, occurring up to 1,800m asl. It is a common species. This is a nocturnal and crepuscular frog living on the ﬂoor of semi-deciduous (seasonal) forest in mountain regions of the Venezuelan coastal mountain range and the northernmost portion of the Venezuelan Andes. It is often associated with slow-ﬂowing stream pools where it congregates in large numbers in the breeding season. Habitat degradation is a major threat since most of the species’ habitat is being converted for coffee and cacao plantations. Some populations are within national parks in the Venezuelan Coastal range, and the Sierra de Portuguesa (Portuguesa and Lara States). Lower montane forests in the Venezuelan Andes are in need of protection, especially the semi-deciduous forests that have been used for coffee and cacao plantations for centuries.

This species is known only from the forests of northern Borneo in Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysia), Kalimantan (Indonesia) and Brunei Darussalam. It is likely to occur more widely than currently recorded. It is generally a lowland species occurring between 150 and 1,050m asl. The population status of this species is unknown. It has been recorded from hilly lowland, and submontane, tropical primary moist forest. It is an arboreal species that breeds in small, clear, rocky streams. It might possibly occur in areas that have previously been used for shifting cultivation, but it cannot adapt to signiﬁcantly modiﬁed habitats. The major threat to this species is habitat loss and fragmentation due to deforestation. It is present in a number of protected areas including Batu Apoi (Brunei), and Lanjak Anteroi and the Crocker Range (both in Sabah). The protection of lowland forests in Sabah and parts of Sarawak now provide stable habitat for this species, but expansion of this protection to hilly lowland forests in Kalimantan is needed.

Bibliography: Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), Cordero, G. (1987), Duellman, W.E. and Schülte, R. (1992), Frost, D.R. (1985), Gines, H. (1959), La Marca, E. (1992), La Marca, E. and Manzanilla, J. (1997), La Marca, E. and Mijares, A. (1996), Lutz, A. (1927), Rivas, G. and Manzanilla, J. (1999), Rivero, J.A. (1961), Yustiz, E. (1996) Data Providers: Enrique La Marca, Jesús Manzanilla, Abraham Mijares, César Luis Barrio Amorós

Bufo togoensis Ahl, 1924 This species ranges from eastern Sierra Leone through Liberia, southern Guinea, southern Côte d’Ivoire and southern Ghana to western Togo. Records from central Africa refer to Bufo latifrons. It is usually uncommon, but can be extremely abundant locally. It lives only in primary forest, usually in close association with the streams in which it breeds, and is usually found on stones in shallow water, or among vegetation next to the streams. It breeds in the slow-ﬂowing sections of the streams and the eggs are glued underwater with mud. This species is affected by ongoing deforestation throughout its range, due to logging, agricultural expansion, and human settlements. It is more threatened in the east of its range, where recent information on its status is very limited. It occurs in several protected areas. Bibliography: Joger, U. (1981), Rödel, M.-O. (2000b), Rödel, M.-O. and Agyei, A.C. (2003), Rödel, M.-O. and Bangoura, M.A. (2004), Rödel, M.-O. and Branch, W.R. (2002), Tandy, M. and Keith, R. (1972) Data Providers: Mark-Oliver Rödel, Mills Tandy

Bufo tuberculatus Zarevsky, 1926 This species is restricted to Sichuan (Batang, Xiangcheng), Yunnan (Deqin), and the eastern tip of Xizang Autonomous Region, in China, from 2,600-2,700m asl. It probably occurs a little more widely than current records suggest. It is quite common in parts of its range. It inhabits pools, marshes and the surrounding habitats in valleys, and breeds in pools and ponds. Records have also come from agricultural areas. The major threat to this species is habitat loss and degradation due to agriculture. Its range includes Mangkangjingshihou, Zulongba and Baimaxueshan Nature Reserves. Bibliography: Fei, L. et al. (1999), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996) Data Providers: Fei Liang, Ye Changyuan

Bibliography: Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun

Pelophryne signata (Boulenger, 1894) This species occurs in Borneo (Brunei and Sarawak) below 1,000m asl. It is assumed to occur across the border into Kalimantan although there are no records from there yet. Its population status is unknown. It has been recorded only from lowland tropical moist forest. Breeding is presumed to take place in small forest pools. The major threat to this species is habitat loss and fragmentation due to deforestation. The presence of this species in protected areas requires further investigation. Some areas of habitat are protected in Sarawak. Taxonomy: Specimens from the Malay Peninsula and the Natura Islands previously included in Pelophryne signata are now assigned to P. brevipes. Bibliography: Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Peter Paul van Dijk, Robert Stuebing, Indraneil Das

Rhamphophryne festae (Peracca, 1904) This species occurs at moderate and low altitudes (from 200-1,700m asl) on the eastern Andean slopes and in the upper Amazon Basin of Ecuador, and in the Cordillera de Cutucú and Cordillera del Condór, in Ecuador and Peru. It is uncommon where it occurs. It is usually found in leaf-litter, and sometimes on low vegetation, in tropical rainforest, and premontane humid forest. There is no information known about breeding habits, although it presumably breeds by direct development like other species in the genus. It does not adapt well to anthropogenic disturbance, and is not known from secondary forest. The major threats to the species’ habitat are agricultural development, involving both cultivation of crops and livestock grazing, and logging. Its range includes a few protected areas. Taxonomic research is needed to resolve the status of highland populations that might represent a different species. Taxonomy: Juveniles of this species can be confused with juveniles of the Bufo margaritifer complex, and hence its distribution is poorly known. This might be a species complex (D. Cisneros-Heredia pers. comm.). Bibliography: Almendariz, A. (1991), Cisneros-Heredia, D.F. (2003), Peracca, M.G. (1904), Trueb, L. (1971) Data Providers: Ana Almandáriz, Diego Cisneros-Heredia, Karl-Heinz Jungfer, Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron

Melanophryniscus cupreuscapularis Cespedez and Alvarez, 2000 (1999) This species is known only from north-western Corrientes Province, Argentina, between 50 and 70m asl. It is known from only a few localities but it is common and its population is stable in suitable habitats. It occurs in seasonally inundated grasslands where it also reproduces. When breeding areas dry up it usually occurs underground. Its tolerance to habitat disturbance is unknown. Loss of habitat due to the expansion of human settlements is a threat to this species, most notably the growth of the city of Corrientes. It is not known to occur in any protected areas. Bibliography: Alvarez, B.B. et al. (2003), Céspedez, J.A. and Alvarez, B.B. (1999) Data Providers: Jorge Céspedez, Jose Langone

Melanophryniscus moreirae (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920) This species is known from Parque Nacional do Itatiaia in Serra da Mantiqueira on the border of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais States, in southern Brazil, from 1,800-2,400m asl, and possibly also from Castanhal Grande, Óbidos, Pará State, Brazil. This is a very common species within its small range, but it appears to have declined recently (Eterovick et al. 2005). This diurnal species occurs in swamp areas along rivers with limpid and cold waters. It deposits its eggs in temporary puddles formed by the rain. It is not known whether or not it is able to adapt to habitat disturbance. Threats to this species include tourism and recreation. The known range of the species is restricted to Parque Nacional do Itatiaia. More research is needed to conﬁrm its extent of occurrence and whether or not it is a restricted range species. Conservation and maintenance of its habitat is also required, and population monitoring is needed to investigate an apparent decline. Taxonomy: A strangely disjunct population from Óbidos, Pará State, Brazil, was described as a subspecies by Cochran (1948). Bokermann (1967) doubted the correctness of this locality and assumed that the specimens came from Itatiaia. Bibliography: Bernardes, A.T. (1998), Bokermann, W.C.A. (1967), Cochran, D.M. (1955), Eterovick, P.C. et al. (2005), Guix, J.C. et al. (1998) Data Providers: Débora Silvano, Ulisses Caramaschi, Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues

Melanophryniscus sanmartini Klappenbach, 1968 This species has a fragmented distribution, and is found in Lavalleja, Maldonado, Rocha, Florida and Ribera Departments in Uruguay. It occurs below 500m asl, but its exact altitudinal range is unknown. It is commonly found during reproductive bouts and has a population that appears to be stable at present. It lives in grasslands and rocky outcrops and reproduces in small streams. It probably does not tolerate much habitat disturbance. Exotic tree plantations are a threat to this species. It does not occur in any protected areas. Bibliography: Langone, J.A. (1994), Langone, J.A. (2003), Maneyro, R. and Langone, J.A. (2001) Data Providers: Esteban Lavilla, Jose Langone

Osornophryne bufoniformis (Peracca, 1904) This species ranges from Ecuador (Parque Nacional Llanganates in Tungurahua Province), north to southern Valle del Cauca Department on the eastern and western ﬂanks of the Cordillera Central in Colombia, between 2,800 and 4,700m asl. It might occur a little more widely. It is rare, localized, and uncommon where found. It lives on fallen leaves and on the ground in montane forest, bush land and páramo. Some populations live in terrestrial bromeliads, leaf-litter, and on vegetation up to 50cm above the ground. Other populations are fossorial. It breeds by direct development and has only been found in undisturbed habitats. The major threats are deforestation, due to agricultural development, cultivation of illegal crops, ﬁre, logging, and human settlement, and pollution resulting from the spraying of illegal crops. It occurs in several protected areas. Taxonomy: Although this appears to be a relatively widespread species, it apears to be composed of multiple species with restricted distributions, with considerable variation in ecological requirements (T. Grant and D. Cisneros-Heredia pers. comm.). Bibliography: Ortiz, A. and Morales, M. (2000), Peracca, M.G. (1904), Peters, J.A. (1973), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Hernández-Camacho, J.A. (1976b), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996) Data Providers: Wilmar Bolívar, Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Diego Cisneros-Heredia, Taran Grant

CENTROLENIDAE Centrolene antioquiense (Noble, 1920) This species is known from Antioquia and Caldas Departments, on the western ﬂank of the central Andes in Colombia from 1,850-2,450m asl, and might occur a little more widely. It is a common species. Its habitat is vegetation alongside streams in sub-Andean forests. Eggs are laid on leaves overhanging the water and when hatched the larvae drop into the water below where they develop further. The species requires gallery forest cover over the streams to allow it to reproduce. Water pollution from agriculture is a major threat. Deforestation is only a localized threat at present, although desiccation and loss of overhanging leaves for breeding are potential problems in the future. The range of the species is not within any protected areas. Bibliography: Noble, G.K. (1920), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Lynch, J.D. (1991c), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996) Data Providers: Wilmar Bolívar, John Lynch

Centrolene buckleyi (Boulenger, 1882) This species occurs in the Andes, including in the inter-Andean valleys from Colombia through to Ecuador, to Huacambamba in Piura Department in northern Peru, from 2,100-3,100m asl. All records of this species from Venezuela are now assigned to Centrolene venezuelense. In many places this species is generally uncommon, but it is still easily found in Colombia. In Ecuador it was previously abundant in many localities, but has declined catastrophically, though there are recent records, including from 2003, but it is currently known only from two localities in this country. In Peru it is known only from two recent specimens. It lives in montane forests, in páramo bushland and grassland, and in terrestrial bromeliads in inter-Andean valleys. It is sometimes arboreal, and lays its eggs on leaves, larvae then developing in streams. It appears not to be affected by habitat loss, surviving in areas with heavy human impact. The serious decline in Ecuador is probably due to chytrid fungus. There are many protected areas where it occurs although in view of the severe risk posed by chytridiomycosis, an ex situ population should be established. Taxonomy: This species might be a complex of species, hence its apparently varying conservation status in the different countries in its range (J.V. Rueda pers. comm.). Bibliography: Bolivar-G, W., Grant, T. and Osorio, L.A. (1999), Boulenger, G.A. (1882c), Duellman, W.E. and Wild, E.R. (1993), Goin, C.J. (1961), La Marca, E. (1996a), Lynch, J.D. (2001), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1973), Rodríguez, L.O., Cordova, J.H. and Icochea, J. (1993), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Lynch, J.D. (1991a), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996) Data Providers: Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Lily Rodríguez, Jorge Luis Martinez, Martha Patricia Ramírez Pinilla, María Cristina Ardila-Robayo, Adolfo Amézquita, Jose Vicente Rueda, Juan Elías García-Pérez

Cochranella ignota (Lynch, 1990) This species is known from Choco, Antioquia, Valle de Cauca and Risaralda Departments, on the western ﬂank of the western Andes, Colombia. Its altitudinal range is currently recorded as 1,900-1,960m asl but is presumably broader than this. It is very common. It occurs on vegetation next to streams in primary sub-Andean forests. Eggs are laid on the upper surface of leaves and when hatched the larvae fall into the water below where they then develop further. There are few threats at present to this very common species, because most of its range is in protected areas. Populations of this species occur in Parque Nacional Natural Farallones de Cali, Parque Nacional Natural Tatamá, and Parque Nacional de Las Orquídeas. Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Lynch, J.D. (1990b), Restrepo, J.H. and Naranjo, L.G. (1999), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Lynch, J.D. (1991a), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996) Data Providers: Fernando Castro, John Lynch, Erik Wild

Near Threatened Amphibian Species

613

Cochranella megistra (Rivero, 1985)

Hyalinobatrachium vireovittatum (Starrett and Savage, 1973)

This species is known from Antioquia, Risaralda, Valle del Cauca and Choco Departments, on the western ﬂank of the western Andes in Colombia between 1,700 and 2,000m asl. It is a rare species. It occurs on vegetation away from streams in sub-Andean forests. Its breeding habits have not been observed, although it presumably breeds in streams. There are no major threats to this species at present. Its range includes Parque Nacional de Las Orquídeas and Parque Nacional Natural Tatamá. Bibliography: Rivero, J.A. (1985), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Lynch, J.D. (1991a), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996) Data Providers: Erik Wild, John Lynch

This species is known from scattered localities on the slopes of Volcán Tenorio, Guanacaste Province, to near Barú, Puntarenas Province, in the Cordillera Central and Cordillera de Talamanca in south-western Costa Rica, and from west-central Panama, from 800-1,100m asl (Savage 2002). It presumably occurs more widely. While this is generally considered to be a common species, it is difﬁcult to distinguish in the ﬁeld, and there are few reliable population data from Costa Rica. It inhabits humid montane forest, and is seen in bushes and trees along forest streams, where larvae develop. Populations outside national parks are threatened by habitat loss (due to general deforestation). The species has been recorded from three protected areas in Panama and a single protected area in Costa Rica.

Cochranella nola Harvey, 1996

Bibliography: Ibáñez, R. et al. (2000), Ibáñez, R., Jaramillo, F. and Jaramillo, C. (1999), Pounds, J.A. et al. (1997), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Lynch, J.D. (1991a), Savage, J.M. (2002), Young, B. et al. (1999) Data Providers: Frank Solís, Roberto Ibáñez, Gerardo Chaves, Jay Savage, César Jaramillo, Querube Fuenmayor

This species is known only from Santa Cruz Department, at the foot of the slopes of the Bolivian Andes. Records are from El Fuerte, Florida Province, at 1,600m asl, and La Hoyada and Mataracu, Ichilo Province, from 500-1,750m asl (Köhler 2000a; Lötters and Köhler 2000). It almost certainly occurs more widely. Köhler (2000a) points out that if the environmental conditions are suitable it is easy to observe and is abundant. It can be found in wet montane forest and in peri-Andean forests, speciﬁcally in Amazonian forests, in semi-humid montane forest, and in Yungas forest (De la Riva et al. 2000). It is an arboreal species that can be observed perching on wet sites next to streams (Köhler 2000a; Lötters and Köhler 2000). Egg clutches are deposited on rocks in streams. Water pollution from agriculture is a major threat. Its range includes Parque Nacional Amboró. Taxonomy: This species is sympatric with Hyalinobatrachium bergeri (Lötters and Köhler 2000). Bibliography: De la Riva, I. et al. (2000), Harvey, M. (1996), Köhler, J. (2000a), Lötters, S. and Köhler, J. (2000) Data Providers: Claudia Cortez, Steffen Reichle, Ignacio De la Riva, Jörn Köhler

Cochranella ocellata (Boulenger, 1918) In central Peru this species is known along the Cordillera Oriental in Huancabamba (1,700m asl) and Valle del Perene (1,200m asl), in Pasco Department. In southern Peru it is known from Huanhuachayocc (1,630m asl), Ayacucho Department, and Cosñipata (1,700m asl), Cuzco Department. It is likely that it occurs more widely. Its population status is unknown. In southern Peru, localities are in cloud forest at the start of the Andes. In central Peru, recorded localities are valleys (vegetation type not known) of the Amazonian drainage. Individuals have been recorded perched on herbaceous vegetation in cloud forest at night. It is not known if the species occurs in modiﬁed habitats. Eggs are deposited on leaves, and larvae develop in streams. In southern Peru it is threatened by loss and degradation of its habitat for human settlement and smallholder agriculture. This species occurs in the well-protected Parque Nacional Manu. The potential impacts of localized climate change and possible infection with the chytrid fungus require further investigation. Bibliography: Cannatella, D.C. and Duellman, W.E. (1982), Duellman, W.E. (1976), Instituto Geograﬁco Nacional (1989), Rodríguez, L.O., Cordova, J.H. and Icochea, J. (1993), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Lynch, J.D. (1991a) Data Providers: Lily Rodríguez, Jorge Luis Martinez, Ulrich Sinsch

Cochranella spiculata (Duellman, 1976) This species is known from two localities in Peru: Cosñipata (Cuzco Department, at 1,700m asl) in the southern montane forest and Perene Valley (Pasco Department, at 1,200m asl) in the central montane forest. It is believed to occur in suitable intervening habitat. It is an uncommon species. Its habitat is montane primary and secondary tropical forest, close to streams. Individuals have been recorded calling at night from the upper sides of leaves of herbaceous plants adjacent to a small stream. It is not present in degraded areas. Eggs are deposited on leaves, and larvae develop in streams. In the Perene Valley it is threatened by agriculture (coffee, tea and coca cultivation) and human settlement. It is present in Parque Nacional Manu. Further research into the distribution of this species is required as well as into the potential impacts of localized climate change and possible infection with the chytrid fungus. Bibliography: Cannatella, D.C. and Duellman, W.E. (1982), Duellman, W.E. (1976), Instituto Geograﬁco Nacional (1989), Rodríguez, L.O., Cordova, J.H. and Icochea, J. (1993), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Lynch, J.D. (1991a) Data Providers: Lily Rodríguez, Jorge Luis Martinez, Wilfredo Arizabal

Hyalinobatrachium aureoguttatum (Barrera-Rodrigues and Ruíz-Carranza, 1989) This species is known from the departments of Valle del Cauca, Risaralda, Choco and Antioquia on the western ﬂank of the western Andes, in Colombia, between 45 and 1,570m asl and from the eastern cordilleras in the south-west of Darién Province in Panama. It is a very common species. It occurs in lowland primary and secondary rainforests, and sub-Andean forests, on vegetation next to streams. It lays its eggs on the lower surface of leaves and when hatched the larvae fall into the stream below. Localized threats to this species are habitat fragmentation and loss due to the expansion of agriculture, including the cultivation of illegal crops, and water pollution. Its range includes Parque Nacional de Las Orquídeas and Parque Nacional Natural Farallones de Cali in Colombia, and Parque Nacional Darién in Panama. Bibliography: Barrera-Rodrigues, M. and Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. (1989), Barrera-Rodriguez, M. (2000), Ibáñez, R. et al. (2000), Ibáñez, R., Jaramillo, F. and Jaramillo, C. (1999), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Lynch, J.D. (1991a), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996) Data Providers: Frank Solís, Roberto Ibáñez, César Jaramillo, Querube Fuenmayor, Fernando Castro, Taran Grant

DENDROBATIDAE Colostethus agilis Lynch and Ruíz-Carranza, 1985 This species is known from Parque Nacional Natural Munchique in Cauca Department, northwards to La Serrania de los Paraguas in Valle del Cauca Department, on the western slope of the western Andes in Colombia, from 2,1902,600m asl. It can be a locally abundant species. It occurs along streams in sub-Andean and Andean primary or good secondary forest, and has not been recorded outside forest habitat. Its breeding habits are not known, though it is likely to take place in streams. Localized threats to this species include habitat loss and fragmentation due to the expansion of cattle raising, timber extraction, and cultivation of illegal crops, and water pollution. The range of the species includes Parque Nacional Natural Munchique and Parque Nacional Natural Farallones de Cali. Bibliography: Grant, T., Humphrey, E.C. and Myers, C.W. (1997), Lynch, J.D. and Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. (1985b), Rivero, J.A. (1988) Data Providers: Taran Grant, Fernando Castro

Colostethus fascianiger Grant and Castro, 1998 This species is known from the Municipality of El Tambo in Cauca Department, northwards to the municipality of El Cairo in Valle del Cauca Department, in Colombia, between 1,470 and 1,960m asl. It is a relatively common species. It occurs in leaf-litter on the ground near streams in primary or good secondary cloud forests, and has not been recorded outside forest habitat. The female lays terrestrial eggs; when they have hatched the male carries the larvae on his back to streams where they then develop further. Localized threats to this species are habitat fragmentation caused by the expansion of agriculture and cattle ranching, as well as water pollution from pesticides and the fumigation of illegal crops. The range of this species includes Parque Nacional Natural Farallones de Cali. Bibliography: Grant, T. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (2002), Grant, T. and Castro, F. (1998) Data Providers: Taran Grant, Fernando Castro

Colostethus fraterdanieli Silvestone, 1971 This species occurs in the departments of Valle del Cauca, Quindio, Risaralda, Antioquia, Nariño and Caldas, in Colombia, between 1,000 and 2,500m asl. It is a common species. It occurs on the ground close to streams in cloud forests and in dry tropical forests. Eggs are laid on leaf-litter and then the larvae are carried to streams where they develop further. The major threats to this species are agricultural development (including crops and livestock), logging, agricultural pollution, and the fumigation of crops. Its range includes Parque Nacional Natural Farallones de Cali. Taxonomic work is needed to determine if this form is a complex of more than one species. Taxonomy: This form is potentially a complex of more than one species according to Grant and Castro (1998). Bibliography: Grant, T. and Castro, F. (1998), Rivero, J.A. (1988), Rivero, J.A. and Serna, M.A. (1995), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996), Silverstone, P.A. (1971) Data Providers: Martha Patricia Ramírez Pinilla, Mariela Osorno-Muñoz, Jose Vicente Rueda, Adolfo Amézquita, María Cristina Ardila-Robayo

Colostethus infraguttatus (Boulenger, 1898) This species occurs on the western slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes and the coastal Cordillera in the provinces of Manabí, Guayas, Bolívar, Los Ríos, Azuay, and El Oro. It has been recorded from 70-1,500m asl (Coloma 1995) and has also recently been found in Loja (Almeida 2002). It is a common species. It inhabits humid premontane forest, tropical thicket and thorny scrub, and very dry tropical forest (Coloma 1995). Eggs are laid on land in leaf-litter or under rocks, and the larvae are then carried to water by the adults where they develop further. The major threats to this species are agricultural development (involving cultivation of crops and rearing of livestock), logging, and creation of wood plantations. Introduced goats are also degrading the species’ habitat, which is severely fragmented. Its geographic range overlaps with Parque Nacional Machalilla, Reserva Ecológica Manglares Churute, and Reserva Ecológica Arenillas. Bibliography: Almeida, D. and Nogales, F. (2002), Almendariz, A. and Orces, G. (2003), Boulenger, G.A. (1898), Coloma, L.A. (1995), Parker III, T.A. and Carr, J.L. (1992) Data Providers: Diego Cisneros-Heredia, Ana Almandáriz, Mario Yánez-Muñoz, Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron

Hyalinobatrachium chirripoi (Taylor, 1958)

Colostethus lehmanni Silverstone, 1971

This species is known from the lowlands of south-eastern Costa Rica, and central and eastern Panama from 60-100m asl, and also from two localities in western Colombia (Jarado and Bahiasolano), both in Choco Department, from 0-200m asl. It probably occurs much more widely within its general range. It was recently rediscovered in Costa Rica, having not been reported in the country since the 1950s, although there is also a specimen that was collected in 1990 that was previously misidentiﬁed. There is often some confusion when identifying this species. It is common at some sites in Panama but is considered a rare species in Colombia. It inhabits humid lowland and montane forest and pastures. Adults may be observed in bushes and trees along forest streams. Eggs are placed on the underside of smooth leaves overhanging streams, and when hatched the larvae drop into the water below where they complete their development. Certain populations of this species are threatened by habitat loss, due to increasing agricultural cultivation and logging. The species’ range includes a number of protected areas in Costa Rica and Panama. The Bahiasolano locality in Colombia is within Parque Nacional Natural Utría.

This species occurs widely in the Western and Central Cordilleras, from Antioquia Department in Colombia, south to Cotapaxi and Las Pampas Provinces in northern Ecuador, from 1,460-2,120m asl. It is still common in Colombia, but it has not been recorded in Ecuador since October 1990, despite extensive survey efforts. It lives on the ground in very humid montane forest, and has also been found in open fields and very modified areas, but is always near streams. The eggs are laid in leaf-litter, and the male transports the larvae to slow-flowing streams. The serious declines noted in Ecuador can possibly be attributed to chytridiomycosis. Additional likely threats are: deforestation, due to agricultural development, cultivation of illegal crops, fire, logging, and human settlement; introduction of alien predatory fish species in streams; and pollution resulting from the spraying of illegal crops. It occurs in several protected areas in Colombia, while in Ecuador, its geographic range overlaps with the Reserva Ecológica Los Illinizas. In view of the risk of chytridiomycosis, an ex situ population may need to be established.

Bibliography: Ibáñez, R. et al. (2000), Ibanez, R. and Jaramillo, C.A. (1997), Kubicki, B. (2004), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Lynch, J.D. (1991a), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996), Savage, J.M. (2002), Young, B. et al. (1999) Data Providers: Frank Solís, Roberto Ibáñez, Gerardo Chaves, Jay Savage, César Jaramillo, Querube Fuenmayor, Fernando Castro, Taran Grant, Erik Wild

Taxonomy: The population in Ecuador might not be conspeciﬁc with the Colombian population (T. Grant and D. Cisneros-Heredia pers. comm.). Bibliography: Coloma, L.A. (1995), Grant, T. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (2002), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996), Silverstone, P.A. (1971) Data Providers: Wilmar Bolívar, Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Taran Grant

614

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Colostethus machalilla Coloma, 1995 This species is known from more than ten localities in the Paciﬁc lowlands of Ecuador in the provinces of El Oro, Los Ríos, Bolívar, Guayas, Azogues, and Manabí, from 10-515m asl (Parker and Carr 1992; Coloma 1995). It is not an uncommon species. It inhabits tropical thicket and thorny scrub and very dry tropical forest (Coloma 1995). It lays its eggs on land, and the larvae are then carried to water by the adults where they develop further. The major threats to the species are agriculture, involving cultivation of crops and rearing of livestock, and logging. Its geographic range overlaps with Parque Nacional Machalilla and the Reserva Ecológica Manglares Churute. Bibliography: Benitez, M.S. and del Pino, E.M. (2003), Coloma, L.A. (1995), Parker III, T.A. and Carr, J.L. (1992) Data Providers: Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Mario Yánez-Muñoz, Diego Cisneros-Heredia, Ana Almandáriz

Colostethus mcdiarmidi Reynolds and Foster, 1992 This species is known from the western slopes of the Bolivian Andes. It was known initially from the type locality, approximately 0.25km east of the San Onofre road, 3.3km north of the road to Cochabamba-Tunari Village, in Chapare Province, Cochabamba Department, at 1,693m asl (Reynolds and Foster 1992). Gonzalez at al. (1999) then extended its distribution to western Bolivia, reporting it in the Reserva de la Biósfera y Terretorio Indígena de Pilón Lajas, and in the Yungas forest in La Paz Department. Only four populations of this species are currently known, two in the district of Cochabamba, and two in the northern district of La Paz. The current population trend is unknown, but it is very possibly declining. The population at the type locality is probably now extinct, and has not been seen despite several visits to the area. It is a terrestrial species that inhabits the Yungas forest of Cochabamba and La Paz Districts (De la Riva et al. 2000). Köhler (2000a) found specimens to be common during the day in undisturbed montane forest. The larvae were described by Reynolds and Foster (1992), and develop in streams. Major threats to this species are agricultural development, road construction, and water pollution from agriculture. It occurs in the Reserva de la Biósfera y Terretorio Indígena de Pilón Lajas and Parque Nacional Carrasco. Bibliography: De la Riva, I. et al. (2000), Gonzales, L., Lötters, S. and Reichle, S. (1999), Köhler, J. (2000a), Lötters, S., Morales, V.R. and Proy, C. (2003), Reynolds, R. and Foster, M. (1992) Data Providers: Claudia Cortez, Steffen Reichle, Ignacio De la Riva, Jörn Köhler

Colostethus shuar Duellman and Simmons, 1988 This species occurs on the eastern slopes of the Andes in Napo, Tungurahua, Morona Santiago and Zamora Chinchipe Provinces, Ecuador, between 1,272 and 2,370m asl. It was at least formerly abundant, judging by the large series collected through 1984 in the Kansas Museum. It was common in a stream near Loma El Trigal, on the road between Loja y Zamora, in 1987. It lives in premontane and cloud forest (Coloma 1995) but its tolerance of disturbed habitats is unknown. Reproduction probably occurs by females laying eggs on the ground, with the males bringing the larvae to streams for them to complete their development. In north-eastern Ecuador it occurs in sympatry with Colostethus bocagei, C. fuliginosus, C. kingsburyi, C. pulchellus and Minyobates abditus near Volcán Reventador. In south-eastern Ecuador the species occurs with C. kingsburyi, and C. pulchellus at the Pastaza trench, and further south with C. exasperatus, C. mystax and C. peculiaris. The major threats to this species are habitat destruction and degradation due to agricultural development and logging. Its range overlaps with Parque Nacional Sumaco NapoGaleras, Parque Nacional Sangay, Parque Nacional Llanganates, the Reserva Ecológica Antisana and the Reserva Ecológica Cayambe-Coca. Bibliography: Coloma, L.A. (1995), Duellman, W.E. and Simmons, J.E. (1988) Data Providers: Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Taran Grant

Dendrobates sylvaticus Funkhouser, 1956 This species occurs in south-western Colombia (in Cauca and Narino Departments) and north-western Ecuador (in Pichincha, Esmeraldas, Imbabura, and Los Rios Provinces). It occurs from sea level up to 1,000m asl. It is very common in Colombia but has disappeared from most of its range in Ecuador, only still surviving in the north of its range in that country. It lives in lowland and submontane rainforest and can survive in moderately degraded areas, at least in the more humid parts of its range. The eggs are laid on the ground, and the larvae are transported to bromeliads by the female. The major threats are deforestation for agricultural development, cultivation of illegal crops, logging, mining and human settlement, and pollution resulting from the spraying of illegal crops. It is sometimes recorded in the international pet trade. It occurs in several protected areas in Colombia. In Ecuador, its range overlaps the Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas and Parque Nacional Mache-Chindul. Management practices that could allow a commercial, sustainable harvest of this species should be investigated. Decree INDERENA No. 39 of 9 July, 1985, forbids the collection of Dendrobates spp. from the wild for breeding (or other) purposes. CITES Appendix II. Taxonomy: We follow Lötters et al. (1999) in recognizing Dendrobates sylvaticus as a species distinct from D. histrionicus. It is possible that this is a complex of several species (Lötters et al. 1999), with true D. sylvaticus occurring in Ecuador. Bibliography: Funkhouser, J.W. (1956), Lötters, S. et al. (1999), Morales, M. et al. (2002), Myers, C.W. and Daly, J.W. (1976b), RuizCarranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996), Stoskopf, M.K., Wisneski, A. and Pieper, L. (1985) Data Providers: Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Taran Grant, Stefan Lötters

Epipedobates anthonyi (Noble, 1921) This species occurs in south-western Ecuador (in El Oro, Azuay and Loja Provinces) and north-western Peru (in Ancash, Piura and Tumbes Departments), west of the Andes, at 153-1,769m asl. The record from Ancash, Peru, is doubtful (E. Lehr pers. comm.). It is likely to occur a little more widely than current records suggest. In southern Ecuador this is an abundant species. It lives in dry forest near streams and can be found in altered habitats. It lays its eggs in leaf-litter, and the males carry the larvae to running and standing water where they continue their development. This species is threatened by agrochemical pollution of waterways, and is also collected for medicinal use in Ecuador (although not currently in sufﬁcient numbers to be a threat). It is not known with certainty if it occurs in any protected areas. The impact on it of collection for medicinal use and commercial trade in wild specimens should be monitored. CITES Appendix II. Taxonomy: This species and Epipedobates tricolor were recently separated by Schulte (1999). We follow Graham et al. (2004) in restricting the distribution of E. anthonyi to southern Ecuador and northern Peru. Bibliography: Duellman, W.E. and Wild, E.R. (1993), Graham, C.H. et al. (2004), Schulte, R. (1999), Silverstone, P.A. (1976) Data Providers: Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Stefan Lötters

Epipedobates bassleri (Melin, 1941)

PLEASING POISON FROG

This species occurs in the Amazon drainage of Peru, from the eastern foothills of the Andes east to the Río Huallaga, in the departaments of Huánuco and San Martín, from 270-1,200m asl. It can be extremely common where it occurs. This is a diurnal species of lowland and montane tropical moist forest that can be found in both primary and slightly degraded habitat. Eggs are deposited on the ground and the larvae are then transported to streams by the male. There is signiﬁcant habitat loss within its range due to agricultural activities (mostly coffee plantations). It is not known from any protected areas, but possibly occurs in Parque Nacional Cordillera Azul and the Bosque de Protección Alto Mayo. CITES Appendix II.

Bibliography: Myers, C.W. (1987), Schulte, R. (1999), Silverstone, P.A. (1975), Silverstone, P.A. (1976), Zimmermann, H. and Zimmermann, E. (1988) Data Providers: Javier Icochea, Karl-Heinz Jungfer

Mannophryne herminae (Boettger, 1893) This species occurs in the mountains of the Venezuelan coastal range, from 30-1,610m asl. It is very common. This species is diurnal, and lives on the ground and along streams in semi-deciduous forest. Adults carry larvae on their backs to streams, where metamorphosis is completed. Fires are a major threat, as are agricultural encroachment and human settlement, although it appears not to be signiﬁcantly threatened by pollution from domestic wastewater. Chytridiomycosis might be a potential future threat. Its range includes Parque Nacional Henri Pittier (Rancho Grande) and Parque Nacional San Esteban where it is a common species. Further work is required to resolve the taxonomy of this species. This species should be monitored carefully, given the potential future threat of chytridiomycosis. Taxonomy: This form is a complex of more than one species. Bibliography: Alemán, C. (1952), Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), Gines, H. (1959), Hellmich, W. (1940), La Marca, E. (1994e), La Marca, E. (1995a), La Marca, E. (1995b), La Marca, E. (1997), Manzanilla, J. (2001), Manzanilla, J., García-París, M. and La Marca, E. (2002), Manzanilla, J., La Marca, E. and García-París, M. (2003), Myers, C.W., Paolillo, A. and Daly, J.W. (1991), Rivero, J.A. (1961), Sexton, O.J. (1960), Test, F.H. (1962), Test, F.H., Sexton, O.J. and Heatwole, H. (1966) Data Providers: Enrique La Marca, Jesús Manzanilla

Phyllobates aurotaenia (Boulenger, 1914)

KOKOE POISON FROG

This species occurs on the western slopes of the Cordillera Occidental in Colombia, along the Río San Juan drainage south to the Río Raposo, in Choco and Valle del Cauca Departments, between 90 and 1,000m asl. It is a very abundant species. It lives on the ground in humid lowland and submontane forests, and is found in primary and secondary forest, but not in degraded areas. The eggs are laid in leaf-litter, and the male takes the larvae to slow-ﬂowing water. The major threats are: deforestation due to agricultural development, cultivation of illegal crops, logging, and human settlement; introduction of alien predatory ﬁsh in streams; and pollution resulting from the spraying of illegal crops. It sometimes occurs in very small numbers in international trade. It is not known from any protected areas. Management practices that could allow a commercial, sustainable harvest should be investigated. Decree INDERENA No. 39 of 9 July, 1985, forbids the collection of Phyllobates spp. from the wild in Colombia for breeding (or other) purposes. CITES Appendix II. Bibliography: Rueda-Almonacid, J.V. (1999), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996), Silverstone, P.A. (1976) Data Providers: Wilmar Bolívar, Taran Grant, Stefan Lötters, Fernando Castro

Phyllobates bicolor Duméril and Bibron, 1841

BLACK-LEGGED POISON FROG

This species occurs on the western slopes of the Cordillera Occidental in Colombia, in Risaralda, Choco, Valle del Cauca, and Cauca Departments, between 500 and 1,500m asl. It is an abundant species. It lives in humid lowland and montane forests, usually occurring near streams, and can survive in logged forest, but not in open areas. The eggs are laid on the ground and the male transports the larvae to streams. The major threats are: deforestation due to agricultural development, cultivation of illegal crops, logging, and human settlement; introduction of alien predatory ﬁsh in streams; and pollution resulting from the spraying of illegal crops. It occurs in the international pet trade, but it is not known to what extent this poses a threat to the species. Chytridiomycosis might be a potential future threat. It occurs in Parque Nacional Natural Farallones de Cali. Management practices that could allow a commercial, sustainable harvest of this species should be investigated. Decree INDERENA No. 39 of 9 July, 1985, forbids the collection of Phyllobates spp. from the wild in Colombia for breeding (or other) purposes. CITES Appendix II. Bibliography: Lötters, S. et al. (1997), Myers, C.W., Daly, J.W. and Malkin, B. (1978), Rueda-Almonacid, J.V. (1999), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996), Silverstone, P.A. (1976) Data Providers: Wilmar Bolívar, Stefan Lötters

DISCOGLOSSIDAE Alytes cisternasii Boscá, 1879

IBERIAN MIDWIFE TOAD

This species is restricted to southern and eastern Portugal and western and central Spain, from 100-1,300m asl. It can be locally common in suitable habitat, and is more abundant in the western part of its range. Population declines have been observed in Spain, potentially because of introduced predators. This species is closely associated with meadows and open oak (Quercus) forests, most often in sandy areas. Reproduction and larval development takes place in temporary waterbodies (most often stream habitats); larval development is relatively long in this species and may last more than one season. The species is not very adaptable. The main threats are the loss of suitable Mediterranean forest habitat, the introduction of predatory ﬁshes and Louisiana Crayﬁsh (Procamabrus clarkii), and the loss of suitable aquatic habitats through pollution, canal construction, dams, and urbanization. A potential future threat is chytridiomycosis, which has already affected the related Alytes obstetricans in Spain. It is known to occur in Cabañeros and Doñana National Parks, Spain, and is listed on Appendix II of the Berne Convention, and on Annex IV of the EU Natural Habitats Directive. It is protected by national legislation in Spain, and is recorded in a number of national and sub-national Red Data Books. Given the potential future threat of chytridiomycosis this species should be monitored closely. Bibliography: Alvarez, A. and Martin, L. (2000), Arnold, E.N. (2003), Arntzen, J.W. and García-París, M. (1995), Bosch, J. and Márquez, R. (2001), Brown, L.E. and Crespo, E.G. (2000), Crespo, E.G. (1981), Fromhage, L., Vences, M. and Veith, M. (2004), Gasc, J.-P. et al. (eds.) (1997), Godinho, R. et al. (1999), Malkmus, R. (1996b), Malkmus, R. (2004), Márquez, R. (1995), Márquez, R. (1996), Martínez-Solano, I. et al. (2004), Martínez-Solano, I. and Bosch, J. (2001), Pleguezuelos, J.M. (1997), Pleguezuelos, J.M. and Villafranca, C. (1997), Pleguezuelos, J.M., Márquez, R. and Lizana, M. (2002), Reques, R. (2000), Rodríguez-Jiménez, A.J. (1984) Data Providers: Pedro Beja, Jaime Bosch, Miguel Tejedo, Miguel Lizana, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Jan Willem Arntzen, Rafael Marquez, Carmen Diaz Paniagua

Alytes maurus (Pasteur and Bons, 1962) This species is restricted to the western and central Rif Mountains and middle Atlas Mountains of Morocco. It is known only from about twenty fragmented localities, from 200-2,050m asl. It is locally common in suitable habitat. This species is generally found in humid sites in montane karst and escarpment areas. Adults inhabit cracks and ﬁssures in rocks, or live under stones close to permanent streams, pools, and other waterbodies. Surrounding vegetation may be scrub, cork oak groves, and orchards. It spawns in water, producing approximately 60 eggs at a time (with 3-4 clutches a year), which are then carried around outside the water by the male, who releases the larvae back into water at the point of hatching. The main threat to this species is considered to be the introduction of the predatory ﬁsh Gambusia holbrooki to breeding ponds. Domestic water pollution is also a threat to the population in Chauen, although other populations in the surrounding area are not threatened by this contamination. Overall, the threats facing this species are currently localized, and it is not believed to be seriously threatened at present. It occurs in a number of protected areas.

Near Threatened Amphibian Species

Taxonomy: This species was recently separated from Alytes obstetricans (Donaire-Barroso and Bogaerts 2003; Martínez-Solano et al. 2004; Fromhage, Vences and Veith 2004). Bibliography: Altaba, C.R. (1997), Arntzen, J.W. and Szymura, J.M. (1984), Bons, J. and Geniez, P. (1996), Donaire-Barroso, D. and Bogaerts, S. (2003), Fromhage, L., Vences, M. and Veith, M. (2004), Libis, B. (1985), Martínez-Solano, I. et al. (2004), Mateo, J.A. et al. (2003), Mellado, J. and Dakki, M. (1988), Mellado, J. and Mateo, J.A. (1992), Pasteur, G. and Bons, J. (1959), Pasteur, G. and Bons, J. (1962), Salvador, A. (1996), Schleich, H.H., Kästle, W. and Kabisch, K. (1996) Data Providers: David Donaire-Barroso, Alfredo Salvador, Tahar Slimani, El Hassan El Mouden

Discoglossus jeanneae Busack, 1986

SPANISH PAINTED FROG

This species is endemic to isolated areas in southern, eastern and north-eastern Spain, from sea level to around 2,050m asl (in Granada). It is generally more abundant in the south of its range, and is considered to be scarce in the north, although further surveys are required. Its occurrence is very patchy within its overall range, and it is believed to be in decline, principally due to increased aridity within its range. It is likely that isolated populations have recently become extinct along the Mediterranean coast. An inhabitant of open areas, pine groves and shrubland associated with limestone or gypsum soils. This is a very aquatic species found in shallow pools, streams, springs, ponds and artificial water sources, such as drinking troughs and drainage channels. Breeding and larval development takes place within the aquatic habitats. It can be present in traditionally farmed areas. The major threat to this species is continued loss of habitat as a result of increased aridity throughout its range. It is also threatened by loss of suitable habitat (including fragmentation) to agricultural and infrastructure development. The species is particularly impacted by the loss, or contamination, of aquatic habitats (such as drinking troughs), and introductions of predatory fish and crustaceans, in particular the Louisiana Crayfish (Procamabrus clarkii). Its populations are now fragmented in many parts of its range. The species has been recorded from Parque Nacional de Sierra Nevada. It is listed on Appendix II of the Berne Convention and on Annexes II and IV of the EU Natural Habitats Directive. It is recorded in the national Red Data Book of Spain and is protected by national legislation. There is a need to further clarify the distribution of this species. Bibliography: Arnold, E.N. (2003), Benavides, J. et al. (2001), Busack, S.D. (1986), Fromhage, L., Vences, M. and Veith, M. (2004), García-París, M. and Jockusch, E.L. (1999), Gasc, J.-P. et al. (eds.) (1997), Gosá, A. and Bergerandi, A. (1994), Pleguezuelos, J.M. (1997), Pleguezuelos, J.M. and Villafranca, C. (1997), Pleguezuelos, J.M., Márquez, R. and Lizana, M. (2002), Reques, R. (2000), Sancho, V. (2000), Vences, M. and Glaw, F. (1996) Data Providers: Jaime Bosch, Miguel Tejedo, Miguel Lizana, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Carmen Diaz Paniagua, Valentin Perez-Mellado, Rafael Marquez

Discoglossus montalentii Lanza, Nascetti, Capula and Bullini, 1984

CORSICAN PAINTED FROG

This species is endemic to Corsica (France), where it is found mainly in the central part of the island, from Corte and Cervione in the north to Porto-Vecchio in the south (Noellert and Noellert 1992). It has been recorded from localities between 300m and 1,900m asl, and is absent from coastal lowlands. There is little information available on the population status of this species, which was only recently identiﬁed and differentiated from the more widespread Discoglossus sardus. This frog is strongly associated with running waters in high-altitude pristine woods and forests, and is especially found in areas with precipitous streams. The eggs are presumably deposited in aquatic vegetation in streams, with larvae developing in these streams. There are no known current threats to this species, but introduced predators and competitors are future possible threats. It is listed on Appendix II of the Berne Convention and on Annexes II and IV of the EU Natural Habitats Directive.

615

to habitat loss due to livestock grazing, wood plantations, clear-cutting, ﬁre and human settlement. It occurs in some protected areas. Taxonomy: This species was previously within the genus Hyla but has recently been moved to the genus Aplastodiscus (Faivovich et al. 2005). Bibliography: Cruz, C.A.G. and Peixoto, O.L. (1984), Faivovich, J. et al. (2005) Data Providers: Carlos Alberto Gonçalves da Cruz, Sergio Potsch de Carvalho-e-Silva, Oswaldo Luiz Peixoto

Aplastodiscus eugenioi (Carvalho-e-Silva and Carvalho-e-Silva, 2005) This species is known from sea level to 300m asl along the coasts of north-eastern São Paulo and south-western Rio de Janeiro States, south-east Brazil. No information is currently available on its population status. This species occurs near very straight, ﬂowing streams inside lowland Atlantic forest. During the day, adults can be found in bromeliads in high trees or in coiled leaves of Musaceae and Marantaceae vegetation. Males call at night from similar locations, and bushes or banana trees. Breeding is concentrated from August to January. The larvae are lotic-benthic, hiding between stones and pebbles on the sandy substrate of narrow canopied forest streams. The Atlantic forest in which this species occurs has been subject to substantial deforestation and fragmentation due to historical logging and ongoing large-scale clearance for cattle pasture and crops such as sugar cane, coffee, and exotic trees, as well as for smallholder agriculture. Forest is increasingly being cleared for coastal development projects. This species is not known to occur in any protected areas, and improved habitat protection is clearly needed. Taxonomy: This species was previously within the genus Hyla but has recently been moved to the genus Aplastodiscus (Faivovich et al. 2005). Bibliography: Carvalho-e-Silva, A.M.P.T. and Carvalho-e-Silva, S.P. (2005), Faivovich, J. et al. (2005) Data Providers: Sergio Potsch de Carvalho e Silva

Aplastodiscus weygoldti (Cruz and Peixoto, 1985) This species is known from the vicinity of Santa Tereza Municipality, in the state of Espírito Santo, south-eastern Brazil, at 650m asl, and from a newly discovered locality, Fazenda Palmeira, in Itapebi Municipality in the state of Bahia. It is common at the type locality, and there have been some recent collections there. It is restricted to forest, including secondary forests, and can tolerate a degree of disturbance, but it is not found in open or severely degraded areas. It is usually found on vegetation near water, and breeds in forest streams. The major threats are probably related to habitat loss due to agriculture, livestock grazing, clear-cutting and human settlement. It occurs in the Estação Biológica de Santa Lucia and the Reserva Biológica Augusto Ruschi. Taxonomy: This species was previously within the genus Hyla but has recently been moved to the genus Aplastodiscus (Faivovich et al. 2005). Bibliography: Cruz, C.A.G. and Peixoto, O.L. (1984), Faivovich, J. et al. (2005), Pimenta, B.V S. et al. (2005) Data Providers: Oswaldo Luiz Peixoto, Bruno Pimenta

Ecnomiohyla miotympanum (Cope, 1863)

Bibliography: Alvidio, S. et al. (1999), Arnold, E.N. (2003), Clarke, B.T. and Lanza, B. (1990), Delaugerre, M. and Cheylan, M. (1992), Emanueli, L. et al. (2000), Fromhage, L., Vences, M. and Veith, M. (2004), Gasc, J.-P. et al. (eds.) (1997), Noellert, A. and Noellert, C. (1992), Salvidio, S., Sindaco, R. and Emanueli, L. (1999) Data Providers: Claude Miaud, Marc Cheylan

This species is known from the Atlantic slopes of the Sierra Madre Oriental from central Nuevo Leon to central Veracruz, Mexico. Other allopatric populations occur in southern Veracruz, north-central Oaxaca and northern Chiapas, Mexico. It probably occurs more widely than current records suggest. This is a fairly common species. It inhabits cloud forest, and is frequently associated with bromeliads or elephant-ear plants. It can sometimes be found on the ground, in bushes, or on small plants. It is a stream-breeding amphibian. A major threat to this species is habitat loss and degradation arising from agricultural development and logging. Local people also consume it and it has been observed to be common in the local trade in Jalepa. The range of this species includes at least three protected areas, but further protection of the cloud forest fragments in Mexico is needed.

HYLIDAE

Taxonomy: This species was previously within the genus Hyla but has recently been moved to the new genus Ecnomiohyla (Faivovich et al. 2005). This form is probably a complex of more than one species. Bibliography: Duellman, W.E. (2001), Faivovich, J. et al. (2005), Mendoza-Quijano, F. et al. (2001), Pineda, E. (2003) Data Providers: Georgina Santos-Barrera, Luis Canseco-Márquez, Oscar Flores-Villela

Agalychnis saltator Taylor, 1955

Hyla andersonii Baird, 1854

This species occurs in humid lowlands and less commonly on premontane Atlantic slopes from north-eastern Honduras to south-eastern Costa Rica (Savage 2002), from 15-1,300m asl. There is a single record for this species from Nicaragua, where it probably occurs much more widely than is currently known. It is not especially common, but is regularly seen in mating aggregations at many sites. Its habitat is undisturbed lowland and montane humid and wet forests and less commonly in adjacent premontane wet forest and rainforest. This species lives in tree canopies, descending to temporary pools to reproduce. The major threats to it are general habitat loss and fragmentation through deforestation due to agricultural development and logging. The species has been recorded from several protected areas.

Aplastodiscus cavicola (Cruz and Peixoto, 1984)

This species is found in eastern USA including the Pine Barrens of New Jersey; the upper Coastal Plain and parts of lower Coastal Plain of North and South Carolina; and western Florida panhandle and adjacent Alabama, some 750km south-west of the nearest South Carolina population. It is also known in Georgia from an old record of a single specimen (Means and Mohler 1979; Gosner and Black 1967; Conant and Collins 1991). There are numerous occurrences throughout its range. The largest populations occur in New Jersey (Freda and Morin 1984). Discovery of this species in Florida was fairly recent (Christman 1970). Palmer (1977) suggested that the current distribution reflects relicts from a considerably more widespread distribution in the past. Its total adult population size is unknown but it is relatively common where it occurs. Its population is relatively stable overall, but it is probably experiencing local declines due to habitat loss. The non-breeding habitat is generally pine-oak areas adjacent to breeding habitat. Activity is terrestrial and arboreal. Important egg-laying and larval habitats include open cedar swamps and sphagnaceous, shrubby, acidic, seepage bogs on hillsides below pine-oak ridges. It is intolerant of closed-canopy conditions. It is apparently secure in most of the range, although relative scarcity and specialized habitat requirements justify continued monitoring and protection. The primary threat in the New Jersey Pine Barrens is habitat destruction or alteration from residential, agricultural, and industrial development (Palmer 1977; Freda and Morin 1984). Development pressures within the Pine Barrens place isolated populations outside protected areas at increased risk of elimination. The early successional shrub bogs, seeps, and sphagnum ponds selected as breeding sites are very acidic and nutrient-poor ecosystems and any changes in the chemistry of the waters in these habitats (as, for example, from storm water runoff) would likely cause the disappearance of the characteristic flora and fauna (Ehrenfeld 1983; Morgan et al. 1983; Freda and Morin 1984). The sandy soils of the Pine Barrens are very porous and allow pollutants to quickly enter the ground water, which is the major water source for the wetlands upon which the treefrog depends. Development can also lower the water table, which would have dramatic effects on the hydrology of bog wetlands. Garton and Sill (1979) reported that the specific habitat requirements of the species made it susceptible to local extirpation. Unlike other sympatric treefrog species, it generally does not breed in temporary waterbodies such as natural rain pools or in human-made areas such as roadside ditches and borrow pits. However, Bullard (1965) reported chorusing males along a roadside ditch in North Carolina. As is true for other Sandhills species, plant succession due to fire suppression appears to be a significant threat in South Carolina (Cely and Sorrow 1986). Many populations on public lands provide good opportunities for conservation management of this species. For example, it occurs in 16 sites within the Carolina Sandhills National Wildlife Refuge in Chesterfield County, South Carolina (Garton and Sill 1979; Brown 1980). In New Jersey, the greatest density of treefrogs, and the largest numbers of colonies, are found in protected areas within Lebanon and Wharton State Forests and Greenwood and Pasadena wildlife management areas (Freda and Morin 1984). Most occurrences in the Florida and Alabama populations are on protected lands, specifically Eglin Air Force Base and Blackwater River State Forest in Florida, and Conecuh National Forest in Alabama (Jackson pers. comm.).

This species from south-eastern Brazil ranges from Santa Teresa in the state of Espírito Santo to Juiz de Fora in the south-east of the state of Minas Gerais, from 70-800m asl. It is common. It lives in primary and secondary forests, and clearings inside forest, and is found on the border of small streams where it builds subterranean nests. The males call from underground, and the larvae develop in permanent streams. The major threats are probably related

Bibliography: Baird, S.F. (1854), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Brown, E.E. (1980), Bullard, A.J. (1965), Cely, J.E. and Sorrow, J.A. Jr. (1983), Cely, J.E. and Sorrow, J.A. Jr. (1986), Christman, S.P. (1970), Conant R. (1975), Ehrenfeld, J.G. (1983), Freda, J. and Gonzalez, R.J. (1986), Freda, J. and Morin, P.J. (1984), Frost, D.R. (1985), Garton, J.S. and Sill, B.L. (1979), Gerhardt, H.C. (1974), Godwin, J.C. (1995a), Gosner, K.L. (1960), Gosner, K.L. and Black, I.H. (1956), Gosner, K.L. and Black, I.H. (1957), Gosner, K.L. and Black, I.H. (1967), Hulmes, D., Hulmes, P. and Zappalorti, R. (1981), Jensen, J.B. (1991), Martof, B.S. et al. (1980), Means, D.B. (1983), Means,

Bibliography: Duellman, W.E. (1970), Köhler, G. (2001), McCranie, J.R. and Wilson, L.D. (2002b), Proy, C.H. (1992), Roberts, W.E. (1994), Savage, J.M. (2002) Data Providers: Federico Bolaños, Gerardo Chaves, Jay Savage, Gustavo Cruz, Larry David Wilson, Gunther Köhler

Anotheca spinosa (Steindachner, 1864) This species is found as fragmented populations on the Atlantic slopes of the Sierra de Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz State and northern Oaxaca State, Mexico; eastern Honduras; central Costa Rica; and central Panama, from 95-2,000m asl. It has not been recorded from Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, nor Nicaragua. There is no information on the population status of this species. In Costa Rica, this has always been a rarely seen species, but its call can be heard regularly in the appropriate habitat. Although several populations are known in Mexico, these are completely disjunct and it seems that the species has been extirpated from one or two locations. It is a rare species in Mexico and it has been found only once in the last 30 years. In Honduras, it is known only from two specimens. There are no recent data from Panama. This species occurs in lowland rainforests and montane humid forest where it breeds in tree holes. It is apparently restricted to intact forest. The most important threats to it are disturbance, clearance and transformation of its original habitat, arising from smallholder farming and subsistence wood collecting. It is protected in the Reserva de la Biósfera El Ocote, Parque Internacional La Amistad and the Reserva de la Biósfera Tawahka Asagni in Honduras. Bibliography: Duellman, W.E. (2001), Ibáñez, R. et al. (2000), Lips, K.R. et al. (2004), McCranie, J.R. and Wilson, L.D. (2002b), Savage, J.M. (2002), Young, B. et al. (1999) Data Providers: Georgina Santos-Barrera, Oscar Flores-Villela, Frank Solís, Roberto Ibáñez, Jay Savage, Gerardo Chaves

PINE BARRENS TREEFROG

616

Threatened Amphibians of the World

D.B. and Longden, C.J. (1976), Means, D.B. and Moler, P.E. (1979), Moler, P.E. (1981), Morgan, M.D. et al. (1983), Morin, P.J., Lawler, S.P. and Johnson, E.A. (1990), Mount, R.H. (1980), Noble, G.K. and Noble, R.C. (1923), Palmer, W.M. (1977), Tardell, J.H., Yates, R.C. and Schiller, D.H. (1981), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1980c), Wright, A.H. and Wright, A.A. (1949) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson

Hyla euphorbiacea Günther, 1859 This species occurs in the Sierra Madre Oriental, from central Veracruz and south-east Puebla, southward to Oaxaca, the Valley of Oaxaca and the mountains south of the valley, in Mexico. It probably occurs more widely than current records suggest. It is a common species. It inhabits lowlands around the valley of Oaxaca where, for part of the year, it can congregate in ﬂooded grassy ﬁelds or in the pine-oak and pine forests at higher altitudes. It requires the presence of bromeliads for refuge in the dry season. This species breeds in seasonal pools and streams. At higher altitudes, forested areas are affected by infrastructure development for human settlement, which is degrading the habitat of this species. Its range does not include any protected areas. Bibliography: Duellman, W.E. (2001), Kaplan, M. and Ramirez-Bautista, A. (1996) Data Providers: Georgina Santos-Barrera, Luis Canseco-Márquez

Hyloscirtus alytolylax (Duellman, 1972) This species occurs on the Paciﬁc slopes of the Andes in southern Colombia (in Nariño and Cauca Departments) and widely in western Ecuador, from 500-2,000m asl. It is locally very common in suitable habitats. It lives on vegetation inside lowland and montane forests, usually very close to streams. Specimens have been found calling from vegetation over, and boulders in, cascading mountain streams. It can survive in secondary forest if vegetation persists around streams. The eggs are deposited among rocks at the water’s edge, and the larvae develop in streams. The major threat is habitat loss due to agricultural development (including cultivation of illegal crops), logging, and human settlement, and pollution resulting from the spraying of illegal crops. It is probably also affected by the introduction of exotic ﬁsh species, pollution from agriculture, and droughts. In Ecuador, its geographic range overlaps with the Reserva Ecológica Los Illinizas and the Reserva Ecológica Manglares Churute. In Colombia it has been recorded from Parque Nacional Natural Farallones de Cali. Taxonomy: This species was previously within the genus Hyla but has recently been moved to the resurrected genus Hyloscirtus (Faivovich et al. 2005). Bibliography: Duellman, W.E. (1972), Faivovich, J. et al. (2005), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996) Data Providers: Wilmar Bolívar, Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Diego Cisneros-Heredia, Karl-Heinz Jungfer

Hyloscirtus bogotensis (Peters, 1882) This species is found in the central part of Cordillera Oriental of the Andes (4° 40’N to 6°N), in the Cundinamarca, Boyacá and Santander Departments, Colombia, at 1,750-3,900m asl. It is common, with many recent records. It occurs in streams and in bromeliads in premontane humid forest, cloud forest, and páramo, and also in open areas and secondary forest, and reproduces in streams. Threats to this species include landscape transformation and habitat loss due to agriculture (crops and cattle ranching), the introduction of predatory trout, and water pollution due to the use of agrochemicals. It occurs in several protected areas. Taxonomy: This species was previously within the genus Hyla but has recently been moved to the resurrected genus Hyloscirtus (Faivovich et al. 2005). Bibliography: de Perez, G.R. and Ruiz-C., P.M. (1996), Duellman, W.E. (1972), Faivovich, J. et al. (2005), Mijares-Urrutia, A. (1992a), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Lynch, J.D. (1982), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996) Data Providers: María Cristina Ardila-Robayo, Jose Vicente Rueda

Hyloscirtus callipeza (Duellman, 1989) This species occurs on the western slopes of the Cordillera Oriental, Santander and Norte de Santander Departments, Colombia, at 1,050-3,000m asl. It is common, with many recent records. It lives in streams in cloud forest, and near streams in heavily disturbed areas. The eggs are laid on vegetation, and the larvae develop in the water. Threats to this species include habitat loss due to agricultural cultivation and cattle ranching, and predation from introduced trout. It occurs in three protected areas: Guanentá, Rasgon, and Los Estoraques. Taxonomy: This species was previously within the genus Hyla but has recently been moved to the resurrected genus Hyloscirtus (Faivovich et al. 2005). Bibliography: Duellman, W.E. (1989b), Faivovich, J. et al. (2005), Mijares-Urrutia, A. (1997a), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996) Data Providers: María Cristina Ardila-Robayo, Jose Vicente Rueda

Hyloscirtus jahni (Rivero, 1961) This species is known from the Andes of Venezuela, in the states of Mérida and Trujillo. It has been recorded from 1,800-3,000m asl. Records from Sierra del Turimiquire, in Sucre and Monagas States, are misidentiﬁcations. It was formerly considered to be an uncommon species, and it t is possible that it is decreasing in some places due to habitat loss. However, in some places like Monte Zerpa, north of the city of Mérida, this frog has replaced a formerly abundant species (Hyla platydactyla) that has undergone serious declines. It is found alongside streams in cloud forests. The eggs are laid on leaves overhanging water, and when hatched the larvae fall into the water below. The major threat to this species’ habitat is agricultural development, involving both cultivation of crops and livestock grazing. Predation by introduced trout is also a problem. Its range includes Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada, Parque Nacional Sierra de La Culata and Parque Nacional Guaramacal. Taxonomy: This species was previously within the genus Hyla but has recently been moved to the resurrected genus Hyloscirtus (Faivovich et al. 2005). Bibliography: Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), Duellman, W.E. (1977), Faivovich, J. et al. (2005), La Marca, E. (1985b), La Marca, E. (1992), Mijares-Urrutia, A. (1992a), Péfaur, J.E. and Rivero, J.A. (2000), Piñero, J. and Durant, P. (1993), Vial, J.L. and Saylor, L. (1993) Data Providers: Enrique La Marca, Juan Elías García-Pérez

Hyloscirtus larinopygion (Duellman, 1973) This species is known only from the Colombian and Ecuadorian Andes. In Colombia it occurs patchily in the Cordillera Occidental and the Cordillera Central, and on the eastern slope of the Nudo del Pasto (in the departments of Risaralda, Valle del Cauca, Quindio and Tolima). In northern Ecuador it is known only from a small area in Carchi and Imnbabura Provinces. Its altitudinal range is 1,950-3,100m asl. It probably occurs a little more widely than current records suggest. Although patchily distributed, it is common where found. It lives on vegetation (including in bromeliads and on branches) in primary and secondary forests next to water sources (usually streams). It has been found in a small, wooded ravine in otherwise cleared pastureland, and breeds in slow-moving streams. The major threats are deforestation for agricultural development, cultivation of illegal crops, logging, and human settlement, and pollution resulting from the spraying of illegal crops. In Ecuador, its geographic range overlaps with the Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas. It occurs in several protected areas in Colombia.

Taxonomy: This species was previously within the genus Hyla but has recently been moved to the resurrected genus Hyloscirtus (Faivovich et al. 2005). Bibliography: Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Acosta-Galvis, A. (2000b), Duellman, W.E. (1973), Duellman, W.E. and Hillis, D.M. (1990), Faivovich, J. et al. (2005), Ron, S.R. (2001), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996) Data Providers: Wilmar Bolívar, Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Juan Manuel Renjifo

Hypsiboas alboniger (Nieden, 1923) This species is found on the eastern Andes in southern Bolivia. It was recorded in the departments of Cochabamba, Chuquisaca and Potosi (Duellman, De la Riva and Wild 1997; De la Riva et al. 2000). It is also known from Tarija Department. It has been recorded from 2,600-3,500m asl and is currently known from 12 populations. It is locally common. This species is arboreal and is known from open areas. It inhabits high Andean vegetation and dry interAndean valleys (De la Riva et al. 2000; Köhler 2000a). Duellman, De la Riva and Wild (1997) observed individuals perching on small trees and bushes or on brush woods, close to stream banks in the Julpe River area. It breeds in streams. The major threat is habitat loss due to mining and agriculture (which, in turn, causes water pollution and sedimentation of streams). Its range includes Parque Nacional Toro Toro. Taxonomy: This species was previously within the genus Hyla but has recently been moved to the resurrected genus Hypsiboas (Faivovich et al. 2005). The specimens described as Hyla ocapia (Andersson 1938) were considered by Duellman, De la Riva and Wild (1997) as synonyms of Hypsiboas albonigra. Initially, the specimen described as Hyla zebra (Dumeril and Bibron 1841) came from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Nonetheless, the locality was corrected and it was reported that the collection locality was Tacopaya, in the high and arid montane regions, between Sucre and Río Grande, Chuquisaca, Bolivia (Duellman, De la Riva and Wild 1997). Bibliography: Andersson, L.G. (1938), de la Riva, I. (1990), De la Riva, I. et al. (2000), Duellman, W.E., De la Riva, I. and Wild, E. (1997), Duméril, A.M.C. and Bibron, G. (1841), Faivovich, J. et al. (2005), Köhler, J. (2000a), Nieden, F. (1923) Data Providers: Claudia Cortez, Steffen Reichle, Ignacio De la Riva, Jörn Köhler

Hypsiboas cipoensis (B. Lutz, 1968) This species is known from the mountains of central Minas Gerais State in Brazil, above 900m asl. It is common. It occurs on vegetation near permanent and temporary streams (where it breeds) in forest and open areas. The major threat to this species is habitat degradation due to smallholder livestock grazing, ﬁre, and infrastructure development for human settlement. Its range includes several protected areas. Taxonomy: This species was previously within the genus Hyla but has recently been moved to the resurrected genus Hypsiboas (Faivovich et al. 2005). Bibliography: Cruz, C.A.G. and Caramaschi, U. (1998), Eterovick, P.C., Barros, I.S. and Sazima, I. (2002), Faivovich, J. et al. (2005), Lutz, B. (1973a) Data Providers: Paula Cabral Eterovick, Luciana Barreto Nascimento

Litoria jungguy Donnellan and Mahony, 2004 This species is found on the east coast of Australia in north-east Queensland, from the Barron River drainage and river drainages ﬂowing east from the Atherton Tablelands, south to the Murray River (around 20km south of Tully), and from an apparently isolated population in the Broken River catchment. No information is currently available on its population status. It is restricted to rainforest where it usually occurs near streams, and it appears to construct water-ﬁlled basins for oviposition (Richards and Alford 1992; Richards 1993b). Where this species occurs outside protected areas in the Queensland wet tropics it is threatened by severe deforestation for cattle pastures and cultivation of sugar cane, as well as by logging and infrastructure development. Much of the species’ range falls within the Queensland Wet Tropics World Heritage Area, and it is also found in Cape Tribulation National Park. Further work is needed to sustainably manage rainforest habitats outside this World Heritage Area. Bibliography: Donnellan, S.C. and Mahony, M.J. (2004), Richards, S.J. (1993b), Richards, S.J. and Alford, R.A. (1992) Data Providers: Jean-Marc Hero

Litoria pearsoniana (Copland, 1961)

PEARSON’S GREEN TREEFROG

This Australian endemic occurs from the Kadanga State Forest in south-east Queensland to Gibraltar Range in north-eastern New South Wales. There is also an isolated population (genetically distinct, which also exhibits call differences) at Kroombit Tops in Queensland. It has been recorded from 200-1,000m asl. Some declines have occurred in south-east Queensland (Brisbane Forest Park and Conondale Ranges). It occurs at low densities at some sites where seemingly suitable habitat exists. This species occurs in shaded rainforest gullies and closed forest in association with fast-flowing rocky streams. It hides amongst rocks and thick vegetation, or is active at night on the ground and on low shrubs bordering streams. In winter adults form aggregations under rocks. Breeding occurs in spring and summer, and oviposition occurs in shallow water in quiet pools. About 360-730 eggs are laid cemented to rocks, twigs or the pool floor. The larvae metamorphose after 2-2.5 months. Large areas of habitat have been and continue to be degraded by introduced stock (cattle and pigs), invasion of weeds, and timber harvesting. Upstream clearing and urban development have affected downstream flow regimes and water quality. Sick and dead individuals infected by chytrid fungus have been found at Main Range, Conondale Range and Kroombit Tops in Queensland, and this might be the major cause of declines in suitable habitats. It is listed as Endangered in Queensland, and a few protected areas cover parts of its range. Taxonomy: The taxonomy of this species requires revision. Bibliography: Barker, J., Grigg, G. and Tyler, M. (1995), Cogger, H.G. (1992), Hines, H., Mahony, M. and McDonald, K. (1999), Hines, H.B. and the South-east Queensland Threatened Frogs Recovery Team (2002), McDonald, K.R. and Davies, M. (1990), McGuigan, K. et al. (1998) Data Providers: Jean-Marc Hero, Ed Meyer, John Clarke

Phrynomedusa appendiculata (Lutz, 1925) This species is known only from the type locality (São Bento), Novo Horizonte, Lauro Muller in Santa Catarina State, and Serra de Araracuara, Guaratuba, in Parana State, southern Brazil, at approximately 800-1,000m asl. Once somewhat common in areas where it occurred, it has not been seen since 1970 despite repeated searches. The reasons for the decline are unknown. It occurred on vegetation near forest streams in rainforest, laying eggs on vegetation overhanging the streams in which the larvae developed. The habitat in the localities where the species occurred is relatively intact. Its disappearance from apparently suitable habitat is reminiscent of that of other high-altitude frogs in the wet tropics, and chytridiomycosis cannot be ruled out as being the causative agent. It does not occur in any protected areas. Research to determine its population status and distribution, and actions to protect the original habitat, are needed. Taxonomy: This species was resurrected from the synonymy of Phrynomedusa ﬁmbriata by Cruz (1985). Bibliography: Cochran, D.M. (1955), Cruz, C.A.G. (1985), Cruz, C.A.G. (1990), Heyer, W.R. et al. (1990) Data Providers: Paulo Garcia, Magno Vicente Segalla, Débora Silvano

Near Threatened Amphibian Species

617

Ptychohyla euthysanota (Kellog, 1923)

Afrixalus nigeriensis Schiøtz, 1963

This species ranges from south-eastern Oaxaca, Mexico, southward to Guatemala and eastern El Salvador (from 5002200m asl). It probably occurs more widely than current records suggest. It is common in Guatemala and abundant in Chiapas, Mexico. Its population status is unknown in El Salvador. The subspecies Ptychohyla euthysanota euthysanota lives in cloud forests while the other subspecies (P. e. macrotympanum) lives in broadleaf forests and pine forests. Both subspecies are highly associated with mountain streams. Reproduction occurs by direct development. A major threat to this species is alteration of the original habitats and microhabitats due to smallholder agricultural activity and logging. Chytridiomycosis is also a potential threat to this species, particularly for high-altitude populations. Declines due to chytridiomycosis amongst species of this genus have already been detected in Guatemala (Mendelson et al. 2004). It occurs in at least two Biosphere Reserves in Chiapas (La Sepultura and El Triunfo) and is listed as “threatened” (Amenazada) by the Mexican government, although improved protection of forest habitats in southern Mexico is needed. It also occurs in Parque Nacional Montecristo in El Salvador, but is not protected in Guatemala. Given the potential threat of chytridiomycosis populations of this species should be monitored closely.

This species ranges from extreme south-eastern Guinea through Côte d’Ivoire to western Ghana, with a disjunct population in south-western Nigeria, and is likely to occur in eastern Liberia. In suitable habitats it is very common. Primary rainforest is the only habitat in which it is found, and it is not tolerant of any habitat alteration. It is often found with Afrixalus dorsalis but separated by microhabitat preferences, with A. dorsalis using more open, exposed sites, and A. nigeriensis calling from dense vegetation. During breeding, the eggs are laid on leaves overhanging temporary ponds, into which the larvae fall and develop. It is probably losing much of its habitat as a result of agricultural encroachment, expanding human settlements, and logging. This species occurs in several protected areas.

Bibliography: Duellman, W.E. (2001), Mendelson III, J.R. et al. (2004) Data Providers: Georgina Santos-Barrera, Manuel Acevedo, Antonio Muñoz Alonso

Scinax oreites Duellman and Wiens, 1993 This species can be found on the eastern slopes of the Peruvian Andes in the departments of Amazonas, Pasco and San Martin, from 1,600-2,400m asl. There is no information on its population status. It can be found in upper and montane rainforest (cloud forest) and lower montane rainforest. It presumably breeds in ponds, swamps and open areas. It is not known whether or not it can survive in degraded habitats. Speciﬁc threats to this species are not known, but there is general agricultural development throughout much of the region that is likely to be affecting it. It might occur in the Bosque de Protección Alto Mayo, the Zona Reservada Biabo Cordillera Azul, Parque Nacional de Yanachaga-Chemillén, the Reserva Comunal Yanesha, and the Bosque de Protección San Matías-San Carlos (although this requires conﬁrmation). Bibliography: Duellman, W.E. and Wiens, J.J. (1993), Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales (INRENA) (2000), Rodríguez, L.O., Cordova, J.H. and Icochea, J. (1993) Data Providers: Ariadne Angulo, Wilfredo Arizabal, Edgar Lehr, Daniel Neira

Scinax trapicheiroi (B. Lutz, 1954) This species is known from the coastal regions of the Atlantic forest of Rio de Janeiro State, and from Ilha Grande, in Brazil, up to 600m asl. It is a very common species. It occurs inside primary and old secondary forest near slowmoving streams, and spawns in slow reaches of small brooks. It has not been recorded from disturbed areas. The major threats that it faces are habitat loss due to deforestation arising from agricultural encroachment, infrastructure development and ﬁre. Its range includes several protected areas. Bibliography: Garcia, P.C.A. and Vinciprova, G. (1998), Izecksohn, E. and Carvalho-e-Silva, S.P. (2001), Lutz, B. (1954), Lutz, B. (1973a) Data Providers: Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues, Ana Maria Telles

Smilisca cyanosticta (Smith, 1953) This species occurs on the Atlantic slopes of southern Mexico and northern Central America from Oaxaca and southern Veracruz through northern Chiapas, Mexico, and into El Peten and northern Alta Verapaz in Guatemala, and also Belize (from 300-1,200m asl). It is likely to occur more widely than current records suggest. It is uncommon, but its population is stable in suitable habitat, in Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala. Recent surveys in Oaxaca, Mexico, indicate that it has disappeared from some localities. It can be found in vegetation in humid mid-altitude and montane forests, and also occurs in secondary forest. It breeds in temporary pools and streams, and in depressions in logs that ﬁll up with water. Habitat destruction is taking place in much of its range. The recently documented decline in Oaxaca has taken place in suitable habitat, and could be due to chytridiomycosis. It occurs in several protected areas in Belize, and in the Reserva de Manantiales Montañas del Mico in Guatemala. It is also found in the Reserva de la Biósfera El Ocote, and the Reserva de la Biósfera Montes Azules in Mexico, although more forest protection is needed in Mexico. Further monitoring needs to be conducted to determine whether or not the recently documented decline is due to chytridiomycosis. Bibliography: Campbell, J.A. (1998), Duellman, W.E. (2001), Lee, J.C. (1996), Lips, K.R. et al. (2004) Data Providers: Georgina Santos-Barrera, Julian Lee, Manuel Acevedo, Paul Walker

Xenohyla truncata (Izecksohn, 1959) This species is known from the coastal lowlands of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, up to 50m asl. It is very common. It lives in bromeliads in Restinga vegetation and breeds in temporary rain pools in the same habitat. It is only usually found during the breeding period as it is otherwise hidden in bromeliads. This is the only frog that eats fruit. The major threat to it is the destruction of Restinga vegetation for the development of human infrastructure. Its range includes several protected areas. More research into the limits of its range and its ecological requirements is needed. Bibliography: Izecksohn, E. and Carvalho-e-Silva, S.P. (2001), Lutz, B. (1973a) Data Providers: Sergio Potsch de Carvalho-e-Silva, Ana Maria Telles, Carlos Alberto Gonçalves da Cruz

HYPEROLIIDAE Acanthixalus sonjae Rödel, Kosuch, Veith and Ernst, 2003 This species is known from south-western Côte d’Ivoire in Taï National Park, Haute Dodo Classified Forest and Cavally Classified Forest, and from south-western Ghana in Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve and the Ankasa Conservation Area (ACA), a protected area comprised of Nini-Suhien National Park to the north twinned with Ankasa Forest Reserve to the south. It might also occur across the border in Liberia. It is not common, probably because of its very restricted habitat, or because it is reclusive and therefore easily overlooked. It is confined to primary and secondary lowland rainforest, where it is dependent upon very large tree holes (an uncommon microhabitat) in which it breeds. It has been found in wet evergreen and moist semi-deciduous forest but is not found in degraded habitats. The major threat to this species is ongoing forest loss in south-western Côte d’Ivoire, due to agricultural development, timber extraction and human settlement. It occurs in Taï National Park, Haute Dodo Classified Forest, Cavally Classified Forest and Ankasa Conservation Area. Bibliography: Rödel, M.-O. et al. (2003), Rödel, M.-O. et al. (2005), Rödel, M.-O. and Branch, W.R. (2002) Data Providers: Mark-Oliver Rödel, Arne Schiøtz

Taxonomy: This species is closely related to Afrixalus equatorialis (Schiøtz 1999). Bibliography: Rödel, M.-O. (2000b), Rödel, M.-O. et al. (2005), Rödel, M.-O. and Branch, W.R. (2002), Schiøtz, A. (1963), Schiøtz, A. (1967), Schiøtz, A. (1999) Data Providers: Arne Schiøtz, Mark-Oliver Rödel

Afrixalus vibekensis Schiøtz, 1967 This species is known only from three general areas: Mount Nimba in western Côte d’Ivoire; Taï National Park and Haute Dodo Classified Forest in south-western Côte d’Ivoire; and Bobiri Forest Reserve in south-western Ghana. It presumably also occurs in Liberia and Guinea, but there have not yet been any records. It is not common, but it is very hard to find and so is perhaps under-recorded. It is a species of forest edge habitats, not being found in the forest interior, but nor is it found in heavily degraded habitats outside forest (such as farm bush). It is typically found along forest roads and in tree-fall gaps. It breeds in small temporary ponds and puddles, with the eggs being laid either on leaves above water, or directly in the water. It is probably losing much of its habitat as a result of agricultural encroachment, expanding human settlements, and logging. It is present in Taï National Park and Haute Dodo Classified Forest (Côte d’Ivoire) and in Bobiri Forest Reserve (Ghana). Taxonomy: Schiøtz (1999) noted that the name vibekensis is grammatically incorrect, and proposed that it be changed to vibekae. However, according to Frost (AMNH website), this is an unjustified emendation. Bibliography: Rödel, M.-O. (2000b), Rödel, M.-O. and Branch, W.R. (2002), Schiøtz, A. (1967), Schiøtz, A. (1999) Data Providers: Arne Schiøtz, Mark-Oliver Rödel

Heterixalus carbonei Vences, Glaw, Jesu and Schimmenti, 2000 This species is known from Kirindy and Tsingy de Bemahara in western Madagascar (below 200m asl), and from Montagne d’Ambre in northern Madagascar (at around 900m asl). It presumably occurs in suitable habitat between these locations. Records from Tsaratanana could refer either to this species or to Heterixalus betsileo. It is uncommon in currently known localities. It is a dry forest species in the west and a rainforest species in the north, and has not been found outside forest so far. It breeds in temporary and permanent ponds. The major threat to it is forest loss for subsistence agriculture and local wood extraction. It occurs in Parc National Tsingy de Bemaraha and Parc National de Montagne d’Ambre. Bibliography: Glos, J. (2003), Vences, M. et al. (2000a) Data Providers: Christopher Raxworthy, Miguel Vences, Frank Glaw

Heterixalus rutenbergi (Boettger, 1881) This species occurs widely in the central plateau of Madagascar from 1,200-1,500m asl. It is an uncommon species. It lives in montane grassland, croplands, and disturbed areas at relatively high altitudes, but not in rice fields. It has a specialized breeding habitat, favouring acidic brown waters in permanent and temporary waterbodies. The transformation of bogs into rice fields might be a threat to this species. It is found in international trade, with hundreds being exported annually, although it is not clear that this constitutes a threat to the species. It is perhaps in competition with Heterixalus betsileo, which does well in rice fields. It probably occurs in the Réserve Spéciale d’Ambohitantely, and perhaps in other protected areas. Bibliography: Blommers-Schlösser, R.M.A. (1982), Blommers-Schlösser, R.M.A. and Blanc, C.P. (1991), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1994), Raxworthy, C.J. and Nussbaum, R.A. (1996b), Vallan, D. (2000b) Data Providers: Franco Andreone, Miguel Vences, Frank Glaw

Hyperolius acutirostris Bucholz and Peters, 1875 This species is known only from south-western Cameroon, where it occurs as far east as the Yaounde region. It is generally a lowland species, but it has been found up to 1,300m asl to the north-east of Mount Cameroon. In suitable habitats it can be a common species. It is strictly arboreal, and is conﬁned to mature forest with large trees, with breeding taking place in water in tree holes. A major threat to this species is presumed to be ongoing habitat loss for logging, agriculture and human settlements. It has not been conﬁrmed from any protected areas. Bibliography: Amiet, J.-L. (1975), Amiet, J.-L. (1980b), Amiet, J.-L. (1986), Perret, J.-L. (1966), Perret, J.-L. (1975), Schiøtz, A. (1967), Schiøtz, A. (1999) Data Providers: Jean-Louis Amiet, Arne Schiøtz

Hyperolius ademetzi Ahl, 1931 This species is known only from several localities in the mountains of western Cameroon, from Mount Manenguba north to the Bamileke and the Bamenda Highlands, ranging from 750-1,900m asl. It is common on the Bamileke Plateau, and is very common on the Mbos Plains at Mboassoum and Santchou. It lives in savannah, tall grassland, bush land, and herbaceous vegetation. Breeding takes place in shallow marshes, ponds, lakes and slow-ﬂowing streams with tall, reedy vegetation. It might suffer from loss of habitat as a result of encroachment by agriculture and human settlements, but it is adaptable and is probably not at serious risk. It might occur in Bafut-Ngemba Forest Reserve. Bibliography: Amiet, J.-L. (1975), Amiet, J.-L. (1978a), Gartshore, M.E. (1986), Perret, J.-L. (1966), Schiøtz, A. (1999) Data Providers: Jean-Louis Amiet, Arne Schiøtz

Hyperolius bopeleti Amiet, 1980 “1979” This species is known only from coastal areas of south-western Cameroon within 30km of the coast. It appears to be an uncommon species. It lives in degraded former forest (farm bush) on sandy soil, and can live within a few metres of the sea. Breeding takes place in small pools, and the eggs are placed 4-5m above still water into which the larvae fall and develop. Although it is clearly adaptable, it is probably at risk from expanding agriculture and human settlements within its small range. It is not known to occur in any protected areas. Bibliography: Amiet, J.-L. (1979), Schiøtz, A. (1999) Data Providers: Jean-Louis Amiet, Arne Schiøtz

618

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Hyperolius chlorosteus (E. Boulenger, 1915)

Leptopelis yaldeni Largen, 1977

This species ranges from Sierra Leone, through Liberia and southern Guinea, to south-central Côte d’Ivoire. In suitable habitats it is a common species. It is arboreal, and conﬁned to primary rainforest where it is generally found by streams. It breeds exclusively in ﬂowing water, laying its eggs on leaves above water into which the larvae fall and develop. It is threatened by ongoing habitat loss for logging, agriculture and human settlements. It occurs in many protected areas, including Taï National Park in Côte d’Ivoire and Sapo National Park in Liberia.

This species is endemic to Gojjam Province, northern Ethiopia, at altitudes of 2,000-2,700m asl. It is common to abundant at many sites within its limited range. It is conﬁned to montane grassland. Breeding activity is particularly associated with the banks of small streams, in which larval development occurs. The eggs are laid in nests on land near the water. The most likely threats are posed by human settlement and agricultural encroachment, but these seem to be minor in relation to the area of suitable habitat available. It is not known from any protected areas.

Bibliography: Rödel, M.-O. (2000b), Rödel, M.-O. (2003), Rödel, M.-O. and Branch, W.R. (2002), Rödel, M.-O. and Ernst, R. (2003), Schiøtz, A. (1964a), Schiøtz, A. (1967), Schiøtz, A. (1999) Data Providers: Mark-Oliver Rödel, Arne Schiøtz

Bibliography: Largen, M.J. (1977), Largen, M.J. (2001), Schiøtz, A. (1999) Data Providers: Malcolm Largen, Arne Schiøtz

Hyperolius wermuthi Laurent, 1961 This species is known only from southern Guinea, Liberia and western Côte d’Ivoire. It is so similar to Hyperolius fusciventris that it might well be overlooked. It probably occurs up to over 1,000m asl on Mount Nimba. It is not a common species. It is found only in primary forest, and breeds in swamps and small temporary ponds. Agricultural expansion, logging, and encroaching human settlements are threats affecting this species. It occurs in several protected areas, including the Mount Nimba World Heritage Site, Taï National Park, and Diécké Classiﬁed Forest. Further taxonomic work is required to resolve the possibility that this species is a synonym of H. soror. Taxonomy: This species is probably a synonym of Hyperolius soror, which is known with certainty only from its type locality in southern Guinea (Schiøtz 1999). Bibliography: Laurent, R.F. (1961), Rödel, M.-O. (2000b), Schiøtz, A. (1967), Schiøtz, A. (1999) Data Providers: Mark-Oliver Rödel, Arne Schiøtz

Leptopelis zebra Amiet, 2001 This species is known only from southern Cameroon south of the Sanaga River, at 720m asl, and away from the coastal plain, although it might occur in neighbouring countries. It appears to be uncommon and is thinly distributed within its range. This species lives in lowland rainforest, in flat-bottomed valleys with slow-flowing streams, or on the ground with puddles and water holes in the rainy season. Breeding takes place in still water and marshes, and the eggs are presumably laid in nests on land, near water. It is probably threatened by ongoing forest loss, due to agricultural development, logging and expanding human settlements. It is presumed to occur in some protected areas, but this has not been confirmed. Bibliography: Amiet, J.-L. (2001) Data Providers: Jean-Louis Amiet, Arne Schiøtz

LEPTODACTYLIDAE

Hyperolius zonatus Laurent, 1958 This species ranges from eastern Sierra Leone to south-central Côte d’Ivoire, through to extreme southern Guinea. It presumably occurs in Liberia, but there do not appear to be any conﬁrmed records. It is not an uncommon species. It lives only in primary rainforest and is usually found close to small temporary ponds and swamps. Eggs are laid on vegetation above small, stagnant pools. Its forest habitat is being degraded by agricultural expansion, logging and expanding human settlements. It occurs in Haute Dodo and Cavally Classiﬁed Forests, Mount Nimba World Heritage Site, and presumably in several other protected areas. Bibliography: Laurent, R.F. (1958b), Rödel, M.-O. (2000b), Rödel, M.-O. (2003), Schiøtz, A. (1967), Schiøtz, A. (1999) Data Providers: Arne Schiøtz, Mark-Oliver Rödel

Kassina cochranae (Loveridge, 1941) This West African species is known from the forest zone of Sierra Leone, Liberia, southern Guinea, and extreme western Côte d’Ivoire (where it occurs at least in the Mount Nimba area). Earlier records of this species from further to the east are now separated as Kassina arboricola and K. schioetzi. There is no information on its population status, but it is probably not rare. It is an arboreal, forest-dwelling species, which can exist in secondary forest. There also records from moist savannah and montane savannah areas as well as montane grassland. It seems to be able to survive in habitat fragments and gallery forests, but is unlikely to tolerate complete opening up of its habitat. It presumably breeds in both temporary and permanent waterbodies, favouring large, well-vegetated pools, like other members of its genus. Certain populations are probably suffering as a result of severe deforestation taking place due to agricultural expansion, logging and expanding human settlements. It occurs in the Mount Nimba World Heritage Site (Guinea and Liberia), and in the protected area at Pic de Fon (Guinea). Taxonomy: We follow Perret (1985) and Rödel et al. (2002) in considering Kassina arboricola to be separate from K. cochranae. Bibliography: Barbault, R. (1984), Lamotte, M. (1967), Perret, J.-L. (1985), Rödel, M.-O. (2000a), Rödel, M.-O. et al. (2002), Rödel, M.-O. and Bangoura, M.A. (2004), Rödel, M.-O. and Spieler, M. (2000), Schiøtz, A. (1967), Schiøtz, A. (1999) Data Providers: Mark-Oliver Rödel, Arne Schiøtz

Alsodes nodosus (Duméril and Bibron, 1841) This species is restricted to central Chile from 150-1,500m asl. Voucher specimens do not support records from Argentina. It is locally common. It can be found in temperate shrubland and seasonal and permanent streams, in which it reproduces. It is not tolerant of habitat destruction. Urban sprawl is rapidly destroying available habitat for this species, and some populations close to the main cities (such as Santiago) have disappeared. It has been included in the Chilean national legislation as near threatened and it occurs in Parque Nacional Cerro La Campana. Bibliography: Formas, J.R. (1995), Glade, A. (1993), Servicio Agrícola Ganadero (1998), Veloso, A. and Navarro, J. (1988) Data Providers: Alberto Veloso, Herman Núñez

Atelognathus jeinimenensis Meriggio, Veloso, Young and Núñez, 2004 This species is known from the vicinity of one small pond in the Reserva Nacional Lago Jeinimeni, southern Chile. It appears to be fairly common within its extremely limited range. The small pond which forms the only area where this species is known from measures 68.8m by 80m, and around 50cm deep at the deepest point. Most other ponds in the area dry out in summer. In the vicinity are pine plantations and degraded Nothofagus pumilio forest. This species presumably breeds by larval development. A major threat to this species is a plan to construct a paved road crossing the reserve to improve an existing road that is currently impassable in winter. Unfortunately, the planned route passes close to the only known breeding pond, which will probably cause direct mortality and pollution, and would also isolate it from the Jeinimeni River and lake. The known range of this species is encompassed by the Reserva Nacional Lago Jeinimeni. Studies are urgently needed prior to the approval of the planned road to assess further the ecology and, in particular, the dispersal patterns of this species. At this time, unsupervised public access to the breeding pond should be restricted, in order to remove any potential disturbance. Bibliography: Meriggio, V. et al. (2004) Data Providers: Alberto Veloso

Leptopelis kivuensis Ahl, 1929

Ceratophrys ornata (Bell, 1843)

This species occurs in the highlands of eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, western Rwanda, north-western Burundi, and south-western Uganda. Its altitudinal range is unclear, although it is probably generally above 1,500m asl. This is a common species. It lives in montane forests. There is no information on its adaptability to secondary habitats. It breeds in seasonally ﬂooded swamp forests where the eggs are buried in nests in the ground and the larvae then washed into water after ﬂooding. Little information is available on the threats it faces, although it is likely to be affected by loss of habitat for agriculture, wood extraction and human settlements. It occurs in Virunga National Park (Democratic Republic of Congo), Kibale National Park (Uganda), and Bwindi National Park (Uganda).

This species can be found in the Pampean region of Argentina (Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Entre Ríos, La Pampa, Mendoza and Santa Fe), Uruguay (Rocha and San José), and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from 0-500m asl. It has apparently disappeared from at least two sites in Uruguay (Rocha, in Laguna de Castillos, and San Jose, in Delta del Tigre). It is rare in Argentina. This frog occurs in grasslands on the ground near temporary waterbodies, and also occurs in roadside ditches and in irrigated cropland. The eggs are laid on the bottom of temporary ponds. Habitat loss (due to agricultural development and housing development) is a major threat, as is water and soil pollution due to agriculture, industry, and human settlement. It is sometimes subject to persecution because of unfounded beliefs that it is venomous. It is also collected for the international pet trade and its eggs are sold internationally for scientiﬁc research. It occurs in some protected areas.

Bibliography: Drewes, R.C. and Vindum, J.V. (1994), Laurent, R.F. (1972), Laurent, R.F. (1973), Schiøtz, A. (1975), Schiøtz, A. (1999), Vonesh, J. (2001) Data Providers: Arne Schiøtz, Robert Drewes, James Vonesh

Leptopelis macrotis Schiøtz, 1967 This species ranges from central Sierra Leone, through Liberia, southern Guinea and Côte d’Ivoire, to southern Ghana. It is not uncommon. This species is arboreal and lives along streams in primary rainforest. Its breeding biology is unknown, but it presumably breeds in the proximity of streams, with nests that are built on land near the water. Its forest habitat is being degraded by agricultural expansion, logging and growing human settlements. It occurs in several protected areas, including Gola and Kambui Forest Reserves in Sierra Leone, Taï National Park in Côte d’Ivoire, Haute Dodo and Cavally Classiﬁed Forests in Côte d’Ivoire, and Bobiri Forest Reserve in Ghana. Bibliography: Rödel, M.-O. (2000b), Rödel, M.-O. et al. (2005), Rödel, M.-O. and Branch, W.R. (2002), Schiøtz, A. (1967), Schiøtz, A. (1999) Data Providers: Mark-Oliver Rödel, Arne Schiøtz

Leptopelis occidentalis Schiøtz, 1967 This species occurs in Liberia, southern Côte d’Ivoire and south-western Ghana. It possibly ranges as far east as Nigeria and its western limits in Liberia are unknown. In suitable habitats it is very common. It is an arboreal species of primary forest, only rarely occurring in secondary forest. It breeds in small streams and small temporary ponds. The eggs are laid in holes in the ground close to water, or in dry areas where temporary ponds will form at the start of the rains. It is affected by habitat loss as a result of expanding human settlements and agricultural cultivation, and the collection of wood. In Côte d’Ivoire, it occurs in Tai and Mont Sangbe National Parks, and in Haute Dodo and Cavally Classiﬁed Forests. Taxonomy: The relationship between this species and Leptopelis boulengeri requires further investigation (Schiøtz 1967, 1999). Bibliography: Rödel, M.-O. (2000b), Rödel, M.-O. (2003), Rödel, M.-O. et al. (2005), Rödel, M.-O. and Branch, W.R. (2002), Schiøtz, A. (1967), Schiøtz, A. (1999) Data Providers: Mark-Oliver Rödel, Arne Schiøtz

ORNATE HORNED FROG

Bibliography: Braun, P.C. and Braun, C.A.S. (1980), Cei, J.M. (1980), Cochran, D.M. (1955), Di Tada, I.E. et al. (1996), Gambarotta, J.C., Saralegui, A. and Gonzalez, E.M. (1999), Langone, J.A. (1994), Lavilla, E.O. et al. (2000), Lavilla, E.O. and Cei, J.M. (2001), Lynch, J.D. (1982a), Maneyro, R. and Langone, J.A. (2001), Salas, N.E. et al. (1998) Data Providers: Axel Kwet, Gabriel Skuk, Débora Silvano, Esteban Lavilla, Ismael di Tada, Rafael Lajmanovich

Craugastor berkenbuschii (Peters, 1870) This species occurs from the Atlantic foothills and slopes of south-eastern San Luis Potosi and northern Veracruz, to northern Oaxaca to the isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico. It is known from 400-1,900m asl. This is a common species, although recent surveys in Oaxaca, Mexico, indicate that it has disappeared from some sites. It prefers rocky streams in premontane and lower montane wet forests, and is a direct developing species. Intense and rapid disappearance of cloud forests is a major threat. Recently documented declines in Oaxaca could be due to chytridiomycosis. Its range does not include any protected areas and urgent protection of the cloud forest remnants in Mexico is required. Further work should be conducted to determine whether or not the recently documented declines are due to chytridiomycosis. This species is protected by Mexican law under the “Special Protection” category (Pr). Taxonomy: This species was previously within the genus Eleutherodactylus (Crawford and Smith 2005). Bibliography: Campbell, J.A. and Savage, J.M. (2000), Crawford, A.J. and Smith, E.N. (2005), Lips, K.R. et al. (2004) Data Providers: Georgina Santos-Barrera, Oscar Flores-Villela

Craugastor chac (Savage, 1987) This species occurs on the Atlantic versant from central Belize and central Guatemala to the La Ceiba city area on the northern coast of Honduras, from 20-1,000m asl. It is common in Guatemala, but relatively uncommon elsewhere. It lives on the forest ﬂoor in lowland moist forest and premontane wet forest, and also in cocoa plantations and degraded forest. It breeds by direct development. The major threat to it is habitat loss due to agricultural development for the cultivation of crops and livestock grazing, logging, development of infrastructure for human settlement, and ﬁre. It is found in several protected areas in all three countries in which it occurs.

Near Threatened Amphibian Species

Taxonomy: This species was previously within the genus Eleutherodactylus (Crawford and Smith 2005). Bibliography: Campbell, J.A. (1998), Campbell, J.A. (2001), Crawford, A.J. and Smith, E.N. (2005), Lee, J.C. (1996), Lee, J.C. (2000), McCranie, J.R. and Köhler, G. (1999a), McCranie, J.R. and Wilson, L.D. (2002b), Savage, J.M. (1987), Savage, J.M. (1987) Data Providers: Paul Walker, Manuel Acevedo, Gustavo Cruz, Larry David Wilson, Randy McCranie, Gunther Köhler

Craugastor laticeps (Duméril, 1853) This species can be found on the Atlantic slopes of Mexico, from southern Veracruz to Tabasco and Chiapas, and southwards to western Belize, Guatemala, and northern Honduras, from 10-1,500m asl. It is uncommon in Belize and Guatemala, and rare in Mexico. There are few localities known for Honduras. Recent surveys in Oaxaca, Mexico, indicate that it has disappeared from some localities. It occurs in leaf-litter in lowland and premontane tropical forest and is tolerant of moderate habitat alteration (it occurs in cacao and shade-coffee plantations in Honduras). Reproduction is by direct development. Forest destruction and the conversion of forest to shaded crops are low threats, although subsistence agriculture is a threat in Honduras. The recent declines in Oaxaca could be due to chytridiomycosis. It occurs in several protected areas throughout its range. Further work should be conducted to determine whether or not the recent declines are due to chytridiomycosis. It is protected by Mexican Law under the “Special Protection” category (Pr). Taxonomy: This species was previously within the genus Eleutherodactylus (Crawford and Smith 2005). Bibliography: Campbell, J.A. (1998), Crawford, A.J. and Smith, E.N. (2005), Lee, J.C. (1996), Lips, K.R. et al. (2004), McCranie, J.R. and Wilson, L.D. (2002b), Savage, J.M. (1987) Data Providers: Georgina Santos-Barrera, Manuel Acevedo, Paul Walker, Julian Lee, Gustavo Cruz, Larry David Wilson

Craugastor rostralis (Werner,1896) This species is known from extreme eastern Guatemala near the Honduran border, and from the following localities in western and north-central Honduras: Cerro Quebrada Grande, Montana Pico Pijol, Montana La Fortuna, Montana Portillo Grande, Parque Nacional Cusuco, and Montana Merendon west of San Pedro Sula. Its altitudinal range is 1,050-1,800m asl. This is a moderately common species. It lives on the forest ﬂoor in premontane and lower montane wet forest, and also occurs in degraded forest and coffee plantations (but not in more open habitats). It presumably breeds by direct development. The major threat to this species is severe habitat loss due to agricultural development, livestock grazing, logging, human settlement, and ﬁre. It occurs in Parque Nacional Cusuco and Parque Nacional Texiguat in Honduras, but not in any protected areas in Guatemala. Taxonomy: This species was previously within the genus Eleutherodactylus (Crawford and Smith 2005). Bibliography: Campbell, J.A. (2001), Crawford, A.J. and Smith, E.N. (2005), Dunn, E.R. and Emlen, J.T. (1932), McCranie, J.R. and Wilson, L.D. (2002b), Savage, J.M. (1987), Stuart, L.C. (1963) Data Providers: Gustavo Cruz, Larry David Wilson, Randy McCranie, Manuel Acevedo

Craugastor yucatanensis (Lynch, 1965) This species is endemic to the Yucatan Peninsula, in east-central Yucatan and north-central Quintana Roo, Mexico. The type locality is 10m asl. It is rarely encountered but is occasionally locally common. Its habitat is lowland tropical semi-deciduous and deciduous forest. It is both terrestrial and arboreal and is sometimes found in caverns and cenotes. Breeding is by direct development. The major threats to this species is habitat loss and disturbance due to tourist activities, in particular along the Quintana Roo Mayan area. A portion of this species’ range is within the Reserva de la Biósfera Sian Ka’an, which affords it some protection. Protection of the original forest in the Yucatan Peninsula is also recommended. This species is protected by Mexican Law under the “Special Protection” category (Pr). Taxonomy: This species was previously within the genus Eleutherodactylus (Crawford and Smith 2005). Bibliography: Campbell, J.A., Lamar, W.W. and Hillis, D.M. (1989), Crawford, A.J. and Smith, E.N. (2005), Lee, J.C. (1996), Lee, J.C. (2000) Data Providers: Julian Lee, Rogelio Cedeño Vázquez

Crossodactylodes bokermanni Peixoto, 1983 “1982” This species is known only from two localities in south-eastern Brazil at around 650m asl in the state of Espírito Santo: Santa Teresa and Castelo. It presumably occurs between these two localities, and probably more widely. It is a common species. It is conﬁned to forest, where it is arboreal, living in epiphytic bromeliads. Breeding is by larval development in bromeliads. The major threat is habitat loss, especially due to the collection of bromeliads, and also due to agricultural development, wood plantations, livestock grazing, logging, human settlement and tourism, though some of its habitat is quite well protected. It occurs in the Reserva Biológica Augusto Ruschi and Parque Estadual do Forno Grande. Bibliography: Gomes, N. (1988), Peixoto, O.L. (1982) Data Providers: Débora Silvano, Oswaldo Luiz Peixoto

Crossodactylodes izecksohni Peixoto, 1983 “1982” This species is known only from the vicinity of Santa Teresa, in the state of Espírito Santo, south-eastern Brazil, at 675m asl, although it might occur more widely. It is a common species. Its habitat is terrestrial and epiphytic bromeliads near the ground inside forests and on the forest edge, but not in more degraded habitats. Breeding is by larval development in bromeliads. The area where it is found is quite well protected (as a biological reserve), but habitat loss is taking place nearby, due to agricultural development, wood plantations, bromeliad-collecting, logging, human settlement and tourism. It occurs in the Reserva Biológica Augusto Ruschi. Bibliography: Gomes, N. (1988), Peixoto, O.L. (1982) Data Providers: Débora Silvano, Oswaldo Luiz Peixoto

Crossodactylus schmidti Gallardo, 1961 This species can be found from 300-750m asl in Misiones, Argentina; Tres Baras de Paraná, Paraná, Brazil (here, its range is severely fragmented); and Itapua Department, Paraguay. It is common in its limited range. It occurs near permanent streams (in which it breeds) in rainforest, and probably does not tolerate habitat disturbance. Threats to this species include selective logging, clear-cutting of primary forests, pollution of soil and water due to agricultural practices, and industrial pollution by organic wastes. The introduction and spread of Rana catesbeiana is also a threat to this species. It occurs in Parque Estadual Rio Guarani, Brazil, and in Argentina in the Reserva de la Biósfera Yabotí, Parque Nacional Iguazú, and several provincial reserves. Bibliography: Cei, J.M. (1980), Faivovich, J. (1998), Gallardo, J.M. (1961a), Lavilla, E.O. et al. (2000), Lavilla, E.O. and Cei, J.M. (2001) Data Providers: Magno Vicente Segalla, Paulo Garcia, Débora Silvano, Esteban Lavilla, Diego Baldo

Cycloramphus brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1864) This species is known from the Serra dos Órgãos and Serra da Mantiqueira, in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, from 800-1,200m asl. This is not a common species. It occurs on rock wall seeps and in forest streams in primary and

619

good quality secondary forest. Larvae have been observed on rocks that are covered with a ﬁlm of running water, either on exposed rocks in or next to streams. Habitat loss due to infrastructure development for human settlement is a major threat, and this is taking place in some protected areas, even though this is illegal. The range of the species includes several protected areas, but there remains a need for improved conservation and maintenance of existing habitat. Bibliography: Bokermann, W.C.A. (1951), Heyer, W.R. (1983) Data Providers: Sergio Potsch de Carvalho-e-Silva, Ronald Heyer

Cycloramphus semipalmatus (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920) This species is known from Serra do Mar in the state of São Paulo, in Brazil, from about 800m asl. This is a reasonably common species; however, there has been an unexplained decline over its whole range recently. It was once common in Boracéia, but has been considered locally extinct there since 1988. This species is found under, or on top of, rocks in or next to small forest streams in primary and secondary forest. It presumably has larvae that are found on rocks that are covered with a ﬁlm of running water, either on exposed rocks in or next to streams, like other members of the genus. There is a steel works on the coast that pollutes the water, which might be affecting local populations. The reason for the observed decline is currently unknown, but chytridiomycosis cannot be ruled out. The range of the species includes a few protected areas. Further research into the cause of the recent declines is needed. Taxonomy: This species was removed from the synonymy of Cycloramphus asper by Heyer (1983). Bibliography: Bertoluci, J.A. and Heyer, W.R. (1995), Eterovick, P.C. et al. (2005), Heyer, W.R. (1983), Heyer, W.R. et al. (1988), Heyer, W.R. et al. (1990) Data Providers: Vanessa Verdade, Ronald Heyer

Eleutherodactylus alalocophus Roa-Trujillo and Ruíz-Carranza, 1991 This species is known from the western ﬂank of the central Andes in the departments of Quindío, Valle del Cauca, Caldas and Risaralda, Colombia, from 2,650-3,100m asl. It is a very common species in its small range. It occurs on herbaceous vegetation or on humid rocks, about 20cm above the ground. It is possible to ﬁnd individuals under small waterfalls or in small brooks covered by undergrowth, or under alder crops (Alnus acuminata) in the forest and forest edges. It has not been found outside forest habitat. Breeding is by direct development. There are no known major threats to this species, since its habitat is relatively secure. Its range does not include any protected areas. It should be noted that some other species of Eleutherodactylus that are associated with streams have undergone dramatic declines and disappearances, possibly due to chytridiomycosis, so the status of this species should be monitored carefully. Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Acosta-Galvis, A. (2000a), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997), Roa-Trujillo, S.H. and Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. (1991), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996) Data Providers: Fernando Castro, Maria Isabel Herrera, John Lynch

Eleutherodactylus anolirex Lynch, 1983 This species occurs in the northern Cordillera Oriental in the departments of Norte de Santander and Santander, Colombia, and nearby at Macizo de Tamá in Venezuela. Its altitudinal range is 1,900-3,550m asl. It is common in Colombia, but there is little information on its population status in Venezuela. It is a cloud forest species, also living in páramo grassland and sub-páramo bushland areas. Its ability to adapt to modiﬁed habitats is unknown. It is usually found at night on low vegetation; during the day it hides under rocks, logs or among vegetation. It is presumed to be a direct developing species. The major threats are deforestation for agricultural development (including cultivation of illegal crops), logging, and human settlement, and pollution resulting from the spraying of illegal crops. Fire might also be a threat. However, it has a broad altitudinal range, and overall its habitats are probably not seriously threatened. The Venezuelan populations are within Parque Nacional El Tamá and the Estación Demonstrativo El Rasgon. Its occurrence in protected areas in Colombia is unclear. Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Acosta-Galvis, A. (2000a), Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), Frost, D.R. (1985), La Marca, E. (1997), Lynch, J.D. (1983), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996) Data Providers: Fernando Castro, Enrique La Marca, María Cristina Ardila-Robayo

Eleutherodactylus celator Lynch, 1976 This species can be found in cloud forests from 1,750-2,800m asl, on the Paciﬁc versant of the western Andes in northern Ecuador and adjacent southern Colombia (Nariño Department). It is fairly common, or at least was so when last searched for in the mid-1980s. It is a nocturnal species that has been found in terrestrial bromeliads, and may be encountered on the sides of roads and in herbaceous vegetation, in leafy cloud forests. It is presumed to be a direct developing species although the site of egg deposition is not known. It is tolerant of habitat disturbance provided bromeliads are available. This species is threatened by deforestation occurring for a range of reasons, including logging and agricultural development for the cultivation of crops (some of them illegal) and livestock grazing. In Ecuador, its geographic range overlaps with the Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas, and the Reserva Geobotánica Pululahua. It also occurs in the Reserva La Planada private reserve, Colombia. Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Lynch, J.D. (1976a), Lynch, J.D. (1998b), Lynch, J.D. and Burrowes, P.A. (1990), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996) Data Providers: Fernando Castro, Maria Isabel Herrera, Santiago Ron, Luis A. Coloma, John Lynch

Eleutherodactylus dimidiatus (Cope, 1862) This species is widespread in Cuba from 0-1,375m asl. It is moderately common in suitable habitat. This is a terrestrial species that requires closed mesic forest. It breeds by direct development and lays its eggs in damp leaf-litter. The main threat to this species is habitat destruction as a result of deforestation due to agricultural development for crop cultivation and subsistence farming, charcoal manufacture, and infrastructure development for human settlement and tourism. Agricultural pollution is also a threat. This species occurs in many protected areas. Bibliography: Centro Nacional de Areas Protegidas (CNAP) (2002), Hedges, S.B. (1993), Hedges, S.B. (1999), Hedges, S.B. (2001), Henderson, R.W. and Powell, R (1999), Henderson, R.W. and Powell, R. (2001), Schwartz, A. and Henderson, R.W. (1991) Data Providers: Blair Hedges, Luis Díaz

Eleutherodactylus eileenae Dunn, 1926 This species is widespread in western and central Cuba from 0-830m asl. It is a common species. It is found in closed-canopy mesic forests, and is normally terrestrial but calls from arboreal sites. It has not been recorded outside forest habitat. Eggs are laid on the ground, and it breeds by direct development. The major threats to this species are agricultural development and pollution, and infrastructure development for human settlement and tourism. It occurs in several protected areas, although more effective protection is required for this species.

620

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Bibliography: Hedges, S.B. (1993), Hedges, S.B. (1999), Hedges, S.B. (2001), Henderson, R.W. and Powell, R (1999), Henderson, R.W. and Powell, R. (2001), Schwartz, A. and Henderson, R.W. (1991) Data Providers: Blair Hedges, Luis Díaz

are frequently found in bromeliads. Breeding is by direct development, and the eggs are deposited inside bromeliads. A localized threat to this species is habitat loss and degradation caused by smallholder farming and livestock grazing. There are three protected areas within this species’ range.

Eleutherodactylus epipedus Heyer, 1984

Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Lynch, J.D. (1996b), Lynch, J.D. (1998b), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997), Rincon-Franco, F. and Castro, F. (1998), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Lynch, J.D. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997) Data Providers: Fernando Castro, Maria Isabel Herrera, John Lynch

This species is known only from near Santa Teresa, in the state of Espirito Santo, south-eastern Brazil, at around 650m asl, although it might be more widespread. It is extremely abundant in its small range. It lives in the leaf-litter on the ﬂoor of primary and secondary forest, and breeds by direct development. The area where the species is found is quite well protected (as it is a biological reserve), but habitat loss is taking place nearby (where the species might occur), due to agricultural development (including the creation of wood plantations), logging, human settlement and tourism. It occurs in the Reserva Biológica Augusto Ruschi. Bibliography: Haddad, C.F.B. and Abe, A.S. (1999), Heyer, W.R. (1984), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997) Data Providers: Débora Silvano, Oswaldo Luiz Peixoto

Eleutherodactylus ﬂavescens Noble, 1923 This species is restricted to eastern Dominican Republic from 0-909m asl. Coastal populations have probably been extirpated from western La Romana. It is very common in suitable habitat, especially in the eastern part of its range. It is found in mesic forests and occasionally mangroves, but does not adapt well to degraded forests. It calls from a variety of elevated surfaces. Breeding is by direct development, and the eggs are laid on the ground or in bromeliads. This species is threatened by habitat loss due to development of infrastructure (such as hotels) for tourism, and agricultural encroachment by smallholder farmers and livestock grazing. It occurs in several protected areas. Bibliography: Hedges, S.B. (1993), Hedges, S.B. (1999), Hedges, S.B. (2001), Henderson, R.W. and Powell, R (1999), Henderson, R.W. and Powell, R. (2001), Schwartz, A. (1982c), Schwartz, A. and Henderson, R.W. (1991) Data Providers: Blair Hedges, Sixto Inchaustegui, Marcelino Hernandez, Robert Powell

Eleutherodactylus galdi (Jimenez de la Espada, 1870) In Ecuador, this species is known from 1,000-1,800m asl on the eastern slope of the Cordillera Oriental, from 1,7001,975m asl in the Cordillera del Cutucú, and from 1,500-1,550m asl in the Cordillera del Condór. The only Peruvian record is at 1,700m asl on the western slope of the Cordillera de Colán, Bagua Province, Amazonas Department, from 05° 36’S; 78° 19’W. It presumably occurs more widely, in particular in areas between the known Ecuadorian and Peruvian ranges. This is an uncommon species in Ecuador, where it was ﬁrst recorded as recently as 2003. In Peru, only a single specimen has been recorded. This species can be found in evergreen secondary and old growth humid montane forest with herbaceous plants, shrubs, and lianas. Specimens have been found on leaves of bushes or palm fronds 1-2m above the ground (Lynch and Duellman 1980). In Peru, the species was found along a stream in humid montane forest. Reproduction occurs by direct development. A major threat to this species is habitat destruction through an increase in livestock farming, agro-industrial development, and selective wood extraction. The range of this species overlaps with the Zona Reservada Cordillera de Colán in Peru, and in Ecuador with Parque Nacional Sumaco Napo-Galeras, Parque Nacional Sangay, and Parque Nacional Podocarpus. Bibliography: Almendariz, A. (1997), APECO (1999), Duellman, W.E. and Pramuk, J.B. (1999), Jiménez de la Espada, M. (1871), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1980), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997), Morales, M. (2003), Ortiz, J.C. and Ibarra-Vidal, H. (1992) Data Providers: Lily Rodríguez, Jorge Luis Martinez, Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Diego Almeida, Manuel Morales

Eleutherodactylus glaucoreius Schwartz and Fowler, 1973 This species has a restricted range in eastern Jamaica, occurring from 0-1,650m asl. It is not uncommon. This terrestrial species, often found on rocks, requires rainforest but can occur in secondary forest. Eggs are laid on the ground and it breeds by direct development. Habitat destruction is taking place, even within the protected area in which it occurs, and there are coffee plantations within the park’s limits. Hikers also disturb the species’ habitat, and there is a lot of litter left behind from tourists visiting the park. The protected area in which it occurs is the Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park. Bibliography: Hedges, S.B. (1993), Hedges, S.B. (1999), Hedges, S.B. (2001), Henderson, R.W. and Powell, R (1999), Henderson, R.W. and Powell, R. (2001), Schwartz, A. and Fowler, D.C. (1973), Schwartz, A. and Henderson, R.W. (1991) Data Providers: Blair Hedges, Susan Koenig, Byron Wilson

Eleutherodactylus hylaeformis (Cope, 1875)

Eleutherodactylus kareliae La Marca, 2005 This species is known only from the Venezuelan Andes in the state of Mérida from the region of Mucubají, from 2,500-3,395m asl. It appears to be reasonably common within its small range, given the number of specimens that have been collected. It is a species of sub-páramo bushland and páramo grassland, and presumably breeds by direct development. There are no signiﬁcant threats to this species. It occurs in Parque Zoológico y Jardín Botánico Nacional Simón Bolívar and Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada. Monitoring of this species started in mid 2005, and there are plans to survey the known localities for at least a year or more (E. La Marca pers. comm.) . Bibliography: La Marca, E. (2005) Data Providers: Enrique La Marca

Eleutherodactylus luteolateralis Lynch, 1976 This species can be found from 1,140-1,960m asl in the Río Blanco drainage in Provincia Pichincha, in the northwestern Andes in Ecuador, and probably occurs more widely. During the course of survey work in 2002-2003 it was found to be common in Curipollo, Nonegal. This species can be found in montane cloud forest in humid tropical and humid temperate regions, in bromeliads in the sub canopy, and also in pastures and secondary forest. Individuals have been found on low vegetation at night, or on herbaceous plants and ferns near streams (Lynch and Duellman 1997). Reproduction occurs by direct development. There are no major threats to this species. Its range does not overlap any protected areas. Bibliography: Lynch, J.D. (1976c), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997) Data Providers: Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Diego Almeida

Eleutherodactylus manezinho Garcia, 1996 This species occurs in Sao Bento do Sul, Corupa, Blumenau, Florianopilis, and Garuva, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, at 100-700m asl. It is likely to occur more widely. It is abundant and its population is stable. It occurs inside secondary and old growth forest in humid areas, on the ground or on stones and low vegetation. The details of its breeding biology are unknown. A major threat to this species is habitat loss due to deforestation. It occurs in Parque Municipal do Maciço da Costeira. Bibliography: Garcia, P.C.A. (1996) Data Providers: Paulo Garcia, Débora Silvano

Eleutherodactylus martinicensis (Tschudi, 1838) This species occurs on Guadeloupe, Marie-Galante, La Desirade, Iles des Saintes, Martinique, Dominica, Antigua, St Martin (introduced), and St Barthelemy (where it has also been introduced) in the Lesser Antilles. It has been extirpated on St Lucia. It occurs from sea level up to at least 1,250m asl on Guadeloupe. It is a very common species, and is more common in undisturbed habitats. It occurs primarily in mesic forest areas, but has also been collected in dry forest. It has also been found in disturbed habitats, such as banana plantations, sugar cane ﬁelds, gardens, and houses. It is active on the ground, calling from soft, wet surfaces, but retreats to arboreal bromeliads. The eggs are laid on the ground. Although not seriously threatened, this species is affected by introduced predators, such as cats, rats and mongooses, by forest loss, and possibly also by pesticides. Another species in the genus (Eleutherodactylus johnstonei) is perhaps a competitor, and appears to be replacing this species in open areas. It occurs in several protected areas. Bibliography: Breuil, M. (2002), Breuil, M. (2004), Hedges, S.B. (1993), Hedges, S.B. (1999), Hedges, S.B. (2001), Henderson, R.W. and Powell, R (1999), Henderson, R.W. and Powell, R. (2001), Kaiser, H. and Hardy, Jr, J.D. (1994), Kaiser, H. and Henderson, R.W. (1994), Kaiser, H., Green, D.M. and Schmid, M. (1994), Kraus, F. and Campbell, E. (2002), Schwartz, A. (1967), Schwartz, A. and Henderson, R.W. (1991) Data Providers: Blair Hedges, Beatrice Ibéné, Michel Breuil, Robert Powell

This species is found in the cordilleras of Costa Rica and western Panama, from 1,500-2,500m asl (Savage 2002). It is an abundant species regularly seen in appropriate habitat, and has not declined at sites where many other species have disappeared, such as Monteverde (Pounds et al. 1997) and Las Tablas (Lips 1998). This is a nocturnal species found in low vegetation in dense montane forest and rainforest. It may be found in both primary and secondary forest and is presumed to breed by direct development. Deforestation is a potential threat to this species, although all known populations are within protected areas. This species is protected in several national parks and private reserves in Costa Rica, and is probably present in a number of Panamanian protected areas.

Eleutherodactylus megalops Ruthven, 1917

Bibliography: Lips, K.R. (1998), Pounds, J.A. et al. (1997), Savage, J.M. (2002) Data Providers: Alan Pounds, Federico Bolaños, Gerardo Chaves, Frank Solís, Roberto Ibáñez, Jay Savage, César Jaramillo, Querube Fuenmayor

Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Cochran, D.M. and Goin, C.J. (1970), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997), Lynch, J.D. and Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. (1985a), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996), Ruthven, A.G. (1917b) Data Providers: Martha Patricia Ramírez Pinilla, Mariela Osorno-Muñoz, Jose Vicente Rueda, Adolfo Amézquita, María Cristina Ardila-Robayo

Eleutherodactylus illotus Lynch and Duellman, 1997 This species occurs on the Paciﬁc slopes of the Andes from the department of Valle del Cauca in Colombia, south to the province of Pichinca in Ecuador, from 1,380-2,560m asl. It is presumably more widespread than current records suggest. It is not particularly common, but it is not rare. This species inhabits cloud forest. It is not known if it can tolerate habitat degradation, but other members of its species group can tolerate limited disturbance. It is presumed to breed by direct development, but the site of egg deposition is not known. The major threats are thought to be deforestation for the creation of plantations, cultivation of illegal crops, logging, and human settlement, and pollution resulting from the spraying of illegal crops. In Ecuador, its geographic range overlaps with the Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas, but it is not known from any protected areas in Colombia. Bibliography: Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997) Data Providers: John Lynch, Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron

Eleutherodactylus juanchoi Lynch, 1996 This species is known from both ﬂanks of the Cordillera Occidental in the departments of Risaralda, Valle del Cauca, and Cauca, in Colombia, from 1,500-2,090m asl. It is often rare, but can also be locally common. This species inhabits cloud forests, and dense populations occur in some areas in forest and in open areas of scattered trees. It can occur in disturbed habitats as long as there are bromeliads on trees. Individuals are active up to 3m above the ground and

This species is known from northern and western areas from Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in the locality of San Lorenzo, in the departments of Cesar, Guajira, and Magdalena in Colombia. It has been recorded from 1,300-2,450m asl. It is very common. This is a terrestrial species known from cloud forest areas, which occurs on fallen leaves and under rocks and logs. It breeds by direct development. Cultivation and fumigation of crops, and the rearing of livestock, are major threats to this species’ habitat Its range includes Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.

Eleutherodactylus miyatai Lynch, 1984 This species is known from the western slopes of the Cordillera Oriental in the departments of Boyaca, Cundinamarca, and Santander, Colombia, from 1,740-2,400m asl. It is an abundant species. It inhabits low level vegetation in very humid cloud forests, and is able to adapt to secondary forest as well as forest edges. Breeding is by direct development. The major threat to this species is habitat destruction and degradation caused primarily by agricultural development. Its range includes the Santuario de Fauna y Flora Guanentá Alto Río Fonce, and the Estación Demonstrativo El Rasgon. Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Lynch, J.D. (1984b), Lynch, J.D. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1999), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996) Data Providers: Martha Patricia Ramírez Pinilla, Mariela Osorno-Muñoz, Jose Vicente Rueda, Adolfo Amézquita, María Cristina Ardila-Robayo

Eleutherodactylus molybrignus Lynch, 1986 This species is known from the departments of Cauca, Valle, Risaralda, and Choco on the Cordillera Occidental, Colombia, from 1,110-2,350m asl. It is usually a common species. It occurs along streams on medium to low level

Near Threatened Amphibian Species

vegetation in primary and secondary cloud forest. Although it has not been recorded outside forest it is tolerant of a degree of habitat disturbance. Breeding is by direct development. Habitat loss caused by agricultural development (including the cultivation of illegal crops) is a localized threat to this species, but there are currently no major threats to it. Other high-altitude, stream-breeding Eleutherodactylus species have undergone declines possibly due to chytridiomycosis, so this might be a potential future threat. It occurs in Parque Nacional Natural Munchique, Parque Nacional Natural Farallones de Cali, and Parque Nacional Natural Tatamá. Given the possible threat of chytridiomycosis this species should be monitored carefully. Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Lynch, J.D. (1986a), Lynch, J.D. (1998b), Lynch, J.D. (1999), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Lynch, J.D. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997) Data Providers: Fernando Castro, Maria Isabel Herrera, John Lynch

Eleutherodactylus oeus Heyer, 1984 This species is known only from near Santa Teresa, in the state of Espirito Santo, south-eastern Brazil, at around 650m asl, although it might be more widespread. It is a common species within its small known range. It lives in the leaf-litter on the ground of primary and secondary forest, and breeds by direct development. The area where the species is found is quite well protected (as a biological reserve), but habitat loss is taking place nearby (where the species might occur), due to creation of wood plantations, smallholder farming, logging, human settlement and tourism. The biological reserve in which it occurs is the Reserva Biológica Augusto Ruschi. Bibliography: Haddad, C.F.B. and Abe, A.S. (1999), Heyer, W.R. (1984), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997) Data Providers: Bruno Pimenta, Oswaldo Luiz Peixoto

Eleutherodactylus pantoni Dunn, 1926 This species is widespread in Jamaica, and has been recorded from 0-1,640m asl. It is considered to be a common species. It is found in a variety of terrestrial habitats, including riparian forest, open forest and forest edges; it can also be found in banana groves and pastures as long as they are near the forest edge, and can tolerate moderate habitat disturbance. Eggs are laid on the ground, and it breeds by direct development. It is intolerant of complete habitat clearance arising from agricultural and infrastructural development. Its range includes Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park, and several forest reserves.

621

Data Providers: Martha Patricia Ramírez Pinilla, Mariela Osorno-Muñoz, Jose Vicente Rueda, Adolfo Amézquita, María Cristina Ardila-Robayo

Eleutherodactylus sanguineus Lynch, 1998 This species is known from Antioquia, Choco, Risaralda and Valle del Cauca Departments on the western ﬂank of the Cordillera Occidental, Colombia, from 50-1,500m asl. It probably occurs more widely, in particular between known sites. This is a locally abundant species. It is restricted to closed-canopy forest alongside streams in primary forest. Breeding is by direct development. It is probably affected by ongoing forest loss in some parts of its range, especially for agriculture and logging, as well as by fumigation of illegal crops. However, much of its habitat is relatively remote from human inﬂuence, though this is likely to change in the near future. Other high-altitude, stream-breeding Eleutherodactylus species have undergone declines possibly due to chytridiomycosis, so this might be a potential future threat. Some populations are within Parque Nacional de Las Orquídeas and Parque Nacional Natural Tatamá. Given the possible threat of chytridiomycosis this species should be monitored carefully. Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Lynch, J.D. (1998b), Lynch, J.D. (1999), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997), Paez, V.P. et al. (2002) Data Providers: Fernando Castro, Maria Isabel Herrera, John Lynch

Eleutherodactylus savagei Pyburn and Lynch, 1981 This species is known from Serranía de Macarena and Piedemonte in the Cordillera Oriental in the departments of Meta and Condinamarca, Colombia, from 1,000-2,400m asl. It is a common species. This nocturnal species is associated with fast-ﬂowing streams, with individuals usually occurring on vegetation up to 50cm above the ground, sometimes in secondary habitats. Breeding is by direct development. This is an adaptable species, and probably is not signiﬁcantly threatened by habitat loss at present, although its habitat will become threatened by cultivation and fumigation of crops (which could cause pollution of streams), and the rearing of livestock. Other high-altitude, stream-breeding Eleutherodactylus species have undergone declines possibly due to chytridiomycosis, so this might be a potential future threat. Some populations of this species are within Parque Nacional Natural Serranía de La Macarena. Given the possible threat of chytridiomycosis this species should be monitored carefully.

Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Lynch, J.D. (1994b), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997), Pyburn, W.F. and Lynch, J.D. (1981), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996) Data Providers: Martha Patricia Ramírez Pinilla, Mariela Osorno-Muñoz, Jose Vicente Rueda, Adolfo Amézquita, María Cristina Ardila-Robayo

Eleutherodactylus percnopterus Duellman and Pramuk, 1999

Eleutherodactylus silverstonei Lynch and Ruíz-Carranza, 1996

This species is endemic to Cajamarca and Amazonas Departments, northern Peru. It is present at two localities (at 1,138m and 1,750m asl) on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera del Condór; a single locality (at 1,300m asl) on the southern edge of the Cordillera del Condór; and at altitudes of 1,830m asl and 2,400m asl in the northern part of the Cordillera Central. This species is believed to have a continuous distribution between the Cordillera del Condór and the Cordillera Central, and might prove to be more widespread. There is no information on its population status. Records of three adult males and one adult female were used to describe this species. It can be found in humid and semi-arid montane forest, but it is not known if it can occur in modiﬁed habitats. The holotype was collected in an arboreal bromeliad by day in semi-arid forest. Specimens from the eastern slopes of the Cordillera del Condór were found on low vegetation at night in humid montane forest. This species breeds by direct development. It is threatened in the south of its range by deforestation through increased agricultural activity (rearing of livestock and cultivation of crops), by selective wood extraction and by increasing colonization of the area. It is present in the Zona Reservada Santiago-Comaina, and is also believed to occur in the Zona Reservada Cordillera de Colán. Further research into this species is required.

This species is known from the Paciﬁc slope of the Cordillera Occidental, in the departments of Valle del Cauca and Choco, in Colombia, from 1,700-2,250m asl. It is uncommon. This is a nocturnal species found on medium to high level vegetation in primary cloud forest. Breeding is by direct development. There are currently no major threats to the species’ habitat although there are plans to build a road across the Serrania de los Paraguas. This will become a major threat if the plans go ahead, and would provide access for the expansion of agricultural activities and logging. Most of the range of this species is within the mountains of Los Paraguas, which forms a natural unit of the high Andean ecosystem. At present there is an ongoing effort to transform this area into a wildlife reserve. Other populations are inside Parque Nacional Natural Farallones de Cali. Conservation of the species’ habitat is essential for its long-term survival since it is restricted to primary forest.

Bibliography: Conservation International (1997), Duellman, W.E. and Pramuk, J.B. (1999) Data Providers: Lily Rodríguez, Jorge Luis Martinez, Wilfredo Arizabal, Daniel Neira

Eleutherodactylus riveti (Despax, 1911) This species’ geographic range in southern Ecuador includes Andean cordilleras surrounding the Cuenca basin, from 2,620-3,600m asl, and Parque Nacional Podocarpus. It is known from more than ten localities. It is an uncommon to rare species in El Cajas and Podocarpus. It occurs on the ground and in low vegetation in cloud forest and páramo vegetation, in well-preserved habitats. Reproduction is by direct development. This species is not seriously threatened as it generally occurs in areas that are not heavily affected by habitat destruction and degradation. Its range overlaps Parque Nacional Sangay, and it occurs in both Parque Nacional Podocarpus and Parque Nacional Cajas. Bibliography: Despax, R. (1911), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997) Data Providers: Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Mario Yánez-Muñoz, Diego Almeida

Eleutherodactylus roseus (Boulenger, 1918) This species occurs in the lowlands of western Colombia from 0-900m asl, in the departments of Valle del Cauca, Choco, Risaralda, and Antioquia, and it probably occurs a little more widely. Records from Ecuador are in error. It is an uncommon species. It appears to be restricted to primary and secondary forest, and is not found in open areas. It lives on fallen leaves on the ground and on very low herbaceous vegetation. It is presumed to breed by direct development, but the site of egg deposition is not known. The major threats are likely to be deforestation for the creation of plantations, cultivation of illegal crops, logging, and human settlement, and pollution resulting from the spraying of illegal crops. It occurs in Parque Nacional de Las Orquídeas. Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Kattan, G. (1984), Lynch, J.D. (1980c), Lynch, J.D. (1999), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997), Paez, V.P. et al. (2002), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996) Data Providers: Fernando Castro, Taran Grant, Wilmar Bolívar

Taxonomy: The form is the sister species of Eleutherodactylus appendiculatus according to Lynch and Ruíz-Carranza (1996b). Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Lynch, J.D. (1998b), Lynch, J.D. (1999), Lynch, J.D. and Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. (1996b), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Lynch, J.D. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997) Data Providers: Fernando Castro, Maria Isabel Herrera, John Lynch

Eleutherodactylus simoterus Lynch, 1980 This species is known from the departments of Caldas, Risaralda and Tolima on the Cordillera Central, in Colombia, from 2,700-4,350m asl. The species is very abundant in Parque Nacional Natural Los Nevados and is also common elsewhere. It occurs in páramo vegetation and is active at night, calling on the ground among grasses and low bushes. During the day it occurs on graminaceous vegetation or under logs and rocks. It also occurs above the tree line and can be found in pastureland, but this is a marginal habitat for the species. Breeding is by direct development. Habitat loss caused by smallholder livestock grazing and cultivation of crops (some of them illegal) is a threat to it outside protected areas. However, this species is adaptable and much of its range is at altitudes above the level of signiﬁcant human impact, and so it is not greatly threatened. Most populations are inside Parque Nacional Natural Los Nevados. Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Acosta-Galvis, A. (2000a), Lynch, J.D. (1980b), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1996), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996) Data Providers: Fernando Castro, Maria Isabel Herrera, John Lynch

Eleutherodactylus spinosus Lynch, 1979 This species’ range is the Amazonian slopes of the Cordillera de Matanga and the Cordillera del Cóndor in southern Ecuador, from 1,707-2,835m asl. It is rare in the Cordillera del Cóndor. This species can be found on low vegetation in well-preserved cloud forests. Breeding is by direct development. Its range is not signiﬁcantly threatened since people are averse to entering the area due to the land mines left during the Ecuador-Peru border war in 1995. It does not occur in any protected areas. Bibliography: Almendariz, A. (1997), Lynch, J.D. (1979c), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997) Data Providers: Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Fernando Nogales, Diego Almeida

Eleutherodactylus sanctaemartae Ruthven, 1917

Eleutherodactylus tamsitti Cochran and Goin, 1970

This species is known from the western ﬂank of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in the departments of Cesar, Guajira and Magdalena, Colombia, from 1,100-2,600m asl. It is very common. This arboreal species is found on dense vegetation and branches, and is active up to 1.5m above the ground. It is more common in the interior of forests than next to streams. Breeding is by direct development. Cultivation and fumigation of crops, and the rearing of livestock, are major threats to this species’ habitat. Other high-altitude, stream-breeding Eleutherodactylus species have undergone declines possibly due to chytridiomycosis, so this might be a potential future threat. Its range includes Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, a natural reserve area. Given the possible threat of chytridiomycosis this species should be monitored carefully.

This Colombian species is known from the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Oriental in the extreme west of the department of Caquetá, as well as from the type locality in the headwaters of the Río Magdalena, in the department of Huila. It occurs at moderate altitudes between 1,350 and 2,040m asl. It is a common species. It is nocturnal, occurring on vegetation along streams and on damp soils. Breeding is by direct development. The major threats to this species’ habitat are the cultivation and fumigation of crops, and the rearing of livestock. Other high-altitude, stream-breeding Eleutherodactylus species have undergone declines possibly due to chytridiomycosis, so this might be a potential future threat. Its range includes Parque Nacional Natural Cueva de los Guácharos. Given the possible threat of chytridiomycosis this species should be monitored carefully.

Taxonomy: Lynch (1976b) elevated this taxon to species status with no further comment. Lynch, Ruíz-Carranza and Ardila-Robayo (1994) redescribed the species, and noted a possible synapomorphy with E. cremnobates.

622

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Cochran, D.M. and Goin, C.J. (1970), Lynch, J.D. (1976b), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1994), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996) Data Providers: Martha Patricia Ramírez Pinilla, Mariela Osorno-Muñoz, Jose Vicente Rueda, Adolfo Amézquita, María Cristina Ardila-Robayo

Eleutherodactylus tayrona Lynch and Ruíz-Carranza, 1985 This species is known from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in the departments of Cesar, Guajira and Magdalena, Colombia, from 1,300-2,700m asl. It is extremely abundant. This is a nocturnal species that can be observed perching on arboreal bromeliads, in which it shelters during the day. Breeding is by direct development, and the eggs are also laid on arboreal bromeliads. The major threats to this species’ habitat are cultivation and fumigation of crops, and the rearing of livestock. Its range includes Parque Nacional Natural Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Cochran, D.M. and Goin, C.J. (1970), Lynch, J.D. and Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. (1985a), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996) Data Providers: Martha Patricia Ramírez Pinilla, Mariela Osorno-Muñoz, Jose Vicente Rueda, Adolfo Amézquita, María Cristina Ardila-Robayo

Eleutherodactylus vanadise La Marca, 1984 This species is known from La Mucuy, Monterey, Monte Zerpa and the Bosque de San Weusebio, in Mérida State, in the Venezuelan Andes, from 1,800-2,600m asl. It is a common species. It lives in bushes and on the ground in cloud forests and secondary forests. Breeding is by direct development. Its habitats are not seriously threatened at present, and much of its range is in protected areas. Some populations are within Parque Nacional Sierra de La Culata and Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada. Bibliography: Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), Frost, D.R. (1985), La Marca, E. (1984), La Marca, E. (1992), La Marca, E. (1997) Data Providers: Enrique La Marca, Juan Elías García-Pérez

Eleutherodactylus vicarius Lynch and Ruíz-Carranza, 1983 This species is known from the departments of Huila, Nariño and Cauca, on the east slope of the highlands of the Cordillera Central, Colombia, from 2,900-3,275m asl. It is common. This nocturnal species occurs on vegetation up to 1.5m above ground, inside the forest as well as next to streams. During the day it can be found under rocks and logs, and it is also found in páramo vegetation. Breeding is by direct development. The major threat to this species is habitat loss, in particular in Nariño Department, caused by logging and agricultural development for crop cultivation (including illegal crops) and rearing of livestock. Other high-altitude, stream-breeding Eleutherodactylus species have undergone declines possibly due to chytridiomycosis, so this might be a potential future threat. The range of the species includes Parque Nacional Natural Puracé. Given the possible threat of chytridiomycosis this species should be monitored carefully. Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997), Lynch, J.D. and Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. (1983), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996) Data Providers: Fernando Castro, Maria Isabel Herrera, John Lynch

Eleutherodactylus viridis Ruíz-Carranza, Lynch and Ardila-Robayo, 1997 This species is known from three localities in the western part of Antioquia Department, on the western and eastern slopes of the Cordillera Occidental, and from one locality in northern Antioquia Department, on the northern face of the Cordillera Occidental, Colombia, between 1,480 and 1,940m asl, It is an uncommon species. It is restricted to very humid forests, and occurs on Araceae vegetation and ferns, up to 1.5m above the ground. Breeding is by direct development. There are no threats to the species’ habitat at present as its known range is wholly within two parks. Three of the localities in which it occurs are within Parque Nacional de Las Orquídeas, and the fourth is in Parque Nacional Natural Paramillo. Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Lynch, J.D. (1998b), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997), Paez, V.P. et al. (2002), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Lynch, J.D. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997) Data Providers: Fernando Castro, Maria Isabel Herrera, John Lynch

Eupsophus roseus (Duméril, Bibron, 11841) This species is known from 38°S to 40°S in Cautín and Valdivia Provinces, Chile, from 50-1,000m asl. It is locally common. This species can be found under logs close to swamps or streams in temperate Nothofagus forest, and it may persist in fairly disturbed areas. Eggs are deposited in small, water-ﬁlled holes on hillsides. The major threat to this species is habitat destruction caused by wood extraction and establishment of pine and eucalyptus plantations. In the northern part of its range it is threatened by forest ﬁres. It occurs in Parque Nacional Tolhuaca and the Monumento Natural Cerro Ñielol. Legislation to protect the Nothofagus forest habitat is needed. Taxonomy: Specimens from Argentina formerly referred to this species belong to Eupsophus calcaratus (E. Lavilla pers. comm.). Bibliography: Formas, J.R. (1995), Núñez, J.J., Zárraga, A.M. and Formas, J.R. (1999), Servicio Agrícola Ganadero (1998), Veloso, A. and Navarro, J. (1988) Data Providers: Alberto Veloso, Herman Núñez, Jose Núñez, Juan Carlos Ortiz

Eupsophus vertebralis Grandison, 1961 This species occurs in the lake region of Chile, approximately from 40°S to 44°S, and from a single locality in Argentina (Puerto Blest, Río Negro Province). Its altitudinal range is from 50-1,000m asl. It is uncommon even in suitable habitats. In Chile it was recorded as recently as November 2002, but there have been no records for Argentina since 1973. This species is found under large logs and rocks near streams in temperate Nothofagus forest. Eggs are deposited in small, water-ﬁlled holes on hillsides. The major threat to this species is habitat destruction caused by wood extraction and establishment of pine and eucalyptus plantations. It occurs in Parque Nacional Tolhuaca and Parque Natural Alerce Costero in Chile. In Argentina, it occurs in Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi. There is a need for improved legislation to protect remaining tracts of Nothogagus forest in the range of this species. Bibliography: Basso, N.G. and Ubeda, C.A. (1999), Formas, J.R. (1989), Formas, J.R. (1991), Formas, J.R. (1992), Formas, J.R. (1993), Formas, J.R. (1994), Formas, J.R. (1995), Lavilla, E.O. et al. (2000), Lavilla, E.O., Barrionuevo, S. and Baldo, D. (2002), Servicio Agrícola Ganadero (1998), Veloso, A. and Navarro, J. (1988) Data Providers: Alberto Veloso, Herman Núñez, Jose Núñez, Juan Carlos Ortiz, Carmen Úbeda

Gastrotheca andaquiensis Ruíz-Carranza and Hernández, 1976 This species occurs on the Amazonian slopes of the Andes in southern Colombia (in Caquetá, Huila, and Putumayo Departments) and in Ecuador south to Zamora Province, at 1,000-2,000m asl. It is a moderately common species. It is arboreal, living on the vegetation next to water sources inside cloud forest. There is a record of an individual observed

in a ﬂat area on a ridge, with a relatively open canopy and many tree falls, but otherwise there is no information on its adaptability to secondary habitats. The eggs are carried in a pouch on the female’s back, where they develop directly without a larval stage. The major threats are deforestation due to smallholder livestock ranching and cultivation of crops (including some illegal crops), logging, and human settlement, and pollution resulting from the spraying of illegal crops. In Ecuador, its geographic range overlaps with the Reserva Ecológica Cayambe-Coca and the Reserva Ecológica Antisana, and Parque Nacional Sumaco Napo-Galeras, Parque Nacional Llanganates, and Parque Nacional Sangay. It is not known from any protected areas in Colombia. Taxonomy: This genus has recently been moved from the family Hylidae (Faivovich et al. 2005). Bibliography: Duellman, W.E. (1989a), Duellman, W.E. and Lynch, J.D. (1988), Duellman, W.E., Maxson, L.R. and Jesiolowski, C.A. (1988), Faivovich, J. et al. (2005), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Hernández-Camacho, J.A. (1976a), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996) Data Providers: Wilmar Bolívar, Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron

Gastrotheca aureomaculata Cochran and Goin, 1970 This species is known from the departments of Cauca and Huila on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Central in south-central Colombia, from 2,000-2,600m asl. This is a common species. It is arboreal, occurring on vegetation alongside streams in Andean forests. It has also been recorded from relatively disturbed areas such as in trees in farmers’ gardens. Its main requirement is dense vegetation. The eggs develop in a pouch on the back of the female and then the larvae are transported to small pools where they develop further. A major threat resulting in destruction of its habitat is the cultivation of illegal crops. Water pollution is also a threat. The range of the species does not include any protected areas. More research into its extent of occurrence is needed, and establishment of a protected area for this species would be advisable. Taxonomy: This genus has recently been moved from the family Hylidae (Faivovich et al. 2005). Bibliography: Cochran, D.M. and Goin, C.J. (1970), Duellman, W.E. (1989a), Faivovich, J. et al. (2005) Data Providers: Fernando Castro, John Lynch

Hemiphractus bubalus (Jiménez de la Espada, 1871) This species occurs in the lower Amazonian slopes of the Andes in Ecuador, Peru and Colombia (Caquetá to Putumayo), from 300-2,000m asl. It is a rare species. Individuals have been found in dense cloud forests where it favours perches, being found on the branches of bushes and small trees (Trueb 1974). At Cordillera del Cutucú, Ecuador, specimens have been collected in very wet forest, where the ground and most trees were covered with moss (Duellman and Lynch 1988); it was also collected at the same habitat type in Peru. It is not present in modiﬁed habitats. This species reproduces by direct development and the eggs are carried in a pouch on the female’s back. It is probably a specialized predator on other frog species that only survives in areas of high frog density. This species is threatened by forest loss due to infrastructure development for human settlements, logging, and agricultural development (including for the cultivation of crops and the rearing of livestock). Although much forest habitat remains within the range of this species, it is very sensitive to slight habitat alteration and the rate of forest loss within the majority of its range (the Ecuadorian portion) is very high. Its geographic range overlaps with the Reserva Ecológica Cayambe-Coca, Parque Nacional Sumaco Napo-Galeras, and Parque Nacional Sangay, in Ecuador. In Peru it is present in the Zona Reservada Santiago-Comaina. Taxonomy: This genus has recently been moved from the family Hylidae (Faivovich et al. 2005). Bibliography: Duellman, W.E. and Lynch, J.D. (1988), Faivovich, J. et al. (2005), Jiménez de la Espada, M. (1871), Reynolds, R. and Icochea, J. (1997), Trueb, L. (1974) Data Providers: Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Diego Cisneros-Heredia, Fernando Castro, Jose Vicente Rueda

Hemiphractus fasciatus Peters, 1862 This species occurs through much of the central and eastern cordilleras of Panama, south through the Paciﬁc slopes of Colombia (in Antioquia and Cauca Departments, and almost certainly more widely) and the northern slopes of the western and central cordilleras, to north-western Ecuador (south to the Guajalito Protection Forest in Pichincha Province). It is known only from a small number of localities within its overall range, from 300-2,000m asl. This is a very rare species. Its habitat is very humid lowland, lower montane and cloud forests; it inhabits primary forest only. By day, individuals have been found in leaf-litter on the forest ﬂoor, whereas by night they favour perches above the ground. It lives only in areas of high frog densities, since it preys on other frogs. Breeding is by direct development; the eggs are carried on the back of the female. The major threats are deforestation due to agricultural development (including cultivation of illegal crops), logging, and human settlement, and pollution resulting from the spraying of illegal crops. It has been recorded from Parque Internacional La Amistad, the Reserva Forestal Fortuna, and Parque Nacional Darién in Panama. In Ecuador, its geographic range overlaps with the Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas. It is not known from any protected areas in Colombia. Taxonomy: This genus has recently been moved from the family Hylidae (Faivovich et al. 2005). Bibliography: Duellman, W.E. (2001), Faivovich, J. et al. (2005), Ibáñez, R. et al. (2000), Peters, W.C.H. (1862), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996), Trueb, L. (1974), Young, B. et al. (1999) Data Providers: Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Karl-Heinz Jungfer, Frank Solís, Roberto Ibáñez, César Jaramillo, Querube Fuenmayor

Lepidobatrachus asper Budgett, 1899 This species is known from the Chaco of Paraguay (in Central, Presidente Hayes, and Alto Paraguay Departments) and northern Argentina (in Chaco, Cordoba, Corrientes, Formosa, Santa Fe, and Santiago del Estero Provinces). In Paraguay it occurs up to 200m asl. It is a common species in Paraguay but is very rare in Argentina, where it was last collected in 1986. Extensive work in an area in Cordoba where it was once recorded has not turned up any recent specimens. It inhabits dry scrubland and semi-arid areas, and breeds in temporary pools and water tanks on cattle farms. In Argentina, it occurs in vegetation near saline lakes. During the dry season individuals burrow underground and wait for rains before emerging again. The breeding season is short and larval development is rapid. This species can be threatened by ﬁres, and potentially also by over-grazing by livestock. Its range includes Parque Nacional Defensores del Chaco in Paraguay, although it is not known from any protected areas in Argentina. Bibliography: Aquino, A.L., Scott, N.J. and Motte, M. (1996), Di Tada, I.E. et al. (1996) Data Providers: Lucy Aquino, Ismael di Tada, Julian Faivovich

Leptodactylus laticeps Boulenger, 1918 This species occurs in the Gran Chaco of Paraguay, Bolivia and Argentina, from 0-300m asl. It is common in parts of Paraguay and Bolivia but is rare in Argentina due to over-harvesting for the international pet trade. It is a terrestrial species of open habitats that breeds in temporary ponds. It probably does not adapt well to anthropogenic disturbance. Over-harvesting for the international pet trade is a major threat. It is collected in Paraguay and Argentina, and each adult is worth $300-$600. It does occur in several protected areas, but monitoring of its population status is needed, and there is a need to ensure that harvesting of this species from the wild is managed in a sustainable manner. Bibliography: Alvarez, B.B. et al. (2002), Alvarez, B.B. et al. (2003), Aquino, A.L., Scott, N.J. and Motte, M. (1996), De la Riva, I. et al. (2000), Frost, D.R. (1985), Köhler, J. (2000a) Data Providers: Claudia Cortez, Steffen Reichle, Lucy Aquino, Ismael di Tada

Near Threatened Amphibian Species

Phyllonastes lochites (Lynch, 1976) This species is known from moderate altitudes on the Amazonian slopes of the Andes from the Cordillera del Cóndor in Peru, and the Cordillera de Cutucú in Ecuador (in Pastaza, Zamora Chinchipe, and Morona Santiago Provinces). It has an altitudinal rage of 900-1,700m asl. It was recently recorded from the Alfonso Ugarte military post in Amazonas Department, Cordillera del Cóndor, Peru, at 1,138m asl. It is rarely encountered, possibly due to its secretive habits. The holotype was collected during the day in leaf-litter in cloud forest (Lynch 1976d), and it also occurs in old growth and secondary forest. Reproduction occurs via direct development. Its range in the Cordillera del Cóndor is not signiﬁcantly threatened since people are averse to entering the area due to the land mines left during the Ecuador-Peru border war in 1995. Its geographic range overlaps Parque Nacional Sangay in Ecuador. Bibliography: Almendariz, A. (1997), Lynch, J.D. (1976d) Data Providers: Diego Cisneros-Heredia, Ana Almandáriz, Jorge Luis Martinez, Daniel Neira

Pleurodema bibroni Tschudi, 1838

FOUR-EYED FROG

This species is known from Uruguay (in the departments of Canelones, Florida, Lavalleja, Maldonado, Montevideo, Rocha, San José and Treinta y Tres, Artigas, Durazno, and Río Negro) and from Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), from 0-1,100m asl. This species is rare and occurs in widely scattered populations. It is probably extinct in Montevideo Department because of habitat destruction. It occurs in coastal sand plains, open savannahs, rocky outcrops, grasslands and open montane habitats, and probably does not tolerate habitat disturbance. Breeding takes place in temporary pools. The main threat is habitat destruction due to encroaching cultivation of crops, establishment of pine plantations, and encroaching human settlements. It occurs in Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula. Taxonomy: This form is probably a complex of more than one species. It was long confused with Pleurodema thaul, until the work of Donoso-Barros (1969). Bibliography: Braun, C.A.S. (1973), Braun, P.C. and Braun, C.A.S. (1980), Klappenbach, M.A. and Langone, J.A. (1992), Langone, J.A. (1994), Lavilla, E.O. et al. (2000), Maneyro, R. and Langone, J.A. (2001) Data Providers: Débora Silvano, Esteban Lavilla, Paulo Garcia, Jose Langone

623

present in the muddy bottoms of streams. There is no information on its breeding biology, though it presumably takes place by larval development in streams. It is affected by ongoing habitat loss and degradation, as a result of logging and agricultural expansion. It is also threatened by water pollution and aquaculture. Despite these threats its populations appear to be currently stable. However, chytridiomycosis is a potential future threat that could cause serious declines, but this has not yet been conﬁrmed in this species. It occurs in Parque Nacional y Área Natural de Manejo Integrado Cotapata, and Área Natural de Manejo Integrado Nacional Apolobamba. Given the possible threat of chytridiomycosis, this species should be monitored closely. Taxonomy: This species was formerly considered to be a synonym of Telmatobius marmoratus (Vellard 1970). It was resurrected as a full species by De la Riva et al. (2000). T. ifornoi is included as a synonym of this species, following De la Riva (2004). Bibliography: De la Riva, I. (2004), De la Riva, I. et al. (2000), Lavilla, E. and Ergueta, P. (1995), Lavilla, E. and Ergueta, P. (1999), Vellard, J. (1970) Data Providers: Claudia Cortez, Steffen Reichle, Ignacio De la Riva, Jörn Köhler

Telmatobius jelskii (Peters, 1873) This species is known from much of the central Andes in Peru (from the departaments of Ayacucho, Huancavelica and Junín), from 2,700-4,500m asl. It was previously common, but has undergone declines. It is a semi-aquatic riparian frog, and may be found in muddy beds of streams among shrublands and grasslands. It has been found in ditches on arable land. Breeding takes place in streams. This species is locally affected by harvesting for both food and traditional medicine, and by water pollution (from agrochemicals and domestic waste). Telmatobius populations living at high altitudes might be particularly prone to becoming infected with chytridiomycosis, although this disease has yet to be reported from this species. It might be present in the Reserva Chacamarca although this requires conﬁrmation. There is a need to regulate its harvesting and to reduce the local water pollution. Given the possible threat of chytridiomycosis this species should be monitored closely. Bibliography: Rodríguez, L.O., Cordova, J.H. and Icochea, J. (1993), Sinsch, U. (1986), Sinsch, U. (1990), Sinsch, U., Salas, A.W. and Canales, V. (1995) Data Providers: Javier Icochea, Ulrich Sinsch, Edgar Lehr

Pleurodema kriegi (Müller, 1926)

Telmatobius simonsi Parker, 1940

This species is endemic to the Pampa de Achala, Cordoba Province, Argentina, from 1,800-2,600m asl. It is abundant within its small range, although it is seen only during the breeding season. It occurs in montane grasslands and associated rocky outcrops. Adults live under rocks or in abandoned rodent holes outside the breeding season. It reproduces explosively during the ﬁrst rains in November and December. Pairs spin a gelatinous nest attached to vegetation in temporary pools, or sometimes in backwater pools of streams. Signiﬁcant threats to this species have previously included extensive cattle ranching and the associated alteration of water sources. However, the recent declaration of protected areas within its range means that the future of this species now looks much more secure. It occurs in Parque Nacional Quebrada del Condorito and the Reserva Hídrica Provincial de Pampa de Achala.

This species is endemic to the Bolivian Andes, where it has been recorded from the departments of Chuquisaca, Cochabamba and Santa Cruz (Köhler 2000a), from 1,000-2,800m asl. It is locally common, although it is apparently in decline. It is an aquatic species, occurring in both open and forest habitats, in inter-Andean valleys. It can be found at night by the sides of roads, in waterways or trenches, or in ponds and small streams (Köhler 2000a). There is no information on its breeding biology, though it presumably takes place by larval development in water. It is probably declining because of water pollution, and habitat loss and degradation due to agricultural development, logging, and livestock grazing. Telmatobius populations living at higher altitudes might be particularly prone to becoming infected with chytridiomycosis, so this disease might be a potential threat for this species in the future. It occurs in Parque Nacional El Palmar and Parque Nacional Amboró. Given the possible threat of chytridiomycosis there is a need for close monitoring of the population status of this species.

Bibliography: Di Tada, I.E. et al. (1996), Lavilla, E.O. et al. (2000), Lavilla, E.O. and Cei, J.M. (2001) Data Providers: Esteban Lavilla, Ismael di Tada

Proceratophrys bigibbosa (Peters, 1872) This species is known from the Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and central districts of Misiones Province, Argentina, from 300-1,200m asl. It has never been recorded as being abundant, and one population in Sao Francisco de Paula has disappeared. It inhabits Araucaria forests in mountainous regions, and breeds in small streams. Outside the breeding season it occurs in leaf-litter. The eggs may be deposited under stones on streambeds. A major threat to this species is habitat loss due to deforestation, for smallholder livestock ranching, and the establishment of pine plantations. It is also threatened by pollution of soil and water due to agricultural practices and industrial pollution with organic wastes. This species’ range overlaps with several protected areas. Taxonomy: Proceratophrys palustris is similar to this species. Bibliography: Kwet, A. and Di-Bernardo, M. (1999), Kwet, A. and Faivovich, J. (2001), Lavilla, E.O. et al. (2000), Lavilla, E.O. and Cei, J.M. (2001) Data Providers: Débora Silvano, Axel Kwet, Paulo Garcia, Julian Faivovich

Rupirana cardosoi Heyer, 1999 This species is restricted to the region of Chapada Diamantina, in the northern part of the Espinhaço Range in the state of Bahia, eastern Brazil, at around 1,200m asl. This species is common within its small range. It lives on the banks of small streams with white sand and rocks, in high-altitude grassy vegetation, and breeds in temporary streams and ponds. The major threats are habitat loss due to expanding cultivation of crops and livestock grazing, and ﬁre. It occurs in Parque Nacional Chapada da Diamantina. Bibliography: Heyer, W.R. (1999) Data Providers: Flora Junca, Débora Silvano

Stefania satelles Señaris, Ayarzaguena and Gorzula, 1997 “1996” This species is known from Aprada tepui (tepuis are Venezuelan ﬂat top mountains) at 2,500m asl, and from Angasima tepui (Adanta) and Upuigma tepui (El Castillo), from between 2,000 and 2,100m asl. The mountain chains of Angasima tepui and Upuigma tepui are not physically connected, and lie about eight to 10km apart. Aprada tepui is likewise separated from the Chimantá massif, and lies about 20km to the north-east of it. This species therefore has a disjunct distribution. It is common on these summits. This is a nocturnal frog found on open, rocky surfaces, and in crevices and depressions close to watercourses. It carries its eggs and juveniles on its back, and breeds by direct development. There are no known threats to the species’ habitat at present. This species occurs within Parque Nacional Canaima. In addition, Venezuelan ﬂat top mountains (tepuis) are protected by law, so all the species occurring on them are protected. Taxonomy: This genus has recently been moved from the family Hylidae (Faivovich et al. 2005). Some specimens of this species resemble Stefania ginesi, but in these cases their general aspect is that of a somewhat slimmer and slightly smaller frog. Specimens from Terekeyuren (Murisipan) tepui and Kamarkawarai tepui, from the Los Testigos massif, closely resemble S. satelles, but were not assigned to this species pending further specimens becoming available. Bibliography: Barrio, C. (1998), Duellman, W.E. and Hoogmoed, M.S. (1984), Faivovich, J. et al. (2005), La Marca, E. (1997), MacCulloch, R.D. and Lathrop, A. (2002), Señaris, J.C., Ayarsagüena, J. and Gorzula, S. (1997) Data Providers: Celsa Señaris, Enrique La Marca

Telmatobius bolivianus Parker, 1940 This species is known only from the Yungas forests of La Paz Department, Bolivia, from 2,000-3,000m asl. Telmatobius ifornoi, known only from Chuspipata, in Nor Yungas Province, La Paz Department, at 3,050m asl, is now considered to be a synonym (Lavilla and Ergueta 1999). This is the most common and widespread Telmatobius species in Bolivia. It is an aquatic species that occurs in fast-ﬂowing rivers and streams in cloud forests and Yungas forest. It is often

Taxonomy: Populations from the La Siberia area, previously considered to belong to Telmatobius simonsi, have recently been described as T. sibiricus (De la Riva and Harvey 2003). Bibliography: De la Riva, I. and Harvey, M.B. (2003), Köhler, J. (2000a), Parker, H.W. (1940) Data Providers: Claudia Cortez, Steffen Reichle, Ignacio De la Riva, Jörn Köhler

Thoropa saxatilis Cocroft and Heyer, 1988 This species occurs in the southernmost part of the Atlantic forest in the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, from 300-1,000m asl. It is rarely collected, although it was found in 2001, and it appears to have disappeared from some localities. This species lives in forested areas on rocky cliffs; eggs are deposited under waterfalls on rocks. Some populations of this species have been affected by changes in watercourses, and by sedimentation caused by road construction, as well as by general forest loss. However, these factors do not fully account for the recorded declines. Like amphibians in some other parts of the wet tropics, it appears to have disappeared from areas of apparently suitable habitat, and chytridiomycosis cannot be ruled out as a threat, even though this disease has not yet been conﬁrmed from Brazil. This species occurs in Parque Nacional da Serra Geral and Parque Nacional de Aparados da Serra. Given the possible threat of chytridiomycosis, there is a need for close monitoring of the population status of this species. Bibliography: Cocroft, R.B. and Heyer, W.R. (1988), Garcia, P.C.A. and Vinciprova, G. (1998) Data Providers: Paulo Garcia

LIMNODYNASTIDAE Adelotus brevis (Günther, 1863)

TUSKED FROG

This Australian endemic has a disjunctive distribution, occurring in the Clarke Range (mid-eastern Queensland), then from Shoalwater Bay (mid-eastern Queensland) south along the coast to Moss Vale (mid-eastern New South Wales), and inland to Blackdown Tableland and Carnarvon Gorge. It was formerly common across a broad altitudinal range but at present it is common only at altitudes of less than 400m asl. There is no information on the status of inland populations of this species. Elswhere, it is now absent from some areas of apparently suitable habitat. For example, it has not been recorded along the Great Dividing Range in recent surveys. Upland populations in northern New South Wales have also declined, and the species is listed as threatened in the region. There is no published information on its overall population size, structure, genetics or dynamics. This species is found in wet forest and dry forest environs usually along streams, but also around dams. See Katsikaros and Shine (1997) for studies on diet, habitat use, mating systems and sexual dimorphism. Breeding takes place in streams and ponds. Unpigmented eggs are laid in a foam nest hidden from the light, and development is usually complete within 71 days. The major threat to this species is loss and degradation of its habitat through agricultural and urban development. Other signiﬁcant threats are the introduced predatory ﬁsh Gambusia holbrooki, and the spread of weeds. Dead frogs that have suffered from chytridiomycosis have been found in south-eastern Queensland and north-eastern New South Wales. The range of the species includes several protected areas. Research into the spread of chytrid fungus and education on methods of minimizing and preventing its spread is also needed as a conservation measure. Bibliography: Barker, J., Grigg, G. and Tyler, M. (1995), Czechura, G.V. (1986b), Hines, H., Mahony, M. and McDonald, K. (1999), Katsikaros, K. and Shine, R. (1997), Martin, A.A. (1967) Data Providers: Harry Hines, Ed Meyer, Jean-Marc Hero, David Newell, John Clarke

624

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Mantidactylus blanci (Guibé, 1974)

MANTELLIDAE Boophis majori (Boulenger, 1896) This species occurs in eastern Madagascar from Ambohimitombo south to Andringitra, from 900-1,500m asl. Records from elsewhere require conﬁrmation, and probably refer to other species. It is locally common where found. This is a rainforest species that is not found in secondary habitats. It is most often seen at night along streams in which it probably breeds. The major threat to this species is rapid loss and degradation of its forest habitat due to subsistence agriculture, timber extraction, charcoal manufacture, invasive spread of eucalyptus, livestock grazing and expanding human settlements. It occurs in Parc National d’Andringitra and Parc National de Ranomafana. Taxonomy: The taxonomy of this species was revised by Glaw et al. (2001). Bibliography: Blommers-Schlösser, R.M.A. (1979b), Blommers-Schlösser, R.M.A. and Blanc, C.P. (1991), Glaw, F. et al.. (2001), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1994) Data Providers: Ronald Nussbaum, Frank Glaw, Miguel Vences

Boophis occidentalis Glaw and Vences, 1994 This species has been recorded from four widely separated localities in western and north-western Madagascar: Isalo; Bemaraha; Sahamalaza, and outside the Réserve Spéciale de Kalambatritra. It occurs from close to sea level up to 800m asl. There is little information on the population status of this species, but it can be locally abundant. It lives in dry and transitional forest, and has been found in severely degraded habitats with planted trees along streams in a village, although it probably cannot survive in completely open habitats. It is an explosive breeder in streams. The major threat to this species is rapid habitat loss and degradation due to subsistence agriculture, timber extraction, charcoal manufacture, livestock grazing, ﬁres and expanding human settlements. It is probably also affected by pollution of its breeding streams. It occurs in Parc National de Isalo and is likely to occur in the Réserve Spéciale de Kalambatritra, although it has not yet been found there. It also occurs in one planned protected area (Sahamalaza). Taxonomy: This species was previously considered to be a subspecies of Boophis albilabris, but it was raised to full speciﬁc rank by Andreone et al. (2002). The north-western population could perhaps belong to an undescribed species (M. Vences pers. comm.). Bibliography: Andreone, F. (1993), Andreone, F. et al. (2002), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1994) Data Providers: Frank Glaw, Miguel Vences, John Cadle

Boophis rhodoscelis (Boulenger, 1882)

This species occurs in the Ranomafana area, south through the Andringitra Mountains to the Chaines Anosyennes, in south-eastern Madagascar. It has been recorded at 800-1,500m asl, and possibly also occurs lower than this. It is a locally abundant species. It is a terrestrial species of rainforest that is not tied to water, and also occurs in somewhat degraded habitats. Breeding presumably takes place by direct development. Its forest habitat is receding due to subsistence agriculture, timber extraction, charcoal manufacture, the invasive spread of eucalyptus, livestock grazing and expanding human settlements. It occurs in Parc National de Ranomafana and Parc National d’Andringitra. Taxonomy: This species was removed from the synonymy of Mantidactylus decaryi by Glaw and Vences (2000). Bibliography: Blommers-Schlösser, R.M.A. and Blanc, C.P. (1991), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (2000), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (2002a) Data Providers: Miguel Vences, Frank Glaw

Mantidactylus decaryi (Angel, 1930) This species is known from many localities in south-eastern Madagascar from Ranomafana south to Midongy-du-Sud, from 700-1,050m asl. It is a locally common species. It inhabits primary and secondary rainforest, and is sometimes found in quite disturbed habitats. Breeding takes place by direct development, and away from water. This species is threatened by the loss and degradation of its forest habitat due to subsistence agriculture, timber extraction, charcoal manufacture, invasive spread of eucalyptus, livestock grazing and expanding human settlements. It occurs in Parc National de Ranomafana, the Réserve Spéciale du Pic Ivohibe, and Parc National de Midongy-du-Sud. Taxonomy: This species can be confused with Mantidactylus boulengeri and M. leucomaculatus (F. Andreone pers. comm.). Mantidactylus blanci was recently removed from the synonymy of M. decaryi by Glaw and Vences (2000). Bibliography: Blommers-Schlösser, R.M.A. and Blanc, C.P. (1991), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1994), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (2000), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (2002a) Data Providers: Frank Glaw, John Cadle

Mantidactylus leucocephalus (Angel, 1930) This species occurs in south-eastern Madagascar, from Mindongy-du-Sud south to Fort Dauphin, from near sea level up to 900m asl. It is very abundant. This adaptable species does require some tree cover, and lives in leaf-litter in rainforest, degraded habitats, and eucalyptus plantations. It is independent of water and is presumed to breed by direct development. This species is threatened by the loss and degradation of its forest habitat due to subsistence agriculture, timber extraction, charcoal manufacture, livestock grazing and expanding human settlements. It occurs in Parc National d’Andohahela and Parc National de Midongy-du-Sud.

This species occurs only in east-central Madagascar. Although there has been some confusion in identifying this species, studies of type specimens show that it clearly represents a valid, distinct species that seems to be restricted to highland areas from 900-1,500m asl. It is a rare species, known from only a few localities. It lives in rainforest, and also in open grassland close to forest fragments. Breeding presumably takes place in streams and brooks. This species is threatened by the loss and degradation of its forest habitat due to subsistence agriculture, timber extraction, charcoal manufacture, invasive spread of eucalyptus, livestock grazing, ﬁres and expanding human settlements. It occurs in Parc National de Ranomafana, and probably in several other protected areas, including those near Andasibe.

Taxonomy: This species was previously considered to be part of Mantidactylus boulengeri (Glaw and Vences 2002a). Bibliography: Andreone, F. and Randriamahazo, H. (1997), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (2002a) Data Providers: Christopher Raxworthy, Franco Andreone

Bibliography: Blommers-Schlösser, R.M.A. (1979b), Blommers-Schlösser, R.M.A. and Blanc, C.P. (1991), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1994), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1997), Raxworthy, C.J. and Nussbaum, R.A. (1996b), Vallan, D. (2000b) Data Providers: Franco Andreone, Miguel Vences, Denis Vallan

This species occurs in northern Madagascar from Marojejy south to Ambatovaky, and from the islands of Nosy Boraha (Ile St Marie) and Nosy Mangabe. It has been recorded from sea level up to 700m asl. It is locally abundant, but very rare in some places. This species is found only in undisturbed rainforest, where it lives independently of water, and probably breeds by direct development. It is threatened by the loss and degradation of its forest habitat due to subsistence agriculture, timber extraction, charcoal manufacture, invasive spread of eucalyptus, livestock grazing and expanding human settlements. It occurs in Parc National de Marojejy and Parc National de Masoala, the Réserve Spéciale de Nosy Mangabe and the Réserve Spéciale d’Ambatovaky, and the Réserve de Biosphère de Mananara-Nord.

Boophis ruﬁoculis Glaw and Vences, 1997 “1996” This species occurs in the central part of the eastern rainforest belt of Madagascar, from Mantadia south to Antoetra, from 900-1,200m asl. It is locally common. This species is found only in pristine rainforest, and probably breeds in small brooks and streams. Its forest habitat is receding due to subsistence agriculture, timber extraction, charcoal manufacture, invasive spread of eucalyptus, livestock grazing and expanding human settlements. It occurs in Parc National de Mantadia. Bibliography: Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1997), Vallan, D. (2002), Vallan, D. et al. (2004) Data Providers: Frank Glaw, Denis Vallan

Mantella laevigata Methuen and Hewitt, 1913

Mantidactylus leucomaculatus (Guibé, 1975)

Taxonomy: This species was considered to be Boophis maculatus by Blommers-Schlosser and Blanc (1991). Bibliography: Andreone, F. et al. (2003a), Andreone, F. and Randriamahazo, H. (1997), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1992a), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1992c), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1994), Guibé, J. (1975), Guibé, J. (1978), Raselimanana, A.P., Raxworthy, C.J. and Nussbaum, R.A. (2000) Data Providers: Franco Andreone, Christopher Raxworthy

Mantidactylus plicifer (Boulenger, 1882) CLIMBING MANTELLA

This species is relatively widely distributed in north-eastern Madagascar, from Marojejy south to Folohy (where its habitat has been degraded), and occurs from 0-600m asl. It is known from more than ﬁve localities and probably occurs at more sites than are currently known. It is locally abundant. This is a rainforest species, which is often particularly abundant in bamboo forest and other types of forest with abundant tree holes (in which it breeds). It is primarily terrestrial but also climbs on low vegetation. Its forest habitat is receding due to subsistence agriculture, timber extraction, charcoal manufacture, invasive spread of eucalyptus, livestock grazing and expanding human settlements. It is traded in low numbers for the international pet trade, but not at a level that is likely to constitute a threat. This species occurs in several protected areas, and is also maintained and bred in several facilities outside Madagascar. CITES Appendix II. Bibliography: Andreone, F. et al. (2000), Blommers-Schlösser, R.M.A. and Blanc, C.P. (1991), Busse, K. (1980), Daly, J.W. et al. (1996), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1992b), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1994), Glaw, F., Vences, M. and Schmidt, K. (2000), Guibé, J. (1978), Heying, H. (2001), Oetter, K., Wanke, S. and Vences, M. (2001), Raselimanana, A.P., Raxworthy, C.J. and Nussbaum, R.A. (2000), Staniszewski, M. (2001), Vences, M. et al. (1998), Vences, M., Glaw, F. and Böhme, W. (1999) Data Providers: Franco Andreone, Frank Glaw

Mantidactylus bertini (Guibé, 1947) This species has a relatively broad distribution in south-eastern Madagascar from Ranomafana south to Andohahela, and occurs from 500-1,300m asl. It is a rather rare species. It lives in crevices among boulders and rocky areas, usually close to ﬂowing waters. This species is found in pristine forest, and does not survive in secondary or degraded areas. The details of its breeding biology are unknown, though breeding possibly takes place in water ﬂowing among rocks. This species is threatened by the loss and degradation of its forest habitat due to subsistence agriculture, timber extraction, charcoal manufacture, invasive spread of eucalyptus, livestock grazing and expanding human settlements. It occurs in Parc National de Ranomafana, Parc National d’Andringitra and Parc National d’Andohahela, and in the Réserve Spéciale du Pic d’Ivohibe. Bibliography: Andreone, F. and Randriamahazo, H. (1997), Blommers-Schlösser, R.M.A. and Blanc, C.P. (1991), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1994), Nussbaum, R.A. et al. (1999), Raxworthy, C.J. and Nussbaum, R.A. (1996a) Data Providers: Ronald Nussbaum, John Cadle, Franco Andreone

This species has been recorded from two localities at 400-900m asl in south-eastern Madagascar: Ranomafana, and Chaines Anosyennes. It is suspected to occur more widely, in particular between these two known sites. It is a moderately common species, but is less common than the closely related Mantidactylus luteus. This is a species of pristine rainforest only. It is not tied to water, so presumably breeds by direct development. It is threatened by the loss and degradation of its forest habitat due to subsistence agriculture, timber extraction, charcoal manufacture, invasive spread of eucalyptus, livestock grazing and expanding human settlements. It occurs in Parc National de Ranomafana, and perhaps in Parc National d’Andohahela. Taxonomy: This species is similar to Mantidactylus luteus, and some specimens and populations might be confused between these two species. It was recently revised by Vences and Glaw (2001). Bibliography: Andreone, F. et al. (2003a), Blommers-Schlösser, R.M.A. and Blanc, C.P. (1991), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1994), Vences, M. and Glaw, F. (2001) Data Providers: Frank Glaw, Miguel Vences

Mantidactylus spiniferus Blommers-Schlösser and Blanc, 1991 This species is known only from south-eastern Madagascar, from Andringitra south to Andohahela, where it ranges from 600-1,000m asl. Records from north-eastern Madagascar are erroneous. It is a rare species with a patchy distribution. This is a species of pristine rainforest only, which does not live in altered habitats. It is found on the forest ﬂoor, and is particularly associated with bamboo. Breeding is presumed to be by direct development. It is threatened by the loss and degradation of its forest habitat due to subsistence agriculture, timber extraction, charcoal manufacture, invasive spread of eucalyptus, livestock grazing and expanding human settlements. It occurs in the Réserve Spéciale de Kalambatritra, Parc National d’Andohahela, and Parc National d’Andringitra. Bibliography: Blommers-Schlösser, R.M.A. and Blanc, C.P. (1991), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1994), Nussbaum, R.A. et al. (1999), Vences, M. and Glaw, F. (2001) Data Providers: Christopher Raxworthy, Miguel Vences

MEGOPHRYIDAE Leptolalax dringi Dubois, 1987 This Bornean endemic has been found at many sites in Sabah, and in adjacent parts of Sarawak and Kalimantan, from 200-1,500m asl. There are no estimates of subpopulation status, but it is not rare at sites where it has been found. It

Near Threatened Amphibian Species

lives in closed-canopy forests, and breeding occurs in small, clear, rocky streams. The main threat to this species is clearance of its forest habitat. It is found in several large parks in Sabah, Sarawak and east Kalimantan. Bibliography: Dubois, A. (1987), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Inger, R.F., Stuebing, R.B. and Tan, F.-L. (1995), Malkmus, R. et al. (2002), Matsui, M. (1997) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun

Leptolalax gracilis (Günther, 1872) This species has been recorded mainly from Borneo, where there are records from Sarawak (Malaysia), Kalimantan (Indonesia) and Brunei Darussalam. In peninsular Malaysia, records from two mountain peaks (Gunung Tahan and Gunung Benom) have been assigned to this species (Grandison 1972; Berry 1975). In Peninsular Thailand there are records from Thong Pha Phum Forest, in Kanchanaburi Province, but these require verification. It probably occurs more widely on Borneo than current records suggest. It has an altitudinal range of 150 to above 1,500m asl. In Borneo it appears to be abundant at some sites in some years and much less common in others, while in Peninsular Malaysia it appears to be an uncommon species. It is confined to primary and old secondary rainforests. Adults and juveniles live in the floor litter and in the herb and shrub strata. Breeding occurs in streams with clear water and sandy to rocky bottoms. Larvae live amid the rocks on the bottom of the watercourse. Deforestation is the principal threat to this species, while siltation of streams following deforestation is a threat to the larval habitat. In mainland Southeast Asia one population is securely protected in Taman Negara National Park, and this species is also found in at least three protected areas in Borneo. Taxonomy: Dubois (1983) suggested that the Peninsular Malaysian populations might be taxonomically distinct from Bornean Leptolalax gracilis. Bibliography: Berry, P.Y. (1975), Dubois, A. (1983), Grandison, A.C.G. (1972a), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997) Data Providers: Peter Paul van Dijk, Robert Inger, Jeet Sukumaran, Yodchaiy Chuaynkern

Leptolalax maurus Inger, Lakim, Biun and Yambun, 1997 This species is currently known only from Gunung Kinabalu, Borneo, at 1,850m asl. There is no information on its population status. All known specimens were found on the ground in montane forest (oak-chestnut); breeding presumably takes place in streams. There are currently no major threats to this species. It is found in Gunung Kinabalu National Park. Bibliography: Inger, R.F et al. (1997), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Malkmus, R. (2000), Malkmus, R. et al. (2002) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun

Megophrys kobayashii Matsui and Malkmus, 1997

KOBAYASHI’S HORNED FROG

This species is restricted to Gunung Kinabalu National Park, the Crocker Range, and Mount Trus Madi, Borneo, from 1,300-1,600m asl. It is recorded infrequently. It is a terrestrial species of montane forests, and breeding takes place in small forest streams. There are currently no major threats to this species. All known populations are within protected areas. Bibliography: Malkmus, R. et al. (2002), Malkmus, R. and Matsui, M. (1997) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun

Bibliography: Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Malkmus, R. et al. (2002) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun

Xenophrys dringi Inger, Stuebing and Tan, 1995

DRING’S HORNED FROG

This species is known only from Gunung Mulu National Park, Borneo, at 1,800m asl, and has not been found in Kinabalu National Park despite intensive sampling there, so its range appears to be genuinely restricted. There is very little information on population status. The only known specimens were found along a small, clear, rocky stream in montane forest. Larvae presumably develop in slow-ﬂowing parts of these streams. There are no major threats to this species since its habitat is well protected. Continued protection of Gunung Mulu National Park is required to ensure the long-term conservation of this species. Bibliography: Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Inger, R.F., Stuebing, R.B. and Tan, F.-L. (1995) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun

Xenophrys longipes (Boulenger, 1886) This species is only known from the mountain ranges of southern Peninsular Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia, from 300-1,000m asl. Records from Cambodia remain unconfirmed. It probably occurs more widely than current records suggest. This is an uncommon species even in prime habitat. It inhabits undisturbed evergreen rainforest and montane moss forest. Larvae live in small, clear, swift-flowing streams. Some subpopulations might be threatened by local forest clearance, although overall its montane forest habitat is reasonably secure. It occurs in a number of protected areas in Thailand, including the Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, but stronger protection of its habitat in Peninsular Malaysia is required. Taxonomy: Records of Xenophrys longipes from northern Viet Nam (Tran et al. 1992) are provisionally placed under Megophrys lateralis; while these animals might represent a taxon distinct from M. lateralis, they are unlikely to be conspecific with X. longipes from Peninsular Malaysia. Bibliography: Berry, P.Y. (1975), Chan-ard, T. et al. (1999), Inger, R.F., Orlov, N. and Darevsky, I.S. (1999), Leong, T.M. (2001a), Leong, T.M. and Chou, L.M. (1998), Leong, T.M. and Lim, K.K.P. (2003), OEPP - Office of Environmental Planning and Policy [of Thailand] (1997), Orlov, N.L. et al. (2000), Taylor, E.H. (1962), Tran, K. et al. (1992) Data Providers: Yodchaiy Chuaynkern, Norsham Yaakob, Jeet Sukumaran, Leong Tzi Ming

Xenophrys mangshanensis (Fei and Ye, 1991)

MANGSHAN HORNED TOAD

This species is known from southern Hunan and northern Gaungdong Provinces in China, from 380 to over 1,000m asl. It is a very rare species. It inhabits forests and streams (in which it breeds). The major threats to this species are habitat destruction and degradation, arising from smallholder agriculture and dam construction. It is recorded from at least one protected area, Mangshan National Nature Reserve. Bibliography: Fei, L. et al. (1999), Fei, L., Ye, C.Y. and Huang Y. Z. (1990), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996) Data Providers: Michael Wai Neng Lau, Bosco Chan

Xenophrys omeimontis (Liu, 1950)

Oreolalax lichuanensis Hu and Fei, 1979 This species is known from Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, Guizhou and Chongqing Provinces in central China, from 1,7902,300m asl. It is uncommon. It occurs in forest and shrubland habitat, and breeding takes place in small, shallowgradient streams. The major threats to this species are very rapid habitat destruction and degradation, through logging in particular. Its range overlaps several protected areas. Bibliography: Fei, L. et al. (1999), Liu, C.-C., Hu, S.-Q. and Fei, L. (1979), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996) Data Providers: Fei Liang, Ye Changyuan

Oreolalax rugosus (Liu, 1943) This species is known from southern Sichuan and northern Yunnan Provinces, China, from 1,800-3,300m asl. It appears to have a small population. It inhabits riparian habitats, and breeds in small- to medium-sized hill streams. The major threats to this species are habitat destruction and degradation due to clear-felling and agricultural expansion. The range of this species overlaps with several protected areas. Bibliography: Fei, L. et al. (1999), Liu, C.C. (1943), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), The Comprehensive Scientiﬁc Expedition to the QinghaiXizang Plateau (1997), Ye, C.-Y, Fei, L. and Hu, S.Q. (1993) Data Providers: Fei Liang, Wu Guanfu

Oreolalax schmidti (Liu, 1947) This species is endemic to central Sichuan Province in China, and occurs from 1,700-2,520m asl. It is known from only seven or eight locations and its population appears to be small. It occurs in shrublands and coniferous forest, and breeding takes place in small streams and marshes. Habitat destruction and degradation are possible threats to this species. Its range overlaps several protected areas. Bibliography: Fei, L. et al. (1999), Inger, R.F. et al. (1990), Liu, C.C. (1947), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), The Comprehensive Scientiﬁc Expedition to the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau (1997) Data Providers: Xie Feng, Wu Guanfu

Vibrissaphora ailaonica Yang, Chen and Ma, 1983 This species is restricted to Ailaoshan and Wuliangshan in central Yunnan Province, China, from 800-2,600m asl. It is rare and difficult to find. It inhabits evergreen broadleaf forests and breeds in slow-flowing streams. Its habitat is well protected, and it is not facing any known threats. The entire known range of this species is within Ailaoshan and Wuliangshan National Nature Reserves. Bibliography: MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), Yang, D.-T. (1991b), Yang, D.-T. et al. (1983), Ye, C.-Y, Fei, L. and Hu, S.Q. (1993) Data Providers: Yang Datong, Lu Shunqing

Xenophrys baluensis (Boulenger, 1899)

625

KINABALU HORNED FROG

This species is known from Gunung Kinabalu and the Crocker Range on Borneo, in Sabah (Malaysia), from 1,200-1,900m asl. There are no estimates of the status of its subpopulations but it does not appear to be abundant. It is restricted to montane forests, where adults and juveniles have been found in leaf-litter on the forest ﬂoor. Breeding is thought to take place in slow-ﬂowing regions of clear, rocky streams. There are no major threats to this species. The two protected areas in which it is found, namely Gunung Kinabalu and Tama Negara National Parks, are well protected.

OMEI HORNED TOAD

This species is known from six locations in southern Sichuan, China, from 700-1,500m asl. Records tentatively referred to this species were reported from Fan Si Pan Mountain, Lao Cai Province, northern Viet Nam, at 1,400-1,900m asl, by Orlov et al. (2000), but the identity of these records has not yet been conﬁrmed. This is a common species. It inhabits hill streams and forests, and breeding takes place in streams. The habitat of this species is threatened by smallholder farming activities and tourism. Part of the range of this species falls within protected areas in China. The one location in Viet Nam from which it has been tentatively recorded is within Hoang Lien Son National Park. Bibliography: Fei, L. et al. (1999), Inger, R.F. et al. (1990), Liu, C.C. (1950), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), Orlov, N.L. et al. (2000), Ye, C.-Y, Fei, L. and Hu, S.Q. (1993) Data Providers: Fei Liang, Wu Guanfu, Peter Paul van Dijk, Annemarie Ohler

MICROHYLIDAE Cophixalus bombiens Zweifel, 1985

BUZZING FROG

This Australian endemic is known from Windsor Tableland, Thornton Peak, Shiptons Flat, Mount Boolbun South and Cape Tribulation, in northern Queensland, Australia, from 900-1,300m asl. It occurs at high densities. It inhabits moist vine forest, and calls from sticks, logs and low vegetation, and from under leaves on the forest ﬂoor. It appears to have persisted in areas selectively logged within the past 15 years. Breeding is believed to take place by direct development. The major threat to this species is surface water extraction and resulting changes in ﬂow regimes. It only occurs in a small area of state forest (McDonald 1992), which provides protection for its habitat, although the species does not occur in a national park. Bibliography: Barker, J., Grigg, G. and Tyler, M. (1995), Hoskin C.J. (2004), McDonald, K.R. (1992), Zweifel, R.G. (1985) Data Providers: Jean-Marc Hero, Ross Alford, Michael Cunningham, Conrad Hoskin, Keith McDonald

Cophixalus crepitans Zweifel, 1985

RATTLING FROG

This Australian endemic is known only from a single location, north-east of Coen, in the McIlwraith Range, eastern Cape York Peninsula, in the far north of Queensland. It has a large population, spread over a moderate area, despite being known only from a single location. This species is conﬁned to vine forest within tropical rainforest. It breeds by direct development. The main threat to this species is habitat degradation resulting from tourist activities. Its range is within a protected area. Bibliography: Barker, J., Grigg, G. and Tyler, M. (1995), Hoskin C.J. (2004), Zweifel, R.G. (1985) Data Providers: Jean-Marc Hero, Ross Alford, Michael Cunningham, Conrad Hoskin, Keith McDonald

Cophixalus exiguus Zweifel and Parker, 1969

SCANTY FROG

This Australian endemic is found in a small area south of Cooktown, north-eastern Queensland, where, after a gap of 25 years, it was recently collected from Big Tableland, between 555 and 620m asl. It is an abundant species within its restricted range. This species is found beneath cover (logs, stones, and leaf-litter) in rainforest comprising vine forest, including areas with Acacia. It calls from beneath leaves and in hollow tree trunks. Breeding takes place by direct development. Threats to this species arise mainly from human impacts on the national parks it inhabits, including for example: erosion following human trafﬁc, and development of walking tracks and other tourist facilities. Improved management of the protected areas in this species’ range is necessary to limit the disturbance caused by tourist activities.

626

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Bibliography: Barker, J., Grigg, G. and Tyler, M. (1995), Hoskin C.J. (2004), McDonald, K.R. (1992), Zweifel, R.G. (1985) Data Providers: Jean-Marc Hero, Ross Alford, Michael Cunningham, Conrad Hoskin, Keith McDonald

Dyscophus antongilii Grandidier, 1877

TOMATO FROG

This species occurs in north-eastern Madagascar, where it has a relatively wide, but poorly understood, distribution. Specific records come from around Antongila Bay, Ambatovaky, Andivoranto (a historical record), and near Andasibe. Other reported localities for this species, especially the southernmost ones, might in fact refer to Dyscophus guineti. It occurs from sea level up to 600m asl. It is locally abundant, especially in and around Maroansetra. However, there is circumstantial evidence for local population declines here, perhaps due to increased urbanization. In Ambatovaky its population is stable and abundant. It lives in primary rainforest, coastal forest, secondary vegetation, degraded scrub, and highly disturbed urban areas. It is a very adaptable species, but possible declines in Maroansetra indicate that there might be a limit to the extent that it can persist in urbanized habitats. It appears to be localized to sandy ground near the coast, and breeds in ditches, flooded areas, swamps, and temporary and permanent still or very slowly flowing water. Pollution of waterbodies is a potential threat, and in the past this species was subject to collection for international trade, although this is now largely under control and restricted. It occurs in the Réserve Spéciale d’Ambatovaky and probably in Parc National de Masoala. This species is sometimes bred for commercial purposes outside Madagascar, and many specimens exchanged in the pet trade are captive bred. Captive breeding programmes and the CITES Appendix I status of this species have effectively halted commercial exploitation of it in Madagascar (if indeed this was ever a major threat), and any future trade in it needs to be well regulated. There is a well-managed captive breeding programme involving many US zoos, and it is now also kept in a zoo in Madagascar. Further taxonomic work is required to resolve confusion between this species and D. guineti. CITES Appendix I. Taxonomy: The differences between this species and Dyscophus guineti are not clear. Bibliography: Andreone, F. and Luiselli, L.M. (2003), Blommers-Schlösser, R.M.A. and Blanc, C.P. (1991), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1994), Guibé, J. (1978), Pintak, T. (1987), Raxworthy, C.J. and Nussbaum, R.A. (2000), Schmid, A.A. (1970) Data Providers: Christopher Raxworthy, Miguel Vences, Franco Andreone, Ronald Nussbaum

Elachistocleis erythrogaster Kwet and Di-Bernardo, 1999 This species is restricted to the south-eastern border of the Planalto das Araucárias, Serra Geral, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from 900-1,200m asl. It is uncommon but its population is apparently stable and it is regularly recorded. It occurs in subterranean habitats in open ﬁelds and breeds explosively in temporary ponds. The major threat to this species is habitat loss due to cattle ranching. It occurs in Parque Nacional da Serra Geral and Parque Nacional de Aparados da Serra, and also in the Pro-Mata (Protection of the Mata Atlântica in Minas Gerais (PROMATA/MG)) Reserve. Bibliography: Kwet, A. and Di-Bernardo, M. (1998), Kwet, A. and Di-Bernardo, M. (1999), Kwet, A. and Sole, M. (2002) Data Providers: Débora Silvano, Axel Kwet, Paulo Garcia

Glyphoglossus molossus Günther, 1868 This species is known from north-central Myanmar (Zug et al. 1998), through mainland Thailand (Taylor 1962), southern Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Stuart 1999), and Cambodia (Bourret 1942), to southern Viet Nam, from southern Gai Lai Province to the Mekong River (Orlov et al. 2002). It is found up to 600m asl. It is locally common at breeding sites, but is otherwise a highly cryptic fossorial species, only occasionally seen on the forest ﬂoor (Zug et al. 1998). Large numbers are traded for consumption in rural markets, indicating either large populations, or intensive collection at limited breeding sites (Taylor 1962; P. van Dijk pers. comm.). It is an inhabitant of dipterocarp forest and other deciduous forest areas, and breeds in seasonal or temporary deep rain pools (Heyer 1973; Inger and Colwell 1977; Zug et al. 1998). This species is threatened by local consumption in substantial numbers in parts of Thailand and Lao People’s Democratic Republic, where it is collected during breeding seasons. The females found in markets in Thailand are getting smaller, suggesting an adverse effect of collection on the species. It is apparently not greatly affected by forest degradation, but it is generally not commensal in human habitation or agricultural landscapes. It inhabits many protected areas in the region, and ensuring their integrity (particularly by preventing collection of frogs at breeding sites) should go a long way towards securing the conservation of this species. The effects of harvesting of non-protected populations should also be investigated. Bibliography: Bourret, R. (1942), Heyer, W.R. (1973), Inger, R.F. and Colwell, R.K. (1977), Murphy, R.W. (n.d.), Orlov, N.L. et al. (2002), Stuart, B.L. (1999), Zug, G.R., Htun Win, Thin T., ThanZawMin, WinZawLhon, KyawKyaw (1998) Data Providers: Peter Paul van Dijk, Tanya Chan-ard

Kalophrynus baluensis Kiew, 1984 This species has been found at several sites within Gunung Kinabalu National Park, from 1,300-1,800m asl, and at one site in the Crocker Range to the south, in western Sabah, Borneo. It is regarded as very common within Gunung Kinabalu National Park. It lives within the litter of montane forests (oak-chestnut), and is presumed to breed in small temporary pools on the forest ﬂoor and possibly in phytotelms (water-ﬁlled cavities in plants such as bromeliads). There are no major threats to this species. Both of the known regions where it occurs lie within protected areas, and continuation of rigorous management of the existing parks is the best guarantee for the conservation of this species. Bibliography: Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Malkmus, R. et al. (2002) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun, Mumpuni

Kalophrynus nubicola Dring, 1984 This species is known only from Gunung Mulu National Park in Sarawak, Borneo. It has not been recorded in the heavily surveyed Gunung Kinabalu National Park, and probably does not occur in Sabah. It is restricted to altitudes above 1,500m asl. Nothing is known about its population status. It is known from montane forest and is presumed to breed in small, temporary forest pools. There are currently no major threats to this species. Although it is known only from Gunung Mulu National Park, it might occur in other montane forests in other parts of Sarawak and Kalimantan, so the continued maintenance of these forest habitats is essential. Bibliography: Dring, J.C.M. (1984b) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun, Mumpuni

Kalophrynus subterrestris Inger, 1966 This species is widely distributed throughout much of the lowland forest of Borneo, below 300m asl, and is likely to occur more widely than currently recorded. It is relatively abundant where it occurs. This is a lowland, tropical moist forest species, not found in modiﬁed habitats, and is presumed to breed in small pools of standing water on the forest ﬂoor. It is threatened by the loss of habitat as a result of clear-cutting of tropical forest. It has been recorded from Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary. Bibliography: Inger, R.F. (1966) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun, Mumpuni

Kaloula kokacii Ross and Gonzales, 1992

BICOL NARROW-MOUTHED FROG

This species is found on Catanduanes Island and on several mountains of the Bicol Peninsula, in the Philippines, from 200-300m asl. It is a common species. It inhabits lower altitude montane and lowland forests, where it is found in forest, along forest edges, and in secondary growth vegetation. This is a highly adaptable species that also occurs in modified habitats beside these forests. It lives and presumably breeds in water-filled tree-holes and hollows. The main threat to this species is continued destruction of lowland rainforest for agricultural development and human settlements. However, this species is adaptable and is probably not significantly threatened. A protected area needs to be established on the island of Catanduanes to protect this island’s biodiversity. Bibliography: Alcala, A.C. and Brown, W.C. (1985), Parker, H.W. (1934), Ross, C.A. and Gonzales, P.C. (1992) Data Providers: Arvin Diesmos, Angel Alcala, Rafe Brown, Leticia Afuang, Genevieve Gee, Katie Hampson, Mae Leonida Diesmos, Aldrin Mallari, Perry Ong, Dondi Ubaldo, Baldwin Gutierrez

Kaloula mediolineata Smith, 1917 This species is known from mainland Thailand, adjoining southern Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Taylor 1962; Stuart 1999), and Dac Lac Province in southern Viet Nam (Orlov 2002). It presumably occurs more widely than current records suggest. There is no reliable information available on the population status of this species. Large numbers in markets could indicate large populations, or intensive collection, or both. It has not been found during some recent herpetofauna surveys of areas where it was historically known to occur (P. van Dijk pers. comm.), suggesting a possible decline. It is known mostly from areas originally covered with deciduous dipterocarp forest, and has not been reported from agricultural areas. Breeding takes place in seasonal pools (Heyer 1973). The major threat to this species is intensive collection for local consumption, gravid females being preferred. Its habitat has also been extensively impacted by ﬁre and other anthropogenic processes, or cleared completely for agricultural development and other land uses. It is known to occur in or near a number of protected areas, but several of these are not secure from the threats of uncontrolled ﬁres and collecting of frogs for human consumption. Efforts are needed to secure these national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, and to manage the exploitation of populations of this species outside protected areas. Bibliography: Heyer, W.R. (1973), Orlov, N.L. et al. (2002), Stuart, B.L. (1999), Taylor, E.H. (1962) Data Providers: Peter Paul van Dijk, Tanya Chan-ard

Microhyla perparva Inger and Frogner, 1979 This species is endemic to eastern and central Borneo where it is known from scattered localities below 250m asl. It is likely to occur more widely than currently recorded. As the species is easy to ﬁnd when it is breeding, it is presumed to be abundant. It occurs in primary lowland rainforest where adults live on the ground in the leaf-litter and breed in very small rain pools. The main threat to this species is deforestation through clear-cutting. It has been recorded from several protected areas. Bibliography: Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun, Mumpuni

Microhyla petrigena Inger and Frogner, 1979 This species occurs below 700m asl in central and north-eastern Borneo in Kalimantan (Indonesia), Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysia), and Brunei Darussalam. It also occurs on Tawitawi Island in the Sulu Archipelago of the Philippines, where a record of this species (Diesmos and Leong pers. comm.) was previously incorrectly assigned to Microhyla annectens. As the species is easy to ﬁnd when it is breeding, it is presumed to be abundant. Adults occur in the litter of lowland primary rainforest, and breed in small, clear streams. The main threat to this species is deforestation through clear-cutting. It has been recorded from at least three protected areas including Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary (Sarawak) and Batu Apoi National Park (Brunei). Bibliography: Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Malkmus, R. et al. (2002) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun, Mumpuni, Arvin Diesmos, Leong Tzi Ming

Oreophryne jeffersoniana Dunn, 1928 This species is known only from the islands of Sumbawa, Rinca, Komodo, and the western part of Flores, in the Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia, below 600m asl. It is not an abundant species, but is still regularly recorded. It lives in bushes and trees in tropical dry forest and shrubland. Breeding is presumably by direct development, with the eggs being laid on the ground. Very little is known about threats to this species, but plans for introducing livestock to the area would be particularly detrimental. It occurs in Komodo National Park and perhaps other protected areas within its range. Bibliography: Auffenberg, W. (1980), Iskandar, D.T. and Colijn, E. (2000) Data Providers: Djoko Iskandar, Mumpuni

Ramanella montana (Jerdon, 1854) This species is currently reported to be widely distributed throughout the Western Ghats of India. The type locality is Wayanad, and the species is only known with certainty from this site (S.D. Biju pers. comm.). It is rare and difficult to find. It inhabits low foliage, such as leaf sheaths of palms and tree fern fronds, in tropical moist forests. It breeds by larval development, and deposits its eggs in tree holes where the larvae develop. Breeding begins soon after the onset of monsoon rains. This species has been recorded from a cardamom plantation adjoining a forest reserve suggesting that it is tolerant of a degree of habitat modification, but presumably still requires trees for breeding. The major threat to it is conversion of areas of suitable forest habitat to agricultural land (including eucalyptus, coffee and tea plantations). It has only been recorded with certainty from Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala. Records from other protected areas, namely Indira Gandhi National Park and Kalakkad Wild Life Sanctuary (both in Tamil Nadu), Kudremukh National Park (in Karnataka), Bhimashankar Wild Life Sanctuary (in Maharashtra), and Purna Wild Life Sanctuary (in Gujarat), may refer either to this species or to congenerics. Further taxonomic studies are urgently needed to clarify its precise distribution and altitudinal range, and to resolve confusion with related species (current collections of it probably represent more than one species). Taxonomy: The taxonomy of this species requires urgent attention as the collections of this species probably represent more than one taxon (S.D. Biju pers. comm.). Bibliography: Biju, S.D. (2001), Chanda, S.K. and Deuti, K. (1997), Daniel, J.C. and Shull, E.M. (1963), Dutta, S.K. (1997), Krishna, S.N., Krishna, S.B. and Vijayalaxmi, K.K. (2004), Padhye, A.D. and Ghate, H.V. (2002), Vasudevan, K., Kumar, A. and Chellam, R. (2001) Data Providers: S.D. Biju, Gajanan Dasaramji Bhuddhe, Sushil Dutta, Vivek Ashok Gour-Broome, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, Chelmala Srinivasulu, S.P. Vijayakumar

Ramanella obscura (Günther, 1864) This species occurs in a number of isolated populations in the low country wet zone and the central hills of Sri Lanka, including Sinharaja Forest, Knuckles Range, and Namunukula and Udwattakele. It has an altitudinal range of

Near Threatened Amphibian Species

460-1,220m asl. It is a locally common species with a stable population. It is arboreal, terrestrial, and sub-fossorial, and mostly inhabits moist montane forest. Adults can be found in leaf-litter, under ground cover, in tree holes and crevices, and in water tanks. Larvae are found in stagnant waters. It can also be found in gardens, secondary forest and other lightly disturbed areas. The main threat to this species is agrochemical pollution of land and water. It has been recorded in a number of protected areas: the Knuckles Range, Namunukula Forest Reserve, Sinharaja World Heritage Site, the Royal Botanical Gardens, and Udawattakele Reserve Forest. Bibliography: de Silva, A. and de Silva, P. (1994), Dutta, S.K. (1997), Dutta, S.K. and Manamendra-Arachchi, K. (1996), Heerath, N.D., Rathnayake, N.D. and Hewamathes, K.K. (2001), Kirtisinghe, P. (1957), Rathnayake, N.D. (2001), Rathnayake, N.D. and Weerasinghe, N. (2000) Data Providers: Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Anslem de Silva

Scaphiophryne madagascariensis (Boulenger, 1882) This species occurs on the central plateau of Madagascar from Ankaratra south to Andringitra, from 1,300-2,000m asl. It is locally common, but the extent of its habitat is somewhat limited. This is a fossorial species found in montane forests, savannahs and agricultural areas. Breeding takes place in large, temporary, and perhaps also some permanent, pools. The major threat to this species is considered to be the loss of suitable breeding habitats to agricultural activities, even though this is an adaptable species. Introduction of predatory ﬁsh into pools is also a signiﬁcant threat. It occurs in Parc National d’Andringitra. Taxonomy: The name Scaphiophryne madagascariensis applies to populations formerly included in S. pustulosa (Vences et al. 2002). Bibliography: Blommers-Schlösser, R.M.A. and Blanc, C.P. (1991), Glaw, F. and Vences, M. (1994), Vences, M. et al. (2002a) Data Providers: Christopher Raxworthy, Miguel Vences

MYOBATRACHIDAE Geocrinia lutea (Main, 1963)

WALPOLE FROG

This Australian endemic is found in the south-west corner of Western Australia, near Walpole and in Nornalup National Park, from 0-300m asl. This is a common species that occurs at many sites within its restricted range. It is found in dense vegetation adjacent to streams, and also hides in wet forest litter on peaty sand. Males call from tunnels in hummocks of mud or clay covered with low matted vegetation, where females lay 25-30 eggs. The larvae undergo direct development and emerge after approximately 50 days. Too frequent ﬁres can be a major threat to the species. However, most of its habitat is protected so it is not signiﬁcantly threatened. Its habitat is protected within Walpole-Nornalup National Park and Mount Frankland National Park, and most of its range is within state forest. There are many new protected areas also being created in this region. Bibliography: Barker, J., Grigg, G. and Tyler, M. (1995), Driscoll, D. and Roberts, J.D. (1997), Main, A.R. (1957), Main, A.R. (1965), Tyler, M.J., Smith, L.A. and Johnstone, R.E (1994) Data Providers: Dale Roberts, Jean-Marc Hero

Pseudophryne bibronii Günther, 1859

BIBRON’S TOADLET

This Australian endemic is found from the south-east corner of Queensland, along the east coast of New South Wales, and into central Victoria and South Australia (including Kangaroo Island), from 20-1,000m asl. It was considered to be the most common and widespread member of its genus, but populations have appeared to decline in some areas in recent years. This species is found in dry forest, woodland, shrubland and grassland, and shelters under leaf-litter and other debris in moist soaks and depressions. Calling is from February to August and frogs have been noted calling in temperatures of only 4°C. Between 70 and 200 large eggs are deposited terrestrially on damp leaf mould, in shallow nests or under stones and logs near water, and these hatch after rain floods the area and provides pools for larvae. Metamorphosis takes three to seven months. The major threat to this species is habitat loss due to transport infrastructure development and agriculture (including cultivation of crops and livestock rearing). Increasing water salinity is also a problem. However, the specific reasons for the many declines are not known. There are no conservation measures in place for this species, apart from its habitat being protected when it occurs in national parks and state forests. The causes of the recent declines need to be identified. Bibliography: Barker, J., Grigg, G. and Tyler, M. (1995), Hero, J.-M., Littlejohn, M. and Marantelli, G. (1991), Pengilley, R.K. (1973) Data Providers: Jean-Marc Hero, Graeme Gillespie, Frank Lemckert, Murray Littlejohn, Peter Robertson

Taudactylus liemi Ingram, 1980

LIEM’S TINKER FROG

This Australian endemic occurs in the Eungella area of Queensland, west of Mackay, from Cathu State Forest in the north to Crediton in the south, from 180-1,250m asl. It is a common species and is commonly heard, but it is sparsely distributed and rarely seen. There have been no observed declines in the population. It is conﬁned to rocky margins of fast-ﬂowing creeks and seepages in montane rainforest in the Eungella area (Rettalick and Hero 1998). Males call from hidden positions. Eggs are laid under rocks in side pools, where the larvae complete their development. There are several potential threats to this species, but no evidence yet of them affecting populations. These threats are forest grazing and trampling of streamside vegetation by livestock, introduced cane toads (Bufo marinus) which could penetrate natural habitats via roads and use ponds for breeding, and the chytrid fungus (which has been found in some streams where this species occurs, but there is no evidence that it has infected this species so far). The species’ habitat is protected within a national park. It is also listed as threatened in Queensland, and research and monitoring of populations is in place. Given the presence of the chytrid fungus, populations should be monitored carefully. Bibliography: Barker, J., Grigg, G. and Tyler, M. (1995), Ingram, G.J. (1980), Retallick, R.W.R. and Hero, J.-M. (1998), Retallick, R.W.R., Hero, J.-M. and Alford, R.A. (1997) Data Providers: Jean-Marc Hero, Ross Alford, Michael Cunningham, Keith McDonald, John Clarke, Richard Retallick

PELOBATIDAE Pelobates cultripes (Cuvier, 1829)

WESTERN SPADEFOOT

This species is present in most of the Iberian Peninsula (except the northern area of the Peninsula and parts of central and northern Portugal), and southern France. There are also isolated populations in western France. It occurs from sea level (France and Spain) up to 1,770m asl (Spain). This species is generally common in suitable habitat. However, population declines have been observed in most of its range. The burrowing habits of this species generally restrict its distribution to areas with sandy or soft soils. It occurs in dunes, oak forest, scrub, cultivated land, and open areas, sometimes close to human habitation. In France it is largely restricted to coastal regions. It breeds in temporary pools and livestock ponds with thick vegetation that occasionally may be brackish. This species has a long larval development period, which makes it vulnerable to introduced predators and desiccation of ponds. In Iberia threats include the isolation of populations by agricultural intensification, destruction of wetland habitats (by urban development) and their pollution (with agrochemicals), and introduction of predatory Louisiana crayfish (Procamabrus clarkii) and fish (such as Gambusia holbrooki) to breeding areas. Mortality on roads, and tourism development, are

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causing localized declines in some populations. In France, tourism and wetland drainage are the principal threats to this species. Overall, the severity of the threats to this species appears to be increasing. It occurs in a number of protected areas, including several NATURA 2000 sites, and is listed on Appendix II of the Berne Convention and on Annex IV of the EU Natural Habitats Directive. It is protected by national legislation in Spain, and is listed in a number of national and subnational Red Data Books. Bibliography: Alvarez, A. and Martin, L. (2000), Arnold, E.N. (2003), Blanco-Moreno, R., Campos-Sánchez, J. and Montes-Perálvarez, P. (1998), Busack, S.D. and Zug, G.R. (1976), Cei, J.M. and Crespo, E.G. (1971), Cejudo, D. (1990), Ferrand de Almeida, N. et al. (2001), GarcíaParís, M., Buchholtz, D. R. and Parra-Olea, G. (2003), Gasc, J.-P. et al. (eds.) (1997), Godinho, R. et al. (1999), Herrero, P. and Talavera, R.R. (1988), Lizana, M. and Marco, A. (2001), Lizana, M., Márquez, R. and Martín-Sánchez, R. (1994), Malkmus, R. (1996b), Malkmus, R. (2004), Martínez-Solano, I. and Bosch, J. (2001), Paulo, O. (1997), Pleguezuelos, J.M., Márquez, R. and Lizana, M. (2002), Reques, R. (2000) Data Providers: Pedro Beja, Jaime Bosch, Miguel Tejedo, Miguel Lizana, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Valentin Perez-Mellado, Carmen Diaz Paniagua, Marc Cheylan, Rafael Marquez, Philippe Geniez

PETROPEDETIDAE Arthroleptella landdrosia Dawood and Channing, 2000

LANDDROS MOSS FROG

This species is endemic to the Hottentots Holland and Kogelberg Mountains, South Africa, reaching the coast near Rooi Els and Betty’s Bay. It occurs from sea level up to 1,600m asl. This species occurs in small, widely scattered populations. It inhabits fynbos heathland and does not survive in degraded areas. Breeding is by direct development, and eggs are laid in wet vegetation, such as mossy areas, near rivers, hillside or roadside seepages, and heavily vegetated streams. Even though its habitat is largely protected, the major threats to this species are the spread of alien species (in particular pines) and too frequent ﬁres. Coastal populations are likely to be affected by urban development. However, these threats are believed to be relatively minor. Much of this species’ range is protected in the Hottentots Holland and Kogelberg Nature Reserves. Bibliography: Channing, A. (2001), Dawood, A. and Channing, A. (2000), Minter, L.R. et al. (2004) Data Providers: Leslie Minter, Alan Channing, James Harrison

Arthroleptella lightfooti (Boulenger, 1910)

LIGHTFOOT’S MOSS FROG

This species is endemic to Table Mountain and to other mountains on the Cape Peninsula, South Africa, where it occurs from sea level up to 1,000m asl. It is moderately common. It is a species of fynbos heathland and forest that does not survive in degraded areas. Breeding is by direct development, with 5-12 eggs being laid in moss or similar vegetation in wet mossy areas near rivers, hillside or roadside seepages, and heavily vegetated streams. Even though its habitat is largely protected, the major threats to this species are the spread of alien species (in particular pines) and too frequent ﬁres. Coastal populations are likely to be affected by urban and tourist development. However, these threats are believed to be relatively minor. Most of this species’ range is in Cape Peninsula National Park and Kirstenbosch Botanic Gardens. Bibliography: Channing, A. (2001), Channing, A., Hendricks, D. and Dawood, A. (1994), Minter, L.R. et al. (2004), Passmore, N.I. and Carruthers, V.C. (1995), Wager, V.A. (1986) Data Providers: Leslie Minter, Alan Channing, James Harrison

Petropedetes cameronensis Reichenow, 1874 This species occurs from south-eastern Nigeria to south-western Cameroon, generally at low altitudes, and also on the island of Bioko (Equatorial Guinea). It is fairly common. It lives close to ﬂowing water in closed-canopy lowland forest. The eggs are placed on moist rock surfaces close to streams, and the larvae develop on the rock surfaces in damp conditions. This is the most water-dependent member of the genus in Cameroon. It is threatened by the loss of forest habitat due to agricultural development, logging and expanding human settlements. This species occurs in Korup National Park. Bibliography: Amiet, J.-L. (1973a), Amiet, J.-L. (1978b), Amiet, J.-L. (1989), Amiet, J.-L. (1991), Böhme, W. (1975), Herrmann, H.-W. et al. (2005), Joger, U. (1982), Lawson, D.P. (1993), Mertens, R. (1965), Perret, J.-L. (1966), Perret, J.-L. (1984), Schiøtz, A. (1963), Schiøtz, A. (1966) Data Providers: Jean-Louis Amiet

Petropedetes johnstoni (Boulenger, 1888 “1887”) This species is known only from the lowland, coastal plain of south-western and southern Cameroon. It is a common species. It lives in lowland forest and mangrove forests, and can tolerate a limited degree of habitat disturbance. The males call in forest, often far from water, and guard a nest of eggs on large leaves a few centimetres above the ground. This species appears not to be water-dependent, and the larvae are presumably terrestrial. It is threatened by the loss of forest habitat due to agricultural development, logging and expanding human settlements. It occurs in Korup National Park, and possibly in a few other protected areas. Bibliography: Amiet, J.-L. (1983b), Amiet, J.-L. (1991), Herrmann, H.-W. et al. (2005), Lawson, D.P. (1993), Parker, H.W. (1936), Perret, J.-L. (1984), Sanderson, I.T. (1936) Data Providers: Jean-Louis Amiet

Petropedetes natator Boulenger, 1905 This species occurs in the hilly parts of West Africa in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea, and Côte d’Ivoire, from near sea level up to 1,400m asl. Although it is patchily distributed, it is very abundant where it occurs, for example on the Freetown Peninsula in Sierra Leone. It is found only in forested hilly country, and lives in or near water, breeding in fast-ﬂowing streams. The eggs are laid on land, and the larvae attach themselves by means of suckers to rocks in waterfalls and rapids. It is presumably threatened by the loss of forest habitat due to agricultural development, logging and expanding human settlements. In some places it is also adversely affected by mining activities, for example on the Simandou Range, and on Mount Nimba. It occurs in a few protected areas, including Mont Sangbe National Park in Côte d’Ivoire. Taxonomy: J.L. Amiet (pers. comm.) and Perret (1984) suggest that this species does not belong in the genus Petropedetes. Bibliography: Perret, J.-L. (1984), Rödel, M.-O. (2003), Rödel, M.-O. and Bangoura, M.A. (2004), Schiøtz, A. (1964a) Data Providers: Mark-Oliver Rödel

Phrynobatrachus alleni Parker, 1936 This species ranges from Sierra Leone, through southern Guinea, Liberia, southern Côte d’Ivoire and southern Ghana to south-western Nigeria. It has not been recorded from Togo and Benin, and its absence from these countries might be genuine, owing to lack of suitable habitat. It is a very common species in suitable habitats. It inhabits primary lowland rainforest, and can survive in small forest fragments, though at lower population densities (and it might

628

Threatened Amphibians of the World

not be able to persist for long in such situations). Breeding takes place in very small temporary puddles. The major threat to this species is the loss of forest habitat due to agricultural development, logging and expanding human settlements. It probably occurs in all of the forested protected areas within its range. Bibliography: Guibé, J. and Lamotte, M. (1963), Hughes, B. (1988), Rödel, M.-O. (2000b), Rödel, M.-O. (2003), Rödel, M.-O. et al. (2005), Rödel, M.-O. and Bangoura, M.A. (2004), Rödel, M.-O. and Branch, W.R. (2002), Rödel, M.-O. and Ernst, R. (2002a), Rödel, M.-O. and Ernst, R. (2003), Schiøtz, A. (1963), Schiøtz, A. (1964a) Data Providers: Mark-Oliver Rödel, Arne Schiøtz

Phrynobatrachus guineensis Guibé and Lamotte, 1962 This species occurs in the western Upper Guinea forest zone of West Africa, in Sierra Leone, southern Guinea, Liberia, and western Côte d’Ivoire, up to approximately 1,000m asl. It is a common species in suitable habitats. It is restricted to the drier parts of primary rainforest, where it is an arboreal species usually found low in the trees. It breeds by larval development in tree holes, and also in empty nuts, snail shells, and other tiny waterbodies. Eggs are attached to the bark of the tree or the top of a shell or similar, above the water, and they then hatch four to ﬁve days later and the larvae drop into the water below where they complete their development. This species is adversely affected by the loss of forest habitat due to agricultural development, logging and expanding human settlements. Some populations might also be affected by mining activities. It occurs in Taï National Park (Côte d’Ivoire) and the Mount Nimba World Heritage Site (Guinea, Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire). Taxonomy: This form consists of two separate species (M.-O. Rödel pers. comm.). Bibliography: Guibé, J. and Lamotte, M. (1961), Guibé, J. and Lamotte, M. (1963), Lamotte, M. (1971), Rödel, M.-O. (1998), Rödel, M.-O. (2000b), Rödel, M.-O. and Branch, W.R. (2002), Rödel, M.-O. and Ernst, R. (2002a), Rödel, M.-O. and Ernst, R. (2002b), Rudolf, V.H.W. and Rödel, M.-O. (2005), Schiøtz, A. (1964a), Schiøtz, A. (1964b) Data Providers: Mark-Oliver Rödel, Arne Schiøtz

Phrynobatrachus liberiensis (Barbour and Loveridge, 1927) This species is conﬁned to the upper Guinea forest zone of West Africa in Sierra Leone, southern Guinea, Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire and south-western Ghana. It probably occurs up to at least 1,000m asl, and perhaps even higher. It is a very common species in suitable habitats. It is found only in forest, mostly in primary but sometimes also in secondary forest, and is usually associated with swampy areas, breeding in small forest streams. It is adversely affected by the loss of forest habitat due to agricultural development, logging and expanding human settlements. Some populations might also be affected by mining activities. It occurs in Taï National Park (Côte d’Ivoire), the Mount Nimba World Heritage Site (Guinea, Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire), Kakoum National Park (Ghana), and in several other protected areas. Taxonomy: This species is sometimes included in the genus Cardioglossa in the family Arthroleptidae, but it apparently belongs in the genus Phrynobatrachus in the family Petropeditidae (M.-O. Rödel pers. comm.). Bibliography: Guibé, J. and Lamotte, M. (1963), Rödel, M.-O. (2000b), Rödel, M.-O. (2003), Rödel, M.-O. et al. (2005), Rödel, M.-O. and Bangoura, M.A. (2004), Rödel, M.-O. and Branch, W.R. (2002), Rödel, M.-O. and Ernst, R. (2002a), Rödel, M.-O. and Ernst, R. (2003), Schiøtz, A. (1964a), Schiøtz, A. (1964b) Data Providers: Mark-Oliver Rödel, Arne Schiøtz

Phrynobatrachus phyllophilus Rödel and Ernst, 2002

RANIDAE Amolops chapaensis (Bourret, 1937) This species is known from Hekou and Luchun Counties in south Yunnan Province, China (where Zhao and Adler (1993) referred to it under its Amolops macrorhynchus synonym), from Sa Pa in extreme northern Viet Nam (Bourret 1942), and from the extreme northern Annamite Mountains (S. Swan pers. comm.) of Viet Nam. It is likely that this species occurs more widely than current records suggest. It has been recorded from 800-1,700m asl. In China this species is considered to be rare, but in Viet Nam it has been observed to be abundant during the breeding season (S. Swan pers. comm.). It is found in clear, swift-moving streams, and on the ground in closed-canopy primary forest up to four metres from water. It inhabits waterfalls during breeding. The integrity of the type locality, Sa Pa, is under some threat from forest clearance and tourist infrastructure development (BirdLife International 2001). Within its range in China there is very little habitat destruction and degradation, which is now only taking place in the reserve buffer zones. Its range includes three protected areas in Viet Nam, and in China it occurs in Huangliangshan and Daweishan National Nature Reserves. Ensuring that socio-economic and tourist developments at Sa Pa do not impact the ecological viability of the area would be a primary conservation objective. Taxonomy: This species was placed in the genus Amolops by Dubois (1986). Bibliography: Birdlife International (2001), Bourret, R. (1942), Dubois, A. (1987), Dubois, A. (1992), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), Ohler, A. et al. (2000), Yang, D.-T. (1991b) Data Providers: Peter Paul van Dijk, Nguyen Quang Truong, Annemarie Ohler, Lu Shunqing, Yang Datong

Amolops cremnobatus Inger and Kottelat, 1998 This species is known from three localities in north-central Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Inger and Kottelat 1998; B. Stuart pers. comm.), and from four localities in Viet Nam: Huong Son in Ha Tinh Province, Cha Lo in Quang Binh Province, and Pu Hoat and Pu Mat, both in Nghe An Province. It has been recorded from 200-1,300m asl. It is common in suitable habitat. It lives on boulders and rock faces along stream cascades and waterfalls in evergreen forest and tolerates some degree of habitat disturbance (Inger and Kottelat 1998; Stuart 1999). This is a stream-breeding species that might be threatened by habitat loss due to logging and infrastructure development, but is particularly sensitive to changes in water quality and ﬂow. The range of this species in Viet Nam includes Nakai-Nam Theun National Biodiversity Conservation Area. Bibliography: Inger, R.F. and Kottelat, M. (1998), Stuart, B.L. (1999) Data Providers: Nguyen Quang Truong, Raoul Bain, Bryan Stuart

Amolops hongkongensis (Pope and Romer, 1951) This species is known from coastal southern China including Fujian, Guangdong and Hong Kong, from 150-700m asl, though it probably occurs more widely. It is a common species. It is an inhabitant of forest-fringed, small hill streams, particularly those with cascades. The major threats to this species are habitat destruction and degradation caused by agriculture, clear cutting, and the construction of hydroelectric plants. Most of the range of the Hong Kong population is within protected areas, and it is also protected in Hong Kong under the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance. At least one population in mainland China occurs in Neilingdinghu Nature Reserve.

This species ranges from central Sierra Leone, through Liberia and southern Guinea, to south-western Côte d’Ivoire. It probably occurs up to at least 1,000m asl, and perhaps even higher. It is a very common species, more so than Phrynobatrachus guineensis with which it has been confused. It lives in swampy parts of primary rainforest, and does not survive in secondary habitats. It deposits its eggs terrestrially close to water, and the larvae develop in extremely small puddles. It is adversely affected by the loss of forest habitat due to agricultural development, logging and expanding human settlements. Some populations might also be affected by mining activities. It occurs in several protected areas, including Taï National Park and Mont Péko National Park (Côte d’Ivoire), and Mount Nimba World Heritage Site (Guinea, Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire).

Taxonomy: Amolops daiyunensis is considered a synonym here following the taxonomy of Yang (1991a), rather than Fei (1999). Bibliography: Fei, L. et al. (1999), Karsen, S.J., Lau, M.W.-N. and Bogadek, A. (1998), Lau, M.W.N. (1997), Lau, M.W.N. (1998), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), Yang, D.-T. (1991a) Data Providers: Geng Baorong, Bosco Chan

Bibliography: Rödel, M.-O. and Bangoura, M.A. (2004), Rödel, M.-O. and Ernst, R. (2002a), Rödel, M.-O. and Ernst, R. (2003) Data Providers: Mark-Oliver Rödel

This species is conﬁned to Li County and Maoxian County, and might also occur in Wenchuan County, in central Sichuan Province, China, from 1,300-2,350m asl. It is a common species with a stable population within its small range. It lives in and along streams in forests, and breeds in streams. This species is locally threatened by dam construction. Part of its range might fall within Wolong Biosphere Reserve.

Poyntonia paludicola Channing and Boycott, 1989 This species occurs only in the southern part of the Hottentots Holland and Kogelberg Mountains complex, and the Klein River Mountains, in the south-western part of Western Cape Province, South Africa, from 200-1,800m asl. It is a common species. It inhabits mountain fynbos heathland, and is restricted to areas with high rainfall (2,000-3,000mm of rain per year). It breeds in shallow streams and seepages. The main threats to this species are the spread of alien species (pines in particular), afforestation, construction of dams, and too frequent ﬁres. However, these threats are believed to be relatively minor. All populations recorded to date have been found in protected areas. Bibliography: Channing, A. (2001), Channing, A. and Boycott, R.C. (1989), Minter, L.R. et al. (2004) Data Providers: Leslie Minter, Alan Channing, James Harrison

PIPIDAE Xenopus amieti VOLCANO CLAWED FROG Kobel, du Pasquier, Fischberg and Gloor, 1980 This species is known only from highland areas of western Cameroon, in particular from Mount Manenguba and the Bamileke and Bamenda Plateaus. Specific localities include Mount Manenguba (1,900m asl), the Mifi-Noun River near Galim (1,100m asl), Mbouda (1,400m asl), Tadu (near Mount Oku), Ber, Nkoutoupi, Nchoupa, and Bangourain. It is probable that specimens from Manengole (600-700m asl) and Bangwa (1,400-1,500m asl) belong to this species. It is a poorly known species, but it has been found to be abundant at least on Mount Manenguba and at Galim. It is probably generally abundant in the Cameroonian highlands. It is water-dependent and has been found in a shallow crater lake overgrown with grass, in a swamp, and in artificial fishponds, generally in areas of montane grassland and pastureland. It breeds in still water, and migrates for short distances over land outside the breeding season. It is harvested locally, and some of its habitats might be under threat from expanding agriculture, overgrazing by livestock, and human settlements. However, it does appear to be capable of colonising artificial habitats, and it can co-exist with at least some introduced fish species. It is not known to occur in any protected areas. Taxonomy: This species is a tetraploid species (Kobel et al. 1980). Bibliography: Amiet, J.-L. (1975), Böhme, W. and Schneider, B. (1987), Joger, U. (1982), Kobel, H.R. et al. (1980), Kobel, H.R., Barundun, B. and Thiebaud, C.H. (1998), Loumont, C. and Kobel, H.R. (1991), Mann, M. et al. (1982), Tinsley, R.C. and Kobel, H.R. (1996) Data Providers: Richard Tinsley, John Measey

Amolops lifanensis (Liu, 1945)

Bibliography: Fei, L. et al. (1999), Liu, C.C. (1950), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996) Data Providers: Fei Liang, Li Cheng

Amolops viridimaculatus (Jiang, 1983) This species is known from western Yunnan Province in the Gaoligongshan area, and Wuliangshan in central Yunnan Province, China, and from one location (Fan Si Pan Mountain) in northern Viet Nam (Ohler 2000). It has also recently been recorded from Dzuna, in Nagaland, India. It is also likely to occur in Myanmar but there are as yet no conﬁrmed records. It is likely to occur a little more widely than current records suggest. In China it has been recorded from 1,400-2,350m asl, and the one known locality in Viet Nam is at 1,750m asl. In China this species is uncommon, while in Viet Nam only one specimen was collected in 1997 and no other individuals were sighted at the time (S. Swan pers. comm.). In China this species is known from hill streams in forest, and in Viet Nam the only record is from a large stream with boulders in montane forest. Breeding takes place in streams. This species is threatened by smallscale agricultural development, and dam construction. In China this species occurs in Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve (which is not well protected), and Wuliangshan National Nature Reserve (which is well protected). In Viet Nam it occurs in Hoang Lien Son National Park. It is protected by national legislation in India. Bibliography: Ao, J.M., Bordoloi, S. and Ohler, A. (2003), Fei, L. et al. (1999), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), Ohler, A. et al. (2000), Yang, D.-T. (1991a) Data Providers: Annemarie Ohler, Steven Swan, Lu Shunqing, Yang Datong

Chaparana quadranus (Liu, Hu and Yang, 1960) This species is endemic to central China, and has been recorded from 500-2,000m asl. It is a common species although some populations have experienced declines. It is an inhabitant of forest and shrubland, and breeds in hill streams by larval development. The most important threat to this species is over-collecting for food, although water pollution caused by the mining industry is also a threat. There are many protected areas within the range of this species. It is necessary to ensure that the offtake of this species from the wild is managed sustainably. Bibliography: Chen, B. et al. (1991), Fei, L. et al. (1999), Liu, C.-C., Hu, S.-Q. and Yang, F.H. (1960), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), Ye, C.-Y, Fei, L. and Hu, S.Q. (1993) Data Providers: Li Pipeng, Zhao Wenge

Lanzarana largeni (Lanza, 1978) This species is endemic to Somalia. Most records are from the south of the country in Bakool and Bay Provinces. It has also been recorded near the coast, north of Mogadishu, at Bud Bud in Galguduud Province, and near Garoowe

Near Threatened Amphibian Species

in Nugaal Province. Recorded localities are the general vicinity of Garoowe, Bud Bud, El Ure (Uegit), Sciù Manàs (Baidoa), Dinsor, Rahole, Afgoi, and Showli Berdi (Bardera). It has been recorded up to 500m asl. It is a fairly common species. Its habitat preferences when it is not breeding are not well known, though it is presumably a species of dry savannahs and semi-arid habitats. It breeds in temporary pools and small reservoirs. There is little information on threats to this species. It might be affected by livestock grazing, and perhaps ﬁre and droughts, but otherwise it does not appear to be signiﬁcantly threatened at present. It does not occur in any protected areas.

629

is also a threat. The range of this species includes a few protected areas. Conservation measures must include the regulation and proper disposal of pesticides and herbicides, and the protection of the remaining rainforest, especially riverine habitats and gallery forests. Levels of human exploitation of this species need to be investigated to determine if harvesting from the wild needs to be managed more sustainably.

Bibliography: Lanza, B. (1978), Lanza, B. (1981), Lanza, B. (1990) Data Providers: Emilio Balletto, Benedetto Lanza, Annamaria Nistri

Bibliography: Alcala, A.C. and Brown, W.C. (1985), Dubois, A. (1992), Emerson, S.E., Inger, R.F. and Iskandar, D. (2000), Frost, D.R. (1985), Inger, R.F. (1966), Inger, R.F. (1999) Data Providers: Arvin Diesmos, Angel Alcala, Rafe Brown, Leticia Afuang, Genevieve Gee, Katie Hampson, Mae Leonida Diesmos, Aldrin Mallari, Perry Ong, Marisol Pedregosa, Dondi Ubaldo, Baldwin Gutierrez

Limnonectes asperatus (Inger, Boeadi and Tauﬁk, 1996)

Limnonectes magnus (Stejneger, 1909)

This species has been found only in central and southern Kalimantan in Borneo, Indonesia, below 300m asl. It is likely to occur more widely than current records suggest. There is no information on its population status. It is known only from the ﬂoor of lowland rainforests, where it is associated with slow-ﬂowing streams in which it is likely to breed by larval development. The major threat to this species is habitat loss due to logging. It has not been recorded from any protected areas. Effective preservation of lowland forest in Kalimantan is essential for the conservation of this species.

This species complex is found on Mindanao, Basilan, Bohol, Camiguin, Samar and Leyte Islands in the Philippines, from 1,200-1,800m asl, as well as on Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is common to very common where its habitat remains intact, although some populations are in decline because of over-exploitation. It inhabits undisturbed and disturbed streams and rivers in lower montane and lowland forests. It breeds and deposits egg clutches in quiet side pools of forested riverine habitats. On Sulawesi, the major threat to the populations of this species is human exploitation for both local consumption and international trade. In the Philippines, threats include habitat loss due to agriculture and logging, and pollution of streams and rivers from agricultural pesticides, herbicides, and mine-tailings, as well as harvesting for human subsistence and for international export. The range of this species includes a few protected areas. It apparently coexists parapatrically with its sibling species in Lore Lindu National Park, and it extends to Poso and Tanah Toraja. Conservation measures for this species must include the protection of remaining rainforest, especially riverine habitats and gallery forests. Levels of human exploitation need to be investigated to determine if this needs to be managed more sustainably.

Bibliography: Inger, R.F., Boeadi and Tauﬁk, A. (1996) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun, Mumpuni

Limnonectes blythii (Boulenger, 1920)

BLYTH’S RIVER FROG

This species ranges widely in south-east Asia, from Viet Nam and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, to Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Sumatra, the Anambas Islands and the Natuna Islands (Indonesia). It is also present on the islands of Phuket, Langkawi, Penang and Tioman. It has not been recorded from the Cardamom Mountains in Cambodia. It occurs up to 1,200m asl. The population status of this species is locally variable, ranging from uncommon in western Thailand to very common in areas where harvesting does not occur in Peninsular Malaysia. It is generally less common in easily accessible areas near human habitation than in similar inaccessible areas, indicative of depleted populations due to harvesting. Cessation of harvesting leads to population recovery in five to 10 years (P. van Dijk pers. comm.). It inhabits streams with gravel and boulders in primary and secondary evergreen forest. Males build a nesting hollow in a sandy streambed area, and the larvae develop in streams. The major threat to this species is intensive collection for consumption at subsistence levels, and for local, national and international trade. Some populations have also probably been eliminated locally due to forest clearance. This species inhabits a great number of protected areas throughout much of its range, and is protected by the Wild Animals Reservation and Protection Act (WARPA), 1992, in Thailand. There is a need to ensure that the harvesting of this species from the wild is managed in a sustainable manner (this species could benefit from commercial farming). Clarification of the taxonomy of the blythii complex is necessary to identify cryptic species of conservation concern. Taxonomy: This form is undoubtedly a complex of many species. Bibliography: Boulenger, G.A. (1920), Dring, J.C.M. (1979), Frith, D.W. (1977), Inger, R.F. (1966), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Inger, R.F., Orlov, N. and Darevsky, I.S. (1999), Iskandar, D.T. and Prasetyo, A.H. (1996), Iskandar, D.T. and Setyantyo, D.Y. (1996), Kiew, B.H. (1978), Kiew, B.H. (1984c), Leong, T.M. (2000), Leong, T.M. and Lim, K.K.P. (2003), Leong, T.M., Grismer, L. and Mumpuni (2002), Lim, K.P. and Lim, F.L.K. (1992), Orlov, N.L. (1997a), Smith, M.A. (1930), Stuart, B.L. (1999), Taylor, E.H. (1962) Data Providers: Peter Paul van Dijk, Djoko Iskandar

Limnonectes dammermani (Mertens, 1927) This species is known only from Lombok, Sumbawa and Flores in the Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia, where it occurs up to at least 1,200m asl. There is little recent information on this species generally due to the lack of research in the area over the last 30 years. It probably occurs more widely than current records suggest. It is believed to be a common species. It is thought to live near forested streams like other members of the genus, and the larvae presumably develop in streams. There is no information available on threats to this species, although forest loss might be a problem. It presumably lives in Gunung Rinjani Nature Reserve on Lombok, but there is probably less protection for the populations on Sumbawa and Flores. Surveys are needed to collect up-to-date information regarding the species’ range, population status, habitat requirements, and threats. Bibliography: Iskandar, D.T. and Colijn, E. (2000) Data Providers: Djoko Iskandar, Mumpuni

Limnonectes ibanorum (Inger, 1964) This species is known only from the central hilly regions of Borneo, below 500m asl. It is likely to occur more widely than currently recorded. It is considered to be locally abundant. A density of 20-60 individuals per 600m of stream length was estimated at one site in Sarawak surveyed in 1962-63. It is known only from the banks of clear, rocky streams in hilly lowland primary rainforest. Juveniles and adults do not disperse from the immediate vicinity of such streams and the larvae develop in pools along those streams. The main threat to this species is deforestation arising from clear-cutting. As it is quite large, local people often hunt this species for food, and its long life cycle and small clutch size make it particularly vulnerable to overharvesting. It is present in at least three protected areas, although more effective protection of areas of hilly, lowland rainforest in Sarawak and Kalimantan is needed. Bibliography: Inger, R.F. and Greenberg, B. (1966), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun, Mumpuni

Limnonectes ingeri (Kiew, 1978) This species has been found at a number of scattered locations in the northern half of Borneo, below 300m asl. It is likely to occur a little more widely than current records suggest. Its overall population status is unknown, but a density of 20-50 individuals per 600m of rainforest stream was estimated at one site surveyed. It is usually seen along slow-ﬂowing, sandy-bottomed or slightly silty streams in primary or disturbed lowland rainforest. It sometimes also occurs in swampy areas. Adults feed on large prey, including other frogs and small reptiles. Larvae develop in quiet side pools of streams. This species is probably being seriously affected by the extensive logging that is taking place within much of its range. Localized over-harvesting for food might also be impacting some populations. The species has been recorded from Danum Valley National Park. Survival of this species will depend on the preservation of areas of lowland rainforest. Bibliography: Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun, Mumpuni

Limnonectes macrocephalus (Inger, 1954)

LUZON FANGED FROG

This species has been recorded from many localities on Luzon, Catanduanes, Marinduque and Polillo Islands, in the northern Philippines. It is common in appropriate habitats, but has declined in places due to over-harvesting. This species inhabits streams and rivers in lower montane and lowland forests, and is also found in forest edge and agricultural areas near intact natural forests. The major threats to this species include habitat loss, due to expanding agriculture, logging and human settlements, and the pollution of streams and rivers. Harvesting by local people

MINDANAO FANGED FROG

Taxonomy: The use of the name Limnonectes magnus as applied to both Philippine and Sulawesi taxa is a taxonomic arrangement in need of revision. The Sulawesi populations referred to this species have already been shown to be distinct species based on molecular analysis, but have not yet been named. Bibliography: Alcala, A.C. and Brown, W.C. (1985), Dubois, A. (1992), Emerson, S.E., Inger, R.F. and Iskandar, D. (2000), Frost, D.R. (1985), Inger, R.F. (1966), Inger, R.F. (1999) Data Providers: Arvin Diesmos, Angel Alcala, Rafe Brown, Leticia Afuang, Genevieve Gee, Djoko Iskandar

Limnonectes malesianus (Kiew, 1984)

MALESIAN FROG

This species is known from extreme southern Peninsular Thailand, peninsular Malaysia (and Sarawak) and Singapore to Indonesia (including Sumatra and Kalimantan), up to 150m asl. It is likely to occur a little more widely than current records suggest. It is generally not rare, but it is also not an abundant frog (Lim and Lim 1992); it is considered rare in Thailand. It inhabits shallow, gentle streams and nearby swampy areas including peat swamps, very ﬂat alluvial forests (both primary forest and mature secondary growth), and overgrown plantations. The eggs are laid in sandy streambeds but no nest is constructed (Kiew 1984c). The major threat to this species is deforestation. It is also collected for subsistence use and trade (Lim and Lim 1992; P. van Dijk pers. comm.), but most collection pressure is deﬂected from it by the sympatric occurrence of the larger and more common Limnonectes blythii. It occurs in several protected areas, although more effective conservation of peat swamps and low alluvial rainforests is needed. Taxonomy: This species was previously hidden within the Limnonectes blythii-macrodon complex. Bibliography: Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Kiew, B.H. (1984c), Kiew, B.H. (1990), Leong, T.M. (2000), Leong, T.M. (2001b), Lim, K.P. and Lim, F.L.K. (1992), Manthey, U. and Grossmann, W. (1997) Data Providers: Peter Paul van Dijk, Djoko Iskandar, Robert Inger

Limnonectes paramacrodon (Inger, 1966) This species is known from scattered localities in Peninsular Malaysia (Berry 1975; Dring 1979) and Borneo, and it has been recorded from Singapore (Lim and Lim 1992), southern Thailand (T. Chan-ard pers. comm.) and Natuna Besar and Sumatra, Indonesia. It probably occurs more widely than current records suggest. It occurs at altitudes below 200m asl. There is no information on its population status. It generally inhabits lowland swamp forest areas with small rivers and streams. Adults are found along clay and gravel stream banks, and breeding takes place in these streams. It appears to be able to tolerate selective logging, but does not adapt to more heavily modified habitats. The principal threats to this species are destruction of forests through clear-cutting, conversion to non-timber plantations, urbanization, fire and water extraction. It is present in protected areas in Borneo and the Malay Peninsula (such as Pasoh Forest Reserve and Tasek Bera). Effective preservation of the remaining lowland swamp forest is the main conservation measure recommended for this species. Bibliography: Berry, P.Y. (1975), Dring, J.C.M. (1979), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Leong, T.M., Grismer, L. and Mumpuni (2002), Lim, K.P. and Lim, F.L.K. (1992), OEPP - Office of Environmental Planning and Policy [of Thailand] (1997) Data Providers: Peter Paul van Dijk, Djoko Iskandar, Robert Inger, Norsham Yaakob, Leong Tzi Ming, Yodchaiy Chuaynkern

Limnonectes rhacoda (Inger, Boeadi and Tauﬁk, 1996) This species has been seen at localities in northern and central Kalimantan, Borneo. It is likely to occur more widely than current records suggest. Its altitudinal range is unclear, but it is believed that this species only occurs below 500m asl. There is no information on the current population status of this species. It lives in primary lowland rainforest. Very little is known of the ecology of this species, although it is known to have a very small clutch size, and it presumably breeds by larval development in water. The greatest threat to this species is presumably deforestation. It is present in Kayanmantran Protected Area. More effective preservation of areas of lowland rainforest in Kalimantan is essential for the conservation of this species. Bibliography: Inger, R.F., Boeadi and Tauﬁk, A. (1996) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun, Mumpuni

Limnonectes tweediei (Smith, 1935) This species is known from Kedah, Perak, Selangor, Trengganu and Pahang States in Peninsular Malaysia, from 200900m asl (Dring 1979; Berry 1975; Y. Norsham pers. comm.). A population occurring in one tributary in western Sumatra, Indonesia, has been provisionally assigned to this species. Its reported occurrence on Tioman Island, Malaysia, was probably based on a misidentiﬁcation (Leong Tzi Ming pers. comm.). In appropriate habitat in Malaysia this species is fairly common. In Sumatra it is considered to be rare. This species is known from muddy pools in rainforest near small streams and seepages in which it makes holes for breeding. It appears not to occur in disturbed areas. The most likely signiﬁcant threats to this species are pollution, and extensive habitat degradation through clear cutting and conversion of forest to plantations. It occurs in Templer’s Park and a number of forest reserves and watershed protection areas (Berry 1975; P. van Dijk pers. comm.; D. Iskandar pers. comm.), but no population appears to be entirely secure. Surveys of existing protected areas might be appropriate, as would improved protection measures to safeguard the ecological integrity of Templer’s Park and the Gombak Valley in Malaysia and Lembah Anai Natural Reserve in Sumatra. Taxonomy: This species is considered by Kiew (1975) to be a synonym of Rana nitida. Bibliography: Berry, P.Y. (1975), Dring, J.C.M. (1979), Grandison, A.C.G. (1972a), Iskandar, D.T. and Setyantyo, D.Y. (1996), Kiew, B.H. (1975), Leong, T.M. and Norsham, Y. (2002) Data Providers: Norsham Yaakob, Leong Tzi Ming, Djoko Iskandar

630

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Meristogenys kinabaluensis (Inger, 1966)

Paa annandalii (Boulenger, 1920)

This species is known only from mountainous areas of northern Borneo, in Sabah and north-eastern Sarawak (Malaysia), and north-eastern Kalimantan (Indonesia), from 750-1,700m asl. It is a locally abundant species. It has been found only in submontane and montane forests, where it breeds in small, clear, rocky streams. The larvae cling to the rocks in strong currents and probably feed on lithophytic algae. It does not adapt to modiﬁed habitats. The major threat to this species’ habitat is clear-cutting. It has been recorded from the protected areas of Gunung Kinabalu National Park, Gunung Mulu and the Crocker Range.

This species is present in north-eastern India (West Bengal, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh), eastern Nepal, and possibly Bhutan (although this requires conﬁrmation). It is found from 1,500-3,000m asl. The population status of this species is unknown. It is associated with snow-fed rocky streams in montane forests. There is little known about its breeding biology or larval ecology. It is generally threatened by habitat destruction as a result of localized deforestation and changes in waterway management (such as dam construction). It is not known whether or not it occurs in any protected areas, although it is protected by national legislation in India. Recent ﬁeld studies have been undertaken by Bordoloi (2001) and Shresthra (2001).

Bibliography: Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Malkmus, R. et al. (2002) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun, Mumpuni

Meristogenys phaeomerus (Inger and Gritis, 1983)

Paa arnoldi (Dubois, 1975)

This species is known from central Sarawak and adjacent Kalimantan, Borneo, below 300m asl. It is likely to occur a little more widely than current records suggest. It is a locally abundant species. It lives in hilly lowland rainforest and breeds along small, clear, rocky streams. Larvae cling to the rocks in strong currents and feed on lithophytic algae. It appears to be unable to adapt to modiﬁed habitats. The principal threat to this species is habitat loss due to clear-cutting. This species has been recorded from several protected areas, but more effective protection of lowland rainforest is needed. Bibliography: Inger, R.F. and Gritis, P.A. (1983), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun, Mumpuni

Meristogenys poecilus (Inger and Gritis, 1983) This species is known from central Sarawak (Malaysia) and central Kalimantan (Indonesia), Borneo. It probably occurs more widely than current records suggest. It is a locally abundant species. It lives in hilly lowland rainforest and breeds along small, clear, rocky streams. Larvae cling to the rocks in strong currents and feed on lithophytic algae. The principal threat to this species is habitat loss due to clear-cutting. It has been recorded from Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary and Betung-Kerikum National Park. More effective protection of large areas of rainforest is needed. Bibliography: Inger, R.F. and Gritis, P.A. (1983) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun, Mumpuni

Meristogenys whiteheadi (Boulenger, 1887)

This species is known from the type locality, Pangnamdim, in northern Myanmar, which is 910m asl (Dubois 1975), and from adjacent Xizang Autonomous Region and north-western Yunnan Province, China, from 1,000-2,080m asl. It probably ranges slightly more widely, especially in Myanmar. This species is considered uncommon in China. In Myanmar, it has not been collected again since the type series was collected in the 1930s. Results from recent surveys of the area are not yet available (G. Wogan pers. comm.). In China this species is known from medium and small streams in forested areas, and sometimes also from springs near paddy ﬁelds. It breeds in streams, the eggs being laid in water under stones. There is no information on its recorded habitat in Myanmar. The main threat in Myanmar to this species and most of the species in its genus is local consumption. In China it is threatened by habitat destruction and degradation, in particular due to agricultural development and the subsistence collection of wood. A few protected areas are present within the range of this species, including Hkakabo Razi National Park in Myanmar (which is the type locality), and Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in China. Further herpetological surveys of northern Myanmar are needed to determine the range of this species in this country. Further research is also needed to resolve the confusion relating to the nomenclature and taxonomy of this species. Taxonomy: Paa chayunensis is considered here to be a synonym of this species, following Zhao and Adler (1993), until the taxonomic confusion surrounding this species is resolved. There is much confusion relating to the nomenclature and taxonomy of this species. Taxonomic revision should include P. mokokchungensis from India and P. maculosa chayuensis from China. Bibliography: Dubois, A. (1975), Fei, L. et al. (1999), MacKinnon, J. (1997), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), Smith, M.A. (1940b), The Comprehensive Scientiﬁc Expedition to the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau (1997), Ye, C.-Y, Fei, L. and Hu, S.Q. (1993) Data Providers: Fei Liang, Annemarie Ohler, Yang Datong, Peter Paul van Dijk, Guinevere Wogan

Paa ercepeae (Dubois, 1974)

This species is known only from western Sabah (Malaysia) and north-eastern Kalimantan (Indonesia), Borneo, below 1,300m asl. The population status of this species is unknown. It has been found only in hilly rainforests. Breeding occurs in clear, rocky streams, and larvae cling to the rocks in strong currents and feed on lithophytic algae. The principal threat to this species is habitat loss due to clear-cutting. It has been recorded from the protected areas of Gunung Kinabalu, the Crocker Range and Kayanmantaran National Park. Bibliography: Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Malkmus, R. et al. (2002) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun, Mumpuni

Micrixalus fuscus (Boulenger, 1882)

This species is known only from western Nepal, from 2,200-2,600m asl. It has a restricted range and is considered to be rare. It is associated with stream habitats in upland temperate rainforests. There is little information on larval habitats, although it is presumed that larvae also occur in stream habitats. The main threats to this species are the degradation and destruction of its habitat as a result of small-scale agricultural development, and wood extraction. It has been recorded from Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve and Royal Chitwan National Park. Bibliography: Dubois, A. (1974), Dubois, A. (1975), Schleich, H.H. (1993) Data Providers: Annemarie Ohler, Tej Kumar Shrestha, Sushil Dutta

Paa verrucospinosa (Bourret, 1937)

This is a species complex endemic to the southern Western Ghats of India, where it occurs from 200-1,000m asl. It is common. This species complex is associated with hill streams and riparian habitats in moist tropical evergreen forest, and is commonly found at the forest edge, but not outside the forest. Breeding takes place in streams. The major threats to its habitat are the conversion of forest to cultivated areas (including coffee and tea plantations), subsistence harvesting of wood and timber, modiﬁcation of waterways (through dam construction), and infrastructure development. This species complex has been recorded from many protected areas and is protected by national legislation. Given that this is a species complex further research is required to resolve its taxonomy. Taxonomy: This form is a complex of more than one species. Myers (1942b) described Micrixalus herrei, which was subsequently synonymized with this species by Inger et al. (1984). It is possible that M. herrei is a valid species within the M. fuscus complex (S.D. Biju pers. comm.). Bibliography: Biju, S.D. (2001), Boulenger, G.A. (1882a), Dutta, S.K. (1997), Inger, R.F. et al. (1984), Myers, G.S. (1942b), Ravichandran, M.S. (1996a) Data Providers: S.D. Biju, Sushil Dutta, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, S.P. Vijayakumar, M.S. Ravichandran

Allowing for the uncertainty associated with the attribution of various Paa populations to various names, this appears to be a taxon ranging from south of the Chinese border through the Annamite Mountains to southern Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Bourret 1942; Inger, Orlov and Darevsky 1999; Ohler et. al. 2000; B. Stuart pers. comm.), and has been recorded from 500-1,700m asl. It is thought to be common throughout most of its range. It has been recorded in and around streams, in which it breeds, in hill and lower montane evergreen forest. The major threat is collection for consumption, and presumably also degradation of forest habitat and stream sedimentation, as a result of logging. Signiﬁcant areas of appropriate habitat appear to be covered by the collective protected areas of Viet Nam and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, but harvesting is still a problem in these areas (BirdLife International 2001), and so needs to be managed more sustainably. Clariﬁcation of the taxonomic identity and the distribution of Paa frogs in this region is also necessary. Bibliography: Birdlife International (2001), Bourret, R. (1942), Inger, R.F., Orlov, N. and Darevsky, I.S. (1999), Ohler, A. et al. (2000) Data Providers: Peter Paul van Dijk, Steven Swan

Platymantis luzonensis Brown, Alcala, Diesmos and Alcala, 1997

Nanorana pleskei Günther, 1896 This species is known from Qinghai, Gansu and Sichuan Provinces in China, from 3,300-4,500m asl. Specimens originally reported from Pakistan and the Kashmir region have been allocated to other taxa. It is thought to be quite common, although one population has undergone a decline over the past ﬁve years in apparently suitable habitat. It lives and breeds in alpine marshes, pools, ponds and streams in open high-altitude habitats. A major threat to this species is habitat destruction and degradation caused by over-grazing by livestock. The reasons for the recent rapid decline of one population in an apparently suitable habitat are not known. Climate change might be a factor and can be considered a threat now and in the future. Several protected areas are present within the range of this species. Chytridiomycosis cannot be ruled out as a cause of the recent decline, and this should be investigated. Taxonomy: Specimens collected in Pakistan by Annandale (1917) and assigned to Rana pleskei (= Nanorana pleskei) were allocated to Scutiger occidentalis (= S. nyingchiensis) by Dubois (1978, 1987). The Kashmir specimen reported by Mertens (1969), is referable to R. vicina (= Paa vicina) (Dubois and Khan 1979). Other reports of N. pleskei in Pakistan and Kashmir are references to the above collections that have now been allocated to other species. Bibliography: Annandale, N. (1917), Dubois, A. (1978), Dubois, A. (1987), Dutta, S.K. (1997), Fei, L. et al. (1999), Inger, R.F. and Dutta, S.K. (1986), Khan, M.S. (1976), Khan, M.S. (1979), Khan, M.S. (1996), Khan, M.S. (2002), Liu, C.-C. and Hu, S.-Q. (1961), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), Mertens, R. (1969), Sahi, D.N. and Duda, P.L. (1986), Ye, C.-Y, Fei, L. and Hu, S.Q. (1993), Zhao, E.-M. and Adler, K. (1993) Data Providers: Wang Yuezhao, Annemarie Ohler, Muhammad Sharif Khan, Xie Feng

Occidozyga baluensis (Boulenger, 1896)

Bibliography: Bordoloi, S. et al. (2001), Chanda, S.K. (2002), Dutta, S.K. (1997), Schleich, H.H. (1993) Data Providers: Sabitry Bordoloi, Annemarie Ohler, Tej Kumar Shrestha

SEEP FROG

This species has been found at many localities in north-western Borneo, from 65-1,200m asl. It was also recorded once in Lampung, Sumatra, but its distribution here is still questionable. It is likely to occur a little more widely than current records suggest. The population status of this species is unknown. This is a largely aquatic species, most often seen in seepage areas in primary lowland rainforest. Larvae also develop in these thin ﬁlms of water. This species appears to be unable to adapt to modiﬁed habitats. The major threat is habitat loss due to clearcutting. It is present in a number of protected areas in Borneo, and the Sumatran specimens were collected in a protected area. The preservation of lowland tropical moist forest in Borneo is recommended as a conservation measure for this species. Taxonomy: A taxonomic review of the specimens assigned to this taxon (especially those of Sumatran origin) is recommended. Bibliography: Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Malkmus, R. et al. (2002) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Robert Stuebing, Djoko Iskandar, Mumpuni

This species occurs in the rainforests of south-eastern Luzon Island, in the Philippines, at around 600m asl. It is common in forested areas and disturbed areas adjacent to forests. It inhabits arboreal microhabitats in lower montane and lowland forests, where it deposits its eggs (which undergo direct development) in tree holes, pandans and tree ferns. This species also lives in disturbed, secondary habitats. Its habitat is threatened due to shifting agriculture and logging, but not to a signiﬁcant degree at present. This species is known to occur in four generally well-protected localities on Luzon Island, and so the most important conservation measure is the continued designation of three of these (Mount Banahaw, Mount Makiling and Mount Bulusan) as protected areas. This species is also very common on Mount Malinao, which is not a formally protected area. Bibliography: Alcala, A.C. and Brown, W.C. (1985), Alcala, A.C. and Brown, W.C. (1999), Brown, R.M., Diesmos, A.C. and Alcala, A.C. (2001), Brown, W.C. et al. (1997), Diesmos, A.C. (1998) Data Providers: Arvin Diesmos, Angel Alcala, Rafe Brown, Leticia Afuang, Genevieve Gee, Katie Hampson, Mae Leonida Diesmos, Aldrin Mallari, Perry Ong, Dondi Ubaldo, Baldwin Gutierrez

Platymantis mimula Brown, Alcala and Diesmos, 1997 This species is known from Mount Makiling and its immediate vicinity, on southern Luzon Island, in the Philippines, at around 400m asl. It is common to very common in forest and disturbed areas. It inhabits the forest ﬂoor stratum in undisturbed and disturbed lower montane and lowland forests, and is occasionally found in anthropogenic habitats beside the forest. It deposits its eggs in leaf-litter nests and breeds by direct development. Its habitat is threatened due to shifting agriculture and logging, but not to a signiﬁcant degree at present. This species is known to occur in several well-protected areas on Luzon Island, including Mount Makiling National Park. Bibliography: Alcala, A.C. and Brown, W.C. (1985), Alcala, A.C. and Brown, W.C. (1999), Brown, R.M., Diesmos, A.C. and Alcala, A.C. (2001), Brown, W.C., Alcala, A.C. and Diesmos, A.C. (1997), Diesmos, A.C. (1998) Data Providers: Arvin Diesmos, Angel Alcala, Rafe Brown, Leticia Afuang, Genevieve Gee, Katie Hampson, Mae Leonida Diesmos, Aldrin Mallari, Perry Ong, Dondi Ubaldo, Baldwin Gutierrez

Platymantis vitiensis (Girard, 1853)

FIJI TREEFROG

This species is widespread in Fiji on the islands of Viti Levu, Vanua Levu, Ovalau and Taveuni, occurring at approximately 50-800m asl. It can be locally common in suitable areas, in particular in mature, wet forest along streams, but is much

Near Threatened Amphibian Species

less common in secondary and degraded habitats. It is naturally a forest species, living especially along streams in giant Pandanus, bird’s nest ferns and the common lily (Colospermum montanum). It is also found, though at much lower densities, in rural gardens, plantations, and in pandans in pastureland. It breeds by direct development, the eggs being laid in leaf axils. The clutch size is less than 30 eggs. The main threat to this species is probably forest loss due to small-scale subsistence wood extraction, and logging. It has been conﬁrmed as occurring in Tomaniivi Nature Reserve, Colo-I-Suva Forest Park, Garrick Memorial Park, Bouma Forest Reserve, and Savura Forest Reserve. The main priority conservation measure for this species is the conservation of mature forest, especially along streams. Bibliography: Boistel, R. and Sueur, J. (1997), Gibbons, J.R.H. and Guinea, M.L. (1983), Gorham, S.W. (1965), Gorham, S.W. (1968), Gorham, S.W. (1971), Ryan, P. (2000), Watling, D. and Zug, G.R. (1998) Data Providers: George Zug, Dick Watling, Clare Morrison

Ptychadena erlangeri (Ahl, 1924) This species occurs in the Rift Valley in Ethiopia, and in the highlands on both sides of the Rift Valley. It is generally found at 1,500-2,500m asl, though it possibly extends as low as 1,300m asl near the shore of Lake Abaya (the type locality). Its distribution is severely fragmented although it probably occurs more widely than current records show. It appears to be a rather rare species (though this might be due in part to the difﬁculty in distinguishing between this species and Ptychadena neumanni). It seems to be particularly associated with long grasses and similar coarse herbaceous vegetation in forest clearings, not necessarily very close to permanent water. Its breeding behaviour is unknown, but it presumably takes place in pools in forest clearings and at forest margins. The main threats to this species are related to environmental degradation resulting from encroaching human settlements, with the consequent exploitation of forest resources for both subsistence and commercial purposes, including activities such as logging and agricultural development. The best-known population of this species is found in Bale Mountains National Park. Conservation of montane forests is the highest priority conservation measure for this species. Bibliography: Largen, M.J. (1997), Largen, M.J. (2001), Perret, J.-L. (1980) Data Providers: Malcolm Largen

This species ranges from Sierra Leone, through southern Guinea and Liberia, to southern Côte d’Ivoire and southwestern Ghana. It is rare in Taï National Park (south-western Côte d’Ivoire), but perhaps more common in coastal forest in Côte d’Ivoire; it is locally common in Sierra Leone. This is a lowland rainforest species, and its adaptability to altered habitats is not known. The details of its breeding biology are also unknown, but if it is similar to other members of its genus then it probably breeds in temporary pools. The major threats to this species are the loss and degradation of forest due to agricultural development, logging and expanding human settlements. It occurs in Mount Nimba World Heritage Site (Guinea, Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire), Taï National Park (Côte d’Ivoire), and possibly also other protected areas. Bibliography: Guibé, J. and Lamotte, M. (1957), Herrmann, H.-W. et al. (2005), Perret, J.-L. (1976b), Rödel, M.-O. (2000b), Schiøtz, A. (1964a) Data Providers: Mark-Oliver Rödel, Arne Schiøtz

CRAWFISH FROG

This species is known from northern and central Mississippi, north-central Louisiana, and eastern Texas north through eastern Oklahoma, north-central Arkansas, western Tennessee, and western Kentucky through southern Indiana and Illinois, across Missouri, northern Iowa, and eastern Kansas, USA (Altig and Lohoefener 1983; Conant and Collins 1991). It can be locally common in remnant habitat patches, but much of its native habitat has been lost. It is secretive but not uncommon in Texas (Bartlett and Bartlett 1999). In Illinois, it is uncommon and declining in some areas where breeding habitats have been drained or stocked with predatory fish (Phillips, Brandon and Moll 1999). The species was locally plentiful in western Indiana until about 1970, when it declined markedly and disappeared from many sites for reasons that are not well understood, including some in which the habitat did not change in any obvious way (Minton 2001). It might no longer occur in southern Iowa (Johnson 2000). It has been found repeatedly and in large numbers in the Ouachita River bottomlands in Louisiana (Dundee and Rossman 1989). This species inhabits moist meadows, pasturelands, river flood plains, pine scrub, and golf courses. It hides in crayfish, reptile, or rodent burrows when inactive, and also under logs and in sewers. Eggs are laid and larvae usually develop in temporary water such as in flooded fields, ditches, farm ponds, and small lakes. The major threats to this species are habitat loss and degradation particuarly through drainage of its breeding habitat. It is also threatened by the stocking of breeding waters with predatory fish (Phillips, Brandon and Moll 1999). It occurs in many protected areas. Better information on current population status and trends is needed to aid its conservation. Taxonomy: Rana capito and R. sevosa were formerly included in this species, but were removed from its synonymy by Young and Crother (2001). Bibliography: Altig, R. and Lohoefener, R. (1983), Bailey, M.A. (1991), Barbour, R.W. (1971), Bartlett, R.D. and Bartlett, P.P. (1999), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Bragg, A.N. (1953), Busby, W.H., and Brecheisen, W.R. (1997), Case, S.M. (1978), Christiansen, J.L. and Bailey, R.M. (1991), Collins, J.T. (1982), Collins, J.T. (1990), Collins, J.T. (1993), Conant, R. and Collins, J.T. (1991), Dundee, H.A. and Rossman, D.A. (1989), Frost, D.R. (1985), Johnson, T.R. (1977), Johnson, T.R. (2000), Minton Jr, S.A. (1972), Minton Jr, S.A. (2001), Phillips, C.A., Brandon, R.A. and Moll, E.O. (1999), Redmond, W.H. and Scott, A.F. (1996), Smith, P.W. (1961), Young, J.E. and Crother, B.I. (2001) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson, Matthew Parris

Rana aurora Baird and Girard, 1852

mass is at the surface in Rana aurora draytonii. An important threat to Rana aurora aurora is the loss of wetlands in the Willamette Valley (Oregon) and Puget Lowlands (Washington). The increased distribution of warm water fish and bullfrogs is also a threat (Adams 1999, 2000; Kiesecker and Blaustein 1988; Kiesecker, Blaustein and Miller 2001a), and conversion to permanent ponds is an important threat (as this allows breeding waters to be invaded by non-native predators). R. a. draytonii is threatened most significantly by habitat loss and alteration, and non-native predators are also likely to be important (Lawler et al. 1999; Doubledee, Muller and Nisbet 2003). R. a. aurora occurs in several small wildlife refuges in Oregon and Washington managed by the USFWS (US Fish and Wildlife Service), and some state refuges (such as Wilson and Burlington). Most of its range is within actively managed agricultural and forestry matrix (under the control of private owners, the Bureau of Land Management, or the US Department of Agriculture Forest Service). Regarding R. a. draytonii, the US Geological Survey has developed a conservation plan for this species, and about 1.7 million hectares were designated as critical habitat for it in California (USFWS 2001c). A monitoring and conservation programme must be implemented in the Mexican range of this subspecies, as this does not include any protected areas. Taxonomy: The two subspecies, Rana aurora aurora and R. a. draytonii, are probably specifically distinct based on genetic data (H.B. Shaffer pers. comm.; G.M. Fellers pers. comm.). When separated, the common names become Northern Red-legged Frog and California Red-legged Frog, respectively. Bibliography: Adams, M.J. (1999), Adams, M.J. (2000), Altig, R. and Dumas, P.C. (1972), Behler, J.L. and King, F.W. (1979), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Briggs Sr, J.L. (1987), Brown, H.A. (1975), Bulger, J.B., Scott, N.J. and Seymour, R.B. (2003), Cook, D. and Jennings, M.R. (2001), Corkran, C.C. and Thoms, C. (1996), Davidson, C., Shaffer, H.B. and Jennings, M.R. (2001), Davidson, C., Shaffer, H.B. and Jennings, M.R. (2002), Doubledee, R.A., Muller, E.B. and Nisbet, R.M. (2003), Fellers, G.M. et al. (2001), Green, D.M. (1985), Green, D.M. (1986a), Green, D.M. (1986b), Hayes, M.P. and Miyamoto, M.M. (1984), Hayes, M.P., Pearl, C.A. and Rombough, C.J. (2001), Jennings, M.R. and Hayes, M.P. (1994), Kiesecker, J.M. and Blaustein, A.R. (1998), Kiesecker, J.M., Blaustein, A.R. and Miller, C.L. (2001a), Lawler, S.P. et al. (1999), Leonard, W.P. et al. (1993), Licht, L.E. (1971), Nussbaum, R.A., Brodie, Jr., E.D. and Storm, R.M. (1983), Pearl, C.A. (2005), Reaser, J.K. (2003), Stebbins, R.C. (1985b), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1994b), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1996c), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2001c), Zeiner, D.C. et al. (eds.) (1988) Data Providers: Georgina Santos-Barrera, Christopher Pearl, Geoffrey Hammerson

Rana banjarana Leong and Lim, 2003

Ptychadena superciliaris (Günther, 1858)

Rana areolata Baird and Girard, 1852

631

RED-LEGGED FROG

The subspecies Rana aurora aurora occurs from south-western British Columbia, including Vancouver Island in Canada, south along the coast of the USA (primarily west of the Cascade-Sierran crest), to Mendecino County, just north of San Francisco, California. It is usually found below 1,200m asl. Rana aurora draytonii occurs from Mendecino County, just north of San Francisco, California, south to north-western Baja California, Mexico. It was introduced in Nye County, Nevada, probably between 1940 and 1950. It might now be extinct in the southern Sierra Nevada, and is apparently now absent from Great Valley, California. The Sierra Nevada populations are small and highly localized. It occurs from sea level up to 1,500m asl in the Sierra Nevada range. Rana aurora aurora is relatively widespread in Washington and Oregon, although localized declines have been reported where its habitat has been modiﬁed. The range of R. a. draytonii has been reduced by 70% (USFWS 1996c, 2002), and it has been extirpated from much of its former range in California (Hayes and Jennings 1988). It occurs in about 256 streams or drainages in 28 counties and is still locally abundant in portions of the San Francisco Bay area and the central coast (USFWS 2002). This species is usually found in or near the quiet permanent waters of streams, marshes, or (less often) ponds and other quiet bodies of water. It is also sometimes found in damp woods and meadows some distance from water. In California, it occurs in sites with dense vegetation such as willows, close to water and some shading. Rana aurora aurora can reproduce in waterbodies ranging from large lakes to temporary ponds and ditches (Nussbaum, Brodie and Storm 1983). Rana aurora aurora also breeds in man-made ponds, but it might not persist over time when these are permanent and are invaded by non-native predators (Adams 1999, 2000; Kiesecker and Blaustein 1998; Kiesecker, Blaustein and Miller 2001a). It can occupy ephemeral pools if the water remains until late spring or early summer (Biosystems Analysis 1989), and it aestivates in small mammal burrows and moist leaf-litter in dense riparian vegetation (Rathbun et al. 1993, cited by USFWS 1994b). It disperses from water in wet weather but can seek refuge in deep water. Breeding usually takes place in permanent water, and the eggs are attached to stiff submerged stems in this subspecies, whereas the egg

This montane species has been recorded from the Banjaran Bintang mountain range of Peninsular Malaysia and the Banjaran Titi Wangsa mountain range of Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia. It might also be present in the mountain ranges of Banjaran Benom, Banjaran Gunong Tahan and Banjaran Timur, all in Peninsular Malaysia, and might also occur in the highlands of the island of Sumatra, Indonesia. It has an altitudinal range of at least 700-1,300m asl. The population status of this species is unknown. It does not occur in modified habitats, but it appears to be a strict inhabitant of undisturbed streams in highland and montane tropical forests. Adult males have been observed calling from the sides of forest streams while perched low on fallen branches or live vegetation, or on sandy banks or leaf-litter. The larvae inhabit well-shaded streams with clear, slow-flowing water and a sandy substrate. The habitat of this species is threatened, at least locally, by logging and smallholder agricultural development. It has been recorded in the Hala Bala Wildlife Sanctuary of Thailand, and the Cameron Highlands Wildlife Sanctuary of Peninsular Malaysia. It might also be present in other protected areas of the Banjaran Bintang and the Banjaran Titi Wangsa mountains. Taxonomy: Adults and larvae of this montane species have previously been misidentified as either Rana signata or R. glanulosa. Bibliography: Berry, P.Y. (1972), Berry, P.Y. (1975), Chan-ard, T. et al. (1999), Leong, T.M. and Lim, B.L. (2003), Smedley, N. (1931), Smith, M.A. (1922) Data Providers: Leong Tzi Ming

Rana boylii Baird, 1854 This species is known from the Pacific drainages from the upper reaches of the Willamette River system, Oregon (west of the Cascades crest), south to the upper San Gabriel River, Los Angeles County, California, including the coastal ranges and Sierra Nevada foothills, in the USA. There is a disjunct population at La Grulla Meadow, Sierra San Pedro Martir, Baja California, Mexico. It has apparently disappeared from portions of its historical range, especially in southern California (see Hayes and Jennings 1988). It occurs from sea level up to 2,040m asl. This species has probably been extirpated from the Tehacahapi Mountains southwards, and there have also been severe declines in the central Sierra foothills of California (Drost and Fellers 1996). It is now rare or absent in Oregon (Leonard et al. 1993), moderately common in north-western California and the northern Sierra foothills, and rare or absent in the central and southern Sierra foothills. This species was first recorded in Mexico three decades ago, but almost nothing is known about its biology there. This species inhabits partially shaded, rocky streams at low to moderate altitudes, in areas of chaparral, open woodland, and forest (Nussbaum, Brodie and Storm 1983; Hayes and Jennings 1988). It seeks cover at the bottom of a pool when startled. Its breeding and non-breeding habitats are the following, in order of decreasing favourability: (1) partially shaded, small perennial streams, 30-1,000m asl, with at least some cobblesized rocks, riffle areas and a stream depth rarely greater than 1m; (2) intermittent, small, partly shaded, rocky streams displaying seasonal riffle habitat; (3) large (consistently greater than 1m in stream depth), partly shaded, perennial streams with rocky or bedrock habitat; and (4) open perennial streams with little or no rocky habitat. Breeding takes place in pools of streams, and eggs are usually attached to gravel or rocks at the edge of pools or streams (Nussbaum, Brodie and Storm 1983). In northern California, eggs were found attached to cobbles and boulders at lower than ambient flow velocities, near confluences of tributary drainages in wide, shallow reaches, and most breeding sites were used repeatedly (Kupferberg 1996). Threats to this species include stream scouring (it may negatively impact frogs in stream bed hibernation sites), introduced aquatic species, non-selective logging practices, and stabilization of historically fluctuating stream flows. However, because causes of declines are uncertain, it is difficult to assess the degree to which this species is threatened. S.J. Kupferberg (pers. comm.) found that bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) larvae perturbed aquatic community structure and exerted detrimental effects on R. boylii populations in northern California but had only a slight impact on Pseudacris regilla. Some populations of this species occur in national forests in California and Oregon, but this does not necessarily provide adequate protection. It also occurs in a few national, regional and state parks, and on properties owned by The Nature Conservancy. In Mexico it occurs within the San Pedro Martir National Park, which is a relatively well-preserved area. This species is protected by Mexican law under the “Special Protection” category (Pr). Bibliography: Behler, J.L. and King, F.W. (1979), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Drost, C.A. and Fellers, G.M. (1996), Green, D.M. (1986a), Green, D.M. (1986b), Kupferberg, S.J. (1996), Leonard, W.P. et al. (1993), Lind, A.J., Welsh, Jr, H.H. and Wilson, R.A. (1996), Macey, J.R. et al. (2001), Nussbaum, R.A., Brodie, Jr., E.D. and Storm, R.M. (1983), Stebbins, R.C. (1985b), Welsh Jr, H.H., Hodgson, G.R. and Lind, A.J. (2005), Zweifel, R.G. (1955), Zweifel, R.G. (1968a) Data Providers: Georgina Santos-Barrera, Geoffrey Hammerson, Gary Fellers

Rana capito LeConte, 1855

GOPHER FROG

This species is found in the USA from the Coastal Plain from the southern half of North Carolina (Beaufort County) to southern Florida (Collier County on the west coast, Broward County on the east coast), west to the Tombigbee River of Alabama. There are isolated populations in central Alabama (with a historical record from Shelby County) and central Tennessee (Atlig and Lohoefener 1983; Bailey 1991; Conant and Collins 1991; Godley 1992; Redmond and Scott 1996; Miller and Campbell 1996). Most of its range is contained within the range of the gopher tortoise Gopherus polyphemus (Conant and Collins 1991). In Alabama, this frog occurs at six breeding sites (M.A. Bailey pers. comm.). In Florida, it is extant at 79 sites east of the Apalachicola River (R. Franz unpubl.) and it breeds in at least 25 sites west of the Apalachicola River (J.G. Palis pers. comm.). It is known from two specimens in Tennessee (Redmond and Scott 1996; M.A. Bailey pers. comm.), and it is known to occur at seven sites at least in Georgia, including Fort

632

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Benning (where 60-110 breeding adults were recorded in a two acre pond; Andrews pers. comm.), Fort Stewart (18 breeding sites recorded; D.J. Stevenson pers. comm.), McIntosh County, Baker County (at least five sites), Charlton County (C.W. Seyle unpubl.), Taylor County (three breeding sites), and Marion County. It is known from two sites (Savannah River Ecology Lab and Santee Coastal Reserve) in South Carolina. In North Carolina, it breeds at 11 sites (A.L. Braswell unpubl.). Though few data are available concerning changes in the species’ population status, much information exists on the reduction of its habitat and breeding sites. The longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) community, the ecosystem primarily inhabited by this species, has been reduced to less than 5% of its historical range (Frost 1993; Outcalt and Sheffield 1996). Bailey (1994) reported that eight of 14 known breeding sites in Alabama are considered historic and of the six extant ponds, only three supported substantial populations. However, since that study, one historic site has been reconfirmed as extant, two additional breeding ponds have been discovered, and one previously known breeding site has been extirpated due to the introduction of predatory fish (M.A. Bailey pers. comm.; J.B. Jensen pers. comm.). Although a few new North Carolina sites have been documented in recent years (Beane and Hoffman 1995, 1997), Braswell (1993) found only 11 of 32 previously known breeding sites to be active in North Carolina. Twelve sites are known from South Carolina, though only four remain extant (S.H. Bennett pers. comm.). Of 23 historic breeding sites in Georgia investigated by Seyle (1994) 12 were judged suitable, eight were considered degraded but marginally suitable, and three were judged unsuitable. Only one site was found to contain the frogs during two extensive surveys of Georgia’s coastal plain in late winter and early spring of 1995. However, heavy rains during the autumn of the previous year might have contributed to early breeding, and therefore low detectability during the survey period (Moulis 1995a,b). Extensive surveys are lacking for Florida. The total population size of this species is not known but it is apparently declining in many areas. Its primary habitat is native xeric upland habitats, particularly longleaf pine-turkey oak sand hill associations; also xeric to mesic longleaf pine flat woods, sand pine scrub, xeric oak hammocks, and ruderal successional stages of these habitats. It is absent from most coastal islands and dunes (Godley 1992). Burrows of the gopher tortoise or rodents are used for shelter (Gentry and Smith 1968; Lee 1968; Franz 1986), and it also hides under logs and under or in stumps (Wright and Wright 1949). Breeding occurs in ephemeral to semi-permanent graminoid-dominated wetlands that lack large predatory fish (Bailey 1991; Moler and Franz 1987; J.G. Palis unpubl.). This species does not adapt well to habitat degradation or the introduction of predators to its breeding habitat. Threats to this species are many and include loss of longleaf pine habitat through maximumyield timber management (for example, through establishment of pine monocultures) and decreased frequency of fire; introduction of predatory fish into breeding ponds; road construction near breeding sites; and declining populations of gopher tortoises whose burrows are used extensively by gopher frogs (Bailey 1991; Godley 1992). Mechanical site preparation techniques (such as roller chopping) destroy burrow openings, which may trap inhabitants. Routine pine straw harvest and associated removal of herbaceous vegetation also degrades the habitat quality (A.L. Braswell pers. comm.). Introduction of predatory game fishes (Lepomis spp. and Micropterus spp.) is detrimental as these species feed upon gopher frog tadpoles and possibly eggs. In some instances, introduction of mosquito fish (Gambusia spp.) can also be detrimental to gopher frogs and other larval amphibians (A.L. Braswell pers. comm.). Breeding sites are often degraded by off-road recreational vehicle (ORV) use or by sand roads that pass through or adjacent to the ponds as vehicular traffic disrupts pond floor micro-topography and eliminates herbaceous vegetation (J.G. Palis pers. comm.). More specifically, large tires of ORVs may break the organic hardpan that lies below the pond floor. This hardpan prevents water from draining into the sand below the wetland (LaClaire and Franz 1991), so breaking the hardpan could result in a shorter hydroperiod and thus make some wetlands unsuitable for gopher frog reproduction. Loss of herbaceous vegetation from ORV use could also discourage gopher frog reproduction since egg masses are attached to stems of herbaceous vegetation (Bailey 1990; J.G. Palis pers. comm.). Erosion of unpaved roads lying adjacent to breeding sites may result in sedimentation into the ponds. Introduction of sediment is exacerbated by the placement of wing ditches that divert water from roads into ponds. Heavy grazing by cattle in summer in dried pond basins might reduce or eliminate frog oviposition sites and/or alter pond nutrient cycling. A number of protected areas occur on various public lands throughout the species’ range. The most abundant populations are on federal lands, including Conecuh National Forest (Alabama), Eglin Air Force Base (Florida), and Fort Benning (Georgia). These areas receive at least some protection relevant to the needs of this frog. Elsewhere, existing regulatory mechanisms probably are insufficient for adequate protection of breeding and non-breeding habitat. It is listed as a species of special concern in Florida, North Carolina, and South Carolina, and is protected in Alabama. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service is currently evaluating the range-wide status of this frog to determine if it warrants federal recommendation as a threatened species (L.V. LaClaire pers. comm.). Taxonomy: This species was removed from the synonymy of Rana areolata by Case (1978) and Young and Crother (2001). Bibliography: Altig, R. and Lohoefener, R. (1983), Auffenberg, W. and Franz, R. (1982), Bailey, M.A. (1990), Bailey, M.A. (1991), Bartlett, R.D. and Bartlett, P.P. (1999), Beane, J.C. and Hoffman, E.L. (1995), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Blihovde, W.B. (2000), Braswell, A.L. (1993), Case, S.M. (1978), Collins, J.T. (1990), Collins, J.T. (1997), Conant, R. and Collins, J.T. (1991), Cronin, J.T. and Travis, J. (1986), Diemer, J.E. (1989), Dundee, H.A. and Rossman, D.A. (1989), Einem, G.E. and Ober, L.D. (1956), Eisenberg, J.F. (1983), Franz, R. (1986), Franz, R. (1991), Franz, R., Dodd, Jr, C.K. and Jones, C. (1988), Gentry, J.B. and Smith, M.H. (1968), Gibbons, J.W. and Semlitsch, R.D. (1981), Godley, J.S. (1992), Goin, C.J. and Netting, M.G. (1940), Greenberg, C.H. (2001), Jensen, J.B. (2000), Jensen, J.B. and Richter, S. (2005), Jensen, J.B., Palis, J.G. and Bailey, M.A. (1995), Jensen, R.C. and LaClaire, L.V. (1995), Jensen. J.B. et al. (2003), LaClaire, L.V. (1995b), LaClaire, L.V. and Franz, R. (1990), LaClaire, L.V. and Franz, R. (1990), Lee, D.S. (1968), Martof, B.S. et al. (1980), Means, D.B. (1986b), Means, D.B. (2001), Miller, B.T. and Campbell, D.L. (1996), Miller, B.T. and Campbell, D.L. (1996), Moler, P.E. and Franz, R. (1987), Moulis, R.A. (1995a), Moulis, R.A. (1995b), Mount, R.H. (1975), Palis, J.G. (1998), Palis, J.G. and Jensen, J.B. (1995), Redmond, W.H. and Scott, A.F. (1996), Robbins, L.E. and Myers, R.L. (1992), Semlitsch, R.D., Gibbons, J.W. and Tuberville, T.D. (1995), Semlitsch, R.D., Gibbons, J.W. and Tuberville, T.D. (1995), Seyle, C.W. (1994), Shaffer, H.B. et al. (1994), Travis, J. (1994), Travis, J., Keen, W.H. and Juilianna, J. (1985), Volpe, E.P. (1958), Ware, S., Frost, C. and Doerr, P.D. (1993), Webster, W.D., Parnell, J.F. and Biggs, W.C. Jr. (1985), Wood, D.A. (1992), Wright, A.H. and Wright, A.A. (1949), Young, J.E. (1997), Young, J.E. and Crother, B.I. (2001) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson, John Jensen

Rana cascadae Slater, 1939

CASCADES FROG

This species occurs in the Cascade Mountains from northern Washington south to northern California, USA. Populations isolated from the main Cascade Mountains complex occur in the Olympic Mountains, Washington; Mount Shasta and Lassen Peak area, California; and the Trinity Mountains, California (Stebbins 1985b; Nussbaum, Brodie and Storm 1983; Pearl and Adams 2005). Its range is generally between 665 and 2,450m asl, although some Washington populations might occur at lower altitudes. Its prehistoric range might have included much lower altitudes (Leonard et al. 1993). In Washington State, hundreds of populations have been identified, but some of these are likely to be no longer extant, and others might be continuous with adjacent populations (Dvornich, McAllister and Aubry 1997). This species is very rare and possibly extirpated from the Mount Lassen area, California (Fellers and Drost 1993). However, a population persists at Trinity Alps, California (Bury 1973a; Jennings and Hayes 1994). Some declines might have occurred in the Oregon Cascades (Olson 2001), but there have been no declines documented in Olympic (Adams, Schindler and Bury 2001) and Mount Rainier National Parks in Washington State. This species inhabits wet mountain meadows, sphagnum bogs, ponds, lakes, and streams, in open coniferous forests. It hibernates in mud at the bottom of ponds and in spring-water saturated ground up to at least 75m from ponds (Briggs 1987). It prefers quiet ponds for breeding and usually lays eggs in shallow open water. Non-breeding habitats are often more than 100m from breeding sites, sometimes substantially more. Non-breeding habitats can be streams in lower altitudes. It is not clear how adaptable this species is to habitat degradation. Observed declines in Lassen Volcanic National Park are apparently due to a combination of local factors, including (1) the presence of non-native predatory fish that have restricted available habitat and limited dispersal of frogs; (2) gradual loss of open meadows and associated aquatic habitats; and (3) loss of breeding habitat due to a five-year drought (Fellers and Drost 1993). Pesticide drift via prevailing winds might also have contributed to losses in California (Davidson, Shaffer and Jennings 2002). Introduced fish are implicated as limiting distribution in montane areas (Hayes and Jennings 1986; Jennings and Hayes 1994; Adams, Schindler and Bury 2001). UV radiation shows negative effects in experimental settings, but effects at landscape scale are unclear (Adams, Schindler and Bury 2001; Palen et al. 2002). Eggs are highly susceptible to the pathogenic fungus Saprolegnia ferax, which might be introduced during fish stocking (Kiesecker and Blaustein 1997).

Some populations are within protected national park and wilderness areas in Oregon (such as Crater Lake National Park, and the Three Sisters wilderness area), Washington (Olympic and Mount Rainier National Parks), and California (Mount Lassen and Trinity Alps). However, factors such as pesticide drift, UV radiation, and ﬁsh introductions are prominent threats even in montane protected areas. Bibliography: Adams, M.J., Schindler, D.E. and Bury, R.B. (2001), Altig, R. and Dumas, P.C. (1971), Behler, J.L. and King, F.W. (1979), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Blaustein, A.R. et al. (1994), Blaustein, A.R. et al. (1995), Briggs Sr, J.L. (1987), Briggs, J.L. and Storm, R.M. (1970), Bury, R.B. (1973a), Davidson, C., Shaffer, H.B. and Jennings, M.R. (2002), Dvornich, K.M., McAllister, K.R. and Aubry, K.B. (1997), Fellers, G.M. and Drost, C.A. (1993), Fite, K.V. et al. (1998), Frost, D.R. (1985), Green, D.M. (1986a), Green, D.M. (1986b), Hayes, M.P. and Jennings, M.R. (1986), Jennings, M.R. and Hayes, M.P. (1994), Kiesecker, J.M. and Blaustein, A.R. (1997), Leonard, W.P. et al. (1993), Macey, J.R. et al. (2001), Nussbaum, R.A., Brodie, Jr., E.D. and Storm, R.M. (1983), Olson, D.H. (2001), Palen, W.J. et al. (2002), Pearl, C.A. and Adams, M.J. (2005), Stebbins, R.C. (1985b), Sype, W.E. (1975) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson, Christopher Pearl

Rana chitwanensis Das, 1998 This species is endemic to Nepal. Reports from north-east India reﬂect a misidentiﬁcation with Rana danielii. It is a lowland species occurring below 500m asl in the foothills of the Himalayan range. It probably occurs a little more widely, and can be expected to occur in India. The population status of this species is unknown. It is associated with terai grasslands, bushes and tropical Shorea forest in hilly areas. Specimens were collected by Das (1998) under logs in Shorea forest with scattered patches of short grass and bare earth. There is little information available concerning details of reproduction or larval habitat. The main threat to this species is habitat loss as a result of selective logging of forests and changes in water management regimes (such as dam construction). The original collection of this species occurred in Royal Chitwan National Park (Das 1998). Bibliography: Das, I. (1998a), Zug, G.R. and Mitchell, J.C. (1995) Data Providers: Sushil Dutta, Tej Kumar Shrestha, Annemarie Ohler

Rana curtipes Jerdon, 1853 This species is widely distributed in the Western Ghats of India, from 500-2,000m asl. It probably occurs more widely than current records suggest. This is a locally abundant species. It is a terrestrial leaf-litter frog, found in a number of tropical forest types (evergreen to semi-evergreen moist forest, and into dry deciduous forest). It is also found in lightly degraded areas. It breeds in natural and artiﬁcial waterbodies (in both ponds and large lakes). The major threat to this species is general habitat loss through conversion to agricultural land and plantations (including eucalyptus, coffee and tea), and exploitation of its habitat for timber and wood by local people. Road kill during migration to breeding habitats is also a problem. The larvae of this species are collected for local consumption. It has been recorded from many protected areas in Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Goa, and it is protected by national legislation. Bibliography: Biju, S.D. (2001), Dutta, S.K. (1997), Hiragond, Ningappa C., Bhagyashri A. Shanbhag and Srinivas K. Saidapur (2001), Jerdon, T.C. (1853), Vasudevan, K., Kumar, A. and Chellam, R. (2001) Data Providers: S.D. Biju, Sushil Dutta, Robert Inger

Rana grafi Crochet, Dubois, Ohler and Tunner, 1995 This species is present in southern France and north-eastern Spain (Catalonia, Aragon, Navarra and the Basque Country) (Crochet et al. 1995; Dubois and Ohler 1994). It is also present in the southern Rhone Valley (Pagano, Joly and Hotz 1997). The species’ population has been greatly affected by the introduction of Rana ridibunda, and in many areas where it was previously found only the invasive species remains. Rana grafi occurs in mixed colonies with R. perezi, and lives in similar habitat, being found in a wide variety of temporary and permanent waterbodies (such as pools, streams, ditches, and irrigation canals), where it breeds. Terrestrial habitats include forests, scrubland, agricultural areas and coastal marshes. The major threat to this species is displacement by the invasive species Rana ridibunda. It is possibly also threatened by the drainage of suitable wetlands for agricultural, urban and tourism development. Agrochemical pollution of breeding waterbodies is also presumed to be a threat. This species occurs in a number of protected areas, and is listed on Appendix III of the Berne Convention. Monitoring of the population is necessary to determine the degree of decline as a result of invasive species. Taxonomy: Rana grafi is a kleptospecies (hybridogenetic hemilineage) associated with R. perezi and R. ridibunda (Crochet et al. 1995). Bibliography: Arano, B. et al. (1995), Arano, B. and Llorente, G.A. (1995), Arnold, E.N. (2003), Crochet, P.-A. et al. (1995), Dubois, A. and Ohler, A. (1995), Graf, J.-D., Karch, F. and Moreillon, M.C. (1977), Pagano, A., Joly, P. and Hotz, H. (1997), Pleguezuelos, J.M., Márquez, R. and Lizana, M. (2002), Sinnassamy, J.M. and Pineau, O. (1996) Data Providers: Miguel Tejedo, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Pierre-André Crochet

Rana grahami Boulenger, 1917 This species is known from hilly areas in south-western China in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and possibly Hunan Provinces, and from one location, Hoang Lien Son National Park, in northern Viet Nam (Ohler et al. 2000). It has been recorded from 1,150-3,200m asl. In China this species was formerly common, but it is now uncommon. In Viet Nam it was found to be relatively common in appropriate habitat (S. Swan pers. comm.) It inhabits medium and small hill streams in montane forest, and sometimes also occurs near still-water pools. It may on occasion leave water to live in forest, shrubland and grassland, but it returns to breed in streams. The main threats to this species in China are over-collecting for local consumption, and habitat destruction and degradation due to shifting agriculture and smallholder farming (which might also be a threat in Viet Nam). Some protected areas are present within the range of this species in China. The one known location in Viet Nam is within Hoang Lien Son National Park. Bibliography: Fei, L. et al. (1999), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), Ohler, A. et al. (2000), Ye, C.-Y, Fei, L. and Hu, S.Q. (1993) Data Providers: Yang Datong, Lu Shunqing, Annemarie Ohler, Steven Swan

Rana iberica Boulenger, 1879

IBERIAN FROG

This species is endemic to Portugal and north-western and central Spain. It mostly occurs in montane areas up to 2,425m asl (such as the Sierra de Béjar, central Spain). Isolated populations of this species are present in the Basque Country, Central System Mountains, Extremadura in Spain and Marinha Grande and Serra de Sao Mamede in Portugal. It is reasonably common in northern Portugal and north-western Spain. Populations in the Central System Mountains and Extremadura of Spain are declining very seriously. There is also evidence of population declines in the Sierra de Guadarrama (Madrid, Spain). This is an aquatic species usually found in shady habitats (with abundant vegetation) close to rivers, streams, lakes and marshes. The species’ terrestrial habitats include woods, moors, meadows and areas of low scrub. In the north of its range it can occur down to sea level along slower flowing rivers. Breeding and larval development takes place within various shallow stagnant waterbodies. Threats to this species include pressure from tourism development, urbanization of the lowland range, habitat loss through intensification of agriculture and deforestation and re-afforestation with non-native monocultures, introduction of non-native predatory fishes (salmonids) and mammals such as Mustela vison (American mink), desertification in southern Portugal, and habitat loss through hydroelectric projects. It is present in Parque Natural del Gorbea and Parque Natural de Izki in Spain, where it is also protected by national legislation and listed in the national Red Data Book as vulnerable. This species is listed on Appendix II of the Berne Convention and on Annex IV of the EU Natural Habitats Directive.

Near Threatened Amphibian Species

Bibliography: Arano, B., Esteban, M. and Herrero, P. (1993), Arnold, E.N. (2003), Dubois, A. (1982), Esteban, M. and Sanchiz, B. (2000), Galán, P. (1989), Galán, P. (1999), García-París, M. and Martín, C. (1987), Gasc, J.-P. et al. (eds.) (1997), Godinho, R. et al. (1999), Lizana, M., Pérez-Mellado, V. and Ciudad, M.J. (1990), Malkmus, R. (2004), Martínez-Solano, I., Bosch, J. and García-París, M. (2003), Mensi, P. et al. (1992), Paulo, O. (1997), Pleguezuelos, J.M. (1997), Pleguezuelos, J.M., Márquez, R. and Lizana, M. (2002), Sociedad para la Conservación de los Vertebrados (SCV) (2001) Data Providers: Miguel Tejedo, Jaime Bosch, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil

Rana juliani Hillis and de Sa, 1988 This species is known only from the Mayan Mountains in Belize from 100-600m asl. It is common in suitable habitat. It lives in lowland primary wet forest and open parkland pine forest and savannah, and is not found in disturbed habitats. It is associated with streams, in which it breeds. The main threat to this species is habitat loss, although at present this is not serious. Much of this species’ range is afforded a degree of protection, and it is found in Columbia River Forest Reserve, the Reserva Natural Bladen, and the Reserva de la Biósfera Montañas Mayas Chiquibul. Bibliography: Campbell, J.A. (1998), Hillis, D.M. and de Sá, R. (1988), Lee, J.C. (1996), Lee, J.C. (2000) Data Providers: Julian Lee, Paul Walker

Rana lungshengensis Liu and Hu, 1962 This species is endemic to eastern Guizhou, southern Hunan and northern Guangxi Provinces in central China, from 900-1,500m asl. It appears to be generally uncommon. This species inhabits hill streams in broadleaf forests, and presumably breeds in streams. The major threats to this species are habitat destruction and degradation due mainly to agriculture. Several protected areas are within its range. Bibliography: Fei, L. et al. (1999), Liu, C.-C., Hu, S.-Q. and Yang, F.H. (1962), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), Wu, L., Dong, Q. and Xu, R.-H. (1987), Zhang, Y. and Wen, Y. (2000) Data Providers: Michael Wai Neng Lau, Zhao Ermi

Rana luzonensis Boulenger, 1896 This species is known from many parts of Luzon Island, in the Philippines, and probably occurs a little more widely than current records suggest. It is very common in many localities, especially in and around forested habitats, including secondary forest and forest edges. It inhabits swift-ﬂowing, cool mountain streams and rivers in montane rainforest. Eggs are laid in streams, where the larvae develop. Some populations in the lowland rainforests are threatened by deforestation, due to processes such as agricultural development, logging, and infrastructure development for human settlements. Parts of this species’ range are protected in national parks although more protected areas need to be established on Luzon to protect the remaining forest on these islands. Taxonomy: Rana igorota was removed from the synonymy of this species by Brown et al. (2000). Bibliography: Alcala, A.C. and Brown, W.C. (1985), Brown, R.M., McGuire, J.A. and Diesmos, A.C. (2000), Dubois, A. (1992), Frost, D.R. (1985), Inger, R.F. (1999) Data Providers: Arvin Diesmos, Angel Alcala, Rafe Brown, Leticia Afuang, Cynthia Dolino, Genevieve Gee, Katie Hampson, Mae Leonida Diesmos, Aldrin Mallari, Perry Ong, Liza Paguntalan, Marisol Pedregosa, Dondi Ubaldo, Baldwin Gutierrez

forests and mesquite grasslands, and requires the presence of lakes, pools or slow-ﬂowing streams. The main factors affecting populations of this frog are general habitat loss (arising from shifting agriculture and clear-cutting), and alteration and desiccation of waterways. There is also disturbance of some populations, caused by poachers of the monarch butterﬂy (Danaus plexippus). The range of this species includes a few protected areas. It is listed as “threatened” (Amenazada) by the Mexican government. Bibliography: Hillis, D.M. and Frost, J.S. (1985) Data Providers: Georgina Santos-Barrera, Oscar Flores-Villela

Rana nigromaculata Hallowell, 1861 “1860”

BLACK-SPOTTED POND FROG

This species is known from the Russian Far East (from Evreiskaya Autonomous Province to the lower reaches of the Amur River), central, northern and north-eastern China, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, the Republic of Korea, and Japan. In Japan this species is distributed in Honshu (except Sendai Plan, Kanto District and the area along Shinano River), Shikoku and Kyushu. There is a problem with the potential introduction of this species to other areas through the live animal trade. The small distribution in southern Yunnan probably represents an introduced population. This species occurs below 2,200m asl. It is widespread and common in the Far East of Russia (with some localized declines), but it is declining in China (although it remains a common species). The decline is not considered to be so severe in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea. In Japan the population is decreasing but it is not in significant decline, and is considered a common species. The terrestrial habitats of this species include meadows, leafy and mixed pine and broadleaved forests, bush lands and desert (in Turkmenistan). The species is also present in suitable modified habitats. Within these habitats it inhabits various types of stagnant waterbodies, including river pools, channels, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, swamps, ditches and paddy fields. The female deposits 1,800-3,000 eggs in shallow water. The larvae hatch in five to seven days and usually begin metamorphosis about 45 days later. They reach sexual maturity at three years of age. The threats to this species are not well known. In some parts of Asia it has declined seriously because of over-exploitation in the live animal trade, water pollution, and changes in land management use from paddy fields to other crops. It is present in many protected areas. Bibliography: Adnagulov, E.V., Tarasov, I.G. and Gorobeiko, V.V. (2000), Bannikov, A.G. et al. (1977), Chen, B. et al. (1991), Emelianov, A.A. (1944), Fei, L. et al. (1999), Kuzmin, S.L. (1995), Kuzmin, S.L. (1996), Kuzmin, S.L. (1999), Kuzmin, S.L., Dodd Jr, C.K. and Pikulik, M.M. (1995), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), Maeda, N. and Matsui, M. (1999), Maslova, I.V. (2001), Sengoku, S. et al. (1996), Szyndlar, Z. (1984), Tagirova, V.T. (2000), Yang, S.-Y. and Yu, C.H. (1978), Ye, C.-Y, Fei, L. and Hu, S.Q. (1993) Data Providers: Sergius Kuzmin, Irina Maslova, Boris Tuniyev, Masafumi Matsui, Li Pipeng, Yoshio Kaneko

Rana similis (Günther, 1873) This species is found in many parts of Luzon including the adjacent smaller islands of Polillo, Palaui, Catanduanes, and Marinduque, in the Philippines. It probably occurs a little more widely than current records suggest, especially in areas between known sites. It is common in forested areas and disturbed areas near forest. This species inhabits undisturbed and disturbed streams and rivers in lower montane and lowland forests. It breeds and lays its eggs in clean streams and rivers, and the larvae develop in quiet side pools. Important threats to this species are the loss of lowland rainforest (due to agricultural development and logging) and the pollution of mountain streams and rivers, especially due to agricultural efﬂuents. Its range includes a few protected areas. The most important conservation measure needed is to designate the remaining tracts of intact lowland rainforest on Luzon as protected areas. Bibliography: Alcala, A.C. and Brown, W.C. (1985), Brown, R.M. and Guttman, S.I. (Rev.), Dubois, A. (1992), Frost, D.R. (1985), Inger, R.F. (1999) Data Providers: Arvin Diesmos, Angel Alcala, Rafe Brown, Leticia Afuang, Cynthia Dolino, Genevieve Gee, Katie Hampson, Mae Leonida Diesmos, Aldrin Mallari, Perry Ong, Lisa Marie Paguntalan, Marisol Pedregosa, Dondi Ubaldo, Baldwin Gutierrez

Rana macrops Boulenger, 1897 This species is known from central and northern Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is a lowland species, found from 900-1,000m asl, but probably occurs more widely than current records suggest. It is an uncommon species and only a few specimens have been collected in recent years. It lives along streams, in which it presumably breeds, in primary and secondary forests with a canopy. The main threat to this species is the loss of its forest habitat due to smallholder farming. Water pollution due to agriculture is also a threat. Much of its habitat is protected, and it occurs in Lore Lindu and Bogani-Nani-Wartabone National Parks. Bibliography: Iskandar, D.T. and Tjan, K.N. (1985) Data Providers: Djoko Iskandar, Mumpuni

Rana moellendorfﬁ Boettger, 1893 This species only occurs in the Palawan Island group, in the western Philippines, including Palawan, Culion and Busuanga, but is likely to occur more widely than current records suggest. It is a very common species. It inhabits undisturbed and disturbed streams and rivers in lower montane and lowland forests, where it breeds and lays its eggs. The larvae develop in quiet side pools in clean rivers. Important threats to this species might include the loss of lowland rainforest due to forest clearance, and pollution of mountain streams and rivers especially due to agricultural efﬂuents. The range of this species includes several protected areas. The most important conservation measure is to designate the remaining tracts of intact lowland rainforest on Palawan as protected areas. Bibliography: Alcala, A.C. and Brown, W.C. (1985), Brown, R.M. and Guttman, S.I. (Rev.), Dubois, A. (1992), Frost, D.R. (1985), Inger, R.F. (1999) Data Providers: Arvin Diesmos, Angel Alcala, Rafe Brown, Leticia Afuang, Cynthia Dolino, Genevieve Gee, Katie Hampson, Mae Leonida Diesmos, Aldrin Mallari, Perry Ong, Liza Paguntalan, Marisol Pedregosa, Dondi Ubaldo, Baldwin Gutierrez

Rana mortenseni Boulenger, 1903 This species is known from the type locality, the island of Koh Chang, Trat Province, in south-east Thailand, and is also found in the Cardamom Mountains of Cambodia (Ohler, Swan and Daltry 2002). It has been recorded below 800m asl. It is common in Koh Chang (T. Chan-ard pers. comm.) and also in the Cardamom Mountains at lower altitudes (S. Swan pers. comm.). This species is known from evergreen forest on the lower slopes of the mountains as well as in gallery forest, and also heavily disturbed areas and forest edge habitat. Males were heard calling from near streams where they were concealed in undergrowth. The exact breeding habits are unknown. A threat to this species is probably the clear-cutting of forests although it appears to also inhabit disturbed areas. Its range includes Ko Chang National Park, and several protected areas within the Cardamom Mountains of Cambodia. Surveys to determine the species’ range, habitat requirements and population status are needed. Taxonomy: This species was removed from synonymy of Rana nigrovitatta without comment by Dubois (1992), and treated as a valid species by Inger, Orlov and Darevsky (1999). It was regarded as a synonym of R. nigrovittata by Matsui et al. (2001) but treated as a valid species by Ohler, Swan and Daltry (2002) and hence here also. Bibliography: Dubois, A. (1992), Inger, R.F., Orlov, N. and Darevsky, I.S. (1999), Matsui, M. et al. (2001a), Ohler, A., Swan, S.R. and Daltry, J.C. (2002) Data Providers: Peter Paul van Dijk, Steven Swan

Rana neovolcanica Hillis and Frost, 1985

633

TRANSVERSE VOLCANIC LEOPARD FROG

This species occurs on the southern edge of the Mexican Plateau in south-eastern Jalisco, northern Michoacán and southern Guanajuato. It is known from 1,500-2,500m asl. This species is relatively common. It inhabits pine-oak

Rana temporalis (Günther, 1864) Specimens currently assigned to this species have been collected in Sri Lanka and the Western Ghats of India. It has an altitudinal range of 60-1,830m asl in Sri Lanka and 200-1,800m asl in the Western Ghats. It is locally abundant. It is a largely terrestrial species (although males can be seen in low vegetation) associated with shaded hill streams and riparian vegetation in semi-evergreen moist tropical forest. It is not found in modiﬁed (agricultural) habitats. Adults are often encountered on wet boulders in streams, and breeding takes place in these streams. The main threats to this species are the conversion of forested land for agricultural use (for tea, cardamom, and rubber plantations), subsistence harvesting of wood and timber, the development of mining and roads (in India), agrochemical pollution and (again in India) the construction of dams. It has been recorded from many protected areas in Sri Lanka, and in India (where it is protected by national legislation) it has been recorded from Konya Wild Life Sanctuary in Maharashtra, Kudremukh National Park in Karnataka, and Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve in Tamil Nadu. It is included as part of ongoing studies by Biju (1998 and onwards) and Addoor (1992 and onwards). Taxonomy: The population in the Western Ghats assigned to Rana temporalis probably belongs to an undescribed species (S.D. Biju and K. Manamendra-Arachchi pers. comm.). Pending taxonomic revision, R. temporalis is treated here as a single species. Bibliography: Biju, S.D. (2001), Dutta, S.K. (1997), Dutta, S.K. and Manamendra-Arachchi, K. (1996), Günther, A. (1864), Inger, R.F. et al. (1984), Vasudevan, K., Kumar, A. and Chellam, R. (2001) Data Providers: S.D. Biju, Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Sushil Dutta, Robert Inger, Anslem de Silva

Rana tiannanensis Yang and Li, 1980 This species is known from southern Yunnan (Mangla, Pingbian and Hekou Counties) and Hainan (Bawangling, Jianfengling, Diaoluoshan and Limushan) in China. It probably occurs more widely than current records suggest, especially in areas between known sites, and in particular in northern Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Viet Nam. It has been recorded from 120-1,000m asl. It is uncommon and appears to be in decline. This species inhabits hill streams and the surrounding forests, and probably breeds in streams. On Hainan this species is threatened by local people collecting it for consumption. Its habitats are also under threat from deforestation and the construction of hydroelectric power plants. The range of this species overlaps with several protected areas. Taxonomy: The Hainan subpopulation might be a different species from the Yunnan population. Bibliography: Fei, L. et al. (1999), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), Yang, D.-T. (1991b), Yang, D.-T. and Li, S.M. (1980) Data Providers: Michael Wai Neng Lau, Zhao Ermi

Rana tientaiensis Chang, 1933 This species is endemic to south-eastern Anhui and Zhejiang Provinces in central China, where it has been recorded from 100-700m asl. It is an uncommon species. It inhabits open, low-gradient large streams and small rivers, and sometimes also occurs in still-water pools close to streams. The major threats to this species are habitat destruction and degradation caused by infrastructure development and water pollution. A number of protected areas are present within its range. Bibliography: Fei, L. et al. (1999), Huang, M.-H., Cai, C.-M., Jin, Y.-L., Gu, H.-Q., Zhang, S.-D., et al. (1990), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996) Data Providers: Michael Wai Neng Lau, Gu Huiqing

634

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Rana warszewitschii (Schmidt, 1857) This species is found in humid lowlands on the Atlantic versant from north-eastern Honduras to central Panama, both slopes of the cordilleras of Costa Rica and western Panama, the lowlands of south-western Costa Rica and eastern Panama, and gallery forests in non-peninsular north-western Costa Rica, from sea level up to 1,740m asl (Savage 2002). Once a common species, it has declined in montane areas although it persists in many areas. It disappeared from Tapantí and the higher regions of Monteverde by the late 1980s, and disappeared at the same time from San Ramon Reserve but reappeared in 1994. It is still abundant in Tinamascas (along the road from San Isidro to Dominical), Parque Nacional Corcovado, and Ciudad Colon. It is still generally common at low elevations. This is a diurnal species associated with small streams in humid lowland, montane and gallery forest. It is found wherever patches of forest remain, even within urban areas. Larvae are found in small streams. It is generally threatened by habitat loss (deforestation) resulting from agricultural development, logging, and development of human infrastructure. The disappearances at higher altitudes are probably due to chytridiomycosis. While there are no speciﬁc conservation measures in place, this species has been recorded from many protected areas. It should be monitored carefully to establish whether or not the disappearances at higher altitudes are due to chytridiomycosis. Bibliography: Ibáñez, R. et al. (2000), Ibañez, R., Rand, A.S. and Jaramillo, C.A. (1999), Pounds, J.A. et al. (1997), Savage, J.M. (2002), Young, B. et al. (1999) Data Providers: Frank Solís, Roberto Ibáñez, Gerardo Chaves, Jay Savage, César Jaramillo, Querube Fuenmayor

understorey of undisturbed tropical moist evergreen forest, and is believed to reproduce by direct development. This species occurs in a remote area, which is not presently threatened by habitat modiﬁcation, although this could possibly change in the future. It has been recorded in the Agasthyamala Hills of the Neyar Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala. Recent ﬁeld studies including this species have been undertaken by S.D. Biju (from 1998 to 2001). Bibliography: Biju, S.D. (2001), Bossuyt, F. and Dubois, A. (2001), Dutta, S.K. (1997), Günther, A. (1876), Ravichandran, M.S. (1996b) Data Providers: S.D. Biju, Sushil Dutta, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, S.P. Vijayakumar, Chelmala Srinivasulu, S. Bhupathy

Philautus hosii (Boulenger, 1895) This species has been found in southern Sabah (Malaysia), central Sarawak (Malaysia), and western Kalimantan (Indonesia), on Borneo. It is a lowland species found up to 350m asl. It is assumed to be relatively abundant. This species has not been found outside lowland rainforests, where males call from small trees along riverbanks. Its breeding details are not known, but it is presumed to breed by direct development. Clear-cutting of the forest is a major threat to this species. It is present in several protected areas, but more effective preservation of lowland forests is necessary. Bibliography: Inger, R.F. (1966), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun, Mumpuni

Staurois tuberilinguis Boulenger, 1918

Philautus longicrus (Boulenger, 1894)

This Bornean endemic is known from most of the hilly forests of Sabah (Malaysia) and Sarawak (Malaysia), Brunei Darussalam, and from north-eastern Kalimantan (Indonesia). It is likely to occur a little more widely than current records suggest. It has been recorded from 150-1,800m asl, but it is rare below 500m asl. This species can be very common along some rocky streams. It lives along the banks of clear, small, rocky streams in primary forests, and can be found perching on rocks either along banks or mid-stream, usually near rapids. Breeding takes place in streams, but the larvae have yet to be recorded. Deforestation caused by logging is the principal threat to this species. It is present in at least four protected areas, including Kinabalu and Gunung Mulu National Parks. Improved protection of hilly forests in Kalimantan is needed.

This species is known from central and northern Borneo (both Malaysia and Indonesia), and the islands of Balabac and Palawan in the Philippines. In Borneo it has been recorded from 700-2,900m asl, but in the Philippines it is known from much lower altitudes of 30-1,000m asl. It probably occurs more widely than current records suggest. Large sample sizes at one locality in central Palawan indicate that this species might have been common at the time. It occurs in submontane and montane forests, where it is usually seen in the low shrub layer, and has not been found outside forests. It breeds by direct development. In the Philippines some populations of this species are threatened by habitat conversion to agricultural land. In Borneo, deforestation is a major threat. Some of the remaining patches of this species’ habitat are currently within protected areas.

Bibliography: Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Malkmus, R. et al. (2002) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun, Mumpuni

Taxonomy: Taxonomic studies are needed to clarify the status of the Palawan populations compared with the Bornean populations of this species. Bibliography: Alcala, A.C. and Brown, W.C. (1985), Dring, J.C.M. (1987), Frost, D.R. (1985), Inger, R.F. (1999), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997) Data Providers: Arvin Diesmos, Angel Alcala, Rafe Brown, Leticia Afuang, Genevieve Gee, Robert Inger, Robert Stuebing, Indraneil Das, Paul Yambun, Maklarin Lakim

Strongylopus wageri (Wager, 1961)

WAGER’S STREAM FROG

This species ranges from the Weza Forest in KwaZulu-Natal northwards along the foothills of the Drakensberg mountain range in South Africa. Isolated populations exist further to the east in Qudeni Forest, Entumeni Nature Reserve, and Ngome Forest Reserve, and along the southern boundary of Mpumalanga Province. It occurs from low altitudes up to 2,000m asl. It might occur in Lesotho, but it has not so far been found there. It is a rare species, which appears to be in decline in some regions. At lower altitudes it inhabits mist-belt forest, and at higher altitudes up to 2,000m asl it occurs in montane grassland. This species appears to be quite sensitive to habitat degradation. It breeds in quiet pools in clear streams. The eggs are laid on vegetation dangling into the water or on rocks, and the larvae develop in the water. This species is threatened by afforestation, and by the introduction of exotic trout that prey on the larvae. There has also been some loss of the indigenous forest for agricultural development. This species does occurs in a few protected areas (such as Entumeni Nature Reserve and Ngome Forest Reserve). Bibliography: Bates, M.F. and Haacke, W.D. (2003), Boycott, R.C. (1987), Channing, A. (1979), Channing, A. (1981), Channing, A. (2001), Lambiris, A.J.L. (1989a), Minter, L.R. et al. (2004), Passmore, N.I. and Carruthers, V.C. (1995), Wager, V.A. (1986) Data Providers: Leslie Minter, Alan Channing, James Harrison

Philautus mjobergi Smith, 1925 This species is known from montane forests in north-western Borneo, from 1,500-3,000m asl. It is likely to occur a little more widely than current records suggest. Estimates of the population from the calls of isolated males suggest that it is locally abundant. It is a montane species of oak-chestnut forest. Males call from the shrub layer 0.5-3m above the ground. It breeds by direct development and eggs may be deposited in pitcher plants (Malkmus et al. 2002). There are no threats to the species at present as most of the logging in Borneo is occurring at lower altitudes. It occurs in at least three national parks, including Gunung Kinabalu and Gunung Mulu National Parks. Bibliography: Dring, J.C.M. (1987), Malkmus, R. et al. (2002) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun, Mumpuni

Philautus rhododiscus Liu and Hu, 1962 RHACOPHORIDAE Chirixalus palpebralis (Smith, 1924) This species is known from Hekou and Pingbian in Yunnan, China, from Tam Dao in northern Viet Nam (Nguyen Quong Truong pers. comm.), and from the higher altitudes of the Lang Bian plateau of southern Viet Nam (Bourret 1942; Inger, Orlov and Darevsky 1999). It probably occurs more widely than current records suggest. It has been recorded from 700-2,000m asl. It is considered common in China. In Viet Nam it is known from a single specimen collected in 1918, and then large series were collected from 1993 to 1995 (Inger, Orlov and Darevsky 1999). It was also recorded from a few specimens in Tam Dao in 2000. This species is known from pools and swampy riparian areas in forest, although the non-breeding habitat is poorly known. Single eggs are laid on plant stems above water. The principal threats to this species are forest degradation and water pollution arising from agricultural activities. It occurs in Daweishan National Nature Reserve in China, and in Kon Cha Ran Nature Reserve and Tam Dao National Park in Viet Nam (Inger, Orlov and Darevsky 1999). Further efforts are needed to establish protected areas at Buon Luoi and elsewhere in the An Khe District, Gia Lai Province, Viet Nam. Taxonomy: This species is sometimes included in the genus Philautus. Its taxonomy requires further study. Bibliography: Birdlife International (2001), Bourret, R. (1942), Darevsky, I.S. and Orlov, N.L. (1997), Fei, L. et al. (1999), Inger, R.F., Orlov, N. and Darevsky, I.S. (1999), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), Yang, D.-T. (1991b) Data Providers: Peter Paul van Dijk, Nguyen Quang Truong, Lu Shunqing, Yang Datong

This species is known from 830-1,350m asl in Guangxi (Nanning, Dayaoshan and Huaping), Guangdong (Nanling) and Fujian (Chongan) Provinces in central China, as well as one record at 1,400m asl on Mount Tay Con Linh II, Cao Bo Commune, Vi Xuyen District, north-eastern Viet Nam (Bain and Truong 2004). There is no information available about the population status of this species. It inhabits forests, and breeds in tree holes, bamboo stems, small pools and ponds. The major threats to this species’ habitat are agricultural development and logging. Several protected areas are present within the range of this species. Bibliography: Bain, R.H. and Truong, N.Q. (2004), Fei, L. et al. (1999), Liu, C.-C. and Hu, S.-Q. (1962), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996) Data Providers: Michael Wai Neng Lau, Geng Baorong, Yang Datong

Philautus rus Manamendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda, 2005 This species is known only from the vicinity of Kandy and Peredeniya, from 500-800m asl, in central Sri Lanka, although it might occur more widely (Manamendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda 2005). It is very common in a variety of habitats. It lives up to two metres above the ground on leaves in the understorey of moist evergreen forest; it also occurs in heavily degraded forest and even in rural gardens in the suburbs of Kandy. This species breeds by direct development. It is potentially at risk from agro-chemical pollution, and perhaps also very severe habitat clearance. It is not known to occur in any protected areas. Bibliography: Bahir, M.M. et al. (2005), Manamendra-Arachchi, K. and Pethiyagoda, R. (2005) Data Providers: Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Rohan Pethiyagoda

Nyctixalus pictus (Peters, 1871)

Philautus sordidus Manamendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda, 2005

This species is found from Yala in extreme southern Thailand (Taylor 1962) through Peninsular Malaysia (Berry 1975), Singapore (Lim and Lim 1992), Sumatra (including Siberut in the Mentawai Islands) in Indonesia, northern parts of Borneo (both Malaysia and Indonesia), and Palawan in the Philippines. It is likely to occur a little more widely than current records suggest. It has been recorded from 50-700m asl. It is widespread but nowhere is it common. Adults live in the shrub and lower tree strata in primary and secondary forests. This species breeds by larval development in arboreal water-ﬁlled cavities and in rotting logs. The major threat is forest clearance due to agriculture and logging. Its range includes several protected areas, but more effective protection of lowland rainforest is critical to ensure the persistence of this species.

This species is widespread in south-western and central Sri Lanka, and has been recorded from 80-1,060m asl (Manamendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda 2005). It is a common species. It lives in lowland rainforest up to three metres above the ground in vegetation, on wet rocks in cascades, leaves and tree trunks. It can also be found on wet rocks in streams in home gardens, among cardamom, in rubber plantations and along the edge of tea estates, providing that the area around the stream remains well vegetated. It is a species that breeds by direct development. The major threats to this species are the clearing of the forest and other vegetation around streams for cultivation of tea and other crops, the collection of wood, expanding human settlements and agro-chemical pollution. However, it is very common and adaptable, and so is not currently considered to be seriously threatened. It is found in many protected areas including Hiniduma Forest Reserve, Sinharaja Forest Reserve (World Heritage Site), Labugama Forest Reserve, Kanneliya Forest Reserve, and Haycock Forest Reserve. There is an ongoing captive-breeding programme for this species.

Bibliography: Alcala, A.C. and Brown, W.C. (1985), Berry, P.Y. (1975), Frost, D.R. (1985), Inger, R.F. (1999), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Lim, K.P. and Lim, F.L.K. (1992), OEPP - Ofﬁce of Environmental Planning and Policy [of Thailand] (1997), Taylor, E.H. (1962) Data Providers: Arvin Diesmos, Angel Alcala, Rafe Brown, Leticia Afuang, Genevieve Gee, Jeet Sukumaran, Norsham Yaakob, Leong Tzi Ming, Yodchaiy Chuaynkern, Kumthorn Thirakhupt, Indraneil Das, Djoko Iskandar, Mumpuni, Robert Inger, Robert Stuebing, Paul Yambun, Maklarin Lakim

Philautus beddomii (Günther, 1876) This species is restricted to the tropical forests of Agasthyamala Hills in the southern Western Ghats of India. Specimens previously reported from northern Kerala belong to Philautus glandulosus (S.D. Biju pers. comm.). The type specimen was collected at Athirimala at around 1,250m asl. This species is common where it occurs. It is associated with the

Bibliography: Manamendra-Arachchi, K. and Pethiyagoda, R. (2005) Data Providers: Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Rohan Pethiyagoda

Philautus stictomerus (Günther, 1875) This species is endemic to the lowland wet zone of south-western Sri Lanka, occurring from 60-515m asl. There are records from Kottawa, Kanneliya, Sinharaja and Kosmulla (Manamendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda 2005). This is a common species. It is a habitat generalist, living both in closed-canopy rainforest, and in open, anthropogenic, habitats. It is typically found in shrubs about one metre above the ground, and presumably breeds by direct development. This

Near Threatened Amphibian Species

species is potentially threatened by agro-chemical pollution, and also very severe habitat clearance for cultivation of tea, cardamom and other crops, leading to large-scale opening up of the vegetation. It occurs in the Sinharaja Forest Reserve (World Heritage Site), Kanneliya Forest Reserve and Kottawa Forest Reserve. Bibliography: Bossuyt, F. and Dubois, A. (2001), Günther, A. (1876), Manamendra-Arachchi, K. and Pethiyagoda, R. (2005) Data Providers: Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Rohan Pethiyagoda, Sushil Dutta, Anslem de Silva

Polypedates gongshanensis (Yang and Su, 1984) This species is known from the western slope and southern part of Gaoligongshan (Gongshan, Tengchong and Baoshan Counties), in western Yunnan Province, China, and it has also recently been recorded from Puliebadze, in Nagaland, India. It is also likely to occur in Myanmar, but it has not yet been recorded from there. It is a common species. It inhabits agricultural land in hilly areas, and often occurs near streams, ponds and pools, and in the surrounding bamboo clumps, trees, shrubs and grasses. It lays eggs on leaves above water, and the larvae then develop in the water below. The major threat to this species is habitat loss due to agricultural development and subsistence wood collecting. Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve is within the range of this species. Taxonomy: This species was previously placed in the genus Rhacophorus. Bibliography: Ao, J.M., Bordoloi, S. and Ohler, A. (2003), Fei, L. et al. (1999), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), Yang, D.-T. (1991b), Yang, D.-T. and Su, C.Y. (1984) Data Providers: Yang Datong, Lu Shunqing

Polypedates nigropunctatus (Liu, Hu and Yang, 1962) This species occurs in several widely scattered subpopulations in central and south-western China: Yuexi County in Anhui Province; Longling and Pingbian Counties in Yunnan Province; Weining and Leishan Counties in Guizhou Province; and Sangzhi and Chengbu Counties in Hunan Province. It probably occurs a little more widely than current records suggest. It has been recorded from 600-2,100m asl. It is very rare. It inhabits forest edges, shrubland, paddy ﬁelds, stream banks and creeks in hilly areas, and breeds in pools, ponds and ditches near paddy ﬁelds. The major threat to this species’ habitat is the development of human settlements and associated infrastructure. Its range includes several protected areas. Taxonomy: This species is sometimes placed in the genus Rhacophorus. Its taxonomic status requires further investigation. Bibliography: Chen, B. et al. (1991), Fei, L. et al. (1999), Liu, C.-C., Hu, S.-Q. and Yang, F.H. (1962), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), Wu, L., Dong, Q. and Xu, R.-H. (1987), Yang, D.-T. (1991b) Data Providers: Michael Wai Neng Lau, Yang Datong

635

Taxonomy: Specimens of Rhacophorus dulitensis previously reported from Sumatra are now assigned to R. prominanus (Smith 1924, following Harvey, Pemberton and Smith (2002)). Bibliography: Harvey, M.B., Pemberton, A.J. and Smith, E.N. (2002), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Malkmus, R. et al. (2002) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun, Mumpuni

Rhacophorus everetti Boulenger, 1894 This species has been recorded in Borneo in the mountainous area from Gunung Kinabalu National Park in Sabah to Gunung Mulu National Park in Sarawak, Malaysia, including Brunei. In the Philippines, it occurs only on the island of Palawan. It has mainly been recorded from 750-1,800m asl, although in the Philippines several records have come from lowland forests at 300m asl. In Borneo, the fact that it has been seen at almost every submontane site where sampling has been intense, despite its cryptic form, suggests that it is common. It inhabits arboreal microhabitats, usually beside water (such as streams, ponds and rivers) in lower montane and lowland forests. Most individuals have been seen perched on moss-covered logs. The major threat to this species in Borneo is deforestation by clear-cutting; in the Philippines, some populations of this species are also threatened by habitat loss. In Borneo and Palawan, several totally protected areas provide refuge for this species. Taxonomy: Taxonomic clariﬁcation of the status of the Palawan population in relation to the Bornean population is necessary. Bibliography: Alcala, A.C. and Brown, W.C. (1985), Brown, W.C. and Alcala, A.C. (1994), Frost, D.R. (1985), Inger, R.F. (1999), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997) Data Providers: Arvin Diesmos, Angel Alcala, Rafe Brown, Leticia Afuang, Genevieve Gee, Robert Inger, Robert Stuebing, Indraneil Das, Paul Yambun, Maklarin Lakim

Rhacophorus gauni (Inger, 1966) This species is known from across Sabah (Malaysia), central Sarawak (Malaysia), and western and north-eastern Kalimantan (Indonesia) in Borneo, from 750-980m asl. It probably occurs more widely than current records suggest. In some areas it appears to be locally abundant. This species is conﬁned to primary and old secondary hilly rainforests, where it lives in the vegetation lining the banks of small, clear, rocky streams. Foam nests are placed in branches overhanging these streams and the larvae live in the rocky bottoms of rifﬂes. The major threats to this species are deforestation through clear-cutting and the resulting stream siltation (which deprives larvae of feeding sites). It is present in many protected areas. Preservation of lowland forest is the main conservation measure required for this species. Bibliography: Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Malkmus, R. et al. (2002) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun, Mumpuni

Polypedates zhaojuensis Wu and Zheng, 1994

Rhacophorus harrissoni Inger and Haile, 1959

This species is endemic to southern Sichuan Province and Lichuan County in Hubei Province, China. It is likely to occur more widely than current records suggest. It has been recorded from 2,000-3,150m asl. It is a very common species within its restricted range. It inhabits hilly areas, and probably lives in forests and breeds in still water habitats such as pools and ponds. The main threat to this species is habitat loss and degradation, in particular due to farming of livestock. It is not known if it occurs in any protected areas.

This species has been recorded from numerous localities in northern Borneo, below 250m asl. It is likely to occur more widely than current records suggest. It is a common species in suitable habitat. It lives in primary or secondary lowland rainforests, in ﬂat and hilly terrain. Males call singly at breeding sites, which are water-containing holes in the trunks of very large trees. The major threat to the species’ habitat is the rapid pace of clear-cutting of the forest. It has been reported from many protected areas including Kinabalu, Tawau Hills, Lanjak Entimau and Gunung Mulu National Parks.

Bibliography: MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), Wu, G. and Zheng, X. (1994) Data Providers: Wu Guanfu, Zheng Zhong Hua

Rhacophorus baluensis Inger, 1954 This species ranges along the mountainous ridge of north-western Borneo, Malaysia, from 1,200-2,200m asl. It can be locally abundant. It has been seen only in submontane and montane forests. Males gather at small ponds in which the larvae develop, in or at the edge of these forests. A possible future threat to the species’ habitat is logging of upland forests, although at the moment its forest habitat is well protected in its only known localities. It has been recorded from Kinabalu and Gunung Mulu National Parks and the Crocker Range. Preservation of montane forests is the main conservation measure needed for this species. Bibliography: Inger, R.F. (1954), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Malkmus, R. et al. (2002) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun, Mumpuni

Rhacophorus bifasciatus van Kampen, 1923 This species is known from Mount Kerinci, Barisan-Selatan, Bengkulu, Jambi and Aceh in Sumatra, Indonesia. It probably occurs more widely than current records suggest. It seems to be uncommon. This species occurs in lowland and submontane forest, and presumably breeds in water, probably in streams. The main threat is localized forest loss due to agricultural development (including for non-timber plantations). It occurs in Barisan-Selatan, Kerinci-Seblat and Gunung Leuser National Parks. Bibliography: van Kampen, P.N. (1923) Data Providers: Djoko Iskandar, Mumpuni

Rhacophorus calcaneus Smith, 1924 This species is known from the Kon Tum Plateau of southern and central Viet Nam, the limestone region of central Lao People’s Democratic Republic, and the Annamite mountain region and Tam Dao (from referred juveniles), northern Viet Nam (Inger, Orlov and Darevsky 1999; Stuart 1999). It is unclear whether or not the patchy distribution represents actual patchy occurrence, habitat specialization or limited survey effort. It has been recorded at altitudes between 700 and 1,200m asl in southern Viet Nam, and from 220-600m asl in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Stuart 1999). This is a localized but presumably relatively common species in appropriate habitat, as evidenced by fairly large series in museums (Inger, Orlov and Darevsky 1999). It is restricted to undisturbed evergreen rainforest, and is generally observed on streamside vegetation (Inger, Orlov and Darevsky 1999). The major threat to this species is habitat loss due to smallholder and shifting agriculture, ﬁres, and wood collection from the forest. Its range includes a number of protected areas. Bibliography: Bourret, R. (1942), Inger, R.F., Orlov, N. and Darevsky, I.S. (1999), Smith, M.A. (1924), Stuart, B.L. (1999) Data Providers: Peter Paul van Dijk, Nguyen Quang Truong

Rhacophorus dulitensis Boulenger, 1892 This species has been recorded from the northern half of Borneo, including Sabah (Malaysia), Sarawak (Malaysia), Kalimantan (Indonesia), and Brunei Darussalam. It probably occurs more widely than current records suggest, especially in areas between known sites. It has been recorded below 250m asl. This species forms rather large breeding aggregations, suggesting that it is locally abundant. It occurs in ﬂat or hilly rainforests, and forms breeding aggregations around forest rain pools and swampy ground. Spawning sites are on the forest ﬂoor (Malkmus et al. 2002). The major threat to this species is clear-cutting of lowland forest. It is known from a number of protected areas in Borneo, but more effective protection of lowland forests in other parts of Borneo is necessary.

Bibliography: Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Malkmus, R. et al. (2002) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun, Mumpuni

Rhacophorus kajau Dring, 1984 “1983” This species has been found below 700m asl in northern and western Borneo, where there are records from Sabah (Malaysia), Sarawak (Malaysia) and Kalimantan (Indonesia). There is no information on current population status. It has been found in primary and slightly disturbed lowland rainforests in ﬂat and hilly terrain, where it perches on low vegetation overhanging small, rocky streams or swampy pools, in which it is presumed that the larvae also develop. The major threat to the species is habitat loss as a result of logging. It has been recorded from a number of isolated protected areas including Tawau Hills and Gunung Mulu National Park. Expansion of effective preservation of lowland forest in central Sarawak and Kalimantan is recommended. Bibliography: Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun, Mumpuni

Rhacophorus monticola Boulenger, 1896 This species is known only from south-western and central Sulawesi, in Indonesia, where it is found above 1,000m asl. It probably occurs more widely than current records suggest. It is relatively common. It lives in montane forest, including disturbed forest, and breeds in streams. The principal threat to its habitat is encroaching smallholder farming. This species occurs in Gunung Lombobatang Natural Reserve. Bibliography: Iskandar, D.T. and Tjan, K.N. (1985) Data Providers: Djoko Iskandar, Mumpuni

Rhacophorus prasinatus Mou, Risch and Lue, 1983 This species is known from Taipei, Ilan and Taoyuan in northern Taiwan, Province of China, from 400-600m asl. It is a common species. It inhabits orchards, tea plantations, bamboo forests, shrublands and forests in hilly areas, where these habitats are stable. It breeds in tree holes or, in marginal habitats, in cisterns, buckets or water tanks in orchards. The principal threats to this species are habitat destruction and degradation arising from the creation of plantations and the development of infrastructure for human settlement. Some populations have also disappeared because orchards were changed to tea plantations, which generally need frequent pesticide application. Several protected areas occur within the range of this species, and it is also a nationally protected species. Bibliography: Chou, W.-H. and Lin, J.-Y. (1997b), Fei, L. et al. (1999), Lue, K.-Y., Tu, M.-C. and Hsiang, G. (1999), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), Mou, Y.P., Risch, J.P. and Lue, K.Y. (1983), Yang, Y.-J. (1998) Data Providers: Lue Kuangyang, Chou Wenhao

Rhacophorus ruﬁpes Inger, 1966 This species is known from scattered localities across Borneo in Sabah (Malaysia), Sarawak (Malaysia), and Kalimantan (Indonesia), below 250m asl. It is locally abundant at some sites. It has been seen only in primary lowland rainforest. The breeding habitat has yet to be recorded, though it presumably breeds in water by larval development. The major threat to the species’ habitat is clear-cutting logging of the rainforest. It has been reported from three protected areas including Danum Conservation Area and Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary. Expansion of effective preservation of lowland rainforest is essential for the conservation of this species. Bibliography: Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Djoko Iskandar, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun, Mumpuni

636

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Rhacophorus taipeianus Liang and Wang, 1978

SCAPHIOPODIDAE

This species is endemic to Nantou County, northern Taiwan, Province of China, where it has been recorded below 1,500m asl. It is a common species. It inhabits orchards, forests and arable lands in hilly areas. It breeds in still-water habitats such as blocked ditches, rain pools, paddy fields, ponds and marshes. Paddy fields in the hilly areas are its major breeding habitat. The main threat to this species is the decreasing area of paddy fields for breeding in as a result of market-based decisions on what crops will be cultivated in the fields. Several protected areas are present within its range and it is also a nationally protected species. Bibliography: Chou, W.-H. and Lin, J.-Y. (1997b), Fei, L. et al. (1999), Liang, Y.S. and Wang, C.S. (1978), Lue, K.-Y., Tu, M.-C. and Hsiang, G. (1999), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), Yang, Y.-J. (1998) Data Providers: Lue Kuangyang, Chou Wenhao

Theloderma stellatum Taylor, 1962 This species is known from south-eastern Thailand (Taylor 1962) with certainty, and there are referred populations from southern Viet Nam (Orlov 1997b; Inger, Orlov and Darevsky 1999). It probably occurs more widely than current records suggest, especially in areas between known sites, and it is expected to occur in Cambodia. It has been recorded at altitudes between 50 and 1,200m asl. It is generally a rare or uncommon species, and only small series have been collected. It is known from evergreen forest, and has also been recorded from a rubber plantation. It has been heard calling from high in the canopy, and it breeds in water-ﬁlled tree holes, particularly in fallen rotting tree trunks. The main threat to this species is clearance or damage to remaining evergreen forests in its range due to smallholder farming and selective logging. It occurs in protected areas in Thailand and Viet Nam (in Khao Sebab and Cat Tien National Parks, respectively), but ensuring that suitable habitat in Gia Lai Province, southern Viet Nam, becomes effectively protected would beneﬁt this species. Bibliography: Inger, R.F., Orlov, N. and Darevsky, I.S. (1999), Murphy, R.W. (n.d.), Orlov, N.L. (1997b), Taylor, E.H. (1962) Data Providers: Peter Paul van Dijk, Tanya Chan-ard

Spea hammondii (Baird, 1859)

WESTERN SPADEFOOT

This species occurs in the Central Valley and bordering foothills of California and along the Coast Ranges (south of San Francisco Bay) in the USA, southward into north-western Baja California, Mexico. It is found from near sea level to 1,363m asl (Zeiner et al. (eds.) 1988, cited by Jennings and Hayes 1994), but usually below 910m asl (Stebbins 1985b). Jennings and Hayes (1994) mapped several dozen localities with extant populations. The total adult population size is unknown but is likely to be at least many thousands. Since the 1950s, substantial declines have been noted in the Central Valley and southern California. In southern California, more than 80% of the previously occupied habitat has been developed or converted to incompatible uses; more than 30% has been similarly affected in northern and central California (Jennings and Hayes 1994). In both the US and Mexican portions of its range, this species is still common where appropriate habitat exists. It lives in a wide range of habitats, from lowlands to foothills, in grasslands, open chaparral and pine-oak woodlands. It is fossorial, and breeds in temporary rain pools and slow-moving streams (for example, in areas flooded by intermittent streams). It also breeds in stock tanks and other artificial water bodies as long as the surrounding habitat is not developed for human settlement or irrigated agriculture. The main threat to this species is the development and conversion of habitat to incompatible uses such as human settlement and irrigated agriculture, which destroy the terrestrial habitat and change the hydroperiod of temporary pools. Recruitment may be unsuccessful in pools with bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) or introduced fish (for example, at least historically, those containing mosquitofish (Gambusia) used for mosquito abatement). This species is protected in a few small Nature Conservancy preserves, some US Department of Defence, Department of Energy, and Bureau of Land Management lands, some National Monuments, and some National Wildlife Refuges. It also occurs within the University of California’s Natural Reserve System. This species is also covered in some US federal Habitat Conservation Plans, but is is not listed by US state or federal agencies. Taxonomy: Spea multiplicata formerly was included in this species, which is frequently considered a synonym of S. multiplicata. Bibliography: Behler, J.L. and King, F.W. (1979), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Bragg, A.N. (1965), Brown, H.A. (1976), Ervin, E.L. et al. (2001), Hall, J.A. (1998), Jennings, M.R. and Hayes, M.P. (1994), Morey, S. and Reznick, D. (2004), Stebbins, R.C. (1954), Stebbins, R.C. (1985a), Tanner, W.W. (1989), Wiens, J.J. and Titus, T.A. (1991) Data Providers: Georgina Santos-Barrera, Geoffrey Hammerson, Steven Morey

CAUDATA

AMBYSTOMATIDAE Ambystoma barbouri Kraus and Petranka, 1989

STREAMSIDE SALAMANDER

This species occurs in the USA in central Kentucky, south-western Ohio, south-eastern Indiana, and also Tennessee (Scott et al. 1997). There are isolated populations in Livingston County, Kentucky, and westernmost West Virginia. Kraus and Petranka (1989) and Kraus (1996) provide further information on this species’ range. Its total adult population size is unknown. This species can be found in upland deciduous forest in regions of undulating topography, mostly in areas with limestone bedrock, although some are found in non-calcareous regions with sandstone and shale (Kraus and Petranka 1989). Adults are usually found underground, under rocks, leaves, and logs. This species breeds most frequently in first and second order streams, and typically deposits eggs singly on undersides of flat rocks in pools and (less often) in faster-flowing regions. It less frequently breeds in ponds. Its breeding is most successful in streams that are seasonally ephemeral, have natural barriers (such as cascades and waterfalls) that prevent the upstream movement of predatory fish, and that have large flat rocks for oviposition (Kraus and Petranka 1989). This species might be restricted to upper portions of breeding streams because of fish predation (Petranka 1983). Larvae in stream pools in Kentucky were most abundant among filamentous green alga (Cladophora), which provides protection from predators and supports prey organisms (Holomuzki 1989). The main threats to this species have been destruction of native forests and their replacement with pastureland or residential areas (Petranka 1998). Stream drying, flooding, and predation were observed to be important sources of mortality in Kentucky by Petranka (1984b). Additional protection of forested ravines is needed as a conservation measure for this species in the Bluegrass region of Kentucky, which is undergoing rapid urbanization. Taxonomy: This species was formerly included in Ambystoma texanum (Kraus and Petranka 1989). Bibliography: Anderson, J.D. (1967), Barbour, R.W. (1971), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Collins, J.T. (1990), Green, N.B. and Pauley, T.K. (1987), Holomuzki, J.R. (1989), Jones, T.R., Kluge, A.G. and Wolf, A.J. (1993), Kraus, F. (1985), Kraus, F. (1988), Kraus, F. (1996), Kraus, F. and Petranka, J.W. (1989), Minton Jr, S.A. (1972), Minton Jr, S.A. (2001), Petranka, J.W. (1983), Petranka, J.W. (1984a), Petranka, J.W. (1984b), Pfingsten, R.A. and Downs, F.L. (1989), Scott, A.F. et al. (1997), Shaffer, H.B., Clark, J.M. and Kraus, F. (1991), Storfer, A. (1999) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson

AMPHIUMIDAE Amphiuma pholeter Neill, 1964

ONE-TOED AMPHIUMA

This species can be found in the lower Gulf coastal plain of Alabama, Florida, and Georgia, USA. It is nearly endemic to the Florida panhandle and adjacent Alabama (west to the western side of Mobile Bay) and Georgia (with two known localities), but with occurrences extending southward along the Gulf Coast of peninsular Florida to Levy and Hernando Counties. It appears not to range more than 80-120km inland from the coast (Means 1996). The total adult population size is unknown. This species is found in deep, organic, liquid muck in alluvial swamps of low-gradient second or third order streams, spring runs, and occasionally swampy terrace streams in floodplains. It is very habitat-dependent, so maintenance of non-polluted muck is essential for its survival. Potential threats to this species include exploitation and degradation of surrounding habitat (for logging and mining activities, and for the disposal of power plant sludge, for example). Stream pollution (for example by agricultural runoff), and groundwater disturbance are also potential threats. It occurs in very few protected areas, so its habitats are at significant risk. To assist its conservation, further work is needed to verify extant occurrences and field-check the type locality (Levy County). Surveys for this species in managed areas within its range need to be conducted, and potential sites should be identified from topographic maps. Entire drainage basins (including uplands) need to be preserved, and occurrences in at least 10 different drainages, preferably including at least one occurrence each in Georgia and Alabama, should be protected. Direct exploitation of this species needs to be monitored, and state limits on collecting should be established if exploitation is extensive. Pollution of its habitat also needs to be prevented.

Bibliography: Bartlett, R.D. and Bartlett, P.P. (1999), Behler, J.L. and King, F.W. (1979), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Bury, R.B., Dodd, Jr., C.K. and Fellers, G.M. (1980), Conant R. (1975), Frost, D.R. (1985), Karlin, A.A. and Means, D.B. (1994), Means, D.B. (1992), Means, D.B. (1996), Moler, P.E. (1992b) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson, Dale Jackson

CRYPTOBRANCHIDAE Andrias japonicus (Temminck, 1836)

JAPANESE GIANT SALAMANDER

This species is endemic to Japan and is distributed in western Honshu, Shikoku and Kyusyu. It is an uncommon species. It lives and breeds in small to large rivers, preferring clear water, usually in forested areas. It has occasionally been found in rivers in urban areas. The adults can tolerate a wide variety of habitats, but are not necessarily able to breed in these habitats. Females lay their eggs in a string underwater and the larvae then develop in the streams. It is estimated to take at least ﬁve years for the young to reach maturity. This species is threatened by dam construction, the construction of artiﬁcial concrete riverbanks, and the alteration of river courses. Suitable habitats are therefore becoming increasingly fragmented. It might also be facing competition from the introduced Chinese Giant Salamander (Andrias davidianus). Genetic uniformity in this species is high, which increases its vulnerability to threatening processes. It has been designated as a special natural monument in Japan and is totally protected, and its habitats are protected in some areas. Asa Zoo has been breeding this species in captivity since 1979 (although no re-introductions have been performed), and it also rescues individuals from degraded habitats. CITES Appendix I. Bibliography: Environment Agency (2000), Matsui, M. (2000e), Sengoku, S. et al. (1996), Zippel, K. (2005) Data Providers: Yoshio Kaneko, Masafumi Matsui

Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Daudin, 1803)

HELLBENDER

This species occurs in the USA from southern Illinois (with a recent record from Wabash River; Smith 1961; Brandon and Ballard 1994; Phillips, Brandon and Moll 1999), southern Indiana (Minton 1972), Ohio (Pfingsten and Downs 1989), Pennsylvania (McCoy 1982), and south-western and south-central New York (Bishop 1941), to central and south-central Missouri (Johnson 1987), northern Arkansas (the Black River system and north fork of White River, and Eleven Point River, Randolph County; Trauth, Wilhide and Daniel 1992), northern Mississippi, Alabama (Tennessee River drainage; Mount 1975), northern Georgia, the western Carolinas (Martof et al. 1980), western Virginia (Tobey 1985), West Virginia (throughout, west of the Allegheny Front; Green and Pauley 1987), and extreme western Maryland. In Kentucky, near the centre of the range, Barbour (1971) regarded the species “most common in the upper reaches of the Cumberland, Kentucky, and Licking river systems”. In Tennessee, no records exist for locations west of the Tennessee River (Redmond and Scott 1996). Collections are known from south-eastern Kansas (Neosha River), but these are likely to have been from introduced individuals and not from a naturally occurring population (Collins 1982, 1993; W.H. Busby pers. comm.). There are early reports, of uncertain validity, of Hellbenders in Iowa (Nickerson and Mays 1973b). Old records from the Great Lakes (Lake Erie) drainage, New Jersey, and Louisiana are probably erroneous (Pfingsten and Downs 1989; Harding 1997). The total adult population size is unknown, but the population is in overall decline (although there are secure populations in many areas). It can be found in rocky, clear creeks and rivers, usually where there are large rocks for shelter. It usually avoids water warmer than 20°C. Males prepare nests and attend eggs beneath large flat rocks or submerged logs. The principal threat to this species is degradation of habitat, since it is a habitat specialist with little tolerance of environmental change (Williams et al. 1981). It breathes primarily (approximately 90%) through the skin (Guimond 1970) and is therefore dependent on cool, well-oxygenated, flowing water. Construction of dams stops swift water flow and submerges riffles. Logging, mining, road construction and maintenance, and other activities, can cause extensive sedimentation that covers the loose rock and gravel important as nest sites, and for shelter and food production. In Illinois, “most former rocky habitat has been buried under silt” (Phillips, Brandon and Moll 1999). Chemical pollutants and acid mine drainage are probably destructive, especially to eggs and larvae. Thermal pollution of water with a consequent oxygen loss would also be detrimental. Several streams in Alabama “have been polluted, impounded, or otherwise modified to the extent that they are, from all indications, incapable of supporting hellbender populations” (Mount 1975). Injuries and deaths sometimes also result when the

Near Threatened Amphibian Species

salamanders are hooked by anglers, and some fishermen still believe that Hellbenders are dangerously poisonous and also destroy game fish and their eggs (both beliefs are false), and therefore kill them at every opportunity. In the past, there were even attempts by organized sportsmen’s groups in West Virginia to eradicate them. There is some collecting of Hellbenders for sale as live animals or as preserved specimens. Over-collecting has been considered a serious threat in some parts; a decline was noted in the early 1990s, apparently due to collecting. Nickerson and Mays (1973b) noted additional factors they suspected might affect local populations, such as gigging (hunting of the species at night), heavy canoe traffic, dynamiting of large boulders to enhance commercial canoe traffic, and riverside cattle and pig pens. Hellbenders generally are intolerant of heavy recreational use of habitat. Many of the presently known populations are in national or state forests, national parks, and other public lands, where there is good potential for protecting habitat. The St. Louis Zoo maintains a captive-breeding programme for this species. Bibliography: Barbour, R.W. (1971), Behler, J.L. and King, F.W. (1979), Bishop, S.C. (1941), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Blais, D.P. (1996), Brandon, R.A. and Ballard, S.R. (1994), Bury, R.B., Dodd, Jr., C.K. and Fellers, G.M. (1980), Coatney, Jr, C.E. (1982), Collins, J.T. (1982), Collins, J.T. (1991), Collins, J.T. (1993), Dundee, H.A. (1971), Figg, D.E. (1993), Firschein, I.L. (1951), Frost, D.R. (1985), Gates, J.E. et al. (1985), Green, N.B. and Pauley, T.K. (1987), Guimond, R.W. (1970), Harding, J.H. (1997), Hillis, R.E. and Bellis, E.D. (1971), Hulse, A.C., McCoy, C.J. and Censky, E. (2001), Humphries, W.J. and Pauley, T.K. (2000), Johnson, T.R. (1977), Johnson, T.R. (1987), Johnson, T.R. (2000), Martof, B.S. et al. (1980), McCoy, C.J. (1982), Minton Jr, S.A. (1972), Minton Jr, S.A. (2001), Mitchell, J.C. (1991), Mount, R.H. (1975), Nickerson, M.A. and Mays, C.E. (1973a), Nickerson, M.A. and Mays, C.E. (1973b), Noeske, T.A. and Nickerson, M.A. (1979), Peterson, C.L. (1987), Peterson, C.L. et al. (1983), Peterson, C.L. and Wilkinson, R.F. (1996), Peterson, C.L., Ingersol, C.A. and Wilkinson, R.F. (1989), Peterson, C.L., Metter, D.E. and Miller, B.T. (1988), Peterson, C.L., Reed, J.W. and Wilkinson, R.F. (1989), Pfingsten, R.A. (1990), Pfingsten, R.A. and Downs, F.L. (1989), Phillips, C.A., Brandon, R.A. and Moll, E.O. (1999), Pough, F.H. and Wilson, R.E. (1976), Redmond, W.H. and Scott, A.F. (1996), Routman, E. (1993), Routman, E., Wu, R. and Templeton, A.R. (1994), Smith, P.W. (1961), Swanson, P.L. (1948), Tobey, F.J. (1985), Topping, M.S. and Ingersol, C.A. (1981), Trauth, S.E., Wilhide, J.D. and Daniel, P. (1992), Wiggs, R.L. (1977), Williams, R.D. et al. (1981) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson, Christopher Phillips

DICAMPTODONTIDAE Dicamptodon ensatus (Eschscholtz, 1833)

CALIFORNIA GIANT SALAMANDER

PLETHODONTIDAE Aneides aeneus (Cope and Packard, 1881)

Bibliography: Anderson, J.D. (1968a), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Bury, R.B. (2005), Corn, P.S. and Bury, R.B. (1989), Daugherty, C.H. et al. (1983), Frost, D.R. (1985), Good, D.A. (1989), Murphy, M.L. and Hall, J.D. (1981), Nussbaum, R.A. (1969), Nussbaum, R.A. (1976), Nussbaum, R.A. and Clothier, G.R. (1973), Nussbaum, R.A., Brodie, Jr., E.D. and Storm, R.M. (1983), Petranka, J.W. (1998), Stebbins, R.C. (1985b), Welsh Jr, H H. and Ollivier, L.M. (1998) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson, Bruce Bury

HYNOBIIDAE

Bibliography: Barbour, R.W. (1971), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Canterbury, R.A. and Pauley, T.K. (1994), Conant, R. and Collins, J.T. (1991), Corser, J.D. (2001), Cupp, P.V., Jr. (1991), Frost, D.R. (1985), Gordon, R.E. (1967), Green, N.B. and Pauley, T.K. (1987), Hulse, A.C., McCoy, C.J. and Censky, E. (2001), Madej, R.F. (1998), Minton Jr, S.A. (1972), Mount, R.H. (1975), Petranka, J.W. (1998), Pﬁngsten, R.A. and Downs, F.L. (1989), Redmond, W.H. and Scott, A.F. (1996), Snyder, D.H. (1991), Woods, J.E. (1968) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson

This species is found on the Caspian slope of the Talesh and Alborz Mountains of Iran, from 0-1,500m asl. It is locally common to rare. This is an aquatic species known only from mountain streams surrounded by a few trees, in high rainfall Hyrcanian-type forest. The adults are rarely seen, but have been found in holes under rocks. The caves where the adults are presumed to occur have yet to be found, and the stream-dwelling larvae are more frequently encountered. It is believed to be very susceptible to habitat change (for example, stream pollution). This species is threatened by habitat loss arising from urban sprawl along the Caspian coast and foothills, agricultural development (rice cultivation), and logging (with associated siltation of streams), and also by aquatic pollution and in some parts of its range by increasing light pollution. Some populations might also be affected by extended periods of drought. This species occurs in the protected Hyrcanian forest region.

CLOUDED SALAMANDER

This species has a patchy distribution from Del Norte and Siskiyou Counties, California, north through western Oregon to the Columbia River, USA (Jackman 1998). It is generally scarce, but locally common. However, current forest management practices are causing declines. This species inhabits moist coniferous forests (such as redwood, Douglas fir, western hemlock, and Port Orford cedar forests), in forest edges, forest clearings, talus, and burned-over areas. It is usually found under bark, in rotten logs, or in rock crevices, and it may aggregate in decayed logs in summer. The downed logs that it inhabits are large (greater than 50cm in diameter), and of mid-decay classes with sloughing bark (Thomas et al. 1993). This species also sometimes climbs high into trees. It lays its direct-developing eggs in cavities in rotten logs, in rock crevices, under bark, or among vegetation. Welsh and Wilson (1995) reported a clutch of Aneides ferreus or A.vagrans eggs that had been deposited in a fern clump at the base of a limb 30-40m above the ground in a large redwood tree. This species is threatened by intensive, short-rotation logging practices that result in increasing scarcity of coarse woody debris on the forest floor (Corn and Bury 1991). These salamanders may thrive initially after logging but then decline as stumps and logs decay and critical microhabitats are eliminated (Petranka 1998). Protection of mature and old growth forests is the most important long-term conservation need for this species. The trend for increasing scarcity of required coarse woody debris on the forest floor might be counteracted to some degree by existing and proposed forest management plans for the Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis) and Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus; Thomas et al. 1993). Taxonomy: Aneides vagrans was formerly included in this species. Bibliography: Behler, J.L. and King, F.W. (1979), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Corkran, C.C. and Thoms, C. (1996), Corn, P.S. and Bury, R.B. (1991), Frost, D.R. (1985), Jackman, T.R. (1998), Leonard, W.P. et al. (1993), Mahoney, M.J. (2001), McKenzie, D.S. and Storm, R.M. (1970), Nussbaum, R.A., Brodie, Jr., E.D. and Storm, R.M. (1983), Petranka, J.W. (1998), Stebbins, R.C. (1985b), Thomas, J.W. et al. (1993), Wake, D. (1965), Welsh, H.H., Jr. and Wilson, R.A. (1995) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson

Aneides ﬂavipunctatus (Strauch, 1870)

PERSIAN MOUNTAIN SALAMANDER

GREEN SALAMANDER

This species can be found from 140-1,350m asl in the Appalachian region, USA. Its range therefore includes extreme south-western Pennsylvania, extreme western Maryland, and southern Ohio to northern Alabama and extreme northeastern Mississippi, with a disjunctive area in south-western North Carolina and adjacent South Carolina and Georgia, and additional isolated populations in central Tennessee and north-eastern West Virginia (Conant and Collins 1991). It was recently also recorded in Crawford County, Indiana (Madej 1998). It is patchily distributed and generally uncommon throughout most of the range (Petranka 1998). The disjunctive Blue Ridge Escarpment populations exhibited dramatic declines in abundance after the early 1970s (Corser 2001). Snyder (1991) reported that these populations appeared to be recovering, but Corser (2001) determined that three out of six populations ﬁrst discovered in 1991 crashed in 1996-1997. Populations in the main range appear to have remained stable (Snyder 1991). This species can be found in damp (but not wet) crevices in shaded rock outcrops and ledges, or beneath loose bark and in cracks of standing or fallen trees (in cove hardwoods, for example). It can sometimes also be found in or under logs on the ground. It sometimes reaches high population densities in logged areas where the tree canopies are left. Eggs are laid in rock crevices, rotting stumps, or similar dark, damp places. The threats to this species that have caused it to decline in some areas are habitat loss (arising from development of the land and watershed areas) and possibly over-collecting and epidemic disease (Corser 2001). Severe drought might exacerbate other threats or cause temporary declines. To assist its conservation, better information on its current status is needed, as is information on the threats that it faces. The extent to which logging of old growth forest has reduced gene ﬂow among rock outcrop populations should be studied (Petranka 1998), and whenever feasible a forested buffer of at least 100m should be left around occupied rock outcrops (Petranka 1998).

Aneides ferreus Cope, 1869

This species can be found in west-central California, USA (Good 1989). It also occurs from Sonoma and Napa Counties south to Santa Cruz County and to Monterey County (Petranka 1998). It is found from 0-900m asl. The total adult population size is unknown but is likely to be at least several thousand. It is locally abundant (J.W. Petranka pers. comm.), but terrestrial adults are far less abundant than the aquatic larvae (Petranka 1998). No population data are available to determine trends in its population status (D.B. Wake pers. comm.). Larvae of this species usually inhabit clear, cold streams, but are also found in mountain lakes and ponds. Adults are found in humid forests under rocks and logs, for example, near mountain streams or rocky shores of mountain lakes (Stebbins 1985b). Eggs are usually laid in the headwaters of mountain streams. Breeding typically occurs in water-ﬁlled nest chambers under logs and rocks or in rock crevices. The greatest threats to this species are stream siltation and urban development (Petranka 1998; D.B. Wake pers. comm.), and it is also threatened by habitat fragmentation due to land use changes, including urbanization, agricultural development, and logging (H.H. Welsh pers. comm.). In the related Paciﬁc giant salamander (D. tenebrosus), larvae may be reduced in numbers where there has been clear-cut logging (Corn and Bury 1989) or siltation from roads (Welsh and Ollivier 1998). However, opening of forest canopies over streams might lead temporarily to higher primary productivity that in turn increases the body sizes of larval D. tenebrosus (Murphy and Hall 1981). Dicamptodon ensatus occurs in numerous protected areas, and is therefore probably only moderately threatened, even though its range is small and close to urban areas.

Batrachuperus persicus Eiselt and Steiner, 1970

637

BLACK SALAMANDER

This species can be found from extreme south-western Oregon south through north-western California, USA (as far south as central Santa Cruz and western Santa Clara Counties). It occurs from sea level to over 1,700m asl (Stebbins 1985b). No quantitative data are available on the population status of this salamander, but it is uncommon or rare in many areas where formerly it was common (Wake, cited by Petranka 1998). It can be found in forests, woodlands and grasslands. Southern populations prefer moist woodlands along streams and seepages, while northern populations are found in grassy areas, and far northern populations in moss-covered rockslides (Behler and King 1979). It is primarily terrestrial and is found under surface cover. A nest found in Santa Clara County, California, was located about 38cm below the surface of the ground in a soil cavity (Nussbaum, Brodie and Storm 1983). The most well understood threat to this species is habitat destruction (clear-cutting logging), but declines also appear to have taken place as a result of unexplained causes. Better information is needed concerning the threats to this species and its population trends. The unexplained causes of recent declines also need to be determined.

Bibliography: Baloutchi, M. and Kami, H.G. (1995), Kami, H.G. (1999), Schmidtler, J.J. and Schmidtler, J.F. (1971), Stöck, M. (1999), Thorn, R. (1968) Data Providers: Theodore Papenfuss, Steven Anderson, Sergius Kuzmin, Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani

Bibliography: Behler, J.L. and King, F.W. (1979), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Frost, D.R. (1985), Highton, R. (2000), Larson, A. (1980), Leonard, W.P. et al. (1993), Lynch, J. (1974), Lynch, J.F. (1985), Mahoney, M.J. (2001), Nussbaum, R.A., Brodie, Jr., E.D. and Storm, R.M. (1983), Petranka, J.W. (1998), Stebbins, R.C. (1985b), Welsh Jr, H.H., Hodgson, G.R. and Lind, A.J. (2005) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson

Ranodon shihi (Liu, 1950)

WUSHAN SALAMANDER

Aneides vagrans Wake and Jackman, 1998 WANDERING SALAMANDER

This species is known from central China including Henan, Shaanxi, Sichuan and Hubei Provinces, from 900-2,350m asl. It is common within its range. It is an aquatic species that inhabits small, low-gradient streams in forested areas. Eggs are laid in sacs that are then attached to the underside of rocks in the streams. The most signiﬁcant threat to this species is over-exploitation as a food source, although habitat destruction and degradation (including for the construction of dams) are also affecting its habitat. Its range overlaps with several protected areas.

This species occurs in the USA from northern Del Norte and Siskiyou Counties, California, south through extreme western Trinity, Humboldt, and Mendocino Counties in an increasingly narrow, forested coastal strip to the vicinity of Stewart’s Point, north-western Sonoma County, California. It is widespread on Vancouver Island and neighbouring islands in British Columbia, Canada, but reports from mainland British Columbia are unreliable. All Canadian populations might be derived from human-mediated introductions that occurred in conjunction with shipments of tan oak bark from California (Wake and Jackman, in Jackman 1998). The type locality in Humbold County is at 500m asl. The total adult population size of this species is unknown but is likely to be at least several thousand. This species occurs in moist coniferous forests, in forest edges, forest clearings, talus, and burned-over areas. It is usually found under bark or in rotten logs (in which it may aggregate in summer), and it requires large (greater than 50cm in diameter) downed logs of mid-decay classes with sloughing bark (Thomas et al. 1993). It often occurs high in trees, and some individuals or populations may rarely descend to ground level. It lays its eggs in cavities in rotten logs, under bark, or among vegetation. Welsh and Wilson (1995) reported a clutch of Aneides vagrans or A. ferreus eggs that had been deposited in a fern clump at the base of a limb 30-40m above the ground in a large redwood tree. This species is threatened by intensive, short-rotation logging practices that result in increasing scarcity of coarse woody debris on the forest ﬂoor (Corn and Bury 1991). These salamanders may thrive initially after logging but then decline as stumps and logs decay and critical microhabitats are eliminated (Petranka 1998). Protection of mature and old growth forests is the most important long-term conservation need for this species. The trend for increasing

Taxonomy: We follow Kuzmin and Thiesmeier (2001), and include this species in Ranodon. Huang, Fei and Ye (1992) suggested moving this species to the genus Ranodon from Liua. Bibliography: Fei, L. et al. (1999), Huang, Y.-Z., Fei, L. and Ye, C.-Y. (1992), Kuzmin, S. and Thiesmeier, B. (2001), Liu, C.C. (1950), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), Ye, C.-Y, Fei, L. and Hu, S.Q. (1993) Data Providers: Wu Guanfu, Fei Liang

638

Threatened Amphibians of the World

scarcity of required coarse woody debris on the forest ﬂoor may be counteracted to some degree by existing and proposed forest management plans for the Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis) and Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus; Thomas et al. 1993).

Bolitoglossa hartwegi Wake and Brame, 1969

Taxonomy: This species has been separated from Aneides ferreus (Jackman 1998). Bibliography: Behler, J.L. and King, F.W. (1979), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Corkran, C.C. and Thoms, C. (1996), Davis, T.M. (2002a), Davis, T.M. (2002b), Davis, T.M. and Gregory, P.T. (1993), Jackman, T.R. (1998), Leonard, W.P. et al. (1993), Mahoney, M.J. (2001), McKenzie, D.S. and Storm, R.M. (1970), Nussbaum, R.A., Brodie, Jr., E.D. and Storm, R.M. (1983), Stebbins, R.C. (1985b), Stelmock, J.J. and Harestad, A.S. (1979), Thomas, J.W. et al. (1993), Wake, D. (1965), Welsh Jr, H.H., Hodgson, G.R. and Lind, A.J. (2005), Welsh, H.H., Jr. and Wilson, R.A. (1995) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson, Kristiina Ovaska

This species is known from Cerro Zontehuitz, San Cristobal de las Casas, and Chamula Districts, north-central Chiapas, Mexico, and from at least three populations in the Cordillera de los Cuchumatanes and the Sierra Madre, Guatemala, from 1,200-2,500m asl. It is a reasonably common species. It inhabits coniferous and oak forest often associated with limestone outcrops. It is a crevice-dweller sometimes found beneath ﬂakes of rock on ledges, or under the bark of logs on the ground and less frequently in arboreal bromeliads. This species can persist in degraded habitats, and it breeds by direct development. The main threats to this reasonably adaptable species are the alteration and clear-cutting of its habitat due to increasing urbanization, the settlement of refugees, and expanding cultivation and livestock grazing. It occurs in the Reserva Ecológica Huitepec run by Pronatura near San Cristobal, Chiapas, Mexico. It is not known from any protected areas in Guatemala.

Batrachoseps robustus Wake, Yanev and Hansen, 2002

Bibliography: Bille, T. (1998), Campbell, J.A. (2001), Elias, P. (1984), Parra-Olea, G. and Garcia-Paris, M. (1998), Parra-Olea, G., GarcíaParís, M. and Wake, D.B. (1999), Parra-Olea, G., Garcia-Paris, M. and Wake, D.B. (2004), Wake, D.B. (1987), Wake, D.B. and Brame, A.H. (1969), Wake, D.B. and Lynch, J.F. (1988) Data Providers: Gabriela Parra-Olea, David Wake, Manuel Acevedo

KERN PLATEAU SALAMANDER

This species is known from about three dozen sites from 1,615-2,800m asl in the southern Sierra Nevada, California, USA: in Kern Plateau, Tulare County, the western margin of the Owens Valley, Inyo County, and the Scodie Mountains, Kern County (Wake, Yanev and Hansen 2002). The total adult population size is unknown but is likely to be at least several thousand. Extensive fieldwork by Wake, Yanev and Hansen (2002) yielded more than 350 specimens. The habitat is of limited extent, especially the springs of the Kern Plateau and Scodie Mountains. Its population trend is unknown, but very likely to be relatively stable. Wake, Yanev and Hansen (2002) mentioned no evidence of any declines. It can be found along small permanent creeks and springs with riparian vegetation in arid wooded mountains, typically under stones and wood (Wake, Yanev and Hansen 2002). It breeds terrestrially by direct development. This species is vulnerable to habitat degradation through capping of springs by man, or other alterations of spring water habitat. Its habitat is easily altered by intrusion by man. Flash floods also pose a natural threat. These threats tend to be very localized, however, and overall this species is not significantly threatened under current conditions. The Kern Plateau and Scodie Mountain populations are on United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service land, but the level of protection might be inadequate.

Bolitoglossa helmrichi (Schmidt, 1936) This species is known only from the mountainous regions of south-western Alta Verapaz and Baja Verapaz Departments, Guatemala, from 1,000-2,290m asl. It can be locally common. This species lives in cloud forests and also in coffee plantations shaded by bananas. It tends to be arboreal, occurring under bark and in bromeliads, and it breeds by direct development. This species is threatened by changes in agricultural practices since although it can persist in shade-grown coffee plantations, it cannot survive in more open areas (which tend to lose humidity and become too dry), and there is now a tendency to halt coffee farming in favour of other agricultural activities, most of which are resulting in more open situations unsuitable for this species. It occurs in Biotopo del Quetzal and the Reserva de la Biósfera Sierra de las Minas.

Bibliography: Stebbins, R.C. (1985b), Wake, D.B., Yanev, K.P. and Hansen, R.W. (2002) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson

Bibliography: Campbell, J.A. (2001), Elias, P. (1984), Wake, D.B. (1987), Wake, D.B. and Brame, A.H. (1963), Wake, D.B. and Brame, A.H. (1969), Wake, D.B. and Lynch, J.F. (1976), Wake, D.B. and Lynch, J.F. (1982) Data Providers: Manuel Acevedo, David Wake

Bolitoglossa borburata Trapido, 1942

Bolitoglossa lincolni (Stuart, 1943)

This species is restricted to the central part of the Venezuelan coastal mountain range in Aragua, Carabobo and Yaracuy States, Venezuela, where it has been recorded from 800-1,300m asl. It is naturally rare. It inhabits montane cloud forest and breeds by direct development (the eggs are laid in bromeliads). There are minimal threats to its habitat at present. Its range includes protected areas such as Parque Nacional Henri Pittier and Parque Nacional San Esteban.

This species occurs on the central plateau of Chiapas, Mexico, and in several mountainous areas in western Guatemala, including the upper slopes of the Guatemalan Plateau close to the Mexican border, Vulcan Tajumulco, Montanas de Quilco, and the south-western and eastern Sierra de los Cuchumatanes. Its altitudinal range is 2,200-3,000m asl. It is locally common, for example at Quilco and San Cristobal. It is expanding on Vulcan Tajumulco downwards into former cloud forest habitat at the expense of Bolitoglossa hartwegi. This species is largely terrestrial, living in low vegetation, under bark, and in bromeliads. It seems to be more of a generalist than other nearby congeners, and it can survive to some degree in degraded vegetation. Breeding is by direct development. A serious threat to this species is the complete clearance of forest due to logging, and expanding agricultural cultivation, livestock grazing, and human settlement. Although it is reasonably adaptable, it does not survive when habitats become very open. It has not been recorded from any protected areas.

Taxonomy: Specimens reported from Sierra San Luis, in the state of Falcón, Venezuela, might represent a different taxon (MijaresUrrutia and Arends 2000). Bibliography: Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), Brame, A.H. and Wake, D.B. (1963b), La Marca, E. (1994d), Manzanilla, J. (2001), Manzanilla, J. et al. (1995), Manzanilla, J. et al. (1996), Mijares-Urrutia, A. and Arends, A. (2000), Péfaur, J.E. and Rivero, J.A. (2000), Trapido, H. (1942), Vial, J.L. and Saylor, L. (1993) Data Providers: Enrique La Marca, Jesús Manzanilla

Bolitoglossa cuchumatana (Stuart, 1943) This species is restricted to the departments of El Quiché and Huehuetenango, Guatemala, in the Cordillera de los Cuchumatanes at 1,200-2,500m asl. It is quite common but there is little recent information on its population status, although at least eight populations are known. It occurs in cloud forest and can survive in degraded habitats. Individuals have been found on the ground, under bark, and in arboreal bromeliads. Breeding is by direct development. The main threat to this species is loss of its habitat through agricultural encroachment. Although it can tolerate some habitat degradation, it does not live in open agricultural habitats. Much of its range is included in the proposed Parque Nacional Cuchumatán. Surveys are needed to gather more information on its population status, distribution, and threat status. Bibliography: Campbell, J.A. (2001), Elias, P. (1984), Wake, D.B. (1987), Wake, D.B. and Brame, A.H. (1963) Data Providers: David Wake, Manuel Acevedo

Bolitoglossa doﬂeini (Werner, 1903) This species ranges from extreme northern Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, and Cayo District in southern Belize, to north-central Honduras. In Honduras it is known from Quebrada Grande in Copan Department, Sierra de Merendon west of San Pedro Sula, Cortes Department, and Portillo Grande in Yoro Department. It occurs from 50-1,370m asl, and probably occurs more widely within the general distribution than currently recorded. It is extremely common in some places within its restricted range. It lives in premontane wet forest, and also successfully in disturbed habitats such as cardamom plantations. The females tend to live on the ground under logs, while the males are arboreal. It breeds by direct development. This species is potentially threated by the international pet trade, in which it features signiﬁcantly, and since this species takes 10-12 years to mature such trade could easily be locally unsustainable. An additional potential threat to this species is chytridiomycosis, which has recently been reported in animals that were imported into Belgium. However, the origin of the infection (whether from the wild, or from other captive animals) is not known. One of the sites in Honduras where this species is found is at the edge of Parque Nacional Cusuco, and in Guatemala it occurs in Parque Nacional Laguna Lachuá and the Reserva de Manantiales Montañas del Mico. Given the potential threat of chytridiomycosis populations of this species should be monitored carefully. Bibliography: Campbell, J.A. (1998), Campbell, J.A. (2001), Lee, J.C. (1996), Lee, J.C. (2000), McCoy, C.J. (1991), McCranie, J.R. and Wilson, L.D. (2002b), McCranie, J.R., Wake, D.B. and Wilson, L.D. (1996), Meyer, J.R. and Wilson, L.D. (1971), Pasmans, F., Zwart, P. and Hyatt, A.D. (2004), Taylor, E.H. (1944), Wilson, L.D. (1979) Data Providers: Gustavo Cruz, Larry David Wilson, Randy McCranie, Manuel Acevedo, David Wake, Julian Lee

Bolitoglossa flaviventris (Schmidt, 1936) This species ranges from the Pacific slopes of southern Chiapas, Mexico, to south-western Guatemala, from sea level to 700m asl. It is likely to occur more widely in Guatemala than has so far been recorded. It is not uncommon, but has probably declined. It occurs in subtropical lowland areas of mixed forest, and also in banana plantations and the edges of cane fields in riparian areas. Breeding is by direct development. This species is threatened by habitat loss arising from increasing urbanization, settlement by refugees, and expanding agricultural cultivation and livestock gazing. Although it is tolerant of modified habitats, the level of habitat disturbance is extremely severe throughout most of its range, and it probably cannot survive in very open areas. It is not known from any protected areas. A survey to evaluate the population status of this species is required. Bibliography: Campbell, J.A. (2001), García-París, M., Parra-Olea, G. and Wake, D.B. (2000) Data Providers: Gabriela Parra-Olea, David Wake, Manuel Acevedo

Bibliography: Campbell, J.A. (2001), Elias, P. (1984), Parra-Olea, G., García-París, M. and Wake, D.B. (1999), Wake, D.B. (1987), Wake, D.B. and Brame, A.H. (1963), Wake, D.B. and Lynch, J.F. (1976), Wake, D.B. and Lynch, J.F. (1982), Wake, D.B. and Lynch, J.F. (1988), Wake, D.B., Yang, S.Y. and Papenfuss, T.J. (1980) Data Providers: Manuel Acevedo, David Wake

Bolitoglossa platydactyla (Gray, 1831) This species ranges widely from southern San Luis Potosi southward through southern Veracruz to north-western Chiapas, Mexico, where it occurs below 1,100m asl. It was formerly quite common, but is now hard to ﬁnd. It lives in tropical forests and savannahs, and can survive in modiﬁed habitats such as cities, farmland, banana plantations and areas of coffee cultivation. Breeding is by direct development. Although it is generally adaptable, the transformation of the landscape into very open habitats probably causes a general drying of microhabitats to the detriment of this species. It occurs in several protected areas and is protected by Mexican law under the “Special Protection” category (Pr). Bibliography: García-París, M., Parra-Olea, G. and Wake, D.B. (2000), Parra-Olea, G., Papenfuss, T.J. and Wake, D.B. (2001), PerezHigareda, G. (1981a), Wake, D.B. (1987) Data Providers: Gabriela Parra-Olea, David Wake

Bolitoglossa walkeri Brame and Wake, 1972 This species occurs from the department of Valle del Cauca, extending to the department of Cauca (Munchique), on the Oriental slope of the Cordillera Occidental, in Colombia, from 1,980-2,050m asl. It is a very common species. It occurs on herbaceous vegetation, epiphytes and fallen leaves, inside cloud forests with high humidity, and it has also been recorded from disturbed forest edges such as roadsides in forest. The details of its breeding habits are not known. There are no major threats to this species at present. Some of its populations are within Parque Nacional Natural Munchique and Parque Nacional Natural Farallones de Cali. Taxonomy: This species is a complex of more than one species. Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Brame, A.H. and Wake, D.B. (1972), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996) Data Providers: Fernando Castro, Maria Isabel Herrera, John Lynch

Chiropterotriton priscus Rabb, 1956 This species is known from several locations around Cerro Potosi near Ojo de Agua, north-west to Galeana town, Nuevo Leon, north-eastern Mexico, above 3,000m asl. The most recent surveys indicate that this species is still present and abundant. It lives terrestrially in pine and pine-ﬁr forest, and its preferred microhabitats are under fallen logs and under bark. It can also live in somewhat disturbed habitat. Breeding is by direct development. The habitat of this species is probably relatively secure, although it is at risk from logging. This species is not known from any protected areas, although it is protected by Mexican law under the “Special Protection” category (Pr). Bibliography: Darda, D. (1994), Liner, E.A. (1998a), Parra-Olea, G., García-París, M. and Wake, D.B. (1999), Rabb, G.B. (1956), Wake, D.B. (1987) Data Providers: Gabriela Parra-Olea, David Wake

Desmognathus abditus Anderson and Tilley, 2003

CUMBERLAND DUSKY SALAMANDER

This species is restricted to the Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee, USA, at 400-700m asl, from just south of the Cumberland Mountains near Wartburg, Morgan County, south to near Tracy City, Grundy County. There is no information available on the population status of this species. It is found near streams on this forested plateau. Individuals

Near Threatened Amphibian Species

are most often found on land but within a metre of water, or under rocks along small streams and under moss and debris on vertical rock faces behind cascades. A major threat in this area is habitat loss and degradation due to the building of second and retirement homes. This species is found in two protected areas: Frozen Head State Natural Area Reserve and Obed National Scenic River. Bibliography: Anderson, J.A. and Tilley, S.G. (2003) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson

Desmognathus aeneus Brown and Bishop, 1947

Bibliography: Bruce, R.C. (1998), Bruce, R.C. (1999), García-París, M. et al. (2000), García-París, M. and Wake, D.B. (2000), Good, D.A. and Wake, D.B. (1993), Savage, J.M. (2002), Wake, D.B. (1987) Data Providers: Federico Bolaños, David Wake, Jay Savage

Nototriton richardi (Taylor, 1949) SEEPAGE SALAMANDER

This species occurs in relatively isolated, localized populations in south-western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, northern Georgia, and north-central Alabama, USA. In Alabama, an apparent hiatus exists between western populations in the Fall Line Hills region and eastern populations in the Blue Ridge and adjacent piedmont regions, and an apparently disjunctive population is also present in the piedmont of north-eastern Georgia (Harrison 1992). This species occurs at up to 210-1,340m asl in the east, and as low as 30m asl in west-central Alabama. A record from Transylvania County, North Carolina, is based on a misidentified Desmognathus wrighti. There are an estimated 21-100 extant locations in North Carolina (H.W. LeGrand pers. comm.), while Redmond and Scott (1996) mapped 14 collection sites in Tennessee. Williamson and Moulis (1994) mapped 52 collection locations in Georgia. There are possibly 6-20 extant occurrences in Alabama (J.R. Bailey pers. comm.). It was recently discovered at two locations in South Carolina (Livingston, Spencer and Stuart 1995), where the conditions of the occurrences were considered good, although these occurences have not been extensively surveyed (S.H. Bennett pers. comm.). The total adult population size of this species is unknown. Overall, it is common to sometimes very common in undisturbed, suitable habitat. However, it is sometimes not present in what seems to be suitable habitat. It was not considered rare by the Scientific Council on Reptiles and Amphibians in North Carolina during the late 1980s (H.E. LeGrand pers. comm.). In the southern Appalachians, populations fluctuated over a 20-year period (early 1970s to early 1990s), with no apparent long-term trend (Hairston and Wiley 1993). This species is declining in Alabama (J.R. Bailey pers. comm.), and possibly also in North Carolina (A.L. Braswell pers. comm.). It is listed in Tennessee as in need of management (Redmond and Scott 1996), and is believed to be stable in South Carolina (S.H. Bennett pers. comm.). It can be found beneath leaf-litter or surface debris on the ground in mixed hardwood forests near small creeks, springs, and seepage areas, and also occurs in damp shaded ravines. Females usually oviposit beneath clumps of moss or other objects within or near seepages or in the vicinity of small streams. Development is direct, so there are no aquatic larvae. Outside the breeding season these salamanders are usually found beneath leaf-litter on the banks of small streams or in the vicinity of seepage areas. They are seldom active on the surface and are probably not very adaptable to habitat degradation. A significant threat to this species is logging, which has evidently extirpated some Alabama populations (Folkerts 1968). Southern populations are also vulnerable to intensive forest management practices such as clear-cutting. It is moderately threatened in Alabama by conversion of hardwood forest to pine plantations (J.R. Bailey pers. comm.). This species does occur in several protected areas, but to assist its conservation forest buffers should also be left around seepages and headwater streams in areas scheduled for logging (Petranka 1998). Bibliography: Behler, J.L. and King, F.W. (1979), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Folkerts, G.W. (1968), Frost, D.R. (1985), Hairston, N.G., Sr., and Wiley, R.H. (1993), Harrison, J.R. (1992), Livingston, P.G., Spencer, C.C. and Stuart, B.L. (1995), Martof, B.S. et al. (1980), Mount, R.H. (1975), Petranka, J.W. (1998), Redmond, W.H. and Scott, A.F. (1996), Williamson, G.K. and Moulis, R.A. (1994) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson, Julian Harrison

Eurycea tynerensis Moore and Hughes, 1939

639

OKLAHOMA SALAMANDER

According to Bury, Dodd and Fellers (1980), the range of this species includes the drainages of the Neosho and Illinois Rivers, the Springﬁeld Plateau section of the Ozark plateaus of south-western Missouri (McDonald County), north-western Arkansas (Benton, Washington, and Carroll Counties), and north-eastern Oklahoma (Adair, Cherokee, Delaware, Mayes, and Ottawa Counties), USA, at elevations below 305m asl. Petranka (1998) also indicated that the range includes eastern Oklahoma, south-western Missouri, and north-western Arkansas (but see Taxonomy). Its total adult population size is unknown, but it has been found at 50 of 213 sites examined in three states. Its habitat is small, clear, spring-fed streams with temperatures normally under 24°C, with a coarse substrate of sand, gravel, or bedrock, where it hides under or among rocks or in submerged vegetation (Bury, Dodd and Fellers 1980). It is most commonly found in shallow (less than 10mm deep), slowly moving water with medium-sized rocks and with high densities of aquatic invertebrates (Tumlison, Cline and Zwank 1990b,c). It lives below the substrate surface during droughts, and it may use karst systems to move within or between stream systems (Tumlison, Cline and Zwank 1990c). Eggs are laid on the undersides of rocks. This species is threatened by direct habitat destruction (for example by ﬂooding by impoundments), and by activities (such as agriculture, urbanization, stream channeling, and gravel removal) that result in silting or pollution of the aquatic habitat (Bury, Dodd and Fellers 1980). This species requires habitat protection and more research on its population status and trends. Taxonomy: Preliminary electrophoretic data indicate that Eurycea tynerensis is restricted to a few counties in eastern Oklahoma; populations in Arkansas and Missouri are not genetically distinct from E. multiplicata griseogaster (Wilkinson, in Figg 1991). For this assessment, we retain the traditional understanding of E. tynerensis as occurring in Oklahoma, Arkansas and Missouri, pending resolution of this issue. Bibliography: Behler, J.L. and King, F.W. (1979), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Bury, R.B., Dodd, Jr., C.K. and Fellers, G.M. (1980), Conant, R. and Collins, J.T. (1991), Dundee, H.A. (1965), Figg, D.E. (1991), Frost, D.R. (1985), Johnson, T.R. (1977), Johnson, T.R. (1987), Petranka, J.W. (1998), Tumlison, R., Cline, G.R. and Zwank, P. (1990a), Tumlison, R., Cline, G.R. and Zwank, P. (1990b), Tumlison, R., Cline, G.R. and Zwank, P. (1990c) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson

Nototriton abscondens (Taylor, 1948) This species occurs in the subhumid and humid premontane and montane areas of the Cordillera de Tilaran and the Cordillera Central of Costa Rica, from 1,010-2,500m asl (Savage 2002). It can be locally common, although there are not many recent records. It is found in terrestrial and arboreal moss mats in premontane moist and wet forest and rainforest and lower montane rainforest. It can also survive alongside roads where there are moss mats, but it does not survive in heavily degraded habitats. Breeding is by direct development. The main threat to this species is forest fragmentation leading to open habitats, as a result of encroaching agricultural cultivation and livestock grazing. A signiﬁcant portion of its range is protected in Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo. Bibliography: García-París, M. et al. (2000), García-París, M. and Wake, D.B. (2000), Good, D.A. and Wake, D.B. (1993), Jokush, E.L. and Garcia-Paris, M. (1998), Savage, J.M. (2002), Wake, D.B. (1987) Data Providers: Federico Bolaños, David Wake, Jay Savage

Nototriton picadoi (Stejneger, 1911) This species is known only from the northern end of the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica, from 1,200-2,200m asl (Savage 2002). It is not uncommon, and is probably the commonest salamander in Parque Nacional Tapantí. It lives in moss mats and bromeliads in premontane rainforest and lower montane wet forest, and is not found in degraded habitats. Breeding is by direct development. The main threat to this species is forest loss and fragmentation, as a result of encroaching agricultural cultivation and livestock grazing. Part of its range is protected in Parque Nacional Tapantí.

This species occurs on the Atlantic slopes of the Cordillera Central of Costa Rica, from 1,370-1,800m asl (Savage 2002). It has been found to be more common than was once thought, but there are still few records. It lives in leaf-litter and moss banks in lower montane rainforest and marginally in higher altitude portions of premontane rainforest. It is not found in degraded habitats. Breeding is by direct development. The main threat to this species is forest loss and fragmentation, as a result of encroaching agricultural cultivation and livestock grazing. Much of the range of this species is protected in Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo. Bibliography: García-París, M. et al. (2000), García-París, M. and Wake, D.B. (2000), Good, D.A. and Wake, D.B. (1993), Savage, J.M. (2002), Wake, D.B. (1987), Wake, D.B. and Elias, P. (1983) Data Providers: Federico Bolaños, David Wake, Jay Savage

Plethodon caddoensis Pope and Pope, 1951

CADDO MOUNTAIN SALAMANDER

This species can be found in the Caddo Mountains, Ouachita Mountains region, south-western Arkansas, USA (Conant and Collins 1991; Petranka 1998), from 275-655m asl. It is locally common (Saugey, Height and Heath 1985; Petranka 1998). As of 2004, the Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission had recorded about 20 occurrences. Several of these were regarded as having good to excellent viability at the time of last visitation, but most of the occurrences did not have recent information. It is recorded as being “locally abundant in or near talus slopes or other rocky sites, particularly on north-facing slopes that support mature, mesic forests” (Petranka 1998). It moves into underground retreats under shaded talus or in abandoned mine shafts during hot, dry weather (Petranka 1998), during which large numbers have been found in abandoned mines on rock walls near water in summer (Saugey, Height and Heath 1985). It has also been found in secondary growth, mixed deciduous woods with some pine (Pope 1964). Eggs clusters have been found in mine shafts (Heath, Saugey and Heidt 1986). Habitat loss and degradation represents a localized threat, and timber management activities and conversion of land to pine plantations probably also reduced suitable habitat for this species in the past (Warriner 2002). Most populations are in the Ouachita National Forest, which affords this species some level of protection (Warriner 2002), and it is also state-listed as being a species of special concern. Bibliography: Behler, J.L. and King, F.W. (1979), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Blair, A.P. (1957), Conant, R. and Collins, J.T. (1991), Dowling, H.G. (1956), Dowling, H.G. (1957), Duncan, R. and Highton, R. (1979), Frost, D.R. (1985), Heath, D.R., Saugey, D.A. and Heidt, G.A. (1986), Highton, R. (1962), Mahoney, M.J. (2001), Petranka, J.W. (1998), Pope, C.H. (1964), Pope, C.H. and Pope, S.H. (1951), Robison, H.W. and Allen, R.T. (1995), Saugey, D.A., Height, G.A. and Heath, D.R. (1985), Spotila, J.R. (1972), Taylor, C.L., Wilkinson, Jr., R.F., and Peterson, C.L. (1990), Trauth, S.E., Robison, H.W. and Plummer, M.V. (2004), Warriner, M.D. (2002a) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson

Plethodon elongatus Van Denburgh, 1916

DEL NORTE SALAMANDER

This species can be found in the vicinity of Port Orford, south-western Oregon, south to central Humboldt County, north-western California, USA (Petranka 1998). It occurs from sea level up to about 1,600m asl (Ollivier and Welsh 1999). The total adult population size is unknown but it is locally abundant in appropriate habitat. It is strongly associated with moist talus and rocky substrates in redwood or Douglas ﬁr forests, including in riparian zones. It is usually found among moss-covered rocks, under associated bark and other forest litter, but usually not in seeps or other very wet areas. It is associated with older forests with closed, multi-storied canopy (composed of both conifers and hardwoods), with a cool, moist microclimate, and rocky substrates dominated by cobble-sized fragments, and these conditions may be optimal throughout most of the range (Welsh 1990; Welsh and Lind 1995). In coastal regions it may be common in recently harvested forest areas with no associated older forests (Diller and Wallace 1994). The eggs are laid in concealed terrestrial sites where they develop directly without a larval stage. It is declining due to clear-cutting logging of old-growth forest habitat, especially in drier inland locations. It occurs in Redwood National Park and associated state redwood parks in Humboldt and Del Norte Counties, California. Taxonomy: Mahoney (2004) decribes high genetic diversity within the Plethodon elongatus complex with two highly diferentiated evolutionarily signiﬁcant units in the central to southern portion of the range in Humboldt County, California. Bibliography: Behler, J.L. and King, F.W. (1979), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Brodie, E.D., Jr. and Storm, R.M. (1971), Clayton, D.R., Ollivier, L.M. and Welsh, H.H. Jr. (1998), Diller, L.V. and Wallace, R.L. (1994), Frost, D.R. (1985), Jennings, M.R. and Hayes, M.P. (1994), Mahoney, M.J. (2001), Mahoney, M.J. (2004), Nussbaum, R.A., Brodie, Jr., E.D. and Storm, R.M. (1983), Ollivier, L.M. and Welsh, H.H. (1999), Petranka, J.W. (1998), Stebbins, R.C. (1972), Stebbins, R.C. (1985b), Thomas, J.W. et al. (1993), Welsh Jr, H.H. (1990), Welsh Jr, H.H. and Lind, A.J. (1995), Welsh, H.H. and Lind, A.J. (1992), Welsh, H.H. and Lind, A.L. (1988) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson, Hartwell Welsh

Plethodon jordani Blatchley, 1901

RED-CHEEKED SALAMANDER

This species can be found in Gregory Bald and Great Smoky isolates, and the extreme northern part of the Balsam isolate, in North Carolina and Tennessee, USA, from 768-1,780m asl (Highton and Peabody 2000). Dodd (2004) mapped more than 100 collection or observation sites in the Great Smokies, and reported that this species is generally abundant. This species inhabits moist dense hardwood, coniferous, and mixed forests with mossy logs and slabs of rock. It is found in burrows, leaf-litter, or in spaces under rocks and logs during the day. It tolerates some level of disturbance, and much of its range occurs in secondary growth forest. Breeding is by direct development, and the eggs are probably laid in underground cavities. Potential threats to this species are factors that negatively affect spruce ﬁr forests such as global warming, acid rain, and balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae) infestations. This species is protected from the detrimental effects of clear-cutting (Ash 1997, Petranka, Eldridge and Haley 1993, Petranka 1998, Ash and Pollock 1999) by occurring completely within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. It does not appear on any state or federal list of endangered species. Taxonomy: Highton and Peabody (2000) recently separated Plethdon jordani into multiple species: P. montanus, P. metcalﬁ, P. amplus, P. meridianus, P. jordani, P. shermani and P. cheoah. Bibliography: Ash, A.N. (1997), Ash, A.N., and Pollock, K.H. (1999), Behler, J.L. and King, F.W. (1979), Conant, R. and Collins, J.T. (1991), Crother, B.I. et al. (2000), Dawson, W.R., Ligon, J.D. and Murphy, J.R. (1987), Dodd, Jr, C.K. (2004), Hairston, N.G. (1983), Hairston, N.G., Sr. et al. (1992), Hairston, N.G., Sr., and Wiley, R.H. (1993), Highton, R. (1973), Highton, R. (1983), Highton, R. (1998), Highton, R. and Peabody, R.B. (2000), Mahoney, M.J. (2001), Martof, B.S. et al. (1980), Mitchell, J.C. and Taylor, J.A. (1986), Nishikawa, K.C. (1990), Petranka, J.W. (1998), Petranka, J.W. and Murray, S.S. (2001), Petranka, J.W., Eldridge, M.E. and Haley, K.E. (1993), Pope, C.H. (1928) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson, David Beamer

Plethodon larselli Burns, 1953

LARCH MOUNTAIN SALAMANDER

This species can be found in the USA along the Columbia River Gorge in the Washington and Oregon Cascades, and as four populations near Mount Saint Helens and just south of Mount Rainier. It is found at altitudes up to 1,036m asl (Leonard et al. 1993). It can be common in optimal microhabitats. Washington State’s Department of Fish and Wildlife had 67 unique records for this species as of 1997 (Dvornich, McAllister and Aubry 1997). Most of these sites are expected to be extant, though some of them might represent single populations. There are approximately

640

Threatened Amphibians of the World

15 populations in Oregon. The total adult population size is unknown, but populations are small. Populations appear stable, and new populations are being discovered in Washington State (L.A. Hallock pers. comm.). This species inhabits lava talus slopes in Douglas ﬁr stands, and is typically found under canopy cover in talus of suitable size that has accumulated considerable amounts of humus. It rests under rocks and bark and in rotten wood (Stebbins 1985b), and moves deep under talus in cold weather or when it is dry or hot. Breeding occurs in the same habitats in late autumn or spring on warm rainy nights. This species does not tolerate the loss of canopy cover, which appears to allow congeners to out-compete it (Herrington 1985). It is threatened in some areas by logging (which changes the microclimate and composition of the talus slopes) and by the use of taluses for road construction (Herrington 1988; Pfrender 1993). Many populations are protected within the Columbia River National Scenic Area (Leonard et al. 1993), but populations on national forest and private land might not be adequately protected. Bibliography: Aubry, K.B., Senger, C.M. and Crawford, R.L. (1987), Behler, J.L. and King, F.W. (1979), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Burns, D. (1964), Bury, R.B., Dodd, Jr., C.K. and Fellers, G.M. (1980), Dvornich, K.M., McAllister, K.R. and Aubry, K.B. (1997), Frost, D.R. (1985), Herrington, R.E. (1985), Herrington, R.E. (1988), Herrington, R.E. and Larsen, J.H. (1983), Herrington, R.E. and Larsen, Jr, J.H. (1985), Herrington, R.E. and Larsen, Jr, J.H. (1987), Howard, J.H., Wallace, R.L. and Larsen, J.H. Jr. (1983), Leonard, W.P. et al. (1993), Mahoney, M.J. (2001), Nussbaum, R.A., Brodie, Jr., E.D. and Storm, R.M. (1983), Olson, D.H. editor (1999), Pfrender, M. (1993), Stebbins, R.C. (1985b), Thomas, J.W. et al. (1993), Washington Department of Wildlife (1993) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson, Robert Herrington

Plethodon neomexicanus Stebbins and Riemer, 1950

JEMEZ MOUNTAINS SALAMANDER

This species is restricted to the Jemez Mountains in Sandoval, Los Alamos, and Río Arriba Counties, New Mexico, USA, from 2,130-3,435m asl (Stebbins 1985b; Degenhardt, Painter and Price 1996; Petranka 1998). It exists as fragmented populations in six major zones of distribution within an area of approximately 650-780km² (New Mexico Department of Game and Fish 1994). It is rare to common in suitable habitat, which is fragmented due to subsurface geology. It can be found in moss-covered talus and under bark and beneath logs and rocks in and near mixed forests of fir, spruce, and aspen (Stebbins 1985b). It occurs underground except during periods of warm seasonal rains. It is assumed to lay its eggs underground as no egg clutch has ever been found in the wild. Populations decline but persist after clear-cutting and slashing of forest, and it also persists after wildfires but most likely in reduced numbers. The major threats to this species are intensive logging, slash removal, burning, road building, and establishment of tree plantations (Ramotnik and Scott 1988). The build-up of excessive fuel loads and resulting fires is also a threat. However, with recent conservation efforts, threats have been greatly reduced. More than 90% of the populations of this species are believed to occur on lands administered by the Santa Fe National Forest; additional populations are known to occur on Santa Clara Pueblo, in Bandelier National Monument, and in the Valles Caldera National Preserve in Sandoval County (Cummer, Christman and Wright 2003), as well as on private land. Final approval of the Jemez Mountains Salamander Conservation Agreement in 2000 represents a commitment by the US Forest Service, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, and the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish to manage this amphibian in a manner consistent with this agreement, and with each other’s policies, in order to reduce threats and ensure that the species is conserved (New Mexico Department of Game and Fish 2000). It is listed as ‘threatened’ by the State Game Commission of New Mexico, and is protected from harvest by the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service special order “Animal Possession Restrictions” No. 10-230, 22 November 1999. Bibliography: Behler, J.L. and King, F.W. (1979), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Bury, R.B., Dodd, Jr., C.K. and Fellers, G.M. (1980), Cummer, M.R., Christman, B.L. and Wright, M.A. (2003), Degenhardt, W.G., Painter, C.W. and Price, A.H. (1996), Frost, D.R. (1985), Mahoney, M.J. (2001), New Mexico Department of Fish and Game (1985), New Mexico Department of Game and Fish (1994), New Mexico Department of Game and Fish (2000), Petranka, J.W. (1998), Ramotnik, C.A. and N.J. Scott, Jr. (1988), Stebbins, R.C. (1985b), Williams, S.R. (1973) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson, Charles Painter

Plethodon nettingi Green, 1938

CHEAT MOUNTAIN SALAMANDER

This species can be found in the Allegheny Mountains from Cheat Mountain north to Back Allegheny and Cabin mountains, in Grant, Tucker, Randolph, Pocahontas, and Pendleton Counties, West Virginia, USA, generally from 9081,463m asl (Pauley 1993), although one population extends to below 730m asl. Much of the remaining habitat is within Monongahela National Forest (Green and Pauley 1987). Approximately seventy occurrences are known (Pauley 1993; Petranka 1998), but these appear to be very small fragments of once larger populations. Recent surveys yielded some new localities, but the species was absent at some historical sites (USFWS 1990a). There is less than 10,000 acres of known occupied habitat. Populations generally are small (only a few include over a thousand individuals), and the US Fish and Widlife Service (USFWS 1990a) categorized its status as “stable”. This species can be found primarily in red spruce, yellow birch or spruce-dominated forests, and has been occasionally collected in mixed deciduous hardwood forests (Brooks 1945, 1948; Clovis 1979; Green and Pauley 1987). Bryophytes and downed logs are usually common in its habitat, and it occurs under rocks and in or under logs during the day, and sometimes among wet leaves. It is active on the forest ﬂoor at night and may climb lower portions of tree trunks (Brooks 1945, 1948; Green and Pauley 1987). Eggs have been found in and under rotting logs, and under rocks (Brooks 1948; Green and Pauley 1987), where they develop directly without a larval stage. The main threat to this species is habitat loss and degradation due to logging, mining, recreational development, and road construction. Competition with Plethodon cinereous might also be a limiting factor. However, these threats are all minimal and the population is probably stable. It occurs in two national forest wilderness areas and several proposed research natural areas, and also in about 50 United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service sites, but these are not well protected. Monongahela National Forest has a management plan for this species (Bury, Dodd and Fellers 1980). An additional beneﬁcial conservation measure would be the establishment of forested corridors between existing populations. Taxonomy: Plethodon hubrichti and P. shenandoah formerly were included in this species. Bibliography: Behler, J.L. and King, F.W. (1979), Bishop, S.C. (1943), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Brooks, M. (1945), Brooks, M. (1948), Bury, R.B., Dodd, Jr., C.K. and Fellers, G.M. (1980), Clovis, J.F. (1979), Frost, D.R. (1985), Green, N.B. and Pauley, T.K. (1987), Highton, R. (1986d), Highton, R. and Larson, A. (1979), Mahoney, M.J. (2001), Martof, B.S. et al. (1980), Pauley, T.K. (1985), Pauley, T.K. (1993), Petranka, J.W. (1998), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1989b), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1990a) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson

Plethodon ouachitae Dunn and Heinze, 1933

RICH MOUNTAIN SALAMANDER

This species can be found in the Ouachita Mountains, in Arkansas and Oklahoma, USA (Duncan and Highton 1979; Conant and Collins 1991). A map in Duncan and Highton (1979) indicates that there might be up to several distinct populations or perhaps just a few, depending on actual distributional discontinuities. It is often abundant in suitable conditions (Black 1974; Blair 1967; Spotila 1972). Duncan and Highton (1979) collected samples of at least a few dozen specimens from each of 10 locations, not including additional locations with ouachitae-fourchensis hybrids. It can be found in mesic hardwood forests, usually on a northerly facing slope, where it is generally found under rocks or in or under logs. Breeding takes place terrestrially by direct development. There are no known major threats to this species, although populations might be impacted locally by clear-cutting logging. It occurs in some protected areas, but further research is needed on its threat status and population status and trends. Taxonomy: Petranka (1998) included Plethodon fourchensis in this species. The two species integrade freely in their narrow zone of contact. Bibliography: Anthony, C.D., Wicknick, J.A. and Jaeger, R.G. (2002), Behler, J.L. and King, F.W. (1979), Black, J.H. (1974), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Blair, A.P. (1967), Blair, A.P. and Lindsay, H.L. Jr. (1965), Conant, R. and Collins, J.T. (1991), Duncan,

R. and Highton, R. (1979), Frost, D.R. (1985), Highton, R. (1986a), Mahoney, M.J. (2001), Petranka, J.W. (1998), Spotila, J.R. (1972), Taylor, C.L., Wilkinson, Jr., R.F., and Peterson, C.L. (1990), Trauth, S.E., Robison, H.W. and Plummer, M.V. (2004) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson

Plethodon punctatus Highton, 1971 [1972]

WHITE-SPOTTED SALAMANDER

This species can be found in the Shenandoah, North, and Great North mountains, George Washington National Forest, Virginia (Augusta, Rockingham, and Shenandoah Counties) and West Virginia, USA (Green and Pauley 1987; Conant and Collins 1991; Petranka 1998), from 735-1,200m asl (but mainly from 900-1,200m asl). Its total adult population size is unknown but deforestation has probably reduced its distribution and abundance compared with historical levels. This species occurs in ridge and valley areas in mixed deciduous forest interspersed with Virginia pine and hemlock and numerous rock outcrops (Green and Pauley 1987). It is most abundant in old-growth forests with many downed logs and in areas with an abundance of surface rocks (Mitchell 1991), including talus. It tends to be most abundant on north-facing slopes. During the day it is found under rocks and logs or in burrows. Breeding is terrestrial by direct development. The principal threats to this species include deforestation through logging, and defoliation by gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar); the effect of spraying pesticides to control gypsy moths is unknown (Mitchell 1991). Firewood collection and over-collection of individuals are also potential threats. Much of its habitat is now protected, and its populations are likely to be stable. Most occurrences are within George Washington National Forest, where many sites are classiﬁed as roadless areas or unforestable. The United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service is aware of the populations of this species and its sensitivity. Bibliography: Behler, J.L. and King, F.W. (1979), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Buhlmann, K.A. et al. (1988), Conant, R. and Collins, J.T. (1991), Fraser, D.F. (1976), Frost, D.R. (1985), Green, N.B. and Pauley, T.K. (1987), Highton, R. (1972), Highton, R. (1988a), Mahoney, M.J. (2001), Martof, B.S. et al. (1980), Mitchell, J.C. (1991), Petranka, J.W. (1998) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson, Joseph Mitchell

Plethodon virginia Highton, 1999

SHENANDOAH MOUNTAIN SALAMANDER

This species can be found in eastern West Virginia and adjacent north-western Virginia, USA, from 1,100-1,200m asl. Highton (1999) mapped 28 collection sites, and six sites where hybrids with Plethodon hoffmani occur. This species’ population status is not known but it is presumed to be stable. It is often found under objects in wooded areas. Eggs are laid in moist cavities, where they develop directly without a larval stage. It is not known what threats there are to this species, which is unlikely to be seriously threatened, although some populations are probably affected locally by clear-cutting logging. It occurs in some protected areas. Additional research is needed on its population status and the threats that it faces. Taxonomy: This species was recently separated from Plethodon hoffmani (see Highton 1999). Bibliography: Behler, J.L. and King, F.W. (1979), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Green, N.B. and Pauley, T.K. (1987), Highton, R. (1986b), Highton, R. (1999), Mahoney, M.J. (2001), Martof, B.S. et al. (1980), Petranka, J.W. (1998) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson

Pseudoeurycea cephalica (Cope, 1865) This species can be found in central Mexico in the states of Estado de Mexico, Hidalgo, Veracruz, Puebla and Morelos. It might be more widespread than current records suggest. Its altitudinal range is between 1,100 and 3,000m asl. This species used to be common, although it has undergone declines. The subspecies Pseudoeurycea cephalica rubrimembris remains not uncommon in the outskirts of Tianguistengo village in north-eastern Hidalgo State. This species lives in pine, pine-oak, ﬁr, and cloud forests, and in the upper extent of lowland forest. It is commonly found beneath rocks, logs and other debris on the ground. It also occurs in somewhat disturbed habitats, such as forest edges, rural gardens, and small patches of forest in urban areas. Breeding is by direct development. It is probably threatened by agricultural expansion, expanding human settlements, and logging, all of which are taking place extensively within its range. It occurs in several protected areas, and is listed as “threatened” (Amenazada) by the Mexican government. Taxonomy: This form is a complex of more than one species that needs taxonomic revision (G. Parra-Olea and D.B. Wake pers. comm.). The subspecies Pseudoeurycea cephalica rubrimembris is likely to be a valid species (J. Raffaelli pers. comm.). Bibliography: Parra-Olea, G., García-París, M. and Wake, D.B. (1999), Parra-Olea, G., Papenfuss, T.J. and Wake, D.B. (2001), Uribe-Peña, Z., Ramírez-Bautista, R. and Cuadernos, G.C.A (2000) Data Providers: Gabriela Parra-Olea, David Wake, Jean Raffaelli

Pseudoeurycea galeanae (Taylor, 1941) This species is known from the areas surrounding Galeana and Iturbide towns, in southern Nuevo Leon, Mexico, from 1,800-2,800m asl. It is not common but is still recorded regularly. It inhabits semi-open oak forest with thorny scrub. This terrestrial species can be found under stones, and it can also tolerate considerable habitat modiﬁcation and has been found in agave plantations and scrubby open country. Breeding is by direct development. The main threat to this species is complete clearance of its habitats, due to clear-cutting and the development of human settlements. It is not known from any protected areas, but it is listed as “threatened” (Amenazada) by the Mexican government. Taxonomy: This species requires further taxonomic investigation (G. Parra-Olea and D.B. Wake pers. comm.). Bibliography: Flores-Villela, O. and McCoy, C.J. (1993), Parra-Olea, G., García-París, M. and Wake, D.B. (1999) Data Providers: Gabriela Parra-Olea, David Wake

Pseudoeurycea papenfussi MUSCULAR SALAMANDER Parra-Olea, García-París, Hanken and Wake, 2005 This species is known from the Sierra de Juárez, from the vicinity of Cerro Pelón and Cerro Humo to Cerro Peña Verde and the Pápalo region, northern Oaxaca State, Mexico. It has been recorded only from 2,800-2,900m asl, and possibly as low as 2,650m asl (exact identiﬁcation is pending on these records). The species is believed to be endemic to the Sierra de Juárez. There is no clear information available on its population status, although it appears never to have been common. It has been found in pine forest and barren rocky slopes at or above the upper limit of cloud forest. It is presumed to breed by direct development. There has been signiﬁcant deforestation by uncontrolled logging in this area, but the habitat is now recovering and the species is still present. It is known from the Reserva de la Biósfera Tehuacán-Cuicatlán. Further taxonomic work is necessary to resolve the identity of populations found at lower altitudes. Taxonomy: Specimens of this species have been included in Pseudoeurycea smithi by some previous authors (Parra-Olea et al. 2005a). Bibliography: Parra-Olea, G. et al. (2005a) Data Providers: James Hanken, David Wake

Near Threatened Amphibian Species

641

Speleomantes ambrosii (Lanza, 1954) AMBROSI’S CAVE SALAMANDER

Carolina. State water quality designations and permitting systems do address stream conditions (the ‘Outstanding Resource Water’ designation for Swift Creek in the Tar River basin is the best example of this).

This species is restricted to scattered localities (at least 12 localities are known) in La Spezia Province, north-west Italy. The populations east of the Fiume River around Massa Carrara belong to a recently discovered subspecies, Speleomantes ambrosii bianchii. It is found at altitudes ranging from near sea level to around 2,300m asl. It is generally common within its limited range, with no evidence of any decline. It is known from humid rocky outcrops, caves, crevices, and forested areas in the vicinity of streams. Individuals may occasionally be found climbing in vegetation. The species reproduces through the direct development of a few terrestrial eggs. There are no major threats to this species other than a general localized loss of suitable habitat. It is present in Parco Nazionale delle Cinque Terre and Parco Naturale delle Alpi Apuane. The species has a very restricted range and needs further conservation attention. Prior to being considered a separate species S. ambrosii was listed on Appendix II of the Berne Convention under S. italicus. It is also listed on Annex IV of the EU Natural Habitats Directive.

Taxonomy: This form was originally described as Necturus maculosus lewisi. It was elevated to species status by Viosca (1937). It is considered to be the most primitive form of Necturus by Sessions and Wiley (1985). Bibliography: Ashton, Jr, R.E. (1985), Ashton, Jr, R.E. (1990), Behler, J.L. and King, F.W. (1979), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Braswell, A.L. (1989), Braswell, A.L. and Ashton, Jr, R.E. (1985), Bury, R.B., Dodd, Jr., C.K. and Fellers, G.M. (1980), Conant, R. and Collins, J.T. (1998), Frost, D.R. (1985), Guttman, S.I. et al. (1990), Martof, B.S. et al. (1980), Maxson, L.R., Moler, P.E. and Mansell, B.W. (1988), Petranka, J.W. (1998), Sessions, S.K. and Wiley, J.E. (1985), Viosca Jr, P. (1937) Data Providers: Alvin Braswell, Geoffrey Hammerson

Bibliography: Anon. (1997), Arnold, E.N. (2003), Böhme, W, Grossenbacher, K. and Thiesmeier, B. (1999), Cimmaruta, R. et al. (1999), Cimmaruta, R. et al. (2002), Gasc, J.-P. et al. (eds.) (1997), Grifﬁths, R.A. (1996), Lanza, B. (1986), Lanza, B. et al. (2005), Lanza, B. and Corti, C. (1993), Lanza, B. and Vanni, S. (1981), Nascetti, G. et al. (1996), Noellert, A. and Noellert, C. (1992), Salvidio, S. (1993), Salvidio, S. et al. (1994), Thorn, R. (1968) Data Providers: Franco Andreone, Paul Edgar, Claudia Corti

Speleomantes imperialis (Stefani, 1969 “1968”)

IMPERIAL CAVE SALAMANDER

This species is endemic to the provinces of Nuoro, Oristano and Cagliari in central and eastern Sardinia, Italy. The populations in the Sette Fratelli Mountains east of Cagliari belong to a separate subspecies, Speleomantes imperialis sarrabusensis. It is found at altitudes between 7 and 1,170m asl. It is common within its limited range (Gasc et al. (eds.) 1997). This species is found in humid rocky outcrops, caves, crevices, and forested areas in the vicinity of streams. It reproduces through the direct development of a few terrestrial eggs. In the recently discovered subspecies, S. i. sarrabusensis, there is some evidence of vivipary. There are no major threats identiﬁed other than general localized habitat loss, presumably caused by farming. It has been recorded from Parco Nazionale Gennargentu e Golfo di Orosei and Parco Naturale Regionale del Monte Sette Fratelli, and it is likely to occur in Parco Naturale Regionala della Giara di Gesturi. This species is listed on Appendix II of the Berne Convention and is also listed on Annex IV of the EU Natural Habitats Directive. Bibliography: Anon. (1997), Böhme, W, Grossenbacher, K. and Thiesmeier, B. (1999), Gasc, J.-P. et al. (eds.) (1997), Grifﬁths, R.A. (1996), Lanza, B. (1986), Lanza, B. et al. (2001), Lanza, B. and Corti, C. (1993), Lanza, B. and Vanni, S. (1981), Lanza, B., Nascetti, G. and Bullini, L. (1986), Nardi, I. (1991), Nascetti, G. et al. (1996), Thorn, R. (1968) Data Providers: Franco Andreone, Roberta Lecis, Paul Edgar, Claudia Corti

Speleomantes italicus (Dunn, 1923)

ITALIAN CAVE SALAMANDER

This species is a northern and central Apennine endemic, ranging from the provinces of Reggio Emilia (Emilia-Romagna) and Lucca (Tuscany) southwards to the province of Pescara (Abruzzi) inclusive (Gasc et al. (eds.) 1997). It occurs from sea level up to altitudes approaching 2,430m asl. It is common over much of its range, although it is considered to be less abundant in the southernmost part of its range. There is no evidence of any population decline taking place. This species is known from humid rocky outcrops, caves, crevices, and forested areas in the vicinity of streams, often in limestone areas. It reproduces through the direct development of a few terrestrial eggs. There are no major threats identiﬁed other than some localized habitat loss. It is not known if this species is present in any protected areas. It is listed on Appendix II of the Berne Convention and on Annex IV of the EU Natural Habitats Directive. Bibliography: Anon. (1997), Arnold, E.N. (2003), Böhme, W, Grossenbacher, K. and Thiesmeier, B. (1999), Gasc, J.-P. et al. (eds.) (1997), Grifﬁths, R.A. (1996), Lanza, B. and Corti, C. (1993), Lanza, B. and Vanni, S. (1981), Lanza, B., Nascetti, G. and Bullini, L. (1986), Nardi, I. (1991), Nascetti, G. et al. (1996), Thorn, R. (1968) Data Providers: Franco Andreone, Paul Edgar, Claudia Corti

Speleomantes strinatii (Aellen, 1958)

FRENCH CAVE SALAMANDER

This species is restricted to south-eastern France and north-western Italy, from sea level to around 2,500m asl. Although there is little available information on the population status of this species, it is not considered to be declining in Italy. It is found in the vicinity of streams and seepages, and amongst rocky outcrops and caves in mountainous areas. It reproduces through the direct development of a few terrestrial eggs. There are no major threats identiﬁed other than localized loss of habitat. It is not known if this species is present in any protected areas. Prior to being considered a separate species Speleomantes strinatii was listed on both Appendix II of the Berne Convention, and on Annex IV of the EU Natural Habitats Directive, under S. italicus. Although this species is not considered to be declining in Italy, further information is needed on the status of the populations in France. Bibliography: Anon. (1997), Arnold, E.N. (2003), Böhme, W, Grossenbacher, K. and Thiesmeier, B. (1999), Cimmaruta, R. et al. (1999), Gasc, J.-P. et al. (eds.) (1997), Grifﬁths, R.A. (1996), Lanza, B. and Corti, C. (1993), Lanza, B. and Vanni, S. (1981), Lanza, B., Nascetti, G. and Bullini, L. (1986), Nardi, I. (1991), Nascetti, G. et al. (1996), Thorn, R. (1968) Data Providers: Franco Andreone, Paul Edgar, Claudia Corti, Marc Cheylan

RHYACOTRITONIDAE Rhyacotriton cascadae Good and Wake, 1992

CASCADE TORRENT SALAMANDER

This species can be found on the west slope of the Cascade Mountains from just north of Mount Saint Helens, Skamania County, Washington, south to north-eastern Lane County, Oregon, USA (Good and Wake 1992). McAllister (1995) mapped approximately 53 collections or veriﬁed sighting locations in Washington. It is fairly common in appropriate habitat (Leonard et al. 1993), and its population is stable in Oregon (E. Gaines pers. comm.). It can be found in coniferous forests in small, cold mountain streams and spring seepages. Larvae often occur under stones in shaded streams. Adults also inhabit these streams or the streamsides in saturated moss-covered talus, or under rocks in the splash zone. This species is found primarily in older forest sites since the required microclimatic and microhabitat conditions generally exist only in older forests (Welsh 1990). Two Rhyacotriton nests were found in deep, narrow rock crevices, and the eggs were lying in cold, slow-moving water (Nussbaum et al. 1983). This species is sensitive to increased temperature and sedimentation, such as may result from logging or road construction for logging access. Timber harvesting negatively affects Rhyacotriton salamanders more than it does other amphibians in the same area (Bury and Corn 1988b; Corn and Bury 1989). Some populations are isolated by intervening areas of unsuitable habitat, and these are then vulnerable to extirpation through natural processes exacerbated by timber harvest (especially of old growth stands on north-facing slopes). This species is moderately threatened in Oregon (E. Gaines pers. comm.). It occurs in some protected areas. Its conservation needs include retention of old-growth forest buffers around headwater streams (Petranka 1998). Bibliography: Anderson, J.D. (1968b), Behler, J.L. and King, F.W. (1979), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Brodie, J.B. (1995), Bury, R.B. and Corn, P.S. (1988b), Corn, P.S. and Bury, R.B. (1989), Diller, L.V. and Wallace, R.L. (1996), Good, D.A. and Wake, D.B. (1992), Good, D.A., Wurst, G.Z. and Wake, D.B. (1987), Highton, R. (2000), Jennings, M.R. and Hayes, M.P. (1994), Leonard, W.P. et al. (1993), McAllister, K.R. (1995), Nijhuis, M.J. and Kaplan, R.H. (1998), Nussbaum, R.A. and Tait, C.K. (1977), Nussbaum, R.A., Brodie, Jr., E.D. and Storm, R.M. (1983), Petranka, J.W. (1998), Stebbins, R.C. (1985b), Thomas, J.W. et al. (1993), Welsh Jr, H.H. (1990), Welsh Jr, H.H., and Lind, A.J. (1996), Welsh, H.H. and Lind, A.J. (1992) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson

Rhyacotriton kezeri Good and Wake, 1992

COLUMBIA TORRENT SALAMANDER

This species can be found in the Coast Ranges of the western USA from the vicinity of the Chehalis River in Grays Harbor County, Washington, south to the zone of contact with Rhyacotriton variegatus along the Little Nestucca River and the Grande Ronde Valley in Polk, Tillamook, and Yamhill Counties, Oregon (Good and Wake 1992). McAllister (1995) mapped approximately 43 collections or veriﬁed sighting locations in Washington, and this species is apparently stable in Oregon (E. Gaines pers. comm.). It can be found in coastal coniferous forests in small, cold mountain streams and spring seepages. Larvae often occur under stones in shaded streams. Adults also inhabit these streams or streamsides in saturated moss-covered talus, or under rocks in the splash zone. This species is found primarily in older forest sites since the required microclimatic and microhabitat conditions generally exist only in older forests (Welsh 1990). Two Rhyacotriton nests were found in deep, narrow rock crevices, and the eggs were lying in cold, slow-moving water (Nussbaum, Brodie and Storm 1983). Torrent salamanders in general are sensitive to increased temperature and sedimentation, such as may result from logging or road construction for logging access (Bury and Corn 1988b; Corn and Bury 1989). However, preliminary data suggest that R. kezeri tolerates habitat alteration better than do other torrent salamander species, and that increases in sedimentation that might be particularly problematic for other Rhyacotriton species might be less problematic for this species (Hallock and McAllister 2002). It occurs in some protected areas. Its conservation needs include retention of old-growth forest buffers around headwater streams (Petranka 1998). Bibliography: Anderson, J.D. (1968b), Behler, J.L. and King, F.W. (1979), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Bury, R.B. and Corn, P.S. (1988b), Corn, P.S. and Bury, R.B. (1989), Good, D.A. and Wake, D.B. (1992), Good, D.A., Wurst, G.Z. and Wake, D.B. (1987), McAllister, K.R. (1995), Nussbaum, R.A. and Tait, C.K. (1977), Nussbaum, R.A., Brodie, Jr., E.D. and Storm, R.M. (1983), Stebbins, R.C. (1985b), Thomas, J.W. et al. (1993), Welsh Jr, H.H. (1990) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson

SALAMANDRIDAE PROTEIDAE Necturus lewisi Brimley, 1924

Euproctus asper (Dugès, 1852) NEUSE RIVER WATERDOG

This species is found in the Neuse and Tar-Pamlico River basins of the piedmont and Coastal Plain, North Carolina, USA (Petranka 1998). It is known from over 140 locations (Braswell and Ashton 1985), but these are not necessarily all distinct populations (H.E. LeGrand pers. comm.). It occurs from near sea level to about 116m asl. It can be locally common. The healthiest populations in the Neuse system appear to be in the Little River and Trent River. The Tar River system populations appear healthy except for areas impacted by reservoirs and municipal effluents (Braswell and Ashton 1985). It might be declining due to declining water quality, but data are inadequate for quantitative trend estimatation. It occupies most clean, moderate to swift-flowing streams within its range. It is more common in streams greater than 15m wide and 1m deep (Braswell and Ashton 1985). It requires relatively high oxygen levels and water quality (Ashton 1985). Breeding and non-breeding habitats are the same except for late fall and winter when it exploits large accumulations of submerged leaves in eddies, or backwaters of streams. It more frequently occupies burrows and spaces under rocks (Ashton 1985; Braswell and Ashton 1985). Eggs are attached to the underside of objects in low silt moderate-flow areas of streams. No migrations have been documented. Home ranges reported by Ashton (1985) are relatively small (mean 17m² for females and 73m² for males). It is not found in reservoirs and areas below large municipal waste outfalls (Braswell and Ashton 1985). The major threats to this species arise from water development projects (such as construction of impoundments and stream channelization), pollution from agricultural runoff (including pig farm wastes and pesticides), and industrial and urban development (Bury, Dodd and Fellers 1980; Braswell and Ashton 1985; Braswell 1989; H.E. LeGrand pers. comm.). These activities all cause loss of in-stream habitat (for example, due to siltation) and loss of water quality. A significant portion of the habitat in the upper Neuse drainage has been destroyed or degraded (Braswell 1989), and continued development threatens additional habitat. There are no specifically protected populations of this species. It is state-listed as a species of special concern in North

PYRENEAN BROOK SALAMANDER

This species is found throughout much of the Pyrenean mountain range of France and Spain, where it occurs at a wide range of altitudes from 175m to over 3,000m asl (on the northern slopes of the Pyrenees), although the average range is 700-2,500m asl. It has recently been found in the Corbieres Mountains, 20km south-east of Carcassonne, in south-eastern France, which represents a range extention northwards. It is abundant or common in parts of its restricted range, although several peripheral populations have disappeared largely through loss of habitat. It is more common in the west of its range. The populations of the Montseny Massif (Barcelona), located at the southern limit of the species’ distribution, are considered to be threatened. It is a largely aquatic montane species that inhabits cold mountain lakes, torrents, streams, and occasionally cave systems, that are ice-free for at least four months of the year (Griffiths 1996). The eggs are deposited individually under rocks and stones in well-oxygenated, cold streams with rocky bottoms, and the larvae then develop in these streams. This species has a small clutch size of 20-40 eggs (Griffiths 1996). The main threats to this species are loss and damage of its aquatic habitats. Infrastructure development and tourism lead to over-exploitation of water resources, including from skiing facilities. The introduction of predatory trout (salmonids) and other fish is also a threat, leading to population extinctions, especially in mountain lakes. Pesticides are readily accumulated in the body tissues of this largely insectivorous species, and several populations demonstrate contamination by these chemicals (Gasc et al. (eds.) 1997). It has been recorded from Parque Nacional de Ordesa y Monte Perdido and Parque Nacional de Aigües Tortes y Lago San Mauricio, Spain, and presumably occurs in several other protected areas. It is listed on Appendix II of the Berne Convention and on Annex IV of the EU Natural Habitats Directive, and it is protected by national legislation in Spain. Bibliography: Arnold, E.N. (2003), Böhme, W, Grossenbacher, K. and Thiesmeier, B. (1999), Clergue-Gazeau, M. (1972), Clergue-Gazeau, M. and Beetschen, J.-C. (1966), Clergue-Gazeau, M. and Martinez-Rica, J.-P. (1978), Despax, R. (1923), García-París, M. (1985), Gasc, J.-P. et al. (eds.) (1997), Gasser, F. (1973), Griffiths, R.A. (1996), Hervant, F., Mathieu, J. and Durand, J.-P. (2000), Hervant, F., Mathieu, J. and Durand, J.-P. (2001), Montori, A. (1990), Montori, A. (1997), Montori, A. and Campeny, R. (1992), Montori, A., Llorente, G.A. and

642

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Nadal, J. (1982), Pleguezuelos, J.M. (1997), Pleguezuelos, J.M., Márquez, R. and Lizana, M. (2002), Serra-Cobo, J., Lacroix, G. and White, S. (1998), Serra-Cobo, J., Uiblein, F. and Martinez-Rica, J.P. (2000), Thiesmeier, B. and Hornberg, C. (1990), Thorn, R. (1968), Wisniewski, P.J. (1986) Data Providers: Jaime Bosch, Miguel Tejedo, Roberta Lecis, Claude Miaud, Miguel Lizana, Paul Edgar, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Rafael Marquez, Philippe Geniez

Notophthalmus perstriatus (Bishop, 1941)

STRIPED NEWT

This species can be found in northern Florida, westward to the vicinity of the Ochlocknee River, and northward into southern Georgia, USA. The known Georgia distribution is limited to three widely disjunctive areas (Dodd 1993b; Dodd and LaClaire 1995). In Florida, specimens have been recorded as far south as Hernando and Orange Counties and from the Atlantic coast westward to the west side of Apalachee Bay (Christman and Means 1978; Campbell, Christman and Thompson 1980). In Georgia, specimens have been recorded from as far north as Screven and Jenkins Counties, south-east to Wilcox County (Dodd 1993b) and westward to Baker County (L.V. LaClaire pers. comm.). More than 30 occurrences are known across its range, with the majority from Florida. Further surveys might turn up additional occurrences (Dodd 1993b). It varies from rare to locally common depending on the availability of a breeding pond. The total number of individuals is unknown. It sometimes occurs in very low densities, but some local breeding populations encompass many thousands of individuals (Johnson 2002). Evidence suggests that the total population is declining. This species can be found in sandhill habitat, scrub, scrubby flatwoods, mesic flatwoods, and isolated, ephemeral wetlands within these habitats (for example in sinkhole ponds, depression ponds and marshes, and ditches). It can tolerate selective logging as long as the ground is not roller-chopped or otherwise prepared. The larvae and adults are aquatic, although the adults emigrate to surrounding wooded areas near breeding ponds if the ponds dry up. It breeds in shallow temporary ponds associated with well-drained sands, and the eggs are attached to submerged vegetation. There are many potential threats to this species. For example, conversion of terrestrial habitat for agriculture, silviculture, or commercial or residential development, drainage or enlargement (with subsequent introduction of predatory fish) of aquatic habitat, and loss of aquatic habitat from lowering of the water table as a result of water consumption by humans. Other key threats include habitat alteration resulting from suppression of fire, highway mortality during migration, habitat degradation from off-road vehicle traffic, and collection for the pet trade. Population disjunction might exacerbate existing threats through lack of gene flow, genetic drift, and inbreeding depression. Most of the remaining known populations are on federal, state, or private conservation lands, such as Apalachicola National Forest, Florida; Camp Blanding Military reservation, Florida; Ocala National Forest, Florida; Fort Stewart, Georgia; Ichauway Plantation, Georgia; Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge; the ITT Rayonier property, Georgia; and the Katharine Ordway Preserve-Swisher Memorial Sanctuary. Surveys at the periphery of its range, and in appropriate habitat between populations, are needed to investigate the perceived decline (R. Franz pers. comm.). Bibliography: Ashton, R.E., Jr. and Ashton, P.S. (1988), Behler, J.L. and King, F.W. (1979), Bishop, S.C. (1941), Bishop, S.C. (1943), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Bury, R.B., Dodd, Jr., C.K. and Fellers, G.M. (1980), Campbell, H.W. and Christman, S.P. (1982a), Campbell, H.W. and Christman, S.P. (1982b), Campbell, H.W., Christman, S.P. and Thompson, F.G. (1980), Carmichael, P. and Williams, W. (1991), Carr Jr, A.F. (1940), Carr, A. and Goin, C.J. (1955), Christman, S.P. and Franz, L.R. (1973), Christman, S.P. and Means, D.B. (1978), Christman, S.P. and Means, D.B. (1992), Conant, R. and Collins, J.T. (1991), Dodd, C.K. and Cade, B.S. (1998), Dodd, Jr, C.K. (1992), Dodd, Jr, C.K. (1993a), Dodd, Jr, C.K. (1993b), Dodd, Jr, C.K. (2005b), Dodd, Jr, C.K. and Charest, B.G. (1988), Dodd, Jr, C.K. and LaClaire, L.V. (1995), Duellman, W.E. and Trueb, L. (1986), Franz, R. (1991), Franz, R. and Smith, L.L. (1994), Frost, D.R. (1985), Grogan, W. L. Jr. and Bystrak, D. (1973), Johnson, S.A. (1998), Johnson, S.A. (2001), Johnson, S.A. (2002), LaClaire, L.V. (1992), LaClaire, L.V. (1995b), LaClaire, L.V. and Franz, R. (1990), LaClaire, L.V. and Franz, R. (1990), Means, D.B. (1990), Means, D.B., Ostertag, T.E. and Printiss, D. (1994a), Means, D.B., Ostertag, T.E. and Printiss, D. (1994b), Mecham, J.S. (1967), Mecham, J.S. and Hellman, R.E. (1952), Millsap, B.A. et al. (1990), Moler, P.E. and Franz, R. (1988), Reilly, S.M. (1990), Semlitsch, R.D. (1998), Stevenson, H.M. (1976), Stout, I.J., Richardson, D.R. and Roberts, R.E. (1988), Telford, S.R. Jr. (1993), Wharton, C.H. and Howard, J.D. (1971) Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson, Kenneth Dodd

Paramesotriton caudopunctatus (Liu and Hu, 1973)

SPOT-TAILED WARTY NEWT

This species is known from south-eastern Chongqing, south-western Hunan, eastern Guizhou, and Fuchuan in eastern Guangxi in central China, from 500-1,800m asl. It probably occurs more widely than current records suggest. It is a very common species. It inhabits hill streams of varying sizes and the surrounding habitats in forested areas, and sometimes also occurs in streamside pools. It breeds in streams where the larvae also develop. This species is affected by habitat destruction and degradation for dam construction and subsistence wood collecting, and also by harvesting for use in traditional Chinese medicine. Small numbers are exported for the international pet trade, though probably not at a level to constitute a threat to the species. Several protected areas in the region fall within the species’ range. Bibliography: Fei, L. et al. (1999), Hu, S.-Q., Zhao, E.M. and Liu, C.C (1973), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), Ye, C.-Y, Fei, L. and Hu, S.Q. (1993) Data Providers: Yuan Zhigang, Michael Wai Neng Lau

Paramesotriton hongkongensis (Myers and Leviton, 1962)

HONG KONG WARTY NEWT

This species is known from coastal Guangdong, including Hong Kong, in China, from 30-940m asl. It is a very common species. It inhabits low- to medium-gradient hill streams and the surrounding forests. Breeding takes place in slowﬂowing stream pools where the larvae also develop. A particular threat to this species is the collection of signiﬁcant numbers for the pet trade. Its main distribution range falls within protected areas, and the Hong Kong population is protected by local legislation. This species has been widely bred in captivity. Taxonomy: We follow Thorn and Raffaëlli (2001) in recognizing this as a full species distinct from Paramesotriton chinensis. Bibliography: Fei, L. et al. (1999), Lau, M.W.N. (1998), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), Myers, G.S. and Leviton, A.E. (1992), Thorn, R. and Raffaëlli, J. (2001) Data Providers: Michael Wai Neng Lau, Bosco Chan

Pleurodeles waltl Michahelles, 1830

SHARP-RIBBED SALAMANDER

This species is distributed in central and southern Iberia, and in the coastal plain of northern Morocco. It is essentially a lowland species becoming rare above 900m asl, although it might be found at 1,565m asl in the Sierra de Loja, Granada, Spain. It is not abundant over most of its distribution, with populations being more scattered and fragmented in the east and north of the Iberian Peninsula. Some population declines in this species have been observed, especially in eastern Spain. It appears to be in decline in Morocco (although it is common in the north), and the southernmost populations in Morocco might be extinct (T. Slimani and El Hassan El Mouden pers. comm.). This is a highly aquatic species of Mediterranean-type habitats including scrub, open woodland and cultivated land. It is generally found in ponds, dayas, wadis, lakes, ditches and slow-moving streams (often temporary in nature) with plenty of vegetation cover. The adults are mostly found under stones or in mud in their aquatic habitats, or sheltering under cover on land if the wetland dries up. It may be present in slightly modified aquatic and terrestrial habitats. The female deposits around 800-1,500 eggs on plants and stones in ponds. This species is generally threatened through loss of aquatic habitats through drainage, agrochemical pollution, the impacts of livestock (in North African dayas), eutrophication, domestic and industrial contamination, and infrastructure development. It has largely disappeared from coastal areas in Iberia and Morocco close to concentrations of tourism and highly populated areas (such as Madrid). Introduced fish and crayfish (Procambarus clarki) are known to prey on the eggs and larvae of this species, and are implicated in its decline. Mortality on roads has been reported to be a serious threat to some populations. It occurs in a number

of protected areas in Iberia, but there is a need to monitor vulnerable populations in northern and eastern Spain and Portugal. It is listed on Appendix III of the Berne Convention and is protected by national legislation in Spain, where captive breeding of the species and habitat restoration projects are in place in some regions. Bibliography: Alberch, P. and González, D. (1973), Alvarez, A. and Martin, L. (2000), Arnold, E.N. (2003), Böhme, W, Grossenbacher, K. and Thiesmeier, B. (1999), Bons, J. and Geniez, P. (1996), Díaz-Paniagua, C. (1990), Díaz-Paniagua, C. (1992), Ferrand de Almeida, N. et al. (2001), García-Cardenete, L. et al. (2003), García-París, M. (1985), Gasc, J.-P. et al. (eds.) (1997), Godinho, R. et al. (1999), González de la Vega, J.P. (1998), Grifﬁths, R.A. (1996), Hernández, A. et al. (2000), Malkmus, R. (1999), Malkmus, R. (2004), Martínez-Solano, I. and Bosch, J. (2001), Mateo, J.A. et al. (2003), Mellado, J. and Mateo, J.A. (1992), Pasteur, G. and Bons, J. (1959), Pleguezuelos, J.M. (1997), Pleguezuelos, J.M., Márquez, R. and Lizana, M. (2002), Reques, R. (2000), Salvador, A. (1996), Salvador, A. (2002), Thorn, R. (1968) Data Providers: Pedro Beja, Jaime Bosch, Miguel Tejedo, Paul Edgar, David Donaire-Barroso, Miguel Lizana, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Tahar Slimani , El Hassan El Mouden, Philippe Geniez, Tahar Slimani

Salamandra infraimmaculata (Mertens, 1948)

AROUSS AL AYN

This species is present in south-eastern and eastern parts of Anatolia, Turkey; north-western Iran; northern Iraq; Lebanon; and northern Israel (Tel Dan, upper and western Galilee, and Mount Carmel). There is little information available on the distribution of this species in Syrian Arab Republic and Iraq. The altitudinal range in the south of this species’ range is known to be approximately 180-2,000m asl (in the Taurus Mountains). It is generally locally common in suitable habitat. In Iran this species is considered to be rare, and populations in Israel are small but generally stable. In Lebanon it is considered to be widespread, but localized and probably not abundant. The terrestrial habitat of this species varies across its range. In Iran it is known from an area of arid sparse cork forest. In Turkey and Lebanon it has been found to inhabit damp forests and groves in mountainous or hilly regions, and to shelter under leaves, roots or stones not far from water. This species may persist in formerly forested habitats, although further studies are needed. Isolated populations of this salamander are found around pools (often temporary in nature) and slow-flowing spring-fed streams which the adults inhabit during the breeding season (winter through to early spring). It forages nocturnally, but may be seen in the daytime during wet weather. It produces live young (larvae with gills that undergo metamorphosis; Degani 1996). It is threatened in parts of its range, such as Israel and Lebanon (and possibly Syrian Arab Republic), by infrastructure development and aquatic pollution by pesticides. In Lebanon introduced fish are also a problem. In Israel large numbers of this salamander are killed on roads. This species is probably in decline in Turkey (as in other parts of the Middle East) as a result of damming of breeding streams, aquatic pollution, and an increase in ground water abstraction resulting from the rapid expansion of irrigation schemes for agriculture. It is present in the Mount Hermon, Mount Carmel and Tel Dan Natur protected areas in Israel and has been recorded in the Arz El-Shouf, Horj Ehden and Ammiq Marshes protected areas of Lebanon. The active creation of breeding habitat is taking place in the nature reserve within Mount Carmel, Israel. This species is protected by national legislation in Israel. Further fieldwork into its biology, habitat and distribution over much of its range is needed. It is unclear which species of Salamandra have been recorded from western Anatolia, and further investigation to identify these populations (which are not included here) is needed. Taxonomy: This account follows the suggested Salamandra monophyletic Group distribution presented in Steinfartz, Vieth and Tautz (2000). Bibliography: Alon, A. (1984), Baloutchi, M. and Kami, H.G. (1995), Baran, I. and Atatür, M.K. (1998), Baran, I. and Öz, M. (1994), Blaustein, L. and Schwartz, S.S. (2001), Degani, G. (1986), Degani, G. (1993), Degani, G. (1996), Degani, G. et al. (1999), Degani, G. and Kaplan, D. (1999), Degani, G. and Warburg, M.R. (1978), Gafny, S. (2004), Griffiths, R.A. (1996), Hraoui-Bloquet, S. et al. (2002), Hraoui-Bloquet, S., Sadek, R. and Geze, R. (2001), Öz, M. (1987), Özeti, N. and Yilmaz, I. (1994), Steinfartz, S., Veith, M. and Tautz, D. (2000), Thorn, R. (1968), Tron, F. (2005), Weisrock, D.W. et al. (2001) Data Providers: Theodore Papenfuss, Ahmad Disi, Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani, Gad Degani, Ismail Ugurtas, Max Sparreboom, Sergius Kuzmin, Steven Anderson, Riyad Sadek, Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Avital Gasith, Eldad Elron, Sarig Gafny, Güven Eken, Tuba Kiliç, Engin Gem, Yehudah L. Werner, Murat Sevinç, Pierre-André Crochet.

Triturus dobrogicus (Kiritzescu, 1903)

DANUBE CRESTED NEWT

This species is found in the lowlands of the Tisza and Danube River systems from eastern Austria, extreme southern Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, northern Croatia, extreme northern Bosnia-Herzegovina, northern Serbia and western Romania, eastwards to the Transcarpathian Plain in southern Romania, northern Bulgaria, southern Moldova (the lower reaches of the Prut River), and extreme southern Odesskaya Province (Ukraine). Individuals from northeastern Slovenia (the Mura River) are hybrid forms with Triturus carnifex. It is generally found in lowland areas below 300m asl. In general, populations of this species are rapidly declining as a result of habitat loss. It is found in open habitats with mixed deciduous forests and groves, bushlands, flooded meadows and swamps, and also in agricultural landscapes and villages, and riparian groves in the steppe regions. It might in some instances be strictly aquatic. This species may coexist with fish in oxbow lakes, river margins and other non-temporary waterbodies, and may also occur in disturbed habitats including those close to human settlement (Griffiths 1996). Reproduction takes place in small ponds with stagnant water, or in channels, ditches and flooded quarries. The main threats to this species are rapid anthropogenic habitat destruction (for example, through drainage and damming), and pollution of its wetland habitats (especially floodplains). Hybridization with other crested newt species at the edge of its range is also a threat. In the southern part of its range, there has been loss of breeding habitats in recent years due to decreased spring rains, perhaps as a result of global climate change. It is present in a number of protected areas, and in parts of its range mitigation measures to reduce road kill have been established. It is listed on Appendix II of the Berne Convention and is protected by national legislation in some of the areas where it occurs (for example, in Romania). Taxonomy: The exact ranges of members of the Triturus cristatus superspecies are unclear in the central Balkans. Bibliography: Arnold, E.N. (2003), Arntzen, J.W. (2003), Arntzen, J.W. et al. (1997), Arntzen, J.W. and Wallis, G.P. (1999), Böhme, W, Grossenbacher, K. and Thiesmeier, B. (1999), Cogalniceanu, D. and Miaud, C. (2002), Cogalniceanu, D. and Miaud, C. (2003), CrnobrnjaIsailovic, J. et al. (1997), Dely, G. (1967), Gasc, J.-P. et al. (eds.) (1997), Griffiths, R.A. (1996), Jehle, R., Hödl, W. and Thonke, A. (1995), Kalezic, M. and Dzukic, G. (2001), Kovács, T. (2002), Kuzmin, S.L. (1995), Kuzmin, S.L. (1996), Kuzmin, S.L. (1999), Kuzmin, S.L., Dodd Jr, C.K. and Pikulik, M.M. (1995), Litvinchuk, S.N. and Borkin, L. (2000), Puky, M. (2000), Puky, M. (2003), Puky, M. et al. (2003), Thorn, R. (1968), Vogrin, M. (2002) Data Providers: Jan Willem Arntzen, Sergius Kuzmin, Robert Jehle, Mathieu Denoël, Brandon Anthony, Claude Miaud, Wiesiek Babik, Milan Vogrin, David Tarkhnishvili, Vladimir Ishchenko, Natalia Ananjeva, Nikolai Orlov, Boris Tuniyev, Dan Cogalniceanu, Tibor Kovács, István Kiss, Miklós Puky, Judit Vörös, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Rastko Ajtic

Triturus pygmaeus (Wolterstorff, 1905)

SOUTHERN MARBLED NEWT

This species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula where it is distributed in central and southern Portugal and the southern half of Spain, from sea level to 1,450m asl. It is common in areas where suitable siliceous substrate habitat exists. There has been a significant decline in the populations of southern and eastern Spain (those found on a calcareous substrate). This species inhabits broadleaf (Quercus oak) woodland in meso-Mediterranean and thermo-Mediterranean climates. Aquatic habitats used for breeding and larval development include temporary or permanent ponds, lagoons, abandoned quarries and wells, drinking troughs, irrigation ponds, ditches and other areas of stagnant or slow-moving water. It is found in traditional farmland areas and other slightly modified habitats. The most significant threat to this species overall is habitat loss, especially the loss of temporary ponds. In the west of Spain and southern Portugal populations are affected by predation by non-native crayfish and predatory fish. Increasing urbanization surrounding Madrid has also led to the elimination of many populations. In southern and eastern Spain, over-exploitation of groundwater resources, agrochemical pollution, loss of traditional breeding sites and the introduction of predatory non-native fish and crayfish (Procamabrus clarkii) has led to a serious population decline. In Portugal this species is also affected by the drainage of temporary ponds, associated with the intensification of agriculture. It is present in Parque Nacional de Cabañeros and Parque Nacional de Doñana, Spain, and is presumed

Near Threatened Amphibian Species

to occur in some Portuguese protected areas. Re-introductions and/or translocations of this species have been made in the area of Madrid, Spain. This species is listed on Annex III of the Berne Convention, and is protected by national and sub-national legislation in Spain. Bibliography: Alvarez, A. and Martin, L. (2000), Arnold, E.N. (2003), Arntzen, J.W. and Wallis, G.P. (1999), Böhme, W, Grossenbacher, K. and Thiesmeier, B. (1999), Díaz-Paniagua, C. (1998), García-Cardenete, L. et al. (2003), García-París, M. et al. (1993), García-París, M., Arano, B. and Herrero, P. (2001), Godinho, R. et al. (1999), Grifﬁths, R.A. (1996), Malkmus, R. (2004), Martínez-Solano, I. and Bosch, J. (2001), Pleguezuelos, J.M. (1997), Pleguezuelos, J.M. and Villafranca, C. (1997), Pleguezuelos, J.M., Márquez, R. and Lizana, M. (2002), Reques, R. (2000), Thorn, R. (1968) Data Providers: Jan Willem Arntzen, Pedro Beja, Jaime Bosch, Miguel Tejedo, Miguel Lizana, Robert Jehle, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Alfredo Salvador, Mario García-París, Ernesto Recuero Gil, Rafael Marquez, Paulo Sa-Sousa, Carmen Diaz Paniagua

Tylototriton asperrimus Unterstein, 1930

BLACK KNOBBY NEWT

This species is found on Yen Tu Mountain, Bac Giang Province, and Ha Giang and Cao Bang Provinces, as well as Tam Dao National Park, Vinh Phu Province, in Viet Nam, and in central and southern China (Guangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hunan and Anhui Provinces), from about 400-1,700m asl. This was formerly a common species, but it is now in decline. It inhabits small temporary shallow pools in bamboo and primary forest in hilly areas. Eggs are found in leaf-litter beside the pools, and the larvae develop in the water. The major threat to this species in China is harvesting for its use in traditional medicine (it is a substitute for Gecko gecko, which is a widely used medicine). Habitat loss and degradation, arising from smallholder agriculture and subsistence wood collecting, is also a threat to this species. In China the range of this species overlaps with several protected areas. It is listed as a class II protected species under China’s wild animal protection law. Determination of the occurrence, distribution and population status of this species in Viet Nam is required, as well as the effective protection of the remaining forest habitat. Bibliography: Fei, L. et al. (1999), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), Nussbaum, R.A., Brodie, E.D. and Datong, Y. (1995), Pope, C.H. and Boring, A.M. (1940), Ye, C.-Y, Fei, L. and Hu, S.Q. (1993), Zhao, E.-M. (1998) Data Providers: Peter Paul van Dijk, Nguyen Quang Truong, Michael Wai Neng Lau, Zhao Ermi, Lu Shunqing

643

Tylototriton shanjing Nussbaum, Brodie and Yang, 1995 This species is known from central, western and southern Yunnan, China, from 1,000-2,500m asl. The boundary between this species and Tylototriton verrucosus is not clear, and it is possible that T. shanjing occurs in Myanmar. It is very common in central, western and southern Yunnan, but is less common in the northern part of its range. It inhabits hill forests and secondary forest, where it breeds by larval development in pools, ponds and ditches, including some artiﬁcial waterbodies. The major threat to this species is over-collecting for traditional medicine. Small numbers are also exported for the international pet trade, and its habitats are also being threatened by infrastructure development for human settlement. The range of this species overlaps with a number of protected areas in the region, and it is bred in captivity in Europe and North America. Taxonomy: There is a nomenclatural problem with this species, and the name might change (A. Ohler pers. comm.). Bibliography: MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), Nussbaum, R.A., Brodie, E.D. and Datong, Y. (1995), The Comprehensive Scientiﬁc Expedition to the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau (1997), Zhao, E.-M. (1998) Data Providers: Annemarie Ohler, Lu Shunqing, Yang Datong

Tylototriton taliangensis Liu, 1950

TALIANG KNOBBY NEWT

This species is endemic to southern Sichuan, China, from 1,300-2,700m asl. It is a common species within its narrow range. It inhabits densely vegetated forested valleys, where it breeds by larval development in pools, ponds and paddy ﬁelds. A major threat to this species is over-collection for traditional Chinese medicine as a substitute for the Sichuan salamander (Batrachuperus pinchonii). Small numbers are also exported to supply the international pet trade. The range of this species overlaps with a small number of protected areas in the region. It is listed as a class II protected species under China’s wild animal protection law. Captive breeding is currently being undertaken in Germany and the Netherlands. Bibliography: Fei, L. et al. (1999), Liu, C.C. (1950), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), Ye, C.-Y, Fei, L. and Hu, S.Q. (1993), Zhao, E.-M. (1998) Data Providers: Fei Liang, Xie Feng

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Brodie, E.D., Jr., Ducey, P.K. and Baness, E.A. 1991. Antipredator skin secretions of some tropical salamanders (Bolitoglossa) are toxic to snake predators. Biotropica 23(1):58-62. Brodie, E.D., Mendelson, J.R. and Campbell, J.A. 2002. Taxonomic revision of the Mexican Plethodontid salamanders of the genus Lineatriton, with the description of two new species. Herpetologica 58:194-204. Brodie, J.B. 1995. Status review of the Southern Torrent Salamander in California. Report to the Fish and Game Commission. California Dept. of Fish and Game. Brook, A.J. 1979. Atlas of frogs of Tasmania. Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne. Brooks, G.R. 1982. An analysis of prey consumed by the anuran Leptodactylus fallax, from Dominica, West Indies. Biortopica 14:301-309. Brooks, M. 1945. Notes on amphibians from Bickle’s Knob, West Virginia. Copeia 1945:231. Brooks, M. 1948. Notes on the Cheat Mountain salamander. Copeia 1948:239-244. Brown, B.C. 1967a. Eurycea latitans. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 34:1-2. Brown, B.C. 1967b. Eurycea nana. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 35:1-2. Brown, B.C. 1967c. Eurycea neotenes. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 36:1-2. Brown, D. 1994. Transfer of Hamilton’s frog, Liopelma hamiltoni, to a newly created habitat on Stephens Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 21:425-430. Brown, E.E. 1980. Some historical data bearing on the pine barrens treefrog, Hyla andersonii, in South Carolina. Brimleyana 3:113-117. Brown, H.A. 1975. Reproduction and development of the red-legged frog, Rana aurora, in northwestern Washington. North-west Science 49(4):241-252.

Brandon, R.A. 1967b. Haidotriton wallacei. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 39:1-2.

Brown, H.A. 1976. The status of California and Arizona populations of the western spadefoot toads (genus Scaphiopus). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County - Contributions in Science 286:1-15.

Brandon, R.A. 1970. Size range maturity, and reproduction of Ambystoma (bathysiredon) dumerilii (Dugès), a paedogenetic Mexican salamander endemic to Lake Pátzcuaro, Michoacán. Copeia 1970:385-388.

Brown, L.E. 1971. Natural hybridization and trend toward extinction in some relict Texas toad populations. Southwestern Naturalist 16:185-199.

Brandon, R.A. 1972. Hybridization between the Mexican salamanders Ambystoma dumerilii and Ambystoma mexicanum under laboratory conditions. Herpetologica 28:199-207.

Brown, L.E. 1973. Bufo houstonensis. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 133:1-2.

Brandon, R.A. 1976. Spontaneous and induced metamorphosis of Ambystoma dumerilii (Dugès), a paedogenetic Mexican salamander, under laboratory conditions. Herpetologica 32:429-438. Brandon, R.A. 1989. Natural history of the axolotl and its relationship to other ambystomatic salamanders. In: Armstrong, J.B. and Malacinski, G.M. (eds.), Developmental Biology of the Axolotl, pp.12-21. Oxford University Press, New York.

Brown, L.E. and Crespo, E.G. 2000. Burrowing behavior of the midwife toads Alytes cisternasii and Alytes obstetricans (Anura, Discoglossidae). Alytes 17(3-4):101-113. Brown, L.E., McClure, W.L., Potter, Jr, F.E., Scott, Jr, N.J. and Thomas, R.A. 1984. Recovery plan for the Houston toad (Bufo houstonensis). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Brandon, R.A. 1992. Ambystoma dumerilii. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 532:1-3.

Brown, R.M. and Guttman, S.I. (Rev.) Systematic evolution in the Rana signata complex of the Philippine and Bornean stream frogs: Huxley’s modiﬁcation of Wallace’s Line reconsidered at the Oriental-Australian faunal zone interface. Submtd.:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society

Brandon, R.A. and Ballard, S.R. 1994. Geographic distribution: Cryptobranchus alleganiensis. Herpetological Review 25:31.

Brown, R.M. and Iskandar, D.T. 2000. Nest site selection, larval hatching, and advertisement calls, of Rana arathooni from southwestern Sulawesi (Celebes) Island, Indonesia. Journal of Herpetology 34:404-413.

Brandon, R.A., Jacobs, J., Wynn, A. and Sever, D.M. 1986. A naturally metamorphosed Tennessee cave salamander (Gyrinophilus palleucus). Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 61:1-2.

Brown, R.M., Diesmos, A.C. and Alcala, A.C. 2001. The state of Philippine herpetology and the challenges for the next decade. Silliman Journal 42:1:18-87.

Brandon, R.A., Maruska, E.J. and Rumph, W.T. 1982. A new species of neotenic Ambystoma (Amphibia, Caudata) endemic to Laguna Alchichica, Puebla, Mexico. Bulletin Southern California Academy of Sciences 80(3):112-125.

Brown, R.M., McGuire, J.A. and Diesmos, A.C. 2000. Status of some Philippine frogs refered to Rana everetti (Anura: Ranidae), description of a new species, and resurrection of R. igorota Taylor 1922. Herpetologica 56:81-104.

Brandt, T. and Buschmann, H. 2004. Die Herpetofauna des Landschaftsschutzgebietes “Feuchtgebiet internationaler Bedeutung Steinhuder Meer” in Niedersachsen. Zeitschrift fuer Feldherpetologie 11(1):1-40. Braswell, A.L. 1989. Scientific council report on the conservation status of North Carolina amphibians and reptiles. Nongame Wildlife Advisory Committee, North Carolina, Wildlife Resources Commission, North Carolina. Braswell, A.L. 1993. Status report on Rana capito capito Le Conte, the Carolina gopher frog in North Carolina. Final report to North Carolina Wildlife Commission. Braswell, A.L. and Ashton, Jr, R.E. 1985. Distribution, ecology, and feeding habits of Necturus lewsi (Brimley). Brimleyana 10:13-35. Braun, C.A.S. 1973. Sobre a ocorrencia de Pleurodema bibroni Tschudi, 1838 no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil (Anura, Leptodactylidae). Iheringia 44:28-31. Braun, P.C. 1973. Nova espécie do gênero Melanophryniscus Gallardo, 1961 do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil (Anura, Brachycephalidae). Iheringia 44:3-13. Braun, P.C. and Braun, C.A.S. 1980. Lista prévia dos anfíbios do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia 56:121-146. Breckenridge, W.R. 1994. The Ichthyophis in Sri Lanka: a short review. Lyriocephalus 1:27-32. Breuil, M. 2002. Histoire naturelle des amphibiens et reptiles terrestres de l’Archipel guadeloupeen. Guadeloupe, Saint-Martin, Saint-Barthelemy. Patrimoines Naturels 54:1-339. Breuil, M. 2004. Amphibiens et Reptiles des Antilles. PLB Editions, Guadeloupe. Briegleb, W. 1962. Zur Biologie und Ökologie des Grottenolms (Proteus anguinus Laurent, 1768). Zeitschrift fuer Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere 51:271-334. Briggs Sr, J.L. 1987. Breeding biology of the Cascade frog, Rana cascadae, with comparisons to R. aurora and R. pretiosa. Copeia 1987:241-245. Briggs, J.L. and Storm, R.M. 1970. Growth and population structure of the Cascade frog Rana cascadae Slater. Herpetologica 26(3):283-300. Bringsoe, H. 1990. Blomberg’s toad (Bufo blombergi). Nordisk Herpetologisk Forening 33(3):86-94. Broadley, D.G. 1971. The reptiles and amphibians of Zambia. Puku 6:1-143. Brocchi, M.P. 1877. Sur quelques batraciens raniformes et bufoniformes de l’Amérique Centrale. Bulletin de la Société Philomathique de Paris 7:175-197. Brode, W.E. 1969. A systematic study of salamanders in the genus, Necturus Rafinesque. Ph.D. Dissertation University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg. Brodie, E.D. 1970. Western salamanders of the genus Plethodon: systematics and geographic variation. Herpetologica 26:468-516. Brodie, E.D. and Campbell, J.A. 1993. A new salamander of the genus Oedipina (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from the Pacific versant of Guatemala. Herpetologica 49:259-265. Brodie, E.D., Jr. 1971. Plethodon stormi. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 103:1-2. Brodie, E.D., Jr. and Storm, R.M. 1971. Plethodon elongatus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 102:1-2.

Brown, W.C. 1952. The amphibians of the Solomon Islands. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 107:1-64. Brown, W.C. 1965. New frogs of the genus Cornufer (Ranidae) from the Solomon Islands. Breviora 218:1-16. Brown, W.C. and Alcala, A.C. 1955. Observations on amphibians of the Mount Halcon and Mount Canlaon areas, Philippine Islands. Silliman Journal 2:93-105. Brown, W.C. and Alcala, A.C. 1963. A new frog of the genus Cornufer (Ranidae) with notes on other amphibians known from Bohol Island, Philippines. Copeia 672-675. Brown, W.C. and Alcala, A.C. 1967. A new frog of the genus Oreophryne and a list of the amphibians from Camiguin Island, Philippines. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 80:65-68. Brown, W.C. and Alcala, A.C. 1970. A new species of the genus Platymantis (Ranidae) with a list of the amphibians known from South Gigante Island, Philippines. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences 84:1-7. Brown, W.C. and Alcala, A.C. 1974. A new frog of the genus Platymantis (Ranidae) from the Philippines. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences 113:1-12. Brown, W.C. and Alcala, A.C. 1977. A new frog of the genus Rana from the Philippines. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 90:669-675. Brown, W.C. and Alcala, A.C. 1982. A new cave Platymantis (Amphibia: Ranidae) from the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 95:386-391. Brown, W.C. and Alcala, A.C. 1983. Modes of reproduction of Philippine amphibians. In: Rhodin, A.G.J. and Miyata, K. (eds.), Advances in Herpetology and Evolutionary Biology: Essays in Honors of Ernest E. Williams, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Brown, W.C. and Alcala, A.C. 1994. Philippine frogs of the family Rhachophoridae. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 48:185-220. Brown, W.C. and Tyler, M.J. 1968. Frogs of the genus Platymantis (Ranidae) from New Britain with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 81:69-86. Brown, W.C., Alcala, A.C. and Brown, R.M. 1998. Taxonomic status of Cornufer worcesteri. Journal of Herpetology 32:131-133. Brown, W.C., Alcala, A.C. and Diesmos, A.C. 1997. A new species of the genus Platymantis (Amphibia: Ranidae) from Luzon Island, Philippines. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 110:18-23. Brown, W.C., Alcala, A.C. and Diesmos, A.C. 1999. Four new species of the genus Platymantis (Amphibia: Ranidae) from Luzon Island, Philippines. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 51:449-460. Brown, W.C., Alcala, A.C., Diesmos, A.C. and Alcala, E.L. 1997. Species of the guentheri group of Platymantis with descriptions of four new species. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 50:1-20. Brown, W.C., Alcala, A.C., Ong, P.S. and Diesmos, A.C. 1999. A new species of Platymantis ( Amphibia: Ranidae) from the Sierra Madre Mountains of Luzon island, Philippines. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 112:510-514. Brown, W.C., Brown, R.M. and Alcala, A.C. 1997. Species of the hazelae group of Platymantis (Amphibia: Ranidae) from the Philippines, with descriptions of two new species. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 49:405-421.

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652

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Canseco-Márquez, L., Gutiérrez-Mayén, G. and Mendelson, J.R. III 2003. Distribution and natural history of the hylid frog Hyla xera (Anura: Hylidae) in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, with a description of the tadpole. Southwestern Naturalist 48(4):670-675. Canterbury, R.A. and Pauley, T.K. 1994. Time of mating and egg deposition of West Virginia populations of the salamander Aneides aeneus. Journal of Herpetology 28:431-434. Caramaschi, U. and Jim, J. 1980. Uma nova espécie de Odontophrynus da região de Botucatu, São Paulo. Revista Brasileira de Biologia 40(2):357-360. Carey, C. 1993. Hypothesis concerning the causes of the disappearance of boreal toads from the mountains of Colorado. Conservation Biology 7(2):355-362. Carmichael, P. and Williams, W. 1991. Florida’s Fabulous Reptiles and Amphibians. World Publications, Tampa, Florida. Carr Jr, A.F. 1940. A contribution to the herpetology of Florida. University of Florida Publication of the Biological Science Series 3:1-118. Carr, A. and Goin, C.J. 1955. Guide to the Reptiles, Amphibians and Fresh-water Fishes of Florida. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida. Carr, D.E. 1996. Morphological variation among species and populations of salamanders in the Plethodon glutinosus complex. Herpetologica 52:56-65. Carranza, S. and Wade, E. 2004. Taxonomic revision of Algero-Tunisian Pleurodeles (Caudata: Salamandridae) using molecular and morphological data. Revalidation of the taxon Pleurodeles nebulosus (Guichenot, 1850). Zootaxa 488:1-24.

Channing, A. 1978. A new bufonid genus (Amphibia: Anura) from Rhodesia. Herpetologica 34:394-397. Channing, A. 1979. Ecological and systematic relationships of Rana and Strongylopus in southern Natal. Annals of the Natal Museum 23:797-831. Channing, A. 1981. Southern origin of the African genus Strongylopus Tschudi, 1836 (Amphibia Ranidae). Monitore Zoologico Italiano N.S. Supplemento 15:333-336. Channing, A. 1986. A new species of the genus Strongylopus Tschudi from Namaqualand, Cape Province, South Africa (Anura: Ranidae). Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums, Natural History 16:127-135. Channing, A. 1993. Observations on the natural history of Stephopaedes anotis (Bufonidae). Journal of Herpetology 27:213-214. Channing, A. 2001. Amphibians of Central and Southern Africa. Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London. Channing, A. and Boycott, R.C. 1989. A new frog genus and species from the mountains of the southwestern Cape, South Africa (Anura: Ranidae). Copeia 1989:467-471. Channing, A. and Davenport, T.R.B. 2002. A new stream frog from Tanzania (Anura: Ranidae: Strongylopus). African Journal of Herpetology 51:135-142. Channing, A. and Grifﬁn, M. 1993. An annotated checklist of the frogs of Namibia. Madoqua 18:101-116. Channing, A. and Howell, K. 2003. Phlyctimantis keithae (Wot-wot). Defensive Behaviour. Herpetological Review 34(1):51-52. Channing, A. and Stanley, W.T. 2002. A new tree toad from the Ukaguru Mountains, Tanzania. African Journal of Herpetology 51:121-128.

Carrizo, G.R. 1991. Cuatro nuevas especies de anuros (Bufonidae: Bufo e Hylidae: Hyla) del norte de la Argentina. Cuadernos de Herpetología 7(3):14-23.

Channing, A. and van Wyk, A. 1987. Breviceps macrops: Distribution and ecology. Journal of Herpetological Association of Africa 33:33.

Carroll, A., Blankenship, E.L., Bailey, M.A. and Guyer, C. 2000. An estimate of maximum local population density of Red Hills salamanders (Phaeognathus hubrichti). Amphibia-Reptilia 21:260-263.

Channing, A., Hendricks, D. and Dawood, A. 1994. Description of a new moss frog from the south-western Cape (Anura: Ranidae: Arthroleptella). South African Journal of Zoology 29:240-243.

Carvalho-e-Silva, A.M.P.T. and Carvalho-e-Silva, S.P. 2005. New species of the Hyla albofrenata group, from the States of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Brazil (Anura, Hylidae). Journal of Herpetology 39:73-81.

Channing, A., Moyer, D.C. and Howell, K.M. 2002. Description of a new torrent frog in the genus Arthroleptides from Tanzania (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae). Alytes 20:13-27.

Case, S.M. 1978. Biochemical systematics of members of the genus Rana native to western North America. Systematic Zoology 27:299-311.

Chen, B., Dong, Y., Liang, R., Li, B., Sun, Y. and Wang, Y. 1991. The Amphibian [sic] and Reptilian Fauna of Anhui. Anhui Publishing House of Science and Technology, Hefei.

Castley, J.G. 1997. Vertebrate Diversity in Indigenous Forests of the Eastern Cape. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, Port Elizabeth.

Chen, X.-H., Qu, W.-Y. and Niu, H.-X. 2001. A new species of the genus Hynobius from Henan Province, China. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 26(3):383-387.

Catterall, C.P. and Kingston, M. 1993. Remnant Bushland of South East Queensland in the 1990’s: Its Distribution, Loss, Ecological Consequences and Future Prospects. Institute of Applied Environmental Research, Grifﬁth University, Brisbane, Australia.

Cherry, M.I. 1992. Sexual selection in the leopard toad, Bufo pardalis. Behavior 120:164-176.

Cei, J.M. 1962. Batracios de Chile. Ediciones de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile. Cei, J.M. 1969a. La meseta basáltica de Somuncura, Río Negro. Herpetofauna endémica y sus peculiares equilibrios biocenóticos. Physis (Buenos Aires) 28:257-271. Cei, J.M. 1969b. The patagonian telmatobiid fauna of the Volcanic Somuncura Plateau of Argentina. Journal of Herpetology 3:1-18. Cei, J.M. 1970a. Further observations on endemic telmatobiid frogs from the Patagonian Somuncurá Plateau (Río Negro, Argentina). Journal of Herpetology 4:57-61. Cei, J.M. 1970b. Telmatobius solitarius n. sp.: a new rare telmatobiid frog from the highland patagonian territories (Río Negro, Argentina). Herpetologica 26:18-23. Cei, J.M. 1972. Herpetología patagónica. V. Las especies extra-cordilleranas alto patagónicas del género Telmatobius. Physis (Buenos Aires) 31:431-449. Cei, J.M. 1980. Amphibians of Argentina. 2:Monitore Zoologico Italiano N.S. Monograﬁa. Cei, J.M. 1984. A new leptodactylid frog, genus Atelognathus, from southern Patagonia, Argentina. Herpetologica 40:47-51. Cei, J.M. and Crespo, E.G. 1971. Remarks on some adaptive ecological trends of Pelobates cultripes from Portugal: thermal requirement, rate of development and water regulation. Arquivos do Museo Bocage. 2nd Ser. 3:9-36. Cei, J.M. and Roig, V.G. 1968. Telmatobiinos de las lagunas basálticas de Neuquén (Anura, Leptodactylidae). Physis (Buenos Aires) 27:265-284. Cejudo, D. 1990. Nueva altitud máxima para Pelobates cultripes. Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Española 1:20. Cely, J.E. and Sorrow, J.A. Jr. 1983. Distribution, status and habitat of the pine barrens treefrog in South Carolina. Final report, South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department, Columbia, South Carolina. Cely, J.E. and Sorrow, J.A. Jr. 1986. Distribution and habitat of Hyla andersonii in South Carolina. Journal of Herpetology 20:102-104. Centro Nacional de Areas Protegidas (CNAP) 2002. Sistema Nacional de Areas Protegidas. Cuba. Plan 2003-2008. CNAP, Sevilla, Spain. Céspedez, J.A. 2000. Historia natural de la rana de pedersen Argenteohyla siemersi pederseni (Anura: Hylidae), y descripcion de su larva. Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Española 11:75-80. Céspedez, J.A. and Alvarez, B.B. 1999. Una nueva especie de Melanophryniscus (Anura: Bufonidae) del grupo stelzneri de Corrientes, Argentina. FACENA 15:69-82. Chan, L.M. 2003. Seasonality, microhabitat and cryptic variation in tropical salamander reproductive cycles. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 78(4):489-496. Chan-ard, T., Grossmann, W., Gumprecht, A. and Schulz, K.-D. 1999. Amphibians and Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand - an illustrated checklist. Bushmaster Publications, Wuerselen, Germany. Chanda, S.K. 1986. On a collection of anuran amphibians from Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas with description of a new species of Rana (Ranidae). Journal of the Bengal Natural History Society 5(2):140-157. Chanda, S.K. 1992. Further note on the distribution pattern of amphibia in northeast India. Journal of the Bengal Natural History Society: New series 11(1):25-33.

Chippindale, P.T. 2000. Species boundaries and species diversity in the central Texas hemidactyliine plethodontid salamanders, genus Eurycea. In: Bruce, R., Houck, L. and Jaeger, R. (eds.), The Biology of Plethodontid Salamanders, pp.149-165. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishing, New York. Chippindale, P.T. 2005a. Eurycea chisholmensis Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000. In: Lannoo, M.J. (ed.), Amphibian Declines: the Conservation Status of United States Species, pp.739-740. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. Chippindale, P.T. 2005b. Eurycea latitans Smith and Potter, 1946. In: Lannoo, M.J. (ed.), Amphibian Declines: the Conservation Status of United States Species, pp.746-747. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. Chippindale, P.T. 2005c. Eurycea naufragia Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000. In: Lannoo, M.J. (ed.), Amphibian Declines: the Conservation Status of United States Species, pp.756-757. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. Chippindale, P.T. 2005d. Eurycea neotenes Bishop and Wright, 1937. In: Lannoo, M.J. (ed.), Amphibian Declines: the Conservation Status of United States Species, pp.757-758. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. Chippindale, P.T. 2005e. Eurycea rathbuni (Stejneger, 1896). In: Lannoo, M.J. (ed.), Amphibian Declines: the Conservation Status of United States Species, pp.760-762. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. Chippindale, P.T. 2005f. Eurycea tonkawae Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000. In: Lannoo, M.J. (ed.), Amphibian Declines: the Conservation Status of United States Species, pp.764-765. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. Chippindale, P.T. 2005g. Eurycea tridentifera Mitchell and Reddell, 1965. In: Lannoo, M.J. (ed.), Amphibian Declines: the Conservation Status of United States Species, pp.756-766. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. Chippindale, P.T. 2005h. Eurycea waterlooensis Hillis, Chamberlain, Wilcox and Chippindale, 2001. In: Lannoo, M.J. (ed.), Amphibian Declines: the Conservation Status of United States Species, pp.769. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. Chippindale, P.T. and Fries, J.N. 2005. Eurycea nana Bishop, 1941. In: Lannoo, M.J. (ed.), Amphibian Declines: the Conservation Status of United States Species, pp.755-756. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles Chippindale, P.T. and Hansen, R. 2005. Eurycea sosorum Chippindale, Price and Hillis, 1993. In: Lannoo, M.J. (ed.), Amphibian Declines: the Conservation Status of United States Species, pp.762-764. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. Chippindale, P.T. and Price, A.H. 2005. Conservation of Texas Spring and cave salamanders (Eurycea). In: Lannoo, M.J. (ed.), Amphibian Declines: the Conservation Status of United States Species, pp.193-197. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. Chippindale, P.T., Hillis, D.M. and Price, A.H. 1994. Relationships, status, and distribution of central Texas hemidactyliine plethodontid salamanders (Eurycea and Typhlomolge). Final Section 6 Report, July 1994 Chippindale, P.T., Price, A.H. and Hillis, D.M. 1993. A new species of perennibranchiate salamander (Eurycea: Plethodontidae) from Austin, Texas. Herpetologica 49:248-59. Chippindale, P.T., Price, A.H. and Hillis, D.M. 1998. Systematic status of the San Marcos salamander, Eurycea nana (Caudata: Plethodontidae). Copeia 1998:1046-1049. Chippindale, P.T., Price, A.H., Wiens, J.J. and Hillis, D.M. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships and systematic revision of central Texas hemidactyliine plethodontid salamanders. Herpetological Monographs 14:1-80.

Chanda, S.K. 1994. Anura (Amphibia) of northeastern India. Memoirs of the Zoological Survey of India 18:1-143.

Chou, W.-H. and Lin, J.-Y. 1997a. Description of a new species, Rana multidenticulata (Anura: Ranidae), from Taiwan. Zoological Studies 36(3):222-229.

Chanda, S.K. 2002. Handbook - Indian Amphibians. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata.

Chou, W.-H. and Lin, J.-Y. 1997b. Tadpoles of Taiwan. 7:Spec. Publ. Nat. Mus. Taiwan.

Chanda, S.K. and Das, I. 1997. The systematic status of Nyctibatrachus sanctipalustris modestus Rao, 1920 (Anura: Ranidae). Hamadryad 22(1):48-49.

Christiansen, J.L. and Bailey, R.M. 1991. The Salamanders and Frogs of Iowa. Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Nongame Technical Series 3:1-24.

Chanda, S.K. and Deuti, K. 1997. Endemic Amphibians of India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 96(14):63-79.

Christman, S.P. 1970. Hyla andersoni in Florida. Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Science. 33:80.

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Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Dzukic, G., Krstic, N. and Kalezic, M.L. 1997. Evolutionary and paleogeographical effects on the distribution of the Triturus cristatus superspecies in the central Balkans. Amphibia-Reptilia 18:321-332. Crochet, P.-A. and Geniez, P. 2003. First live record of Pelobates varaldii Pasteur & Bons, 1959 in the Oualidia area (Morocco). Herpetozoa 16(1/2):93-94. Crochet, P.-A., Dubois, A., Ohler, A. and Turner, H. 1995. Rana (Pelophylax) ridibunda Pallas, 1771, Rana (Pelophylax) perezi Seoane, 1885 and their associated klepton (Amphibia, Anura): morphological diagnoses and description of a new taxon. Bulletin du Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, Paris 17(1-2):11-30. Crombie, R.A. (n.d.) Updated list of currently recognized species of Amphibians and Reptiles found in the Philippines with distributional summary and Philippine bibliography. Unpublished manuscript.

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Crombie, R.I. 1977. A new species of frog of the genus Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) from the Cockpit Country of Jamaica. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 90(2):194-204.

Daltry, J.C. and Gray, G. 1999. Effects of volcanic activity on the endangered mountain chicken frog (Leptodactylus fallax). FrogLog 32:1-2.

Crombie, R.I. 1986. Another new forest-dwelling frog (Leptodactylidae: Eleutherodactylus) from the Cockpit Country of Jamaica. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 21(9):145-153.

Daltry, J.C. and Martin, G. 1997. Rediscovery of the black narrow-mouth frog Melanobatrachus indicus Beddome, 1878. Hamadryad 22(1):57-58.

Cronin, J.T. and Travis, J. 1986. Size-limited predation on larval Rana areolata (Anura: Ranidae) by two species of backswimmer (Insecta: Hemiptera: Notonectidae). Herpetologica 42(2):171-174.

Daly, G. 1995. Observations on the Green and Golden Bell-Frog Litoria aurea (Anura: Hylidae). Herpetofauna 25(1):2-9.

Crother, B.I., Boundy, J., Campbell, J.A., de Queiroz, K., Frost, D.R., Highton, R.H., Iverson, J.B., Meylan, P.A., Reeder, T.W., Seidel, M.E., Sites, J.W. Jr., Taggart, T.W., Tilley, S.G. and Wake, D.B. 2000. Herpetological Circular In: John J. Moriarty (ed.), Scientiﬁc and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding conﬁdence in our understanding, 29:pp.iv + 82. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.

Daly, G. 1996. Observations on the eastern owl frog Heleioporous australiacus (Anura: Myobatrachidae) in southern New South Wales. Herpetofauna 26:33-42.

Crother, B.I., Boundy, J., Campbell, J.A., de Quieroz, K., Frost, D., Green, D.M., Highton, R., Iverson, J.B., McDiarmid, R.W., Meylan, P.A., Reeder, T.W., Seidel, M.E., Sites, Jr, J.W., Tilley, S.G. and Wake, D.B. 2003. Scientiﬁc and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico: update. Herpetological Review 34(3):196-203. Crump, M.L. 1986. Homing and site ﬁdelity in a Neotropical frog, Atelopus varius (Bufonidae). Copeia 1986(4): 1007-1009. Crump, M.L. 1989. Life history consequences of feeding versus non-feeding in a facultatively non-feeding toad larva. Oecologia 78:486-489. Crump, M.L. and Pounds, J.A. 1989. Temporal variation in the dispersion of a tropical anuran. Copeia 1989(1):209-11. Crump, M.L., Hensley, F.R. and Clark, K.L. 1992. Apparent decline of the golden toad: Underground or extinct? Copeia 1992:413-420.

Daly, G. 1998. Review of the status and assessment of the habitat of the stuttering frog Mixophyes balbus (Anura: Myobatrachidae) on the south coast of New South Wales. Herpetofauna 28(1):2-11. Daly, J.W., Andriamaharavo, N.R., Andriantsiferana, M. amd Myers, C W. 1996. Madagascan poison frogs (Mantella) and their skin alkaloids. American Museum Novitates 3177:1-34. Daly, J.W., Gusovsky, F., Myers, C.W., Yotsu-Yamashita, M. and Yasumoto, T. 1994. First occurrence of tetrodotoxin in a dendrobatid frog (Colostethus inguinalis), with further reports for the bufonid genus Atelopus. Toxicon 32(3):279-285. Daniel, J.C. 1963. Field guide to the amphibians of Western India, Part 1. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 60(2):415-438. Daniel, J.C. and Shull, E.M. 1963. A list of the Reptiles and Amphibians of Surat Dang, Gujarat. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 60(3):737-743. Daniels, R.J.R. 1991. Occurrence of the Malabar torrent toad Ansonia ornata gunther in South Kanara, Karnataka. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 88:127-128.

Cruz Diaz, G.A. 1978. Herpetofauna del Rio Platano. Unpublished Bachelor’s Thesis, UNAH.Honduras.

Daniels, R.J.R. 1992. Geographical distribution patterns of amphibians in the Western Ghats, India. Journal of Biogeography 19:521-529.

Cruz, C.A.G, Caramaschi, U. and Izeckson, E. 1997. The genus Chiasmocleis Méhely, 1904 (Anura, Microhylidae) in the Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil, with description of three new species. Alytes 15:49-71.

Daniels, R.J.R. 1997. A ﬁeld guide to the frogs and toads of Western Ghats, India. Cobra 27 (Jan-Mar):1-25.

Cruz, C.A.G. 1982. Conceituação de grupos de espécies de Phyllomedusinae brasileiras com base em caracteres larvários (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae). Arquivos da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro 5:147-171. Cruz, C.A.G. 1985. Redescrição de Phyllomedusa fimbriata (Miranda-Ribeiro) e revalidação de P. appendiculata Lutz (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae). Arquivos da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro 8:93-98. Cruz, C.A.G. 1990. Sobre as relações intergenéricas de Phyllomedusinae da Floresta Atlântica (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 50:709-726. Cruz, C.A.G. 1991. Descrição de duas espécies novas de Phyllomedusinae do sudeste brasileiro (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 51:271-275. Cruz, C.A.G. and Caramaschi, U. 1998. Definição, composição e distribuição geográfica do grupo de Hyla polytaenia. Cope, 1870 (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional 392:1-19. Cruz, C.A.G. and Peixoto, O.L. 1978. Notas sobre o girino de Dasypops schirchi Miranda-Ribeiro (Amphibia, Anura, Microhylidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 38:297-299. Cruz, C.A.G. and Peixoto, O.L. 1984. Espécies verdes de Hyla: o complexo “Albosignata” (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae). Arquivos da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro 7:31-47. Cuc, T.H., Lathrop, A., Murphy, R.W. and Orlov, N.L. 1999. A redescription of Vibrissaphora ailaonica with a new record in Vietnam. Russian Journal of Herpetology 6(1):48-54. Cuellar, O., Méndez-De La Cruz, F. and Villagrán-Santa Cruz, M. 1996. Rana chichicuahutla, a new species of Leopard Frog from the Mexican plateau. Revue de Zoologie 8:1-8. Cuevas, C.C. and Formas, J.R. 1996. Heteromorphic sex chromosomes in Eupsophus insularis (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae). Chromosome Research 4(6):467-470. Cummer, M.R., Christman, B.L. and Wright, M.A. 2003. Investigations of the status and distribution of amphibians and reptiles on the Valles National Preserve, Sandoval County, New Mexico. Unpublished report submitted to the Valles Caldera Trust, 2201 Trinity Drive, Los Alamos, New Mexico.

Darda, D. 1994. Allozyme variation and morphological evolution among Mexican salamanders of the genus Chiropterotriton. Herpetologica 50:164-187. Darevsky, I.S. and Orlov, N.L. 1997. A new genus and species of scincid lizard from Viet Nam. Journal of Herpetology 31(3):323-326. Darevsky, I.S. and Salomantina, N.I. 1989. Notes on hind limb structure in P. deloustali, and its mode of life. Journal of Herpetology 23(4):429-433. Das, I. 1995a. A new species of tree frog (genus: Polypedates) from Great Nicobar, India (Rhacophoridae). Hamadryad 20:13-20. Das, I. 1995b. Amphibians and reptiles from Batu Apoi, a lowland dipterocarp forest in Brunei Darrasalam. Rafﬂes Bulletin of Zoology 43:157-180. Das, I. 1998a. A new species of Rana from the Terai of Nepal. Journal of Herpetology 32(2):223-229. Das, I. 1998b. A remarkable new species of ranid (Anura: Ranidae), with phytotelmonous larvae, from Mount Harriet, Andaman Island. Hamadryad 23:41-49. Das, I. 2000. Nomenclatural history and rediscovery of Rhacophorus lateralis Boulenger, 1883 (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae). Current Herpetology 19(1):35-40. Das, I. and Chanda, S. 2000. A new species of Scutiger (Anura: Megophryidae) from Nagaland, north-eastern India. Herpetological Journal 10(2):69-72. Das, I. and Chanda, S.K. 1997. Philautus sanctisilvaticus (Anura: Rhacophoridae), a new frog from the sacred groves of Amarkantak, central India. Hamadryad 22:21-27. Das, I. and Kunte, K. 2005. New species of Nyctibatrachus (Anura: Ranidae) from Castle Rock, Karnataka State, Southwest India. Journal of Herpetology 39(3):465-470. Das, I. and Lim, K.P.P. 2001. A new Bufo (Anura: Bufonidae) from the peat swamps of Selangor, West Malaysia. Rafﬂes Bulletin of Zoology 49(1):1-6.

Cunningham, C.A., Powell, R. and Hedges, S.B. 1998. Eleutherodactylus chlorophenax. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 648:1-2.

Das, I. and Whittakar, R. 1988. Geographical distribution. Pedostibes tuberculosus (Malabar tree toad). Herpetological Review 29(3):173.

Cunningham, J.D. 1963. Additional observations on the ecology of the Yosemite toad, Bufo canorus. Herpetologica 19:56-61.

Das, I. and Whittakar, R. 1990. Herpetological investigations in the Western Ghats, south India. Part I. The Vanjikadavu and Nadukani forests, Kerala State. Hamadryad 15(1):6-9.

Cunningham, M. and Cherry, M.I. 2000. Mitochondrial DNA divergence in southern African Bufonids: are species equivalent entities?. African Journal of Herpetology 49:9-22.

Das, I. and Whittakar, R. 1997. A redescription of Ramanella mormorata Rao, 1937 (Anura, Microhylidae). Alytes 15(3):127-132.

Cupp, P.V., Jr. 1991. Aspects of the life history and ecology of the green salamander, Aneides aeneus, in Kentucky. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 66:171-174.

Daugherty, C.H., Allendorf, F.W., Dunlap, W.W. and Knudsen, K.L. 1983. Systematic implications of geographic patterns of genetic variation in the genus Dicamptodon. Copeia 1983:679-691.

Czechura, G.V. 1986a. A new species of Taudactylus (Myobatrachidae) from southeastern Queensland, Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 22(2):299-307.

Davidson, C., Shaffer, H.B. and Jennings, M.R. 2001. Declines of the California Red-legged Frog: climate, UV-b, habitat, and pesticides hypotheses. Ecological Applications 11:464-479.

Czechura, G.V. 1986b. Distant exiles: frogs and reptiles recorded from Kroombit Tops Southeast Queensland. Queensland Naturalist 26(1-4):61-67.

Davidson, C., Shaffer, H.B. and Jennings, M.R. 2002. Spatial tests of the pesticide drift, habitat destruction, UB-B, and climate-change hypotheses for California amphibian declines. Conservation Biology 16:1588-1601.

Czechura, G.V. 1986c. Kroombit Tops torrent frog Taudactylus pleione, with a key to the species of Taudactylus. Queensland Naturalist 27:68-71.

Davies, M. and Richards, S.J. 1990. Developmental biology of the Australian hylid frog Nyctimystes dayi (Gunther). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 114:207-211.

Czechura, G.V. 1991. The Blackall-Conondale Ranges: frogs, reptiles and fauna conservation. In: Werren, G. and Kershaw, P. (eds.), The rainforest legacy, Australian National Rainforest, pp.311-324. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Davies, M. and McDonald, K.R. 1979. A new species of stream-dwelling hylid frog from northern Queensland. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 103(7):169-176.

Czechura, G.V. and Ingram, G. 1990. Taudactylus diurnus and the case of the disappearing frogs. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29(2):361-365. Czechura, G.V., Ingram, G.J. and Liem, D.S. 1987. The genus Nyctimystes (Anura: Hylidae) in Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 39:333-338. Czopek, J. 1983. Distribution of capillaries in the respiratory surfaces in two species of Batrachophrynus (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae). Zoologica Poloniae 30:211-226. Czopek, J. 1984. Speciﬁc vascularization of the skin in two species of Batrachophrynus Peters 1873 (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae). Przeglad Zoologiczny 28(3):265-268.

Davis, B., Hansen, R., Johns, D. and Turner, M. 2001. Jollyville Plateau Water Quality and Salamander Assessment. City of Austin, Austin, Texas. Davis, S.L., Davis, R.B., James, A. and Talyn, B.C.P. 2000. Reproductive behaviour and larval development of Leptodactylus fallax in Dominica, West Indies. Herpetological Review 31:217-220. Davis, T.M. 2002a. An ethogram of intraspeciﬁc agonistic and display behavior for the Wandering Salamander, Aneides vagrans. Herpetologica 58:371-382. Davis, T.M. 2002b. Microhabitat use and movements of the wandering salamander, Aneides vagrans, on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Herpetology 36:699-703.

Dadds, B. 1999. Taudactylus eungellensis, Eungella Torrent Frog. Queensland Department of Natural Resources.

Davis, T.M. and Gregory, P.T. 1993. Status of the Clouded Salamander in British Columbia. Wildlife Working Report WR-53 prepared for B.C. Environment, Wildlife Branch, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.

Daltry, J.C. 1998. Mountain Chicken Emergency Assessment: ﬁndings of ﬁeld work in January and February 1998. Preliminary Report. Fauna and Flora International.

Dawood, A. and Channing, A. 2000. A molecular phylogeny of moss frogs with the description of a new species. Journal of Herpetology 34:375-379.

Daltry, J.C. 2002. Mountain Chicken Monitoring Manual. First Draft. Fauna and Flora International, Cambridge, and the Forestry and Wildlife Division, Dominica.

Dawson, W.R., Ligon, J.D. and Murphy, J.R. 1987. Report of the Scientiﬁc Advisory Panel on the spotted owl. Condor 89:205-229.

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Duellman, W.E. 1981. Three new species of centrolenid frogs from the Paciﬁc versant of Ecuador and Colombia. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas 88:1-9.

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Gambarotta, J.C., Saralegui, A. and Gonzalez, E.M. 1999. Vertebrados tetrapodos del Refugio de Fauna Laguna de Castillos, Departamento de Rocha. Relavamientos de Biodiversidad 3:1-31. Garcia, P.C.A. 1996. Nova espécie de Eleutherodactylus Duméril & Bibron, 1891 do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil (Amphibia; Anura; Leptodactylidae). Biociências 4:57-68. Garcia, P.C.A. and Vinciprova, G. 1998. Range extension of some anuran species for Santa Catarina and Rio Grande de Sul States, Brazil. Herpetological Review 29:117-118. Garcia, P.C.A. and Vinciprova, G. 2003. Anfibios. In: Fontana, C., Benck, G. and Reis, R. (eds.), Livro vermelho da fauna ameacada de extincao no Rio Grande do Sul, EdPUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Garcia, P.C.A., Vinciprova, G. and Haddad, C.F.B. 2003. The taxonomic status of Hyla pulchella joaquini (Anura: Hylidae) with description of its tadpole and vocalization. Herpetologica 59(3):350-363. García-Cardenete, L., González de la Vega, J.P., Barnestein, J.A.M. and Pérez-Contreras, J. 2003. Consideraciones sobre los límites de distribución en altitud de anfibios y reptiles en la Cordillera Bética (España), y registros máximos para cada especie. Acta Granatense 2(3-4). García-París, M. 1985. Los Anfibios de España. Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentacion, Madrid.

Fraser, D.F. 1976. Empirical evaluation of the hypotheses of food competition in salamanders of the genus Plethodon. Ecology 57:459-471.

García-París, M. and Jockusch, E.L. 1999. A mitochondrial DNA perspective on the evolution of Iberian Discoglossus (Amphibia: Anura). Journal of Zoology 248:209-218.

Freda, J. and Gonzalez, R.J. 1986. Daily movements of the treefrog, Hyla andersonii. Journal of Herpetology 20:469-471.

García-París, M. and Martín, C. 1987. Amphibians of the Sierra del Guadarrama (1800-2430m altitude). In: van Gelder, J.J., Strijbosch, H. and Bergers, P.J. (eds.), Proceedings. 4th Ordinary General Meeting of the Societas Europaea Herpetologica, 135-138.Nijmegen, Netherlands.

Freda, J. and Morin, P.J. 1984. Adult home range of the pine barrens treefrog (Hyla andersonii) and the physical, chemical, and ecological characteristics of its preferred breeding ponds. Final Report to New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Fish, Game, and Wildlife, Endangered Nongame Species Program. Trenton, N.J.

García-París, M. and Wake, D.B. 2000. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of relationships of the tropical salamander genera Oedipina and Nototriton, with descriptions of a new genus and three new species. Copeia 2000:42-70.

Freeman, A. 2000. Records of Taudactylus rheophilus on Mount Bellenden Ker. Frog Research, Monitoring and Management Group. Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service.

García-París, M., Arano, B. and Herrero, P. 2001. Molecular characterisation of the contact zone between Triturus pygmaeus and T. marmoratus (Caudata: Salamandridae) in central Spain and their taxonomic assessment. Revista Espanola de Herpetologia 15:115-126.

Freeman, A. 2003. An observation of calling northern tinker frogs on Mount Bellenden Ker. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 49:295-298.

García-París, M., Buchholtz, D. R. and Parra-Olea, G. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships of Pelobatoidea re-examined using mtDNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28:12-23.

French, T.W. and Mount, R.H. 1978. Current status of the Red Hills salamander, Phaeognathus hubrichti Highton, and factors affecting its distribution. Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science 49:172-179.

García-París, M., Good, D.A., Parra-Olea, G. and Wake, D.B. 2000. Biodiversity of Costa Rican salamanders: implications of high levels of genetic differentiation and phylogeographic structure for species formation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 97:1640-1647.

Frétey, T. and Blanc, C.P. 2000. Liste des Amphibiens d’Afrique Centrale. ADIE, Libreville, Gabon. Frith, D.W. 1977. A preliminary list of the amphibia of Phuket Island and adjacent mainland, Peninsular Thailand. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 26:189-199. Frolich, L.M., Schultz, N., Almeida, D. and Nogales, F. 2003. Las Ranas de Los Andes Norte de Ecuador: Cordillera Oriental. Ediciones Abya Yala, Quito, Ecuador. Fromhage, L., Vences, M. and Veith, M. 2004. Testing alternative vicariance scenarios in Western Mediterranean discoglossid frogs. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31(1):308-322. Frost, C.C. 1993. Four centuries of changing landscape patterns in the longleaf pine ecosystem. In: Hermann, S.M. (ed.), The Longleaf Pine Ecosystem: Ecology, Restoration and Management, pp.17-43. Proceedings of the Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference, Number 18, Tallahassee, Florida. Frost, D.R. 1985. In: Frost, D.R. (ed.), Amphibian Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, pp.1-732. Allen Press and the Association of Systematic Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. Frost, J.S. and Bagnara, J.T. 1977. Sympatry between Rana blairi and the southern form of leopard frog in southeastern Arizona (Anura: Ranidae). Southwestern Naturalist 22:443-453. Frost, J.S. and Platz, J.E. 1983. Comparative assessment of modes of reproductive isolation among four species of leopard frogs (Rana pipiens Complex). Evolution 37:66-78. Fu, J., Wang, Y., Zheng, X., Liu, Z. and Zheng, Y. 2001. Genetic diversity in the eastern Batrachuperus (Caudata: Hynobiidae). Copeia 2001(4):1100-1107. Fu, J.Z., Hayes, M., Liu, Z.J. and Zeng, X.M. 2003. Genetic divergence of the southeastern Chinese salamanders of the genus Hynobius. Acta Zoologica Sinica 49(5):585-591. Fuentes, O. and Barrio-Amorós, C.L. 2004. A new Eleutherodactylus (Anura, Leptodactylidae) from Marahuaka Tepui, Amazonas, Venezuela. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 28:285-290. Fugler, C.M. 1984. Tercera contribucion a la fauna herpetologica del oriente boliviano. Ecologia en Bolivia 5:63-72. La Paz. Funk, C.W., Almeido, D., Nogales, F. and Bustamante, M. 2003. Monitoring population trends of Eleutherodactylus frogs. Journal of Herpetology 37(2):245-256. Funkhouser, J.W. 1956. New frogs from Ecuador and southwestern Colombia. Zoologica 41:73-80. Gafny, S. 2004. Threatened amphibians of Israel. In: Dolev, A. and Perevolotsky, A. (eds.), The Red book of Vertebrates in Israel, Israel Nature and National Parks Protection Authority and Society for Protection of Nature in Israel Press, Jerusalem.

García-París, M., Herrero, P., Martín, C., Dorda, J., Esteban, M. and Arano, B. 1993. Morphological characterization, cytogenetic analysis, and geographical distribution of the Pygmy Marbled Newt Triturus marmoratus pygmaeus (Wolterstorff, 1905) (Caudata: Salamandridae). Bijgragen tot de Dierkunde 63(1):3-14. García-París, M., Parra-Olea, G. and Wake, D.B. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships within the lowland tropical salamanders of the Bolitoglossa mexicana complex (Amphibia: Plethodontidae). In: Bruce, R.C., Jaeger, R.G. and Houck, L.D. (eds.), The Biology of Plethodontid Salamanders, pp.199-214. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York. García-Pérez, J.E. 1999. La herpetofauna del parque nacional Guaramacal. In: Cuelo, N. (ed.), Parque Nacional Guaramacal, pp.127-137. UNELLEZ-Fundación Polar, Caracas. Garner, T. and Pearman, P. 2001. Reduced genetic diversity in Swiss populations of the Italian Agile Frog, Rana latastei. FrogLog 46. Garner, T.W.J and Tomio, G. 2001. Microsatellites for use in studies of the Italian Agile Frog, Rana latastei (Boulenger). Conservation Genetics 2:77-80. Garner, T.W.J., Angelone, S. and Pearman, P. 2003. Genetic depletion in Swiss populations of Rana latastei: conservation implications. Biological Conservation 114:371-376. Garraffo, H.M., Jain, P., Spande, T.F., Daly, J.W., Jones, T.H., Smith, L.J. and Zottig, V.E. 2001. Structure of alkaloid 275A, a novel 1-azabicyclo(5.3.0)decane from a dendrobatid frog, Dendrobates lehmanni: synthesis of the tetrahydrodiastereomers. Journal of Natural Products 64(4):421-427. Garrett, J.M. and Barker, D.G. 1987. A ﬁeld guide to reptiles and amphibians of Texas. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, Texas. Garrick, L.D., Sutton, R.L. and Lang, J.W. 1985. Observations on the largest Jamaican tree frog, Calyptahyla crucialis. Caribbean Journal of Science 21:159-162. Garton, J.S. and Sill, B.L. 1979. The status of the pine barrens treefrog, Hyla andersonii Baird, in South Carolina. In: Forsythe, D.M. and Ezell Jr, W.B. (eds.), Proceedings of the First South Carolina Endangered Species Symposium, 131-132.South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Res. Department, Columbia, SC. Gartshore, M.E. 1986. The status of the montane herpetofauna of the Cameroon highlands. In: Stuart, S.N. (ed.), Conservation of Cameroon Montane Forests, pp.204-240. International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge, U.K. Gartshore, M.E. 1999. Report of the Mokoko River Forest Reserve reconnaisance survey for avifauna and herpetofauna. Mount Cameroon Project. Gasc, J.-P. et al. (eds.) 1997. In: Gasc, J.-P. et al. (ed.), Atlas of Amphibians and Reptiles in Europe, pp.494. Societas Europea Herpetologica & Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Gascon, C. 1989. The tadpole of Atelopus pulcher near Manaus. Rev Brasiliera de Zoologia 6:235-239.

660

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Gasser, F. 1973. Cartographie des protéines sériques de l’urodèle pyrénéen Euproctus asper (Dugès): stabilité dans l’aire de répartition de l’espèce. Vie et Milieu 45B:419-443.

Glaw, F. and Vences, M. 1992a. Fieldguide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. Vences & Glaw Verlags GbR, Köln, Germany.

Gaston, M.A., Forstner, M.R.J. and Dixon, J.R. 2001. Geographic distribution: Bufo houstonensis. Herpetological Review 32:269.

Glaw, F. and Vences, M. 1992b. Zur Biologie, Biometrie und Farbung bei Mantella laevigata Methuen & Hewitt, 1913. Sauria 14(4):25-29.

Gates, J.E., Stouffer, Jr., R.H., Stauffer, Jr., J.R. and Hocutt, C.H. 1985. Dispersal patterns of translocated Cryptobranchus alleganiensis in a Maryland stream. Journal of Herpetology 19:436-438.

Glaw, F. and Vences, M. 1992c. Zur Kenntnis der Gattungen Boophis, Aglyptodactylus und Mantidactylus (Amphibia: Anura) aus Madagaskar mit Beschreibung einer neuen Art. Bonner Zoologische Beiträege 43:45-77.

Gehlbach, F.R. 1959. New plethodontid salamanders of the genus Thorius from Puebla, Mexico. Copeia 1959: 203-206.

Glaw, F. and Vences, M. 1994. A Fieldguide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. Second Edition. Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn.

Geniez, P., Mateo, J.A. and Bons, J. 2000. A checklist of amphibians and reptiles of Western Sahara (Amphibia, Reptilia). Herpetozoa 13(3/4):149-163.

Glaw, F. and Vences, M. 1997. Neue Ergebnisse zur Boophis goudoti-Gruppe auis Madagaskar: bioakustik, Fortplanzungsstrategien und Beschreibung von Boophis ruﬁocollis sp.nov. Salamandra 32:225-242.

Geniez, P., Mateo, J.A., Geniez, M. and Pether, J. 2004. The Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western Sahara. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main.

Glaw, F. and Vences, M. 2000. A new species of Mantidactylus from northeastern Madagascar (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae) with resurrection of Mantidactylus blanci (Guibé, 1974). Spixiana 23:71-83.

Gentry, J.B. and Smith, M.H. 1968. Food habits and burrow associates of Peromyscus polionotus. Journal of Mammalogy 49:562-565.

Glaw, F. and Vences, M. 2001. Two new sibling species of Mantidactylus cornutus from Madagascar. Spixiana 24:177-190.

Gergus, E.W.A. 1998. Systematics of the Bufo microscaphus complex: allozyme evidence. Herpetologica 54(3): 317-325.

Glaw, F. and Vences, M. 2002a. A new cryptic frog species of the Mantidactylus boulengeri group with a divergent vocal sac structure. Amphibia-Reptilia 23:293-304.

Gergus, E.W.A., Grismer, L.L., and Beaman, K. 1997. Geographic distribution: Bufo californicus. Herpetological Review 28:47.

Glaw, F. and Vences, M. 2002b. Geographic distribution: Rhombophryne testudo. Herpetological Review 33:64.

Gergus, E.W.A., Sullivan, B.K. and Malmos, K.B. 1997. Bufo microscaphus complex call variation: species boundaries and mate recognition. Ethology 103:1-11.

Glaw, F., Vences, M. and Böhme, W. 1998. Systematic revision of the genus Aglyptodactylus Boulenger 1919 (Amphibia: Ranidae), and analysis of its phylogenetic relatiohships to other Madagascan ranid genera (Tomopterna, Boophis, Mantidactylus, and Mantella). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 36:17-37.

Gerhardt, H.C. 1974. Behavioral isolation of the treefrogs Hyla cinerea and Hyla andersonii. American Midland Naturalist 91:424-433.

Glaw, F., Vences, M. and Schmidt, K. 2000. Nachzucht, Juvenilfärbung und Oophagie von Mantella laevigata im Vergleich zu anderen Arten der Gattung (Amphibia: Ranidae). Salamandra 36:1-24.

Gerlach, J. and Willi, J. 2002. A new species of frog, genus Sooglossus (Anura, Sooglossidae) from Silhouette Island, Seychelles. Amphibia-Reptilia 23:445-458.

Glaw, F., Vences, M., Andreone, F. and Vallan, D. 2001. Revision of the Boophis majori group (Amphibia: Ranidae: Rhacophorinae) from Madagascar, with description of ﬁve new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 133:495-529.

Germano, J.M., Sander, J.M., Henderson, R.W. and Powell, R. 2003. Herpetofaunal communities in Grenada: a comparison of variously altered sites, with a checklist of Grenadian amphibians and reptiles. Caribbean Journal of Science 39(1):68-76. Gewalt, W. 1977. Einige Bemerken uber Fan, transport und Haltung des Goliathfrosches (Conrauna goliath Boulenger). Der Zoologische Garten (N.F), Jena 47:161-192. Gibbons, J.R.H. and Guinea, M.L. 1983. Observations on the development of the Fijian tree frog (Platymantis vitiensis). Herpetofauna 14:83-86. Gibbons, J.W. and Semlitsch, R.D. 1981. Terrestrial drift fences with pitfall traps: an effective technique for quantitative sampling of animal populations. Brimleyana 7:1-16. Gibson, R.C. and Buley, K.R. 2001. A new mode of endotrophic reproduction in frogs - evolutionary pioneering by mountain chickens. In: de Silva, A. (ed.), Abstracts: Fourth World Congress of Herpetology, 3-9 December 2001, Bentota, Sri Lanka, pp.33-34. Gibson, R.C. and Buley, K.R. 2004. Maternal care and obligatory oophagy in Leptodactylus fallax: a new reproductive mode in frogs. Copeia 2004(1):128-135. Gilbert, F.F. and Allwine, R. 1991. Terrestrial amphibian communities in the Oregon Cascade Range. In: Aubrey, K.B., Brookes, M.H., Agee, J.K., Anthony, R.G., Franklin, J.F., Noon, B.R., Raphael, M.G., Storm, R.M. and Verner, J. (eds.), Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-Fir forests, pp.319-324. USDA Forest Service Paciﬁc Northwest Research Station Technical Report No. 285. Gill, B.J., Whitaker, A.H. 1996. New Zealand Frogs and Reptiles. Bateman, Auckland. Gillespie, G. and Hines, H.B. 1999. Status of Temperate Riverine Frogs in South-Eastern Australia. In: Campbell, A. (ed.), Declines and Disappearances of Australian Frogs, pp.109-130. Environment Australia, Canberra. Gillespie, G.R and Hollis, G.J. 1996. Distribution and habitat of the spotted tree frog Litoria spenceri Dubois (Anura: Hylidae), and an assessment of potential causes of population declines. Wildlife Research 23:49-75. Gillespie, G.R. 1990. Distribution, habitat and conservation status of the giant burrowing frog, Heleioporus australiacus (Anura: Myobatrachidae), in Victoria. Victorian Naturalist 107:144-153. Gillespie, G.R. 1992. Survey for the Spotted Tree Frog (Litoria spenceri) Victoria, February-March 1992. The Victorian Naturalist 109:203-211. Gillespie, G.R. 1993. Distribution and Abundance of the Spotted Tree Frog (Litoria spenceri) in Victoria. Unpublished Report to the Australian National Park, Canberra. Gillespie, G.R. 1996. Distribution, habitat and conservation status of the Green and Golden Bell Frog Litoria aurea (Lesson 1829) (Anura: Hylidae) in Victoria. Australian Zoologist 30(2):199-207. Gillespie, G.R. 1997. The Biology of the Spotted Tree Frog (Litoria spenceri) and Examination of Factors Responsible for Population Declines. Unpublished Report to the Biodiversity Group, Environment. Arthur Rylah Institute, Department of Natural Resources, Heidelberg, Victoria. Gillespie, G.R. 2001a. The role of introduced trout in the decline of the Spotted Tree Frog (Litoria spenceri) in southeastern Australia. Biological Conservation 100:187-198. Gillespie, G.R. 2001b. The Biology of the Spotted Tree Frog (Litoria spenceri). Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, University of Melbourne, Victoria. Gillespie, G.R. 2002. Impacts of sediment loads, tadpole density, and food type on the growth and development of tadpoles of the Spotted Tree Frog Litoria spenceri: an in-stream experiment. Biological Conservation 106:141-150. Gillespie, G.R. and Hero, J.M. 1999. Potential Impact of Introduced Fish and Fish Translocations on Australian Amphibians. In: Campbell, A. (ed.), Declines and Disappearances of Australian Frogs, pp.131-144. Environment Australia, Canberra. Gillespie, G.R., Osborne, W.S. and McElhinney, N.A. 1995. The Conservation Status of Frogs in the Australian Alps: a Review. A Report to the Australian Alps Liaison Committee. Gines, H. 1959. Familias y géneros de anﬁbios - Amphibia de Venezuela. Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle 53:85-146. Giri, V. and Chaturvedi, N. 2001. Preliminary survey of the Herpetofauna in the western Ghats region of Maharastra. Tigerpaper 28(2):1-7.

Gleed-Owen, C. 1996. Amphibian remains identified from the gut of a grass snake and a polecat. British Herpetological Society Bulletin 57:21-23. Glos, J. 2003. The amphibian fauna of the Kirindy dry forest in western Madagascar. Salamandra 39:75-90. Glos, J., Glaw, F. and Vences, M. 2005. A new species of Scaphiophryne from western Madagascar. Copeia 2005:252-261. Gluesenkamp, A.G. 1995. A new species of Osornophryne (Anura: Bufonidae) from Volcán Sumaco, Ecuador with notes on other members of the genus. Herpetologica 1995(51):268-279. Gluesenkamp, A.G. and Acosta, N. 2001. Sexual dimorphism in Osornophryne guacamayo with notes on natural history and reproduction in the species. Journal of Herpetology 35(1):148-151. Godinho, R., Teixeira, J., Rebelo, R., Segurado, P., Loureiro, A., Álvares, F., Gomes, N., Cardoso, P., Camilo-Alves, C. and Brito, J.C. 1999. Atlas of the continental Portuguese herpetofauna: an assemblage of published and new data. Revista Española de Herpetología 13:61-81. Godley, J.S. 1992. Gopher frog Rana capito Le Conte. In: Moler, P.E. (ed.), Rare and endangered biota of Florida. Volume III. Amphibians and Reptiles, pp.15-19. Univ. Press of Florida. Godwin, J.C. 1995a. Extrinsic factors influencing the breeding of the pine barrens treefrog, Hyla andersonii. M.S. Thesis. Auburn University, Alabama. Godwin, J.C. 1995b. Reassessment of the historical localities of the Tennessee cave salamander (Gyrinophilus palleucus) in Alabama. Unpublished report submitted to Alabama Natural Heritage Program. Goin, C.J. 1950. A study of the salamander, Ambystoma cingulatum, with the description of a new subspecies. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 31:229-321. Goin, C.J. 1961. Three new centrolenid frogs from Ecuador. Zoologischer anzeiger 166:95-104. Goin, C.J. 1963. A new Centrolenid frog from Venezuela. Acta Biologica Venezuelica 3(18):283-286. Goin, C.J. 1964. Distribution and synonymy of Centrolenella fleischmanni northern South America. Herpetologica 20:1-8. Goin, C.J. and Netting, M.G. 1940. A new gopher frog from the Gulf Coast, with comments upon the Rana areolata group. Annals of Carnegie Museum, Art 8:137-168. Goldberg, C.S., Field, K.J. and Sredl, M.J. 2003. Ramsey Canyon leopard frog identity crisis: mitochondrial DNA analyses support designation as Chiricahua leopard frog. Arizona Game and Fish Department, Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program Technical Report 218, Phoenix, Arizona. Goldberg, S.R. and Bursey, C.R. 2003. Helminths of two anuran species, Atelopus spurrelli (Bufonidae) and Dendrobates histrionicus (Dendrobatidae), from Colombia, South America. Parasitology International 52(3):251-253. Goldberg, S.R., Bursey, C.R. and Kaiser, H. 1998. Gastrointestinal helminths of five species of Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from the West Indies. Caribbean Journal of Science 34(1-2):146-149. Goldberg, S.R., Bursey, C.R., Salgado-Maldonado, G., Baez, R. and Caneda, C. 2002. Helminth parasites of six species of Anurans from Los Tuxtlas and Catemaco Lake, Veracruz, Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 47(2):293-299. Goldingay, R. and Lewis, B. 1999. Development of a conservation strategy for the Green and Golden Bell Frog Litoria aurea in the Illawarra Region of New South Wales. Australian Zoologist 31(2):376-387. Goldingay, R., Newell, D. and Graham, M. 1999. The status of Rainforest Stream Frogs in north-eastern New South Wales: decline or recovery?. In: Campbell, A. (ed.), Declines and Disappearances of Australian Frogs, pp.64-71. Environment Australia, Goldingay, R.L. 1996. The Green and Golden Bell Frog Litoria aurea – from riches to ruins: conservation of a formerly common species. Australian Zoologist 30(2):248-256. Gomes, N. 1988. Osteologia comparada de duas especies do genero Crossodactylodes Cochran, 1938 (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae). Memorias do Instituto Butantan 50(2):51-61. Gomez, A.R. and Alonso, R. 1999. Eleutherodactylus symingtoni. Hoja de datos del taxon. Informe Sección V: Anfibios. In: Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (ed.), Report on Conservation Assessment Plan Workshop for Selected Cuban Species, pp.1-4. Conservation Breeding Specialists Group (SSC/IUCN), Minnesota.

Glade, A. 1993. In: Glade, A. (ed.), Red List of Chilean Terrestrial vertebrates, Corporación nacional forestal (CONAF), Santiago-Chile.

Gonzales, L., Lötters, S. and Reichle, S. 1999. On the dendrobatid frogs from Bolivia: rediscovery of Epipedobates bolivianus (Boulenger, 1902), ﬁrst record of Colostethus brunneus (Cope, 1887) and comments on other species (Anura: Dendrobatidae). Herpetozoa 12(3/4):179-186.

Glaw, F. and Thiesmeier, B. 1993. Bioakustische Differenzierung in der Boophis luteus-Gruppe (Anura: Rhacophoridae), mit Beschreibung einer neuen Art und einer neuen Unterart. Salamandra 28:258-269.

González de la Vega, J.P. 1998. Anﬁbios y Reptiles de la Provincia de Huelva. Ed. Ertisa, Huelva.

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Liem, S.S. 1970. The morphology, systematics and evolution of the old world tree frogs (Rhacophoridae and Hyperoliidae). Fieldiana: Zoology 57:1-145.

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Lim, K.P. and Lim, F.L.K. 1992. A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore.

Livo, L.J. and Yeakley, D. 1997. Comparison of current with historical elevational range in the boreal toad, Bufo boreas. Herpetological Review 28:143-144.

Lima, V., Arntzen, J.W. and Ferrand, N.M. 2000. Age structure and growth pattern in two populations of the goldenstriped salamander Chioglossa lusitanica (Caudata, Salamandridae). Amphibia-Reptilia 22:55-68.

Lizana, M. and Marco, A. 2001. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation and the decline of amphibian populations in Central Spain. FrogLog 44.

Lind, A.J., Welsh, Jr, H.H. and Wilson, R.A. 1996. The effects of a dam on breeding habitat and egg survival of the foothill yellow-legged frog (Rana boylii) in northwestern California. Herpetological Review 27:62-67.

Lizana, M., Márquez, R. and Martín-Sánchez, R. 1994. Reproductive biology of Pelobates cultripes (Anura: Pelobatidae) in Central Spain. Journal of Herpetology 28(1):19-27.

Lindquist, E.D. 1995. Atelopus zeteki (Panamanian golden frog). Pure tonal vocalization. Herpetological Review 26(4):200-201.

Lizana, M., Pérez-Mellado, V. and Ciudad, M.J. 1990. Analysis of the structure of an amphibian community in the Central System of Spain. Herpetological Journal 1:435-446.

Lindquist, E.D. and Hetherington, T.E. 1996. Field studies on visual and acoustic signaling in the “earless” Panamanian golden frog, Atelopus zeteki. Journal of Herpetology 30(3):347-354.

Ljubisavljevic, K., Dzukic, G. and Kalezic, M. 2003. Green frogs are greatly endangered in Serbia and Montenegro. FrogLog 58.

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Liner, E.A. 1998a. Plethodontidae: Chiropterotriton priscus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 642:1-2. Liner, E.A. 1998b. Pseudoeurycea scandens. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 644:1-2. Linsdale, J.M. 1940. Amphibians and reptiles in Nevada. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 73:197-257. Lips, K.R. 1993a. Bolitoglossa compacta. Herpetological Review 24(3):107. Lips, K.R. 1993b. Bolitoglossa minitula. Herpetological Review 24(3):107.

Lötters, S. 1989. Revalidierung von Atelopus subornatus Werner, 1899. Salamandra 25:281-290. Lötters, S. 1992a. Ein neuer Harlekin-Frosch (Anura: Bufonidae: Atelopus) aus dem Choco, West-Kolumbien. Sauria 14:27-30. Lötters, S. 1992b. Zur Validitat von Dendrobates lehmann Myers & Daly, 1976 aufgrund zweier neuer Farbformen von Dendrobates histrionicus Berthold, 1845. Salamandra 28(2):138-144.

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Lötters, S. 2001. The tadpole of Atelopus mindoensis Peters (Anura, Bufonidae) from northwestern Ecuador. Copeia 2001:276-278.

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Lips, K.R. 1999. Mass mortality and population declines of anurans at an upland site in western Panama. Conservation Biology 13:117-125. Lips, K.R. and Krempels, D.M. 1995. Eggs and tadpoles of Bufo fastidiosus Cope, with comments on reproductive behaviour. Copeia 1995(3):741-746. Lips, K.R., Green, D.E. and Papendick, R. 2003. Chytridiomycosis in wild frogs from southern Costa Rica. Journal of Herpetology 37:215-218. Lips, K.R., Mendelson III, J.R., Munoz-Alonso, A., Canseco-Marquez, L. and Mulcahy, D.G. 2004. Amphibian population declines in montane southern Mexico: resurveys of historical localities. Biological Conservation 119:555-564. Lips, K.R., Reeve, J.D. and Witters, L.R. 2003. Ecological traits predicting amphibian population declines in Central America. Conservation Biology 17:1078-1088. Littlejohn, M.J. 1963. The Breeding Biology of the Baw Baw Frog. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 88:273-276. Littlejohn, M.J. 1982. Amphibians of Victoria. Victorian Yearbook 85:1-11. Littlejohn, M.J. and Martin, A.A. 1967. The rediscovery of Heleioporous australiacus (Shaw) (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in eastern Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 80:31-36.

Lötters, S. and de la Riva, I. 1998. Redescription of Atelopus tricolor Boulenger from southeastern Peru and adjacent Bolivia, with comments on related forms. Journal of Herpetology 32(4):481-488. Lötters, S. and Köhler, J. 1998. Der Stummelfussfrosch Atelopus peruensis Gray & Cannatella, 1985. Familie: Bufonidae. The frog Atelopus peruensis Gray & Cannatella, 1985. Family: Bufonidae. Herpetofauna 20(112):14-15. Lötters, S. and Köhler, J. 2000. Cochranella nola (Anura: Centrolenidae): natural history notes, distribution, and advertisement call. Herpetological Natural History 7(1):79-81. Lötters, S. and Schmitz, A. 2004. A new species of tree frog (Amphibia: Hyperolius) from the Bakossi Mountains, South-West-Cameroon. Bonner zoologische Beiträge 52:149-154. Lötters, S. and Widmer, A. 1997. Bioacoustic comparisons of the advertisement calls of the poison frogs Dendrobates histrionicus and Dendrobates lehmanni from northwestern South America. Herpetologia Bonnensis. Societas Europaea Herpetologica, Bonn. Lötters, S., Castro Herrera, F., Köhler, J. and Richter, R. 1997. Notes on the distribution and color variation of poison frogs of the genus Phyllobates from western Colombia (Anura, Dendrobatidae). Revue Francaise d’Aquariologie 24:55-58.

Litvinchuk, S.N. and Borkin, L. 2000. Intraspeciﬁc taxonomy and nomenclature of the Danube crested newt, Triturus dobrogicus. Amphibia-Reptilia 21:419-430.

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Liu, C.C. 1943. Two new Scutiger from Chao-Chiao-hsien, Sikang. Journal of the West China Border Research Society 14:35-38.

Lötters, S., Glaw, F., Reichle, S., Köhler, J. and Meyer, E. 1990. Notes on vocalizations in three species of Atelopus from Central and South America (Anura: Bufonidae). Herpetozoa 12(1-2):79-83.

Liu, C.C. 1945. New frogs from West China. Journal of the West China Border Research Society 15:28-43.

Lötters, S., Gossmann, V., Obame, F. and Böhme, W. 2001. Zur Herpetofauna Gabuns, Teil I: Einleitung, Untersuchungsgebiet und Methodik, kommentierte Artenliste der gefundenen Froschlurche. Herpetofauna 23(133):19-34.

Liu, C.C. 1947. Two new frogs of the genus Scutiger from West China. Copiea 1947(2):123-126. Liu, C.C. 1950. Amphibians of Western China. Fieldiana: Zoology Mem. 2:1-400. Liu, C.-C. and Hu, S.-Q. 1960. New Scutiger from China with a discussion about the genus. Scientia Sinica 9(6):760-780. Liu, C.-C. and Hu, S.-Q. 1961. Chinese tailless Amphibians. Science Press, Peking. Liu, C.-C. and Hu, S.-Q. 1962. A Herpetological report of Kwangxi. Acta Herpetologica Sinica 14:73-104. Liu, C.-C. and Hu, S.-Q. 1966. A herpetological survey in Tsinling and Ta-Pa Shan region. Acta Herpetologica Sinica 18(1):57-92. Liu, C.-C., Hu, S.-Q. and Fei, L. 1973. The investigation report of Hainan Amphibians. Zoologica Sinica 19:385-404. Liu, C.-C., Hu, S.-Q. and Fei, L. 1979. Five new species of pelobatid toads from China. Acta Herpetologica Sinica 4(1):83-92. Liu, C.-C., Hu, S.-Q. and Yang, F.H. 1960. Amphibia of Yunnan collected in 1958. Acta Herpetologica Sinica 12(2): 149-174. Liu, C.-C., Hu, S.-Q. and Yang, F.H. 1962. A preliminary report of Amphibia from western Kweichow. Acta Herpetologica Sinica 14(3):381-392.

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Lötters, S., Rotich, D., Koester, T.E., Kosuch, J., Muchai, V., Scheelke, K., Schick, S., Teege, P., Wasonga, V.D. and Veith, M. 2004. What do we know about the amphibians from the Kenyan central and western highlands?. Salamandra 40.

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Lynch, J.D. 1985. A new species of Eleutherodactylus from western Panama (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae). Herpetologica 41(4):443-447. Lynch, J.D. 1986a. New species of Eleutherodactylus of Colombia (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae). II: Four species from the cloud forests of the western cordilleras. Caldasia 15(71-75):629-647. Lynch, J.D. 1986b. New species of minute leptodactylid frogs from the Andes of Ecuador and Peru. Journal of Herpetology 20(3):423-431. Lynch, J.D. 1986c. Notes on the reproductive behavior of Atelopus subornatus. Journal of Herpetology 20:126-129. Lynch, J.D. 1989. Intrageneric relationships of mainland Eleutherodactylus (Leptodactylidae). I. A review of the frogs assigned to the Eleutherodactylus discoidalis species group. Milwaukee Public Museum Contributions in Biology and Geology 79:1-25. Lynch, J.D. 1990a. A new large species of streamside Eleutherodactylus from western Colombia (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae). Herpetologica 46(2):135-142. Lynch, J.D. 1990b. A new ocellated frog (Centrolenidae) from western Colombia. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 103:35-38. Lynch, J.D. 1991a. New diminutive Eleutherodactylus from the Cordillera Central of Colombia (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae). Journal of Herpetology 25(3):344-352. Lynch, J.D. 1991b. Three replacement names for preoccupied names in the genus Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae). Copeia 1991(4):1138-1139. Lynch, J.D. 1992a. A new species of Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) from western Colombia with cranial co-ossiﬁcation. Copeia 3:826-831. Lynch, J.D. 1992b. A new species of Leptodactylid frog (Eleutherodactylus) from southwestern Colombia. Herpetologica 48(3):347-350. Lynch, J.D. 1992c. Two new species of Eleutherodactylus from southwestern Colombia and the proposal of a new species group (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae). Journal of Herpetology 26(1):53-59. Lynch, J.D. 1993a. A new centrolenid frog from the Andes of western Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 18(71):567-569. Lynch, J.D. 1993b. A new harlequin frog from the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia (Anura: Bufonidae: Atelopus). Alytes 11(4):77-87. Lynch, J.D. 1994a. A new species of frogs (genus Eleutherodactylus: Leptodactylidae) from a cloud forest in Departamento de Santander, Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales 19(72):205-208.

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Lynch, J.D. 1977. A new species of Eleutherodactylus from the Cordillera Occidental of Colombia (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology of the University of Michigan 678:1-6. Lynch, J.D. 1978. A re-assessment of the Telmatobiine leptodactylid frogs of Patagonia. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas 72:1-57. Lynch, J.D. 1979a. A new frog species of the Eleutherodactylus fitzingeri group from the Pacific Andean versant in Ecuador. Herpetologica 35(3):228-233. Lynch, J.D. 1979b. A new species of Eleutherodactylus from northern Ecuador (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 92(3):498-504. Lynch, J.D. 1979c. Leptodactylid frogs of the Genus Eleutherodactylus from the Andes of southern Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications of the Natural History Museum of the University of Kansas 66:1-62. Lynch, J.D. 1979d. The identity of Eleutherodactylus vertebralis (Boulenger) with the description of a new species from Colombia and Ecuador (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae). Journal of Herpetology 13(4):411-418. Lynch, J.D. 1980a. Eleutherodactylus eremitus, a new trans-Andean species of the Lacrimosus assembly from Ecuador (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae). Breviora 462:1-7. Lynch, J.D. 1980b. New species of Eleutherodactylus of Colombia (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae). I: Five new species from the paramos of the Cordillera Central. Caldasia 13(61):165-188. Lynch, J.D. 1980c. Systematic status and distribution of some poorly known frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus from the Chocoan lowlands of South America. Herpetologica 36(2):175-189. Lynch, J.D. 1980d. Two new species of earless frogs allied to Eleutherodactylus surdus (Leptodactylidae) from the Pacific slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 93(2):327-338. Lynch, J.D. 1981a. Leptodactylid frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus in the Andes of Northern Ecuador and adjacent Colombia. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Miscellaneous Publications 72:1-46. School of Life Sciences, University of Nebraska. Lynch, J.D. 1981b. The identity of Hylopis platycephala Werner, a centrolenid frog from northern Colombia. Journal of Herpetology 15:283-291. Lynch, J.D. 1981c. The systematic status of Amblyphrynus ingeri (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) with the description of an allied species in western Colombia. Caldasia 13(62):313-332.

Lynch, J.D. 1996c. Replacement names for three homonyms in the genus Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Journal of Herpetology 30(2):278-280. Lynch, J.D. 1997. Intrageneric relationships of mainland Eleutherodactylus II. Review of the Eleutherodactylus sulcatus group. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 21(80):353-372. Lynch, J.D. 1998a. A new frog (genus Eleutherodactylus) from cloud forests of southern Boyaca. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 22(84):429-432. Lynch, J.D. 1998b. New species of Eleutherodactylus from the Cordillera Occidental of western Columbia with a synopsis of the distributions of species in western Columbia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 22(82):117-148. Lynch, J.D. 1999. Lista anotada y clave para las ranas (genero Eleutherodactylus) chocoanas del Valle del Cauca, y apuntes sobre las especeis de la cordillera Occidental adyacente. Caldasia 21(2):184-202. Lynch, J.D. 2000a. A new species of frogs, genus Eleutherodactylus (Leptodactylidae), from the Sabana de Bogota. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 24(92):435-439. Lynch, J.D. 2000b. The relationships of an ensemble of Guatemalan and Mexican frogs (Eleutherodactylus: Leptodactylidae: Amphibia). Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 24(90):129-156. Lynch, J.D. 2001. A small amphibian fauna from a previously unexplored Paramo of the Cordillera Occidental in western Colombia. Journal of Herpetology 35(2):221-231. Lynch, J.D. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. 1993. Eleutherodactylus anatipes. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 558:1-2. Lynch, J.D. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. 1999. The Eleutherodactylus of the Taeniatus complex in western Colombia: Taxonomy and distribution. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 23(89):615-624. Lynch, J.D. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. 2004. A new Colombian frog of the genus Eleutherodactylus from the northern Cordillera Occidental. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. 28:403-408. Lynch, J.D. and Burrowes, P.A. 1990. The frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus (family Leptodactylidae) at the La Planada Reserve in southwestern Colombia with descriptions of eight new species. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas 136:1-31.

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Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. 1973. A review of the Centrolenid frogs of Ecuador, with descriptions of new species. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas 16:1-66.

MacKinnon, J. 1997. Protected Areas Systems Review of the Indo-Malayan Realm. Asian Bureau for Conservation / WCMC/ World Bank, Canterbury, U.K.

Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. 1980. The Eleutherodactylus of the Amazonian slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes (Anura: Leptodactylidae). The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Miscellaneous Publications 69:1-86.

MacKinnon, J., Meng, S., Cheung, C., Carey, G., Zhu, X. and Melville, D. 1996. A Biodiversity Review of China. World Wide Fund for Nature International, Hong Kong.

Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. 1997. Frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus in western Ecuador: Systematics, ecology, and biogeography. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Special Publication 23:1-236.

Madej, R.F. 1998. Discovery of green salamanders in Indiana and a distributional survey. In: Lannoo, M.J. (ed.), Status and Conservation of Midwestern Amphibians, pp.55-60. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, Iowa.

Lynch, J.D. and La Marca, E. 1993. Synonymy and variation in Eleutherodactylus bicumulus (Peters) from Northern Venezuela, with a description of a new species (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae). Caribbean Journal of Science 29(3-4):133-146.

Maeda, N. and Matsui, M. 1999. Frogs and Toads of Japan. Revised edition. Bun-ichi Sogo Shuppan Co., Ltd, Tokyo.

Lynch, J.D. and Miyata, K. 1980. Two new species of Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) from the lowlands and lower cloud forests of western Ecuador. Breviora 457:1-12. Lynch, J.D. and Myers, C.W. 1983. Frogs of the Fitzingeri group of Eleutherodactylus in eastern Panama and Chocoan South America (Leptodactylidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 175(5):481-572. Lynch, J.D. and Renjifo, J.M. 1990. Two new toads (Bufonidae: Rhamphophryne) from the northern Andes of Colombia. Journal of Herpetology 24(4):364-371. Lynch, J.D. and Rueda-Almonacid, J.V. 1997. Three new frogs (Eleutherodactylus: Leptodactylidae) from cloud forests in eastern Departamento Caldas, Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 21(79):131-142. Lynch, J.D. and Rueda-Almonacid, J.V. 1998a. Additional new species of frogs (genus Eleutherodactylus) from cloud forests of eastern Departamento de Caldas, Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales 22(83):287-298.

Mägdefrau, H. 1991. Rufe, paarung und eiablage bei einer froschart der gattung Stefania (Rivero, 1966). Herpetofauna 13:7-13. Magin, C. 2003. Dominica’s frogs are croaking. Oryx 37(4):406. Magin, C. 2004. Wildlife Survey Report. Fauna and Flora International, Cambridge, and the Forestry and Wildlife Division, Dominica. Magnin, G. and Yarar, M. 1997. Important Bird Areas in Turkey. Dogal Hayati Koruma Dernegi, Istanbul. Mahoney, M.J. 2001. Molecular systematics of Plethodon and Aneides (Caudata: Plethodontidae): phylogenetic analysis of an old and rapid radiation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 18:174-188. Mahoney, M.J. 2004. Molecular systematics and phylogeography of the Plethodon elongatus species group: combining phylogenetic and population genetic methods to investigate species history. Molecular Ecology 13:149-166. Mahony, M. 1993. The status of frogs in the Watagan mountains area the central coast of New South Wales. In: Lunney, D. and Ayers, D. (eds.), Herpetology in Australia, pp.257-264. Surrey Beatty and Sons Pty Ltd, Sydney.

Lynch, J.D. and Rueda-Almonacid, J.V. 1998b. New frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus from the eastern ﬂank of the northern Cordillera Central of Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 22(85):561-570.

Mahony, M. 1999. Review of the declines and disappearances within the bell frog species group (Litoria aurea species group) in Australia. In: Campbell, A. (ed.), Declines and Disappearances of Australian Frogs, pp.81-93. Environment Australia, Canberra.

Lynch, J.D. and Rueda-Almonacid, J.V. 1999. New species of frogs from low and moderate elevations from the Caldas transect of the eastern ﬂank of the Cordillera Central. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 23(87):307-314.

Mahony, M., Knowles, R. and Patterson, L. 1997b. Peppered Tree Frog Litoria piperata. In: Ehmann, H. (ed.), Threatened Frogs of New South Wales: Habitats, Status and Conservation, pp.182-187. Frog and Tadpole Study Group of New South Wales, Sydney South, Australia.

Lynch, J.D. and Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. 1982. A new genus and species of poison-dart frog (Amphibia: Dendrobatidae) from the Andes of northern Colombia. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 95:557-562.

Mahony, M., Knowles, R. and Pattinson, L. 1997a. Gold-eyed Barred Frog, Mixophyes iteratus. In: Ehmann, H. (ed.), Threatened Frogs of New South Wales: Habitats, Status and Conservation, pp.78-83. Frog and Tadpole Study Group of New South Wales, Sydney South, Australia.

Lynch, J.D. and Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. 1983. New frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus from the Andes of southern Colombia. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 86(4):99-112. Lynch, J.D. and Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. 1985a. A synopsis of the frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology of the University of Michigan 711:1-59. Lynch, J.D. and Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. 1985b. Una nueva especie de Colostethus (Amphibia: Dendrobatidae) de la Cordillera Occidental de Colombia. Lozania (Acta Zoológica colombiana) 54:1-6.

Mahony, M., Knowles, R. and Pattinson, L. 1997b. Stuttering Barred Frog, Mixophyes balbus. In: Ehmann, H. (ed.), Threatened Frogs of New South Wales: Habitats, Status and Conservation, pp.66-71. Frog and Tadpole Study Group of New South Wales, Sydney South, Australia. Mahony, M., Knowles, R. and Pattinson, L. 1997c. Silverblue-eyed Barred Frog, Mixophyes ﬂeayi. In: Ehmann, H. (ed.), Threatened Frogs of New South Wales: Habitats, Status and Conservation, pp.72-77. Frog and Tadpole Study Group of New South Wales, Sydney South, Australia.

Lynch, J.D. and Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. 1996a. A remarkable new centrolenid frog from Colombia with a review of nuptial excrecences in the family. Herpetologica 52(4):525-535.

Mahony, M., Knowles, R., Foster, R. and Donnellan, S. 2001. Systematics of the Litoria citropa (Anura: Hylidae) complex in northern New South Wales and southern Queensland, Australia, with the description of a new species. Records of the Australian Museum 53:37-48.

Lynch, J.D. and Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. 1996b. New sister-species of Eleutherodactylus from the Cordillera Occidental of southwestem Colombia (Amphíbia: Salientia: Leptodactylidae). Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 20(77):347-363.

Mahony, M., Tyler, M.J. and Davies, M. 1984. A new species of the genus Rheobatrachus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Queensland. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 108(3):155-162.

Lynch, J.D. and Smith, H.M. 1966. A new toad from western Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 11:19-23.

Main, A.R. 1957. Studies in Australian amphibia I. The genus Crinia Tschudi, in south-western Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 5:30-55.

Lynch, J.D. and Trueb, L. 1980. A new species of Eleutherodactylus (Leptodactylidae) from the cloud forests of western Ecuador. Copeia 1980(3):392-396.

Main, A.R. 1965. Frogs of southern Western Australia. W.A. Naturalist’s Club, Perth, Western Australia.

Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. 1994. The identities of the Colombian frogs confused with Eleutherodactylus latidiscus (Boulenger) (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas 170:1-42.

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Özhatay, N., Byfield, A. and Atay, S. 2003. Türkiye’nin Önemli Bitki Alanlari. WWF-Türkiye, Istanbul. Padhye, A.D. and Ghate, H.V. 2002. An overview of amphibian fauna of Maharashtra State. ZOO’s Print Journal 17(3):735-740. Padhye, A.D., Mahabaleshwarkar, M. and Ghate, H.V. 2002. An overview of amphibian fauna of Pune District with special reference to their status in and around Pune city. ZOO’s Print Journal 17(4):757-763. Paez, V.P., Bock, B.C., Estrada, J.J., Ortega, A.M., Daza, J.M. and Gutierrez-C., P.D. 2002. Guia de Campo de Algunas Especies de Anfibios y Reptiles de Antioquia. 136.Universidad de Antioquia, Departamento de Biologia, Medellin. Pagano, A., Joly, P. and Hotz, H. 1997. Taxon composition and genetic variation of water frogs in the Mid-Rhône floodplain. C.R. Acad.Sci. Paris, Life sciences 320:759-766. Pague, C.A. 1991. Amphibians and reptiles. In: Terwilliger, K. (ed.), Virginia’s Endangered Species: Proceedings of a Symposium, pp.411-476. McDonald and Woodward Publishing Company, Blacksburg, Virginia. Pakenham, R.H.W. 1983. The reptiles and amphibians of Zanzibar and Pemba islands (with a note of the freshwater fishes). Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society and National Museum 177:1-40. Palen, W.J., Schindler, D.E., Adams, M.J., Pearl, C.A., Bury, R.B. and Diamond, S.A. 2002. Optical characteristics of natural waters protect amphibians from UV-B in the U.S. Ecology 83:2951-2957. Palis, J.G. 1997a. Breeding migration of Ambystoma cingulatum in Florida. Journal of Herpetology 31:71-78. Palis, J.G. 1997b. Distribution, habitat, and status of the flatwoods salamander (Ambystoma cingulatum) in Florida, USA. Herpetological Natural History 5:53-65. Palis, J.G. 1998. Breeding biology of the gopher frog, Rana capito, in western Florida. Journal of Herpetology 32:217-223. Palis, J.G. and Jensen, J.B. 1995. Distribution and breeding biology of the flatwoods salamander (Ambystoma cingulatum) and gopher frog (Rana capito) on Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. Final Report. Florida Natural Areas Inventory, Tallahassee, Florida. Palmer, W.M. 1977. Hyla andersonii Baird. In: Cooper, J.E., Robinson, S.S. and Funderburg, J.B. (eds.), Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina, pp.313-314. North Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh, N.C.

Pasteur, G. and Bons, J. 1959. Les Batraciens du Maroc. Travaux de l’Institut scientifique chérifien, Série Zoologie 17(14):1-241. Pasteur, G. and Bons, J. 1962. Note préliminaire sur Alytes (obstetricans) maurus: gémellarité ou polytopisme? remarques biogéographiques, génétiques et taxinomiques. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 87(1): 71-79. Patron, H.Z. 1994. Sistematica y Distribucion de los Anfibios de la Provincia de Arequipa. Universidada Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa, Arequipa. Pauley, T.K. 1985. Distribution and status of the Cheat Mountain salamander. Status survey report submitted to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Dec. 1985 and Jan. 1986. Pauley, T.K. 1993. Amphibians and reptiles of the upland forests. In: Stephenson, S.L. (ed.), Upland forests of West Virginia, pp.179-196. McClain Printing., Parsons, West Virginia. Paulo, O. 1997. Amphibians in Portugal. FrogLog 21. Pawar, S.S. and Birand, A. 2001. A survey of amphibians, reptiles, and birds in Northeast India. CERC Technical Report No. 6, Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysore, India. Pawley, R. 1987. The management of the goliath frog, Conraua goliath: a goliath problem?. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 22:96-97. Pawley, R. 1988. Blomberg toad, Bufo blombergi, reproduction at Brookfield Zoo: paucity to profusion. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 23(4):53-54. Pearl, C.A. 2005. Rana aurora, Northern red-legged frog. In: Lannoo, M.J. (ed.), Status and Conservation of U.S. Amphibians. Volume 2: Species Accounts, University of California Press, Berkeley, California. Pearl, C.A. and Adams, M.J. 2005. Rana cascadae, Cascades frog. In: Lannoo, M.J. (ed.), Status and Conservation of U.S. Amphibians. Volume 2: Species Accounts, University of California Press, Berkeley, California. Pearl, C.A. and Hayes, M.P. 2005. Rana pretiosa, Oregon spotted frog. In: Lannoo, M.J. (ed.), Status and Conservation of U.S. Amphibians. Volume 2: Species Accounts, University of California Press, Berkeley, California. Pearl, C.A., Adams, M.J., Bury, R.B. and McCreary, B. 2004. Asymmetrical effects of introduced bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) on native ranid frogs in Oregon, USA. Copeia 2004:11-20.

Papenfuss, T.J. and Wake, D.B. 1987. Two new species of pletodontid salamanders (genus Nototriton) from Mexico. Acta Zoologica Mexicana Nueva Serie 21:1-16.

Péfaur, J.E. 1985. New species of Venezuelan Colostethus (Dendrobatidae). Journal of Herpetology 19(3):321-327.

Papenfuss, T.J., Wake, D.B. and Adler, K. 1983. Salamanders of the genus Bolitoglossa from the Sierra Madre del Sur of southern Mexico. Journal of Herpetology 17:295-307.

Péfaur, J.E. and Rivero, J.A. 2000. Distribution, species-richness, endemism, and conservation of Venezuelan amphibians and reptiles. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation 2(2):42-70.

Paranjape, S.Y. and Muherkar, L. 1979. On the survey of amphibian fauna in and around Pune. Journal of the University of Poona, Science and Technology 52:423-434.

Péfaur, J.E., Nunez, A., Lopez, E. and Davila, J. 1978. Distribucion y Clasiﬁcacion de los Anﬁbios del Departamento de Arequipa. Bulletin de l’Institut francais d’études Andins 7(1-2):119-121.

Parker III, T.A. and Carr, J.L. 1992. Status of forest remnants in the Cordillera de la Costa and adjacent areas of southwestern Ecuador. RAP Working Papers 2:1-172.Conservation International, Washington, D.C.

Peixoto, O.L. 1981. Nova espécie de Hyla da Serra dos Orgãos, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 41:515-520.

Parker, H.W. 1933a. A list of the frogs and toads of Trinidad. Tropical Agriculture 10(1):8-12.

Peixoto, O.L. 1982. Duas novas especies de Crossodactylodes de Santa Tereza, Estado do Espirito Santo, Brasil (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 42(3):619-626.

Parker, H.W. 1933b. Some frogs and toads of Trinidad. Tropical Agriculture 11(5):123. Parker, H.W. 1934. A Monograph of the Frogs of the Family Microhylidae. Trustees of the British Museum London. British Museum (Natural History), London. Parker, H.W. 1936. The amphibians of Mamfe Division, Cameroons. I. Zoogeography. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1936:135-163. Parker, H.W. 1938. The vertical distribution of some reptiles and amphibians in southern Ecuador. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (11)2:438-450. Parker, H.W. 1940. Lake Titicaca amphibia (The percysladen trustexpedition). Trans. Linnean Soc. London 1(2): 202-216. Parker, J., Anderson, S.H. and Lindzey, F.J. 2000. Natural history notes. Bufo baxteri. Herpetological Review 31:167-168.

Pengilley, R.K. 1966. The biology of the genus Pseudophryne (Anura: Leptodactylidae). MSc.thesis, Australian National University, Canberra. Pengilley, R.K. 1971. Calling and associated behaviour of some species of Pseudophryne (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Journal of Zoology 163:73-92. Pengilley, R.K. 1973. Breeding biology of some species of Pseudophryne (Anura: Leptodactylidae) of the Southern Highlands New South Wales. Australian Journal of Zoology 18(1):15-30. Peracca, M.G. 1904. Rettili ed Amﬁbii in viaggio del Dr. Enrico Festa nell’Ecuador e regioni vicine. Bolletino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della Università di Torino XIX:1-41.Torino. Perez, G., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ramirez-Pinilla, M.P. 1992. Modiﬁcaciones tegumentares de larvas y adultas durante el cuidado parental en Minyobates virolensis (Amphibia: Anura: Dendrobatidae). Caldasia 17(1):3-10.

Parra-Olea, G, Andreu, G.C., Miguel, X.A. and Paris, M.G. 2003. Hyla pentheter. Herpetological Review 34(2):162.

Perez-Higareda, G. 1981a. Additions to the knowledge of the amphibians of the Estacion de Biologia Tropical ‘Los Tuxtlas’ (U.N.A.M.), Veracruz, Mexico. Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 17(2):61-63.

Parra-Olea, G. 1998. Pseudoeurycea nigromaculata (Taylor, 1941). Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 661:1-2.

Perez-Higareda, G. 1981b. Geographic distribution. Anura, Hyla chaneque. Herpetological Review 12(2):64.

Parra-Olea, G. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships of the salamander of the genus Pseudoeurycea (Caudata: Plethodontidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 22:234-246. Parra-Olea, G. and Garcia-Paris, M. 1998. Amphibia: Caudata: Plethodontidae: Bolitoglossa hartwegi Wake and Brame. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 641:1-2. Parra-Olea, G. and Wake, D.B. 2001. Extreme morphological and ecological homoplasy in tropical salamanders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 98:7888-7891. Parra-Olea, G., García-París, M. and Wake, D.B. 1999. Status of some populations of Mexican salamanders. Revista de Biologia Tropical 47:217-223. Parra-Olea, G., García-París, M. and Wake, D.B. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships among the salamanders of the Bolitoglossa macrinii species group (Amphibia: Plethodontidae), with descriptions of two new species from Oaxaca (Mexico). Journal of Herpetology 36:356-366. Parra-Olea, G., Garcia-Paris, M. and Wake, D.B. 2004. Molecular diversiﬁcation of salamanders of the tropical American genus Bolitoglossa (Caudata: Plethodontidae) and its evolutionary and biogeographical implications. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 81(3):325-346. Parra-Olea, G., García-París, M., Hanken, J. and Wake, D.B. 2005a. Two new species of Pseudoeurycea (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from the Mountains of Northern Oaxaca, Mexico. Copeia 2005:461-469. Parra-Olea, G., Garcia-Paris, M., Papenfuss, T.J. and Wake, D.B. 2005b. Systematics of the Pseudoeurycea bellii (Caudata: Plethodontidae) species complex. Herpetologica 61(2):145-158. Parra-Olea, G., Papenfuss, T.J. and Wake, D.B. 2001. New species of lungless salamanders of the genus Pseudoeurycea (Amphibia: Caudata: Plethodontidae) from Veracruz, Mexico. Scientiﬁc papers of the Natural History Museum of the University of Kansas 20:1-9. Pasmans, F. and Bogaerts, S. 2001. Beobachtungen an Pleurodeles poireti in Nord Tunesien. Elaphe 9(2):70-71.

Perret, J.-L. 1957a. Observations sur Rana goliath Boulenger. Bulletin de la Societe Neuchateloise des Sciences Naturelles 80:98-101. Perret, J.-L. 1957b. Un nouveau Phrynobatrachus du Cameroun. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 64:527-531. Perret, J.-L. 1960. Etudes herpetologiques africaines II. Bulletin de la Societe Neuchateloise des Sciences Naturelles 83:93-100. Perret, J.-L. 1962. Revision des types de Leptopelis et note sur quelques Hyperolius (Amphibia Salienta) de la region camerounais, conserves au Museum de Berlin. Revue de Zoologie et Botanie Africaine 64:235-246. Perret, J.-L. 1966. Les Amphibiens du Cameroun. Zoologische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik 8:289-464. Perret, J.-L. 1971a. Les especes du genre Nectophrynoides d’Afrique (Batraciens Bufonides). Annales de la Faculté des Sciences du Cameroun 6:99-109. Perret, J.-L. 1971b. Redecouverte de Bufo villiersi Angel. Revue Zoologie Africaine 84:130-139. Perret, J.-L. 1972. Les especes des genres Wolterstorfﬁna et Nectophrynoides d’Afrique. Annales de la Faculté des Sciences du Cameroun 11:93-119. Perret, J.-L. 1973. Leptopelis palmatus et Leptopelis rufus: deux especes distincte. Annales de la Faculté des Sciences du Yaoundé 15-16:81-90. Perret, J.-L. 1975. Revision critique de quelques types de reptiles et batraciens africains. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 82:185-192. Perret, J.-L. 1976a. Identite de quelques Afrixalus (Amphibia, Salienta, Hyperoliidae). Bulletin de la Societe Neuchateloise des Sciences Naturelles 99:19-28. Perret, J.-L. 1976b. Revision des amphibiens africains et principalement des types conserves au Musee Bocage de Lisbonne. Arquivos do Museo Bocage (2)6:15-34. Perret, J.-L. 1977. Les Hylarana (Amphibiens, Ranides) du Cameroun. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 84:841-868.

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Roberts, J.D., Horwitz, P., Wardell-Johnson, G., Maxson, L.R. and Mahony, M.J. 1997. Taxonomy, relationships and conservation of a new genus and species of Myobatrachid frog from the high rainfall region of southwestern Australia. Copeia 1997:373-381.

Rosen, P.C., Schwalbe, C.R., Parizek, D.A.J., Holm, P.A. and Lowe, C.H. 1995. Introduced aquatic vertebrates in the Chiricahua region: effects on declining ranid frogs. In: DeBano, L.F., Gottfried, G.J., Hamre, R.H. and Edmi, C.B. (eds.), Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago: the sky islands of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experimental Station, Fort Collins, Colorado.

Roberts, J.D., Wardell-Johnson, G. and Barendse, W. 1990. Extended descriptions of Geocrinia vitellina and Geocrinia alba (Anura: Myobatrachidae) from south-western Australia, with comments on the status of G. lutea. Records of the Western Australian Museum 14:427-437.

Ross, C.A. and Gonzales, P.C. 1992. Amphibians and reptiles of Catanduanes Island, Philippines. National Museum Papers (Manila) 2:50-76.Manila, Philippines.

Roberts, W.E. 1994. Explosive breeding aggregations and parachuting in a neotropical frog, Agalychnis saltator (Hylidae). Journal of Herpetology 28(2):193-199.

Ross, D.A., Esque, T.C., Fridell, R.A. and Hovingh, P. 1995. Historical distribution, current status, and a range extension of Bufo boreas in Utah. Herpetological Review 26:187-189.

Robinson, D.C. 1976. A new dwarf salamander of the genus Bolitoglossa (Plethodontidae) from Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 89:289-294.

Rossa-Feres, D.C. and Jim, J. 1996. Tadpole of Odontophrynus moratoi (Anura, Leptodactylidae). Journal of Herpetology 30:536-539.

Robinson, M. 1994. A Field Guide to Frogs of Australia: from Port Augusta to Fraser Island including Tasmania. Reed Books/Australian Museum.

Routman, E. 1993. Mitochondrial DNA variation in Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, a salamander with extremely low allozyme diversity. Copeia 1993:407-416.

Robison, H.W. and Allen, R.T. 1995. Only in Arkansas: A Study of the Endemic Plants and Animals of the State. University of Arkansas Press., Fayetteville, Arkansas.

Routman, E., Wu, R. and Templeton, A.R. 1994. Parsimony, molecular evolution, and biogeography: the case of the North American giant salamander. Evolution 48:1799-1809.

Roca, V., García, G., Carbonell, E., Sánchez-Acedo, C. and Del Cacho, E. 1998. Parasites and conservation of Alytes muletensis (Sanchiz et Adrover, 1977) (Anura: Discoglossidae). Revista Española de Herpetología 12:91-95.

Ruder, J.M., Powell, R. and Parmerlee, Jr, J.S. 1995. Eleutherodactylus ruﬁfemoralis. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 601:1-2.

Rödel, M.-O. 1998. A reproductive mode so far unknown in African ranids: Phrynobatrachus guineensis Guibe & Lamotte, 1961 breeds in tree holes (Anura: Ranidae). Herpetozoa 11:19-26.

Rudolf, V.H.W. and Rödel, M.-O. 2005. Oviposition site selection in a complex and variable environment: the role of habitat quality and conspeciﬁc cues. Oecologia 143:316-325.

Rödel, M.-O. 1999. A new Hyperolius species from Tai National Park, Ivory Coast. Revue Francaise d’Aquariologie Herpetologie 25:123-130.

Rueda-Almonacid, J.V. 1994a. Estudio anatómico y relaciones sistemáticas de Centrolene geckodium (Salientia: Anura: Centrolenidae). Trianea (Acta Cientíﬁca y Tecnológica INDERENA) 5:133-187.

Rödel, M.-O. 2000a. Herpetofauna of the West Africa. Volume 1. Amphibians of the West African Savannas. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main.

Rueda-Almonacid, J.V. 1994b. Una nueva especie de Atelopus A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron 1841 (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) para la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Trianea (Acta Cientíﬁca y Tecnológica INDERENA) 5:101-108.

Rödel, M.-O. 2000b. Les communautes d’amphibiens dans le Parc National de Tai, Cote d’Ivoire. Les anoures comme bio-indicateurs de l ‘etat des habitats. Rapport de Centre Suisse de la Recherche Scientiﬁque, Abidjan In: Girardin, O., Kone, I. and Tano, Y. (eds.), 9:pp.108-113. Etat des recherches en cours dans le Parc National de Taï (PNT), Sempervira, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire. Rödel, M.-O. 2003. The amphibians of Mont Sangbé National Park, Ivory Coast. Salamandra 39:91-110. Rödel, M.-O. and Agyei, A.C. 2003. Amphibians of the Togo-Volta highlands, eastern Ghana. Salamandra 39:207-234. Rödel, M.-O. and Bangoura, M.A. 2004. A conservation assessment of amphibians in the Forêt Classée du Pic de Fon, Simandou Range, southeastern Republic of Guinea, with the description of a new Amnirana species (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae). Tropical Zoology 17:201-232.

Rueda-Almonacid, J.V. 1999. Anfibios y Reptiles amenazados de extinción en Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales 23 (Special Suppl.):475-497. Rueda-Almonacid, J.V. 2000. Informe Final: La herpetofauna de los “Bosques de Florencia”, Caldas: Una vision integrada sobre su composicion, diversidad y relaciones ecologicas. Rueda-Almonacid, J.V. and Hoyos, J.M. 1991. Atelopes muisca, nueva especie de anfibio (Anura: Bufonidae) para el P.N.N. Chingaza, Colombia. Trianea Acta Científica y Tecnológica 4:471-480. Rueda-Almonacid, J.V. and Lynch, J.D. 1983. Una nueva especie de Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) para la cordillera Oriental de Colombia. Lozania 42:1-6.

Rödel, M.-O. and Branch, W.R. 2002. Herpetological survey of the Haute Dodo and Cavally forests, western Ivory Coast, Part I: Amphibians. Salamandra 38:245-268.

Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. 1991. Una nueva especie de Hyla del grupo bogotensis (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae) de la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia. Caldasia 16(78):337-342.

Rödel, M.-O. and Ernst, R. 2000. Bufo taiensis n. sp., eine neue Krote aus dem Tai-Nationalpark, Elfenbeinkuste. Herpetofauna 22(125):9-16.

Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Hernández-Camacho, J.A. 1976a. Gastrotheca andaquiensis, nueva especie de la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia (Amphibia, Anura). Caldasia 11(54):149-160.

Rödel, M.-O. and Ernst, R. 2001. Description of the tadpole of Kassina lamottei Schiotz, 1967. Journal of Herpetology 35:678-681.

Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Hernández-Camacho, J.A. 1976b. Osornophryne género nuevo de anﬁbios bufónidos de Colombia y Ecuador. Caldasia 11(54):93-148.

Rödel, M.-O. and Ernst, R. 2002a. A new Phrynobatrachus from the Upper Guinean Rain Forest, West Africa, including a description of a new reproductive mode for the genus. Journal of Herpetology 36:561-571.

Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Hernández-Camacho, J.A. 1978. Una nueva especie colombiana de Atelopus (Amphibia: Bufonidae). Caldasia 12:181-197.

Rödel, M.-O. and Ernst, R. 2002b. A new reproductive mode for the genus Phrynobatrachus: Phrynobatrachus alticola has nonfeeding, nonhatching tadpoles. Journal of Herpetology 36:121-125.

Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Lynch, J.D. 1982. Dos nuevas especies de Hyla (Amphibia: Anura) de Colombia, con aportes al conocimiento de Hyla bogotensis. Caldasia 21(64):647-671.

Rödel, M.-O. and Ernst, R. 2003. The amphibians of Marahoué and Mont Péko National Parks, Ivory Coast. Herpetozoa 16:23-39.

Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Lynch, J.D. 1991a. Ranas Centrolenidae de Colombia I. Propuesta de una nueva clasiﬁcación genérica. Lozania (Acta Zoológica colombiana) 57:1-30.

Rödel, M.-O. and Pauwels, O.S.G. 2003. A new Leptodactylodon species from Gabon (Amphibia: Anura: Astylosternidae). Salamandra 39:139-148.

Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Lynch, J.D. 1991b. Ranas Centrolenidae de Colombia II. Nuevas especies de Centrolene de la Cordillera Oriental y Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Lozania (Acta Zoológica colombiana) 58(1):1-28.

Rödel, M.-O. and Spieler, M. 2000. Trilingual keys to the Savannah-Anurans of the Comoe National Park, Ivory Coast. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde Serie A (Biologie) 620:1-21.

Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Lynch, J.D. 1991c. Ranas Centrolenidae de Colombia III. Nuevas especies de Cochranella del grupo granulosa. Lozania (Acta Zoologica Colombiana) 59:1-18.

Rödel, M.-O., Gil, M., Agyei, A.C., Leaché, A.D., Diaz, R.E., Fujita, M.K. and Ernst, R. 2005. The amphibians of the forested parts of south-western Ghana. Salamandra 41:107-127.

Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Lynch, J.D. 1991d. Ranas Centrolenidae de Colombia IV. Nuevas especies de Cochranella del grupo ocellata de la Cordillera Oriental. Lozania (Acta Zoológica colombiana) 60:1-13.

Rödel, M.-O., Grafe, T.U., Rudolf, V.H.W. and Ernst, R. 2002. A review of West African spotted Kassina, including a description of Kassina schioetzi sp. nov. (Amphibia: Anura: Hyperoliidae). Copeia 2002:800-814.

Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Lynch, J.D. 1995a. Ranas Centrolenidae de Colombia VI. Cuatro Nuevas especies de Cochranella de La Cordillera Occidental. Lozania (Acta Zoológica colombiana) 63:1-15.

Rödel, M.-O., Kosuch, J., Veith, M. and Ernst, R. 2003. First record of the genus Acanthixalus Laurent, 1944 from the Upper Guinean Rain Forest, West Africa, with a description of a new species. Journal of Herpetology 37:43-52.

Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Lynch, J.D. 1995b. Ranas Centrolenidae de Colombia VIII. Cuatro nuevas especies de Centrolene de la Cordillera Central. Lozania (Acta Zoológica colombiana) 65:1-16.

Rödel, M.-O., Schmitz, A., Pauwels, O.S.G. and Böhme, W. 2004. Revision of the genus Werneria Poche, 1903, including the descriptions of two new species from Cameroon and Gabon (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae). Zootaxa 720:1-28.

Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Lynch, J.D. 1997. Ranas Centrolenidae de Colombia X. Los centrolénidos de un perﬁl del ﬂanco oriental de la Cordillera Central en el Departamento de Caldas. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 21(81):542-553.

Rodríguez, J.P. and Rojas-Suárez, F. 1995. Libro Rojo de la Fauna Venezolana. Provita, Fundación Polar, Caracas.

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Sekerak, C.M. 1994. Vegetation and aquatic vertebrate and macroinvertebrate assemblages in ﬂatwoods salamander breeding ponds in the Apalachicola National Forest. M.S. Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.

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Semlitsch, R.D. 1998. Biological delineation of terrestrial buffer zones for pond-breeding salamanders. Conservation Biology 12:1113-1119.

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Semlitsch, R.D., Gibbons, J.W. and Tuberville, T.D. 1995. Timing of reproduction and metamorphosis in the Carolina gopher frog (Rana capito capito) in South Carolina. Journal of Herpetology 29(4):612-614.

Schwartz, A. 1959b. A new species of toad, Bufo cataulaciceps, from the Isla de Pinos and Western Cuba. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 72(4):109-120.

Señaris, J.C. 1995. Una nueva especie de Oreophrynella (Anura; Bufonidae) de la cima del Auyan-Tepui, estado Bolívar, Venezuela. Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle 53(140):177-183.

Schwartz, A. 1960a. Nine new Cuban frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus. Reading Public Museum and Art Gallery, Sci. Publ 11:3-50.

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APPENDICES

Throughout this publication reference is made to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN 2001). These are intended to be an easily and widely understood system for identifying and classifying species at high risk of global extinction. The general aim of the system is to provide an explicit, objective framework for the classiﬁcation of the broadest range of species according to their extinction risk. It is important to note that although the Red List system may focus attention on those taxa at highest risk, it is not intended to be the sole means of identifying and setting priorities for conservation action. Summaries of the Red List Categories (this appendix) and Criteria (Appendix Ib) are presented here. However, readers are referred to the full version of the system available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/categories_criteria2001. html. PDF versions in English, French and Spanish can also be downloaded from http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/ redlists/RLcats2001booklet.html. During the development of the Red List Categories and Criteria and the subsequent Criteria Review process, a number of difﬁcult issues were encountered that were not fully resolved. As solutions arise, rather than constantly modifying the Red List Criteria, a set of ‘User Guidelines’ have been developed that provide advice on how to deal with some of these issues, and how to apply the criteria under particular circumstances (in other words, they are best practice guidelines). These ‘User Guidelines’ are in effect a living document that is periodically updated; the latest PDF version of which can be downloaded from http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/redlists/RedListGuidelines.pdf.

A representation of the relationships between the categories is shown in Figure 1. Extinct (EX) Extinct in the Wild (EW) Increasing extinction risk

APPENDIX I. THE IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES AND CRITERIA

Critically Endangered (CR) [Adequate data]

[Threatened]

Endangered (EN) Vulnerable (VU)

[Evaluated] Near Threatened (NT) Least Concern (LC) Data Deﬁcient (DD) Not Evaluated (NE)

Unknown extinction risk

Appendix Ia. The IUCN Red List Categories (IUCN 2001) Note: Threatened species are listed in one of the three categories printed in red.

Category Extinct Extinct in the wild Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Near Threatened Least Concern Data Deﬁcient

Abbreviation EX EW CR EN VU NT LC DD

Deﬁnition Species for which extensive surveys show there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. Species that survive only in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range. Species that are facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild (i.e., when the best available evidence indicates that they meet any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered in Appendix Ib). Species that are facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild (i.e., when the best available evidence indicates that they meet any of the criteria A to E for Endangered in Appendix Ib). Species that are facing a high risk of extinction in the wild (i.e., when the best available evidence indicates that they meet any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable in Appendix Ib). Species that do not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but are close to qualifying for or are likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future. Species that do not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant species are included in this category. Species for which there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment extinction risk based on distribution and/or population status. A species in this category may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deﬁcient is therefore not a category of threat.

Appendix Ib. Summary of the five criteria (A-E) used to evaluate if a species belongs in a Threatened category (Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable) Use any of the criteria A–E Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable A. Population reduction Declines measured over the longer of 10 years or 3 generations A1 ≥ 90% ≥ 70% ≥ 50% A2, A3 & A4 ≥ 80% ≥ 50% ≥ 30% A1. Population reduction observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected in the past where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND have ceased, based on and specifying any of the following: (a) direct observation (b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon (c) a decline in area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) and/or habitat quality (d) actual or potential levels of exploitation (e) effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites. A2. Population reduction observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected in the past where the causes of reduction may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (a) to (e) under A1. A3. Population reduction projected or suspected to be met in the future (up to a maximum of 100 years) based on (b) to (e) under A1. A4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population reduction (up to a maximum of 100 years) where the time period must include both the past and the future, and where the causes of reduction may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (a) to (e) under A1. B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) AND/OR B2 (area of occupancy) B1. Extent of occurrence (EOO) < 100 km² < 5,000 km² < 20,000 km² B2. Area of occupancy (AOO) < 10 km² < 500 km² < 2,000 km² AND at least 2 of the following: (a) Severely fragmented, OR =1 ≤5 ≤ 10 Number of locations (b) Continuing decline in any of: (i) extent of occurrence; (ii) area of occupancy; (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat; (iv) number of locations or subpopulations; (v) number of mature individuals. (c) Extreme fluctuations in any of: (i) extent of occurrence; (ii) area of occupancy; (iii) number of locations or subpopulations; (iv) number of mature individuals. C. Small population size and decline Number of mature individuals < 250 < 2,500 < 10,000 AND either C1 or C2: C1. An estimated continuing decline of at least: 25% in 3 years or 1 generation 20% in 5 years or 2 generations 10% in 10 years or 3 generations (up to a max. of 100 years in future) C2. A continuing decline AND (a) and/or (b): (a i) Number of mature individuals in each subpopulation: < 50 < 250 < 1,000 or (a ii) % individuals in one subpopulation = 90-100% 95-100% 100% (b) Extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. D. Very small or restricted population Either: Number of mature individuals < 50 < 250 D1. < 1,000 AND/OR Restricted area of occupancy D2. typically: AOO < 20 km² or number of locations ≤ 5 E. Quantitative Analysis Indicating the probability of extinction in the wild to be: ≥ 50% in 10 years or 3 generations (100 years max.) ≥ 20% in 20 years or 5 generations (100 years max.) ≥ 10% in 100 years

694

Threatened Amphibians of the World

APPENDIX II. DEFINITIONS FOR THE INITIAL DATA COLLECTION REGIONS Note: the task of collecting the initial data was divided into 33 geographic regions that were deďŹ ned to cover the global distribution of all amphibians. This list includes only complex regions (no deďŹ nition is given where it is obvious, i.e., Australia, Japan, etc.). Africa (includes all countries in Africa except Madagascar and the Seychelles). Atlantic Forest-Cerrado-Caatinga (includes all of Brazil, except the Amazon Basin). Borneo (includes Brunei, Kalimantan (Indonesia), and Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysia)). Caribbean (covers Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Turks and Caicos Islands, British and U.S. Virgin Islands). China (includes China, North Korea, and South Korea). Europe (includes Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Greenland, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom). Northern Eurasia (includes Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, and Mongolia). South Asia (includes India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka). Mainland Southeast Asia (includes Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, and Singapore). North America (USA and Canada). Papuan Region (includes Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia (only Papua and the Maluku Islands (including Halmahera, Ceram, Obi, Misool, Aru, Ambon, Buru and Kai)), Fiji, and Palau). Sumatra, Java and Sulawesi (includes Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, the Sula Islands, and the Lesser Sunda Islands (east to Tanimbar, and including East Timor)). West Asia (includes Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen, Qatar, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates).

APPENDIX III. A SUMMARY OF IUCN RED LIST STATUS BY GENUS

Genus Acanthixalus Acris Adelastes Adelophryne Adelotus Adenomera Adenomus Afrana Afrixalus Agalychnis Aglyptodactylus Albericus Alexteroon Allobates Allophryne Alsodes Altigius Altiphrynoides Alytes Ambystoma Amietia Amnirana Amolops Amphiuma Andinophryne Andrias Aneides Anhydrophryne Anodonthyla Anotheca Ansonia Aparasphenodon Aphantophryne Aplastodiscus Arcovomer Arenophryne Argenteohyla Arlequinus Aromobates Arthroleptella Arthroleptides Arthroleptis Ascaphus Assa Asterophrys Astylosternus Atelognathus Atelophryniscus Atelopus Atopophrynus Atretochoana Aubria

Total

2 2 1 5 1 9 3 10 32 6 3 14 3 2 1 16 1 1 5 30 1 11 32 3 3 2 6 1 4 1 22 3 3 15 1 1 1 1 1 8 3 34 2 1 2 11 9 1 77 1 1 3

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 62 1 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 5 3 1 4 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 3 0 5 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 5 1 0 1 4 0 0 1 6 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

1 2 0 2 0 8 0 3 18 2 2 5 2 2 1 1 0 0 1 13 1 6 10 2 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 2 1 6 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 12 2 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 3

0 0 1 1 0 1 0 5 3 0 0 8 0 0 0 10 1 0 0 3 0 2 10 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 14 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 1 0

Number % Threatened or Extinct threatened or Extinct 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 40 0 0 0 0 3 100 2 20 9 28 3 50 1 33 1 7 1 33 0 0 0 0 4 25 0 0 1 100 2 40 13 43 0 0 3 27 7 22 0 0 1 33 1 50 0 0 1 100 2 50 0 0 13 59 0 0 0 0 3 20 0 0 0 0 1 100 1 100 1 100 1 12 3 100 6 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 73 6 67 1 100 74 97 1 100 0 0 0 0

Genus

Total

Austrochaperina Balebreviceps Barbourula Barycholos Barygenys Batrachophrynus Batrachoseps Batrachuperus Batrachyla Batrachylodes Bokermannohyla Bolitoglossa Bombina Boophis Boulengerula Brachycephalus Brachytarsophrys Bradytriton Brasilotyphlus Breviceps Bromeliohyla Buergeria Bufo Bufoides Cacosternum Caecilia Calamita Callixalus Calluella Callulina Callulops Capensibufo Cardioglossa Caudacaecilia Caudiverbera Centrolene Ceratobatrachus Ceratophrys Chacophrys Chaparana Chaperina Charadrahyla Chiasmocleis Chioglossa Chirixalus Chiromantis Chiropterotriton Chlorolius Choerophryne Chrysobatrachus Chthonerpeton Churamiti Cochranella Colostethus Conraua Cophixalus Cophyla Copiula Corythomantis Craugastor Crepidophryne Crinia Crossodactylodes Crossodactylus Crotaphatrema Cruziohyla Cryptobatrachus Cryptobranchus Cryptophyllobates Cryptothylax Cryptotriton Ctenophryne Cycloramphus Cyclorana Cynops Dasypops Dendrobates Dendrophryniscus Dendropsophus Dendrotriton Dermatonotus Dermophis Desmognathus Dicamptodon Didynamipus Dimorphognathus Dischidodactylus Discodeles Discoglossus Duellmanohyla Dyscophus

24 1 2 2 7 2 19 10 5 8 23 91 8 53 7 8 5 1 1 15 2 4 259 1 10 33 2 1 7 2 16 2 16 5 1 41 1 8 1 8 1 5 19 1 13 4 12 1 4 1 8 1 61 131 6 35 2 8 1 108 1 15 3 10 3 2 3 1 2 2 6 2 26 13 7 1 43 7 90 6 1 7 18 4 1 1 2 5 7 8 3

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 9 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 9 1 1 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0

0 1 1 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 31 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 6 0 0 7 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 9 1 3 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 1 0 4 0 5 0 2 0 6 1 3 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0

1 0 1 0 0 0 4 4 1 0 4 16 3 4 0 1 1 0 0 3 0 1 18 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 6 0 1 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 18 8 2 4 0 1 0 19 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 1 5 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 9 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 8 0 3 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 1

13 0 0 2 3 0 7 0 3 7 7 19 5 26 3 1 3 0 1 10 0 3 147 0 5 10 0 0 2 1 8 1 5 0 0 7 1 4 1 1 1 0 10 0 4 4 0 1 2 0 1 0 8 23 2 10 1 3 1 25 0 13 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 13 3 0 19 4 71 0 1 2 15 3 0 1 0 3 4 0 2

10 0 0 0 4 0 6 1 1 1 9 16 0 18 3 5 1 0 0 2 0 0 37 0 4 23 2 0 5 0 7 0 2 5 0 15 0 2 0 5 0 0 5 0 7 0 3 0 2 1 7 0 25 74 0 14 1 4 0 14 1 1 1 1 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 12 0 1 0 9 1 14 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0

Number % Threatened or Extinct threatened or Extinct 1 4 1 100 2 100 0 0 0 0 2 100 5 26 8 80 1 20 0 0 6 26 47 52 3 37 5 9 1 14 1 12 1 20 1 100 0 0 3 20 2 100 1 25 61 24 1 100 1 10 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0 1 50 1 6 1 50 8 50 0 0 1 100 17 41 0 0 1 12 0 0 1 12 0 0 5 100 3 16 1 100 1 8 0 0 8 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 100 23 38 26 20 4 67 8 23 0 0 1 12 0 0 64 59 0 0 1 7 2 67 4 40 0 0 0 0 3 100 0 0 1 50 0 0 5 83 0 0 11 42 0 0 3 43 1 100 14 33 2 29 5 6 6 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 14 8 100 0 0

Appendices

Genus

Total

Echinotriton Ecnomiohyla Edalorhina Elachistocleis Eleutherodactylus Ensatina Epicrionops Epipedobates Ericabatrachus Euparkerella Euphlyctis Euproctus Eupsophus Eurycea Exerodonta Fejervarya Flectonotus Frostius Gastrophryne Gastrophrynoides Gastrotheca Gegeneophis Genyophryne Geobatrachus Geocrinia Geotrypetes Glyphoglossus Grandisonia Gymnopis Gyrinophilus Haideotriton Hamptophryne Heleioporus Heleophryne Hemidactylium Hemiphractus Hemisus Herpele Heterixalus Hildebrandtia Holoaden Hoplobatrachus Hoplophryne Huia Hyalinobatrachium Hydrolaetare Hydromantes Hyla Hylodes Hylomantis Hylophorbus Hylorina Hyloscirtus Hymenochirus Hynobius Hyophryne Hyperolius Hypogeophis Hypopachus Hypsiboas Ichthyophis Idiocranium Indirana Indotyphlus Ingerana Insuetophrynus Ischnocnema Isthmohyla Itapotihyla Ixalotriton Kalophrynus Kaloula Karsenia Kassina Kassinula Kurixalus Laliostoma Lankanectes Lanzarana Laurentophryne Lechriodus Leiopelma Lepidobatrachus Leptobrachella Leptobrachium Leptodactylodon Leptodactylus Leptolalax Leptopelis Leptophryne Limnodynastes

2 10 2 6 610 1 8 30 1 4 4 3 8 24 11 31 5 1 5 1 52 8 1 1 7 3 1 4 2 4 1 1 6 6 1 6 9 2 11 3 2 4 2 7 36 2 3 44 20 8 7 1 28 4 27 1 125 1 2 73 34 1 10 2 9 1 7 14 1 2 15 14 1 13 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 4 3 7 14 15 64 18 51 2 13

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 3 0 0 76 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 7 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 3 0 0 1 0

1 3 0 1 154 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 3 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 13 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 9 0 7 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 6 1 1 3 0 0

0 1 0 0 90 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 9 4 0 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 5 0 2 1 4 1 0 0 3 0 5 0 12 0 1 2 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 2 0 0 3 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 4 3 6 3 5 7 0 0

0 1 0 0 33 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 6 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 3 5 0 0

0 1 1 4 135 1 3 13 0 0 3 1 2 8 2 15 4 1 5 0 14 1 1 0 4 1 0 3 1 1 0 1 5 4 1 3 4 1 9 2 0 4 0 3 13 2 1 26 4 2 1 1 5 2 8 0 56 1 1 47 5 0 2 0 2 0 3 2 1 0 3 8 1 9 1 2 1 1 0 0 4 0 2 1 8 0 50 4 27 1 13

0 1 1 1 122 0 5 11 0 0 1 0 0 4 2 13 0 0 0 0 13 7 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 1 0 0 0 3 9 0 0 13 10 3 6 0 5 2 4 1 39 0 0 21 27 1 2 2 5 0 3 2 0 0 5 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 1 6 5 9 0 0

Number % Threatened or Extinct threatened or Extinct 2 100 7 70 0 0 1 17 320 52 0 0 0 0 4 13 1 100 4 100 0 0 1 33 4 50 11 46 7 64 3 10 1 20 0 0 0 0 1 100 23 44 0 0 0 0 1 100 2 29 0 0 0 0 1 25 0 0 3 75 1 100 0 0 1 17 2 33 0 0 1 17 1 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 100 0 0 2 100 1 14 11 31 0 0 2 67 3 7 6 30 3 37 0 0 0 0 13 46 0 0 15 6 0 0 24 9 0 0 1 50 3 4 2 6 0 0 6 60 0 0 2 22 1 100 1 1 10 7 0 0 2 100 4 27 2 14 0 0 2 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 100 0 0 5 71 3 21 13 87 7 11 6 33 10 20 1 50 0 0

695

Genus

Total

Limnomedusa Limnonectes Lineatriton Liophryne Lithodytes Litoria Luetkenotyphlus Lyciasalamandra Lysapsus Macrogenioglottus Madecassophryne Mannophryne Mantella Mantidactylus Mantophryne Megaelosia Megastomatohyla Megophrys Melanobatrachus Melanophryniscus Meristogenys Mertensiella Mertensophryne Metacrinia Metaphrynella Metaphryniscus Micrixalus Microbatrachella Microcaecilia Microhyla Micryletta Mimosiphonops Minervarya Mixophyes Myersiella Myersiohyla Myobatrachus Nannophrys Nanorana Nasikabatrachus Natalobatrachus Nectocaecilia Nectophryne Nectophrynoides Necturus Nelsonophryne Neobatrachus Nephelobates Nesomantis Neurergus Nimbaphrynoides Notaden Nothophryne Notophthalmus Nototriton Nyctanolis Nyctibates Nyctibatrachus Nyctimantis Nyctimystes Nyctixalus Occidozyga Odontophrynus Oedipina Onychodactylus Ophryophryne Opisthothylax Oreolalax Oreophryne Oreophrynella Oscaecilia Osornophryne Osteocephalus Osteopilus Otophryne Oxydactyla Paa Pachyhynobius Pachymedusa Pachytriton Palmatorappia Paracassina Paracrinia Paradoxophyla Paramesotriton Paratelmatobius Parhoplophryne Parvicaecilia Parvimolge Pedostibes Pelobates

1 50 3 6 1 126 1 7 3 1 1 12 15 86 3 6 4 8 1 19 8 1 1 1 2 1 11 1 5 26 2 2 1 6 1 4 1 3 3 1 1 1 2 11 5 2 10 8 1 4 2 4 1 3 13 1 1 12 1 24 4 12 10 23 2 4 1 17 42 7 9 6 17 8 3 5 30 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 7 5 1 2 1 6 4

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 0 0 0 4 5 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0

0 4 3 0 0 5 0 5 0 0 1 3 2 9 0

0 8 0 0 0 10 0 1 0 0 0 2 3 9 0 1 0 2 0 4 2 1 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 0 2 3 2 1 2 0 0 0 5 3 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 8 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 11 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 7 0 0 0 1 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1

1 17 0 2 1 70 0 0 3 1 0 0 3 45 1 0 0 2 0 7 1 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 3 12 1 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 1 2 1 3 2 10 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 10 0 7 7 6 2 2 1 2 7 0 2 0 15 3 3 2 6 0 1 2 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 2 0 1 2

0 10 0 4 0 33 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 15 2 5 0 2 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 2 8 0 2 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 11 0 2 1 6 0 2 0 2 30 1 7 0 2 0 0 3 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 0

2 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 4 1 0 0 7 0 1 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 6 0 1 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 4 0 5 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1

Number % Threatened or Extinct threatened or Extinct 0 0 12 24 3 100 0 0 0 0 21 17 0 0 7 100 0 0 0 0 1 100 9 75 10 67 19 22 0 0 1 17 4 100 3 37 1 100 7 37 2 25 1 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 100 5 45 1 100 0 0 4 15 1 50 0 0 1 100 3 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 100 0 0 1 100 1 100 0 0 0 0 8 78 1 20 0 0 0 0 8 100 1 100 4 100 2 100 0 0 1 100 1 33 6 46 1 100 0 0 9 75 0 0 3 12 3 75 2 17 2 20 11 48 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 59 4 9 6 86 0 0 5 83 0 0 5 62 0 0 0 0 12 40 1 100 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 43 4 80 1 100 0 0 1 100 1 7 1 25

696

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Genus

Total

Pelodytes Pelophryne Petropedetes Phaeognathus Phasmahyla Pherohapsis Philautus Philoria Phlyctimantis Phrynella Phrynobatrachus Phrynodon Phrynomantis Phrynomedusa Phrynopus Phyllobates Phyllodytes Phyllomedusa Phyllonastes Physalaemus Phyzelaphryne Pipa Platymantis Platypelis Plectrohyla Plethodon Plethodontohyla Pleurodeles Pleurodema Polypedates Potomotyphlus Poyntonia Praslinia Probreviceps Proceratophrys Proteus Protohynobius Pseudacris Pseudhymenochirus Pseudis Pseudoamolops Pseudobranchus Pseudobufo Pseudoeurycea Pseudopaludicola Pseudophryne Pseudotriton Pterorana Ptychadena Ptychohyla Pyxicephalus Ramanella Rana Ranodon Relictivomer Rhacophorus Rhamphophryne Rheobatrachus Rhinatrema Rhinoderma Rhinophrynus Rhombophryne Rhyacotriton Rupirana Salamandra Salamandrella Salamandrina Scaphiophryne Scaphiopus Scarthyla Schismaderma Schistometopum Schoutedenella Scinax Scolecomorphus Scotobleps Scutiger Scythrophrys Semnodactylus Silurana Siphonops Siren Smilisca Somuncuria Sooglossus Spea Spelaeophryne Speleomantes Sphaenorhynchus Sphaerotheca Sphenophryne

3 10 7 1 4 1 149 6 4 1 66 1 5 5 36 5 11 26 6 46 1 7 55 11 41 48 15 3 12 28 1 1 1 4 17 1 1 12 1 6 2 2 1 45 12 13 2 1 47 13 3 9 243 4 1 64 10 2 1 2 1 1 4 1 6 1 1 10 3 1 1 2 1 89 3 1 19 1 1 2 5 2 8 1 3 4 1 7 11 6 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 16 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 12 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 27 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 12 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 3 2 1 0 0 40 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 7 2 2 2 0 4 0 1 11 4 10 2 2 1 0 4 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 14 0 2 0 0 2 6 0 2 19 1 0 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

0 4 0 0 0 0 24 0 1 0 7 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 13 1 1 10 4 1 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 23 2 0 6 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 0

0 1 3 0 1 0 8 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 9 0 1 2 3 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 2 24 1 0 12 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 0

3 1 2 0 3 0 15 0 3 1 27 1 5 1 1 1 3 18 2 31 1 6 15 3 1 23 7 0 10 14 1 0 0 0 8 0 0 12 1 6 1 2 1 2 8 8 2 0 32 0 3 1 122 0 1 18 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 2 1 62 3 1 5 0 1 2 3 2 5 0 0 3 1 0 8 4 1

0 1 0 0 0 1 28 0 0 0 23 0 0 2 13 0 3 5 3 8 0 0 12 3 2 3 2 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 4 0 0 0 11 2 0 2 42 0 0 22 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0

Number % Threatened or Extinct threatened or Extinct 0 0 7 70 2 29 1 100 0 0 0 0 98 66 6 100 1 25 0 0 12 18 0 0 0 0 2 40 22 61 2 40 4 36 3 11 0 0 7 15 0 0 1 14 25 45 5 45 38 93 13 27 6 40 2 67 0 0 5 18 0 0 0 0 1 100 4 100 4 23 1 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50 0 0 0 0 26 58 0 0 4 31 0 0 1 100 2 4 10 77 0 0 4 44 55 23 3 75 0 0 12 19 3 30 2 100 0 0 2 100 0 0 1 100 1 25 1 100 2 33 0 0 0 0 3 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 11 0 0 0 0 10 53 1 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 25 1 100 3 100 0 0 0 0 3 43 0 0 0 0 0 0

Genus Spicospina Spinophrynoides Staurois Stefania Stephopaedes Stereochilus Stereocyclops Strongylopus Stumpfﬁa Sylvacaecilia Synapturanus Syncope Tachycnemis Taricha Taudactylus Telmatobius Telmatobufo Tepuihyla Theloderma Thorius Thoropa Tlalocohyla Tomopterna Trachycephalus Trichobatrachus Triprion Triturus Truebella Tylototriton Typhlonectes Typhlotriton Uperodon Uperoleia Uraeotyphlus Vanzolinius Vibrissaphora Werneria Wolterstorfﬁna Xenobatrachus Xenohyla Xenophrys Xenopus Xenorhina Zachaenus

Total

1 1 3 18 4 1 2 11 8 1 3 3 1 3 6 52 3 8 9 23 5 4 9 10 1 2 13 2 7 3 1 2 24 5 1 5 6 3 18 2 31 16 8 3

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 1 0 0 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 1 0 1 13 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 1 0 0 1 1 0 0

1 1 0 5 0 0 1 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 1

0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 1 0 0

0 0 2 4 1 1 1 5 1 0 3 3 1 3 0 1 0 1 4 0 1 3 8 9 1 2 11 0 1 2 1 2 19 0 1 1 0 0 6 0 12 10 4 0

0 0 0 8 0 0 0 1 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 6 3 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 12 1 11 3 4 2

Number % Threatened or Extinct threatened or Extinct 1 100 1 100 0 0 5 28 3 75 0 0 1 50 4 36 2 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 83 38 73 3 100 1 12 1 11 21 91 3 60 1 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 43 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 60 6 100 3 100 0 0 0 0 3 10 2 12 0 0 1 33

APPENDIX IV. LIST OF RAPIDLY DECLINING SPECIES

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Arthroleptidae Arthroleptidae Arthroleptidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae

Arthroleptis Arthroleptis Cardioglossa Andinophryne Ansonia Ansonia Ansonia Ansonia Ansonia Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus

crusculum troglodytes alsco colomai albomaculata hanitschi leptopus longidigita spinulifer andinus angelito arsyecue arthuri balios bomolochos boulengeri carauta carbonerensis carrikeri certus chiriquiensis chocoensis chrysocorallus coynei cruciger ebenoides elegans erythropus eusebianus exiguus famelicus farci ﬂavescens franciscus

1980 Biogeographic Threat 2007 typea Red List Red List Realmc b b Category Category B EN VU Afrotropical B CR VU Afrotropical B CR VU Afrotropical B CR EN Neotropical B NT LC Indomalayan B NT LC Indomalayan B NT LC Indomalayan B NT LC Indomalayan B NT LC Indomalayan C CR NT Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C EN VU Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C VU LC Neotropical C VU LC Neotropical

Appendices

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura

Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Centrolenidae Centrolenidae Centrolenidae Centrolenidae Dendrobatidae Dendrobatidae Dendrobatidae Dendrobatidae Dendrobatidae Dendrobatidae Dendrobatidae Dendrobatidae Dendrobatidae Dendrobatidae Dendrobatidae

Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Atelopus Bufo Bufo Bufo Bufo Bufo Bufo Bufo Bufo Bufo Bufo Bufo Bufo Bufo Bufo Bufo Bufo Bufo Bufo Bufo Bufo Bufo Leptophryne Melanophryniscus Nectophrynoides Nimbaphrynoides Osornophryne Pedostibes Pelophryne Werneria Centrolene Centrolene Centrolene Centrolene Aromobates Colostethus Colostethus Colostethus Colostethus Colostethus Colostethus Colostethus Colostethus Colostethus Colostethus

galactogaster glyphus guanujo guitarraensis halihelos ignescens laetissimus limosus longibrachius longirostris lozanoi lynchi mandingues mindoensis minutulus monohernandezi mucubajiensis muisca nahumae nanay nepiozomus nicefori oxyrhynchus pachydermus pedimarmoratus peruensis petriruizi pictiventris pinangoi planispina pulcher quimbaya reticulatus seminiferus senex sernai simulatus sonsonensis sorianoi spumarius spurrelli subornatus tamaense tricolor varius walkeri zeteki amabilis baxteri blombergi boreas brauni brongersmai caeruleostictus californicus canorus chavin cycladen fastidiosus guentheri gundlachi holdridgei lemur mexicanus periglenes peripatetes rubropunctatus togoensis cruentata devincenzii asperginis occidentalis percrassa rugosus signata iboundji ballux buckleyi heloderma lynchi nocturnus anthracinus delatorreae dunni elachyhistus infraguttatus lehmanni leopardalis machalilla olfersioides pulchellus

1980 Biogeographic Threat 2007 typea Red List Red List Realmc b b Category Category C CR VU Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C EX VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical B EN NT Neotropical C EN VU Neotropical C EX EN Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR NT Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C VU LC Neotropical C VU LC Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C VU LC Neotropical C CR NT Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical C EW CR Nearctic B NT LC Neotropical C NT LC Nearctic B EN VU Afrotropical B NT LC Palaearctic B EN VU Neotropical B EN NT Nearctic C EN VU Nearctic B CR EN Neotropical C VU NT Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical B VU NT Neotropical B VU NT Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical B NT LC Nearctic, Neotropical C EX VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical B VU NT Neotropical B NT LC Afrotropical C CR VU Indomalayan B EN VU Neotropical C CR VU Afrotropical B CR VU Afrotropical B EN VU Neotropical B NT LC Indomalayan B NT LC Indomalayan B CR VU Afrotropical C CR EN Neotropical C NT LC Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C EN VU Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C EN VU Neotropical B NT LC Neotropical C NT LC Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical B NT LC Neotropical C VU LC Neotropical C VU NT Neotropical

697

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Dendrobatidae Dendrobatidae Dendrobatidae Dendrobatidae Dendrobatidae Dendrobatidae Discoglossidae Discoglossidae Discoglossidae Hemisotidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hyperoliidae Hyperoliidae Hyperoliidae Hyperoliidae Hyperoliidae Hyperoliidae Leiopelmatidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae

Colostethus Dendrobates Dendrobates Dendrobates Mannophryne Nephelobates Alytes Alytes Discoglossus Hemisus Agalychnis Agalychnis Agalychnis Agalychnis Argenteohyla Bokermannohyla Bromeliohyla Bromeliohyla Charadrahyla Duellmanohyla Duellmanohyla Duellmanohyla Ecnomiohyla Hyla Hylomantis Hyloscirtus Hypsiboas Hypsiboas Isthmohyla Isthmohyla Isthmohyla Isthmohyla Isthmohyla Isthmohyla Litoria Litoria Litoria Litoria Litoria Litoria Litoria Litoria Litoria Litoria Litoria Litoria Megastomatohyla Nyctimystes Osteopilus Osteopilus Plectrohyla Plectrohyla Plectrohyla Plectrohyla Plectrohyla Plectrohyla Plectrohyla Plectrohyla Plectrohyla Plectrohyla Plectrohyla Plectrohyla Plectrohyla Plectrohyla Plectrohyla Plectrohyla Plectrohyla Plectrohyla Plectrohyla Plectrohyla Plectrohyla Ptychohyla Ptychohyla Ptychohyla Ptychohyla Scinax Afrixalus Afrixalus Heterixalus Hyperolius Hyperolius Leptopelis Leiopelma Adelophryne Alsodes Alsodes Alsodes Alsodes Atelognathus Atelognathus Atopophrynus

vertebralis lehmanni steyermarki sylvaticus olmonae meridensis cisternasii dickhilleni jeanneae guttatus annae litodryas moreletii saltator siemersi claresignata bromeliacia dendroscarta altipotens salvavida soralia uranochroa echinata bocourti lemur colymba alboniger heilprini angustilineata calypsa debilis graceae rivularis tica aurea booroolongensis brevipalmata cooloolensis freycineti lorica nannotis nyakalensis pearsoniana raniformis rheocola spenceri pellita dayi pulchrilineatus vastus acanthodes avia calthula cembra chryses crassa cyclada dasypus ephemera exquisita glandulosa guatemalensis hartwegi hazelae ixil pentheter pokomchi psarosema quecchi sabrina thorectes hypomykter leonhardschultzei salvadorensis sanctaecrucis heyeri nigeriensis spinifrons rutenbergi chlorosteus cystocandicans occidentalis archeyi maranguapensis barrioi montanus tumultuosus vanzolinii patagonicus praebasalticus syntomopus

1980 Biogeographic Threat 2007 typea Red List Red List Realmc b b Category Category C CR VU Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical B CR VU Neotropical B NT LC Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical B NT LC Palaearctic B VU NT Palaearctic B NT LC Palaearctic B VU NT Afrotropical C EN NT Neotropical B VU LC Neotropical C CR LC Neotropical B NT LC Neotropical B EN LC Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C EN VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C EN VU Neotropical C EN VU Neotropical B NT LC Neotropical B VU NT Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C VU NT Australasian C CR VU Australasian B EN VU Australasian B EN NT Australasian B VU NT Australasian C CR EN Australasian C EN VU Australasian C CR VU Australasian C NT LC Australasian C EN LC Australasian C EN VU Australasian C CR EN Australasian C CR EN Neotropical C EN VU Australasian C EN VU Neotropical C EN VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical B EN VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical B EN VU Neotropical C CR LC Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C EN VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR NT Neotropical C EN VU Neotropical B EN VU Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical B NT LC Afrotropical B VU NT Afrotropical B NT LC Afrotropical B NT LC Afrotropical B VU NT Afrotropical B NT LC Afrotropical C CR NT Australasian B CR VU Neotropical B VU NT Neotropical B CR VU Neotropical B CR VU Neotropical B CR VU Neotropical B EN VU Neotropical B EN NT Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical

698

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae

Batrachophrynus Batrachophrynus Caudiverbera Ceratophrys Craugastor Craugastor Craugastor Craugastor Craugastor Craugastor Craugastor Craugastor Craugastor Craugastor Craugastor Craugastor Craugastor Craugastor Craugastor Craugastor Craugastor Craugastor Craugastor Craugastor Craugastor Craugastor Crossodactylus Cycloramphus Cycloramphus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus Gastrotheca Gastrotheca Gastrotheca Gastrotheca Gastrotheca Hemiphractus Hemiphractus Leptodactylus Leptodactylus Leptodactylus Phrynopus Phrynopus Pleurodema Telmatobius Telmatobius Telmatobius Telmatobius Telmatobius Telmatobius

brachydactylus macrostomus caudiverbera ornata alfredi andi angelicus berkenbuschii catalinae chrysozetetes emcelae epochthidius escoces fecundus ﬂeischmanni greggi guerreroensis lineatus merendonensis milesi polymniae ranoides sabrinus saltuarius stadelmani tabasarae trachystomus granulosus ohausi amadeus apostates bakeri boconoensis brevirostris chlorophenax emleni eneidae eunaster fowleri furcyensis fuscus ginesi glandulifer gryllus hedricki heminota jasperi jugans laevissimus lamprotes lancinii leoncei locustus martinicensis nortoni olanchano orcutti oxyrhyncus parabates parapelates paulsoni portoricensis richmondi rufescens ruﬁfemoralis sandersoni schmidti symingtoni unicolor urichi warreni wightmanae angustifrons pseustes riobambae splendens zeugocystis bubalus fasciatus fallax laticeps silvanimbus dagmarae kauneorum bibroni arequipensis brevipes carillae colanensis culeus gigas

1980 Biogeographic Threat 2007 typea Red List Red List Realmc b b Category Category A EN NT Neotropical A EN VU Neotropical A VU LC Neotropical B NT LC Neotropical B VU NT Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C NT LC Nearctic, Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C EX CR Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C EX EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR LC Neotropical C EN VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical C EN VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical B CR VU Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical C EN VU Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical C EN NT Neotropical C EN NT Neotropical B EN VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical C EN LC Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical C EN VU Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical C CR NT Neotropical B NT LC Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical C EN NT Neotropical C CR NT Neotropical B CR VU Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical C EN VU Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical C EN VU Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical C EN NT Neotropical B VU NT Neotropical C EN LC Neotropical B EN LC Neotropical B EN VU Neotropical B CR VU Neotropical B NT LC Neotropical B NT LC Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical A NT LC Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical B NT LC Neotropical A VU NT Neotropical C EN VU Neotropical C VU NT Neotropical C EN VU Neotropical A CR VU Neotropical A CR VU Neotropical

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Limnodynastidae Limnodynastidae Limnodynastidae Limnodynastidae Limnodynastidae Limnodynastidae Limnodynastidae Mantellidae Megophryidae Megophryidae Megophryidae Megophryidae Microhylidae Microhylidae Microhylidae Microhylidae Microhylidae Microhylidae Microhylidae Microhylidae Microhylidae Microhylidae Myobatrachidae Myobatrachidae Myobatrachidae Myobatrachidae Myobatrachidae Myobatrachidae Myobatrachidae Myobatrachidae Myobatrachidae Pelobatidae Pelobatidae Petropedetidae Petropedetidae Petropedetidae Petropedetidae Petropedetidae Petropedetidae Petropedetidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae

Telmatobius Telmatobius Telmatobius Telmatobius Telmatobius Telmatobius Telmatobius Telmatobius Thoropa Thoropa Thoropa Adelotus Heleioporus Mixophyes Mixophyes Mixophyes Philoria Philoria Mantella Leptolalax Leptolalax Oreolalax Oreolalax Albericus Austrochaperina Gastrophrynoides Glyphoglossus Kalophrynus Kaloula Microhyla Microhyla Scaphiophryne Stumpfﬁa Crinia Pseudophryne Pseudophryne Pseudophryne Taudactylus Taudactylus Taudactylus Taudactylus Taudactylus Pelobates Pelobates Arthroleptella Microbatrachella Natalobatrachus Phrynobatrachus Phrynobatrachus Phrynobatrachus Phrynobatrachus Amnirana Amolops Chaparana

huayra jelskii marmoratus niger pefauri simonsi vellardi zapahuirensis lutzi petropolitana saxatilis brevis australiacus balbus ﬂeayi iteratus frosti sphagnicolus cowanii dringi gracilis lichuanensis rugosus siegfriedi novaebritanniae borneensis molossus subterrestris mediolineata perparva petrigena gottlebei helenae tinnula bibronii corroboree pengilleyi acutirostris diurnus eungellensis pleione rheophilus cultripes varaldii ngongoniensis capensis bonebergi alleni guineensis liberiensis phyllophilus occidentalis loloensis quadranus

Anura

Ranidae

Chaparana

unculuanus

Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura

Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae

Conraua Limnonectes Limnonectes Limnonectes Limnonectes Limnonectes Limnonectes Limnonectes Limnonectes Limnonectes Limnonectes Meristogenys Meristogenys Meristogenys Nanorana Occidozyga Occidozyga

goliath blythii ibanorum ingeri macrocephalus magnus malesianus paramacrodon rhacoda tweediei visayanus phaeomerus poecilus whiteheadi pleskei baluensis borealis

Anura

Ranidae

Paa

boulengeri

Anura

Ranidae

Paa

exilispinosa

Anura

Ranidae

Paa

jiulongensis

Anura

Ranidae

Paa

maculosa

Anura

Ranidae

Paa

shini

Anura

Ranidae

Paa

spinosa

Anura

Ranidae

Paa

yunnanensis

Anura Anura

Ranidae Ranidae

Platymantis Platymantis

akarithyma hazelae

1980 Biogeographic Threat 2007 typea Red List Red List Realmc b b Category Category C VU NT Neotropical A NT LC Neotropical A VU LC Neotropical C CR VU Neotropical B CR VU Neotropical B NT LC Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical B CR VU Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C EN VU Neotropical C EN VU Neotropical C NT LC Australasian B VU LC Australasian B VU LC Australasian C EN VU Australasian B EN LC Australasian C CR EN Australasian B EN VU Australasian A CR EN Afrotropical B NT LC Indomalayan B NT LC Indomalayan B NT LC Palaearctic B NT LC Palaearctic B CR VU Australasian B VU NT Australasian B VU NT Indomalayan A NT LC Indomalayan B NT LC Indomalayan A NT LC Indomalayan B NT LC Indomalayan B NT LC Indomalayan A CR EN Afrotropical B CR EN Afrotropical B VU NT Australasian B NT LC Australasian C CR EN Australasian C EN VU Australasian C CR VU Australasian C EX CR Australasian C CR EN Australasian C CR VU Australasian C CR EN Australasian B NT LC Palaearctic B EN VU Palaearctic B CR EN Afrotropical B CR EN Afrotropical B EN VU Afrotropical B NT LC Afrotropical B NT LC Afrotropical B NT LC Afrotropical B NT LC Afrotropical B EN VU Afrotropical B VU NT Palaearctic A NT LC Indomalayan, Palaearctic A EN NT Indomalayan, Palaearctic A EN NT Afrotropical A NT LC Indomalayan B NT LC Indomalayan B NT LC Indomalayan B NT LC Indomalayan A NT LC Indomalayan B NT LC Indomalayan B NT LC Indomalayan B NT LC Indomalayan B NT LC Indomalayan A VU NT Indomalayan B NT LC Indomalayan B NT LC Indomalayan B NT LC Indomalayan C NT LC Palaearctic B NT LC Indomalayan B VU NT Indomalayan, Palaearctic A EN LC Indomalayan, Palaearctic A VU LC Indomalayan, Palaearctic A VU NT Indomalayan, Palaearctic A EN VU Indomalayan, Palaearctic A VU LC Indomalayan, Palaearctic A VU LC Indomalayan, Palaearctic A EN LC Indomalayan, Palaearctic B VU NT Australasian B EN VU Indomalayan

Appendices

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura

Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae

Ptychadena Ptychadena Rana Rana Rana Rana Rana Rana Rana Rana

newtoni superciliaris areolata aurora boylii capito cascadae chosenica graﬁ grahami

Anura Anura

Ranidae Ranidae

Rana Rana

iberica jingdongensis

Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura

Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae

Rana Rana Rana Rana Rana

latastei megapoda minima muscosa nigromaculata

Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata

Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Rhacophoridae Rhacophoridae Rhacophoridae Rhacophoridae Rhacophoridae Rhacophoridae Rhacophoridae Rhacophoridae Rhacophoridae Rheobatrachidae Rheobatrachidae Rhinodermatidae Scaphiopodidae Ambystomatidae Ambystomatidae Ambystomatidae Ambystomatidae

Rana Rana Rana Rana Rana Staurois Strongylopus Nyctixalus Philautus Philautus Philautus Philautus Rhacophorus Rhacophorus Rhacophorus Rhacophorus Rheobatrachus Rheobatrachus Rhinoderma Spea Ambystoma Ambystoma Ambystoma Ambystoma

omiltemana shqiperica tarahumarae vibicaria warszewitschii tuberilinguis wageri pictus aurantium hosii kerangae tectus bifasciatus dulitensis kajau ruﬁpes silus vitellinus darwinii hammondii andersoni barbouri bombypellum dumerilii

1980 Biogeographic Threat 2007 typea Red List Red List Realmc b b Category Category B EN VU Afrotropical B NT LC Afrotropical B NT LC Nearctic B NT LC Nearctic B NT LC Nearctic B NT LC Nearctic, Neotropical B NT LC Nearctic B VU NT Palaearctic B NT LC Palaearctic A NT LC Indomalayan, Palaearctic B NT LC Palaearctic A VU LC Indomalayan, Palaearctic B VU NT Palaearctic A VU LC Nearctic, Neotropical B CR EN Indomalayan C CR NT Nearctic A NT LC Indomalayan, Palaearctic C CR EN Neotropical B EN NT Palaearctic C VU LC Nearctic, Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C NT LC Neotropical B NT LC Indomalayan B NT LC Afrotropical B NT LC Indomalayan B EN VU Indomalayan B NT LC Indomalayan B EN VU Indomalayan B VU NT Indomalayan B NT LC Indomalayan B NT LC Indomalayan B NT LC Indomalayan B NT LC Indomalayan C EX CR Australasian C EX CR Australasian C VU LC Neotropical B NT LC Nearctic A CR VU Neotropical B NT LC Nearctic B CR VU Neotropical A CR VU Neotropical a b c

699

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Caudata Caudata Caudata

Ambystomatidae Ambystomatidae Cryptobranchidae

Ambystoma Ambystoma Andrias

leorae taylori davidianus

Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata

Hynobiidae Hynobiidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Proteidae Salamandridae Salamandridae Salamandridae Salamandridae Salamandridae Salamandridae Salamandridae Salamandridae Salamandridae Salamandridae

Batrachuperus Batrachuperus Aneides Aneides Bolitoglossa Bolitoglossa Bolitoglossa Bolitoglossa Bolitoglossa Bolitoglossa Bolitoglossa Bolitoglossa Bolitoglossa Bolitoglossa Chiropterotriton Chiropterotriton Dendrotriton Oedipina Pseudoeurycea Pseudoeurycea Pseudoeurycea Pseudoeurycea Speleomantes Thorius Thorius Thorius Necturus Chioglossa Cynops Neurergus Neurergus Notophthalmus Pleurodeles Pleurodeles Salamandra Triturus Tylototriton

gorganensis pinchonii aeneus ferreus capitana compacta jacksoni lignicolor medemi pesrubra platydactyla silverstonei spongai subpalmata cracens lavae cuchumatanus gracilis bellii cephalica lynchi smithi supramontis minydemus narisovalis pennatulus alabamensis lusitanica wolterstorfﬁ kaiseri microspilotus perstriatus nebulosus waltl infraimmaculata pygmaeus asperrimus

Caudata

Salamandridae

Tylototriton

shanjing

1980 Biogeographic Threat 2007 typea Red List Red List Realmc b b Category Category B CR VU Neotropical B CR VU Neotropical A CR NT Indomalayan, Palaearctic B CR VU Palaearctic A VU LC Palaearctic C NT LC Nearctic B NT LC Nearctic B CR VU Neotropical B EN NT Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical B VU NT Neotropical B VU NT Neotropical C EN NT Neotropical B NT LC Nearctic, Neotropical B VU NT Neotropical B EN VU Neotropical C EN NT Neotropical C EN VU Nearctic B CR VU Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical B EN VU Neotropical C VU LC Nearctic, Neotropical B NT LC Nearctic, Neotropical B CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical B EN NT Palaearctic B CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical C CR EN Neotropical B EN VU Nearctic B VU NT Palaearctic B EX CR Palaearctic A CR EN Palaearctic A EN VU Palaearctic B NT LC Nearctic B VU NT Palaearctic B NT LC Palaearctic B NT LC Palaearctic B NT LC Palaearctic A NT LC Indomalayan, Palaearctic A NT LC Indomalayan, Palaearctic

A = Over-Exploited; B = Reduced Habitat; and C = Enigmatic Decline. CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable; NT = Near Threatened; LC= Least Concern; EX = Extinct As with the approach elsewhere in this work, Australasia includes the Oceanic Realm.

APPENDIX V. SPECIES LISTED BY TERRITORY Country Native

Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazila Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde

6 15 12 4 99 1 2 157 8 214 20 10 2 1 32 1 13 15 38 20 7 209 18 42 751 54 17 21 26 44 196 45 0

Number of species occurrences Native % Extinct Introduced endemics endemics 1 0 1 0 21 0 0 48 0 200 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 53 0 0 489 0 0 0 2 3 55 0 0

17 0 8 0 21 0 0 31 0 93 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 14 25 0 0 65 0 0 0 8 7 28 0 -

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1

EX or EW

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -

Red List categories EN VU NT

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 -

0 1 1 0 0 0 0 15 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 6 0 0 37 0 0 0 0 0 31 0 -

0 1 2 0 0 0 0 12 0 15 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 10 1 0 53 3 0 0 6 3 15 1 -

0 0 1 1 0 0 1 9 0 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 1 0 22 17 1 0 1 2 10 3 -

5 13 8 3 77 1 1 105 8 148 19 10 2 1 30 1 13 15 25 20 5 165 16 42 448 34 16 21 16 37 122 41 -

0 0 0 0 22 0 0 14 0 10 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 17 0 0 171 0 0 0 3 2 11 0 -

Threatened species (CR+EN+VU) % threatened Number Number threatened threatened endemics 1 1 17 2 0 13 3 1 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 24 18 0 0 0 47 47 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 16 0 0 0 1 0 14 21 18 10 1 0 6 0 0 0 110 106 15 3 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 23 3 0 7 53 38 27 1 0 2 -

Biogeographic realm

Palaearctic Palaearctic Palaearctic Palaearctic Afrotropical Neotropical Neotropical Neotropical Palaearctic Australasian Palaearctic Palaearctic Neotropical Palaearctic Indomalayan Neotropical Palaearctic Palaearctic Neotropical Afrotropical Indomalayan Neotropical Palaearctic Afrotropical Neotropical Indomalayan Palaearctic Afrotropical Afrotropical Indomalayan Afrotropical Nearctic Afrotropical

700

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Country Native

Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Afrotropical realm Palaearctic realm Chile Chinab Indomalayan realm Palaearctic realm Colombia Congo Congo, D.R. Costa Rica Côte d’Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France French Guiana Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Grenada Guadeloupe Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary India Indomalayan realm Palaearctic realm Indonesia Australasia/Oceanic realm Indomalayan realm Iraq Ireland Iran Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Indomalayan realm Palaearctic realm Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, D.P.R. Korea, Republic Kyrgyzstan Lao P.D.R. Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia, F.Y.R. Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Afrotropical realm Palaearctic realm Malta Martinique Mauritania

2 62 17 17 1 55 325 208 265 697 59 211 179 90 20 59 3 21 14 6 4 36 447 9 32 70 17 9 63 2 4 35 104 87 23 12 21 76 2 22 3 4 138 74 15 118 50 116 18 236 236 54 347 146 205 6 3 20 6 37 21 56 26 37 4 11 96 14 16 4 73 12d 7 19 56 4 10 11 14 14 226 76 203 0 24 24 5 2 3 4

Number of species occurrences Native % Extinct Introduced endemics endemics 0 3 4 4 0 38 170 109 137 337 0 53 44 6 0 57 0 0 0 0 1 12 159 1 0 1 1 0 25 2 0 3 6 4 0 0 0 4 0 3 1 2 40 5 0 18 26 41 0 151 151 0 160 86 76 0 0 6 0 11 21 45 23 25 0 0 14 0 3 0 8 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 225 3 56 0 2 2 0 0 1 0

0 5 24 24 0 69 52 52 52 48 0 25 25 7 0 97 0 0 0 0 25 33 36 11 0 1 6 0 40 100 0 9 6 5 0 0 0 5 0 14 33 50 29 7 0 15 52 35 0 64 64 0 46 59 37 0 0 30 0 30 100 80 88 68 0 0 15 0 19 0 11 0 0 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 99.6 4 28 8 8 0 0 33 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

1 0 0 1 4 2 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 3 0 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 3 4 8 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 2 0

EX or EW

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1c 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Red List categories EN VU NT

0 0 0 0 0 9 8 3 7 50 0 0 19 2 0 15 0 0 0 0 1 10 33 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 27 1 0 0 31 30 0 13 13 0 3 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 7 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 4 32 17 23 78 0 3 22 5 0 23 0 0 0 0 1 16 72 0 4 4 0 0 4 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 5 0 3 1 2 30 3 0 0 10 24 0 29 29 0 9 1 8 0 0 1 0 2 8 15 12 3 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 21 4 12 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 7 47 26 34 81 0 10 20 6 2 9 0 0 0 0 0 5 58 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 4 0 2 0 0 19 1 0 6 5 1 0 21 21 3 21 3 18 1 0 1 0 5 2 3 0 3 0 0 1 1 1 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 25 1 34 0 0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 4 32 22 27 44 0 2 9 16 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 1 23 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 1 12 13 0 0 0 8 1 9 9 1 41 0 41 1 0 2 1 4 2 2 1 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 6 0 1 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 16 1 44 0 0 0 0 1 0

2 59 13 13 1 13 140 109 128 325 57 148 87 56 17 9 3 20 14 6 1 4 198 9 21 64 16 9 44 0 4 28 98 79 23 11 21 54 2 17 2 1 38 46 15 98 4 49 17 88 88 44 160 65 99 4 3 13 5 26 2 33 13 26 4 10 83 12 12 4 51 12 6 18 34 4 10 11 14 14 106 67 87 22 22 5 2 1 4

0 3 4 4 0 18 66 26 46 119 2 48 22 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 0 1 1 1 0 8 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 12 10 0 14 0 4 0 76 76 6 113 77 36 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 6 0 2 0 12 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 49 3 25 2 2 0 0 0 0

Threatened species (CR+EN+VU) % threatened Number Number threatened threatened endemics 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 16 36 87 82 27 46 42 22 64 61 24 209 159 30 0 0 0 13 4 6 61 23 34 13 4 14 2 0 10 47 47 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 50 31 11 86 163 102 36 0 0 0 9 0 28 4 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 14 1 1 50 0 0 0 2 0 6 3 2 3 3 1 3 0 0 0 1 0 8 0 0 0 10 1 13 0 0 0 5 3 23 1 1 33 2 2 50 76 30 55 5 1 7 0 0 0 6 3 5 46 26 92 55 39 47 0 0 0 63 61 27 63 61 27 3 0 6 33 23 10 4 4 3 29 10 14 1 0 17 0 0 0 4 3 20 0 0 0 7 4 19 17 17 81 20 19 36 12 10 46 8 8 22 0 0 0 1 0 9 6 5 6 1 0 7 1 0 6 0 0 0 4 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 55 24 5 3 7 47 34 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 33 0 0 0

Biogeographic realm

Neotropical Afrotropical Afrotropical, Palaearctic

Neotropical Indomalayan, Palaearctic

Neotropical Afrotropical Afrotropical Neotropical Afrotropical Palaearctic Neotropical Palaearctic Palaearctic Palaearctic Afrotropical Neotropical Neotropical Neotropical Palaearctic Neotropical Afrotropical Afrotropical Palaearctic Afrotropical Australasian Palaearctic Palaearctic Neotropical Afrotropical Afrotropical Palaearctic Palaearctic Afrotropical Palaearctic Palaearctic Neotropical Neotropical Neotropical Afrotropical Afrotropical Neotropical Neotropical Neotropical Palaearctic Indomalayan, Palaearctic

Australasian, Indomalayan

Palaearctic Palaearctic Palaearctic Palaearctic Palaearctic Neotropical Indomalayan, Palaearctic

Palaearctic Palaearctic Afrotropical Palaearctic Palaearctic Palaearctic Indomalayan Palaearctic Palaearctic Afrotropical Afrotropical Palaearctic Palaearctic Palaearctic Palaearctic Palaearctic Afrotropical Afrotropical Indomalayan Indomalayan Afrotropical, Palaearctic

Palaearctic Neotropical Afrotropical, Palaearctic

Appendices

Country Native

Afrotropical realm Palaearctic realm Mauritius Mexico Nearctic realm Neotropical realm Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Afrotropical realm Palaearctic realm Nigeria Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Afrotropical realm Palaearctic realm Pakistan Indomalayan realm Palaearctic realm Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Réunion Romania Russian Federation Rwanda St Helena St Kitts and Nevis St Lucia St Vincent and the Grenadines São Tôme and Príncipe Saudi Arabia Afrotropical realm Palaearctic realm Senegal Serbia and Montenegroe Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Afrotropical realm Palaearctic realm Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan, Province of China Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Turks and Caicos Islands Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates Afrotropical realm Palaearctic realm United Kingdom

4 4 0 363 116 336 12 2 6 2 12 67 79 48 46 15 1 0 4 69 8 8 5 103 0 6 2 2 2 18 17 17 1 195 245 74 411 98 16 19 18 0 19 28 37 0 1 1 3 6 7 7 6 32 21 11 55 27 19 20 19 30 115 33 83 22 21 9 103 44 12 18 7 33 3 162 129 6 22 33 7 26 3 0 62 19 2 2 2 7

Number of species occurrences Native % Extinct Introduced endemics endemics 0 0 0 246 68 234 0 0 0 0 2 0 16 4 10 0 0 0 4 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 34 165 2 181 77 0 0 14 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 11 2 1 0 0 1 3 50 3 67 1 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 16 1 65 10 0 2 6 0 7 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 68 59 70 0 0 0 0 17 0 20 8 22 0 0 100 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 100 17 67 3 44 79 0 0 78 0 0 3 0 0 33 100 0 0 0 0 0 100 4 4 0 0 5 10 43 9 81 5 0 11 6 0 0 0 0 48 33 40 8 0 9 18 0 27 0 5 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

2 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 2 5 0 3 6 2 0 1 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 11

701

EX or EW

Red List categories EN VU NT

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 71 7 69 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 1 0 21 1 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 85 11 80 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 32 15 0 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 1 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 17 0 0 2 2 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 42 13 41 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 3 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 9 0 28 32 0 1 1 0 0 7 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 2 2 0 9 4 6 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 2 0 19 3 0 0 5 1 3 0 5 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 22 11 16 1 0 0 0 3 0 4 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 3 12 12 0 5 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 11 4 1 0 0 1 4 8 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 10 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0

4 4 95 63 85 11 2 6 1 7 64 54 44 35 15 1 0 0 55 8 8 5 84 0 6 2 2 2 18 17 17 1 108 139 69 211 26 16 13 5 18 29 26 1 1 2 3 7 7 6 31 19 5 36 22 18 18 14 29 82 20 24 21 21 8 95 43 13 17 6 22 2 105 100 5 16 24 6 15 3 50 18 2 2 2 7

0 0 48 11 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 3 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 96 2 107 12 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 6 1 0 0 3 0 8 0 2 1 0 1 6 1 0 0 0 0 1 15 16 1 2 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 0

Threatened species (CR+EN+VU) % threatened Number Number threatened threatened endemics 0 0 0 0 0 0 198 162 55 31 28 27 190 161 57 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 50 2 1 17 3 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 2 3 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 100 10 3 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 1 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 16 28 10 8 4 0 0 0 81 59 20 48 48 49 0 0 0 1 0 5 13 12 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 33 3 3 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 5 6 6 55 2 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 10 2 0 11 0 0 0 21 20 18 5 2 14 52 51 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 6 0 0 0 9 8 27 0 0 0 41 40 25 3 2 2 0 0 0 3 0 14 9 6 27 1 0 14 9 6 35 0 0 0 6 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Biogeographic realm

Afrotropical Nearctic, Neotropical

Palaearctic Palaearctic Palaearctic Neotropical Palaearctic Afrotropical Indomalayan Afrotropical Indomalayan Palaearctic Neotropical Australasian Australasian Neotropical Afrotropical, Palaearctic

Afrotropical Australasian Palaearctic Afrotropical, Palaearctic

Indomalayan, Palaearctic

Australasian Neotropical Australasian Neotropical Neotropical Indomalayan Palaearctic Palaearctic Neotropical Afrotropical Palaearctic Palaearctic Afrotropical Afrotropical Neotropical Neotropical Neotropical Afrotropical Afrotropical, Palaearctic

Afrotropical Palaearctic Afrotropical Afrotropical Indomalayan Palaearctic Palaearctic Australasian Afrotropical Afrotropical Palaearctic Indomalayan Afrotropical, Palaearctic

Neotropical Afrotropical Palaearctic Palaearctic Palaearctic Indomalayan Palaearctic Afrotropical Indomalayan Indomalayan Afrotropical Neotropical Palaearctic Palaearctic Palaearctic Neotropical Afrotropical Palaearctic Afrotropical, Palaearctic

Palaearctic

702

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Country Native

United States of America Nearctic realm Neotropical realm Virgin Islands (British) Virgin Islands (United States) Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Viet Nam Western Sahara Yemen Afrotropical realm Palaearctic realm Zambia Zimbabwe

261 261 47 5 4 43 3 298 145 5 6 6 4 84 63

Number of species occurrences Native % Extinct Introduced endemics endemics 182 182 17 1 1 2 0 155 39 0 1 1 0 2 5

70 70 36 20 25 5 0 52 27 0 17 17 0 2 8

4 4 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

14 1 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

EX or EW

3 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Red List categories EN VU NT

3 3 0 1 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

15 15 1 1 1 2 0 23 3 0 0 0 0 0 4

34 34 1 0 0 2 0 27 12 0 1 1 0 1 1

33 33 1 0 0 3 0 8 15 1 0 0 0 0 0

162 162 44 3 3 36 3 141 71 4 5 5 4 80 57

14 14 0 0 0 0 0 80 44 0 0 0 0 3 0

Threatened species (CR+EN+VU) % threatened Number Number threatened threatened endemics 52 48 20 52 48 20 2 0 4 2 1 40 1 1 25 4 1 9 0 0 0 69 62 23 15 5 10 0 0 0 1 1 17 1 1 17 0 0 0 1 0 1 6 4 10

Biogeographic realm

Nearctic, Neotropical

Neotropical Neotropical Neotropical Palaearctic Neotropical Indomalayan Palaearctic Afrotropical, Palaearctic

Afrotropical Afrotropical

These results shown in the table for Brazil are those determined by the GAA team in the consistency check. The results for Brazil as determined at the GAA workshop are: EX 0; CR 6; EN 6; VU 13; NT 22; LC 489; DD 215; Number threatened 25; Number threatened endemics 21; Percentage threatened 3. b This includes Hong Kong and Macau, but excludes Taiwan, which is listed separately as a province of China. c At the time of going to press, there were very exciting reports of the rediscovery of one EX species, namely Philautus travancoricus from the Western Ghats in India (S.D. Biju pers. comm.). d This number includes the reintroduced species Hyla arborea. e Serbia and Montenegro are now separate countries as of June 2006. f At the time of going to press, Meegaskumbara et al. (2007) had just described two additional extinct species, Philautus pardus and P. maia, known only from collections made in Sri Lanka prior to 1876; both species await formal assessment.

Of the diseases known from amphibians, one, chytridiomycosis, is clearly linked to population declines and extinctions. This fungal disease is appearing in new regions, causing rapid population disappearances in many amphibian species. It is the worst infectious disease ever recorded among vertebrates in terms of the number of species impacted, and its propensity to drive them to extinction. A series of strategies to deal with disease in the ﬁeld is needed. Research should focus on understanding why some species of amphibians become extinct in some regions and at certain times, while others do not. This will require studying the persistence of the pathogen, reservoir hosts, mechanisms of spread, interactions with climate change, and comparing disease dynamics between sites of declines and control sites where amphibians survive. Research is also urgently needed on the biology of this emerging pathogen, in particular on: • how it causes death; • how amphibians respond by developing immunity or changing behaviour; • understanding the geographic distribution and dispersal of chytridiomycosis; and • whether or not animals from decline and control sites differ in their responses to chytridiomycosis.

APPENDIX VI. AMPHIBIAN CONSERVATION SUMMIT DECLARATION: AN AMPHIBIAN CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN

These research programmes should also consider possible interactions between disease and other factors involved in amphibian declines (such as climate change, habitat loss or contaminants) and mechanisms for dealing with them (such as captive breeding and reintroduction). To implement this research on disease, Regional Centers for Disease Diagnostics will be set up in Latin America, North America, Europe, Australia, Asia and Africa. They will provide free testing to ﬁeld research groups, and will manage the logistics for regionally based Rapid Response Teams. A seed funding system should be created to support imaginative approaches to stopping outbreaks from spreading and preventing extinction by infection.

Washington DC, 17-19 September 2005 Declaration

Background The amphibians – frogs, salamanders and caecilians – stem from an ancient lineage of organisms and they play essential roles, both as predators and prey, in the ecosystems of the world. Adult amphibians regulate populations of insects that are pests on crops, or which transmit diseases. The tadpoles of many amphibians, as herbivores or filter feeders, play a major role in aquatic ecosystems. Their well-being, or conversely their population declines and extinctions, signals that changes are occurring in the biosphere that have begun to negatively impact humans today. Since 1970, scientists have observed precipitous population declines and outright disappearances of entire amphibian species. The extent of these declines and extinctions is without precedent among any other group of species over the last few millennia, and it has increasingly been the focus of scientific research. These declines have spread geographically and increasing numbers of species are involved. Recent research indicates that: • Nearly one-third (32%) of the world’s 5,743 amphibian species have been classified as threatened with extinction, representing 1,856 species. • 122 species, perhaps many more, appear to have gone extinct since 1980. Further research may increase this number, since 23% of all species were classified as Data Deficient. • At least 43% of all species have undergone population declines, but less than one percent is increasing in population size. • As much as 50% of the amphibian fauna remains undescribed, and the possibility exists of discovering new groups that are widely divergent from any so far known. • Habitat loss is the greatest threat to amphibians, impacting almost 90% of threatened species. • A newly recognized fungal disease, chytridiomycosis, causes catastrophic mortality in amphibian populations, and subsequent extinctions. • Many species are declining for reasons, such as disease, climate change, invasive species, and over-harvesting, that cannot be readily addressed through traditional conservation strategies. • Other issues, such as the role of environmental pollutants in amphibian declines, need to be more thoroughly addressed. Since 1990, scientists have referred to amphibians as canaries in the coal mine; the Global Amphibian Assessment (GAA) shows that the canaries are dying. This underscores a weakness in current strategies for biodiversity conservation: that habitat conservation is essential but not sufficient. Existing protected areas alone are not sufficient to protect amphibians from a growing array of threats. The Amphibian Conservation Summit was called because it is morally irresponsible to document amphibian declines and extinctions without also designing and promoting a response to this global crisis. To this end, the Amphibian Conservation Summit has designed the Amphibian Conservation Action Plan (ACAP), and commends it to governments, the business sector, civil society and the scientific community for urgent and immediate adoption and implementation.

Amphibian Conservation Action Plan (ACAP) Four kinds of intervention are needed to conserve amphibians, all of which need to be started immediately: 1. Expanded understanding of the causes of declines and extinctions 2. Ongoing documentation of amphibian diversity, and how it is changing 3. Development and implementation of long-term conservation programmes 4. Emergency responses to immediate crises

1. Expanded understanding of the causes of declines and extinctions A. Emerging amphibian diseases Emerging diseases are a major threat to the survival of human populations globally. Diseases like SARS, HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and avian inﬂuenza emerge because of changes to the environment (e.g., encroachment into wildlife habitat) and human behaviour (e.g., trade and travel). At the same time, a series of wildlife diseases have emerged, threatening many species. These are products of the same underlying causes – anthropogenic environmental changes – and highlight the growing link between conservation of biodiversity and the protection of human health.

B. Climate change Evidence of a link between amphibian declines and climate change is growing. Changes in temperature or precipitation inﬂuence host-pathogen interactions, and short-term and seasonal patterns in amphibian behaviour. One consequence is an increase in the probability of outbreaks of lethal diseases such as chytridiomycosis. If efforts to address climate change remain inadequate, none of the other proposed conservation efforts can save amphibians in the long term. The current spate of extinctions might be the ﬁrst wave in a more general, profound loss of biodiversity. Ultimately, preventing this requires greater political will to take all necessary measures to reduce human impact on the global climate. Research is needed to understand how climate change affects amphibians, and why the impacts are greater today than they were historically. In particular, studies should focus on the impacts of climate change on disease dynamics, and should develop predictive models for future declines, thus enabling implementation of conservation measures. Research will also explore ways in which ecosystems could be made more resilient to climate change (such as measures to restore movement corridors that would ensure metapopulation functions or allow migration to new habitats), and whether or not there might be ways to manipulate local micro-scale climates.

C. Environmental contamination Contaminants may have strong impacts on amphibian populations by negatively affecting immune function and causing infertility, developmental malformations, feminization, endocrine disruption, and alterations in food webs. There is evidence that environmental contaminants can cause local amphibian declines and extinctions. The effects of contaminants on broader geographic scales such as watersheds are not well understood. An ecotoxicology consortium should be formed in order to determine: how contaminant loads differ between stable and declining populations; the relationship between declines and contaminants in all regions; the effects of major chemical classes on both the aquatic and terrestrial life stages of amphibians; the effects of sub-lethal exposure in the presence of other threats such as disease; the role of contamination in amphibian population declines at the landscape scale; whether or not present regulatory screening is adequate; approaches to minimize the movement of chemicals through the environment; and how well the future impacts of contaminants can be predicted. The research should be integrated with the work of the regional centers recommended for disease research and management.

2. Ongoing documentation of amphibian diversity, and how it is changing A. Exploration and biodiversity evaluation Without an understanding of the amphibian fauna, its history, and its distributional patterns, conservation priorities cannot be set rationally. Therefore it is essential that basic exploration and species descriptions continue. The rate of species description among amphibians is higher than it has ever been. However, in many parts of the world, especially in the tropics, knowledge of amphibian species, their distributions, and their requirements for survival is still too poor to enable reliable conservation priorities to be identified. The ACAP will implement a greatly enhanced programme to: name at least 1,000 new species in five years, and 2,500 species in ten years; understand species limits and resolve species complexes; and carry out inventories of amphibian faunas. The implementation of this programme will require major building of taxonomic capabilities in a number of tropical countries, with priority being given to poorly known areas, and areas of high endemism and diversity. To assist in identification of species, new field guides and internet resources should be produced. Innovative mechanisms should be developed to enable taxonomists to devote more time to high priority work. Research should also focus on: Data Deficient species; identification of unique and ancient evolutionary lineages; understanding the extent to which similarity in vulnerability to threats is determined by degree of relatedness between species; and whether genetic diversity of species relates to their ability to persist in the face of an array of threats.

B. Updating the Global Amphibian Assessment continuously An accelerated programme of assessment must underpin the ACAP. To build on its initial success, the GAA needs to be maintained continuously by: establishing a new full-time GAA coordinating team; recording updates and

Appendices

corrections to the data; developing more efficient mechanisms within regions to update the data; making the data more widely available; maintaining and enhancing the GAA web site; and undertaking analyses and communicating findings. A complete update of the GAA should be finished by 2009. Particular emphasis should be given to improving discrimination between real and apparent declines.

3. Development and implementation of long-term conservation programmes A. Protection of key sites for amphibian survival Habitat loss and degradation are impacting nearly 90% of threatened amphibians. Most of these require habitat- or site-based conservation as the primary means to ensure their survival. Therefore, safeguarding key sites for threatened amphibians is the most urgent priority for the survival of many species. At least 940 amphibian species (422 of which are threatened with extinction) are not in any protected areas. An urgent priority of the ACAP is to identify the highest priority sites, using globally recognized, standardised, and quantiﬁed criteria, which are essential for the survival of threatened species that are currently receiving no effective conservation measures. These sites and their associated landscapes need urgent attention, such as protected area establishment, community level sustainable development, and local education and training. The ACAP will establish a site conservation programme with the following main elements: identifying the 120 highest priority sites; and applying appropriate conservation actions at each site, including the development and implementation of management plans, standardised monitoring and assessment protocols, and long-term sustainability plans for ongoing funding and management. Given that what goes on outside a key amphibian site will hugely impact the success of conserving that site, management plans should incorporate the need to protect ecosystem services at a broad ecological scale. This site conservation programme will involve governments, non-governmental organizations, community-based organizations and the business sector collaborating to bring about effective conservation in the highest priority sites, with the widest possible stakeholder support.

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in-country, coupled with an obligation to deliver in situ threat mitigation and conservation programs. This is both a stopgap to buy time for species that would otherwise become extinct, and an integral component of other approaches to tackling amphibian declines. Guidelines for including species in captive survival assurance programmes will be based on predictive models of threats so that species are targeted proactively and representative populations are collected. Decision processes will involve consultation with representatives across the ACAP consortium and the range country will be the ultimate arbiter. Several hundred amphibian species, perhaps more, are facing threats such as disease and climate change that cannot be addressed in the wild with currently available conservation management strategies. Since solutions for the conservation of these species in the wild are not currently available, a short-term solution is to breed them in captive survival assurance colonies to maintain options for reintroduction. Capacity to implement a major captive programme for amphibians does not currently exist anywhere in the world. Therefore this should be achieved through the establishment of an Amphibian Survival Alliance to coordinate this effort globally, involving rapid-response teams to collect disappearing species, short- and long-term captive management, training and capacity building for captive conservation programs in range countries, research on captive breeding and reproductive science, disease management, and education and outreach. Captive programs will include a variety of operations from rapid-response, portable units, to large-scale permanent facilities. The goal is to maintain and breed in captivity species at risk of extinction, which should be collected from places where declines have not yet occurred, as well as from places where animals need to be rescued urgently before they disappear.

C. Saving sites about to be lost. The integrity of some of the top priority sites for amphibian survival is under immediate threat. In some cases, habitats are reduced to tiny fragments that will disappear very soon. An “amphibian emergency fund” should be established to implement immediate conservation measures in such sites before it is too late.

B. Reintroductions

D. Saving harvested species about to disappear

The goal of reintroduction is to re-establish protected, viable amphibian populations in the wild where conventional habitat management and threat abatement alone are unlikely to result in population recovery. Many amphibian reintroductions will be needed once techniques for the management of chytridiomycosis and other threats become available. Experience and expertise in amphibian reintroductions need to be developed as a matter of urgency. The ACAP will determine which species will beneﬁt from reintroduction programmes by developing and applying rigorous and objective criteria. Once the species have been selected, reintroduction programmes will be initiated. The animals used for reintroductions may either stem from captive breeding programmes or wild populations, depending on availability of stock and the nature of the circumstances. In the ﬁrst instance, it is estimated that 20 species will be selected for reintroduction, but this may increase as funds and capacity are built.

Several species are close to extinction due to over-exploitation. The “amphibian emergency fund” should be used to address threats to these species.

C. Control of harvesting. In some parts of the world, especially in East and Southeast Asia, but also in some other tropical countries, unsustainable harvesting of amphibians, especially for food and medicines, has led to severe population declines. There are also instances of declines due to the international pet trade. The ACAP will establish a harvest management programme, concentrating on 15 countries that appear to be the focus of the heaviest levels of harvest. The programme will build management capacity in each of these countries to halt declines due to over-harvesting, with an emphasis on: the development of sustainable use projects (when the biology of the species permits this); the development and strict enforcement of appropriate legislation; monitoring the levels of amphibian harvests and trade; the implementation of recovery plans for the most threatened species; the certiﬁcation and regulation of commercial captive breeding operations with a proportion of proﬁts returning to conservation in the wild; and raising awareness of the impacts of unsustainable use of amphibians. Commercial captive breeding facilities should only use species native to their regions to reduce the risk of the spread of disease and alien frogs. Species that are threatened by international trade should be listed on the appropriate appendices of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES).

4. Emergency responses to immediate crises

Amphibian Action Fund The implementation of the ACAP over the period 2006-2010 will cost approximately US$ 400 million. To help support the implementation of the ACAP, the Amphibian Conservation Summit announced the formation of the Amphibian Action Fund and received initial pledges from donors. The Amphibian Action Fund will support: 1. Expanded understanding of the causes of declines and extinctions 2. Ongoing documentation of amphibian diversity, and how it is changing 3. Development and implementation of long-term conservation programmes 4. Emergency responses to immediate crises

Supporting a network of amphibian experts The ACAP cannot be implemented without a global network of scientists and conservationists who work on amphibians. To date, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (IUCN/SSC) has focused on decline-related research through the Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force (DAPTF), on promoting conservation through the Global Amphibian Specialist Group (GASG), and on monitoring and assessments through an informal network of scientists contributing data to the GAA. All three of these programmes have made significant achievements, but all of them are also struggling for resources, and are based on broadly the same network of experts. In view of the extraordinary nature of the crisis facing amphibians, the IUCN/SSC should bring these three programmes together in a single Amphibian Specialist Group (ASG) focused on conservation, research and assessment. The ASG needs to have sufficient resources and finances to lead the implementation of the ACAP.

Conclusion

A. Rapid response capacity. The short timescale of many amphibian declines requires the capacity for immediate response, as already mentioned. The regionally based Rapid Response Teams required to react to disease outbreaks should be established and implemented urgently.

B. Captive survival assurance programmes The ACAP recommends prioritized (as outlined below) captive survival assurance programmes that are primarily

The Amphibian Conservation Action Plan is the most ambitious programme ever developed to combat the extinction of species. This response is necessary because the amphibian extinction crisis is unlike anything that the modern world has previously experienced, and a large proportion of amphibian diversity remains undocumented. The ACAP requires the international community to enter uncharted territory and to take great risks. But the risks of inaction are even greater. The Amphibian Conservation Summit calls on all governments, corporations, civil society and the scientiﬁc community to respond to this unprecedented crisis. There needs to be unprecedented commitment to implementing the Amphibian Conservation Action Plan with accompanying changes in international and local environmental policies that affect this class of vertebrate animals. They are indeed canaries in the global coalmine.

APPENDIX VIIA. THE SCALE OF CONSERVATION REQUIRED FOR GLOBALLY THREATENED AMPHIBIANS Species scientiﬁc name

Adelophryne baturitensis Adelophryne maranguapensis Adenomus dasi Adenomus kelaartii Afrana inyangae Afrana johnstoni Afrixalus clarkeorum Afrixalus enseticola Afrixalus knysnae Afrixalus lacteus Afrixalus morerei Afrixalus orophilus Afrixalus spinifrons Afrixalus sylvaticus Afrixalus uluguruensis Agalychnis annae Agalychnis litodryas Agalychnis moreletii Aglyptodactylus laticeps Albericus siegfriedi

IUCN Red List category (2007)

Primary biome

VU EN CR EN EN EN VU VU EN EN VU VU VU EN VU EN VU CR EN CR

Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial

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Species scientiďŹ c name

Alexteroon jynx Alsodes barrioi Alsodes montanus Alsodes tumultuosus Alsodes vanzolinii Altiphrynoides malcolmi Alytes dickhilleni Alytes muletensis Ambystoma altamirani Ambystoma amblycephalum Ambystoma andersoni Ambystoma bombypellum Ambystoma californiense Ambystoma cingulatum Ambystoma dumerilii Ambystoma granulosum Ambystoma leorae Ambystoma lermaense Ambystoma mexicanum Ambystoma ordinarium Ambystoma taylori Amnirana asperrima Amnirana longipes Amnirana occidentalis Amolops hainanensis Amolops jinjiangensis Amolops kangtingensis Amolops loloensis Amolops tormotus Amolops torrentis Amolops tuberodepressus Andinophryne colomai Andrias davidianus Anhydrophryne rattrayi Anodonthyla montana Anodonthyla rouxae Ansonia anotis Ansonia fuliginea Ansonia guibei Ansonia latidisca Ansonia mcgregori Ansonia muelleri Ansonia ornata Ansonia penangensis Ansonia platysoma Ansonia rubigina Ansonia siamensis Ansonia tiomanica Ansonia torrentis Argenteohyla siemersi Arlequinus krebsi Aromobates nocturnus Arthroleptella ngongoniensis Arthroleptides dutoiti Arthroleptides martiensseni Arthroleptides yakusini Arthroleptis crusculum Arthroleptis francei Arthroleptis nikeae Arthroleptis tanneri Arthroleptis troglodytes Arthroleptis xenodactylus Astylosternus diadematus Astylosternus fallax Astylosternus laurenti Astylosternus nganhanus Astylosternus perreti Astylosternus ranoides Astylosternus rheophilus Astylosternus schioetzi Atelognathus nitoi Atelognathus patagonicus Atelognathus praebasalticus Atelognathus reverberii Atelognathus salai Atelognathus solitarius Atelophryniscus chrysophorus Atelopus andinus Atelopus angelito Atelopus arsyecue Atelopus arthuri Atelopus balios Atelopus bomolochos Atelopus boulengeri Atelopus carauta Atelopus carbonerensis Atelopus carrikeri Atelopus certus Atelopus chiriquiensis Atelopus chocoensis Atelopus chrysocorallus

Threatened Amphibians of the World

IUCN Red List category (2007)

Primary biome

CR VU CR CR CR EN VU VU EN CR CR CR VU VU CR CR CR CR CR EN CR EN VU EN EN VU VU VU VU VU VU CR CR EN VU EN EN VU EN EN VU VU EN VU EN VU VU VU VU EN EN CR CR CR EN EN EN EN EN VU CR VU VU EN EN CR EN EN VU EN VU EN EN EN VU VU EN CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR EN CR CR CR

Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater

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y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y ? y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y ? y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y ? y y y y ? y y y ? y y ? y y y y

Appendices

Species scientiﬁc name

Atelopus coynei Atelopus cruciger Atelopus dimorphus Atelopus ebenoides Atelopus elegans Atelopus erythropus Atelopus eusebianus Atelopus exiguus Atelopus famelicus Atelopus farci Atelopus ﬂavescens Atelopus franciscus Atelopus galactogaster Atelopus glyphus Atelopus guanujo Atelopus guitarraensis Atelopus halihelos Atelopus laetissimus Atelopus limosus Atelopus longibrachius Atelopus lozanoi Atelopus lynchi Atelopus mandingues Atelopus mindoensis Atelopus minutulus Atelopus monohernandezi Atelopus mucubajiensis Atelopus muisca Atelopus nahumae Atelopus nanay Atelopus nepiozomus Atelopus nicefori Atelopus oxyrhynchus Atelopus pachydermus Atelopus pedimarmoratus Atelopus peruensis Atelopus petriruizi Atelopus pictiventris Atelopus pinangoi Atelopus planispina Atelopus pulcher Atelopus quimbaya Atelopus reticulatus Atelopus seminiferus Atelopus senex Atelopus sernai Atelopus simulatus Atelopus sonsonensis Atelopus sorianoi Atelopus spumarius Atelopus spurrelli Atelopus subornatus Atelopus tamaense Atelopus tricolor Atelopus varius Atelopus walkeri Atelopus zeteki Atopophrynus syntomopus Austrochaperina novaebritanniae Balebreviceps hillmani Barbourula busuangensis Barbourula kalimantanensis Batrachophrynus brachydactylus Batrachophrynus macrostomus Batrachoseps campi Batrachoseps regius Batrachoseps simatus Batrachoseps stebbinsi Batrachoseps wrightorum Batrachuperus cochranae Batrachuperus gorganensis Batrachuperus karlschmidti Batrachuperus londongensis Batrachuperus mustersi Batrachuperus pinchonii Batrachuperus tibetanus Batrachuperus yenyuanensis Batrachyla ﬁtzroya Bokermannohyla izecksohni Bolitoglossa alvaradoi Bolitoglossa capitana Bolitoglossa carri Bolitoglossa celaque Bolitoglossa chica Bolitoglossa compacta Bolitoglossa conanti Bolitoglossa decora Bolitoglossa diaphora Bolitoglossa diminuta Bolitoglossa dunni Bolitoglossa engelhardti

IUCN Red List category (2007)

Primary biome

CR CR EN CR CR CR CR CR CR CR VU VU CR CR CR CR CR CR EN EN CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR VU VU CR CR VU CR CR CR CR VU EN VU EN EN EN EN VU VU VU VU EN CR VU EN CR VU VU VU VU CR EN CR CR EN VU EN EN CR CR VU EN EN

Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial

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Single site

Scale of conservation Network of sites

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y y y y y y y y ? y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y ? y y y y y y y ? y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

706

Species scientiﬁc name

Bolitoglossa flavimembris Bolitoglossa franklini Bolitoglossa gracilis Bolitoglossa guaramacalensis Bolitoglossa heiroreias Bolitoglossa hiemalis Bolitoglossa hypacra Bolitoglossa jacksoni Bolitoglossa lignicolor Bolitoglossa longissima Bolitoglossa macrinii Bolitoglossa magnifica Bolitoglossa marmorea Bolitoglossa medemi Bolitoglossa meliana Bolitoglossa minutula Bolitoglossa mombachoensis Bolitoglossa mulleri Bolitoglossa odonnelli Bolitoglossa oresbia Bolitoglossa orestes Bolitoglossa palmata Bolitoglossa pandi Bolitoglossa pesrubra Bolitoglossa porrasorum Bolitoglossa riletti Bolitoglossa rostrata Bolitoglossa salvinii Bolitoglossa silverstonei Bolitoglossa sima Bolitoglossa sooyorum Bolitoglossa spongai Bolitoglossa stuarti Bolitoglossa subpalmata Bolitoglossa synoria Bombina fortinuptialis Bombina lichuanensis Bombina microdeladigitora Boophis andreonei Boophis blommersae Boophis haematopus Boophis jaegeri Boophis williamsi Boulengerula niedeni Brachytarsophrys intermedia Bradytriton silus Breviceps gibbosus Breviceps macrops Breviceps sylvestris Bromeliohyla bromeliacia Bromeliohyla dendroscarta Buergeria oxycephalus Bufo amabilis Bufo amatolicus Bufo aucoinae Bufo beddomii Bufo brauni Bufo caeruleostictus Bufo californicus Bufo canorus Bufo cataulaciceps Bufo cavifrons Bufo chavin Bufo claviger Bufo corynetes Bufo cristatus Bufo cycladen Bufo djohongensis Bufo empusus Bufo exsul Bufo fastidiosus Bufo fluviaticus Bufo fractus Bufo gallardoi Bufo gemmifer Bufo guentheri Bufo gundlachi Bufo holdridgei Bufo houstonensis Bufo ibarrai Bufo inyangae Bufo justinianoi Bufo kotagamai Bufo koynayensis Bufo kumquat Bufo lemur Bufo leucomyos Bufo longinasus Bufo macrocristatus Bufo microtympanum Bufo nelsoni

Threatened Amphibians of the World

IUCN Red List category (2007)

Primary biome

EN EN VU VU CR VU VU CR VU CR VU EN EN VU EN EN VU VU EN CR VU VU EN EN EN EN VU EN VU VU EN EN EN EN CR VU VU VU VU VU VU VU CR CR VU CR VU VU VU EN CR VU CR EN VU EN EN EN EN EN EN EN CR EN VU CR VU EN VU VU CR CR EN EN EN VU VU CR EN EN EN VU EN EN EN CR EN EN VU VU EN

Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater

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Scale of conservation Network of sites

Network of sites plus broad- Broad-scale conservation scale conservation action action

y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y ? y y y y ? y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ?

Appendices

Species scientiﬁc name

Bufo nesiotes Bufo noellerti Bufo nyikae Bufo pantherinus Bufo peripatetes Bufo perplexus Bufo perreti Bufo quechua Bufo rubropunctatus Bufo rumbolli Bufo sclerocephalus Bufo scorteccii Bufo spiculatus Bufo sumatranus Bufo tacanensis Bufo taiensis Bufo taladai Bufo tutelarius Bufo uzunguensis Bufo villiersi Bufoides meghalayanus Cacosternum capense Callixalus pictus Callulina kisiwamsitu Callulops kopsteini Capensibufo rosei Cardioglossa alsco Cardioglossa aureoli Cardioglossa melanogaster Cardioglossa oreas Cardioglossa pulchra Cardioglossa schioetzi Cardioglossa trifasciata Cardioglossa venusta Caudiverbera caudiverbera Centrolene audax Centrolene azulae Centrolene ballux Centrolene fernandoi Centrolene geckoideum Centrolene gemmatum Centrolene heloderma Centrolene hesperium Centrolene lynchi Centrolene mariae Centrolene peristictum Centrolene petrophilum Centrolene pipilatum Centrolene puyoense Centrolene quindianum Centrolene robledoi Centrolene tayrona Ceratophrys stolzmanni Chaparana unculuanus Charadrahyla altipotens Charadrahyla chaneque Charadrahyla nephila Charadrahyla taeniopus Charadrahyla trux Chiasmocleis carvalhoi Chioglossa lusitanica Chirixalus romeri Chiropterotriton chondrostega Chiropterotriton cracens Chiropterotriton dimidiatus Chiropterotriton lavae Chiropterotriton magnipes Chiropterotriton mosaueri Chiropterotriton multidentatus Chiropterotriton orculus Churamiti maridadi Cochranella adiazeta Cochranella anomala Cochranella armata Cochranella balionota Cochranella cochranae Cochranella daidalea Cochranella garciae Cochranella grifﬁthsi Cochranella luminosa Cochranella mache Cochranella megacheira Cochranella posadae Cochranella prasina Cochranella punctulata Cochranella resplendens Cochranella riveroi Cochranella rosada Cochranella ruizi Cochranella savagei Cochranella saxiscandens

IUCN Red List category (2007)

Primary biome

EN EN VU EN CR EN VU VU VU VU EN VU EN CR EN CR VU EN VU EN EN VU VU EN EN VU CR EN EN EN EN EN CR EN VU EN EN CR EN VU CR CR VU EN EN VU EN EN CR VU VU VU VU EN CR EN VU VU CR EN VU EN EN EN EN CR CR CR EN VU CR VU CR VU VU VU VU VU VU EN EN EN VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU EN

Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater

Insufﬁcient information

707

Single site

Scale of conservation Network of sites

Network of sites plus broad- Broad-scale conservation scale conservation action action

y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y ? y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y ? y y ? y y y y y y ? y y

708

Species scientiﬁc name

Cochranella siren Cochranella susatamai Cochranella xanthocheridia Colostethus anthracinus Colostethus awa Colostethus cevallosi Colostethus chalcopis Colostethus delatorreae Colostethus dunni Colostethus edwardsi Colostethus elachyhistus Colostethus humilis Colostethus jacobuspetersi Colostethus juanii Colostethus kingsburyi Colostethus leopardalis Colostethus mandelorum Colostethus mertensi Colostethus murisipanensis Colostethus olfersioides Colostethus pulchellus Colostethus ranoides Colostethus ruizi Colostethus ruthveni Colostethus saltuensis Colostethus toachi Colostethus vergeli Colostethus vertebralis Colostethus wayuu Conraua alleni Conraua derooi Conraua goliath Conraua robusta Cophixalus aenigma Cophixalus concinnus Cophixalus hosmeri Cophixalus mcdonaldi Cophixalus monticola Cophixalus neglectus Cophixalus nubicola Cophixalus saxatilis Copiula minor Craugastor alfredi Craugastor anatipes Craugastor anciano Craugastor andi Craugastor angelicus Craugastor aphanus Craugastor aurilegulus Craugastor azueroensis Craugastor biporcatus Craugastor bocourti Craugastor brocchi Craugastor catalinae Craugastor charadra Craugastor cheiroplethus Craugastor coffeus Craugastor cruzi Craugastor daryi Craugastor decoratus Craugastor emcelae Craugastor epochthidius Craugastor escoces Craugastor fecundus Craugastor ﬂeischmanni Craugastor glaucus Craugastor greggi Craugastor guerreroensis Craugastor gulosus Craugastor hobartsmithi Craugastor inachus Craugastor lauraster Craugastor lineatus Craugastor matudai Craugastor megalotympanum Craugastor melanostictus Craugastor merendonensis Craugastor necerus Craugastor obesus Craugastor omiltemanus Craugastor omoaensis Craugastor persimilis Craugastor podiciferus Craugastor polymniae Craugastor pozo Craugastor psephosypharus Craugastor punctariolus Craugastor pygmaeus Craugastor ranoides Craugastor rhodopis Craugastor rhyacobatrachus

Threatened Amphibians of the World

IUCN Red List category (2007)

Primary biome

VU VU VU CR VU EN VU CR CR CR EN VU CR CR EN CR EN EN VU VU VU EN CR EN EN EN VU CR VU VU CR EN VU VU CR VU EN EN EN VU VU VU VU VU CR CR CR VU EN EN VU VU VU CR EN VU CR CR EN VU CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR EN EN EN EN CR VU CR VU CR VU EN EN CR VU VU CR CR VU EN VU CR VU EN

Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater

Insufﬁcient information

Single site

Scale of conservation Network of sites

Network of sites plus broad- Broad-scale conservation scale conservation action action

y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y ? y ? y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y ? y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y ? y y y

Appendices

Species scientiﬁc name

Craugastor sabrinus Craugastor saltuarius Craugastor sartori Craugastor silvicola Craugastor spatulatus Craugastor stadelmani Craugastor stuarti Craugastor tabasarae Craugastor tarahumaraensis Craugastor taurus Craugastor trachydermus Craugastor uno Craugastor xucanebi Crinia tinnula Cryptobatrachus boulengeri Cryptobatrachus fuhrmanni Cryptobatrachus nicefori Cryptophyllobates azureiventris Cryptotriton adelos Cryptotriton alvarezdeltoroi Cryptotriton monzoni Cryptotriton nasalis Cryptotriton veraepacis Cycloramphus acangatan Cynops ensicauda Cynops orphicus Dasypops schirchi Dendrobates abditus Dendrobates altobueyensis Dendrobates arboreus Dendrobates azureus Dendrobates bombetes Dendrobates granuliferus Dendrobates lehmanni Dendrobates mysteriosus Dendrobates opisthomelas Dendrobates sirensis Dendrobates speciosus Dendrobates steyermarki Dendrobates viridis Dendrobates virolensis Dendrophryniscus carvalhoi Dendropsophus amicorum Dendropsophus gryllatus Dendropsophus meridensis Dendropsophus stingi Dendrotriton bromeliacius Dendrotriton cuchumatanus Dendrotriton megarhinus Dendrotriton rabbi Dendrotriton sanctibarbarus Dendrotriton xolocalcae Didynamipus sjostedti Duellmanohyla chamulae Duellmanohyla ignicolor Duellmanohyla lythrodes Duellmanohyla rufioculis Duellmanohyla salvavida Duellmanohyla schmidtorum Duellmanohyla soralia Duellmanohyla uranochroa Echinotriton andersoni Echinotriton chinhaiensis Ecnomiohyla echinata Ecnomiohyla fimbrimembra Ecnomiohyla miliaria Ecnomiohyla minera Ecnomiohyla phantasmagoria Ecnomiohyla salvaje Ecnomiohyla valancifer Eleutherodactylus acerus Eleutherodactylus acmonis Eleutherodactylus actinolaimus Eleutherodactylus actites Eleutherodactylus acutirostris Eleutherodactylus adelus Eleutherodactylus affinis Eleutherodactylus albericoi Eleutherodactylus albipes Eleutherodactylus alcoae Eleutherodactylus altae Eleutherodactylus alticola Eleutherodactylus amadeus Eleutherodactylus amplinympha Eleutherodactylus andrewsi Eleutherodactylus angustidigitorum Eleutherodactylus angustilineata Eleutherodactylus apostates Eleutherodactylus armstrongi Eleutherodactylus ashkapara Eleutherodactylus atratus

IUCN Red List category (2007)

Primary biome

EN CR EN EN EN CR EN CR VU VU CR EN VU VU EN VU CR EN EN EN CR EN EN VU EN EN VU CR VU EN VU EN VU CR EN VU EN EN CR VU EN EN CR EN EN VU EN CR VU EN EN VU EN EN EN EN VU CR VU CR CR EN CR CR EN VU EN EN CR CR EN EN EN VU EN EN VU CR CR EN VU CR CR EN EN VU EN CR EN VU EN

Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial

Insufﬁcient information

709

Single site

Scale of conservation Network of sites

Network of sites plus broad- Broad-scale conservation scale conservation action action

y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y

710

Species scientiﬁc name

Eleutherodactylus audanti Eleutherodactylus auriculatoides Eleutherodactylus bacchus Eleutherodactylus bakeri Eleutherodactylus balionotus Eleutherodactylus barlagnei Eleutherodactylus bartonsmithi Eleutherodactylus baryecuus Eleutherodactylus bellona Eleutherodactylus bernali Eleutherodactylus bicolor Eleutherodactylus bicumulus Eleutherodactylus bisignatus Eleutherodactylus blairhedgesi Eleutherodactylus boconoensis Eleutherodactylus bresslerae Eleutherodactylus brevirostris Eleutherodactylus briceni Eleutherodactylus bromeliaceus Eleutherodactylus cabrerai Eleutherodactylus cacao Eleutherodactylus calcaratus Eleutherodactylus calcarulatus Eleutherodactylus capitonis Eleutherodactylus caribe Eleutherodactylus casparii Eleutherodactylus cavernicola Eleutherodactylus ceuthospilus Eleutherodactylus charlottevillensis Eleutherodactylus chlorophenax Eleutherodactylus chrysops Eleutherodactylus colodactylus Eleutherodactylus colomai Eleutherodactylus colostichos Eleutherodactylus condor Eleutherodactylus cooki Eleutherodactylus cornutus Eleutherodactylus corona Eleutherodactylus cosnipatae Eleutherodactylus counouspeus Eleutherodactylus cremnobates Eleutherodactylus crenunguis Eleutherodactylus crucifer Eleutherodactylus cryophilius Eleutherodactylus cryptomelas Eleutherodactylus cubanus Eleutherodactylus cundalli Eleutherodactylus darlingtoni Eleutherodactylus degener Eleutherodactylus deinops Eleutherodactylus dennisi Eleutherodactylus devillei Eleutherodactylus diaphonus Eleutherodactylus dilatus Eleutherodactylus diogenes Eleutherodactylus dissimulatus Eleutherodactylus dixoni Eleutherodactylus dolomedes Eleutherodactylus dolops Eleutherodactylus dorsopictus Eleutherodactylus douglasi Eleutherodactylus duellmani Eleutherodactylus elassodiscus Eleutherodactylus elegans Eleutherodactylus emiliae Eleutherodactylus emleni Eleutherodactylus eneidae Eleutherodactylus eremitus Eleutherodactylus eriphus Eleutherodactylus ernesti Eleutherodactylus etheridgei Eleutherodactylus eugeniae Eleutherodactylus eunaster Eleutherodactylus euphronides Eleutherodactylus fallax Eleutherodactylus fetosus Eleutherodactylus ﬂoridus Eleutherodactylus fowleri Eleutherodactylus frater Eleutherodactylus furcyensis Eleutherodactylus fuscus Eleutherodactylus gentryi Eleutherodactylus ginesi Eleutherodactylus gladiator Eleutherodactylus glamyrus Eleutherodactylus glandulifer Eleutherodactylus glanduliferoides Eleutherodactylus glandulosus Eleutherodactylus glaphycompus Eleutherodactylus goini Eleutherodactylus grabhami

Threatened Amphibians of the World

IUCN Red List category (2007)

Primary biome

VU EN EN CR EN EN CR EN EN CR VU VU EN CR CR CR CR VU VU EN EN EN VU EN CR EN CR VU VU CR EN VU EN VU VU EN VU CR EN EN EN EN VU EN EN CR VU CR EN EN EN EN VU EN VU EN CR CR VU EN VU VU EN VU EN CR CR VU VU VU EN EN CR EN EN EN VU CR VU CR CR EN EN EN EN CR CR EN EN VU EN

Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial

Insufﬁcient information

Single site

Scale of conservation Network of sites

Network of sites plus broad- Broad-scale conservation scale conservation action action

y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Appendices

Species scientiďŹ c name

Eleutherodactylus gracilis Eleutherodactylus grahami Eleutherodactylus grandis Eleutherodactylus greyi Eleutherodactylus griphus Eleutherodactylus gryllus Eleutherodactylus guanahacabibes Eleutherodactylus guantanamera Eleutherodactylus gundlachi Eleutherodactylus haitianus Eleutherodactylus hamiotae Eleutherodactylus hedricki Eleutherodactylus helonotus Eleutherodactylus helvolus Eleutherodactylus heminota Eleutherodactylus hernandezi Eleutherodactylus hybotragus Eleutherodactylus hypostenor Eleutherodactylus iberia Eleutherodactylus ignicolor Eleutherodactylus incanus Eleutherodactylus incomptus Eleutherodactylus ingeri Eleutherodactylus insignitus Eleutherodactylus intermedius Eleutherodactylus inusitatus Eleutherodactylus ionthus Eleutherodactylus jamaicensis Eleutherodactylus jasperi Eleutherodactylus jaumei Eleutherodactylus johannesdei Eleutherodactylus jorgevelosai Eleutherodactylus jugans Eleutherodactylus junori Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti Eleutherodactylus katoptroides Eleutherodactylus kelephas Eleutherodactylus klinikowskii Eleutherodactylus laevissimus Eleutherodactylus lamprotes Eleutherodactylus lancinii Eleutherodactylus lasalleorum Eleutherodactylus latens Eleutherodactylus leberi Eleutherodactylus lemur Eleutherodactylus lentus Eleutherodactylus leoncei Eleutherodactylus leprus Eleutherodactylus lichenoides Eleutherodactylus limbatus Eleutherodactylus lividus Eleutherodactylus locustus Eleutherodactylus longipes Eleutherodactylus loustes Eleutherodactylus lucioi Eleutherodactylus luteolus Eleutherodactylus maculosus Eleutherodactylus marahuaka Eleutherodactylus mariposa Eleutherodactylus mars Eleutherodactylus melacara Eleutherodactylus merostictus Eleutherodactylus minutus Eleutherodactylus mnionaetes Eleutherodactylus modestus Eleutherodactylus modipeplus Eleutherodactylus monensis Eleutherodactylus montanus Eleutherodactylus muricatus Eleutherodactylus museosus Eleutherodactylus necopinus Eleutherodactylus nephophilus Eleutherodactylus nigrogriseus Eleutherodactylus nivicolimae Eleutherodactylus nortoni Eleutherodactylus nubicola Eleutherodactylus nyctophylax Eleutherodactylus ocreatus Eleutherodactylus olanchano Eleutherodactylus orcutti Eleutherodactylus orestes Eleutherodactylus orientalis Eleutherodactylus ornatissimus Eleutherodactylus orpacobates Eleutherodactylus oxyrhyncus Eleutherodactylus parabates Eleutherodactylus paramerus Eleutherodactylus parapelates Eleutherodactylus pardalis Eleutherodactylus parectatus Eleutherodactylus pastazensis

IUCN Red List category (2007)

Primary biome

VU EN CR EN CR EN EN VU EN EN CR EN CR EN EN EN VU EN CR EN EN VU VU EN EN VU EN EN CR CR EN EN CR CR CR EN VU EN EN CR EN VU EN EN EN EN CR VU CR VU EN CR VU EN CR EN EN VU CR EN EN EN EN EN VU EN VU EN VU EN VU VU VU VU CR EN VU EN CR CR EN CR VU VU CR CR EN CR VU EN EN

Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial

InsufďŹ cient information

711

Single site

Scale of conservation Network of sites

Network of sites plus broad- Broad-scale conservation scale conservation action action

y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

712

Species scientiﬁc name

Eleutherodactylus pataikos Eleutherodactylus patriciae Eleutherodactylus paulsoni Eleutherodactylus pechorum Eleutherodactylus penelopus Eleutherodactylus pentasyringos Eleutherodactylus percultus Eleutherodactylus petersorum Eleutherodactylus pezopetrus Eleutherodactylus phalarus Eleutherodactylus phragmipleuron Eleutherodactylus pictissimus Eleutherodactylus pinarensis Eleutherodactylus pinchoni Eleutherodactylus pituinus Eleutherodactylus platychilus Eleutherodactylus polemistes Eleutherodactylus polychrus Eleutherodactylus poolei Eleutherodactylus portoricensis Eleutherodactylus principalis Eleutherodactylus probolaeus Eleutherodactylus prolatus Eleutherodactylus proserpens Eleutherodactylus pteridophilus Eleutherodactylus pugnax Eleutherodactylus pycnodermis Eleutherodactylus pyrrhomerus Eleutherodactylus quantus Eleutherodactylus quinquagesimus Eleutherodactylus renjiforum Eleutherodactylus repens Eleutherodactylus rhodesi Eleutherodactylus rhodoplichus Eleutherodactylus rhodostichus Eleutherodactylus richmondi Eleutherodactylus ricordii Eleutherodactylus rivularis Eleutherodactylus rivulus Eleutherodactylus ronaldi Eleutherodactylus rosadoi Eleutherodactylus rubicundus Eleutherodactylus rubrimaculatus Eleutherodactylus ruedai Eleutherodactylus rufescens Eleutherodactylus ruﬁfemoralis Eleutherodactylus ruizi Eleutherodactylus ruthae Eleutherodactylus ruthveni Eleutherodactylus sandersoni Eleutherodactylus satagius Eleutherodactylus saxatilis Eleutherodactylus schmidti Eleutherodactylus schultei Eleutherodactylus schwartzi Eleutherodactylus sciagraphus Eleutherodactylus scoloblepharus Eleutherodactylus scolodiscus Eleutherodactylus semipalmatus Eleutherodactylus serendipitus Eleutherodactylus shrevei Eleutherodactylus signifer Eleutherodactylus simonbolivari Eleutherodactylus simoteriscus Eleutherodactylus simulans Eleutherodactylus siopelus Eleutherodactylus sisyphodemus Eleutherodactylus sobetes Eleutherodactylus spilogaster Eleutherodactylus suetus Eleutherodactylus sulculus Eleutherodactylus supernatis Eleutherodactylus surdus Eleutherodactylus symingtoni Eleutherodactylus syristes Eleutherodactylus tenebrionis Eleutherodactylus tetajulia Eleutherodactylus thomasi Eleutherodactylus thorectes Eleutherodactylus thymalopsoides Eleutherodactylus toa Eleutherodactylus tonyi Eleutherodactylus torrenticola Eleutherodactylus trepidotus Eleutherodactylus tribulosus Eleutherodactylus truebae Eleutherodactylus turpinorum Eleutherodactylus turquinensis Eleutherodactylus turumiquirensis Eleutherodactylus unicolor Eleutherodactylus urichi

Threatened Amphibians of the World

IUCN Red List category (2007)

Primary biome

VU EN CR EN VU VU EN VU CR VU CR VU EN EN EN VU VU EN CR EN EN EN EN EN EN VU EN EN VU VU EN VU CR EN VU CR VU CR VU VU VU EN VU VU CR CR EN EN EN EN VU EN CR VU EN CR EN EN CR VU EN VU EN EN EN EN CR EN EN EN EN VU EN CR EN EN CR EN CR EN EN CR CR EN CR EN VU CR EN CR EN

Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial

Insufﬁcient information

Single site

Scale of conservation Network of sites

Network of sites plus broad- Broad-scale conservation scale conservation action action

y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Appendices

Species scientiﬁc name

Eleutherodactylus varians Eleutherodactylus veletis Eleutherodactylus ventrilineatus Eleutherodactylus verecundus Eleutherodactylus verrucipes Eleutherodactylus versicolor Eleutherodactylus vertebralis Eleutherodactylus vidua Eleutherodactylus viridicans Eleutherodactylus vulcani Eleutherodactylus warreni Eleutherodactylus wetmorei Eleutherodactylus wightmanae Eleutherodactylus xylochobates Eleutherodactylus zeus Eleutherodactylus zongoensis Eleutherodactylus zophus Eleutherodactylus zugi Epipedobates cainarachi Epipedobates ingeri Epipedobates planipaleae Epipedobates tricolor Ericabatrachus baleensis Euparkerella robusta Euparkerella tridactyla Euproctus platycephalus Eupsophus contulmoensis Eupsophus insularis Eupsophus migueli Eupsophus nahuelbutensis Eurycea chisholmensis Eurycea junaluska Eurycea latitans Eurycea nana Eurycea naufragia Eurycea neotenes Eurycea rathbuni Eurycea sosorum Eurycea tonkawae Eurycea tridentifera Eurycea waterlooensis Exerodonta catracha Exerodonta chimalapa Exerodonta juanitae Exerodonta melanomma Exerodonta perkinsi Exerodonta pinorum Exerodonta xera Fejervarya greenii Fejervarya murthii Fejervarya nilagirica Flectonotus ﬁtzgeraldi Gastrophrynoides borneensis Gastrotheca angustifrons Gastrotheca antomia Gastrotheca bufona Gastrotheca christiani Gastrotheca chrysosticta Gastrotheca dendronastes Gastrotheca espeletia Gastrotheca excubitor Gastrotheca gracilis Gastrotheca guentheri Gastrotheca lauzuricae Gastrotheca litonedis Gastrotheca orophylax Gastrotheca ovifera Gastrotheca plumbea Gastrotheca pseustes Gastrotheca psychrophila Gastrotheca riobambae Gastrotheca ruizi Gastrotheca splendens Gastrotheca stictopleura Gastrotheca trachyceps Gastrotheca zeugocystis Geobatrachus walkeri Geocrinia alba Geocrinia vitellina Grandisonia brevis Gyrinophilus gulolineatus Gyrinophilus palleucus Gyrinophilus subterraneus Haideotriton wallacei Heleioporus australiacus Heleophryne hewitti Heleophryne rosei Hemiphractus johnsoni Hemisus guttatus Holoaden bradei Hoplophryne rogersi

IUCN Red List category (2007)

Primary biome

VU CR CR VU VU VU VU EN EN EN CR VU EN VU EN CR EN EN VU CR CR EN EN VU VU EN EN CR EN EN VU VU VU VU EN VU VU VU EN VU VU EN EN VU VU CR VU VU EN CR EN EN VU VU VU EN EN VU VU EN VU VU VU CR EN EN EN VU EN EN EN EN EN EN EN CR EN CR VU EN EN VU EN VU VU CR CR EN VU CR EN

Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial

Insufﬁcient information

713

Single site

Scale of conservation Network of sites

Network of sites plus broad- Broad-scale conservation scale conservation action action

y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? ? y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y ? y ? y y y y y y y y

714

Species scientiďŹ c name

Hoplophryne uluguruensis Huia masonii Hyalinobatrachium antisthenesi Hyalinobatrachium cardiacalyptum Hyalinobatrachium crybetes Hyalinobatrachium esmeralda Hyalinobatrachium fragile Hyalinobatrachium guairarepanensis Hyalinobatrachium ibama Hyalinobatrachium orientale Hyalinobatrachium pallidum Hyalinobatrachium pellucidum Hyalinobatrachium revocatum Hydromantes brunus Hydromantes shastae Hyla bocourti Hyla chlorostea Hyla walkeri Hylomantis lemur Hyloscirtus charazani Hyloscirtus colymba Hyloscirtus denticulentus Hyloscirtus lindae Hyloscirtus lynchi Hyloscirtus pantostictus Hyloscirtus piceigularis Hyloscirtus platydactylus Hyloscirtus psarolaimus Hyloscirtus ptychodactylus Hyloscirtus simmonsi Hyloscirtus staufferorum Hyloscirtus torrenticola Hynobius abei Hynobius amjiensis Hynobius arisanensis Hynobius boulengeri Hynobius chinensis Hynobius dunni Hynobius formosanus Hynobius hidamontanus Hynobius okiensis Hynobius sonani Hynobius stejnegeri Hynobius takedai Hynobius tokyoensis Hynobius yiwuensis Hynobius yunanicus Hyperolius bobirensis Hyperolius castaneus Hyperolius chrysogaster Hyperolius cystocandicans Hyperolius dintelmanni Hyperolius discodactylus Hyperolius endjami Hyperolius frontalis Hyperolius horstockii Hyperolius kihangensis Hyperolius laurenti Hyperolius leleupi Hyperolius leucotaenius Hyperolius minutissimus Hyperolius nienokouensis Hyperolius nimbae Hyperolius pickersgilli Hyperolius polystictus Hyperolius riggenbachi Hyperolius rubrovermiculatus Hyperolius tannerorum Hyperolius thomensis Hyperolius torrentis Hyperolius viridigulosus Hypopachus barberi Hypsiboas cymbalum Hypsiboas heilprini Ichthyophis orthoplicatus Ichthyophis pseudangularis Indirana brachytarsus Indirana diplosticta Indirana gundia Indirana leithii Indirana leptodactyla Indirana phrynoderma Ingerana liui Ingerana tasanae Insuetophrynus acarpicus Ischnocnema simmonsi Isthmohyla angustilineata Isthmohyla calypsa Isthmohyla debilis Isthmohyla graceae Isthmohyla insolita

Threatened Amphibians of the World

IUCN Red List category (2007)

Primary biome

VU VU VU EN CR EN VU EN VU VU EN EN VU VU VU CR CR VU EN EN EN EN VU EN EN EN VU EN CR EN EN VU CR CR VU VU EN EN EN EN CR EN VU EN VU VU EN EN VU VU VU EN VU VU VU VU EN VU EN EN VU EN EN EN VU VU EN EN EN EN VU VU CR VU VU VU EN EN CR VU EN CR VU VU CR VU CR CR CR CR CR

Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater

InsufďŹ cient information

Single site

Scale of conservation Network of sites

Network of sites plus broad- Broad-scale conservation scale conservation action action

y y y y y ? y y ? y y y ? ? y y y y y y y y ? y ? y y ? y y y ? y y y y y y y y ? y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y

Appendices

Species scientiﬁc name

Isthmohyla picadoi Isthmohyla pictipes Isthmohyla rivularis Isthmohyla tica Isthmohyla zeteki Ixalotriton niger Ixalotriton parva Kalophrynus intermedius Kalophrynus minusculus Kalophrynus palmatissimus Kalophrynus punctatus Kaloula kalingensis Kaloula rigida Kassina arboricola Kassina lamottei Leiopelma archeyi Leiopelma hamiltoni Leiopelma hochstetteri Leiopelma pakeka Leptobrachella baluensis Leptobrachella brevicrus Leptobrachella palmata Leptobrachella parva Leptobrachella serasanae Leptobrachium banae Leptobrachium gunungense Leptobrachium hainanense Leptodactylodon albiventris Leptodactylodon axillaris Leptodactylodon bicolor Leptodactylodon boulengeri Leptodactylodon bueanus Leptodactylodon erythrogaster Leptodactylodon mertensi Leptodactylodon ornatus Leptodactylodon perreti Leptodactylodon polyacanthus Leptodactylodon stevarti Leptodactylodon ventrimarmoratus Leptodactylodon wildi Leptodactylus dominicensis Leptodactylus fallax Leptodactylus magistris Leptodactylus nesiotus Leptodactylus pascoensis Leptodactylus silvanimbus Leptolalax alpinus Leptolalax arayai Leptolalax hamidi Leptolalax kajangensis Leptolalax pictus Leptolalax tuberosus Leptopelis barbouri Leptopelis karissimbensis Leptopelis palmatus Leptopelis parkeri Leptopelis ragazzii Leptopelis susanae Leptopelis uluguruensis Leptopelis vannutellii Leptopelis vermiculatus Leptopelis xenodactylus Leptophryne cruentata Limnonectes acanthi Limnonectes arathooni Limnonectes diuatus Limnonectes fragilis Limnonectes heinrichi Limnonectes macrodon Limnonectes microtympanum Limnonectes namiyei Limnonectes nitidus Limnonectes parvus Limnonectes toumanofﬁ Limnonectes visayanus Lineatriton lineolus Lineatriton orchileucos Lineatriton orchimelas Litoria andiirrmalin Litoria aurea Litoria becki Litoria booroolongensis Litoria brevipalmata Litoria castanea Litoria cooloolensis Litoria daviesae Litoria freycineti Litoria lorica Litoria lutea Litoria nannotis Litoria nyakalensis

IUCN Red List category (2007)

Primary biome

EN VU CR CR VU CR CR VU VU EN VU VU VU VU VU CR EN VU VU VU VU CR VU VU VU VU VU VU EN VU VU VU CR EN EN EN VU EN VU EN EN CR CR VU VU CR EN VU VU VU VU VU VU EN VU VU VU EN VU VU VU EN CR VU EN VU VU VU VU EN EN EN VU VU VU EN EN EN VU VU VU CR EN CR EN VU VU CR VU EN CR

Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater

Insufﬁcient information

715

Single site

Scale of conservation Network of sites

Network of sites plus broad- Broad-scale conservation scale conservation action action

y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

716

Species scientiﬁc name

Litoria olongburensis Litoria piperata Litoria quadrilineata Litoria raniformis Litoria rheocola Litoria spenceri Litoria subglandulosa Litoria wisselensis Lyciasalamandra antalyana Lyciasalamandra atifi Lyciasalamandra billae Lyciasalamandra fazilae Lyciasalamandra flavimembris Lyciasalamandra helverseni Lyciasalamandra luschani Madecassophryne truebae Mannophryne caquetio Mannophryne collaris Mannophryne cordilleriana Mannophryne lamarcai Mannophryne neblina Mannophryne olmonae Mannophryne riveroi Mannophryne trinitatis Mannophryne yustizi Mantella aurantiaca Mantella bernhardi Mantella cowanii Mantella crocea Mantella expectata Mantella haraldmeieri Mantella madagascariensis Mantella milotympanum Mantella pulchra Mantella viridis Mantidactylus ambohitra Mantidactylus brunae Mantidactylus corvus Mantidactylus elegans Mantidactylus guibei Mantidactylus horridus Mantidactylus klemmeri Mantidactylus madecassus Mantidactylus massorum Mantidactylus microtis Mantidactylus microtympanum Mantidactylus pauliani Mantidactylus rivicola Mantidactylus salegy Mantidactylus schilfi Mantidactylus silvanus Mantidactylus striatus Mantidactylus tandroka Mantidactylus webbi Megastomatohyla mixe Megastomatohyla mixomaculata Megastomatohyla nubicola Megastomatohyla pellita Megophrys edwardinae Megophrys ligayae Megophrys stejnegeri Melanobatrachus indicus Melanophryniscus devincenzii Melanophryniscus dorsalis Melanophryniscus macrogranulosus Melanophryniscus montevidensis Melanophryniscus orejasmirandai Meristogenys amoropalamus Meristogenys jerboa Mertensiella caucasica Metaphryniscus sosae Micrixalus gadgili Micrixalus kottigeharensis Micrixalus nudis Micrixalus phyllophilus Micrixalus saxicola Microbatrachella capensis Microhyla karunaratnei Microhyla maculifera Microhyla sholigari Microhyla zeylanica Micryletta steinegeri Minervarya sahyadris Mixophyes balbus Mixophyes fleayi Mixophyes iteratus Nannophrys ceylonensis Nannophrys marmorata Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Natalobatrachus bonebergi Nectophrynoides asperginis

Threatened Amphibians of the World

IUCN Red List category (2007)

Primary biome

VU CR VU EN EN CR VU VU EN EN CR EN EN VU EN EN CR EN VU CR CR CR EN VU EN CR EN CR EN CR VU VU CR VU CR VU EN EN VU EN EN VU EN VU EN EN CR VU VU VU EN VU VU EN CR EN EN CR VU EN VU EN EN VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU EN CR VU VU VU CR CR VU EN EN EN EN VU EN EN VU CR EN EN CR

Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater

Insufﬁcient information

Single site

Scale of conservation Network of sites

Network of sites plus broad- Broad-scale conservation scale conservation action action y

y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? ? y ? y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y ? y y y ? y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Appendices

Species scientiďŹ c name

Nectophrynoides cryptus Nectophrynoides minutus Nectophrynoides poyntoni Nectophrynoides pseudotornieri Nectophrynoides vestergaardi Nectophrynoides viviparus Nectophrynoides wendyae Necturus alabamensis Nephelobates alboguttatus Nephelobates duranti Nephelobates haydeeae Nephelobates mayorgai Nephelobates meridensis Nephelobates molinarii Nephelobates orostoma Nephelobates serranus Nesomantis thomasseti Neurergus crocatus Neurergus kaiseri Neurergus microspilotus Neurergus strauchii Nimbaphrynoides liberiensis Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis Nothophryne broadleyi Notophthalmus meridionalis Nototriton barbouri Nototriton gamezi Nototriton guanacaste Nototriton lignicola Nototriton limnospectator Nototriton saslaya Nyctanolis pernix Nyctibatrachus aliciae Nyctibatrachus beddomii Nyctibatrachus deccanensis Nyctibatrachus humayuni Nyctibatrachus hussaini Nyctibatrachus major Nyctibatrachus minor Nyctibatrachus sanctipalustris Nyctibatrachus vasanthi Nyctimystes avocalis Nyctimystes dayi Nyctimystes rueppelli Nyctixalus margaritifer Nyctixalus moloch Nyctixalus spinosus Occidozyga borealis Occidozyga diminutivus Odontophrynus achalensis Odontophrynus moratoi Oedipina alfaroi Oedipina altura Oedipina gephyra Oedipina gracilis Oedipina grandis Oedipina maritima Oedipina paucidentata Oedipina poelzi Oedipina pseudouniformis Oedipina stenopodia Oedipina uniformis Oreolalax chuanbeiensis Oreolalax granulosus Oreolalax jingdongensis Oreolalax liangbeiensis Oreolalax major Oreolalax multipunctatus Oreolalax omeimontis Oreolalax pingii Oreolalax puxiongensis Oreolalax rhodostigmatus Oreophryne anulata Oreophryne celebensis Oreophryne monticola Oreophryne variabilis Oreophrynella cryptica Oreophrynella huberi Oreophrynella macconnelli Oreophrynella nigra Oreophrynella quelchii Oreophrynella vasquezi Osornophryne antisana Osornophryne guacamayo Osornophryne percrassa Osornophryne sumacoensis Osornophryne talipes Osteopilus crucialis Osteopilus marianae Osteopilus pulchrilineatus Osteopilus vastus

IUCN Red List category (2007)

Primary biome

EN EN CR EN EN VU CR EN EN EN EN EN CR EN EN EN VU VU CR EN VU CR CR EN EN EN VU VU CR EN VU EN EN EN VU VU EN VU EN EN EN VU EN VU VU VU VU VU VU VU CR VU CR EN EN EN CR CR EN EN EN VU EN VU VU CR VU VU EN EN EN VU VU VU EN VU VU VU VU VU VU VU EN EN EN VU EN EN EN EN EN

Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater

InsufďŹ cient information

717

Single site

Scale of conservation Network of sites

Network of sites plus broad- Broad-scale conservation scale conservation action action

y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y ? y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

718

Species scientiďŹ c name

Osteopilus wilderi Paa boulengeri Paa exilispinosa Paa fasciculispina Paa jiulongensis Paa liui Paa maculosa Paa minica Paa robertingeri Paa rostandi Paa shini Paa spinosa Paa yunnanensis Pachyhynobius shangchengensis Palmatorappia solomonis Paramesotriton deloustali Paramesotriton fuzhongensis Paramesotriton guanxiensis Parhoplophryne usambarica Parvimolge townsendi Pedostibes tuberculosus Pelobates varaldii Pelophryne albotaeniata Pelophryne api Pelophryne guentheri Pelophryne lighti Pelophryne misera Pelophryne rhopophilius Pelophryne scalptus Petropedetes palmipes Petropedetes perreti Phaeognathus hubrichti Philautus acutirostris Philautus acutus Philautus alto Philautus amoenus Philautus asankai Philautus aurantium Philautus auratus Philautus bobingeri Philautus bombayensis Philautus bunitus Philautus caeruleus Philautus cavirostris Philautus chalazodes Philautus charius Philautus cuspis Philautus decoris Philautus disgregus Philautus erythrophthalmus Philautus femoralis Philautus folicola Philautus frankenbergi Philautus fulvus Philautus garo Philautus glandulosus Philautus graminirupes Philautus griet Philautus gunungensis Philautus hallidayi Philautus hoffmanni Philautus ingeri Philautus jacobsoni Philautus jinxiuensis Philautus kerangae Philautus leitensis Philautus limbus Philautus lunatus Philautus macropus Philautus microtympanum Philautus mittermeieri Philautus mooreorum Philautus nemus Philautus nerostagona Philautus ocellatus Philautus ocularis Philautus pallidipes Philautus papillosus Philautus pleurotaenia Philautus poecilius Philautus ponmudi Philautus poppiae Philautus procax Philautus refugii Philautus reticulatus Philautus sanctisilvaticus Philautus sarasinorum Philautus saueri Philautus schmackeri Philautus schmarda Philautus shillongensis

Threatened Amphibians of the World

IUCN Red List category (2007)

Primary biome

EN EN VU VU VU VU EN VU EN VU VU VU EN VU VU VU VU EN CR EN EN EN EN EN VU VU VU VU EN EN EN EN VU VU EN VU EN EN EN VU VU VU EN EN CR EN EN EN EN VU EN EN EN EN VU VU VU CR VU VU EN VU CR VU EN VU CR CR CR EN EN EN CR EN EN EN VU CR EN VU CR EN CR VU EN CR EN VU EN EN CR

Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial

InsufďŹ cient information

Single site

Scale of conservation Network of sites

Network of sites plus broad- Broad-scale conservation scale conservation action action

y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y ? y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y

Appendices

Species scientiﬁc name

Philautus signatus Philautus silus Philautus silvaticus Philautus simba Philautus similis Philautus sp. nov. ‘Amboli Forest’ Philautus sp. nov. ‘Athirimala’ Philautus sp. nov. ‘Eravikulam NP’ Philautus sp. nov. ‘Munnar’ Philautus sp. nov. ‘Munnar 2’ Philautus sp. nov. ‘Tholpetti Forest’ Philautus steineri Philautus stuarti Philautus surrufus Philautus tectus Philautus tinniens Philautus umbra Philautus viridis Philautus worcesteri Philautus wynaadensis Philautus zorro Philoria frosti Philoria kundagungan Philoria loveridgei Philoria pughi Philoria richmondensis Philoria sphagnicolus Phlyctimantis keithae Phrynobatrachus acutirostris Phrynobatrachus annulatus Phrynobatrachus bequaerti Phrynobatrachus cricogaster Phrynobatrachus ghanensis Phrynobatrachus irangi Phrynobatrachus krefftii Phrynobatrachus pakenhami Phrynobatrachus steindachneri Phrynobatrachus uzungwensis Phrynobatrachus versicolor Phrynobatrachus villiersi Phrynopus adenobrachius Phrynopus bagrecitoi Phrynopus barthlenae Phrynopus bracki Phrynopus brunneus Phrynopus carpish Phrynopus cophites Phrynopus dagmarae Phrynopus ﬂavomaculatus Phrynopus heimorum Phrynopus horstpauli Phrynopus iatamasi Phrynopus juninensis Phrynopus kauneorum Phrynopus kempfﬁ Phrynopus lucida Phrynopus montium Phrynopus parkeri Phrynopus pereger Phrynopus peruvianus Phrynopus simonsii Phrynopus spectabilis Phyllobates terribilis Phyllobates vittatus Phyllodytes auratus Phyllomedusa ayeaye Phyllomedusa baltea Phyllomedusa ecuatoriana Physalaemus atlanticus Physalaemus soaresi Pipa myersi Platymantis akarithyma Platymantis banahao Platymantis cagayanensis Platymantis cornuta Platymantis guentheri Platymantis hazelae Platymantis indeprensus Platymantis insulata Platymantis isarog Platymantis lawtoni Platymantis levigata Platymantis montana Platymantis naomiae Platymantis negrosensis Platymantis panayensis Platymantis parkeri Platymantis polillensis Platymantis pseudodorsalis Platymantis pygmaea Platymantis rabori

IUCN Red List category (2007)

Primary biome

EN EN EN CR EN CR EN VU CR CR VU EN EN EN VU EN VU EN VU EN EN CR EN EN EN EN EN VU VU EN VU VU EN EN EN EN VU VU VU VU CR VU VU EN EN CR EN CR EN CR CR VU CR CR EN CR EN CR CR EN CR CR EN EN CR CR EN EN VU EN EN VU VU EN VU VU EN VU CR VU EN EN VU VU EN EN VU EN VU VU VU

Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial

Insufﬁcient information

719

Single site

Scale of conservation Network of sites

Network of sites plus broad- Broad-scale conservation scale conservation action action

y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

720

Species scientiﬁc name

Platymantis sierramadrensis Platymantis spelaea Platymantis subterrestris Platymantis taylori Platymantis vitiana Platypelis alticola Platypelis mavomavo Platypelis milloti Platypelis tetra Platypelis tsaratananaensis Plectrohyla acanthodes Plectrohyla arborescandens Plectrohyla avia Plectrohyla calthula Plectrohyla calvicollina Plectrohyla celata Plectrohyla cembra Plectrohyla charadricola Plectrohyla chryses Plectrohyla chrysopleura Plectrohyla crassa Plectrohyla cyanomma Plectrohyla cyclada Plectrohyla dasypus Plectrohyla ephemera Plectrohyla exquisita Plectrohyla glandulosa Plectrohyla guatemalensis Plectrohyla hartwegi Plectrohyla hazelae Plectrohyla ixil Plectrohyla lacertosa Plectrohyla matudai Plectrohyla mykter Plectrohyla pachyderma Plectrohyla pentheter Plectrohyla pokomchi Plectrohyla psarosema Plectrohyla psiloderma Plectrohyla pycnochila Plectrohyla quecchi Plectrohyla robertsorum Plectrohyla sabrina Plectrohyla sagorum Plectrohyla siopela Plectrohyla tecunumani Plectrohyla teuchestes Plectrohyla thorectes Plethodon amplus Plethodon asupak Plethodon cheoah Plethodon fourchensis Plethodon hubrichti Plethodon meridianus Plethodon petraeus Plethodon shenandoah Plethodon sherando Plethodon shermani Plethodon stormi Plethodon welleri Plethodontohyla brevipes Plethodontohyla coronata Plethodontohyla coudreaui Plethodontohyla guentherpetersi Plethodontohyla serratopalpebrosa Plethodontohyla tuberata Pleurodeles nebulosus Pleurodeles poireti Polypedates eques Polypedates fastigo Polypedates insularis Polypedates longinasus Polypedates yaoshanensis Praslinia cooperi Probreviceps macrodactylus Probreviceps rhodesianus Probreviceps rungwensis Probreviceps uluguruensis Proteus anguinus Pseudoamolops sauteri Pseudoeurycea altamontana Pseudoeurycea aquatica Pseudoeurycea bellii Pseudoeurycea boneti Pseudoeurycea brunnata Pseudoeurycea cochranae Pseudoeurycea exspectata Pseudoeurycea ﬁrscheini Pseudoeurycea gadovii Pseudoeurycea gigantea Pseudoeurycea goebeli

Threatened Amphibians of the World

IUCN Red List category (2007)

Primary biome

VU EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN VU CR EN CR CR CR CR CR EN CR CR CR CR EN CR CR CR EN CR CR CR CR EN VU EN CR EN CR CR EN CR CR EN CR EN CR CR CR CR VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU EN EN EN VU VU EN VU VU VU EN EN CR EN EN EN VU VU EN VU VU VU EN EN CR VU VU EN EN CR EN EN EN EN

Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial

Insufﬁcient information

Single site

Scale of conservation Network of sites

Network of sites plus broad- Broad-scale conservation scale conservation action action

y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Appendices

Species scientiﬁc name

Pseudoeurycea juarezi Pseudoeurycea leprosa Pseudoeurycea longicauda Pseudoeurycea lynchi Pseudoeurycea melanomolga Pseudoeurycea mystax Pseudoeurycea naucampatepetl Pseudoeurycea nigromaculata Pseudoeurycea praecellens Pseudoeurycea robertsi Pseudoeurycea saltator Pseudoeurycea scandens Pseudoeurycea smithi Pseudoeurycea unguidentis Pseudoeurycea werleri Pseudophryne australis Pseudophryne corroboree Pseudophryne covacevichae Pseudophryne pengilleyi Pterorana khare Ptychadena broadleyi Ptychadena newtoni Ptychohyla dendrophasma Ptychohyla erythromma Ptychohyla hypomykter Ptychohyla legleri Ptychohyla leonhardschultzei Ptychohyla macrotympanum Ptychohyla panchoi Ptychohyla salvadorensis Ptychohyla sanctaecrucis Ptychohyla spinipollex Ramanella mormorata Ramanella nagaoi Ramanella palmata Ramanella triangularis Rana amamiensis Rana attigua Rana aurantiaca Rana bwana Rana cerigensis Rana charlesdarwini Rana chevronta Rana chichicuahutla Rana chiricahuensis Rana chosenica Rana cretensis Rana dunni Rana epeirotica Rana hainanensis Rana holsti Rana igorota Rana ishikawae Rana jingdongensis Rana johni Rana junlianensis Rana kuangwuensis Rana latastei Rana longicrus Rana macroglossa Rana mangyanum Rana megapoda Rana miadis Rana minima Rana muscosa Rana narina Rana nasuta Rana okaloosae Rana okinavana Rana omiltemana Rana onca Rana pretiosa Rana psaltes Rana pueblae Rana pyrenaica Rana sevosa Rana shqiperica Rana sierramadrensis Rana spinulosa Rana subaquavocalis Rana subaspera Rana supranarina Rana tarahumarae Rana tenggerensis Rana tipanan Rana tlaloci Rana utsunomiyaorum Rana vibicaria Rana weiningensis Rana wuchuanensis Ranodon ﬂavomaculatus

IUCN Red List category (2007)

Primary biome

EN VU EN CR EN EN CR CR CR VU EN VU CR EN EN VU CR EN EN VU EN EN CR EN CR EN EN CR EN EN CR EN EN VU EN VU EN VU VU VU EN CR CR CR VU VU EN EN VU VU EN VU EN VU EN VU EN VU VU VU EN VU VU CR CR EN VU VU EN CR EN VU EN CR EN CR EN VU VU CR EN EN VU EN VU CR EN CR VU CR VU

Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial

Insufﬁcient information

721

Single site

Scale of conservation Network of sites

Network of sites plus broad- Broad-scale conservation scale conservation action action

y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

722

Species scientiﬁc name

Ranodon sibiricus Ranodon tsinpaensis Rhacophorus angulirostris Rhacophorus annamensis Rhacophorus arvalis Rhacophorus aurantiventris Rhacophorus baliogaster Rhacophorus bimaculatus Rhacophorus calcadensis Rhacophorus exechopygus Rhacophorus fasciatus Rhacophorus lateralis Rhacophorus margaritifer Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus Rhamphophryne macrorhina Rhamphophryne nicefori Rhamphophryne rostrata Rhinoderma darwinii Rhinoderma rufum Rhombophryne testudo Rhyacotriton olympicus Salamandra algira Salamandra lanzai Scaphiophryne boribory Scaphiophryne gottlebei Scaphiophryne marmorata Scinax alcatraz Scutiger chintingensis Scutiger gongshanensis Scutiger liupanensis Scutiger maculatus Scutiger muliensis Scutiger nepalensis Scutiger ningshanensis Scutiger pingwuensis Scutiger ruginosus Scutiger tuberculatus Smilisca dentata Smilisca puma Somuncuria somuncurensis Sooglossus gardineri Sooglossus pipilodryas Sooglossus sechellensis Speleomantes flavus Speleomantes genei Speleomantes supramontis Spicospina flammocaerulea Spinophrynoides osgoodi Stefania ackawaio Stefania ayangannae Stefania coxi Stefania riveroi Stefania schuberti Stephopaedes anotis Stephopaedes howelli Stephopaedes usambarae Strongylopus kitumbeine Strongylopus merumontanus Strongylopus rhodesianus Strongylopus springbokensis Stumpffia helenae Stumpffia pygmaea Taudactylus acutirostris Taudactylus eungellensis Taudactylus pleione Taudactylus rheophilus Telmatobius arequipensis Telmatobius atacamensis Telmatobius brevipes Telmatobius brevirostris Telmatobius carillae Telmatobius ceiorum Telmatobius cirrhacelis Telmatobius colanensis Telmatobius culeus Telmatobius degener Telmatobius edaphonastes Telmatobius gigas Telmatobius hauthali Telmatobius hockingi Telmatobius huayra Telmatobius hypselocephalus Telmatobius ignavus Telmatobius laticeps Telmatobius latirostris Telmatobius marmoratus Telmatobius mayoloi Telmatobius necopinus Telmatobius niger Telmatobius oxycephalus Telmatobius pefauri

Threatened Amphibians of the World

IUCN Red List category (2007)

Primary biome

EN VU EN VU EN EN VU VU EN VU VU EN VU CR EN EN CR VU CR VU VU VU VU EN CR VU CR EN VU VU CR EN VU EN EN VU VU EN VU CR VU VU VU VU VU EN VU VU VU VU VU VU VU EN EN EN VU VU VU VU CR VU CR CR CR CR VU CR EN EN VU EN CR EN CR EN EN CR VU VU VU EN EN EN EN VU EN EN CR VU CR

Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater

Insufﬁcient information

Single site

Scale of conservation Network of sites

Network of sites plus broad- Broad-scale conservation scale conservation action action y

y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y

Appendices

Species scientiﬁc name

IUCN Red List category (2007)

Primary biome

VU EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN CR VU VU CR VU CR EN VU EN EN CR EN EN EN CR EN EN CR CR CR EN CR CR EN EN CR EN EN EN EN EN VU VU EN VU VU EN EN EN EN CR EN EN EN EN CR EN VU EN VU VU EN CR

Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Terrestrial Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater

Telmatobius peruvianus Telmatobius pisanoi Telmatobius platycephalus Telmatobius schreiteri Telmatobius scrocchii Telmatobius sibiricus Telmatobius stephani Telmatobius thompsoni Telmatobius truebae Telmatobius vellardi Telmatobius verrucosus Telmatobius yuracare Telmatobius zapahuirensis Telmatobufo australis Telmatobufo bullocki Telmatobufo venustus Tepuihyla rimarum Theloderma bicolor Thorius arboreus Thorius aureus Thorius boreas Thorius dubitus Thorius grandis Thorius infernalis Thorius lunaris Thorius macdougalli Thorius magnipes Thorius minutissimus Thorius minydemus Thorius munificus Thorius narismagnus Thorius narisovalis Thorius omiltemi Thorius papaloae Thorius pennatulus Thorius pulmonaris Thorius schmidti Thorius spilogaster Thorius troglodytes Thoropa lutzi Thoropa petropolitana Tlalocohyla godmani Tylototriton hainanensis Tylototriton kweichowensis Tylototriton wenxianensis Vibrissaphora boringii Vibrissaphora echinata Vibrissaphora leishanensis Werneria bambutensis Werneria iboundji Werneria mertensiana Werneria preussi Werneria submontana Werneria tandyi Wolterstorffina chirioi Wolterstorffina mirei Wolterstorffina parvipalmata Xenophrys brachykolos Xenophrys giganticus Xenophrys nankiangensis Xenopus gilli Xenopus longipes

Insufﬁcient information

723

Single site

Scale of conservation Network of sites

Network of sites plus broad- Broad-scale conservation scale conservation action action y y y y y y y

y y y ? ? y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y ? y y y y y y y ? y y ? y y y y y y y y y

APPENDIX VIIB. THE NATURE OF THE ECOLOGICAL PROCESS FOR WHICH LANDSCAPE-SCALE CONSERVATION ACTION IS REQUIRED Scientiﬁc Name Adenomus dasi Adenomus kelaartii Afrana johnstoni Afrixalus spinifrons Alytes dickhilleni Alytes muletensis Ambystoma altamirani Ambystoma amblycephalum Ambystoma andersoni Ambystoma bombypellum Ambystoma californiense Ambystoma dumerilii Ambystoma granulosum Ambystoma leorae Ambystoma lermaense Ambystoma mexicanum Ambystoma ordinarium Ambystoma taylori Amolops hainanensis Amolops jinjiangensis Amolops loloensis

Water levels/ ﬂows

Water quality ? ? ? y

y y

y y y ? y y ?

y y y y ? y y y y y ? y

Other

Scientiﬁc Name Andrias davidianus Ansonia anotis Ansonia guibei Ansonia latidisca Ansonia mcgregori Ansonia muelleri Ansonia platysoma Ansonia siamensis Argenteohyla siemersi Arthroleptella ngongoniensis Arthroleptides martiensseni Arthroleptides yakusini Astylosternus ranoides Atelognathus patagonicus Atelognathus reverberii Atelopus arsyecue Atelopus boulengeri Atelopus carrikeri Atelopus certus Atelopus eusebianus Atelopus exiguus

Water levels/ ﬂows y

Water quality y ? y y y y ? ?

y y

y y y ? y ? ? ? y ?

Other

724

Scientiﬁc Name Atelopus famelicus Atelopus glyphus Atelopus limosus Atelopus longibrachius Atelopus sernai Atelopus simulatus Atelopus sonsonensis Atelopus spurrelli Atelopus subornatus Atelopus tricolor Atelopus walkeri Atelopus zeteki Barbourula busuangensis Barbourula kalimantanensis Batrachophrynus macrostomus Batrachoseps campi Batrachoseps stebbinsi Batrachuperus mustersi Batrachuperus pinchonii Batrachuperus tibetanus Bolitoglossa heiroreias Bolitoglossa mulleri Boophis jaegeri Boophis williamsi Buergeria oxycephalus Bufo aucoinae Bufo californicus Bufo canorus Bufo cristatus Bufo empusus Bufo exsul Bufo gallardoi Bufo guentheri Bufo gundlachi Bufo nelsoni Bufo quechua Bufo rumbolli Bufo spiculatus Bufo sumatranus Bufo taladai Caudiverbera caudiverbera Centrolene geckoideum Centrolene lynchi Centrolene peristictum Centrolene quindianum Centrolene robledoi Centrolene tayrona Chioglossa lusitanica Cochranella balionota Cochranella cochranae Cochranella grifﬁthsi Cochranella megacheira Cochranella posadae Cochranella prasina Cochranella punctulata Cochranella resplendens Cochranella rosada Cochranella ruizi Cochranella susatamai Cochranella xanthocheridia Colostethus awa Colostethus elachyhistus Colostethus juanii Colostethus pulchellus Colostethus ruthveni Colostethus saltuensis Colostethus toachi Conraua alleni Conraua derooi Conraua goliath Conraua robusta Craugastor anatipes Craugastor necerus Craugastor pygmaeus Cryptobatrachus fuhrmanni Dendropsophus gryllatus Dendropsophus meridensis Duellmanohyla ignicolor Duellmanohyla soralia Eleutherodactylus albericoi Eleutherodactylus barlagnei Eleutherodactylus calcarulatus Eleutherodactylus diaphonus Eleutherodactylus insignitus Eleutherodactylus laevissimus Eleutherodactylus loustes Eleutherodactylus rivularis Eleutherodactylus rivulus Eleutherodactylus rosadoi Eleutherodactylus torrenticola Epipedobates tricolor Euproctus platycephalus Eurycea chisholmensis

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Water levels/ ﬂows

Water quality ? ? y y y y y ? y y ? y y y ?

Other

y ? y y y Drying of microhabitats Drying of microhabitats y

? ?

y y y y

? y ?

y ? ? y ? y y y

y y

Drying of microhabitats ? ? y ? y y ? ? ? y ? y ? ? y y y y y ? y y ? y y ? ? y ? ? y y y ? ? Drying of microhabitats ? ? ?

y y ? ? ? y

? y ? y y ? y y y y

Scientiﬁc Name Eurycea junaluska Eurycea latitans Eurycea nana Eurycea neotenes Eurycea rathbuni Eurycea sosorum Eurycea tonkawae Eurycea tridentifera Eurycea waterlooensis Exerodonta chimalapa Fejervarya greenii Gastrotheca angustifrons Gastrotheca dendronastes Gastrotheca espeletia Gastrotheca gracilis Gastrotheca guentheri Gastrotheca riobambae Gastrotheca ruizi Gyrinophilus gulolineatus Gyrinophilus palleucus Gyrinophilus subterraneus Haideotriton wallacei Heleioporus australiacus Heleophryne hewitti Heleophryne rosei Hemisus guttatus Huia masonii Hyalinobatrachium cardiacalyptum Hyalinobatrachium esmeralda Hyalinobatrachium guairarepanensis Hyalinobatrachium ibama Hyalinobatrachium revocatum Hydromantes brunus Hydromantes shastae Hyloscirtus charazani Hyloscirtus lindae Hyloscirtus pantostictus Hyloscirtus psarolaimus Hyloscirtus simmonsi Hyloscirtus torrenticola Hynobius boulengeri Hynobius dunni Hynobius hidamontanus Hynobius okiensis Hynobius stejnegeri Hynobius takedai Hynobius tokyoensis Hynobius yiwuensis Hyperolius horstockii Hyperolius pickersgilli Hypsiboas heilprini Ichthyophis orthoplicatus Ichthyophis pseudangularis Kaloula rigida Leptobrachella palmata Leptobrachella parva Leptodactylus magistris Leptolalax arayai Leptopelis xenodactylus Limnonectes acanthi Limnonectes arathooni Limnonectes diuatus Limnonectes macrodon Limnonectes namiyei Limnonectes parvus Limnonectes toumanofﬁ Limnonectes visayanus Lineatriton lineolus Litoria booroolongensis Litoria cooloolensis Litoria freycineti Litoria olongburensis Litoria raniformis Litoria rheocola Litoria subglandulosa Mannophryne caquetio Mannophryne collaris Mannophryne lamarcai Mannophryne trinitatis Mannophryne yustizi Mantella viridis Mantidactylus elegans Mantidactylus pauliani Megophrys edwardinae Megophrys ligayae Megophrys stejnegeri Melanobatrachus indicus Melanophryniscus devincenzii Mertensiella caucasica Micrixalus gadgili Micrixalus saxicola Microbatrachella capensis Microhyla karunaratnei

Water levels/ ﬂows

y y y ?

y y

Water quality ? ? ? y ? y y ? y

Other

? y y ?

y y ? y ? y y y y y y

y ? y y y

y y ? y ? ?

? y y ? ? ? y ? y y

y ? ? ? y y y

? ? ? y y y y y ? y y y y y y y y ? y Drying of microhabitats y y y y y y

y y

y ? ? ? y ? ? ? ? y y y ? y y y y

y ? y

Appendices

Scientiﬁc Name Nannophrys ceylonensis Nannophrys marmorata Natalobatrachus bonebergi Necturus alabamensis Nephelobates mayorgai Nephelobates meridensis Nephelobates orostoma Neurergus crocatus Neurergus kaiseri Neurergus microspilotus Neurergus strauchii Notophthalmus meridionalis Nyctibatrachus humayuni Nyctimystes dayi Occidozyga borealis Occidozyga diminutivus Odontophrynus achalensis Oedipina poelzi Oreolalax liangbeiensis Paa boulengeri Paa minica Paa shini Paa spinosa Paa yunnanensis Paramesotriton deloustali Parvimolge townsendi Pedostibes tuberculosus Pelobates varaldii Pelophryne lighti Petropedetes perreti Philautus macropus Philautus sarasinorum Philoria kundagungan Philoria loveridgei Philoria richmondensis Philoria sphagnicolus Phyllobates terribilis Phyllobates vittatus Phyllomedusa ayeaye Pipa myersi Plectrohyla arborescandens Plectrohyla charadricola Plectrohyla pachyderma Plectrohyla pokomchi Plectrohyla quecchi Plectrohyla tecunumani Pleurodeles nebulosus Pleurodeles poireti Polypedates eques Polypedates fastigo Polypedates longinasus Proteus anguinus Pseudophryne australis Pterorana khare Ptychohyla hypomykter Ptychohyla legleri Ptychohyla panchoi Ptychohyla sanctaecrucis Rana amamiensis Rana aurantiaca Rana cerigensis Rana chichicuahutla Rana chiricahuensis Rana chosenica Rana cretensis Rana epeirotica Rana holsti Rana ishikawae Rana johni Rana latastei Rana longicrus Rana macroglossa Rana mangyanum Rana megapoda Rana minima Rana muscosa Rana narina Rana okaloosae Rana onca Rana pretiosa Rana pyrenaica Rana shqiperica Rana spinulosa Rana tarahumarae Rana tenggerensis Rana tipanan Rana weiningensis Ranodon sibiricus Rhacophorus arvalis Rhacophorus bimaculatus Rhyacotriton olympicus Salamandra algira Scutiger chintingensis

Water levels/ ﬂows

y y y

Water quality y y y y y y ? ?

Other

y ? y y

y y y ? ? y y y y y y ? Drying of microhabitats y

y y y y

y y y y y

? ? y y ? ? ? ? ? ? y ? y

725

Scientiﬁc Name Scutiger nepalensis Smilisca dentata Somuncuria somuncurensis Strongylopus springbokensis Telmatobius arequipensis Telmatobius atacamensis Telmatobius brevipes Telmatobius brevirostris Telmatobius ceiorum Telmatobius culeus Telmatobius gigas Telmatobius hypselocephalus Telmatobius laticeps Telmatobius latirostris Telmatobius marmoratus Telmatobius mayoloi Telmatobius pefauri Telmatobius peruvianus Telmatobius pisanoi Telmatobius platycephalus Telmatobius schreiteri Telmatobius scrocchii Telmatobius sibiricus Telmatobius stephani Telmatobius verrucosus Telmatobius yuracare Telmatobius zapahuirensis Telmatobufo australis Telmatobufo bullocki Tlalocohyla godmani Vibrissaphora boringii Werneria iboundji Werneria submontana

Water levels/ ﬂows y

y y

Water quality

Other

? y y y y ? y y y y y y y ? y y y y y

y y y ? ? y y y ? y Drying of microhabitats (potential) ?

APPENDIX VIII. LIST OF CRITICALLY ENDANGERED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES FOR WHICH CAPTIVE BREEDING IS AN IMMEDIATELY NECESSARY EX-SITU CONSERVATION ACTION (prepared by Don Church, Kevin Zippel and Michael Hoffmann)

? ? y y y ? ? y y ? y y

Note: the following list, while clearly identifying the highest priorities for ex-situ conservation action, needs to be used while bearing in mind a few important caveats. In particular, this list does not include species that: – have been or are being impacted by chytrid and may warrant listing as EW/CR/EN (and likely will be during the next update to the GAA), but are currently classified in a lower category of threat; – are in areas where chytrid is definitely found and likely to have been impacted, except that this has not been documented in their populations because no one has looked (e.g., Dendrobates speciosus); – are in areas where chytrid has not arrived yet, but that have relatives elsewhere that have succumbed, suggesting they too could be impacted by chytrid if it arrives (any montane-tropical or temperate bufonids, dendrobatids, many leptodactylids, and so forth); – are currently classified as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct); see Appendix IX. – are being impacted by threats that can, potentially, be mitigated by targeted in-situ actions, such as habitat loss and exploitation.

y y ? ? ?

Consequently, this list of 247 species is by no means final or perfect, but it does represent instances of known species that will immediately benefit from ex-situ measures, due to the effects specifically of chytrid.

y y y y y y y y y

y y y ?

y y y

y y y y y y ? y

y y y y

? y y y

y y y ? y y

Order Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura

Scientiﬁc Name Atelophryniscus chrysophorus Atelopus andinus Atelopus angelito Atelopus arsyecue Atelopus bomolochos Atelopus boulengeri Atelopus carauta Atelopus carrikeri Atelopus certus Atelopus chiriquiensis Atelopus chocoensis Atelopus cruciger Atelopus dimorphus Atelopus ebenoides Atelopus elegans Atelopus erythropus Atelopus eusebianus Atelopus exiguus Atelopus farci Atelopus galactogaster Atelopus glyphus Atelopus guitarraensis Atelopus laetissimus Atelopus limosus Atelopus longibrachius Atelopus mandingues Atelopus minutulus Atelopus monohernandezi Atelopus mucubajiensis Atelopus nahumae Atelopus nepiozomus Atelopus nicefori

Has Been Bred

726

Order Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Family Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Bufonidae Centrolenidae Centrolenidae Centrolenidae Centrolenidae Centrolenidae Centrolenidae Centrolenidae Centrolenidae Dendrobatidae Dendrobatidae Dendrobatidae Dendrobatidae Dendrobatidae Dendrobatidae Dendrobatidae Dendrobatidae Dendrobatidae Dendrobatidae Dendrobatidae Dendrobatidae Dendrobatidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae

ScientiďŹ c Name Atelopus pedimarmoratus Atelopus petriruizi Atelopus pictiventris Atelopus pulcher Atelopus quimbaya Atelopus reticulatus Atelopus seminiferus Atelopus simulatus Atelopus sonsonensis Atelopus subornatus Atelopus tamaense Atelopus varius Atelopus walkeri Atelopus zeteki Bufo amabilis Bufo baxteri Bufo canorus Bufo ibarrai Bufo tacanensis Bufo tutelarius Leptophryne cruentata Centrolene audax Centrolene azulae Centrolene gemmatum Centrolene lynchi Centrolene pipilatum Cochranella megacheira Cochranella saxiscandens Hyalinobatrachium guairarepanensis Colostethus anthracinus Colostethus delatorreae Colostethus elachyhistus Colostethus leopardalis Cryptophyllobates azureiventris Dendrobates arboreus Epipedobates planipaleae Epipedobates tricolor Mannophryne caquetio Mannophryne lamarcai Mannophryne olmonae Mannophryne riveroi Nephelobates alboguttatus Agalychnis annae Agalychnis moreletii Bromeliohyla bromeliacia Duellmanohyla chamulae Duellmanohyla ignicolor Duellmanohyla lythrodes Duellmanohyla salvavida Duellmanohyla soralia Duellmanohyla uranochroa Exerodonta perkinsi Hylomantis lemur Hyloscirtus colymba Hyloscirtus pantostictus Hyloscirtus psarolaimus Hyloscirtus ptychodactylus Hyloscirtus staufferorum Isthmohyla angustilineata Litoria booroolongensis Litoria nannotis Litoria raniformis Litoria rheocola Litoria spenceri Nyctimystes dayi Osteopilus pulchrilineatus Osteopilus vastus Phyllomedusa ecuatoriana Plectrohyla acanthodes Plectrohyla arborescandens Plectrohyla avia Plectrohyla calthula Plectrohyla charadricola Plectrohyla chryses Plectrohyla chrysopleura Plectrohyla crassa Plectrohyla cyclada Plectrohyla dasypus Plectrohyla exquisita Plectrohyla glandulosa Plectrohyla guatemalensis Plectrohyla hartwegi Plectrohyla ixil Plectrohyla lacertosa Plectrohyla mykter Plectrohyla pachyderma Plectrohyla pentheter Plectrohyla pokomchi Plectrohyla psarosema Plectrohyla psiloderma Plectrohyla pycnochila Plectrohyla quecchi Plectrohyla robertsorum

Has Been Bred

Yes Yes Yes

Yes

Yes Yes

Yes

Family Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Hylidae Leiopelmatidae Leiopelmatidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae

ScientiďŹ c Name Plectrohyla sabrina Plectrohyla sagorum Plectrohyla tecunumani Plectrohyla teuchestes Ptychohyla dendrophasma Ptychohyla erythromma Ptychohyla hypomykter Ptychohyla legleri Ptychohyla leonhardschultzei Ptychohyla macrotympanum Ptychohyla panchoi Ptychohyla salvadorensis Ptychohyla sanctaecrucis Ptychohyla spinipollex Leiopelma archeyi Leiopelma hamiltoni Craugastor aurilegulus Craugastor azueroensis Craugastor catalinae Craugastor charadra Craugastor daryi Craugastor emcelae Craugastor epochthidius Craugastor greggi Craugastor inachus Craugastor lineatus Craugastor obesus Craugastor punctariolus Craugastor ranoides Craugastor rhyacobatrachus Craugastor sabrinus Craugastor tabasarae Eleutherodactylus albericoi Eleutherodactylus barlagnei Eleutherodactylus cremnobates Eleutherodactylus crenunguis Eleutherodactylus fallax Eleutherodactylus fetosus Eleutherodactylus ginesi Eleutherodactylus gryllus Eleutherodactylus hedricki Eleutherodactylus ignicolor Eleutherodactylus incanus Eleutherodactylus jorgevelosai Eleutherodactylus laevissimus Eleutherodactylus lancinii Eleutherodactylus lichenoides Eleutherodactylus locustus Eleutherodactylus patriciae Eleutherodactylus pechorum Eleutherodactylus pituinus Eleutherodactylus portoricensis Eleutherodactylus prolatus Eleutherodactylus richmondi Eleutherodactylus ruthae Eleutherodactylus sandersoni Eleutherodactylus scoloblepharus Eleutherodactylus scolodiscus Eleutherodactylus sulculus Eleutherodactylus symingtoni Eleutherodactylus turquinensis Eleutherodactylus unicolor Eleutherodactylus urichi Eleutherodactylus wightmanae Eleutherodactylus zophus Gastrotheca litonedis Gastrotheca orophylax Gastrotheca ovifera Gastrotheca pseustes Gastrotheca riobambae Gastrotheca splendens Leptodactylus fallax Telmatobius atacamensis Telmatobius brevipes Telmatobius brevirostris Telmatobius ceiorum Telmatobius colanensis Telmatobius culeus Telmatobius degener Telmatobius edaphonastes Telmatobius gigas Telmatobius hypselocephalus Telmatobius ignavus Telmatobius laticeps Telmatobius latirostris Telmatobius mayoloi Telmatobius necopinus Telmatobius pefauri Telmatobius pisanoi Telmatobius platycephalus Telmatobius schreiteri Telmatobius scrocchii Telmatobius sibiricus

Has Been Bred

Yes

Yes Yes Yes

Yes

Appendices

Order Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura Anura

Family Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Leptodactylidae Limnodynastidae Limnodynastidae Myobatrachidae Myobatrachidae Myobatrachidae Myobatrachidae Myobatrachidae Petropedetidae Petropedetidae Ranidae

Scientiﬁc Name Telmatobius stephani Telmatobius thompsoni Telmatobius truebae Telmatobius zapahuirensis Thoropa lutzi Mixophyes ﬂeayi Philoria frosti Pseudophryne corroboree Pseudophryne pengilleyi Taudactylus eungellensis Taudactylus pleione Taudactylus rheophilus Arthroleptides martiensseni Arthroleptides yakusini Rana muscosa

Has Been Bred

Yes Yes

Order Anura Anura Anura Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata Caudata

727

Family Ranidae Ranidae Ranidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae Plethodontidae

Scientiﬁc Name Rana sevosa Rana subaquavocalis Rana vibicaria Bolitoglossa magniﬁca Bolitoglossa pesrubra Bolitoglossa sooyorum Bolitoglossa subpalmata Chiropterotriton cracens Chiropterotriton multidentatus Pseudoeurycea smithi Pseudoeurycea unguidentis Thorius aureus Thorius boreas Thorius pennatulus

Has Been Bred Yes

APPENDIX IX. AMPHIBIANS LISTED AS CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (POSSIBLY EXTINCT) ON THE 2007 IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES Order Anura

Family Bufonidae

Centrolenidae

Dendrobatidae

Hylidae

Species Name Andinophryne colomai Atelopus arthuri Atelopus balios Atelopus carbonerensis Atelopus chiriquiensis Atelopus chrysocorallus Atelopus coynei Atelopus famelicus Atelopus guanujo Atelopus halihelos Atelopus lozanoi Atelopus lynchi Atelopus mindoensis Atelopus muisca Atelopus nanay Atelopus oxyrhynchus Atelopus pachydermus Atelopus peruensis Atelopus pinangoi Atelopus planispina Atelopus senex Atelopus sernai Atelopus sorianoi Bufo fastidiosus Bufo ﬂuviaticus Bufo holdridgei Melanophryniscus macrogranulosus^ Nectophrynoides asperginis Rhamphophryne rostrata Centrolene ballux Centrolene heloderma Hyalinobatrachium crybetes Aromobates nocturnus Colostethus dunni Colostethus edwardsi Colostethus jacobuspetersi Colostethus ruizi Colostethus vertebralis Dendrobates abditus Mannophryne neblina Aplastodiscus ﬂumineus* Bokermannohyla claresignata* Bokermannohyla izecksohni Bromeliohyla dendroscarta Charadrahyla altipotens Charadrahyla trux Ecnomiohyla echinata Hyla bocourti Hyla chlorostea Hypsiboas cymbalum Isthmohyla calypsa Isthmohyla debilis Isthmohyla graceae Isthmohyla rivularis Isthmohyla tica Litoria castanea Litoria lorica Litoria nyakalensis Litoria piperata Megastomatohyla pellita Plectrohyla calvicollina Plectrohyla celata Plectrohyla cembra Plectrohyla cyanomma Plectrohyla ephemera Plectrohyla hazelae Plectrohyla siopela Plectrohyla thorectes Scinax heyeri*

Red List Assessment CR B1ab(iii) CR A2ace; B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) CR A2ace CR A2ace; B2ab(v) CR A2ace CR A2ace; B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) CR A2ace CR A2ace CR A2ace CR A2ace; B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii) CR A2ace; B2ab(v) CR A3ce; B1ab(iii,iv,v) CR A2e CR A2ace; B2ab(v) CR A2ace; B2ab(v) CR A2ace CR A2ace CR A2ace CR A2ac; B1ab(iii,v) CR A2ace CR A2ace CR A2ace CR A2ace; B2ab(iii,v) CR A2ace CR B2ab(iii) CR A2ace; B1ab(v) CR B2ab(iii) CR B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR A2ac; B2ab(iii,iv,v) CR A2ac CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR A2a; B2ab(v) CR A2ace CR A2ac; B1ab(iii,iv,v)+2ab(iii,iv,v) CR B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) CR A2ace CR A2ac; B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(v)+2ab(v) CR B2ab(iii) CR A2ae; B2ab(v) CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) CR A2ace CR A2ace CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) CR A2ace CR A2ace CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR A2ace CR A2ace CR A2ace CR A2ace CR A2ace CR D CR D CR D CR D CR A2ace CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) CR B2ab(iii,v) CR A2ce CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) CR A4e CR A2ace CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) CR A2ace CR B2ab(iii,v)

Order

Family Leptodactylidae

Megophryidae Myobatrachidae Petropedetidae Ranidae

Caudata

Rhacophoridae Rhinodermatidae Plethodontidae

Species Name Craugastor anciano Craugastor andi Craugastor angelicus Craugastor coffeus Craugastor cruzi Craugastor escoces Craugastor fecundus Craugastor ﬂeischmanni Craugastor guerreroensis Craugastor merendonensis Craugastor omoaensis Craugastor polymniae Craugastor saltuarius Craugastor stadelmani Craugastor trachydermus Crossodactylus trachystomus* Cryptobatrachus nicefori Cycloramphus ohausi* Eleutherodactylus bernali Eleutherodactylus emleni Eleutherodactylus eneidae Eleutherodactylus glanduliferoides Eleutherodactylus jasperi Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti Eleutherodactylus olanchano Eleutherodactylus orcutti Eleutherodactylus schmidti Eleutherodactylus semipalmatus Eleutherodactylus zongoensis Gastrotheca lauzuricae Holoaden bradei Odontophrynus moratoi Paratelmatobius lutzii* Paratelmatobius mantiqueira* Phrynopus spectabilis Telmatobius cirrhacelis Telmatobius niger Telmatobius vellardi Scutiger maculatus Taudactylus acutirostris Arthroleptides dutoiti Conraua derooi Rana omiltemana Rana pueblae Rana tlaloci Philautus jacobsoni Rhinoderma rufum Bolitoglossa jacksoni Bradytriton silus Chiropterotriton magnipes Chiropterotriton mosaueri Ixalotriton parva Oedipina paucidentata Pseudoeurycea aquatica Pseudoeurycea naucampatepetl Pseudoeurycea nigromaculata Pseudoeurycea praecellens Thorius infernalis Thorius magnipes Thorius narismagnus Thorius narisovalis

Red List Assessment CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) CR A2ace CR A2ace CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR A2ace; B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) CR A2ace CR A2ace CR A2ace CR A2ace CR A2ace; B1ab(v)+2ab(v) CR A2ace; B1ab(iii) CR A2ace CR A2ace CR A2ace CR A3ce CR B2ab(iii,v) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR A2ac; B2ab(v) CR B2ab(iii) CR A2ace; B2ab(v) CR A2ae CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR A2ae; B2ab(i,ii,iv,v) CR A2ae CR A2ace CR A2ace CR A2ace CR A3c; B2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) CR B1ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii,v) CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) CR B1ab(v) CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) CR B1ab(iii) CR A2ace;B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) CR A2ace CR A2ace;B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) CR B2ab(iii,v) CR A2ace; B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i); D CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii,v) CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) CR B2ab(iii) CR A2ace CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii,v) CR B2ab(iii,v) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii,v) CR B1ab(iii,v) CR B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii,v) CR B1ab(iii,v) CR A2ac; B1ab(iii,v)

* These species were assessed as Data Deficient at the GAA workshop in Brazil and this is the official category as listed on the Red List website. They are listed here as Critically Endangered which is the category determined by the GAA coordinating team. ^ This species was assessed as Vulnerable at the GAA workshop in Brazil and this is the official category as listed on the Red List website. It is listed here as Critically Endangered which is the category determined by the GAA coordinating team.

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Threatened Amphibians of the World

APPENDIX X. AMPHIBIANS LISTED AS VULNERABLE D2 ON THE 2007 IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES Order Anura

Family Astylosternidae Bufonidae

Centrolenidae

Dendrobatidae

Discoglossidae Hylidae

Hyperoliidae Leiopelmatidae Leptodactylidae

Mantellidae Megophryidae

Species Name Leptodactylodon bueanus Ansonia fuliginea Ansonia penangensis Ansonia rubigina Ansonia siamensis Ansonia tiomanica Ansonia torrentis Bufo corynetes Bufo exsul Bufo nyikae Bufo perreti Bufo scorteccii Melanophryniscus moreirae* Melanophryniscus orejasmirandai Metaphryniscus sosae Oreophrynella cryptica Oreophrynella huberi Oreophrynella macconnelli Oreophrynella nigra Oreophrynella quelchii Oreophrynella vasquezi Osornophryne sumacoensis Centrolene quindianum Cochranella armata Cochranella riveroi Colostethus chalcopis Colostethus humilis Colostethus murisipanensis Colostethus vergeli Colostethus wayuu Dendrobates altobueyensis Dendrobates azureus Mannophryne cordilleriana Alytes muletensis Dendropsophus stingi Litoria andiirrmalin Litoria becki Litoria quadrilineata Litoria wisselensis Nyctimystes avocalis Scinax kautskyi^ Tepuihyla rimarum Hyperolius polystictus Leptopelis palmatus Leiopelma pakeka Atelognathus nitoi Atelognathus salai Atelognathus solitarius Batrachyla fitzroya Craugastor aphanus Craugastor matudai Crossodactylodes izecksohni* Eleutherodactylus actites Eleutherodactylus affinis Eleutherodactylus ashkapara Eleutherodactylus briceni Eleutherodactylus charlottevillensis Eleutherodactylus colostichos Eleutherodactylus diaphonus Eleutherodactylus diogenes Eleutherodactylus ernesti Eleutherodactylus kelephas Eleutherodactylus lasalleorum Eleutherodactylus marahuaka Eleutherodactylus monensis Eleutherodactylus nivicolimae Eleutherodactylus phalarus Eleutherodactylus polemistes Eleutherodactylus quantus Eleutherodactylus repens Eleutherodactylus satagius Eleutherodactylus signifer Eleutherodactylus turpinorum Eleutherodactylus xylochobates Ischnocnema simmonsi Leptodactylus marambaiae# Leptodactylus nesiotus Phrynopus barthlenae Phrynopus iatamasi Physalaemus atlanticus Physalaemus rupestris^ Stefania ackawaio Stefania ayangannae Stefania coxi Stefania riveroi Stefania schuberti Telmatobius hauthali Telmatobius oxycephalus Mantidactylus schilfi Mantidactylus tandroka Leptobrachella brevicrus Leptobrachium gunungense Leptolalax kajangensis

Order

Family

Microhylidae

Myobatrachidae Ranidae

Rhacophoridae

Sooglossidae

Caudata

Plethodontidae

Salamandridae Gymnophiona

Caeciliidae

Species Name Oreolalax granulosus Scutiger liupanensis Scutiger ruginosus Anodonthyla montana Cophixalus aenigma Cophixalus hosmeri Cophixalus nubicola Cophixalus saxatilis Copiula minor Microhyla maculifera Probreviceps uluguruensis Ramanella nagaoi Rhombophryne testudo Stumpffia pygmaea Geocrinia vitellina Spicospina flammocaerulea Amolops tuberodepressus Meristogenys jerboa Platymantis banahao Platymantis indeprensus Platymantis isarog Platymantis montana Platymantis naomiae Platymantis parkeri Platymantis pseudodorsalis Rana miadis Rana okaloosae Strongylopus kitumbeine Strongylopus merumontanus Philautus acutus Philautus amoenus Philautus bobingeri Philautus dubois Philautus erythrophthalmus Philautus graminirupes Philautus gunungensis Philautus refugii Philautus saueri Philautus umbra Nesomantis thomasseti Sooglossus gardineri Sooglossus pipilodryas Sooglossus sechellensis Batrachoseps regius Batrachoseps simatus Batrachoseps stebbinsi Bolitoglossa diminuta Bolitoglossa gracilis Bolitoglossa guaramacalensis Bolitoglossa hiemalis Bolitoglossa hypacra Bolitoglossa mombachoensis Bolitoglossa orestes Dendrotriton megarhinus Dendrotriton xolocalcae Eurycea chisholmensis Eurycea nana Eurycea neotenes Eurycea rathbuni Eurycea sosorum Eurycea tridentifera Eurycea waterlooensis Hydromantes brunus Hydromantes shastae Nototriton gamezi Nototriton guanacaste Nototriton saslaya Plethodon amplus Plethodon asupak Plethodon cheoah Plethodon fourchensis Plethodon hubrichti Plethodon meridianus Plethodon petraeus Plethodon shenandoah Plethodon sherando Plethodon shermani Pseudoeurycea robertsi Pseudoeurycea scandens Speleomantes flavus Lyciasalamandra helverseni Salamandra lanzai Praslinia cooperi

* These species were assessed as Near Threatened at the GAA workshop in Brazil and this is the official category as listed on the Red List website. They are listed here as Vulnerable D2 which is the category and criteria determined by the GAA coordinating team. ^ These species were assessed as Data Deficient at the GAA workshop in Brazil and this is the official category as listed on the Red List website. They are listed here as Vulnerable D2 which is the category and criteria determined by the GAA coordinating team. # This species was assessed as Least Concern at the GAA workshop in Brazil and this is the official category as listed on the Red List website. It is listed here as Vulnerable D2 which is the category and criteria determined by the GAA coordinating team.

Appendices

APPENDIX XI. LIST OF LEAST CONCERN SPECIES LISTED ON THE 2007 IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES, WITH COUNTRY OF OCCURRENCE ANURA ALLOPHRYNIDAE Allophryne ruthveni - Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela

ARTHROLEPTIDAE Arthroleptis adelphus - Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Arthroleptis adolﬁfriederici - Burundi, Congo, D.R., Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda Arthroleptis afﬁnis - Tanzania Arthroleptis lameerei - Angola, Burundi, Congo, D.R. Arthroleptis poecilonotus - Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Uganda Arthroleptis schubotzi - Burundi, Congo, D.R., Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda Arthroleptis stenodactylus - Angola, Botswana, Congo, D.R., Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe Arthroleptis sylvatica - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Congo, D.R., Gabon Arthroleptis taeniatus - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Arthroleptis variabilis - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria Arthroleptis wahlbergii - South Africa Arthroleptis xenodactyloides - Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe Cardioglossa elegans - Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Cardioglossa escalerae - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea Cardioglossa gracilis - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria Cardioglossa gratiosa - Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Cardioglossa leucomystax - Cameroon, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria Schoutedenella xenochirus - Angola, Congo, D.R., Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia

ASCAPHIDAE Ascaphus montanus - Canada, United States of America Ascaphus truei - Canada, United States of America

ASTYLOSTERNIDAE Astylosternus batesi - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Astylosternus occidentalis - Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Sierra Leone Nyctibates corrugatus - Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria Scotobleps gabonicus - Cameroon, Congo, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria Trichobatrachus robustus - Cameroon, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria

BOMBINATORIDAE Bombina bombina - Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden (Native and Reintroduced), Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom (Introduced) Bombina maxima - China Bombina orientalis - China (Native and Introduced), Korea, D.P.R., Korea, Republic, Russian Federation Bombina pachypus - Italy Bombina variegata - Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Macedonia, F.Y.R., France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Ukraine, Belgium (Extinct), United Kingdom (Introduced)

BRACHYCEPHALIDAE Brachycephalus didactylus - Brazil Brachycephalus ephippium - Brazil Brachycephalus hermogenesi - Brazil

BUFONIDAE Ansonia malayana - Malaysia, Thailand Bufo abei - Brazil Bufo acutirostris - Brazil, Colombia, Panama, Venezuela Bufo alvarius - Mexico, United States of America Bufo americanus - Canada, United States of America Bufo anderssoni - Brazil, Colombia Bufo andrewsi - China Bufo angusticeps - South Africa

Bufo arabicus - Oman, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen Bufo arenarum - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Uruguay Bufo arunco - Chile Bufo asmarae - Eritrea, Ethiopia Bufo asper - Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia (Native and Introduced), Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand Bufo atacamensis - Chile Bufo atukoralei - Sri Lanka Bufo bankorensis - Taiwan, Province of China Bufo beebei - Colombia, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Bufo beiranus - Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia Bufo bergi - Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Bufo biporcatus - Indonesia (Native and Introduced) Bufo blanfordii - Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia Bufo bocourti - Guatemala, Mexico Bufo bufo - Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Macedonia, F.Y.R., Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Monaco, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom Bufo calamita - Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom Bufo camerunensis - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria Bufo canaliferus - El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico Bufo castaneoticus - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru Bufo celebensis - Indonesia Bufo ceratophrys - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela Bufo coccifer - Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua Bufo cognatus - Canada, Mexico, United States of America Bufo compactilis - Mexico Bufo coniferus - Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama Bufo cophotis - Peru Bufo crucifer - Brazil Bufo dapsilis - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Bufo debilis - Mexico, United States of America Bufo dhufarensis - Oman, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen Bufo divergens - Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia Bufo dodsoni - Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan Bufo dombensis - Angola, Namibia Bufo dorbignyi - Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay Bufo fenoulheti - Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe Bufo fernandezae - Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Bufo ﬁssipes - Bolivia, Peru Bufo fowleri - Canada, United States of America Bufo fuliginatus - Congo, D.R., Tanzania, Zambia Bufo funereus - Angola, Burundi, Congo, Congo, D.R., Gabon, Rwanda, Uganda Bufo fustiger - Cuba Bufo galeatus - Cambodia, China, Lao P.D.R., Viet Nam Bufo gargarizans - China, Japan (Native and Introduced), Korea, D.P.R., Korea, Republic, Russian Federation Bufo gariepensis - Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland Bufo garmani - Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe Bufo glaberrimus - Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela Bufo gracilipes - Cameroon, Congo, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria Bufo granulosus - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, Venezuela Bufo guttatus - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Bufo gutturalis - Angola, Botswana, Congo, D.R., Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mauritius (Introduced), Réunion (Introduced) Bufo haematiticus - Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela Bufo hemiophrys - Canada, United States of America Bufo henseli - Brazil Bufo himalayanus - China, India, Nepal, Pakistan Bufo hoeschi - Namibia Bufo ictericus - Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Bufo inca - Peru Bufo japonicus - Japan (Native and Introduced) Bufo jimi - Brazil Bufo juxtasper - Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia Bufo kassasii - Egypt Bufo kavangensis - Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe Bufo kelloggi - Mexico Bufo kerinyagae - Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda Bufo kisoloensis - Congo, D.R., Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia Bufo latastii - India, Pakistan Bufo latifrons - Cameroon, Congo, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Bufo lemairii - Angola, Botswana, Congo, Congo, D.R., Namibia, Zambia Bufo limensis - Peru Bufo lindneri - Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania Bufo luetkenii - Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua Bufo lughensis - Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan

729

Bufo luristanicus - Iran Bufo macrotis - Cambodia, India, Lao P.D.R., Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Bufo maculatus - Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Bufo margaritifer - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Bufo marinus - Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, United States of America (Native and Introduced), Venezuela, Antigua and Barbuda (Introduced), Australia (Introduced), Barbados (Introduced), Dominican Republic (Introduced), Grenada (Introduced), Guadeloupe (Introduced), Guam (Introduced), Haiti (Introduced), Jamaica (Introduced), Japan (Introduced), Martinique (Introduced), Montserrat (Introduced), Northern Mariana Islands (Introduced), Papua New Guinea (Introduced), Philippines (Introduced), Puerto Rico (Introduced), St Kitts and Nevis (Introduced), St Vincent and the Grenadines (Introduced), Solomon Islands (Introduced), Taiwan, Province of China (Introduced), Virgin Islands (United States) (Introduced) Bufo marmoreus - Mexico Bufo mauritanicus - Algeria, Morocco, Spain (Native and Introduced), Tunisia Bufo mazatlanensis - Mexico Bufo melanochlorus - Costa Rica Bufo melanopleura - Angola, Congo, D.R., Zambia Bufo melanostictus - Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia (Native and Introduced), Lao P.D.R., Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Province of China, Thailand, Viet Nam, Papua New Guinea (Introduced) Bufo microscaphus - United States of America Bufo minshanicus - China Bufo nasicus - Guyana, Venezuela Bufo nebulifer - Mexico, United States of America Bufo oblongus - Iran, Turkmenistan Bufo occidentalis - Mexico Bufo ocellatus - Brazil Bufo olivaceus - Iran, Pakistan Bufo ornatus - Brazil Bufo pardalis - South Africa Bufo parkeri - Kenya, Tanzania Bufo parvus - Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand Bufo peltocephalus - Cuba Bufo pentoni - Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Djibouti, Eritrea, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan Bufo pewzowi - China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Uzbekistan Bufo philippinicus - Philippines Bufo poeppigii - Bolivia, Peru Bufo pombali - Brazil Bufo poweri - Angola, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa Bufo proboscideus - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Bufo pseudoraddei - Pakistan Bufo punctatus - Mexico, United States of America Bufo pygmaeus - Brazil Bufo quadriporcatus - Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore Bufo quercicus - United States of America Bufo raddei - China, Korea, D.P.R., Mongolia, Russian Federation Bufo rangeri - Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland Bufo regularis - Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Uganda, Cape Verde (Introduced) Bufo retiformis - Mexico, United States of America Bufo robinsoni - Namibia, South Africa Bufo roqueanus - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Bufo rubescens - Brazil Bufo scaber - India, Sri Lanka Bufo schneideri - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Bufo signifer - Panama Bufo speciosus - Mexico, United States of America Bufo spinulosus - Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru Bufo stanlaii - Bolivia Bufo steindachneri - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, D.R., Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda Bufo stejnegeri - China, Korea, D.P.R., Korea, Republic Bufo stomaticus - Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan Bufo superciliaris - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Nigeria Bufo surdus - Iran, Pakistan Bufo taitanus - Congo, D.R., Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia Bufo terrestris - United States of America Bufo tibetanus - China Bufo tihamicus - Saudi Arabia, Yemen Bufo torrenticola - Japan Bufo tuberosus - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Bufo valliceps - Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua Bufo variegatus - Argentina, Chile Bufo veraguensis - Bolivia, Peru Bufo verrucosissimus - Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Russian Federation, Turkey Bufo vertebralis - South Africa Bufo viridis - Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,

730

Egypt, Estonia, Macedonia, F.Y.R., France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova, Morocco, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain (Native and Introduced), Sweden, Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Western Sahara, Switzerland (Extinct) Bufo woodhousii - Mexico, United States of America Bufo xeros - Algeria, Cameroon, Chad, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Western Sahara Capensibufo tradouwi - South Africa Dendrophryniscus berthalutzae - Brazil Dendrophryniscus bokermanni - Brazil Dendrophryniscus brevipollicatus - Brazil Dendrophryniscus leucomystax - Brazil Dendrophryniscus minutus - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname Frostius pernambucensis - Brazil Leptophryne borbonica - Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand Melanophryniscus atroluteus - Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Melanophryniscus fulvoguttatus - Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Melanophryniscus klappenbachi - Argentina, Paraguay Melanophryniscus rubriventris - Argentina, Bolivia Melanophryniscus spectabilis - Argentina, Brazil Melanophryniscus stelzneri - Argentina Melanophryniscus tumifrons - Brazil Mertensophryne micranotis - Kenya, Tanzania Nectophryne afra - Cameroon, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria Nectophryne batesii - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, D.R., Gabon Nectophrynoides tornieri - Tanzania Pedostibes hosii - Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand Pelophryne brevipes - Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore Pseudobufo subasper - Indonesia, Malaysia Schismaderma carens - Angola, Botswana, Congo, D.R., Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe Stephopaedes loveridgei - Tanzania

CENTROLENIDAE Centrolene andinum - Colombia, Venezuela Centrolene grandisonae - Colombia, Ecuador Centrolene hybrida - Colombia Centrolene ilex - Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama Centrolene notostictum - Colombia Centrolene prosoblepon - Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Centrolene venezuelense - Venezuela Cochranella albomaculata - Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Panama Cochranella bejaranoi - Bolivia Cochranella euknemos - Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama Cochranella flavopunctata - Colombia, Ecuador Cochranella granulosa - Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Cochranella midas - Brazil, Ecuador, Peru Cochranella oyampiensis - Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela Cochranella spinosa - Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Panama Hyalinobatrachium bergeri - Bolivia, Peru Hyalinobatrachium colymbiphyllum - Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama Hyalinobatrachium crurifasciatum - Venezuela Hyalinobatrachium eurygnathum - Brazil Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni - Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Suriname Hyalinobatrachium mondolfii - Venezuela Hyalinobatrachium munozorum - Ecuador, Peru Hyalinobatrachium nouraguensis - French Guiana Hyalinobatrachium pulveratum - Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Hyalinobatrachium ruedai - Colombia Hyalinobatrachium taylori - French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela Hyalinobatrachium uranoscopum - Argentina, Brazil Hyalinobatrachium valerioi - Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama

DENDROBATIDAE Allobates femoralis - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname Allobates zaparo - Ecuador, Peru Colostethus abditaurantius - Colombia Colostethus argyrogaster - Peru Colostethus beebei - French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname Colostethus bocagei - Colombia, Ecuador Colostethus brunneus - Bolivia, Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Colostethus degranvillei - French Guiana, Suriname Colostethus ﬂotator - Costa Rica, Panama Colostethus inguinalis - Colombia Colostethus insperatus - Ecuador Colostethus littoralis - Peru Colostethus marchesianus - Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela Colostethus nexipus - Ecuador, Peru Colostethus nubicola - Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama Colostethus palmatus - Colombia Colostethus panamensis - Colombia, Panama

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Colostethus peruvianus - Brazil, Peru Colostethus pittieri - Venezuela Colostethus pratti - Colombia, Panama Colostethus sauli - Colombia, Ecuador Colostethus stepheni - Brazil Colostethus subpunctatus - Colombia Colostethus talamancae - Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama Colostethus trilineatus - Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Dendrobates auratus - Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, United States of America (Introduced) Dendrobates biolat - Peru Dendrobates castaneoticus - Brazil Dendrobates duellmani - Ecuador, Peru Dendrobates fantasticus - Peru Dendrobates fulguritus - Colombia, Panama Dendrobates galactonotus - Brazil Dendrobates histrionicus - Colombia Dendrobates imitator - Peru Dendrobates lamasi - Peru Dendrobates leucomelas - Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Venezuela Dendrobates minutus - Colombia, Panama Dendrobates pumilio - Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama Dendrobates quinquevittatus - Brazil, Peru Dendrobates reticulatus - Ecuador, Peru Dendrobates tinctorius - Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname Dendrobates truncatus - Colombia Dendrobates vanzolinii - Brazil, Peru Dendrobates ventrimaculatus - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru Epipedobates bilinguis - Colombia, Ecuador Epipedobates bolivianus - Bolivia Epipedobates boulengeri - Colombia, Ecuador Epipedobates braccatus - Brazil Epipedobates ﬂavopictus - Bolivia, Brazil Epipedobates hahneli - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname Epipedobates macero - Brazil, Peru Epipedobates myersi - Colombia Epipedobates parvulus - Ecuador, Peru Epipedobates petersi - Brazil, Peru Epipedobates pictus - Bolivia, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela Epipedobates simulans - Peru Epipedobates trivittatus - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Phyllobates lugubris - Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama

DISCOGLOSSIDAE Alytes obstetricans - Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom (Introduced) Discoglossus galganoi - Portugal, Spain Discoglossus pictus - Algeria, Italy, Malta, Tunisia, France (Introduced), Spain (Introduced) Discoglossus sardus - France, Italy Discoglossus scovazzi - Morocco, Spain

HELEOPHRYNIDAE Heleophryne natalensis - Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland Heleophryne orientalis - South Africa Heleophryne purcelli - South Africa Heleophryne regis - South Africa

HEMISOTIDAE Hemisus guineensis - Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Hemisus marmoratus - Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Hemisus microscaphus - Ethiopia Hemisus olivaceus - Congo, D.R.

HYLIDAE Acris crepitans - Canada, Mexico, United States of America Acris gryllus - United States of America Agalychnis callidryas - Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama Agalychnis spurrelli - Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama Aparasphenodon brunoi - Brazil Aparasphenodon venezolanus - Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela Aplastodiscus albofrenatus - Brazil Aplastodiscus albosignatus - Brazil Aplastodiscus arildae - Brazil Aplastodiscus callipygius - Brazil Aplastodiscus cochranae - Brazil Aplastodiscus ehrhardti - Brazil Aplastodiscus ibiripitanga - Brazil Aplastodiscus leucopygius - Brazil Aplastodiscus perviridis - Argentina, Brazil Bokermannohyla alvarengai - Brazil

Bokermannohyla astartea - Brazil Bokermannohyla caramaschii - Brazil Bokermannohyla carvalhoi - Brazil Bokermannohyla circumdata - Brazil Bokermannohyla hylax - Brazil Bokermannohyla luctuosa - Brazil Bokermannohyla martinsi - Brazil Bokermannohyla nanuzae - Brazil Bokermannohyla pseudopseudis - Brazil Bokermannohyla saxicola - Brazil Corythomantis greeningi - Brazil Cruziohyla calcarifer - Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Cruziohyla craspedopus - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Cyclorana alboguttata - Australia Cyclorana australis - Australia Cyclorana brevipes - Australia Cyclorana cryptotis - Australia Cyclorana cultripes - Australia Cyclorana longipes - Australia Cyclorana maculosa - Australia Cyclorana maini - Australia Cyclorana manya - Australia Cyclorana novaehollandiae - Australia Cyclorana platycephala - Australia Cyclorana vagitus - Australia Cyclorana verrucosa - Australia Dendropsophus acreanus - Bolivia, Brazil, Peru Dendropsophus allenorum - Peru Dendropsophus anataliasiasi - Brazil Dendropsophus anceps - Brazil Dendropsophus aperomeus - Peru Dendropsophus baileyi - Brazil Dendropsophus berthalutzae - Brazil Dendropsophus bifurcus - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Dendropsophus bipunctatus - Brazil Dendropsophus bogerti - Colombia Dendropsophus bokermanni - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Dendropsophus branneri - Brazil Dendropsophus brevifrons - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru Dendropsophus carnifex - Ecuador Dendropsophus coffeus - Bolivia Dendropsophus columbianus - Colombia Dendropsophus cruzi - Brazil Dendropsophus decipiens - Brazil Dendropsophus delarivai - Bolivia Dendropsophus ebraccatus - Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama Dendropsophus elegans - Brazil Dendropsophus elianeae - Brazil Dendropsophus garagoensis - Colombia Dendropsophus gaucheri - French Guiana, Suriname Dendropsophus giesleri - Brazil Dendropsophus haddadi - Brazil Dendropsophus haraldschultzi - Brazil, Peru Dendropsophus jimi - Brazil Dendropsophus koechlini - Bolivia, Brazil, Peru Dendropsophus labialis - Colombia Dendropsophus leali - Bolivia, Brazil, Peru Dendropsophus leucophyllatus - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname Dendropsophus luteoocellatus - Venezuela Dendropsophus marmoratus - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Dendropsophus mathiassoni - Colombia Dendropsophus melanargyreus - Bolivia, Brazil, French Guiana, Paraguay, Suriname Dendropsophus meridianus - Brazil Dendropsophus microcephalus - Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Dendropsophus microps - Brazil Dendropsophus minusculus - Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Dendropsophus minutus - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela Dendropsophus miyatai - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Dendropsophus nahdereri - Brazil Dendropsophus nanus - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Dendropsophus oliveirai - Brazil Dendropsophus padreluna - Colombia Dendropsophus parviceps - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela Dendropsophus pauiniensis - Brazil Dendropsophus pelidna - Colombia, Venezuela Dendropsophus phlebodes - Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama Dendropsophus praestans - Colombia Dendropsophus pseudomeridianus - Brazil Dendropsophus rhodopeplus - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Dendropsophus riveroi - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Dendropsophus robertmertensi - El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico Dendropsophus rossalleni - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Dendropsophus rubicundulus - Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay Dendropsophus sanborni - Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Dendropsophus sarayacuensis - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela

Appendices

Dendropsophus sartori - Mexico Dendropsophus schubarti - Bolivia, Brazil, Peru Dendropsophus seniculus - Brazil Dendropsophus soaresi - Brazil Dendropsophus subocularis - Colombia, Panama Dendropsophus timbeba - Brazil Dendropsophus triangulum - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Dendropsophus tritaeniatus - Bolivia, Brazil Dendropsophus virolinensis - Colombia Dendropsophus walfordi - Brazil Dendropsophus werneri - Brazil Dendropsophus xapuriensis - Brazil Ecnomiohyla tuberculosa - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Exerodonta smaragdina - Mexico Exerodonta sumichrasti - Mexico Hyla alboguttata - Ecuador Hyla annectans - China, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Hyla arborea - Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Macedonia, F.Y.R., France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom (Native Extinct and Introduced), Latvia (Reintroduced) Hyla arenicolor - Mexico, United States of America Hyla avivoca - United States of America Hyla chinensis - China, Taiwan, Province of China Hyla chrysoscelis - Canada, United States of America Hyla cinerea - United States of America, Puerto Rico (Introduced) Hyla eximia - Mexico Hyla femoralis - United States of America Hyla gratiosa - United States of America Hyla hallowellii - Japan Hyla immaculata - China Hyla intermedia - Italy, Slovenia, Switzerland Hyla japonica - China, Japan, Korea, D.P.R., Korea, Republic, Mongolia, Russian Federation Hyla meridionalis - Algeria, France, Gibraltar, Italy, Monaco, Morocco, Portugal, Spain (Native and Introduced), Tunisia Hyla plicata - Mexico Hyla sanchiangensis - China Hyla sarda - France, Italy Hyla savignyi - Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Yemen Hyla simplex - China, Viet Nam Hyla squirella - United States of America, Bahamas (Introduced) Hyla tsinlingensis - China Hyla versicolor - Canada, United States of America Hyla vigilans - Colombia, Venezuela Hyla wrightorum - Mexico, United States of America Hylomantis aspera - Brazil Hylomantis buckleyi - Colombia, Ecuador Hylomantis granulosa - Brazil Hylomantis hulli - Ecuador, Peru Hyloscirtus albopunctulatus - Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Hyloscirtus armatus - Bolivia, Peru Hyloscirtus lascinius - Colombia, Venezuela Hyloscirtus palmeri - Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama Hyloscirtus phyllognathus - Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Hypsiboas albomarginatus - Brazil Hypsiboas albopunctatus - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Hypsiboas andinus - Argentina, Bolivia Hypsiboas atlanticus - Brazil Hypsiboas balzani - Bolivia, Peru Hypsiboas benitezi - Brazil, Venezuela Hypsiboas bischofﬁ - Brazil Hypsiboas boans - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Hypsiboas caingua - Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Hypsiboas calcaratus - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Hypsiboas callipleura - Bolivia Hypsiboas cinerascens - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Hypsiboas crepitans - Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Hypsiboas dentei - Brazil, French Guiana Hypsiboas faber - Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Hypsiboas fasciatus - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname Hypsiboas geographicus - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Hypsiboas goianus - Brazil Hypsiboas guentheri - Brazil Hypsiboas hobbsi - Colombia, Venezuela Hypsiboas hutchinsi - Colombia Hypsiboas joaquini - Brazil Hypsiboas lanciformis - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela Hypsiboas lemai - Guyana, Venezuela Hypsiboas leptolineatus - Brazil Hypsiboas lundii - Brazil Hypsiboas marginatus - Brazil Hypsiboas marianitae - Argentina, Bolivia Hypsiboas microderma - Brazil, Colombia, Peru Hypsiboas multifasciatus - Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela

Hypsiboas ornatissimus - Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela Hypsiboas pardalis - Brazil Hypsiboas pellucens - Colombia, Ecuador Hypsiboas picturatus - Colombia, Ecuador Hypsiboas polytaenius - Brazil Hypsiboas pombali - Brazil Hypsiboas prasinus - Brazil Hypsiboas pugnax - Colombia, Panama, Venezuela Hypsiboas pulchellus - Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Hypsiboas punctatus - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Hypsiboas raniceps - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Paraguay Hypsiboas rosenbergi - Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama Hypsiboas rubracylus - Colombia Hypsiboas ruﬁtelus - Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama Hypsiboas semiguttatus - Argentina, Brazil Hypsiboas semilineatus - Brazil Hypsiboas sibleszi - Guyana, Venezuela Hypsiboas wavrini - Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela Isthmohyla lancasteri - Costa Rica, Panama Isthmohyla pseudopuma - Costa Rica, Panama Itapotihyla langsdorfﬁi - Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Litoria adelaidensis - Australia Litoria amboinensis - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Litoria angiana - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Litoria arfakiana - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Litoria auae - Papua New Guinea Litoria bicolor - Australia, Indonesia Litoria burrowsae - Australia Litoria caerulea - Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Litoria chloris - Australia Litoria citropa - Australia Litoria congenita - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Litoria coplandi - Australia Litoria cyclorhynchus - Australia Litoria dahlii - Australia Litoria darlingtoni - Papua New Guinea Litoria dentata - Australia Litoria dorsalis - Papua New Guinea Litoria electrica - Australia Litoria eucnemis - Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Litoria ewingii - Australia, New Zealand (Introduced) Litoria exophthalmia - Papua New Guinea Litoria fallax - Australia Litoria genimaculata - Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Litoria gilleni - Australia Litoria gracilenta - Australia Litoria graminea - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Litoria havina - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Litoria impura - Papua New Guinea Litoria inermis - Australia Litoria infrafrenata - Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste Litoria iris - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Litoria jervisiensis - Australia Litoria latopalmata - Australia Litoria lesueuri - Australia Litoria littlejohni - Australia Litoria longirostris - Australia Litoria louisiadensis - Papua New Guinea Litoria meiriana - Australia Litoria microbelos - Australia Litoria micromembrana - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Litoria modica - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Litoria moorei - Australia Litoria multiplica - Papua New Guinea Litoria napaea - Indonesia Litoria nasuta - Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Litoria nigrofrenata - Australia, Papua New Guinea Litoria nigropunctata - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Litoria pallida - Australia Litoria paraewingi - Australia Litoria peronii - Australia Litoria personata - Australia Litoria phyllochroa - Australia Litoria pronimia - Papua New Guinea Litoria prora - Papua New Guinea Litoria pygmaea - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Litoria revelata - Australia Litoria rothii - Australia, Papua New Guinea Litoria rubella - Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Timor-Leste Litoria spinifera - Papua New Guinea Litoria splendida - Australia Litoria thesaurensis - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands Litoria timida - Papua New Guinea Litoria tornieri - Australia Litoria tyleri - Australia Litoria verreauxii - Australia Litoria vocivincens - Papua New Guinea Litoria watjulumensis - Australia Litoria wilcoxii - Australia Litoria wollastoni - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Litoria xanthomera - Australia

731

Lysapsus caraya - Brazil Lysapsus laevis - Bolivia, Brazil, Guyana Lysapsus limellum - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Myersiohyla kanaima - Guyana Nyctimantis rugiceps - Ecuador, Peru Nyctimystes cheesmani - Papua New Guinea Nyctimystes disruptus - Papua New Guinea Nyctimystes foricula - Papua New Guinea Nyctimystes humeralis - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Nyctimystes kubori - Papua New Guinea Nyctimystes narinosus - Papua New Guinea Nyctimystes perimetri - Papua New Guinea Nyctimystes pulcher - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Nyctimystes semipalmatus - Papua New Guinea Nyctimystes trachydermis - Papua New Guinea Osteocephalus buckleyi - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Osteocephalus cabrerai - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Osteocephalus deridens - Ecuador, Peru Osteocephalus elkejungingerae - Peru Osteocephalus heyeri - Colombia Osteocephalus leoniae - Peru Osteocephalus leprieurii - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Osteocephalus mutabor - Ecuador, Peru Osteocephalus oophagus - Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana Osteocephalus pearsoni - Bolivia, Brazil, Peru Osteocephalus planiceps - Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Osteocephalus subtilis - Brazil Osteocephalus taurinus - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Osteocephalus verruciger - Colombia, Ecuador Osteocephalus yasuni - Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Osteopilus brunneus - Jamaica Osteopilus dominicensis - Dominican Republic, Haiti Osteopilus septentrionalis - Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Anguilla (Introduced), Virgin Islands (British) (Introduced), Costa Rica (Introduced), Guadeloupe (Introduced), Puerto Rico (Introduced), Turks and Caicos Islands (Introduced), United States of America (Introduced), Virgin Islands (United States) (Introduced) Pachymedusa dacnicolor - Mexico Phasmahyla cochranae - Brazil Phasmahyla exilis - Brazil Phasmahyla guttata - Brazil Phasmahyla jandaia - Brazil Phrynomedusa marginata - Brazil Phyllodytes acuminatus - Brazil Phyllodytes kautskyi - Brazil Phyllodytes luteolus - Brazil Phyllodytes melanomystax - Brazil Phyllomedusa atelopoides - Bolivia, Brazil, Peru Phyllomedusa bicolor - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Phyllomedusa boliviana - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil Phyllomedusa burmeisteri - Brazil Phyllomedusa camba - Bolivia, Brazil, Peru Phyllomedusa coelestis - Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Phyllomedusa distincta - Brazil Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Suriname, Venezuela Phyllomedusa iheringii - Brazil, Uruguay Phyllomedusa palliata - Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru Phyllomedusa rohdei - Brazil Phyllomedusa sauvagii - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay Phyllomedusa tarsius - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela Phyllomedusa tetraploidea - Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Phyllomedusa tomopterna - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Phyllomedusa trinitatis - Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Phyllomedusa vaillantii - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Phyllomedusa venusta - Colombia, Panama Plectrohyla bistincta - Mexico Pseudacris brachyphona - United States of America Pseudacris brimleyi - United States of America Pseudacris cadaverina - Mexico, United States of America Pseudacris clarkii - Mexico, United States of America Pseudacris crucifer - Canada, United States of America Pseudacris feriarum - United States of America Pseudacris nigrita - United States of America Pseudacris ocularis - United States of America Pseudacris ornata - United States of America Pseudacris regilla - Canada (Native and Introduced), Mexico, United States of America Pseudacris streckeri - United States of America Pseudacris triseriata - Canada, United States of America Pseudis bolbodactyla - Brazil Pseudis cardosoi - Brazil Pseudis fusca - Brazil Pseudis minuta - Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay Pseudis paradoxa - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Pseudis tocantins - Brazil Scarthyla goinorum - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru Scinax acuminatus - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay

732

Scinax agilis - Brazil Scinax albicans - Brazil Scinax altae - Panama Scinax alter - Brazil Scinax angrensis - Brazil Scinax argyreornatus - Brazil Scinax auratus - Brazil Scinax berthae - Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Scinax blairi - Colombia Scinax boesemani - Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela Scinax boulengeri - Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama Scinax brieni - Brazil Scinax caldarum - Brazil Scinax cardosoi - Brazil Scinax carnevallii - Brazil Scinax catharinae - Brazil Scinax centralis - Brazil Scinax chiquitanus - Bolivia, Peru Scinax constrictus - Brazil Scinax crospedospilus - Brazil Scinax cruentommus - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Scinax cuspidatus - Brazil Scinax duartei - Brazil Scinax elaeochraoa - Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama Scinax eurydice - Brazil Scinax exiguus - Venezuela Scinax ﬂavidus - Colombia, Venezuela Scinax ﬂavoguttatus - Brazil Scinax funereus - Brazil, Ecuador, Peru Scinax fuscomarginatus - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay Scinax fuscovarius - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Scinax garbei - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela Scinax granulatus - Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Scinax hayii - Brazil Scinax hiemalis - Brazil Scinax humilis - Brazil Scinax ictericus - Colombia, Peru Scinax karenanneae - Colombia Scinax kennedyi - Colombia, Venezuela Scinax lindsayi - Brazil, Colombia Scinax littoralis - Brazil Scinax littoreus - Brazil Scinax longilineus - Brazil Scinax luizotavioi - Brazil Scinax machadoi - Brazil Scinax nasicus - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Scinax nebulosus - Bolivia, Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela Scinax obtriangulatus - Brazil Scinax pachycrus - Brazil Scinax parkeri - Bolivia Scinax pedromedinae - Peru Scinax perereca - Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Scinax perpusillus - Brazil Scinax proboscideus - French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname Scinax quinquefasciatus - Colombia, Ecuador (Native and Introduced) Scinax rizibilis - Brazil Scinax rostratus - Colombia, Guyana, Panama, Suriname, Venezuela Scinax ruber - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Martinique (Introduced), Puerto Rico (Introduced), St Lucia (Introduced) Scinax similis - Brazil Scinax squalirostris - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Scinax staufferi - Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua Scinax sugillatus - Colombia, Ecuador Scinax trilineatus - Brazil, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela Scinax uruguayus - Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay Scinax v-signatus - Brazil Scinax wandae - Colombia, Venezuela Scinax x-signatus - Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela Smilisca baudinii - Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, United States of America Smilisca fodiens - Mexico, United States of America Smilisca phaeota - Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Smilisca sila - Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama Smilisca sordida - Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Sphaenorhynchus carneus - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Sphaenorhynchus dorisae - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Sphaenorhynchus lacteus - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Sphaenorhynchus orophilus - Brazil Sphaenorhynchus palustris - Brazil Sphaenorhynchus planicola - Brazil Sphaenorhynchus prasinus - Brazil Sphaenorhynchus surdus - Brazil Tepuihyla edelcae - Venezuela Tlalocohyla loquax - Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua Tlalocohyla picta - Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico Tlalocohyla smithii - Mexico Trachycephalus atlas - Brazil Trachycephalus coriaceus - Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname Trachycephalus hadroceps - French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Trachycephalus imitatrix - Argentina, Brazil Trachycephalus jordani - Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Trachycephalus mesophaeus - Brazil Trachycephalus nigromaculatus - Brazil Trachycephalus resiniﬁctrix - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Trachycephalus venulosus - Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Triprion petasatus - Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico Triprion spatulatus - Mexico

HYPEROLIIDAE Acanthixalus spinosus - Cameroon, Congo, Congo, D.R., Gabon, Nigeria Afrixalus aureus - Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland Afrixalus brachycnemis - Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania Afrixalus crotalus - Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe Afrixalus delicatus - Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania Afrixalus dorsalis - Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone Afrixalus equatorialis - Congo, D.R. Afrixalus fornasini - Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe Afrixalus fulvovittatus - Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone Afrixalus laevis - Cameroon, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Uganda Afrixalus leucostictus - Congo, D.R. Afrixalus osorioi - Angola, Congo, D.R., Kenya, Uganda Afrixalus paradorsalis - Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria Afrixalus quadrivittatus - Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda Afrixalus septentrionalis - Kenya, Tanzania Afrixalus stuhlmanni - Tanzania Afrixalus vittiger - Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone Afrixalus weidholzi - Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Gambia, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone Afrixalus wittei - Angola, Congo, D.R., Tanzania, Zambia Alexteroon hypsiphonus - Cameroon, Congo, Gabon Alexteroon obstetricans - Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Chlorolius koehleri - Cameroon, Gabon, Nigeria Cryptothylax greshofﬁi - Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Heterixalus alboguttatus - Madagascar Heterixalus andrakata - Madagascar Heterixalus betsileo - Madagascar Heterixalus boettgeri - Madagascar Heterixalus luteostriatus - Madagascar Heterixalus madagascariensis - Madagascar Heterixalus punctatus - Madagascar Heterixalus tricolor - Madagascar Heterixalus variabilis - Madagascar Hyperolius acuticeps - Burundi, Congo, D.R., Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Hyperolius adspersus - Unknown Hyperolius argus - Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe Hyperolius balfouri - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, D.R., Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Uganda Hyperolius baumanni - Ghana, Togo Hyperolius benguellensis - Angola, Botswana, Congo, D.R., Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe Hyperolius bolifambae - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Nigeria Hyperolius camerunensis - Cameroon Hyperolius cinnamomeoventris - Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia Hyperolius concolor - Benin, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo Hyperolius fusciventris - Benin, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo Hyperolius glandicolor - Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania Hyperolius guttulatus - Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone Hyperolius igbettensis - Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria Hyperolius kachalolae - Malawi, Zambia Hyperolius kivuensis - Angola, Burundi, Congo, D.R., Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia Hyperolius kuligae - Cameroon, Gabon, Uganda Hyperolius lamottei - Côte d’Ivoire (Native and Introduced), Guinea, Liberia, Senegal, Sierra Leone Hyperolius langi - Congo, D.R. Hyperolius lateralis - Burundi, Congo, D.R., Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda Hyperolius major - Congo, D.R., Zambia Hyperolius marginatus - Congo, D.R., Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe Hyperolius mariae - Congo, D.R., Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia Hyperolius marmoratus - Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe Hyperolius mitchelli - Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania

Hyperolius molleri - São Tomé and Príncipe Hyperolius montanus - Kenya Hyperolius mosaicus - Cameroon, Gabon Hyperolius nasutus - Angola, Botswana, Congo, Gabon, Namibia, Zambia Hyperolius nitidulus - Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone Hyperolius occidentalis - Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Sierra Leone Hyperolius ocellatus - Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria, Uganda Hyperolius parallelus - Angola, Botswana, Congo, Congo, D.R., Namibia, Zambia Hyperolius pardalis - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Hyperolius parkeri - Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania Hyperolius phantasticus - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Congo, D.R., Gabon Hyperolius picturatus - Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone Hyperolius pictus - Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia Hyperolius platyceps - Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Hyperolius pseudargus - Tanzania Hyperolius puncticulatus - Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania Hyperolius pusillus - Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zimbabwe Hyperolius pyrrhodictyon - Zambia Hyperolius quinquevittatus - Angola, Congo, D.R., Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia Hyperolius reesi - Tanzania Hyperolius rhodesianus - Zimbabwe Hyperolius schoutedeni - Congo, D.R. Hyperolius semidiscus - South Africa, Swaziland Hyperolius sheldricki - Kenya Hyperolius spinigularis - Malawi, Tanzania Hyperolius steindachneri - Angola, Congo, D.R., Zambia Hyperolius swynnertoni - Mozambique, Zimbabwe Hyperolius sylvaticus - Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria Hyperolius tuberculatus - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria Hyperolius tuberilinguis - Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zimbabwe Hyperolius viridiﬂavus - Burundi, Congo, D.R., Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda Kassina cassinoides - Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Mali Kassina fusca - Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal Kassina kuvangensis - Angola, Zambia Kassina maculata - Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zimbabwe Kassina maculifer - Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia Kassina maculosa - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, D.R. Kassina schioetzi - Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea Kassina senegalensis - Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Kassina somalica - Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania Kassinula wittei - Congo, D.R., Zambia Leptopelis anchietae - Angola Leptopelis argenteus - Tanzania Leptopelis aubryi - Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria Leptopelis bocagii - Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, D.R., Ethiopia, Kenya, Namibia, Rwanda, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe Leptopelis boulengeri - Cameroon, Congo, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria Leptopelis brevirostris - Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria Leptopelis broadleyi - Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe Leptopelis bufonides - Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal Leptopelis calcaratus - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria Leptopelis christyi - Cameroon, Congo, D.R., Gabon, Tanzania, Uganda Leptopelis concolor - Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania Leptopelis cynnamomeus - Angola, Congo, D.R., Zambia Leptopelis flavomaculatus - Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zimbabwe Leptopelis gramineus - Ethiopia Leptopelis hyloides - Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo Leptopelis millsoni - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria Leptopelis modestus - Cameroon, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, Nigeria Leptopelis mossambicus - Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe Leptopelis natalensis - South Africa Leptopelis nordequatorialis - Cameroon, Nigeria Leptopelis notatus - Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria Leptopelis ocellatus - Cameroon, Congo, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Leptopelis omissus - Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Nigeria

Appendices

Leptopelis oryi - Congo, D.R., Uganda Leptopelis parbocagii - Angola, Congo, D.R., Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia Leptopelis rufus - Cameroon, Congo, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria Leptopelis viridis - Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo Opisthothylax immaculatus - Cameroon, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria Paracassina kounhiensis - Ethiopia Paracassina obscura - Ethiopia Phlyctimantis boulengeri - Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria Phlyctimantis leonardi - Congo, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Phlyctimantis verrucosus - Congo, D.R., Rwanda, Uganda Semnodactylus wealii - Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland Tachycnemis seychellensis - Seychelles

LEPTODACTYLIDAE Adelophryne adiastola - Colombia, Peru Adelophryne gutturosa - Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela Adenomera andreae - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Adenomera araucaria - Brazil Adenomera bokermanni - Brazil Adenomera diptyx - Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay Adenomera heyeri - French Guiana Adenomera hylaedactyla - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Adenomera marmorata - Brazil Adenomera martinezi - Brazil Alsodes gargola - Argentina Barycholos pulcher - Ecuador Barycholos ternetzi - Brazil Batrachyla antartandica - Argentina, Chile Batrachyla leptopus - Argentina, Chile Batrachyla taeniata - Argentina, Chile Ceratophrys aurita - Brazil Ceratophrys calcarata - Colombia, Venezuela Ceratophrys cornuta - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname Ceratophrys cranwelli - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay Chacophrys pierottii - Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay Craugastor anomalus - Colombia, Ecuador Craugastor augusti - Mexico, United States of America Craugastor bransfordii - Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama Craugastor bufoniformis - Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama Craugastor cerasinus - Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Craugastor crassidigitus - Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama Craugastor ﬁtzingeri - Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Craugastor gollmeri - Costa Rica, Panama Craugastor loki - Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico Craugastor longirostris - Colombia, Ecuador, Panama Craugastor megacephalus - Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Craugastor mexicanus - Mexico Craugastor mimus - Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua Craugastor noblei - Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Craugastor opimus - Colombia, Panama Craugastor polyptychus - Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama Craugastor raniformis - Colombia, Panama Craugastor rugosus - Costa Rica, Panama Craugastor rugulosus - Mexico Craugastor rupinius - El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico Craugastor stejnegerianus - Costa Rica, Panama Craugastor talamancae - Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama Craugastor underwoodi - Costa Rica, Panama Craugastor vocalis - Mexico Craugastor zygodactylus - Colombia Crossodactylus caramaschii - Brazil Crossodactylus gaudichaudii - Brazil Cycloramphus boraceiensis - Brazil Cycloramphus dubius - Brazil Cycloramphus fulginosus - Brazil Cycloramphus rhyakonastes - Brazil Edalorhina perezi - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Eleutherodactylus aaptus - Colombia, Peru Eleutherodactylus abbotti - Dominican Republic, Haiti Eleutherodactylus acatallelus - Colombia Eleutherodactylus achatinus - Colombia, Ecuador, Panama Eleutherodactylus acuminatus - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Eleutherodactylus altamazonicus - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Eleutherodactylus antillensis - Virgin Islands (British), Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands (United States), Panama (Introduced) Eleutherodactylus appendiculatus - Colombia, Ecuador Eleutherodactylus atkinsi - Cuba Eleutherodactylus auriculatus - Cuba Eleutherodactylus babax - Colombia, Ecuador Eleutherodactylus bilineatus - Brazil Eleutherodactylus binotatus - Brazil Eleutherodactylus bogotensis - Colombia Eleutherodactylus bolbodactylus - Brazil Eleutherodactylus boulengeri - Colombia Eleutherodactylus brevifrons - Colombia

Eleutherodactylus brittoni - Puerto Rico Eleutherodactylus buccinator - Brazil, Peru Eleutherodactylus buckleyi - Colombia, Ecuador Eleutherodactylus cajamarcensis - Ecuador, Peru Eleutherodactylus caprifer - Colombia, Ecuador Eleutherodactylus carvalhoi - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Eleutherodactylus caryophyllaceus - Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama Eleutherodactylus cerastes - Colombia, Ecuador Eleutherodactylus chalceus - Colombia, Ecuador Eleutherodactylus chiastonotus - Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname Eleutherodactylus chloronotus - Colombia, Ecuador Eleutherodactylus cochranae - Virgin Islands (British), Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands (United States) Eleutherodactylus conspicillatus - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Eleutherodactylus coqui - Puerto Rico, United States of America (Introduced), Virgin Islands (United States) (Introduced) Eleutherodactylus croceoinguinis - Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Eleutherodactylus cruentus - Costa Rica, Panama Eleutherodactylus cruralis - Bolivia, Peru Eleutherodactylus cuneatus - Cuba Eleutherodactylus curtipes - Colombia, Ecuador Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides - Mexico, United States of America (Native and Introduced) Eleutherodactylus danae - Bolivia, Peru Eleutherodactylus diadematus - Brazil, Ecuador, Peru Eleutherodactylus diastema - Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Eleutherodactylus discoidalis - Argentina, Bolivia Eleutherodactylus erythropleura - Colombia Eleutherodactylus eurydactylus - Brazil, Peru Eleutherodactylus factiosus - Colombia Eleutherodactylus fenestratus - Bolivia, Brazil, Peru Eleutherodactylus fraudator - Bolivia Eleutherodactylus gaigeae - Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama Eleutherodactylus gossei - Jamaica Eleutherodactylus gualteri - Brazil Eleutherodactylus guentheri - Argentina, Brazil Eleutherodactylus gularis - Colombia, Ecuador Eleutherodactylus guttilatus - Mexico, United States of America Eleutherodactylus gutturalis - Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname Eleutherodactylus hoehnei - Brazil Eleutherodactylus ibischi - Bolivia Eleutherodactylus imitatrix - Peru Eleutherodactylus inguinalis - French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname Eleutherodactylus inoptatus - Dominican Republic, Haiti Eleutherodactylus johnstonei - Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Colombia (Introduced), French Guiana (Introduced), Guyana (Introduced), Jamaica (Introduced), Panama (Introduced), Trinidad and Tobago (Introduced), Venezuela (Introduced) Eleutherodactylus juipoca - Brazil Eleutherodactylus labiosus - Colombia, Ecuador Eleutherodactylus lacrimosus - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Eleutherodactylus lacteus - Brazil Eleutherodactylus lanthanites - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Eleutherodactylus latidiscus - Colombia, Ecuador Eleutherodactylus leoni - Colombia, Ecuador Eleutherodactylus leptolophus - Colombia Eleutherodactylus llojsintuta - Bolivia Eleutherodactylus lymani - Ecuador, Peru Eleutherodactylus lythrodes - Peru Eleutherodactylus madidi - Bolivia Eleutherodactylus malkini - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Eleutherodactylus mantipus - Colombia Eleutherodactylus marmoratus - Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela Eleutherodactylus marnockii - United States of America Eleutherodactylus martiae - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Eleutherodactylus medemi - Colombia Eleutherodactylus mendax - Peru Eleutherodactylus moro - Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama Eleutherodactylus myersi - Colombia Eleutherodactylus nasutus - Brazil Eleutherodactylus nervicus - Colombia Eleutherodactylus nicefori - Colombia, Venezuela Eleutherodactylus nigrovittatus - Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Eleutherodactylus nitidus - Mexico Eleutherodactylus obmutescens - Colombia Eleutherodactylus ockendeni - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Eleutherodactylus octavioi - Brazil Eleutherodactylus orcesi - Ecuador Eleutherodactylus paisa - Colombia Eleutherodactylus palmeri - Colombia Eleutherodactylus parvillus - Colombia, Ecuador Eleutherodactylus parvus - Brazil Eleutherodactylus paulodutrai - Brazil Eleutherodactylus paululus - Ecuador Eleutherodactylus peraticus - Colombia Eleutherodactylus permixtus - Colombia Eleutherodactylus peruvianus - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Eleutherodactylus phoxocephalus - Ecuador, Peru Eleutherodactylus piceus - Colombia Eleutherodactylus pipilans - Guatemala, Mexico Eleutherodactylus planirostris - Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Jamaica (Introduced), United States of America (Introduced) Eleutherodactylus platydactylus - Bolivia, Peru

733

Eleutherodactylus pluvicanorus - Bolivia Eleutherodactylus prolixodiscus - Colombia, Venezuela Eleutherodactylus pseudoacuminatus - Colombia, Ecuador Eleutherodactylus pulvinatus - French Guiana, Guyana, Venezuela Eleutherodactylus quaquaversus - Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Eleutherodactylus quidditus - Colombia, Panama Eleutherodactylus racemus - Colombia Eleutherodactylus ramagii - Brazil Eleutherodactylus restrepoi - Colombia Eleutherodactylus rhabdolaemus - Bolivia, Peru Eleutherodactylus ridens - Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Eleutherodactylus riparius - Cuba Eleutherodactylus samaipatae - Bolivia Eleutherodactylus skydmainos - Brazil, Peru Eleutherodactylus subsigillatus - Colombia, Ecuador Eleutherodactylus sulcatus - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Eleutherodactylus taeniatus - Colombia, Panama Eleutherodactylus terraebolivaris - Venezuela Eleutherodactylus thectopternus - Colombia Eleutherodactylus thymelensis - Colombia, Ecuador Eleutherodactylus tinker - Colombia Eleutherodactylus toftae - Bolivia, Brazil, Peru Eleutherodactylus unistrigatus - Colombia, Ecuador Eleutherodactylus uranobates - Colombia Eleutherodactylus variabilis - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Eleutherodactylus varleyi - Cuba Eleutherodactylus venancioi - Brazil Eleutherodactylus ventrimarmoratus - Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru Eleutherodactylus viejas - Colombia Eleutherodactylus vilarsi - Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela Eleutherodactylus vinhai - Brazil Eleutherodactylus vocator - Costa Rica, Panama Eleutherodactylus walkeri - Ecuador Eleutherodactylus weinlandi - Dominican Republic, Haiti Eleutherodactylus w-nigrum - Colombia, Ecuador Eleutherodactylus zeuctotylus - Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela Eleutherodactylus zimmermanae - Brazil Euparkerella brasiliensis - Brazil Euparkerella cochranae - Brazil Eupsophus calcaratus - Argentina, Chile Eupsophus emiliopugini - Argentina, Chile Flectonotus fissilis - Brazil Flectonotus goeldii - Brazil Flectonotus ohausi - Brazil Flectonotus pygmaeus - Colombia, Venezuela Gastrotheca albolineata - Brazil Gastrotheca argenteovirens - Colombia Gastrotheca cornuta - Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama Gastrotheca dunni - Colombia Gastrotheca fissipes - Brazil Gastrotheca griswoldi - Peru Gastrotheca longipes - Ecuador, Peru Gastrotheca marsupiata - Bolivia, Peru Gastrotheca microdiscus - Brazil Gastrotheca monticola - Ecuador, Peru Gastrotheca nicefori - Colombia, Panama, Venezuela Gastrotheca peruana - Peru Gastrotheca piperata - Bolivia Gastrotheca testudinea - Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru Hemiphractus helioi - Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Hemiphractus proboscideus - Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Hemiphractus scutatus - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Hydrolaetare dantasi - Brazil Hydrolaetare schmidti - Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Peru Hylodes asper - Brazil Hylodes lateristrigatus - Brazil Hylodes meridionalis - Brazil Hylodes nasus - Brazil Hylodes ornatus - Brazil Hylodes perplicatus - Brazil Hylodes phyllodes - Brazil Hylorina sylvatica - Argentina, Chile Ischnocnema quixensis - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Ischnocnema sanctaecrucis - Bolivia Ischnocnema sanderi - Bolivia Lepidobatrachus laevis - Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay Lepidobatrachus llanensis - Argentina, Paraguay Leptodactylus albilabris - Virgin Islands (British), Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands (United States) Leptodactylus bolivianus - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Leptodactylus bufonius - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay Leptodactylus caatingae - Brazil Leptodactylus chaquensis - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Leptodactylus colombiensis - Colombia, Venezuela Leptodactylus cunicularius - Brazil Leptodactylus didymus - Bolivia, Peru Leptodactylus diedrus - Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela Leptodactylus elenae - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay Leptodactylus flavopictus - Brazil Leptodactylus fragilis - Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, United States of America, Venezuela

734

Leptodactylus furnarius - Brazil, Uruguay Leptodactylus fuscus - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Leptodactylus gracilis - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Leptodactylus griseigularis - Bolivia, Peru Leptodactylus jolyi - Brazil Leptodactylus knudseni - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Leptodactylus labrosus - Ecuador, Peru Leptodactylus labyrinthicus - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Venezuela Leptodactylus latinasus - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Leptodactylus leptodactyloides - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Leptodactylus lithonaetes - Colombia, Venezuela Leptodactylus longirostris - Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela Leptodactylus marambaiae - Brazil Leptodactylus melanonotus - Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama Leptodactylus myersi - Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname Leptodactylus mystaceus - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Leptodactylus mystacinus - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Leptodactylus natalensis - Brazil Leptodactylus notoaktites - Brazil Leptodactylus ocellatus - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela Leptodactylus pallidirostris - Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela Leptodactylus pentadactylus - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Leptodactylus petersii - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Leptodactylus plaumanni - Argentina, Brazil Leptodactylus podicipinus - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Leptodactylus poecilochilus - Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela Leptodactylus pustulatus - Brazil Leptodactylus rhodomystax - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname Leptodactylus rhodonotus - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru Leptodactylus riveroi - Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela Leptodactylus rugosus - Guyana, Venezuela Leptodactylus sabanensis - Venezuela Leptodactylus spixi - Brazil Leptodactylus stenodema - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname Leptodactylus syphax - Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay Leptodactylus troglodytes - Brazil Leptodactylus validus - Grenada, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago Leptodactylus ventrimaculatus - Colombia, Ecuador Leptodactylus wagneri - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Limnomedusa macroglossa - Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay Lithodytes lineatus - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Macrogenioglottus alipioi - Brazil Megaelosia goeldii - Brazil Odontophrynus americanus - Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Odontophrynus carvalhoi - Brazil Odontophrynus cordobae - Argentina Odontophrynus cultripes - Brazil Odontophrynus lavillai - Argentina Odontophrynus occidentalis - Argentina Phrynopus laplacai - Bolivia Phyllonastes carrascoicola - Bolivia Phyllonastes myrmecoides - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru Physalaemus aguirrei - Brazil Physalaemus albifrons - Brazil Physalaemus albonotatus - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay Physalaemus biligonigerus - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Physalaemus centralis - Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay Physalaemus cicada - Brazil Physalaemus crombiei - Brazil Physalaemus cuqui - Argentina, Bolivia Physalaemus cuvieri - Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Physalaemus ephippifer - Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela Physalaemus erikae - Brazil Physalaemus fernandezae - Argentina, Uruguay Physalaemus ﬁscheri - Colombia, Venezuela Physalaemus fuscomaculatus - Brazil, Paraguay Physalaemus gracilis - Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay Physalaemus henselii - Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay Physalaemus kroyeri - Brazil Physalaemus lisei - Brazil Physalaemus maculiventris - Brazil Physalaemus montubio - Ecuador Physalaemus nanus - Brazil Physalaemus nattereri - Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay Physalaemus olfersii - Brazil Physalaemus petersi - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru Physalaemus pustulatus - Ecuador, Peru Physalaemus pustulosus - Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Physalaemus randi - Ecuador Physalaemus riograndensis - Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Physalaemus santafecinus - Argentina Physalaemus signifer - Brazil Physalaemus spinigerus - Brazil Phyzelaphryne miriamae - Brazil Pleurodema borellii - Argentina Pleurodema brachyops - Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Panama, Venezuela, Netherlands Antilles (Introduced) Pleurodema bufonina - Argentina, Chile Pleurodema cinerea - Argentina, Bolivia, Peru Pleurodema diplolistris - Brazil Pleurodema guayapae - Argentina, Bolivia Pleurodema marmorata - Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru Pleurodema nebulosa - Argentina Pleurodema thaul - Argentina, Chile Pleurodema tucumana - Argentina Proceratophrys appendiculata - Brazil Proceratophrys avelinoi - Argentina, Brazil Proceratophrys boiei - Brazil Proceratophrys brauni - Brazil Proceratophrys cristiceps - Brazil Proceratophrys fryi - Brazil Proceratophrys goyana - Brazil Proceratophrys laticeps - Brazil Proceratophrys melanopogon - Brazil Proceratophrys schirchi - Brazil Proceratophrys subguttata - Brazil Pseudopaludicola boliviana - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Paraguay, Suriname, Venezuela Pseudopaludicola ceratophryes - Brazil, Colombia, Peru Pseudopaludicola falcipes - Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Pseudopaludicola llanera - Colombia, Venezuela Pseudopaludicola mystacalis - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay Pseudopaludicola pusilla - Colombia, Venezuela Pseudopaludicola saltica - Brazil Pseudopaludicola ternetzi - Brazil Scythrophrys sawayae - Brazil Stefania evansi - Guyana Stefania ginesi - Venezuela Stefania scalae - Guyana, Venezuela Stefania woodleyi - Guyana Telmatobius rimac - Peru Thoropa megatympanum - Brazil Thoropa miliaris - Brazil Vanzolinius discodactylus - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Zachaenus parvulus - Brazil

LIMNODYNASTIDAE Heleioporus albopunctatus - Australia Heleioporus barycragus - Australia Heleioporus eyrei - Australia Heleioporus inornatus - Australia Heleioporus psammophilus - Australia Lechriodus aganoposis - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Lechriodus ﬂetcheri - Australia Lechriodus melanopyga - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Lechriodus platyceps - Indonesia Limnodynastes convexiusculus - Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Limnodynastes depressus - Australia Limnodynastes dorsalis - Australia Limnodynastes dumerilii - Australia Limnodynastes ﬂetcheri - Australia Limnodynastes interioris - Australia Limnodynastes lignarius - Australia Limnodynastes ornatus - Australia Limnodynastes peronii - Australia Limnodynastes salmini - Australia Limnodynastes spenceri - Australia Limnodynastes tasmaniensis - Australia Limnodynastes terraereginae - Australia Mixophyes fasciolatus - Australia Mixophyes schevilli - Australia Neobatrachus albipes - Australia Neobatrachus aquilonius - Australia Neobatrachus centralis - Australia Neobatrachus fulvus - Australia Neobatrachus kunapalari - Australia Neobatrachus pelobatoides - Australia Neobatrachus pictus - Australia Neobatrachus sudelli - Australia Neobatrachus sutor - Australia Neobatrachus wilsmorei - Australia Notaden bennettii - Australia Notaden melanoscaphus - Australia Notaden nichollsi - Australia

MANTELLIDAE Aglyptodactylus madagascariensis - Madagascar Aglyptodactylus securifer - Madagascar Boophis albilabris - Madagascar Boophis albipunctatus - Madagascar Boophis ankaratra - Madagascar Boophis boehmei - Madagascar

Boophis bottae - Madagascar Boophis doulioti - Madagascar Boophis erythrodactylus - Madagascar Boophis goudotii - Madagascar Boophis guibei - Madagascar Boophis idae - Madagascar Boophis lichenoides - Madagascar Boophis luteus - Madagascar Boophis madagascariensis - Madagascar Boophis marojezensis - Madagascar Boophis microtympanum - Madagascar Boophis miniatus - Madagascar Boophis opisthodon - Madagascar Boophis pauliani - Madagascar Boophis picturatus - Madagascar Boophis pyrrhus - Madagascar Boophis rappiodes - Madagascar Boophis reticulatus - Madagascar Boophis tasymena - Madagascar Boophis tephraeomystax - Madagascar Boophis viridis - Madagascar Boophis vittatus - Madagascar Laliostoma labrosum - Madagascar Mantella baroni - Madagascar Mantella betsileo - Madagascar Mantella nigricans - Madagascar Mantidactylus aerumnalis - Madagascar Mantidactylus aglavei - Madagascar Mantidactylus alutus - Madagascar Mantidactylus ambreensis - Madagascar Mantidactylus argenteus - Madagascar Mantidactylus asper - Madagascar Mantidactylus betsileanus - Madagascar Mantidactylus bicalcaratus - Madagascar Mantidactylus biporus - Madagascar Mantidactylus blommersae - Madagascar Mantidactylus boulengeri - Madagascar Mantidactylus brevipalmatus - Madagascar Mantidactylus charlotteae - Madagascar Mantidactylus curtus - Madagascar Mantidactylus depressiceps - Madagascar Mantidactylus domerguei - Madagascar Mantidactylus femoralis - Madagascar Mantidactylus ﬁmbriatus - Madagascar Mantidactylus ﬂavobrunneus - Madagascar Mantidactylus grandidieri - Madagascar Mantidactylus grandisonae - Madagascar Mantidactylus granulatus - Madagascar Mantidactylus guttulatus - Madagascar Mantidactylus kely - Madagascar Mantidactylus liber - Madagascar Mantidactylus lugubris - Madagascar Mantidactylus luteus - Madagascar Mantidactylus majori - Madagascar Mantidactylus malagasius - Madagascar Mantidactylus melanopleura - Madagascar Mantidactylus mocquardi - Madagascar Mantidactylus moseri - Madagascar Mantidactylus opiparis - Madagascar Mantidactylus peraccae - Madagascar Mantidactylus phantasticus - Madagascar Mantidactylus pseudoasper - Madagascar Mantidactylus pulcher - Madagascar Mantidactylus redimitus - Madagascar Mantidactylus sculpturatus - Madagascar Mantidactylus timidus - Madagascar Mantidactylus tornieri - Madagascar Mantidactylus ulcerosus - Madagascar Mantidactylus ventrimaculatus - Madagascar Mantidactylus wittei - Madagascar Mantidactylus zipperi - Madagascar

MEGOPHRYIDAE Brachytarsophrys carinensis - Myanmar, Thailand Brachytarsophrys feae - China, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Brachytarsophrys platyparietus - China Leptobrachella mjobergi - Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia Leptobrachium abbotti - Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia Leptobrachium chapaense - China, Lao P.D.R., Thailand, Viet Nam Leptobrachium hasseltii - Indonesia, Philippines Leptobrachium hendricksoni - Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand Leptobrachium huashen - China Leptobrachium montanum - Indonesia, Malaysia Leptobrachium nigrops - Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore Leptobrachium smithi - Bangladesh, India, Thailand Leptolalax heteropus - Malaysia, Thailand Leptolalax liui - China Leptolalax oshanensis - China Leptolalax pelodytoides - China, Lao P.D.R., Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Megophrys montana - Indonesia Megophrys nasuta - Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand Ophryophryne microstoma - China, Lao P.D.R., Thailand, Viet Nam Ophryophryne pachyproctus - China, Lao P.D.R., Viet Nam

Appendices

Oreolalax popei - China Oreolalax xiangchengensis - China Scutiger boulengeri - China, Nepal Scutiger glandulatus - China Scutiger mammatus - China Scutiger nyingchiensis - China, India, Nepal, Pakistan Scutiger sikimmensis - China, India, Nepal Vibrissaphora liui - China Xenophrys aceras - Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand Xenophrys boettgeri - China, India Xenophrys glandulosa - China, India Xenophrys jingdongensis - China, Viet Nam Xenophrys kuatunensis - China, Viet Nam Xenophrys major - China, India, Lao P.D.R., Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Xenophrys minor - China, Thailand, Viet Nam Xenophrys palpebralespinosa - China, Viet Nam Xenophrys parva - Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Lao P.D.R., Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Viet Nam Xenophrys shapingensis - China Xenophrys spinata - China Xenophrys wushanensis - China

MICROHYLIDAE Albericus brunhildae - Papua New Guinea Albericus darlingtoni - Papua New Guinea Albericus swanhildae - Papua New Guinea Albericus tuberculus - Papua New Guinea Albericus valkuriarum - Papua New Guinea Anodonthyla boulengerii - Madagascar Aphantophryne pansa - Papua New Guinea Arcovomer passarellii - Brazil Asterophrys turpicola - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Austrochaperina adelphe - Australia Austrochaperina basipalmata - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Austrochaperina blumi - Indonesia Austrochaperina derongo - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Austrochaperina fryi - Australia Austrochaperina gracilipes - Australia, Papua New Guinea Austrochaperina guttata - Papua New Guinea Austrochaperina hooglandi - Papua New Guinea Austrochaperina macrorhyncha - Indonesia Austrochaperina palmipes - Papua New Guinea Austrochaperina pluvialis - Australia Austrochaperina rivularis - Papua New Guinea Austrochaperina robusta - Australia Barygenys atra - Papua New Guinea Barygenys exsul - Papua New Guinea Barygenys nana - Papua New Guinea Breviceps acutirostris - South Africa Breviceps adspersus - Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe Breviceps ﬁchus - Tanzania Breviceps fuscus - South Africa Breviceps montanus - South Africa Breviceps mossambicus - Botswana, Congo, D.R., Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe Breviceps namaquensis - South Africa Breviceps poweri - Angola, Congo, D.R., Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia Breviceps rosei - South Africa Breviceps verrucosus - Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland Calluella guttulata - Lao P.D.R., Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Calluella yunnanensis - China, Viet Nam Callulina kreffti - Kenya, Tanzania Callulops comptus - Papua New Guinea Callulops doriae - Papua New Guinea Callulops humicola - Papua New Guinea Callulops personatus - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Callulops robustus - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Callulops slateri - Papua New Guinea Callulops stictogaster - Papua New Guinea Callulops wilhelmanus - Papua New Guinea Chaperina fusca - Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand Chiasmocleis albopunctata - Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay Chiasmocleis anatipes - Ecuador, Peru Chiasmocleis atlantica - Brazil Chiasmocleis bassleri - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Chiasmocleis capixaba - Brazil Chiasmocleis hudsoni - Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela Chiasmocleis leucosticta - Brazil Chiasmocleis panamensis - Colombia, Panama Chiasmocleis schubarti - Brazil Chiasmocleis shudikarensis - Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Choerophryne proboscidea - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Choerophryne rostellifer - Papua New Guinea Cophixalus biroi - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Cophixalus cheesmanae - Papua New Guinea Cophixalus infacetus - Australia Cophixalus ornatus - Australia Cophixalus parkeri - Papua New Guinea Cophixalus pipilans - Papua New Guinea Cophixalus riparius - Papua New Guinea Cophixalus shellyi - Papua New Guinea Cophixalus sphagnicola - Papua New Guinea

Cophixalus verrucosus - Papua New Guinea Cophyla phyllodactyla - Madagascar Copiula ﬁstulans - Papua New Guinea Copiula oxyrhina - Papua New Guinea Copiula tyleri - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Ctenophryne geayi - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Dermatonotus muelleri - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay Dyscophus guineti - Madagascar Dyscophus insularis - Madagascar Elachistocleis bicolor - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Elachistocleis ovalis - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Elachistocleis piauiensis - Brazil Elachistocleis surinamensis - Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Gastrophryne carolinensis - United States of America, Bahamas (Introduced), Cayman Islands (Introduced) Gastrophryne elegans - Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico Gastrophryne olivacea - Mexico, United States of America Gastrophryne pictiventris - Costa Rica, Nicaragua Gastrophryne usta - El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico Genyophryne thomsoni - Papua New Guinea Hamptophryne boliviana - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Hylophorbus rufescens - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Hypopachus variolosus - Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, United States of America Kalophrynus heterochirus - Indonesia, Malaysia Kalophrynus interlineatus - Cambodia, China, Lao P.D.R., Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Kalophrynus pleurostigma - Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand Kaloula baleata - India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, TimorLeste Kaloula borealis - China, Korea, D.P.R., Korea, Republic Kaloula conjuncta - Philippines Kaloula picta - Philippines Kaloula pulchra - Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Lao P.D.R., Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam, Taiwan, Province of China (Introduced) Kaloula rugifera - China Kaloula taprobanica - Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka Kaloula verrucosa - China Liophryne dentata - Papua New Guinea Liophryne schlaginhaufeni - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Mantophryne lateralis - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Metaphrynella pollicaris - Indonesia, Malaysia Metaphrynella sundana - Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia Microhyla achatina - Indonesia Microhyla annamensis - Cambodia, Lao P.D.R., Thailand, Viet Nam Microhyla berdmorei - Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Lao P.D.R., Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Microhyla borneensis - Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand Microhyla butleri - Cambodia, China, Lao P.D.R., Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Taiwan, Province of China, Thailand, Viet Nam Microhyla heymonsi - Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Lao P.D.R., Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Taiwan, Province of China, Thailand, Viet Nam Microhyla marmorata - Lao P.D.R., Viet Nam Microhyla mixtura - China Microhyla ornata - Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Lao P.D.R., Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Province of China, Thailand, Viet Nam Microhyla palmipes - Indonesia, Malaysia Microhyla pulchra - Cambodia, China, Lao P.D.R., Thailand, Viet Nam Microhyla rubra - Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka Micryletta inornata - Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Lao P.D.R., Malaysia, Thailand, Viet Nam Myersiella microps - Brazil Nelsonophryne aequatorialis - Ecuador Nelsonophryne aterrima - Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama Oreophryne anthonyi - Papua New Guinea Oreophryne biroi - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Oreophryne brachypus - Papua New Guinea Oreophryne geislerorum - Papua New Guinea Oreophryne hypsiops - Papua New Guinea Oreophryne inornata - Papua New Guinea Oreophryne kapisa - Indonesia Otophryne pyburni - Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela Otophryne robusta - Guyana, Venezuela Otophryne steyermarki - Guyana, Venezuela Oxydactyla alpestris - Papua New Guinea Oxydactyla stenodactyla - Papua New Guinea Paradoxophyla palmata - Madagascar Phrynella pulchra - Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand Phrynomantis afﬁnis - Angola, Congo, D.R., Namibia, Zambia Phrynomantis annectens - Angola, Namibia, South Africa Phrynomantis bifasciatus - Angola, Botswana, Congo, D.R., Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe Phrynomantis microps - Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo Phrynomantis somalicus - Ethiopia, Somalia Platypelis barbouri - Madagascar

735

Platypelis grandis - Madagascar Platypelis tuberifera - Madagascar Plethodontohyla alluaudi - Madagascar Plethodontohyla bipunctata - Madagascar Plethodontohyla inguinalis - Madagascar Plethodontohyla laevipes - Madagascar Plethodontohyla mihanika - Madagascar Plethodontohyla notosticta - Madagascar Plethodontohyla ocellata - Madagascar Ramanella variegata - India, Sri Lanka Relictivomer pearsei - Colombia, Panama, Venezuela Scaphiophryne brevis - Madagascar Scaphiophryne calcarata - Madagascar Scaphiophryne spinosa - Madagascar Spelaeophryne methneri - Tanzania Sphenophryne cornuta - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Stereocyclops incrassatus - Brazil Stereocyclops parkeri - Brazil Stumpfﬁa gimmeli - Madagascar Synapturanus mirandaribeiroi - Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela Synapturanus rabus - Colombia, Ecuador Synapturanus salseri - Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela Syncope antenori - Ecuador, Peru Syncope carvalhoi - Colombia, Peru Syncope tridactyla - Brazil, Colombia, Peru Uperodon globulosus - Bangladesh, India Uperodon systoma - India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Xenobatrachus bidens - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Xenobatrachus fuscigula - Papua New Guinea Xenobatrachus macrops - Indonesia Xenobatrachus mehelyi - Papua New Guinea Xenobatrachus obesus - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Xenobatrachus rostratus - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Xenorhina bouwensi - Indonesia Xenorhina oxycephala - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Xenorhina parkerorum - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Xenorhina similis - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea

MYOBATRACHIDAE Arenophryne rotunda - Australia Assa darlingtoni - Australia Crinia bilingua - Australia Crinia deserticola - Australia Crinia georgiana - Australia Crinia glauerti - Australia Crinia insignifera - Australia Crinia nimbus - Australia Crinia parinsignifera - Australia Crinia pseudinsignifera - Australia Crinia remota - Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Crinia riparia - Australia Crinia signifera - Australia Crinia subinsignifera - Australia Crinia tasmaniensis - Australia Geocrinia laevis - Australia Geocrinia leai - Australia Geocrinia rosea - Australia Geocrinia victoriana - Australia Metacrinia nichollsi - Australia Myobatrachus gouldii - Australia Paracrinia haswelli - Australia Pseudophryne coriacea - Australia Pseudophryne dendyi - Australia Pseudophryne douglasi - Australia Pseudophryne guentheri - Australia Pseudophryne major - Australia Pseudophryne occidentalis - Australia Pseudophryne raveni - Australia Pseudophryne semimarmorata - Australia Uperoleia altissima - Australia Uperoleia aspera - Australia Uperoleia borealis - Australia Uperoleia capitulata - Australia Uperoleia crassa - Australia Uperoleia fusca - Australia Uperoleia glandulosa - Australia Uperoleia inundata - Australia Uperoleia laevigata - Australia Uperoleia lithomoda - Australia, Papua New Guinea Uperoleia littlejohni - Australia Uperoleia micromeles - Australia Uperoleia mimula - Australia Uperoleia minima - Australia Uperoleia mjobergi - Australia Uperoleia rugosa - Australia Uperoleia russelli - Australia Uperoleia talpa - Australia Uperoleia trachyderma - Australia

PELOBATIDAE Pelobates fuscus - Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands,

736

Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Ukraine, Switzerland (Extinct) Pelobates syriacus - Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Macedonia, F.Y.R., Georgia, Greece, Iran, Israel, Lebanon, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia and Montenegro, Syria, Turkey, Jordan (Extinct)

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Pelodytes caucasicus - Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russian Federation, Turkey Pelodytes ibericus - Portugal, Spain Pelodytes punctatus - France, Italy, Portugal, Spain

Mexico (Introduced), United Kingdom (Introduced), United States of America (Introduced) Xenopus muelleri - Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Xenopus petersii - Angola, Botswana, Congo, Congo, D.R., Gabon, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe Xenopus pygmaeus - Central African Republic, Congo, D.R., Uganda Xenopus vestitus - Congo, D.R., Rwanda, Uganda Xenopus wittei - Congo, D.R., Rwanda, Uganda

PETROPEDETIDAE

RANIDAE

Arthroleptella bicolor - South Africa Arthroleptella hewitti - South Africa Arthroleptella villiersi - South Africa Cacosternum boettgeri - Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe Cacosternum namaquense - Namibia, South Africa Cacosternum nanum - South Africa, Swaziland Cacosternum parvum - Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland Cacosternum platys - South Africa Dimorphognathus africanus - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Petropedetes newtoni - Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Petropedetes parkeri - Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria Phrynobatrachus accraensis - Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo Phrynobatrachus acridoides - Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe Phrynobatrachus auritus - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria, Rwanda, Uganda Phrynobatrachus batesii - Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, Nigeria Phrynobatrachus bullans - Tanzania Phrynobatrachus calcaratus - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal Phrynobatrachus cornutus - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Phrynobatrachus dendrobates - Congo, D.R., Uganda Phrynobatrachus dispar - São Tomé and Príncipe Phrynobatrachus francisci - Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal Phrynobatrachus fraterculus - Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone Phrynobatrachus graueri - Congo, D.R., Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda Phrynobatrachus gutturosus - Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria Phrynobatrachus hylaios - Cameroon, Congo Phrynobatrachus keniensis - Kenya, Tanzania Phrynobatrachus kinangopensis - Kenya Phrynobatrachus mababiensis - Angola, Botswana, Congo, D.R., Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe Phrynobatrachus minutus - Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda Phrynobatrachus natalensis - Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Phrynobatrachus parkeri - Congo, D.R. Phrynobatrachus parvulus - Angola, Botswana, Congo, D.R., Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Phrynobatrachus perpalmatus - Congo, D.R., Malawi, Mozambique, Sudan, Tanzania, Zambia Phrynobatrachus plicatus - Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria Phrynobatrachus rungwensis - Congo, D.R., Malawi, Tanzania Phrynobatrachus scapularis - Congo, D.R. Phrynobatrachus tokba - Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone Phrynobatrachus werneri - Cameroon, Nigeria Phrynodon sandersoni - Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea PIPIDAE Hymenochirus boettgeri - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria Hymenochirus curtipes - Congo, D.R. Pipa arrabali - Brazil, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela Pipa aspera - French Guiana, Suriname Pipa carvalhoi - Brazil Pipa parva - Colombia, Venezuela (Native and Introduced) Pipa pipa - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Pipa snethlageae - Brazil, Colombia, Peru Pseudhymenochirus merlini - Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone Silurana epitropicalis - Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Silurana tropicalis - Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo Xenopus andrei - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Gabon Xenopus borealis - Kenya, Tanzania Xenopus clivii - Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan Xenopus fraseri - Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Xenopus laevis - Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, D.R., Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Chile (Introduced), France (Introduced), Indonesia (Introduced),

Afrana angolensis - Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Congo, D.R., Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Afrana dracomontana - Lesotho Afrana fuscigula - Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland Amietia vertebralis - Lesotho, South Africa Amnirana albolabris - Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda Amnirana amnicola - Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Amnirana darlingi - Angola, Botswana, Congo, D.R., Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe Amnirana galamensis - Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia Amnirana lemairei - Angola, Congo, D.R., Zambia Amnirana lepus - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Amolops chunganensis - China, Viet Nam Amolops formosus - Bangladesh, India, Nepal Amolops gerbillus - India Amolops granulosus - China Amolops larutensis - Malaysia, Thailand Amolops mantzorum - China Amolops marmoratus - Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand Amolops monticola - China, India, Nepal Amolops ricketti - China, Viet Nam Amolops wuyiensis - China Aubria masako - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Congo, D.R., Gabon Aubria occidentalis - Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria Aubria subsigillata - Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Batrachylodes elegans - Papua New Guinea Batrachylodes mediodiscus - Papua New Guinea Batrachylodes minutus - Papua New Guinea Batrachylodes montanus - Papua New Guinea Batrachylodes trossulus - Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands Batrachylodes vertebralis - Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands Batrachylodes wolﬁ - Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands Ceratobatrachus guentheri - Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands Chaparana sikimensis - India, Nepal Conraua beccarii - Eritrea, Ethiopia Conraua crassipes - Cameroon, Congo, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria Discodeles bufoniformis - Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands Discodeles guppyi - Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands Discodeles vogti - Papua New Guinea Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis - Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Euphlyctis ehrenbergii - Saudi Arabia, Yemen Euphlyctis hexadactylus - Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka Fejervarya andamanensis - India Fejervarya cancrivora - Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia (Native and Introduced), Lao P.D.R., Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam Fejervarya iskandari - Indonesia Fejervarya keralensis - India Fejervarya kirtisinghei - Sri Lanka Fejervarya limnocharis - Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan (Native and Introduced), Lao P.D.R., Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Province of China, Thailand, Viet Nam Fejervarya nepalensis - India, Nepal Fejervarya nicobariensis - Brunei Darussalam, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand Fejervarya orissaensis - India Fejervarya pierrei - Nepal Fejervarya rufescens - India Fejervarya syhadrensis - Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan Fejervarya teraiensis - India, Nepal Fejervarya verruculosa - Indonesia, Timor-Leste Fejervarya vittigera - Philippines Hildebrandtia macrotympanum - Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia Hildebrandtia ornata - Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Hoplobatrachus crassus - Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka Hoplobatrachus occipitalis - Algeria, Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi,

PELODYTIDAE

Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, GuineaBissau, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Western Sahara, Zambia Hoplobatrachus rugulosus - Cambodia, China, Lao P.D.R., Myanmar, Taiwan, Province of China, Thailand, Viet Nam, Malaysia (Introduced), Philippines (Introduced) Hoplobatrachus tigerinus - Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Madagascar (Introduced), Maldives (Introduced) Huia cavitympanum - Indonesia, Malaysia Huia nasica - China, Lao P.D.R., Thailand, Viet Nam Huia sumatrana - Indonesia Indirana beddomii - India Indirana semipalmata - India Ingerana baluensis - Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia Ingerana tenasserimensis - Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand Lankanectes corrugatus - Sri Lanka Limnonectes ﬁnchi - Indonesia, Malaysia Limnonectes fujianensis - China, Taiwan, Province of China Limnonectes grunniens - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Limnonectes gyldenstolpei - Cambodia, Lao P.D.R., Thailand Limnonectes hascheanus - Indonesia, Lao P.D.R., Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Limnonectes kadarsani - Indonesia Limnonectes kohchangae - Cambodia, Thailand Limnonectes kuhlii - Brunei Darussalam, China, India, Indonesia, Lao P.D.R., Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Limnonectes laticeps - Brunei Darussalam, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand Limnonectes leporinus - Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia Limnonectes leytensis - Philippines Limnonectes microdiscus - Indonesia Limnonectes modestus - Indonesia Limnonectes palavanensis - Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines Limnonectes plicatellus - Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand Limnonectes shompenorum - India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore Limnonectes woodworthi - Philippines Meristogenys orphnocnemis - Indonesia, Malaysia Nanorana parkeri - China, Nepal Nanorana ventripunctata - China Nyctibatrachus petraeus - India Occidozyga celebensis - Indonesia Occidozyga laevis - Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand Occidozyga lima - Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Lao P.D.R., Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Occidozyga magnapustulosus - Lao P.D.R., Thailand, Viet Nam Occidozyga martensii - Cambodia, China, Lao P.D.R., Malaysia, Thailand, Viet Nam Occidozyga semipalmatus - Indonesia Occidozyga sumatrana - Indonesia Paa blanfordii - China, India, Nepal Paa hazarensis - India, Pakistan Paa liebigii - Bhutan, China, India, Nepal Paa polunini - China, Nepal Paa sternosignata - Afghanistan, Pakistan Paa vicina - India, Pakistan Platymantis aculeodactyla - Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands Platymantis boulengeri - Papua New Guinea Platymantis browni - Papua New Guinea Platymantis corrugata - Philippines Platymantis cryptotis - Indonesia Platymantis dorsalis - Philippines Platymantis guppyi - Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands Platymantis magna - Papua New Guinea Platymantis neckeri - Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands Platymantis papuensis - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Platymantis pelewensis - Palau Platymantis punctata - Indonesia Platymantis schmidti - Papua New Guinea Platymantis solomonis - Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands Platymantis weberi - Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands Pseudoamolops multidenticulatus - Taiwan, Province of China Ptychadena aequiplicata - Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria Ptychadena anchietae - Angola, Botswana, Congo, Congo, D.R., Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Ptychadena ansorgii - Angola, Congo, D.R., Malawi, Zambia Ptychadena bibroni - Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo Ptychadena bunoderma - Angola, Zambia Ptychadena chrysogaster - Burundi, Congo, D.R., Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda Ptychadena cooperi - Ethiopia Ptychadena gansi - Somalia Ptychadena grandisonae - Angola, Congo, D.R., Rwanda, Tanzania, Zambia Ptychadena guibei - Angola, Botswana, Congo, D.R., Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe Ptychadena keilingi - Angola, Congo, D.R., Zambia Ptychadena longirostris - Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone

Appendices

Ptychadena mahnerti - Kenya Ptychadena mascareniensis - Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South African, Sudan, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mauritius (Introduced), Réunion (Introduced), Seychelles (Introduced) Ptychadena mossambica - Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe Ptychadena neumanni - Ethiopia Ptychadena obscura - Congo, D.R., Zambia Ptychadena oxyrhynchus - Angola, Benin, Botswana, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South African, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Ptychadena perplicata - Angola, Zambia Ptychadena perreti - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Congo, D.R., Gabon Ptychadena porosissima - Angola, Congo, D.R., Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Ptychadena pumilio - Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Ethiopia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone Ptychadena schillukorum - Angola, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Congo, D.R., Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania Ptychadena stenocephala - Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Uganda Ptychadena straeleni - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, D.R. Ptychadena subpunctata - Angola, Botswana, Congo, D.R., Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe Ptychadena taenioscelis - Angola, Botswana, Congo, Congo, D.R., Gabon, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia Ptychadena tellinii - Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo Ptychadena tournieri - Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Senegal, Sierra Leone Ptychadena trinodis - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal Ptychadena upembae - Angola, Congo, D.R., Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia Ptychadena uzungwensis - Angola, Burundi, Congo, D.R., Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe Pyxicephalus adspersus - Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Swaziland (Extinct) Pyxicephalus edulis - Botswana, Cameroon, Gambia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe Pyxicephalus obbianus - Somalia Rana adenopleura - China, Taiwan, Province of China Rana alticola - Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Thailand Rana amurensis - China, Korea, D.P.R., Korea, Republic, Mongolia, Russian Federation Rana andersonii - China, Lao P.D.R., Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Rana archotaphus - Lao P.D.R., Thailand Rana arfaki - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Rana arvalis - Austria, Belarus, Belgium, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine, Switzerland (Extinct) Rana asiatica - China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan Rana baramica - Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore Rana bedriagae - Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey Rana bergeri - France, Italy Rana berlandieri - Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, United States of America (Native and Introduced) Rana blairi - United States of America Rana catesbeiana - Canada (Native and Introduced), Mexico (Native and Introduced), United States of America (Native and Introduced), Belgium (Introduced), Brazil (Introduced), China (Introduced), Colombia (Introduced), Cuba (Introduced), Dominican Republic (Introduced), Ecuador (Introduced), France (Introduced), Germany (Introduced), Greece (Introduced), Indonesia (Introduced), Italy (Introduced), Jamaica (Introduced), Japan (Introduced), Malaysia (Introduced), Netherlands (Introduced), Peru (Introduced), Philippines (Introduced), Puerto Rico (Introduced), Singapore (Introduced), Spain (Introduced), Taiwan, Province of China (Introduced), Thailand (Introduced), United Kingdom (Introduced), Venezuela (Introduced) Rana celebensis - Indonesia Rana chalconota - Indonesia Rana chaochiaoensis - China Rana chapaensis - Thailand, Viet Nam Rana chensinensis - China, Mongolia Rana chloronota - Cambodia, China, India, Lao P.D.R., Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Rana clamitans - Canada (Native and Introduced), United States of America (Native and Introduced) Rana cubitalis - Myanmar, Thailand Rana daemeli - Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Rana dalmatina - Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Macedonia, F.Y.R., France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom Rana daunchina - China Rana dybowskii - Japan, Korea, D.P.R., Korea, Republic, Russian Federation

Rana elberti - Indonesia, Timor-Leste Rana emeljanovi - China, Korea, D.P.R., Korea, Republic Rana erythraea - Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia (Native and Introduced), Lao P.D.R., Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam, Philippines (Introduced) Rana esculenta - Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden (Native and Introduced), Switzerland, Ukraine, Spain (Introduced), United Kingdom (Introduced) Rana exiliversabilis - China Rana faber - Cambodia Rana ﬂorensis - Indonesia Rana forreri - Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua Rana fukienensis - China, Taiwan, Province of China Rana garoensis - India Rana garritor - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Rana glandulosa - Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand Rana gracilis - Sri Lanka Rana graeca - Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Macedonia, F.Y.R., Greece, Serbia and Montenegro Rana grandocula - Philippines Rana grisea - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Rana grylio - United States of America, Bahamas (Introduced), Puerto Rico (Introduced) Rana guentheri - China, Taiwan, Province of China, Viet Nam Rana heckscheri - United States of America Rana hispanica - Italy Rana hosii - Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand Rana huanrenensis - China, Korea, Republic Rana hubeiensis - China Rana humeralis - Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal Rana italica - Italy, San Marino Rana japonica - Japan (Native and Introduced) Rana jimiensis - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Rana johnsi - China, Lao P.D.R., Thailand, Viet Nam Rana kampeni - Indonesia Rana kreffti - Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands Rana kukunoris - China Rana kurtmuelleri - Albania, Greece, Italy (Introduced) Rana lateralis - Cambodia, Lao P.D.R., Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Rana laterimaculata - Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand Rana latouchii - China, Taiwan, Province of China Rana leptoglossa - Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Thailand Rana lessonae - Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom (Extinct), Spain (Introduced) Rana luctuosa - Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand Rana luteiventris - Canada, United States of America Rana macrocnemis - Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Russian Federation, Turkey, Turkmenistan (Extinct) Rana macrodactyla - Cambodia, China, Lao P.D.R., Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Rana maculata - El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua Rana magnaocularis - Mexico Rana malabarica - India Rana maosonensis - Lao P.D.R., Viet Nam Rana margaretae - China Rana milleti - Cambodia, Thailand, Viet Nam Rana miopus - Malaysia, Thailand Rana mocquardii - Indonesia Rana moluccana - Indonesia Rana montezumae - Mexico Rana montivaga - Thailand, Viet Nam Rana nigrolineata - China Rana nigrotympanica - China Rana nigrovittata - Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Lao P.D.R., Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Rana novaeguineae - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Rana omeimontis - China Rana ornativentris - Japan Rana palmipes - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Rana palustris - Canada, United States of America Rana papua - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Rana perezi - France, Portugal (Native and Introduced), Spain (Native and Introduced), United Kingdom (Introduced) Rana picturata - Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia Rana pipiens - Canada, Panama, United States of America (Native and Introduced) Rana pirica - Japan, Russian Federation Rana plancyi - China Rana pleuraden - China Rana porosa - Japan Rana pustulosa - Mexico Rana raniceps - Brunei Darussalam, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand Rana ridibunda - Afghanistan, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China (Native and Introduced), Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Macedonia, F.Y.R., France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan (Native and Introduced),

737

Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Russian Federation (Native and Introduced), Saudi Arabia (Native and Introduced), Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Estonia (Extinct), Belgium (Introduced), Spain (Introduced), Switzerland (Introduced), United Kingdom (Introduced) Rana rugosa - Japan, United States of America (Introduced) Rana saharica - Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Spain (Native and Introduced), Tunisia, Western Sahara Rana sakuraii - Japan Rana sanguinea - Indonesia, Philippines Rana schmackeri - China Rana septentrionalis - Canada, United States of America Rana shuchinae - China Rana siberu - Indonesia, Malaysia Rana signata - Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand Rana spectabilis - Mexico Rana sphenocephala - United States of America, Bahamas (Introduced) Rana supragrisea - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Rana swinhoana - Taiwan, Province of China Rana sylvatica - Canada, United States of America Rana tagoi - Japan Rana taipehensis - Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Lao P.D.R., Myanmar, Taiwan, Province of China, Thailand, Viet Nam Rana temporaria - Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Macedonia, F.Y.R., Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, San Marino, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom Rana tsushimensis - Japan Rana tytleri - Bangladesh, India, Nepal Rana vaillanti - Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama Rana versabilis - China Rana virgatipes - United States of America Rana yavapaiensis - Mexico, United States of America Rana zhenhaiensis - China Rana zweifeli - Mexico Sphaerotheca breviceps - India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Sphaerotheca dobsoni - India Sphaerotheca maskeyi - Nepal Sphaerotheca rolandae - India, Sri Lanka Staurois latopalmatus - Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia Staurois natator - Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines Strongylopus bonaespei - South Africa Strongylopus fasciatus - Lesotho, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe Strongylopus fuelleborni - Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia Strongylopus grayii - Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland, Saint Helena (Introduced) Strongylopus hymenopus - Lesotho, South Africa Tomopterna cryptotis - Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Tomopterna delalandii - South Africa Tomopterna krugerensis - Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe Tomopterna luganga - Tanzania Tomopterna marmorata - Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe Tomopterna natalensis - Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland Tomopterna tandyi - Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania Tomopterna tuberculosa - Angola, Congo, D.R., Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe

RHACOPHORIDAE Buergeria buergeri - Japan Buergeria japonica - Japan, Taiwan, Province of China Buergeria robusta - Taiwan, Province of China Chirixalus doriae - Cambodia, China, India, Lao P.D.R., Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Chirixalus nongkhorensis - Cambodia, Lao P.D.R., Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Chirixalus simus - Bangladesh, India Chirixalus vittatus - Cambodia, China, India, Lao P.D.R., Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Chiromantis kelleri - Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia Chiromantis petersii - Kenya, Tanzania Chiromantis rufescens - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda Chiromantis xerampelina - Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe Kurixalus eifﬁngeri - Japan, Taiwan, Province of China Kurixalus idiootocus - Taiwan, Province of China Philautus abundus - Sri Lanka Philautus andersoni - China, India, Myanmar Philautus anili - India Philautus annandalii - India, Nepal Philautus aurifasciatus - Indonesia Philautus fergusonianus - Sri Lanka Philautus gracilipes - China, Lao P.D.R., Thailand, Viet Nam Philautus hoipolloi - Sri Lanka Philautus longchuanensis - China

738

Philautus odontotarsus - China, Viet Nam Philautus parvulus - Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Philautus petersi - Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand Philautus popularis - Sri Lanka Philautus surdus - Philippines Philautus vermiculatus - Malaysia, Thailand Polypedates chenfui - China Polypedates colletti - Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand Polypedates cruciger - Sri Lanka Polypedates dugritei - China, Viet Nam Polypedates feae - China, Lao P.D.R., Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Polypedates leucomystax - Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Lao P.D.R., Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines (Native and Introduced), Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam, Japan (Introduced) Polypedates macrotis - Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand Polypedates maculatus - Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka Polypedates megacephalus - China, India, Taiwan, Province of China Polypedates mutus - China, Myanmar, Viet Nam Polypedates omeimontis - China Polypedates otilophus - Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia Polypedates pseudocruciger - India Polypedates taeniatus - Bangladesh, India, Nepal Rhacophorus appendiculatus - Brunei Darussalam, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines Rhacophorus arboreus - Japan (Native and Introduced) Rhacophorus bipunctatus - Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Rhacophorus bisacculus - Cambodia, India, Thailand Rhacophorus cyanopunctatus - Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam Rhacophorus dennysi - China, Lao P.D.R., Myanmar, Viet Nam Rhacophorus htunwini - Myanmar Rhacophorus malabaricus - India Rhacophorus maximus - Bangladesh, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand Rhacophorus moltrechti - Taiwan, Province of China Rhacophorus nigropalmatus - Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand Rhacophorus owstoni - Japan Rhacophorus pardalis - Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines Rhacophorus prominanus - Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand Rhacophorus reinwardtii - China, Indonesia, Lao P.D.R., Malaysia, Thailand, Viet Nam Rhacophorus schlegelii - Japan Rhacophorus verrucosus - Lao P.D.R., Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Rhacophorus viridis - Japan Theloderma asperum - Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Lao P.D.R., Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Theloderma gordoni - Thailand, Viet Nam Theloderma horridum - Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand Theloderma leporosum - Indonesia, Malaysia

RHINOPHRYNIDAE Rhinophrynus dorsalis - Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, United States of America

SCAPHIOPODIDAE Scaphiopus couchii - Mexico, United States of America Scaphiopus holbrookii - United States of America Scaphiopus hurterii - United States of America Spea bombifrons - Canada, Mexico, United States of America Spea intermontana - Canada, United States of America Spea multiplicata - Mexico, United States of America

CAUDATA AMBYSTOMATIDAE Ambystoma annulatum - United States of America Ambystoma gracile - Canada, United States of America Ambystoma jeffersonianum - Canada, United States of America Ambystoma laterale - Canada, United States of America Ambystoma mabeei - United States of America Ambystoma macrodactylum - Canada, United States of America Ambystoma maculatum - Canada, United States of America Ambystoma opacum - United States of America Ambystoma rosaceum - Mexico Ambystoma talpoideum - United States of America Ambystoma texanum - Canada, United States of America Ambystoma tigrinum - Canada, Mexico, United States of America (Native and Introduced) Ambystoma velasci - Mexico

AMPHIUMIDAE Amphiuma means - United States of America Amphiuma tridactylum - United States of America

DICAMPTODONTIDAE Dicamptodon aterrimus - United States of America Dicamptodon copei - United States of America Dicamptodon tenebrosus - Canada, United States of America

Threatened Amphibians of the World

HYNOBIIDAE Hynobius kimurae - Japan Hynobius leechii - China, Korea, D.P.R., Korea, Republic Hynobius lichenatus - Japan Hynobius naevius - Japan Hynobius nebulosus - Japan Hynobius nigrescens - Japan Hynobius retardatus - Japan Hynobius tsuensis - Japan Onychodactylus ﬁscheri - China, Korea, D.P.R., Korea, Republic, Russian Federation Onychodactylus japonicus - Japan Salamandrella keyserlingii - China, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, D.P.R., Mongolia, Russian Federation

PLETHODONTIDAE Aneides hardii - United States of America Aneides lugubris - Mexico, United States of America Batrachoseps attenuatus - United States of America Batrachoseps gavilanensis - United States of America Batrachoseps gregarius - United States of America Batrachoseps luciae - United States of America Batrachoseps major - Mexico, United States of America Batrachoseps nigriventris - United States of America Batrachoseps pacificus - United States of America Bolitoglossa adspersa - Colombia Bolitoglossa alberchi - Mexico Bolitoglossa altamazonica - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela Bolitoglossa biseriata - Colombia, Panama Bolitoglossa cerroensis - Costa Rica Bolitoglossa colonnea - Costa Rica, Panama Bolitoglossa equatoriana - Colombia, Ecuador Bolitoglossa mexicana - Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico Bolitoglossa morio - Guatemala Bolitoglossa nicefori - Colombia Bolitoglossa occidentalis - Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico Bolitoglossa peruviana - Ecuador, Peru Bolitoglossa ramosi - Colombia Bolitoglossa robusta - Costa Rica, Panama Bolitoglossa rufescens - Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico Bolitoglossa schizodactyla - Costa Rica, Panama Bolitoglossa striatula - Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua Bolitoglossa vallecula - Colombia Bolitoglossa yucatana - Belize, Mexico Desmognathus apalachicolae - United States of America Desmognathus auriculatus - United States of America Desmognathus brimleyorum - United States of America Desmognathus carolinensis - United States of America Desmognathus fuscus - Canada, United States of America Desmognathus imitator - United States of America Desmognathus marmoratus - United States of America Desmognathus monticola - United States of America Desmognathus ochrophaeus - Canada, United States of America Desmognathus ocoee - United States of America Desmognathus orestes - United States of America Desmognathus quadramaculatus - United States of America Desmognathus santeetlah - United States of America Desmognathus welteri - United States of America Desmognathus wrighti - United States of America Ensatina eschscholtzii - Canada, Mexico, United States of America Eurycea bislineata - Canada, United States of America Eurycea cirrigera - United States of America Eurycea guttolineata - United States of America Eurycea longicauda - United States of America Eurycea lucifuga - United States of America Eurycea multiplicata - United States of America Eurycea quadridigitata - United States of America Eurycea wilderae - United States of America Gyrinophilus porphyriticus - Canada, United States of America Hemidactylium scutatum - Canada, United States of America Hydromantes platycephalus - United States of America Karsenia koreana - Korea, Republic Oedipina alleni - Costa Rica, Panama Oedipina complex - Colombia, Ecuador, Panama Oedipina cyclocauda - Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Oedipina elongata - Belize, Guatemala, Mexico Oedipina pacificensis - Costa Rica, Panama Oedipina parvipes - Colombia, Panama Plethodon albagula - United States of America Plethodon angusticlavius - United States of America Plethodon cinereus - Canada, United States of America Plethodon cylindraceus - United States of America Plethodon dorsalis - United States of America Plethodon dunni - United States of America Plethodon electromorphus - United States of America Plethodon glutinosus - United States of America Plethodon hoffmani - United States of America Plethodon idahoensis - Canada, United States of America Plethodon kentucki - United States of America Plethodon kisatchie - United States of America Plethodon metcalfi - United States of America Plethodon montanus - United States of America Plethodon richmondi - United States of America

Plethodon serratus - United States of America Plethodon teyahalee - United States of America Plethodon vandykei - United States of America Plethodon vehiculum - Canada, United States of America Plethodon ventralis - United States of America Plethodon websteri - United States of America Plethodon wehrlei - United States of America Plethodon yonahlossee - United States of America Pseudoeurycea mixteca - Mexico Pseudoeurycea rex - Guatemala, Mexico Pseudotriton montanus - United States of America Pseudotriton ruber - United States of America Stereochilus marginatus - United States of America Typhlotriton spelaeus - United States of America

PROTEIDAE Necturus beyeri - United States of America Necturus maculosus - Canada, United States of America Necturus punctatus - United States of America

RHYACOTRITONIDAE Rhyacotriton variegatus - United States of America

SALAMANDRIDAE Cynops cyanurus - China Cynops orientalis - China Cynops pyrrhogaster - Japan Euproctus montanus - France Notophthalmus viridescens - Canada, United States of America Pachytriton brevipes - China Pachytriton labiatus - China Paramesotriton chinensis - China Salamandra atra - Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia, Switzerland Salamandra corsica - France Salamandra salamandra - Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Macedonia, F.Y.R., France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine Salamandrina terdigitata - Italy Taricha granulosa - Canada, United States of America Taricha rivularis - United States of America Taricha torosa - United States of America Triturus alpestris - Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Macedonia, F.Y.R., France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain (Native and Introduced), Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom (Introduced) Triturus boscai - Portugal, Spain Triturus carnifex - Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Macedonia, F.Y.R., Germany (Native and Introduced), Greece, Hungary, Italy, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia, Switzerland (Native and Introduced), Netherlands (Introduced), Portugal (Introduced), United Kingdom (Introduced) Triturus cristatus - Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom Triturus helveticus - Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom Triturus italicus - Italy Triturus karelinii - Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Macedonia, F.Y.R., Georgia, Greece, Iran, Russian Federation (Native and Reintroduced), Serbia and Montenegro, Turkey, Ukraine Triturus marmoratus - France, Portugal, Spain (Native and Reintroduced) Triturus montandoni - Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine, Germany (Introduced) Triturus vittatus - Armenia, Georgia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Russian Federation (Native and Reintroduced), Syria, Turkey Triturus vulgaris - Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Macedonia, F.Y.R., Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom Tylototriton verrucosus - China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Viet Nam

SIRENIDAE Pseudobranchus axanthus - United States of America Pseudobranchus striatus - United States of America Siren intermedia - Mexico, United States of America Siren lacertina - Mexico, United States of America

GYMNOPHIONA CAECILIIDAE Boulengerula boulengeri - Tanzania Boulengerula taitana - Kenya

Appendices

Boulengerula uluguruensis - Tanzania Brasilotyphlus braziliensis - Brazil Caecilia disossea - Ecuador, Peru Caecilia gracilis - Brazil, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname Caecilia leucocephala - Colombia, Ecuador, Panama Caecilia marcusi - Bolivia Caecilia nigricans - Colombia, Ecuador, Panama Caecilia orientalis - Colombia, Ecuador Caecilia perdita - Colombia Caecilia subdermalis - Colombia Caecilia subnigricans - Colombia, Venezuela Caecilia tentaculata - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Chthonerpeton indistinctum - Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Dermophis mexicanus - El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua Dermophis parviceps - Costa Rica, Panama Gegeneophis ramaswamii - India Geotrypetes seraphini - Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone Grandisonia alternans - Seychelles Grandisonia larvata - Seychelles Grandisonia sechellensis - Seychelles Gymnopis multiplicata - Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Herpele squalostoma - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Congo, D.R., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria Hypogeophis rostratus - Seychelles Microcaecilia albiceps - Colombia, Ecuador Microcaecilia taylori - Suriname Microcaecilia unicolor - French Guiana Nectocaecilia petersii - Venezuela Oscaecilia bassleri - Ecuador, Peru Oscaecilia ochrocephala - Colombia, Panama Parvicaecilia nicefori - Colombia Parvicaecilia pricei - Colombia Potomotyphlus kaupii - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela Schistometopum gregorii - Kenya, Tanzania Schistometopum thomense - São Tomé and Príncipe Siphonops annulatus - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Siphonops hardyi - Brazil Siphonops paulensis - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay Typhlonectes compressicauda - Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela Typhlonectes natans - Colombia, Venezuela

ICHTHYOPHIIDAE Ichthyophis bannanicus - China Ichthyophis beddomei - India Ichthyophis glutinosus - Sri Lanka Ichthyophis kohtaoensis - Cambodia, Lao P.D.R., Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Ichthyophis tricolor - India

RHINATREMATIDAE Epicrionops bicolor - Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Epicrionops niger - Guyana, Venezuela Epicrionops petersi - Ecuador, Peru Rhinatrema bivittatum - Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname

SCOLECOMORPHIDAE Scolecomorphus kirkii - Malawi, Tanzania Scolecomorphus uluguruensis - Tanzania Scolecomorphus vittatus - Tanzania

APPENDIX XII. LIST OF DATA DEFICIENT SPECIES, WITH COUNTRY OF OCCURRENCE ANURA ARTHROLEPTIDAE Arthroleptis bivittatus - Guinea Arthroleptis brevipes - Togo Arthroleptis carquejai - Angola Arthroleptis discodactyla - Congo, D.R. Arthroleptis hematogaster - Congo, D.R. Arthroleptis loveridgei - Congo, D.R. Arthroleptis milletihorsini - Mali Arthroleptis mossoensis - Burundi Arthroleptis nimbaensis - Guinea Arthroleptis phrynoides - Congo, D.R. Arthroleptis spinalis - Congo, D.R. Arthroleptis tuberosus - Cameroon, Congo, Congo, D.R. Arthroleptis vercammeni - Congo, D.R. Arthroleptis zimmeri - Ghana Cardioglossa cyaneospila - Burundi, Congo, D.R., Rwanda Cardioglossa dorsalis - Unknown

ASTYLOSTERNIDAE Leptodactylodon blanci - Gabon

BRACHYCEPHALIDAE Brachycephalus brunneus - Brazil Brachycephalus izecksohni - Brazil Brachycephalus nodoterga - Brazil Brachycephalus pernix - Brazil Brachycephalus vertebralis - Brazil

BUFONIDAE Andinophryne atelopoides - Colombia Andinophryne olallai - Ecuador Ansonia glandulosa - Indonesia Ansonia inthanon - Thailand Atelopus palmatus - Ecuador Atelopus sanjosei - Colombia Atelopus siranus - Peru Bufo ailaoanus - China Bufo amboroensis - Bolivia Bufo apolobambicus - Bolivia Bufo arborescandens - Peru Bufo aspinius - China Bufo brevirostris - India Bufo buchneri - Angola, Congo Bufo chudeaui - Mali Bufo cristiglans - Sierra Leone Bufo cristinae - Colombia Bufo crocus - Myanmar Bufo damaranus - Namibia Bufo danielae - Côte d’Ivoire Bufo diptychus - Paraguay Bufo gnustae - Argentina Bufo grandisonae - Angola Bufo hololius - India Bufo intermedius - Unknown Bufo iserni - Peru Bufo kabischi - China Bufo langanoensis - Ethiopia Bufo mocquardi - Kenya Bufo multiverrucosus - Peru Bufo pisinnus - Mexico Bufo porteri - Honduras Bufo reesi - Tanzania Bufo schmidti - Congo, D.R. Bufo scitulus - Brazil Bufo silentvalleyensis - India Bufo simus - Unknown Bufo stuarti - India, Myanmar Bufo turkanae - Kenya Bufo urunguensis - Tanzania, Zambia Bufo valhallae - Indonesia Bufo vellardi - Peru Bufo vittatus - Uganda Bufo wolongensis - China Crepidophryne epiotica - Costa Rica, Panama Dendrophryniscus stawiarskyi - Brazil Laurentophryne parkeri - Congo, D.R. Melanophryniscus cambaraensis - Brazil Melanophryniscus krauczuki - Argentina Melanophryniscus pachyrhynus - Brazil Melanophryniscus simplex - Brazil Nectophrynoides frontierei - Tanzania Nectophrynoides laevis - Tanzania Oreophrynella weiassipuensis - Brazil, Guyana Pedostibes everetti - Malaysia Pedostibes kempi - India Pedostibes maculatus - Malaysia Pelophryne macrotis - Malaysia Rhamphophryne acrolopha - Colombia, Panama Rhamphophryne lindae - Colombia Rhamphophryne proboscidea - Brazil Rhamphophryne ruizi - Colombia Rhamphophryne tenrec - Colombia Rhamphophryne truebae - Colombia Truebella skoptes - Peru Truebella tothastes - Peru

CENTROLENIDAE Centrolene acanthidiocephalum - Colombia Centrolene altitudinale - Venezuela Centrolene bacatum - Colombia, Ecuador Centrolene gorzulai - Venezuela Centrolene guanacarum - Colombia Centrolene huilense - Colombia Centrolene lema - Venezuela Centrolene lemniscatum - Peru Centrolene litorale - Colombia, Ecuador Centrolene medemi - Colombia Centrolene muelleri - Peru Centrolene paezorum - Colombia Centrolene papillahallicum - Guyana

739

Centrolene sanchezi - Colombia Centrolene scirtetes - Colombia, Ecuador Cochranella adenocheira - Bolivia Cochranella ametarsia - Colombia Cochranella cariticommata - Ecuador Cochranella castroviejoi - Venezuela Cochranella chami - Colombia Cochranella chancas - Peru Cochranella cristinae - Colombia Cochranella croceopodes - Peru Cochranella duidaeana - Venezuela Cochranella euhystrix - Peru Cochranella geijskesi - Suriname Cochranella luteopunctata - Colombia Cochranella nephelophila - Colombia Cochranella ocellifera - Ecuador Cochranella orejuela - Colombia Cochranella oreonympha - Colombia Cochranella phenax - Peru Cochranella pluvialis - Bolivia, Peru Cochranella ramirezi - Colombia Cochranella ritae - Brazil, Colombia Cochranella solitaria - Colombia Cochranella spilota - Colombia Cochranella tangarana - Peru Cochranella truebae - Peru Cochranella vozmedianoi - Venezuela Hyalinobatrachium duranti - Venezuela Hyalinobatrachium eccentricum - Venezuela Hyalinobatrachium helenae - Venezuela Hyalinobatrachium iaspidiense - Venezuela Hyalinobatrachium ignioculus - Guyana Hyalinobatrachium lemur - Peru Hyalinobatrachium parvulum - Brazil Hyalinobatrachium petersi - Ecuador Hyalinobatrachium talamancae - Costa Rica

DENDROBATIDAE Colostethus alacris - Colombia Colostethus alagoanus - Brazil Colostethus alessandroi - Peru Colostethus atopoglossus - Colombia Colostethus ayarzaguenai - Venezuela Colostethus baeobatrachus - Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname Colostethus betancuri - Colombia Colostethus borjai - Colombia Colostethus brachistriatus - Colombia Colostethus breviquartus - Colombia, Ecuador Colostethus bromelicola - Venezuela Colostethus caeruleodactylus - Brazil Colostethus capixaba - Brazil Colostethus capurinensis - Venezuela Colostethus carioca - Brazil Colostethus cepedai - Colombia Colostethus chocoensis - Colombia, Ecuador, Panama Colostethus conspicuus - Brazil, Peru Colostethus crombiei - Brazil Colostethus dysprosium - Colombia Colostethus erasmios - Colombia Colostethus exasperatus - Ecuador Colostethus excisus - Colombia Colostethus faciopunctulatus - Colombia Colostethus fallax - Ecuador Colostethus fratisenescus - Ecuador Colostethus fugax - Ecuador Colostethus fuliginosus - Ecuador Colostethus furviventris - Colombia Colostethus fuscellus - Brazil Colostethus gasconi - Brazil Colostethus goianus - Brazil Colostethus guanayensis - Venezuela Colostethus idiomelas - Peru Colostethus imbricolus - Colombia Colostethus lacrimosus - Colombia Colostethus latinasus - Panama Colostethus lynchi - Colombia Colostethus maquipucuna - Ecuador Colostethus marmoreoventris - Ecuador Colostethus masniger - Brazil Colostethus melanolaemus - Peru Colostethus mittermeieri - Peru Colostethus mystax - Ecuador Colostethus nidicola - Brazil Colostethus ornatus - Peru Colostethus parimae - Venezuela Colostethus parkerae - Venezuela Colostethus patitae - Peru Colostethus peculiaris - Ecuador Colostethus picacho - Colombia Colostethus pinguis - Colombia Colostethus poecilonotus - Peru Colostethus praderioi - Venezuela Colostethus pseudopalmatus - Colombia Colostethus pumilus - Ecuador Colostethus ramirezi - Colombia

740

Colostethus ramosi - Colombia Colostethus roraima - Venezuela Colostethus saltuarius - Colombia Colostethus sanmartini - Venezuela Colostethus shrevei - Venezuela Colostethus sumtuosus - Brazil, Peru Colostethus sylvaticus - Peru Colostethus tamacuarensis - Venezuela Colostethus tepuyensis - Venezuela Colostethus thorntoni - Colombia Colostethus triunfo - Venezuela Colostethus undulatus - Venezuela Colostethus utcubambensis - Peru Colostethus vanzolinius - Brazil Colostethus whymperi - Ecuador Colostethus wothuja - Venezuela Colostethus yaguara - Colombia Cryptophyllobates chlorocraspedus - Brazil Dendrobates amazonicus - Peru Dendrobates captivus - Peru Dendrobates claudiae - Panama Dendrobates ﬂavovittatus - Peru Dendrobates nubeculosus - Guyana Dendrobates occultator - Colombia Dendrobates rubrocephalus - Peru Dendrobates variabilis - Peru Dendrobates vicentei - Panama Epipedobates andinus - Colombia Epipedobates erythromos - Ecuador Epipedobates espinosai - Ecuador Epipedobates labialis - Unknown Epipedobates maculatus - Panama Epipedobates pongoensis - Peru Epipedobates pulchripectus - Brazil Epipedobates rubriventris - Peru Epipedobates rufulus - Venezuela Epipedobates silverstonei - Peru Epipedobates smaragdinus - Peru Mannophryne larandina - Venezuela Mannophryne oblitterata - Venezuela

HEMISOTIDAE Hemisus barotseensis - Zambia Hemisus brachydactylus - Tanzania Hemisus perreti - Congo, D.R., Gabon Hemisus wittei - Congo, D.R., Zambia

HYLIDAE Aparasphenodon bokermanni - Brazil Aplastodiscus ﬂumineus - Brazil Aplastodiscus musicus - Brazil Aplastodiscus sibilatus - Brazil Bokermannohyla ahenea - Brazil Bokermannohyla claresignata - Brazil Bokermannohyla clepsydra - Brazil Bokermannohyla feioi - Brazil Bokermannohyla gouveai - Brazil Bokermannohyla ibitiguara - Brazil Bokermannohyla ibitipoca - Brazil Bokermannohyla langei - Brazil Bokermannohyla lucianae - Brazil Bokermannohyla ravida - Brazil Bokermannohyla sazimai - Brazil Calamita melanorabdotus - Brazil Calamita quadrilineatus - Unknown Dendropsophus araguaya - Brazil Dendropsophus battersbyi - Venezuela Dendropsophus cachimbo - Brazil Dendropsophus cerradensis - Brazil Dendropsophus dutrai - Brazil Dendropsophus grandisonae - Guyana Dendropsophus joannae - Bolivia Dendropsophus limai - Brazil Dendropsophus minimus - Brazil Dendropsophus novaisi - Brazil Dendropsophus rhea - Brazil Dendropsophus ruschii - Brazil Dendropsophus studerae - Brazil Dendropsophus tintinnabulum - Brazil Dendropsophus yaracuyanus - Venezuela Ecnomiohyla thysanota - Panama Exerodonta abdivita - Mexico Exerodonta bivocata - Mexico Hyla albovittata - Brazil Hyla arboricola - Mexico Hyla auraria - Unknown Hyla helenae - Guyana Hyla imitator - Brazil Hyla inframaculata - Brazil Hyla molitor - Unknown Hyla palliata - Paraguay Hyla roeschmanni - Bolivia Hyla surinamensis - Unknown Hyla suweonensis - Korea, Republic

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Hyla warreni - Guyana Hyla zhaopingensis - China Hylomantis danieli - Colombia Hylomantis medinai - Venezuela Hylomantis psilopygion - Colombia, Ecuador Hyloscirtus caucanus - Colombia Hyloscirtus estevesi - Venezuela Hyloscirtus pacha - Ecuador Hyloscirtus sarampiona - Colombia Hyloscirtus tapichalaca - Ecuador Hypsiboas alemani - Venezuela Hypsiboas beckeri - Brazil Hypsiboas buriti - Brazil Hypsiboas cordobae - Argentina Hypsiboas ericae - Brazil Hypsiboas exastis - Brazil Hypsiboas freicanecae - Brazil Hypsiboas fuentei - Suriname Hypsiboas hypselops - Peru Hypsiboas latistriatus - Brazil Hypsiboas leucocheilus - Brazil Hypsiboas melanopleura - Peru Hypsiboas palaestes - Peru Hypsiboas phaeopleura - Brazil Hypsiboas pulidoi - Venezuela Hypsiboas rhythmicus - Venezuela Hypsiboas riojanus - Argentina Hypsiboas roraima - Guyana Hypsiboas secedens - Brazil Hypsiboas stenocephalus - Brazil Hypsiboas varelae - Argentina Isthmohyla infucata - Panama Isthmohyla xanthosticta - Costa Rica Litoria albolabris - Papua New Guinea Litoria aruensis - Indonesia Litoria brongersmai - Indonesia Litoria bulmeri - Papua New Guinea Litoria capitula - Indonesia Litoria cavernicola - Australia Litoria chloronota - Indonesia Litoria contrastens - Papua New Guinea Litoria dorsivena - Papua New Guinea Litoria elkeae - Indonesia Litoria everetti - Indonesia, Timor-Leste Litoria javana - Unknown Litoria jeudii - Papua New Guinea Litoria kumae - Papua New Guinea Litoria leucova - Papua New Guinea Litoria longicrus - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Litoria macki - Indonesia Litoria majikthise - Papua New Guinea Litoria mucro - Papua New Guinea Litoria multicolor - Indonesia Litoria mystax - Indonesia Litoria obtusirostris - Indonesia Litoria oenicolen - Papua New Guinea Litoria ollauro - Papua New Guinea Litoria pratti - Indonesia Litoria rubrops - Papua New Guinea Litoria sanguinolenta - Indonesia Litoria singadanae - Papua New Guinea Litoria umarensis - Indonesia Litoria umbonata - Indonesia Litoria vagabunda - Indonesia Litoria verae - Indonesia Litoria wapogaensis - Indonesia Myersiohyla aromatica - Venezuela Myersiohyla inparquesi - Venezuela Myersiohyla loveridgei - Venezuela Nyctimystes daymani - Papua New Guinea Nyctimystes ﬂuviatilis - Indonesia Nyctimystes granti - Indonesia Nyctimystes gularis - Papua New Guinea Nyctimystes montanus - Indonesia Nyctimystes obsoletus - Papua New Guinea Nyctimystes oktediensis - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Nyctimystes papua - Papua New Guinea Nyctimystes persimilis - Papua New Guinea Nyctimystes tyleri - Papua New Guinea Nyctimystes zweifeli - Papua New Guinea Osteocephalus exophthalmus - Guyana Osteocephalus fuscifacies - Ecuador Phrynomedusa bokermanni - Brazil Phrynomedusa vanzolinii - Brazil Phyllodytes brevirostris - Brazil Phyllodytes edelmoi - Brazil Phyllodytes gyrinaethes - Brazil Phyllodytes punctatus - Brazil Phyllodytes tuberculosus - Brazil Phyllodytes wuchereri - Brazil Phyllomedusa centralis - Brazil Phyllomedusa duellmani - Peru Phyllomedusa megacephala - Brazil Phyllomedusa oreades - Brazil Phyllomedusa perinesos - Colombia, Ecuador Plectrohyla ameibothalame - Mexico

Plectrohyla labedactyla - Mexico Ptychohyla acrochorda - Mexico Ptychohyla zophodes - Mexico Scinax arduous - Brazil Scinax ariadne - Brazil Scinax aromothyella - Argentina Scinax atratus - Brazil Scinax baumgardneri - Venezuela Scinax canastrensis - Brazil Scinax castroviejoi - Bolivia Scinax curicica - Brazil Scinax danae - Venezuela Scinax heyeri - Brazil Scinax jolyi - French Guiana Scinax jureia - Brazil Scinax kautskyi - Brazil Scinax maracaya - Brazil Scinax melloi - Brazil Scinax pinima - Brazil Scinax ranki - Brazil Scinax strigilatus - Brazil Sphaenorhynchus bromelicola - Brazil Sphaenorhynchus pauloalvini - Brazil Sphaenorhynchus platycephalus - Unknown Tepuihyla aecii - Venezuela Tepuihyla celsae - Venezuela Tepuihyla galani - Venezuela Tepuihyla luteolabris - Venezuela Tepuihyla rodriguezi - Venezuela Tepuihyla talbergae - Guyana Trachycephalus lepidus - Brazil Xenohyla eugenioi - Brazil

HYPEROLIIDAE Afrixalus lindholmi - Cameroon Afrixalus schneideri - Cameroon Afrixalus upembae - Congo, D.R. Chrysobatrachus cupreonitens - Congo, D.R. Cryptothylax minutus - Congo, D.R. Hyperolius acuticephalus - Central African Republic Hyperolius albofrenatus - Tanzania Hyperolius atrigularis - Congo, D.R. Hyperolius bicolor - Angola Hyperolius brachiofasciatus - Central African Republic Hyperolius cinereus - Angola Hyperolius diaphanus - Congo, D.R. Hyperolius fasciatus - Angola Hyperolius ferreirai - Angola Hyperolius ferrugineus - Congo, D.R. Hyperolius fuscigula - Angola Hyperolius ghesquieri - Congo, D.R. Hyperolius gularis - Angola Hyperolius houyi - Chad Hyperolius hutsebauti - Congo, D.R. Hyperolius inornatus - Congo, D.R. Hyperolius kibarae - Congo, D.R. Hyperolius laticeps - Togo Hyperolius lucani - Angola Hyperolius maestus - Angola Hyperolius obscurus - Congo, D.R. Hyperolius orkarkarri - Tanzania Hyperolius polli - Angola, Congo, D.R. Hyperolius protchei - Angola Hyperolius punctulatus - Angola Hyperolius pustulifer - Congo, D.R. Hyperolius quadratomaculatus - Tanzania Hyperolius raveni - Unknown Hyperolius rhizophilus - Angola Hyperolius robustus - Congo, D.R. Hyperolius sankuruensis - Congo, D.R. Hyperolius seabrai - Angola Hyperolius soror - Guinea Hyperolius stenodactylus - Cameroon Hyperolius thoracotuberculatus - Unknown Hyperolius tornieri - Tanzania Hyperolius vilhenai - Angola Hyperolius viridis - Tanzania Hyperolius xenorhinus - Congo, D.R. Kassina mertensi - Congo, D.R. Leptopelis bequaerti - Liberia Leptopelis brevipes - Equatorial Guinea Leptopelis crystallinoron - Gabon Leptopelis fenestratus - Congo, D.R. Leptopelis ﬁziensis - Congo, D.R., Tanzania Leptopelis jordani - Angola Leptopelis lebeaui - Congo, D.R. Leptopelis marginatus - Angola Leptopelis parvus - Congo, D.R.

LEPTODACTYLIDAE Adelophryne pachydactyla - Brazil Adenomera lutzi - Guyana Alsodes australis - Argentina, Chile Alsodes hugoi - Chile

Appendices

Alsodes igneus - Chile Alsodes kaweshkari - Chile Alsodes laevis - Chile Alsodes monticola - Chile Alsodes pehuenche - Argentina Alsodes valdiviensis - Chile Alsodes verrucosus - Chile Alsodes vittatus - Chile Atelognathus ceii - Chile Atelognathus grandisonae - Chile Batrachyla nibaldoi - Chile Ceratophrys joazeirensis - Brazil Ceratophrys testudo - Ecuador Craugastor adamastus - Guatemala Craugastor amniscola - Guatemala, Mexico Craugastor campbelli - Guatemala Craugastor cuaquero - Costa Rica Craugastor jota - Panama Craugastor melanogaster - Peru Craugastor monnichorum - Panama Craugastor myllomyllon - Guatemala Craugastor nefrens - Guatemala Craugastor occidentalis - Mexico Craugastor palenque - Guatemala, Mexico Craugastor phasma - Costa Rica Craugastor rayo - Costa Rica Craugastor taylori - Mexico Crossodactylodes pintoi - Brazil Crossodactylus aeneus - Brazil Crossodactylus bokermanni - Brazil Crossodactylus dantei - Brazil Crossodactylus dispar - Brazil Crossodactylus grandis - Brazil Crossodactylus lutzorum - Brazil Crossodactylus trachystomus - Brazil Cycloramphus asper - Brazil Cycloramphus bandeirensis - Brazil Cycloramphus bolitoglossus - Brazil Cycloramphus carvalhoi - Brazil Cycloramphus catarinensis - Brazil Cycloramphus cedrensis - Brazil Cycloramphus diringshofeni - Brazil Cycloramphus duseni - Brazil Cycloramphus eleutherodactylus - Brazil Cycloramphus granulosus - Brazil Cycloramphus izecksohni - Brazil Cycloramphus jordanensis - Brazil Cycloramphus juimirim - Brazil Cycloramphus lutzorum - Brazil Cycloramphus migueli - Brazil Cycloramphus mirandaribeiroi - Brazil Cycloramphus ohausi - Brazil Cycloramphus stejnegeri - Brazil Cycloramphus valae - Brazil Dischidodactylus colonnelloi - Venezuela Dischidodactylus duidensis - Venezuela Edalorhina nasuta - Peru Eleutherodactylus adercus - Colombia Eleutherodactylus aemulatus - Colombia Eleutherodactylus andicola - Bolivia Eleutherodactylus anemerus - Peru Eleutherodactylus aniptopalmatus - Peru Eleutherodactylus anotis - Venezuela Eleutherodactylus anthrax - Colombia Eleutherodactylus apiculatus - Colombia, Ecuador Eleutherodactylus araiodactylus - Peru Eleutherodactylus ardalonychus - Peru Eleutherodactylus atrabracus - Peru Eleutherodactylus aurantiguttatus - Colombia Eleutherodactylus avicuporum - Peru Eleutherodactylus avius - Venezuela Eleutherodactylus baiotis - Colombia Eleutherodactylus batrachites - Colombia Eleutherodactylus batrachylus - Mexico Eleutherodactylus bearsei - Peru Eleutherodactylus bipunctatus - Peru Eleutherodactylus cadenai - Colombia Eleutherodactylus caliginosus - Peru Eleutherodactylus cantitans - Venezuela Eleutherodactylus carmelitae - Colombia Eleutherodactylus carranguerorum - Colombia Eleutherodactylus cavernibardus - Venezuela Eleutherodactylus citriogaster - Peru Eleutherodactylus corniger - Colombia Eleutherodactylus crepitans - Brazil Eleutherodactylus cristinae - Colombia Eleutherodactylus cuentasi - Colombia Eleutherodactylus cuneirostris - Peru Eleutherodactylus delicatus - Colombia Eleutherodactylus delius - Peru Eleutherodactylus duende - Colombia Eleutherodactylus dundeei - Bolivia, Brazil Eleutherodactylus epacrus - Colombia Eleutherodactylus erythromerus - Brazil Eleutherodactylus esmeraldas - Ecuador Eleutherodactylus exoristus - Ecuador, Peru

Eleutherodactylus ganonotus - Ecuador Eleutherodactylus gehrti - Brazil Eleutherodactylus grandiceps - Colombia Eleutherodactylus grandoculis - Suriname Eleutherodactylus hectus - Colombia, Ecuador Eleutherodactylus heterodactylus - Brazil Eleutherodactylus holti - Brazil Eleutherodactylus huicundo - Ecuador Eleutherodactylus incertus - Venezuela Eleutherodactylus infraguttatus - Peru Eleutherodactylus interorbitalis - Mexico Eleutherodactylus ixalus - Colombia Eleutherodactylus izecksohni - Brazil Eleutherodactylus jaimei - Colombia Eleutherodactylus karcharias - Peru Eleutherodactylus laticlavius - Colombia, Ecuador Eleutherodactylus laticorpus - Panama Eleutherodactylus lentiginosus - Colombia, Venezuela Eleutherodactylus leucopus - Colombia, Ecuador Eleutherodactylus librarius - Ecuador Eleutherodactylus lindae - Peru Eleutherodactylus lirellus - Peru Eleutherodactylus lundbergi - Peru Eleutherodactylus luscombei - Peru Eleutherodactylus lutitus - Colombia Eleutherodactylus lynchi - Colombia Eleutherodactylus maestrensis - Cuba Eleutherodactylus maurus - Mexico Eleutherodactylus melanoproctus - Venezuela Eleutherodactylus memorans - Venezuela Eleutherodactylus mercedesae - Bolivia Eleutherodactylus metabates - Peru Eleutherodactylus mondolďŹ i - Venezuela Eleutherodactylus muscosus - Ecuador, Peru Eleutherodactylus myops - Colombia Eleutherodactylus nigriventris - Brazil Eleutherodactylus ocellatus - Colombia, Ecuador Eleutherodactylus olivaceus - Bolivia, Peru Eleutherodactylus orphnolaimus - Ecuador Eleutherodactylus ortizi - Ecuador Eleutherodactylus pallidus - Mexico Eleutherodactylus paranaensis - Brazil Eleutherodactylus pecki - Ecuador, Peru Eleutherodactylus pedimontanus - Venezuela Eleutherodactylus pelorus - Mexico Eleutherodactylus petrobardus - Peru Eleutherodactylus philipi - Ecuador Eleutherodactylus pinguis - Peru Eleutherodactylus pirrensis - Panama Eleutherodactylus pleurostriatus - Venezuela Eleutherodactylus plicifer - Brazil Eleutherodactylus pruinatus - Venezuela Eleutherodactylus ptochus - Colombia Eleutherodactylus pusillus - Brazil Eleutherodactylus randorum - Brazil Eleutherodactylus reclusus - Colombia Eleutherodactylus reticulatus - Venezuela Eleutherodactylus rhabdocnemus - Peru Eleutherodactylus riveroi - Venezuela Eleutherodactylus rozei - Venezuela Eleutherodactylus ruďŹ oculis - Peru Eleutherodactylus ruidus - Ecuador Eleutherodactylus salaputium - Peru Eleutherodactylus sambaqui - Brazil Eleutherodactylus scitulus - Peru Eleutherodactylus scopaeus - Colombia Eleutherodactylus spanios - Brazil Eleutherodactylus stenodiscus - Venezuela Eleutherodactylus sternothylax - Peru Eleutherodactylus stictogaster - Peru Eleutherodactylus susaguae - Colombia Eleutherodactylus taciturnus - Colombia Eleutherodactylus telefericus - Venezuela Eleutherodactylus teretistes - Mexico Eleutherodactylus tigrillo - Costa Rica Eleutherodactylus trachyblepharis - Ecuador Eleutherodactylus tubernasus - Colombia, Venezuela Eleutherodactylus uisae - Colombia Eleutherodactylus verruculatus - Mexico Eleutherodactylus wiensi - Peru Eleutherodactylus xeniolum - Colombia Eleutherodactylus xestus - Colombia Eleutherodactylus yaviensis - Venezuela Eleutherodactylus yustizi - Venezuela Gastrotheca abdita - Peru Gastrotheca atympana - Peru Gastrotheca galeata - Peru Gastrotheca helenae - Colombia, Venezuela Gastrotheca lateonota - Peru Gastrotheca ochoai - Peru Gastrotheca ossilaginis - Peru Gastrotheca pacchamama - Peru Gastrotheca phalarosa - Peru Gastrotheca rebeccae - Peru Gastrotheca walkeri - Venezuela Gastrotheca weinlandii - Colombia, Ecuador, Peru

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Gastrotheca williamsoni - Venezuela Holoaden luederwaldti - Brazil Hylodes amnicola - Brazil Hylodes babax - Brazil Hylodes charadranaetes - Brazil Hylodes dactylocinus - Brazil Hylodes glaber - Brazil Hylodes heyeri - Brazil Hylodes magalhaesi - Brazil Hylodes mertensi - Brazil Hylodes otavioi - Brazil Hylodes regius - Brazil Hylodes sazima - Brazil Hylodes uai - Brazil Hylodes vanzolinii - Brazil Ischnocnema choristolemma - Bolivia Ischnocnema saxatilis - Peru Ischnocnema verrucosa - Brazil Leptodactylus camaquara - Brazil Leptodactylus hallowelli - Colombia Leptodactylus hylodes - Brazil Leptodactylus rhodostima - Peru Leptodactylus tapiti - Brazil Leptodactylus viridis - Brazil Megaelosia apuana - Brazil Megaelosia bocainensis - Brazil Megaelosia boticariana - Brazil Megaelosia lutzae - Brazil Megaelosia massarti - Brazil Odontophrynus barrioi - Argentina Odontophrynus salvatori - Brazil Paratelmatobius cardosoi - Brazil Paratelmatobius gaigeae - Brazil Paratelmatobius lutzii - Brazil Paratelmatobius mantiqueira - Brazil Paratelmatobius poecilogaster - Brazil Phrynopus adenopleurus - Bolivia Phrynopus bufoides - Peru Phrynopus columbianus - Colombia Phrynopus fallaciosus - Peru Phrynopus nanus - Colombia Phrynopus nebulanastes - Peru Phrynopus paucari - Peru Phrynopus peraccai - Ecuador Phrynopus peruanus - Peru Phrynopus pesantesi - Peru Phrynopus pinguis - Bolivia Phrynopus thompsoni - Peru Phrynopus wettsteini - Peru Phyllonastes heyeri - Ecuador, Peru Phyllonastes lynchi - Peru Phyllonastes ritarasquinae - Bolivia Physalaemus barrioi - Brazil Physalaemus bokermanni - Brazil Physalaemus caete - Brazil Physalaemus coloradorum - Ecuador Physalaemus deimaticus - Brazil Physalaemus erythros - Brazil Physalaemus evangelistai - Brazil Physalaemus guayaco - Ecuador Physalaemus jordanensis - Brazil Physalaemus maximus - Brazil Physalaemus moreirae - Brazil Physalaemus obtectus - Brazil Physalaemus rupestris - Brazil Proceratophrys concavitympanum - Brazil Proceratophrys cururu - Brazil Proceratophrys moehringi - Brazil Proceratophrys palustris - Brazil Proceratophrys phyllostomus - Brazil Pseudopaludicola canga - Brazil Pseudopaludicola mineira - Brazil Pseudopaludicola mirandae - Argentina Pseudopaludicola riopiedadensis - Brazil Stefania breweri - Venezuela Stefania goini - Venezuela Stefania marahuaquensis - Venezuela Stefania oculosa - Venezuela Stefania percristata - Venezuela Stefania riae - Venezuela Stefania roraimae - Guyana Stefania tamacuarina - Venezuela Telmatobius atahualpai - Peru Telmatobius contrerasi - Argentina Telmatobius dankoi - Chile Telmatobius fronteriensis - Chile Telmatobius halli - Chile Telmatobius intermedius - Peru Telmatobius philippii - Chile Telmatobius pinguiculus - Argentina Telmatobius timens - Bolivia, Peru Telmatobius vilamensis - Chile Zachaenus carvalhoi - Brazil Zachaenus roseus - Chile

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LIMNODYNASTIDAE Mixophyes hihihorlo - Papua New Guinea Notaden weigeli - Australia

MANTELLIDAE Boophis andohahela - Madagascar Boophis anjanaharibeensis - Madagascar Boophis brachychir - Madagascar Boophis burgeri - Madagascar Boophis elenae - Madagascar Boophis englaenderi - Madagascar Boophis feonnyala - Madagascar Boophis hillenii - Madagascar Boophis laurenti - Madagascar Boophis liami - Madagascar Boophis mandraka - Madagascar Boophis periegetes - Madagascar Boophis sambirano - Madagascar Boophis schuboeae - Madagascar Boophis septentrionalis - Madagascar Boophis sibilans - Madagascar Boophis solomaso - Madagascar Boophis xerophilus - Madagascar Mantella manery - Madagascar Mantidactylus albofrenatus - Madagascar Mantidactylus albolineatus - Madagascar Mantidactylus ambohimitombi - Madagascar Mantidactylus cornutus - Madagascar Mantidactylus eiselti - Madagascar Mantidactylus enki - Madagascar Mantidactylus kathrinae - Madagascar Mantidactylus madinika - Madagascar Mantidactylus punctatus - Madagascar Mantidactylus sarotra - Madagascar Mantidactylus thelenae - Madagascar Mantidactylus tricinctus - Madagascar Mantidactylus tschenki - Madagascar Mantidactylus zavona - Madagascar Mantidactylus zolitschka - Madagascar

MEGOPHRYIDAE Brachytarsophrys chuannanensis - China Leptobrachella natunae - Indonesia Leptobrachium buchardi - Lao P.D.R. Leptobrachium pullum - Viet Nam Leptobrachium xanthospilum - Viet Nam Leptolalax bourreti - Viet Nam Leptolalax nahangensis - Viet Nam Leptolalax pluvialis - Viet Nam Leptolalax sungi - Viet Nam Leptolalax ventripunctatus - China Megophrys huangshanensis - China Megophrys parallela - Indonesia Ophryophryne gerti - Lao P.D.R., Viet Nam Ophryophryne hansi - Viet Nam Oreolalax nanjiangensis - China Oreolalax weigoldi - China Scutiger adungensis - Myanmar Scutiger bhutanensis - Bhutan Scutiger brevipes - China Scutiger jiulongensis - China Xenophrys auralensis - Cambodia Xenophrys caudoprocta - China Xenophrys daweimontis - China Xenophrys kempii - China, India Xenophrys medogensis - China Xenophrys pachyproctus - China Xenophrys robusta - India Xenophrys shuichengensis - China Xenophrys wawuensis - China Xenophrys wuliangshanensis - China, India Xenophrys zhangi - China

MICROHYLIDAE Adelastes hylonomus - Venezuela Albericus exclamitans - Papua New Guinea Albericus fafniri - Papua New Guinea Albericus gudrunae - Papua New Guinea Albericus gunnari - Papua New Guinea Albericus laurini - Indonesia Albericus rheaurum - Papua New Guinea Albericus sanguinopictus - Papua New Guinea Albericus variegatus - Indonesia Altigius alios - Bolivia, Peru Anodonthyla nigrigularis - Madagascar Aphantophryne minuta - Papua New Guinea Aphantophryne sabini - Papua New Guinea Asterophrys leucopus - Papua New Guinea Austrochaperina adamantina - Papua New Guinea Austrochaperina aquilonia - Papua New Guinea Austrochaperina archboldi - Papua New Guinea Austrochaperina brevipes - Papua New Guinea

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Austrochaperina kosarek - Indonesia Austrochaperina mehelyi - Papua New Guinea Austrochaperina parkeri - Papua New Guinea Austrochaperina polysticta - Papua New Guinea Austrochaperina septentrionalis - Papua New Guinea Austrochaperina yelaensis - Papua New Guinea Barygenys cheesmanae - Papua New Guinea Barygenys flavigularis - Papua New Guinea Barygenys maculata - Papua New Guinea Barygenys parvula - Papua New Guinea Breviceps bagginsi - South Africa Breviceps sopranus - South Africa, Swaziland Calluella brooksii - Indonesia, Malaysia Calluella flava - Malaysia Calluella minuta - Malaysia Calluella smithi - Malaysia Calluella volzi - Indonesia Callulops boettgeri - Indonesia Callulops dubius - Indonesia Callulops eurydactylus - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Callulops fuscus - Indonesia Callulops glandulosus - Papua New Guinea Callulops marmoratus - Papua New Guinea Callulops sagittatus - Papua New Guinea Chiasmocleis alagoanus - Brazil Chiasmocleis centralis - Brazil Chiasmocleis cordeiroi - Brazil Chiasmocleis crucis - Brazil Chiasmocleis gnoma - Brazil Chiasmocleis jimi - Brazil Chiasmocleis mehelyi - Brazil Choerophryne allisoni - Papua New Guinea Choerophryne longirostris - Papua New Guinea Cophixalus aimbensis - Papua New Guinea Cophixalus ateles - Papua New Guinea Cophixalus balbus - Indonesia Cophixalus bewaniensis - Papua New Guinea Cophixalus cryptotympanum - Papua New Guinea Cophixalus daymani - Papua New Guinea Cophixalus kaindiensis - Papua New Guinea Cophixalus montanus - Indonesia Cophixalus peninsularis - Australia Cophixalus pulchellus - Papua New Guinea Cophixalus tagulensis - Papua New Guinea Cophixalus tetzlaffi - Indonesia Cophixalus verecundus - Papua New Guinea Cophixalus zweifeli - Australia Cophyla berara - Madagascar Copiula exspectata - Indonesia Copiula major - Indonesia Copiula obsti - Indonesia Copiula pipiens - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Ctenophryne minor - Colombia Elachistocleis skotogaster - Argentina Hylophorbus nigrinus - Indonesia Hylophorbus picoides - Indonesia Hylophorbus richardsi - Papua New Guinea Hylophorbus sextus - Indonesia Hylophorbus tetraphonus - Indonesia Hylophorbus wondiwoi - Indonesia Hyophryne histrio - Brazil Kalophrynus bunguranus - Indonesia Kalophrynus eok - Malaysia Kalophrynus menglienicus - China Kalophrynus orangensis - India Kalophrynus robinsoni - Malaysia Kaloula assamensis - India Kaloula walteri - Philippines Liophryne allisoni - Papua New Guinea Liophryne rhododactyla - Papua New Guinea Liophryne rubra - Papua New Guinea Liophryne similis - Papua New Guinea Mantophryne infulata - Papua New Guinea Mantophryne louisiadensis - Papua New Guinea Microhyla annectens - Malaysia Microhyla chakrapanii - India Microhyla erythropoda - Viet Nam Microhyla fusca - Viet Nam Microhyla nanapollexa - Viet Nam Microhyla picta - Viet Nam Microhyla pulverata - Viet Nam Microhyla superciliaris - Indonesia, Malaysia Oreophryne albopunctata - Indonesia Oreophryne alticola - Indonesia Oreophryne asplenicola - Indonesia Oreophryne atrigularis - Indonesia Oreophryne brevicrus - Indonesia Oreophryne brevirostris - Indonesia Oreophryne clamata - Indonesia Oreophryne crucifer - Indonesia Oreophryne flava - Indonesia Oreophryne frontifasciata - Indonesia Oreophryne geminus - Papua New Guinea Oreophryne habbemensis - Indonesia Oreophryne idenburgensis - Indonesia Oreophryne insulana - Papua New Guinea

Oreophryne kampeni - Papua New Guinea Oreophryne loriae - Papua New Guinea Oreophryne minuta - Indonesia Oreophryne moluccensis - Indonesia Oreophryne nana - Philippines Oreophryne notata - Papua New Guinea Oreophryne parkeri - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Oreophryne pseudasplenicola - Indonesia Oreophryne rookmaakeri - Indonesia Oreophryne sibilans - Indonesia Oreophryne terrestris - Papua New Guinea Oreophryne unicolor - Indonesia Oreophryne waira - Indonesia Oreophryne wapoga - Indonesia Oreophryne wolterstorffi - Papua New Guinea Oreophryne zimmeri - Indonesia Oxydactyla brevicrus - Indonesia Oxydactyla coggeri - Papua New Guinea Oxydactyla crassa - Papua New Guinea Pherohapsis menziesi - Papua New Guinea Platypelis cowanii - Madagascar Platypelis occultans - Madagascar Platypelis pollicaris - Madagascar Plethodontohyla angulifera - Madagascar Plethodontohyla minuta - Madagascar Ramanella anamalaiensis - India Ramanella minor - India Scaphiophryne menabensis - Madagascar Scaphiophryne obscura - Madagascar Scaphiophryne verrucosa - Madagascar Stumpffia grandis - Madagascar Stumpffia psologlossa - Madagascar Stumpffia roseifemoralis - Madagascar Stumpffia tetradactyla - Madagascar Stumpffia tridactyla - Madagascar Xenobatrachus anorbis - Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Xenobatrachus arfakianus - Indonesia Xenobatrachus giganteus - Indonesia Xenobatrachus huon - Papua New Guinea Xenobatrachus multisica - Indonesia Xenobatrachus ocellatus - Indonesia Xenobatrachus ophiodon - Indonesia Xenobatrachus scheepstrai - Indonesia Xenobatrachus schiefenhoeveli - Indonesia Xenobatrachus subcroceus - Papua New Guinea Xenobatrachus tumulus - Papua New Guinea Xenobatrachus zweifeli - Papua New Guinea Xenorhina adisca - Indonesia Xenorhina arboricola - Papua New Guinea Xenorhina eiponis - Indonesia Xenorhina minima - Indonesia

MYOBATRACHIDAE Crinia sloanei - Australia Uperoleia arenicola - Australia Uperoleia marmorata - Australia Uperoleia martini - Australia Uperoleia orientalis - Australia Uperoleia tyleri - Australia

PETROPEDETIDAE Arthroleptella drewesii - South Africa Arthroleptella subvoce - South Africa Cacosternum karooicum - South Africa Cacosternum leleupi - Congo, D.R. Cacosternum poyntoni - South Africa Cacosternum striatum - Lesotho, South Africa Phrynobatrachus albolabris - Ghana Phrynobatrachus albomarginatus - Congo, D.R. Phrynobatrachus anotis - Congo, D.R. Phrynobatrachus asper - Congo, D.R. Phrynobatrachus brevipalmatus - Angola Phrynobatrachus congicus - Congo, D.R. Phrynobatrachus cryptotis - Congo, D.R. Phrynobatrachus dalcqi - Congo, D.R. Phrynobatrachus elberti - Chad Phrynobatrachus gastoni - Congo, D.R. Phrynobatrachus giorgii - Congo, D.R. Phrynobatrachus inexpectatus - Ethiopia Phrynobatrachus manengoubensis - Cameroon Phrynobatrachus nanus - Chad Phrynobatrachus ogoensis - Gabon, Liberia Phrynobatrachus pygmaeus - Chad Phrynobatrachus rouxi - Uganda Phrynobatrachus sternfeldi - Central African Republic Phrynobatrachus stewartae - Malawi, Tanzania Phrynobatrachus sulfureogularis - Burundi Phrynobatrachus taiensis - Côte d’Ivoire Phrynobatrachus ukingensis - Malawi, Tanzania Phrynobatrachus vogti - Ghana

PIPIDAE Hymenochirus boulengeri - Congo, D.R.

Appendices

Hymenochirus feae - Gabon Xenopus boumbaensis - Cameroon Xenopus largeni - Ethiopia Xenopus ruwenzoriensis - Uganda

RANIDAE Afrana amieti - Congo, D.R. Afrana desaegeri - Congo, D.R. Afrana ruwenzorica - Congo, D.R., Kenya, Uganda Afrana vandijki - South Africa Afrana wittei - Kenya, Tanzania Amnirana fonensis - Guinea Amnirana parkeriana - Angola Amolops aniqiaoensis - China Amolops bellulus - China, Myanmar Amolops chakrataensis - India Amolops jaunsari - India Amolops kaulbacki - Myanmar Amolops liangshanensis - China Amolops longimanus - Myanmar Amolops medogensis - China Amolops nepalicus - Nepal Amolops spinapectoralis - Viet Nam Batrachylodes gigas - Papua New Guinea Chaparana aenea - Thailand Chaparana delacouri - Viet Nam Chaparana fansipani - China, Viet Nam Chaparana taihangnicus - China Chaparana yei - China Discodeles malukuna - Solomon Islands Discodeles opisthodon - Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands Euphlyctis ghoshi - India Fejervarya altilabris - Myanmar Fejervarya assimilis - India Fejervarya brama - Unknown Fejervarya brevipalmata - India Fejervarya frithi - Bangladesh Fejervarya moodiei - Philippines Fejervarya multistriata - China Fejervarya mysorensis - India Fejervarya parambikulamana - India Fejervarya pulla - Malaysia Fejervarya raja - Malaysia, Thailand Fejervarya sauriceps - India Fejervarya schlueteri - Unknown Hildebrandtia ornatissima - Angola Huia absita - Lao P.D.R. Huia melasma - Thailand Huia modiglianii - Indonesia Indirana longicrus - India Indirana tenuilingua - India Ingerana alpina - China Ingerana mariae - Philippines Ingerana medogensis - China Ingerana reticulata - China Ingerana xizangensis - China Limnonectes dabanus - Viet Nam Limnonectes doriae - India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand Limnonectes kenepaiensis - Indonesia, Malaysia Limnonectes khammonensis - Lao P.D.R. Limnonectes khasianus - India Limnonectes limborgi - Myanmar Limnonectes macrognathus - Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand Limnonectes mawlyndipi - India Limnonectes mawphlangensis - India Limnonectes micrixalus - Philippines Meristogenys macrophthalmus - Malaysia Micrixalus elegans - India Micrixalus narainensis - India Micrixalus silvaticus - India Micrixalus swamianus - India Micrixalus thampii - India Nyctibatrachus kempholeyensis - India Nyctibatrachus sylvaticus - India Occidozyga ﬂoresianus - Indonesia Occidozyga vittatus - Viet Nam Paa bourreti - Thailand, Viet Nam Paa conaensis - China Paa feae - China, Myanmar Paa medogensis - China Paa mokokchungensis - India Paa rarica - Nepal Paa taihangnicus - China Paa yei - China Platymantis acrochorda - Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands Platymantis batantae - Indonesia Platymantis bimaculata - Indonesia Platymantis cheesmanae - Indonesia Platymantis gilliardi - Papua New Guinea Platymantis macrops - Papua New Guinea Platymantis macrosceles - Papua New Guinea Platymantis mamusiorum - Papua New Guinea Platymantis mimica - Papua New Guinea Platymantis myersi - Papua New Guinea Platymantis nexipus - Papua New Guinea

Platymantis rhipiphalca - Papua New Guinea Ptychadena arnei - Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Senegal, Sierra Leone Ptychadena christyi - Congo, D.R., Uganda Ptychadena ﬁlwoha - Ethiopia Ptychadena harenna - Ethiopia Ptychadena ingeri - Congo, D.R. Ptychadena mapacha - Namibia Ptychadena nana - Ethiopia Ptychadena pujoli - Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone Ptychadena retropunctata - Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone Ptychadena submascareniensis - Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone Ptychadena wadei - Ethiopia Rana albotuberculata - Philippines Rana anlungensis - China Rana aurata - Indonesia Rana bacboensis - Viet Nam Rana banaorum - Viet Nam Rana bannanica - China Rana bolavensis - Lao P.D.R. Rana cordofana - Sudan Rana crassiovis - Indonesia Rana daorum - China, Viet Nam Rana debussyi - Indonesia Rana demarchii - Eritrea Rana everetti - Philippines Rana graminea - China, Viet Nam Rana heatwolei - Lao P.D.R. Rana hejiangensis - China Rana hmongorum - Viet Nam Rana iriodes - Viet Nam Rana khalam - Lao P.D.R., Viet Nam Rana kunyuensis - China Rana lemosespinali - Mexico Rana leporipes - China Rana lini - China Rana livida - Myanmar Rana margariana - Myanmar Rana megatympanum - Viet Nam Rana melanomenta - Philippines Rana morafkai - Viet Nam Rana oatesii - Myanmar Rana orba - Lao P.D.R., Viet Nam Rana persimilis - Indonesia Rana pseudodalmatina - Iran Rana psilonota - Mexico Rana sangzhiensis - China Rana scutigera - Thailand Rana sinica - China Rana tavasensis - Turkey Rana taylori - Costa Rica, Nicaragua Rana terentievi - Tajikistan Rana trankieni - Viet Nam Rana volkerjane - Indonesia Rana zhengi - China Sphaerotheca leucorhynchus - India Sphaerotheca swani - Nepal Strongylopus kilimanjaro - Tanzania Tomopterna damarensis - Namibia

RHACOPHORIDAE Chirixalus ananjevae - Viet Nam Chirixalus cherrapunjiae - India Chirixalus dudhwaensis - India Chirixalus hansenae - Thailand Chirixalus laevis - Viet Nam Chirixalus punctatus - Myanmar Chirixalus shyamrupus - India Philautus abditus - Viet Nam Philautus albopunctatus - China Philautus banaensis - Viet Nam Philautus cardamonus - Cambodia Philautus carinensis - Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam Philautus cinerascens - Myanmar Philautus cornutus - Indonesia Philautus dubius - India Philautus ﬂaviventris - India Philautus gryllus - Viet Nam Philautus hainanus - China Philautus jerdonii - India Philautus kempiae - India Philautus luteolus - India Philautus maosonensis - Viet Nam Philautus medogensis - China Philautus menglaensis - China Philautus microdiscus - India Philautus namdaphaensis - India Philautus petilus - Lao P.D.R. Philautus regius - Sri Lanka Philautus semiruber - Sri Lanka Philautus similipalensis - India Philautus supercornutus - Viet Nam Philautus terebrans - India Philautus tuberohumerus - India Philautus tytthus - Myanmar

743

Philautus vittiger - Indonesia Polypedates dorsoviridis - Viet Nam Polypedates hecticus - Philippines Polypedates hungfuensis - China Polypedates naso - India Polypedates puerensis - China Polypedates zed - Nepal Rhacophorus achantharrhena - Indonesia Rhacophorus barisani - Indonesia Rhacophorus catamitus - Indonesia Rhacophorus depressus - Unknown Rhacophorus duboisi - China, Viet Nam Rhacophorus edentulus - Indonesia Rhacophorus georgii - Indonesia Rhacophorus hainanus - China Rhacophorus hoanglienensis - Viet Nam Rhacophorus modestus - Indonesia Rhacophorus namdaphaensis - India Rhacophorus notater - Viet Nam Rhacophorus orlovi - Lao P.D.R., Thailand, Viet Nam Rhacophorus poecilonotus - Indonesia Rhacophorus rhyssocephalus - Indonesia Rhacophorus robinsonii - Malaysia, Thailand Rhacophorus taronensis - Myanmar Rhacophorus translineatus - China, India Rhacophorus tuberculatus - China, India Rhacophorus turpes - Myanmar Rhacophorus variabilis - India Rhacophorus verrucopus - China Theloderma corticale - Viet Nam Theloderma kwangsiense - China Theloderma phrynoderma - Myanmar

CAUDATA AMBYSTOMATIDAE Ambystoma ﬂavipiperatum - Mexico Ambystoma rivulare - Mexico Ambystoma silvensis - Mexico

HYNOBIIDAE Batrachuperus taibaiensis - China Hynobius guabangshanensis - China Hynobius katoi - Japan Hynobius quelpartensis - Korea, Republic Hynobius turkestanicus - Unknown Protohynobius puxiongensis - China

PLETHODONTIDAE Batrachoseps diabolicus - United States of America Batrachoseps gabrieli - United States of America Batrachoseps incognitus - United States of America Batrachoseps kawia - United States of America Batrachoseps minor - United States of America Batrachoseps relictus - United States of America Bolitoglossa anthracina - Panama Bolitoglossa copia - Panama Bolitoglossa cuna - Panama Bolitoglossa digitigrada - Peru Bolitoglossa epimela - Costa Rica Bolitoglossa hermosa - Mexico Bolitoglossa lozanoi - Colombia Bolitoglossa nigrescens - Costa Rica Bolitoglossa oaxacensis - Mexico Bolitoglossa obscura - Costa Rica Bolitoglossa phalarosoma - Colombia, Panama Bolitoglossa savagei - Colombia Bolitoglossa sombra - Costa Rica Bolitoglossa taylori - Panama Bolitoglossa veracrucis - Mexico Bolitoglossa zapoteca - Mexico Chiropterotriton arboreus - Mexico Chiropterotriton chiropterus - Mexico Chiropterotriton terrestris - Mexico Cryptotriton wakei - Guatemala Desmognathus folkertsi - United States of America Eurycea chamberlaini - United States of America Eurycea pterophila - United States of America Eurycea robusta - United States of America Eurycea troglodytes - United States of America Nototriton brodiei - Guatemala Nototriton major - Costa Rica Nototriton stuarti - Guatemala Nototriton tapanti - Costa Rica Oedipina carablanca - Costa Rica Oedipina collaris - Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama Oedipina ignea - Guatemala, Honduras Oedipina savagei - Costa Rica, Panama Oedipina stuarti - Honduras Oedipina taylori - El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras Plethodon aureolus - United States of America Plethodon kiamichi - United States of America

744

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Plethodon sequoyah - United States of America Pseudoeurycea ahuitzotl - Mexico Pseudoeurycea amuzga - Mexico Pseudoeurycea anitae - Mexico Pseudoeurycea aurantia - Mexico Pseudoeurycea conanti - Mexico Pseudoeurycea maxima - Mexico Pseudoeurycea mixcoatl - Mexico Pseudoeurycea obesa - Mexico Pseudoeurycea quetzalanensis - Mexico Pseudoeurycea ruﬁcauda - Mexico Pseudoeurycea tenchalli - Mexico Pseudoeurycea teotepec - Mexico Pseudoeurycea tlahcuiloh - Mexico Pseudoeurycea tlilicxitl - Mexico Thorius insperatus - Mexico Thorius smithi - Mexico

SALAMANDRIDAE Cynops chenggongensis - China Paramesotriton laoensis - Lao P.D.R.

GYMNOPHIONA CAECILIIDAE Atretochoana eiselti - Brazil Boulengerula changamwensis - Kenya, Malawi Boulengerula denhardti - Kenya Boulengerula ﬁscheri - Rwanda Caecilia abitaguae - Ecuador Caecilia albiventris - Suriname Caecilia antioquiaensis - Colombia Caecilia armata - Brazil Caecilia attenuata - Ecuador, Peru Caecilia bokermanni - Colombia, Ecuador Caecilia caribea - Colombia Caecilia corpulenta - Colombia Caecilia crassisquama - Ecuador Caecilia degenerata - Colombia Caecilia dunni - Ecuador Caecilia ﬂavopunctata - Venezuela Caecilia guntheri - Colombia, Ecuador Caecilia inca - Peru Caecilia isthmica - Colombia, Panama Caecilia mertensi - Unknown Caecilia occidentalis - Colombia Caecilia pachynema - Colombia, Ecuador Caecilia pressula - Guyana Caecilia subterminalis - Ecuador

Caecilia tenuissima - Colombia, Ecuador Caecilia thompsoni - Colombia Caecilia volcani - Panama Chthonerpeton arii - Brazil Chthonerpeton braestrupi - Brazil Chthonerpeton exile - Brazil Chthonerpeton noctinectes - Brazil Chthonerpeton onorei - Ecuador Chthonerpeton perissodus - Brazil Chthonerpeton viviparum - Brazil Dermophis costaricensis - Costa Rica Dermophis glandulosus - Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama Dermophis gracilior - Costa Rica, Panama Dermophis oaxacae - Mexico Dermophis occidentalis - Costa Rica Gegeneophis carnosus - India Gegeneophis danieli - India Gegeneophis fulleri - India Gegeneophis krishni - India Gegeneophis madhavai - India Gegeneophis nadkarnii - India Gegeneophis seshachari - India Geotrypetes angeli - Guinea, Sierra Leone Geotrypetes pseudoangeli - Guinea, Liberia Gymnopis syntrema - Belize, Guatemala Herpele multiplicata - Cameroon Idiocranium russeli - Cameroon Indotyphlus battersbyi - India Indotyphlus maharashtraensis - India Luetkenotyphlus brasiliensis - Argentina, Brazil Microcaecilia rabei - Suriname, Venezuela Microcaecilia supernumeraria - Brazil Mimosiphonops reinhardti - Brazil Mimosiphonops vermiculatus - Brazil Oscaecilia elongata - Panama Oscaecilia equatorialis - Ecuador Oscaecilia hypereumeces - Brazil Oscaecilia koepckeorum - Peru Oscaecilia osae - Costa Rica Oscaecilia polyzona - Colombia Oscaecilia zweifeli - French Guiana, Guyana Siphonops insulanus - Brazil Siphonops leucoderus - Brazil Sylvacaecilia grandisonae - Ethiopia Typhlonectes cunhai - Brazil

ICHTHYOPHIIDAE Caudacaecilia asplenia - Malaysia Caudacaecilia larutensis - Malaysia, Thailand Caudacaecilia nigroﬂava - Malaysia Caudacaecilia paucidentula - Indonesia

Caudacaecilia weberi - Philippines Ichthyophis acuminatus - Thailand Ichthyophis atricollaris - Malaysia Ichthyophis bernisi - Indonesia Ichthyophis biangularis - Malaysia Ichthyophis billitonensis - Indonesia Ichthyophis bombayensis - India Ichthyophis dulitensis - Malaysia Ichthyophis elongatus - Indonesia Ichthyophis garoensis - India Ichthyophis glandulosus - Philippines Ichthyophis humphreyi - Unknown Ichthyophis husaini - India Ichthyophis hypocyaneus - Indonesia Ichthyophis javanicus - Indonesia Ichthyophis laosensis - Lao P.D.R. Ichthyophis longicephalus - India Ichthyophis malabarensis - India Ichthyophis mindanaoensis - Philippines Ichthyophis monochrous - Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam (Extinct) Ichthyophis paucisulcus - Indonesia Ichthyophis peninsularis - India Ichthyophis sikkimensis - India, Nepal Ichthyophis singaporensis - Singapore Ichthyophis subterrestris - India Ichthyophis sumatranus - Indonesia Ichthyophis supachaii - Thailand Ichthyophis youngorum - Thailand

RHINATREMATIDAE Epicrionops columbianus - Colombia Epicrionops lativittatus - Peru Epicrionops marmoratus - Ecuador Epicrionops parkeri - Colombia Epicrionops peruvianus - Peru

SCOLECOMORPHIDAE Crotaphatrema bornmuelleri - Cameroon Crotaphatrema lamottei - Cameroon Crotaphatrema tchabalmbaboensis - Cameroon

URAEOTYPHLIDAE Uraeotyphlus interruptus - India Uraeotyphlus malabaricus - India Uraeotyphlus menoni - India Uraeotyphlus narayani - India Uraeotyphlus oxyurus - India

APPENDIX XIII. THE DIFFERENCES IN IUCN RED LIST STATUS FOR SOME BRAZILIAN SPECIES Species ANURA BRACHYCEPHALIDAE Brachycephalus didactylus Brachycephalus hermogenesi BUFONIDAE Dendrophryniscus berthalutzae Melanophryniscus cambaraensis Melanophryniscus macrogranulosus Melanophryniscus moreirae HYLIDAE Aplastodiscus callipygius Aplastodiscus cochranae Aplastodiscus ehrhardti Aplastodiscus ﬂumineus Aplastodiscus musicus Aplastodiscus weygoldti Bokermannohyla carvalhoi Bokermannohyla claresignata Bokermannohyla clepsydra Bokermannohyla luctuosa Bokermannohyla martinsi Bokermannohyla nanuzae Dendropsophus ruschii Hylomantis aspera Hylomantis granulosa Hypsiboas marginatus Phasmahyla exilis Phrynomedusa appendiculata Phyllodytes brevirostris Phyllodytes edelmoi Phyllodytes gyrinaethes Phyllodytes kautskyi

Brazil GAA workshop Red List Assessment

“Consistent” GAA team Red List Assessment

LC LC

NT VU B1ab(iii)

LC DD VU B1ab(iii) NT

VU B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii,v) CR B2ab(iii) VU D2

LC LC LC DD DD NT LC DD DD LC LC LC DD LC LC LC LC NT DD DD DD LC

VU B1ab(iii) NT NT CR B2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) DD VU B1ab(iii) CR A2ae; B2ab(v) VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) NT VU B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B2ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) NT CR B2ab(v) CR B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) NT

Species Scinax albicans Scinax angrensis Scinax arduous Scinax cardosoi Scinax heyeri Scinax kautskyi Scinax littoralis Scinax littoreus Scinax machadoi Scinax pinima Scinax trapicheiroi LEPTODACTYLIDAE Adelophryne baturitensis Adelophryne maranguapensis Crossodactylodes bokermanni Crossodactylodes izecksohni Crossodactylus aeneus Crossodactylus bokermanni Crossodactylus dantei Crossodactylus dispar Crossodactylus grandis Crossodactylus trachystomus Cycloramphus asper Cycloramphus bolitoglossus Cycloramphus brasiliensis Cycloramphus dubius Cycloramphus eleutherodactylus Cycloramphus granulosus Cycloramphus izecksohni Cycloramphus lutzorum Cycloramphus ohausi Cycloramphus rhyakonastes

Brazil GAA workshop Red List Assessment LC LC DD LC DD DD LC LC LC DD NT

“Consistent” GAA team Red List Assessment VU B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) NT CR B2ab(iii,v) VU D2 VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) NT VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii)

VU B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) NT NT DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD NT LC DD DD DD DD DD LC

EN B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) VU D2 LC EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NT EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii,v) EN B2ab(iii,iv,v) EN B2ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) LC EN B2ab(iii,v) VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) CR A2ac; B2ab(v) DD

Appendices

Species Cycloramphus semipalmatus Cycloramphus stejnegeri Eleutherodactylus bolbodactylus Eleutherodactylus epipedus Eleutherodactylus erythromerus Eleutherodactylus gualteri Eleutherodactylus hoehnei Eleutherodactylus octavioi Eleutherodactylus oeus Eleutherodactylus venancioi Euparkerella brasiliensis Euparkerella cochranae Euparkerella robusta Euparkerella tridactyla Holoaden luederwaldti Hylodes heyeri Hylodes meridionalis Hylodes ornatus Hylodes perplicatus Hylodes regius Hylodes sazima Leptodactylus marambaiae Megaelosia goeldii Odontophrynus salvatori Paratelmatobius gaigeae Paratelmatobius lutzii Paratelmatobius mantiqueira Paratelmatobius poecilogaster Physalaemus barrioi Physalaemus bokermanni Physalaemus caete Physalaemus moreirae Physalaemus rupestris Physalaemus soaresi Proceratophrys brauni Proceratophrys melanopogon Proceratophrys moehringi Proceratophrys phyllostomus Proceratophrys subguttata Rupirana cardosoi Scythrophrys sawayae Thoropa lutzi Thoropa megatympanum Thoropa petropolitana Thoropa saxatilis Zachaenus parvulus MICROHYLIDAE Arcovomer passarellii Chiasmocleis alagoanus Chiasmocleis atlantica Chiasmocleis capixaba Chiasmocleis carvalhoi Chiasmocleis centralis Elachistocleis erythrogaster Stereocyclops parkeri

Brazil GAA workshop Red List Assessment NT DD LC NT DD LC LC LC NT LC LC LC VU B1ab(iii) VU D2 DD DD LC LC LC DD DD LC LC DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) LC LC DD DD LC NT LC EN B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) LC VU B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v) NT LC

“Consistent” GAA team Red List Assessment VU B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) EN B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) VU D2 VU B1ab(iii) LC B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) CR B1ab(v) CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii) VU D2 CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) NT VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) CR A2ae; B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) NT EN A2ac; B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v) EN A2ac; B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v) VU B1ab(iii)

LC DD LC LC EN B2ab(iii) DD NT LC

NT EN B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii) NT LC EN B1ab(iii) VU B1ab(iii)

APPENDIX XIV. GLOSSARY OF SOME KEY TERMS USED Alkaloid: An organic compound, containing nitrogen, which can naturally be found in plants, animals and fungi. Many alkaloids have medicinal properties. Amplexus: A specific breeding position of amphibians, whereby the eggs and sperm are externally fertilized. Anthropogenic: Processes that are influenced or induced by human activity. Anura: The largest Order of amphibians (5,208 living species), most readily identified as the frogs and toads. Apodous: A species generally having no, or only very rudimentory, feet (ceacilians are largely apodal). Aposematic: Natural defences, such as coloration or sounds, that suggests that the species has dangerous or harmful properties. Buccopharyngeal: Pertaining to the mouth and pharynx. Caudata: The Order of amphibians consisting of salamanders and newts (535 living species). Cerrado: A large, biologically rich, tropical savannah located in central Brazil. Chaco: An extensive, semi-arid ecosystem, located in central South America. Chytridiomycosis: An infectious disease caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. This disease has been suggested as a cause of recent substantial declines in amphibian populations. Cloaca: A posterior opening for the urinary, reproductive and digestive systems in certain animal groups (including amphibians). Crepuscular: Appearing most active during the twilight hours of dawn and dusk. Ectotherm: Animals that are ‘cold-blooded’, with the outside environment largely determining body temperature. Endorheic: An enclosed watershed area, often in arid areas, in which rivers rise, but do not reach the sea. Commonly used to describe contained wetlands and basins. Endotherm: Animals that are ‘warm-blooded’, in that they are able to regulate their own body temperature at a fairly constant rate, regardless to the surrounding temperatures Enucleate: Removal of the nucleus from a cell. A procedure often used as part of cloning studies. Ex-situ: Generally refers here to conservation efforts for a species undertaken outside of its natural range (such as captive-breeding). Gymnophiona: The smallest Order of amphibians (172 living species), commonly called the caecilians. Hybridogenetic: A reproductional mode in which hybrids from two parental species are able to backcross with one of the parents, thereby maintaining a distinct hybrid lineage. This has been recorded in a number of European waterfrog species (eg. Rana esculenta). See http://tolweb.org/notes/?note_id=579 [accessed May 16 2007] for further explanation.

745

In-situ: Generally refers here to conservation measures undertaken within the original or natural habitat of the species. Metamorphosis: The physical transformation from the larval stage to adult form. Monophyletic: A group of taxa that are considered to have descended from a single common ancestor taxon. Nucleus (pl. nuclei): An important structure in cells that contains the genetic material of the organism. Oocyte: A cell which may produce an egg (ovum) by meiotic division. Oviparous: Producing eggs that develop and hatch outside of the female’s body. Ovoviviparous: A live-bearing breeding strategy, in which the young develop within eggs retained in the mother’s body until hatching. In this reproductive strategy, the egg yolk rather than the mother’s body nourishes the embryos. Paedomorphic: Here this generally refers to sexually mature animals retaining juvenile characteristics. Paramo: A high-altitude, largely grassland ecosystem, of the Cordillera de Talamanca in Central America and the northern Andes mountains of South America. Paraphyletic: A group of taxa descended from a single ancestral taxon, but does not contain all the descendants of the most recent common ancestor. Peptide: A compound containing two or more linked amino acids. Photophilic: An organism that thrives in conditions of full light. Phytotelmic: An organism that inhabits small pools of water within or upon plants (e.g., water in the leaf bases of bromeliads). Polymelia: A physical defect in which the affected individual has more than the normal number of limbs present. Polyploidy: Having more than two sets of homologous chromosomes in the nucleus. Forms of polyploidy include triploid (three sets of chromosomes) and tetraploid (four sets of chromosones). Puna: A high-elevation, grassland-dominated ecosystem of the Andes Mountains. Refugia: A natural area providing suitable environmental conditions to allow the persistence of a formerly widespread species, most often after they have become extinct from surrounding areas. Rupicolous: A species that is mostly associated with rocky habitats. Saprobe (or saprotroph): An organism that derives its nutrition from non-living organic matter; most usually from the dead or decaying remains of plants or animals. Translocation: In the context of this book, this term refers to the conservation activity concerning the physical transportation of a species, on either a temporary or permanent basis, from an area of high threat to a more secure environment. For the most part, translocations are made to areas of natural habitat, but in some instances – especially for temporary translocations – the species may be moved from its natural range while conservation measures to ameliorate the underlying threat are undertaken. Tropophilous: A species that thrives in an environment that undergoes clear periodic ﬂuctuations in light, temperature, moisture and similar natural agents. Uric acid: An organic nitrogen compound, C5H4N4O3 that comprises a major component in the urine of organisms. Uricotelic: Organisms that excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of uric acid (such as some amphibians from arid environments). Viviparous: A live-bearing breeding strategy in which offspring are nourished by, and fully develop within, the mother’s body. Yungas: A diverse ecosystem located in the eastern section of the Andes Mountains, primarily in Bolivia, and characterized as having a humid and subtropical environment.

APPENDIX XV. WEBSITES AND AMPHIBIAN-RELATED RESOURCES General Amphibian Websites http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php – Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference: provides systematic information on all amphibian species. http://www.amphibiaweb.org/ – AmphibiaWeb: provides information for all amphibians on conservation, population declines, as well as images and other information about many amphibian species. http://www.ssarherps.org – Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles: an organization established to advance research, conservation, and education about amphibians and reptiles. Publications include the Journal of Herpetology and Herpetological Review. http://www.caudata.org – The Newt and Salamander Portal: facilitates the sharing of accurate information about newts and salamanders, with an emphasis on their maintenance in captivity. http://www.gymnophiona.org/ – Gymnophiona.org: a site intended to provide accurate information on caecilians and create an online community of caecilian enthusiasts http://www.livingunderworld.org – Livingunderworld.org: an ongoing web project dedicated to the preservation of wild and captive amphibians. http://www.herpetofauna.org/ – Amphibian and Reptile Conservation. http://www.herplit.com/ – The Herplit Database consists of approximately 50,000 citations dating from 1586 to the present.

Regional Amphibian Websites AFRICA http://www.afriherp.org/ – Afriherp.org: a resource centre for the exchange of information on the herpetofauna of Africa. http://www.wits.ac.za/haa/ – Herpetological Association of Africa: dedicated to the study and conservation of reptiles and amphibians, particularly those of Africa. Publishes the African Journal of Herpetology.

AUSTRALIA http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/tbiol/zoology/herp/decline/decl.shtml – Amphibian declines in Australia: includes information on frog declines in Australia and current research in to these declines. http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/tbiol/zoology/herp/herp2.shtml – Australian Herpetological Directory: a repository for information on Australian herpetofauna managed by James Cook University. http://frogs.org.au/ – Amphibian Research Centre: a centre dedicated to research and conservation of Australia’s unique frogs providing expertise in all areas of frog knowledge including captive breeding and research and education.

EUROPE http://www.club100.net/ – club100.net: a meeting place for European ﬁeld herpetology enthusiasts, with many photographs of European amphibians and reptiles. http://www.gli.cas.cz/SEH/ – Societas Europaea Herpetologica (SEH): a specialist society presently made up by nearly 500 members from most of the European countries as well as from elsewhere in the world. http://www.herpconstrust.org.uk/ – The Herpetological Conservation Trust: a European charitable trust dedicated to the conservation of reptiles and amphibians. http://www.whose-tadpole.net/ – Whose tadpole is it?: A guide to the tadpole identiﬁcation for Central European Amphibians.

Austria http://www.herpetofauna.at/ – Amphibien and Reptilien Österreichs: herpetofauna of Austria.

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http://www.nhm-wien.ac.at/nhm/herpet/index.htm – Austrian Herpetological Society (Österreichische Gesellschaft für Herpetologie (ÖGH)): public non-proﬁt organization dedicated to the promotion of all aspects of herpetology. Publications include the journal Herpetozoa.

Brazil

Cyprus

http://www.herpetology-bolivia.com/englishstart2.htm – Herpetology of Bolivia: details and photographs of the herpetofauna of Bolivia.

http://bornova.ege.edu.tr/~bgocmen/home12.html – Amphibians and Reptiles of Northern Cyprus: details of the amphibians and reptiles in northern Cyprus.

Finland

http://www.sbherpetologia.org.br/ – Sociedade Brasileira de Herpetologia: Brazilian Herpetological Society.

Bolivia

Ecuador

http://www.herpetomania.ﬁ/ – The Herpetological Society of Finland: promotes the research, protection, keeping and breeding of reptiles and amphibians. Publishes the journal Herpetomania.

http://www.puce.edu.ec/zoologia/vertebrados/amphibiawebec/index.html – AmphibiaWebEcuador: information on the amphibians of Ecuador processed at the Museo de Zoología del Centro de Biodiversidad y Ambiente (Escuela de Biología) de la Pontiﬁcia Universidad Católica del Ecuador.

France

CENTRAL AMERICA

http://www.societeherpetologiquedefrance.asso.fr/ – La Société Herpétologique de France: French herpetological society.

Greece http://www.nhmc.uoc.gr:9091/homeENG.htm – Societas Hellenica Herpetologica: concerning the study and protection of the Greek reptile and amphibian species and their habitat.

Italy

Mexico http://www.sociedadherpetologicamexicana.com/ – Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana A.C.: a non-governmental herpetological organization. Publishes the jounal Boletín de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana.

Guatemala http://www.uta.edu/biology/campbell/guatemala/ – Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Guatemala.

http://www.aes-web.it – Associazione Erpetologica Siciliana: the herpetofauna of Sicily, Italy. http://www.unipv.it/webshi/ – La Societas Herpetologica Italica (S.H.I.): the Italian herpetofauna society.

Panama

Spain

http://home.earthlink.net/~itec/Amphibian.html – Amphibians of Panama: checklist of species as well as other useful information and photos for each species.

http://www.herpetologica.org/index.asp – Asociación Sociación Herpetológica Española: Spanish Herpetological Association whose publications include the Revista Española de Herpetología and the Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Española.

Caribbean

United Kingdom

ASIA

http://www.thebhs.org/ - The British Herpetological Society

NORTH AMERICA http://www.cnah.org/index.asp – The Center for North American Herpetology: Joseph T. Collins’ website, a good place to start to access much herpetological information, particularly with reference to the United States. http://www.frogweb.gov/ – Amphibian declines and deformities: information on declines and deformities in North American species. http://www.asih.org/– American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists: dedicated to the scientiﬁc study of ﬁshes, amphibians and reptiles. Publishes the journal Copeia. http://www.parcplace.org/ – Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation: partnership dedicated to the conservation of herpetofauna and their habitats in the United States. http://armi.usgs.gov/ – Amphibian and Reptile Monitoring Initiative (ARMI) - national program of amphibian monitoring, research, and conservation.

http://evo.bio.psu.edu/caribherp/lists/wi-list.htm – Caribherp: checklist of West Indian amphibians and reptiles.

Malaysia http://www.frogweb.org/ – Frogs of the Malay Peninsula: an in-depth look at the frogs and toads of the Malay Peninsula.

Philippines http://herpwatch.org/ – Herpwatch Philippines: a guide to the diversity and natural history of the reptiles and amphibians and the Philippines.

India http://www.zooreach.org/ – ZOO (Zoo Outreach Organisation): conservation, education, research and animal welfare Society for South Asia.

Japan

http://rana.biologia.ucr.ac.cr – The Research and Analysis Network for Neotropical Amphibians.

http://zoo.zool.kyoto-u.ac.jp/herp/ – The Herpetological Society of Japan: publishes the journals Current Herpetology and Bulletin of the Herpetological Society of Japan. http://www3.ocn.ne.jp/~herpsgh/amphibians.html – Amphibians of Hiroshima: data including photographs of the 19 amphibians in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

Argentina

Pakistan

http://www.portal-aha.com.ar/ – Asociación Herpetológica Argentina: an organization dedicated to the herpetology of Argentina.

http://wildlifeofpakistan.com/AmphibiansofPakistan/amphibiansofPakistanmain.htm – Wildlife of Pakistan: species accounts and list for the amphibians of Pakistan.

SOUTH AMERICA

INDEX OF EXTINCT, THREATENED AND NEAR THREATENED SPECIES ACCOUNTS*

A abditus, Dendrobates 227 abditus, Desmognathus 638 Abe’s Salamander 549 abei, Hynobius 549 abscondens, Nototriton 639 acangatan, Cycloramphus 314 acanthi, Limnonectes 481 Acanthixalus sonjae 617 acanthodes, Plectrohyla 267 acarpicus, Insuetophrynus 400 acerus, Eleutherodactylus 314 ackawaio, Stefania 409 acmonis, Eleutherodactylus 314 actinolaimus, Eleutherodactylus 315 actites, Eleutherodactylus 315 acutirostris, Eleutherodactylus 315 acutirostris, Hyperolius 617 acutirostris, Philautus 517 acutirostris, Phrynobatrachus 470 acutirostris, Taudactylus 465 acutus, Philautus 517 achalensis, Bufo 610 achalensis, Odontophrynus 402 Adelophryne baturitensis 293 Adelophryne maranguapensis 293 adelos, Cryptotriton 569 Adelotus brevis 623 adelus, Eleutherodactylus 315 ademetzi, Hyperolius 617 adenobrachius, Phrynopus 403 Adenomus dasi 156 Adenomus kandianus 136 Adenomus kelaartii 156 adiazeta, Cochranella 212 adspersus, Philautus 139 aeneus, Aneides 637 aeneus, Desmognathus 639 aenigma, Cophixalus 447 afﬁnis, Eleutherodactylus 316 Afrana inyangae 474 Afrana johnstoni 474 Afrixalus clarkeorum 280 Afrixalus enseticola 280 Afrixalus knysnae 280 Afrixalus lacteus 281 Afrixalus morerei 281 Afrixalus nigeriensis 617 Afrixalus orophilus 281 Afrixalus spinifrons 281 Afrixalus sylvaticus 282 Afrixalus uluguruensis 282 Afrixalus vibekensis 617 Agalychnis annae 238 Agalychnis litodryas 239 Agalychnis moreletii 239 Agalychnis saltator 615 agilis, Colostethus 613 Aglyptodactylus laticeps 425 ailaonica, Vibrissaphora 625 Ainsworth’s Salamander 144 ainsworthi, Plethodon 144 akarithyma, Platymantis 493 Alabama Waterdog 598 alabamensis, Necturus 598 alalocophus, Eleutherodactylus 619 alba, Geocrinia 462 Albanian Water Frog 511 albericoi, Eleutherodactylus 316 Albericus siegfriedi 445 albipes, Eleutherodactylus 316 albiventris, Leptodactylodon 151 alboguttatus, Nephelobates 234 albomaculata, Ansonia 610 alboniger, Hypsiboas 616 albotaeniata, Pelophryne 202 alcatraz, Scinax 279 alcoae, Eleutherodactylus 316 Alexteroon jynx 282 alfaroi, Oedipina 579 alfredi, Craugastor 298 Algerian Ribbed Newt 606 algira, Salamandra 606 aliciae, Nyctibatrachus 487

Alpine Stream Salamander 548 alpinus, Leptolalax 436 alsco, Cardioglossa 147 Alsodes barrioi 294 Alsodes montanus 294 Alsodes nodosus 618 Alsodes tumultuosus 294 Alsodes vanzolinii 294 altae, Eleutherodactylus 317 altamirani, Ambystoma 543 altamontana, Pseudoeurycea 585 alticola, Eleutherodactylus 317 alticola, Platypelis 455 Altiphrynoides malcolmi 156 altipotens, Charadrahyla 240 alto, Philautus 518 altobueyensis, Dendrobates 228 altura, Oedipina 579 alvaradoi, Bolitoglossa 555 alvarezdeltoroi, Cryptotriton 569 Alytes cisternasii 614 Alytes dickhilleni 237 Alytes maurus 614 Alytes muletensis 237 alytolylax, Hyloscirtus 616 alleganiensis, Cryptobranchus 636 alleni, Conraua 477 alleni, Phrynobatrachus 627 amabilis, Bufo 178 amadeus, Eleutherodactylus 317 Amami Tip-nosed Frog 500 amamiensis, Rana 500 Amargosa Toad 188 Amatola Toad 178 amatolicus, Bufo 178 Amber-coloured Salamander 551 amblycephalum, Ambystoma 543 ambohitra, Mantidactylus 429 Ambrosi’s Cave Salamander 641 ambrosii, Speleomantes 641 Ambystoma altamirani 543 Ambystoma amblycephalum 543 Ambystoma andersoni 543 Ambystoma barbouri 636 Ambystoma bombypellum 543 Ambystoma californiense 544 Ambystoma cingulatum 544 Ambystoma dumerilii 545 Ambystoma granulosum 545 Ambystoma leorae 545 Ambystoma lermaense 545 Ambystoma mexicanum 546 Ambystoma ordinarium 546 Ambystoma taylori 546 amicorum, Dendropsophus 241 amieti, Xenopus 628 amjiensis, Hynobius 549 Amnirana asperrima 475 Amnirana longipes 475 Amnirana occidentalis 475 amoenus, Philautus 518 Amolops cremnobatus 628 Amolops chapaensis 628 Amolops hainanensis 475 Amolops hongkongensis 628 Amolops jinjiangensis 476 Amolops kangtingensis 476 Amolops lifanensis 628 Amolops loloensis 476 Amolops tormotus 476 Amolops torrentis 477 Amolops tuberodepressus 477 Amolops viridimaculatus 628 amoropalamus, Meristogenys 484 Amphiuma pholeter 636 Amphiuma, One-toed 636 amplinympha, Eleutherodactylus 317 amplus, Plethodon 582 anatipes, Craugastor 298 anciano, Craugastor 298 andaquiensis, Gastrotheca 622 Andean Poison Frog 229 Anderson’s Crocodile Newt 601 andersoni, Ambystoma 543 andersoni, Echinotriton 601

andersonii, Hyla 615 andi, Craugastor 298 andiirrmalin, Litoria 255 Andinophryne colomai 156 andinus, Atelopus 160 andreonei, Boophis 425 andrewsi, Eleutherodactylus 318 Andrias davidianus 547 Andrias japonicus 636 Aneides aeneus 637 Aneides ferreus 637 Aneides ﬂavipunctatus 637 Aneides vagrans 637 angelicus, Craugastor 299 angelito, Atelopus 160 anguinus, Proteus 599 angulirostris, Rhacophorus 538 angustidigitorum, Eleutherodactylus 318 angustifrons, Gastrotheca 394 angustilineata, Eleutherodactylus 318 angustilineata, Isthmohyla 253 Anhydrophryne rattrayi 467 annae, Agalychnis 238 annamensis, Rhacophorus 538 annandalii, Paa 630 annulatus, Phrynobatrachus 471 Anodonthyla montana 445 Anodonthyla rouxae 445 anolirex, Eleutherodactylus 619 anomala, Cochranella 212 Anotheca spinosa 615 anotis, Ansonia 157 anotis, Stephopaedes 205 Ansonia albomaculata 610 Ansonia anotis 157 Ansonia fuliginea 157 Ansonia guibei 157 Ansonia hanitschi 610 Ansonia latidisca 157 Ansonia leptopus 610 Ansonia longidigita 610 Ansonia mcgregori 158 Ansonia minuta 610 Ansonia muelleri 158 Ansonia ornata 158 Ansonia penangensis 158 Ansonia platysoma 159 Ansonia rubigina 159 Ansonia siamensis 159 Ansonia spinulifer 610 Ansonia tiomanica 159 Ansonia torrentis 160 antalyana, Lyciasalamandra 602 anthonyi, Epipedobates 614 anthracinus, Colostethus 221 antioquiense, Centrolene 612 antisana, Osornophryne 200 antisthenesi, Hyalinobatrachium 218 antomia, Gastrotheca 394 antongilii, Dyscophus 626 anulata, Oreophryne 454 aphanus, Craugastor 299 api, Pelophryne 202 Aplastodiscus cavicola 615 Aplastodiscus eugenioi 615 Aplastodiscus weygoldti 615 apostates, Eleutherodactylus 318 appendiculata, Phrynomedusa 616 aquatica, Pseudoeurycea 586 arathooni, Limnonectes 482 arayai, Leptolalax 436 arborescandens, Plectrohyla 267 arboreus, Dendrobates 228 arboreus, Thorius 593 arboricola, Kassina 289 Archey’s Frog 292 archeyi, Leiopelma 292 areolata, Rana 631 arequipensis, Telmatobius 410 Argenteohyla siemersi 239 arisanensis, Hynobius 549 Arlequinus krebsi 282 armata, Cochranella 212 Armoured Frog 258 armstrongi, Eleutherodactylus 319

*Least Concern and Data Deﬁcient species are listed in Appendices XI and XII, respectively, sorted by Order, Family and scientiﬁc name.

arnoldi, Paa 630 Aromobates nocturnus 220 Arouss Al Ayn 642 Arroyo Toad 180 arsyecue, Atelopus 161 Arthroleptella landdrosia 627 Arthroleptella lightfooti 627 Arthroleptella ngongoniensis 468 Arthroleptides dutoiti 468 Arthroleptides martiensseni 468 Arthroleptides yakusini 468 Arthroleptis crusculum 146 Arthroleptis francei 146 Arthroleptis nikeae 146 Arthroleptis pyrrhoscelis 610 Arthroleptis reichei 610 Arthroleptis tanneri 146 Arthroleptis troglodytes 147 Arthroleptis xenodactylus 147 arthuri, Atelopus 161 arvalis, Rhacophorus 538 asankai, Philautus 518 ashkapara, Eleutherodactylus 319 asper, Euproctus 641 asper, Lepidobatrachus 622 asperatus, Limnonectes 629 asperginis, Nectophrynoides 196 asperrima, Amnirana 475 asperrimus, Tylototriton 643 Astylosternus diadematus 149 Astylosternus fallax 149 Astylosternus laurenti 150 Astylosternus montanus 610 Astylosternus nganhanus 150 Astylosternus perreti 150 Astylosternus ranoides 150 Astylosternus rheophilus 151 Astylosternus schioetzi 151 asupak, Plethodon 583 atacamensis, Telmatobius 411 Atelognathus jeinimenensis 618 Atelognathus nitoi 295 Atelognathus patagonicus 295 Atelognathus praebasalticus 295 Atelognathus reverberii 295 Atelognathus salai 296 Atelognathus solitarius 296 Atelophryniscus chrysophorus 160 Atelopus andinus 160 Atelopus angelito 160 Atelopus arsyecue 161 Atelopus arthuri 161 Atelopus balios 161 Atelopus bomolochos 161 Atelopus boulengeri 162 Atelopus carauta 162 Atelopus carbonerensis 162 Atelopus carrikeri 162 Atelopus certus 163 Atelopus coynei 164 Atelopus cruciger 164 Atelopus chiriquiensis 163 Atelopus chocoensis 163 Atelopus chrysocorallus 163 Atelopus dimorphus 164 Atelopus ebenoides 164 Atelopus elegans 165 Atelopus erythropus 165 Atelopus eusebianus 165 Atelopus exiguus 165 Atelopus famelicus 166 Atelopus farci 166 Atelopus ﬂavescens 166 Atelopus franciscus 166 Atelopus galactogaster 167 Atelopus glyphus 167 Atelopus guanujo 167 Atelopus guitarraensis 167 Atelopus halihelos 168 Atelopus ignescens 136 Atelopus laetissimus 168 Atelopus limosus 168 Atelopus longibrachius 168 Atelopus longirostris 136 Atelopus lozanoi 169

Atelopus lynchi 169 Atelopus mandingues 169 Atelopus mindoensis 169 Atelopus minutulus 170 Atelopus monohernandezi 170 Atelopus mucubajiensis 170 Atelopus muisca 170 Atelopus nahumae 171 Atelopus nanay 171 Atelopus nepiozomus 171 Atelopus nicefori 171 Atelopus oxyrhynchus 172 Atelopus pachydermus 172 Atelopus pedimarmoratus 172 Atelopus peruensis 172 Atelopus petriruizi 173 Atelopus pictiventris 173 Atelopus pinangoi 173 Atelopus planispina 173 Atelopus pulcher 174 Atelopus quimbaya 174 Atelopus reticulatus 174 Atelopus seminiferus 174 Atelopus senex 175 Atelopus sernai 175 Atelopus simulatus 175 Atelopus sonsonensis 175 Atelopus sorianoi 176 Atelopus spumarius 176 Atelopus spurrelli 176 Atelopus subornatus 176 Atelopus tamaense 177 Atelopus tricolor 177 Atelopus varius 177 Atelopus vogli 136 Atelopus walkeri 178 Atelopus zeteki 178 atiﬁ, Lyciasalamandra 602 atlanticus, Physalaemus 408 Atopophrynus syntomopus 296 atratus, Eleutherodactylus 319 attigua, Rana 500 aucoinae, Bufo 179 audanti, Eleutherodactylus 319 audax, Centrolene 208 aurantiaca, Mantella 426 aurantiaca, Rana 501 aurantium, Philautus 518 aurantiventris, Rhacophorus 538 auratus, Philautus 519 auratus, Phyllodytes 266 aurea, Litoria 256 aureoguttatum, Hyalinobatrachium 613 aureoli, Cardioglossa 147 aureomaculata, Gastrotheca 622 aureus, Thorius 593 auriculatoides, Eleutherodactylus 320 aurilegulus, Craugastor 299 aurora, Rana 631 aurotaenia, Phyllobates 614 Austin Blind Salamander 574 australiacus, Heleioporus 421 Australian Lace-lid 264 australis, Pseudophryne 463 australis, Telmatobufo 420 Austrochaperina novaebritanniae 445 avia, Plectrohyla 267 avocalis, Nyctimystes 263 awa, Colostethus 221 axillaris, Leptodactylodon 151 Axolotl 546 ayangannae, Stefania 409 ayeaye, Phyllomedusa 266 azueroensis, Craugastor 299 azulae, Centrolene 208 azureiventris, Cryptophyllobates 227 azureus, Dendrobates 228

B bacchus, Eleutherodactylus 320 bagrecitoi, Phrynopus 403 bakeri, Eleutherodactylus 320 balbus, Mixophyes 422

748

Balebreviceps hillmani 446 baleensis, Ericabatrachus 469 baliogaster, Rhacophorus 539 balionota, Cochranella 213 balionotus, Eleutherodactylus 320 balios, Atelopus 161 baltea, Phyllomedusa 266 baluensis, Kalophrynus 626 baluensis, Leptobrachella 434 baluensis, Occidozyga 630 baluensis, Rhacophorus 635 baluensis, Xenophrys 625 ballux, Centrolene 208 bambutensis, Werneria 205 banae, Leptobrachium 435 banahao, Platymantis 493 banjarana, Rana 631 barberi, Hypopachus 451 barbouri, Ambystoma 636 barbouri, Leptopelis 289 barbouri, Nototriton 577 Barbourula busuangensis 154 Barbourula kalimantanensis 155 barlagnei, Eleutherodactylus 321 Barred-frog, Fleay’s 422 Barred-frog, Giant 423 barrioi, Alsodes 294 barthlenae, Phrynopus 403 Barton Springs Salamander 574 bartonsmithi, Eleutherodactylus 321 baryecuus, Eleutherodactylus 321 bassleri, Epipedobates 614 Batrachophrynus brachydactylus 296 Batrachophrynus macrostomus 297 Batrachoseps campi 554 Batrachoseps regius 554 Batrachoseps robustus 638 Batrachoseps simatus 554 Batrachoseps stebbinsi 554 Batrachoseps wrightorum 555 Batrachuperus cochranae 547 Batrachuperus gorganensis 547 Batrachuperus karlschmidti 547 Batrachuperus londongensis 548 Batrachuperus mustersi 548 Batrachuperus persicus 637 Batrachuperus pinchonii 548 Batrachuperus tibetanus 548 Batrachuperus yenyuanensis 549 Batrachyla ﬁtzroya 297 baturitensis, Adelophryne 293 Baw Baw Frog 423 baxteri, Bufo 137 Beautiful Mantella 428 Beautiful Nursery-frog 448 becki, Litoria 256 beddomii, Bufo 179 beddomii, Nyctibatrachus 487 beddomii, Philautus 634 Bell’s False Brook Salamander 586 bellii, Pseudoeurycea 586 bellona, Eleutherodactylus 321 bequaerti, Phrynobatrachus 471 berkenbuschii, Craugastor 618 bernali, Eleutherodactylus 322 Bernhard’s Mantella 427 bernhardi, Mantella 427 Berry Cave Salamander 575 bertini, Mantidactylus 624 Betic Midwife Toad 237 Bibron’s Toadlet 627 bibroni, Pleurodema 623 bibronii, Pseudophryne 627 Bicol Narrow-mouthed Frog 626 bicolor, Eleutherodactylus 322 bicolor, Leptodactylodon 152 bicolor, Phyllobates 614 bicolor, Theloderma 541 bicumulus, Eleutherodactylus 322 bifasciatus, Rhacophorus 635 Big Levels Salamander 584 bigibbosa, Proceratophrys 623 billae, Lyciasalamandra 602 bimaculatus, Rhacophorus 539 biporcatus, Craugastor 300 bisignatus, Eleutherodactylus 322 Black Knobby Newt 643 Black Salamander 637 Black Toad 183 Black-eared Mantella 428 Black-legged Poison Frog 614 Black-spotted Newt 605 Black-spotted Pond Frog 633 blairhedgesi, Eleutherodactylus 323 blanci, Mantidactylus 624 Bleeding Toad 195

Threatened Amphibians of the World

blombergi, Bufo 611 blommersae, Boophis 425 Bloody Bay Poison Frog 233 Blue Poison Frog 228 Blue Ridge Gray-cheeked Salamander 582 Blue-legged Mantella 427 Blue-sided Treefrog 238 Blyth’s River Frog 629 blythii, Limnonectes 629 bobingeri, Philautus 519 bobirensis, Hyperolius 283 boconoensis, Eleutherodactylus 323 bocourti, Craugastor 300 bocourti, Hyla 248 bogotensis, Hyloscirtus 616 bokermanni, Crossodactylodes 619 Bokermannohyla izecksohni 239 Bolitoglossa alvaradoi 555 Bolitoglossa borburata 638 Bolitoglossa capitana 555 Bolitoglossa carri 555 Bolitoglossa celaque 556 Bolitoglossa compacta 556 Bolitoglossa conanti 556 Bolitoglossa cuchumatana 638 Bolitoglossa chica 556 Bolitoglossa decora 557 Bolitoglossa diaphora 557 Bolitoglossa diminuta 557 Bolitoglossa dofleini 638 Bolitoglossa dunni 557 Bolitoglossa engelhardti 558 Bolitoglossa flavimembris 558 Bolitoglossa flaviventris 638 Bolitoglossa franklini 558 Bolitoglossa gracilis 558 Bolitoglossa guaramacalensis 559 Bolitoglossa hartwegi 638 Bolitoglossa heiroreias 559 Bolitoglossa helmrichi 638 Bolitoglossa hiemalis 559 Bolitoglossa hypacra 559 Bolitoglossa jacksoni 560 Bolitoglossa lignicolor 560 Bolitoglossa lincolni 638 Bolitoglossa longissima 560 Bolitoglossa macrinii 560 Bolitoglossa magnifica 561 Bolitoglossa marmorea 561 Bolitoglossa medemi 561 Bolitoglossa meliana 561 Bolitoglossa minutula 562 Bolitoglossa mombachoensis 562 Bolitoglossa mulleri 562 Bolitoglossa odonnelli 562 Bolitoglossa oresbia 563 Bolitoglossa orestes 563 Bolitoglossa palmata 563 Bolitoglossa pandi 563 Bolitoglossa pesrubra 564 Bolitoglossa platydactyla 638 Bolitoglossa porrasorum 564 Bolitoglossa riletti 564 Bolitoglossa rostrata 564 Bolitoglossa salvinii 565 Bolitoglossa silverstonei 565 Bolitoglossa sima 565 Bolitoglossa sooyorum 565 Bolitoglossa spongai 566 Bolitoglossa stuarti 566 Bolitoglossa subpalmata 566 Bolitoglossa synoria 566 Bolitoglossa walkeri 638 bolivianus, Telmatobius 623 bombayensis, Philautus 519 bombetes, Dendrobates 228 bombiens, Cophixalus 625 Bombina fortinuptialis 155 Bombina lichuanensis 155 Bombina microdeladigitora 155 bombypellum, Ambystoma 543 bomolochos, Atelopus 161 bonebergi, Natalobatrachus 469 boneti, Pseudoeurycea 586 Boophis andreonei 425 Boophis blommersae 425 Boophis haematopus 426 Boophis jaegeri 426 Boophis majori 624 Boophis occidentalis 624 Boophis rhodoscelis 624 Boophis rufioculis 624 Boophis williamsi 426 Booroolong Frog 256 booroolongensis, Litoria 256

bopeleti, Hyperolius 617 borburata, Bolitoglossa 638 borealis, Occidozyga 489 boreas, Bufo 611 boreas, Thorius 593 boribory, Scaphiophryne 460 boringii, Vibrissaphora 443 Bornean Flat-headed Frog 155 borneensis, Gastrophrynoides 450 boulengeri, Atelopus 162 boulengeri, Cryptobatrachus 313 boulengeri, Hynobius 550 boulengeri, Leptodactylodon 152 boulengeri, Paa 490 Boulengerula niedeni 607 boylii, Rana 631 bracki, Phrynopus 404 brachydactylus, Batrachophrynus 296 brachykolos, Xenophrys 444 Brachytarsophrys intermedia 434 brachytarsus, Indirana 479 bradei, Holoaden 400 Bradytriton silus 567 brasiliensis, Cycloramphus 619 brauni, Bufo 179 bresslerae, Eleutherodactylus 323 Breviceps gibbosus 446 Breviceps macrops 446 Breviceps sylvestris 446 brevicrus, Leptobrachella 434 brevipalmata, Litoria 257 brevipes, Plethodontohyla 457 brevipes, Telmatobius 411 brevirostris, Eleutherodactylus 323 brevirostris, Telmatobius 411 brevis, Adelotus 623 brevis, Grandisonia 608 briceni, Eleutherodactylus 324 Broadley’s Ridged Frog 500 broadleyi, Nothophryne 470 broadleyi, Ptychadena 500 brocchi, Craugastor 300 bromeliaceus, Eleutherodactylus 324 bromeliacia, Bromeliohyla 240 bromeliacius, Dendrotriton 570 Bromeliohyla bromeliacia 240 Bromeliohyla dendroscarta 240 Brongersma’s Toad 611 brongersmai, Bufo 611 Broodfrog, Magniﬁcent 463 brunae, Mantidactylus 429 brunnata, Pseudoeurycea 586 brunneus, Phrynopus 404 brunus, Hydromantes 576 bubalus, Hemiphractus 622 buckleyi, Centrolene 612 bueanus, Leptodactylodon 152 Buergeria oxycephalus 516 Bufo achalensis 610 Bufo amabilis 178 Bufo amatolicus 178 Bufo aucoinae 179 Bufo baxteri 137 Bufo beddomii 179 Bufo blombergi 611 Bufo boreas 611 Bufo brauni 179 Bufo brongersmai 611 Bufo caeruleostictus 179 Bufo californicus 180 Bufo campbelli 611 Bufo canorus 180 Bufo cataulaciceps 180 Bufo cavifrons 181 Bufo claviger 181 Bufo corynetes 181 Bufo cristatus 182 Bufo cryptotympanicus 611 Bufo cycladen 182 Bufo chavin 181 Bufo djohongensis 182 Bufo empusus 182 Bufo exsul 183 Bufo fastidiosus 183 Bufo ﬂuviaticus 183 Bufo fractus 183 Bufo gallardoi 184 Bufo gemmifer 184 Bufo guentheri 184 Bufo gundlachi 184 Bufo holdridgei 185 Bufo houstonensis 185 Bufo hypomelas 611 Bufo ibarrai 185 Bufo inyangae 186 Bufo justinianoi 186

Bufo kotagamai 186 Bufo koynayensis 186 Bufo kumquat 187 Bufo lemur 187 Bufo leucomyos 187 Bufo longinasus 187 Bufo lonnbergi 611 Bufo macrocristatus 188 Bufo mexicanus 611 Bufo microtympanum 188 Bufo nelsoni 188 Bufo nesiotes 188 Bufo noellerti 189 Bufo nyikae 189 Bufo pageoti 611 Bufo pantherinus 189 Bufo parietalis 611 Bufo periglenes 137 Bufo peripatetes 189 Bufo perplexus 190 Bufo perreti 190 Bufo quechua 190 Bufo rubropunctatus 190 Bufo rumbolli 191 Bufo sclerocephalus 191 Bufo scorteccii 191 Bufo spiculatus 191 Bufo sternosignatus 612 Bufo sumatranus 192 Bufo tacanensis 192 Bufo taiensis 192 Bufo taladai 192 Bufo togoensis 612 Bufo tuberculatus 612 Bufo tutelarius 193 Bufo uzunguensis 193 Bufo villiersi 193 Bufoides meghalayanus 193 bufona, Gastrotheca 394 bufoniformis, Osornophryne 612 bullocki, Telmatobufo 420 bunitus, Philautus 519 busuangensis, Barbourula 154 Buzzing Frog 625 bwana, Rana 501

C cabrerai, Eleutherodactylus 324 cacao, Eleutherodactylus 324 Caco, Cape 469 Cacosternum capense 469 Caddo Mountain Salamander 639 caddoensis, Plethodon 639 caeruleostictus, Bufo 179 caeruleus, Philautus 520 cagayanensis, Platymantis 493 Cainarachi Poison Frog 231 cainarachi, Epipedobates 231 calcadensis, Rhacophorus 539 calcaneus, Rhacophorus 635 calcaratus, Eleutherodactylus 325 calcarulatus, Eleutherodactylus 325 California Giant Salamander 637 California Tiger Salamander 544 californicus, Bufo 180 californiense, Ambystoma 544 calthula, Plectrohyla 267 calvicollina, Plectrohyla 268 calypsa, Isthmohyla 253 callipeza, Hyloscirtus 616 Callixalus pictus 283 Callulina kisiwamsitu 447 Callulops kopsteini 447 cameronensis, Petropedetes 627 campbelli, Bufo 611 campi, Batrachoseps 554 Cannatella’s Plump Toad 201 canorus, Bufo 180 Cape Caco 469 Cape Melville Treefrog 255 Cape Platanna 474 capense, Cacosternum 469 Capensibufo rosei 194 capensis, Microbatrachella 469 capitana, Bolitoglossa 555 capito, Rana 631 capitonis, Eleutherodactylus 325 caquetio, Mannophryne 232 carauta, Atelopus 162 carbonei, Heterixalus 617 carbonerensis, Atelopus 162 cardiacalyptum, Hyalinobatrachium 218 Cardioglossa alsco 147 Cardioglossa aureoli 147

Cardioglossa melanogaster 148 Cardioglossa nigromaculata 610 Cardioglossa oreas 148 Cardioglossa pulchra 148 Cardioglossa schioetzi 148 Cardioglossa trifasciata 149 Cardioglossa venusta 149 cardosoi, Rupirana 623 caribe, Eleutherodactylus 325 carillae, Telmatobius 411 carpish, Phrynopus 404 carri, Bolitoglossa 555 carrikeri, Atelopus 162 carvalhoi, Chiasmocleis 447 carvalhoi, Dendrophryniscus 194 cascadae, Rana 632 cascadae, Rhyacotriton 641 Cascade Caverns Salamander 572 Cascade Torrent Salamander 641 Cascades Frog 632 casparii, Eleutherodactylus 326 castanea, Litoria 257 castaneus, Hyperolius 283 catalinae, Craugastor 300 cataulaciceps, Bufo 180 catracha, Exerodonta 246 Cauca Poison Frog 228 Caucasian Salamander 603 caucasica, Mertensiella 603 Caudiverbera caudiverbera 297 caudiverbera, Caudiverbera 297 caudopunctatus, Paramesotriton 642 Cave Squeaker 147 cavernicola, Eleutherodactylus 326 cavicola, Aplastodiscus 615 cavifrons, Bufo 181 cavirostris, Philautus 520 ceiorum, Telmatobius 412 celaque, Bolitoglossa 556 celata, Plectrohyla 268 celator, Eleutherodactylus 619 celebensis, Oreophryne 454 cembra, Plectrohyla 268 Centrolene antioquiense 612 Centrolene audax 208 Centrolene azulae 208 Centrolene ballux 208 Centrolene buckleyi 612 Centrolene fernandoi 208 Centrolene geckoideum 209 Centrolene gemmatum 209 Centrolene heloderma 209 Centrolene hesperium 209 Centrolene lynchi 210 Centrolene mariae 210 Centrolene peristictum 210 Centrolene petrophilum 210 Centrolene pipilatum 211 Centrolene puyoense 211 Centrolene quindianum 211 Centrolene robledoi 211 Centrolene tayrona 212 cephalica, Pseudoeurycea 640 Ceratophrys ornata 618 Ceratophrys stolzmanni 297 cerigensis, Rana 501 certus, Atelopus 163 ceuthospilus, Eleutherodactylus 326 cevallosi, Colostethus 221 ceylonensis, Nannophrys 486 cingulatum, Ambystoma 544 cipoensis, Hypsiboas 616 cirrhacelis, Telmatobius 412 cisternasii, Alytes 614 clarkeorum, Afrixalus 280 claviger, Bufo 181 Climbing Mantella 624 Clouded Salamander 637 cochranae, Batrachuperus 547 cochranae, Cochranella 213 cochranae, Kassina 618 cochranae, Pseudoeurycea 587 Cochranella adiazeta 212 Cochranella anomala 212 Cochranella armata 212 Cochranella balionota 213 Cochranella cochranae 213 Cochranella daidalea 213 Cochranella garciae 213 Cochranella grifﬁthsi 214 Cochranella ignota 612 Cochranella luminosa 214 Cochranella mache 214 Cochranella megacheira 214 Cochranella megistra 613 Cochranella nola 613

Index of Extinct, Threatened and Near Threatened species accounts

Cochranella ocellata 613 Cochranella posadae 215 Cochranella prasina 215 Cochranella punctulata 215 Cochranella resplendens 215 Cochranella riveroi 216 Cochranella rosada 216 Cochranella ruizi 216 Cochranella savagei 216 Cochranella saxiscandens 217 Cochranella siren 217 Cochranella spiculata 613 Cochranella susatamai 217 Cochranella xanthocheridia 217 coffeus, Craugastor 301 colanensis, Telmatobius 412 colodactylus, Eleutherodactylus 327 colomai, Andinophryne 156 colomai, Eleutherodactylus 327 Colostethus agilis 613 Colostethus anthracinus 221 Colostethus awa 221 Colostethus cevallosi 221 Colostethus chalcopis 221 Colostethus delatorreae 222 Colostethus dunni 222 Colostethus edwardsi 222 Colostethus elachyhistus 222 Colostethus fascianiger 613 Colostethus fraterdanieli 613 Colostethus humilis 223 Colostethus infraguttatus 613 Colostethus jacobuspetersi 223 Colostethus juanii 223 Colostethus kingsburyi 223 Colostethus lehmanni 613 Colostethus leopardalis 224 Colostethus machalilla 614 Colostethus mandelorum 224 Colostethus mcdiarmidi 614 Colostethus mertensi 224 Colostethus murisipanensis 224 Colostethus olfersioides 225 Colostethus pulchellus 225 Colostethus ranoides 225 Colostethus ruizi 225 Colostethus ruthveni 226 Colostethus saltuensis 226 Colostethus shuar 614 Colostethus toachi 226 Colostethus vergeli 226 Colostethus vertebralis 227 Colostethus wayuu 227 colostichos, Eleutherodactylus 328 Columbia Torrent Salamander 641 colymba, Hyloscirtus 249 collaris, Mannophryne 232 Comal Blind Salamander 574 Common Mist Frog 261 compacta, Bolitoglossa 556 conanti, Bolitoglossa 556 concinnus, Cophixalus 448 condor, Eleutherodactylus 328 Conraua alleni 477 Conraua derooi 478 Conraua goliath 478 Conraua robusta 478 contulmoensis, Eupsophus 393 cooki, Eleutherodactylus 328 Cooloola Treefrog 257 cooloolensis, Litoria 257 cooperi, Praslinia 608 cophites, Phrynopus 404 Cophixalus aenigma 447 Cophixalus bombiens 625 Cophixalus concinnus 448 Cophixalus crepitans 625 Cophixalus exiguus 625 Cophixalus hosmeri 448 Cophixalus mcdonaldi 448 Cophixalus monticola 448 Cophixalus neglectus 449 Cophixalus nubicola 449 Cophixalus saxatilis 449 Copiula minor 449 Coqui, Dwarf 387 Coqui, Elegant 336 Coqui, Golden 349 Coqui, Green 343 Coqui, Locust 355 Coqui, Melodius 391 Coqui, Mona 359 Coqui, Richmond’s 374 Coqui, Stream 351 Coqui, Treehole 345 Coqui, Upland 370

Coqui, Virgin Islands 378 Coqui, Yellow Mottled 353 cordilleriana, Mannophryne 232 cornuta, Platymantis 494 cornutus, Eleutherodactylus 328 corona, Eleutherodactylus 329 coronata, Plethodontohyla 457 Corroboree Frog 463 corroboree, Pseudophryne 463 Corsican Painted Frog 615 corvus, Mantidactylus 429 corynetes, Bufo 181 cosnipatae, Eleutherodactylus 329 coudreaui, Plethodontohyla 457 counouspeus, Eleutherodactylus 329 covacevichae, Pseudophryne 463 Cowan’s Mantella 427 cowanii, Mantella 427 coxi, Stefania 410 coynei, Atelopus 164 cracens, Chiropterotriton 567 crassa, Plectrohyla 269 Craugastor alfredi 298 Craugastor anatipes 298 Craugastor anciano 298 Craugastor andi 298 Craugastor angelicus 299 Craugastor aphanus 299 Craugastor aurilegulus 299 Craugastor azueroensis 299 Craugastor berkenbuschii 618 Craugastor biporcatus 300 Craugastor bocourti 300 Craugastor brocchi 300 Craugastor catalinae 300 Craugastor coffeus 301 Craugastor cruzi 301 Craugastor chac 618 Craugastor charadra 301 Craugastor cheiroplethus 301 Craugastor chrysozetetes 138 Craugastor daryi 302 Craugastor decoratus 302 Craugastor emcelae 302 Craugastor epochthidius 302 Craugastor escoces 303 Craugastor fecundus 303 Craugastor ﬂeischmanni 303 Craugastor glaucus 303 Craugastor greggi 304 Craugastor guerreroensis 304 Craugastor gulosus 304 Craugastor hobartsmithi 304 Craugastor inachus 305 Craugastor laticeps 619 Craugastor lauraster 305 Craugastor lineatus 305 Craugastor matudai 305 Craugastor megalotympanum 306 Craugastor melanostictus 306 Craugastor merendonensis 306 Craugastor milesi 138 Craugastor necerus 306 Craugastor obesus 307 Craugastor omiltemanus 307 Craugastor omoaensis 307 Craugastor persimilis 307 Craugastor podiciferus 308 Craugastor polymniae 308 Craugastor pozo 308 Craugastor psephosypharus 308 Craugastor punctariolus 309 Craugastor pygmaeus 309 Craugastor ranoides 309 Craugastor rhodopis 309 Craugastor rhyacobatrachus 310 Craugastor rostralis 619 Craugastor sabrinus 310 Craugastor saltuarius 310 Craugastor sartori 310 Craugastor silvicola 311 Craugastor spatulatus 311 Craugastor stadelmani 311 Craugastor stuarti 311 Craugastor tabasarae 312 Craugastor tarahumaraensis 312 Craugastor taurus 312 Craugastor trachydermus 312 Craugastor uno 313 Craugastor xucanebi 313 Craugastor yucatanensis 619 Crawﬁsh Frog 631 cremnobates, Eleutherodactylus 329 cremnobatus, Amolops 628 crenunguis, Eleutherodactylus 330 crepitans, Cophixalus 625

Cretan Frog 503 cretensis, Rana 503 cricogaster, Phrynobatrachus 471 Crinia tinnula 462 cristatus, Bufo 182 crocatus, Neurergus 604 crocea, Mantella 427 Crossodactylodes bokermanni 619 Crossodactylodes izecksohni 619 Crossodactylus schmidti 619 crucialis, Osteopilus 264 crucifer, Eleutherodactylus 330 cruciger, Atelopus 164 cruentata, Leptophryne 195 crusculum, Arthroleptis 146 cruzi, Craugastor 301 crybetes, Hyalinobatrachium 218 cryophilius, Eleutherodactylus 330 cryptica, Oreophrynella 199 Cryptobatrachus boulengeri 313 Cryptobatrachus fuhrmanni 313 Cryptobatrachus nicefori 314 Cryptobranchus alleganiensis 636 cryptomelas, Eleutherodactylus 330 Cryptophyllobates azureiventris 227 Cryptotriton adelos 569 Cryptotriton alvarezdeltoroi 569 Cryptotriton monzoni 569 Cryptotriton nasalis 570 Cryptotriton veraepacis 570 cryptotympanicus, Bufo 611 cryptus, Nectophrynoides 197 Cuban High-crested Toad 184 Cuban Long-nosed Toad 187 Cuban Pine Toad 180 Cuban Small-eared Toad 182 Cuban Spotted Toad 192 cubanus, Eleutherodactylus 331 cuchumatana, Bolitoglossa 638 cuchumatanus, Dendrotriton 570 culeus, Telmatobius 412 cultripes, Pelobates 627 Cumberland Dusky Salamander 638 cundalli, Eleutherodactylus 331 cupreuscapularis, Melanophryniscus 612 curtipes, Rana 632 cuspis, Philautus 521 cyanomma, Plectrohyla 269 cyanosticta, Smilisca 617 cyclada, Plectrohyla 270 cycladen, Bufo 182 Cycloramphus acangatan 314 Cycloramphus brasiliensis 619 Cycloramphus semipalmatus 619 cymbalum, Hypsiboas 252 Cynops ensicauda 600 Cynops orphicus 600 Cynops wolterstorfﬁ 144 cystocandicans, Hyperolius 284 chac, Craugastor 618 chalazodes, Philautus 520 chalcopis, Colostethus 221 chamulae, Duellmanohyla 242 chaneque, Charadrahyla 240 chapaensis, Amolops 628 Chaparana quadranus 628 Chaparana unculuanus 477 charadra, Craugastor 301 Charadrahyla altipotens 240 Charadrahyla chaneque 240 Charadrahyla nephila 241 Charadrahyla taeniopus 241 Charadrahyla trux 241 charadricola, Plectrohyla 268 charazani, Hyloscirtus 249 charius, Philautus 520 charlesdarwini, Rana 501 charlottevillensis, Eleutherodactylus 326 chavin, Bufo 181 Cheat Mountain Salamander 640 cheiroplethus, Craugastor 301 Cheoah Bald Salamander 583 cheoah, Plethodon 583 chevronta, Rana 502 Chiasmocleis carvalhoi 447 chica, Bolitoglossa 556 Chicken, Mountain 401 chichicuahutla, Rana 502 chimalapa, Exerodonta 246 Chimanimani Stream Frog 515 chinensis, Hynobius 550 Chinese Giant Salamander 547 Chinhai Spiny Newt 601 chinhaiensis, Echinotriton 601 chintingensis, Scutiger 441

Chioglossa lusitanica 600 Chiricahua Leopard Frog 502 chiricahuensis, Rana 502 Chirinda Toad 205 chirioi, Wolterstorfﬁna 207 chiriquiensis, Atelopus 163 Chirixalus palpebralis 634 Chirixalus romeri 516 Chiropterotriton cracens 567 Chiropterotriton chondrostega 567 Chiropterotriton dimidiatus 567 Chiropterotriton lavae 568 Chiropterotriton magnipes 568 Chiropterotriton mosaueri 568 Chiropterotriton multidentatus 568 Chiropterotriton orculus 569 Chiropterotriton priscus 638 chirripoi, Hyalinobatrachium 613 Chisholm Trail Salamander 572 chisholmensis, Eurycea 572 chitwanensis, Rana 632 chlorophenax, Eleutherodactylus 327 chlorostea, Hyla 248 chlorosteus, Hyperolius 618 chocoensis, Atelopus 163 chondrostega, Chiropterotriton 567 chosenica, Rana 503 christiani, Gastrotheca 395 chryses, Plectrohyla 269 chrysocorallus, Atelopus 163 chrysogaster, Hyperolius 283 chrysophorus, Atelophryniscus 160 chrysopleura, Plectrohyla 269 chrysops, Eleutherodactylus 327 chrysosticta, Gastrotheca 395 chrysozetetes, Craugastor 138 chuanbeiensis, Oreolalax 438 Churamiti maridadi 194

D dagmarae, Phrynopus 405 daidalea, Cochranella 213 dammermani, Limnonectes 629 Danube Crested Newt 642 darlingtoni, Eleutherodactylus 331 Darwin’s Frog 541 darwinii, Rhinoderma 541 daryi, Craugastor 302 dasi, Adenomus 156 Dasypops schirchi 450 dasypus, Plectrohyla 270 davidianus, Andrias 547 daviesae, Litoria 258 Dayang Newt 600 dayi, Nyctimystes 264 debilis, Isthmohyla 253 decaryi, Mantidactylus 624 deccanensis, Nyctibatrachus 487 decora, Bolitoglossa 557 decoratus, Craugastor 302 decoris, Philautus 521 degener, Eleutherodactylus 331 degener, Telmatobius 413 deinops, Eleutherodactylus 332 Del Norte Salamander 639 delatorreae, Colostethus 222 deloustali, Paramesotriton 605 Dendrobates abditus 227 Dendrobates altobueyensis 228 Dendrobates arboreus 228 Dendrobates azureus 228 Dendrobates bombetes 228 Dendrobates granuliferus 229 Dendrobates lehmanni 229 Dendrobates mysteriosus 229 Dendrobates opisthomelas 229 Dendrobates sirensis 230 Dendrobates speciosus 230 Dendrobates steyermarki 230 Dendrobates sylvaticus 614 Dendrobates viridis 230 Dendrobates virolinensis 231 dendronastes, Gastrotheca 395 dendrophasma, Ptychohyla 276 Dendrophryniscus carvalhoi 194 Dendropsophus amicorum 241 Dendropsophus gryllatus 242 Dendropsophus meridensis 242 Dendropsophus stingi 242 dendroscarta, Bromeliohyla 240 Dendrotriton bromeliacius 570 Dendrotriton cuchumatanus 570 Dendrotriton megarhinus 571 Dendrotriton rabbi 571

749

Dendrotriton sanctibarbarus 571 Dendrotriton xolocalcae 571 dennisi, Eleutherodactylus 332 dentata, Smilisca 279 denticulentus, Hyloscirtus 250 derooi, Conraua 478 Desert Rain Frog 446 Desmognathus abditus 638 Desmognathus aeneus 639 devillei, Eleutherodactylus 332 devincenzii, Melanophryniscus 195 diadematus, Astylosternus 149 diaphonus, Eleutherodactylus 332 diaphora, Bolitoglossa 557 Dicamptodon ensatus 637 dickhilleni, Alytes 237 Didynamipus sjostedti 194 dilatus, Eleutherodactylus 333 dimbullae, Philautus 139 dimidiatus, Chiropterotriton 567 dimidiatus, Eleutherodactylus 619 diminuta, Bolitoglossa 557 diminutivus, Occidozyga 489 dimorphus, Atelopus 164 dintelmanni, Hyperolius 284 diogenes, Eleutherodactylus 333 diplosticta, Indirana 480 discodactylus, Hyperolius 284 Discoglossus jeanneae 615 Discoglossus montalentii 615 Discoglossus nigriventer 137 disgregus, Philautus 521 dissimulatus, Eleutherodactylus 333 diuatus, Limnonectes 482 diurnus, Taudactylus 138 dixoni, Eleutherodactylus 333 djohongensis, Bufo 182 dobrogicus, Triturus 642 doﬂeini, Bolitoglossa 638 dolomedes, Eleutherodactylus 334 dolops, Eleutherodactylus 334 dominicensis, Leptodactylus 401 dorsalis, Melanophryniscus 195 dorsopictus, Eleutherodactylus 334 douglasi, Eleutherodactylus 334 Dring’s Horned Frog 625 dringi, Leptolalax 624 dringi, Xenophrys 625 Du Toit’s Torrent Frog 468 dubitus, Thorius 593 dubois, Philautus 521 duellmani, Eleutherodactylus 335 Duellmanohyla chamulae 242 Duellmanohyla ignicolor 243 Duellmanohyla lythrodes 243 Duellmanohyla ruﬁoculis 243 Duellmanohyla salvavida 243 Duellmanohyla schmidtorum 244 Duellmanohyla soralia 244 Duellmanohyla uranochroa 244 dulitensis, Rhacophorus 635 dumerilii, Ambystoma 545 dunni, Bolitoglossa 557 dunni, Colostethus 222 dunni, Hynobius 550 dunni, Rana 503 duranti, Nephelobates 234 Dusky Gopher Frog 511 dutoiti, Arthroleptides 468 Dwarf Coqui 387 Dyscophus antongilii 626

E Eastern Crested Toad 183 ebenoides, Atelopus 164 Ecnomiohyla echinata 244 Ecnomiohyla ﬁmbrimembra 245 Ecnomiohyla miliaria 245 Ecnomiohyla minera 245 Ecnomiohyla miotympanum 615 Ecnomiohyla phantasmagoria 245 Ecnomiohyla salvaje 246 Ecnomiohyla valancifer 246 ecuatoriana, Phyllomedusa 266 echinata, Ecnomiohyla 244 echinata, Vibrissaphora 443 Echinotriton andersoni 601 Echinotriton chinhaiensis 601 edaphonastes, Telmatobius 413 edwardinae, Megophrys 437 edwardsi, Colostethus 222 eileenae, Eleutherodactylus 619 Elachistocleis erythrogaster 626 elachyhistus, Colostethus 222

750

elassodiscus, Eleutherodactylus 335 elegans, Atelopus 165 elegans, Eleutherodactylus 335 elegans, Mantidactylus 430 Elegant Coqui 336 Eleutherodactylus acerus 314 Eleutherodactylus acmonis 314 Eleutherodactylus actinolaimus 315 Eleutherodactylus actites 315 Eleutherodactylus acutirostris 315 Eleutherodactylus adelus 315 Eleutherodactylus afﬁnis 316 Eleutherodactylus alalocophus 619 Eleutherodactylus albericoi 316 Eleutherodactylus albipes 316 Eleutherodactylus alcoae 316 Eleutherodactylus altae 317 Eleutherodactylus alticola 317 Eleutherodactylus amadeus 317 Eleutherodactylus amplinympha 317 Eleutherodactylus andrewsi 318 Eleutherodactylus angustidigitorum 318 Eleutherodactylus angustilineata 318 Eleutherodactylus anolirex 619 Eleutherodactylus apostates 318 Eleutherodactylus armstrongi 319 Eleutherodactylus ashkapara 319 Eleutherodactylus atratus 319 Eleutherodactylus audanti 319 Eleutherodactylus auriculatoides 320 Eleutherodactylus bacchus 320 Eleutherodactylus bakeri 320 Eleutherodactylus balionotus 320 Eleutherodactylus barlagnei 321 Eleutherodactylus bartonsmithi 321 Eleutherodactylus baryecuus 321 Eleutherodactylus bellona 321 Eleutherodactylus bernali 322 Eleutherodactylus bicolor 322 Eleutherodactylus bicumulus 322 Eleutherodactylus bisignatus 322 Eleutherodactylus blairhedgesi 323 Eleutherodactylus boconoensis 323 Eleutherodactylus bresslerae 323 Eleutherodactylus brevirostris 323 Eleutherodactylus briceni 324 Eleutherodactylus bromeliaceus 324 Eleutherodactylus cabrerai 324 Eleutherodactylus cacao 324 Eleutherodactylus calcaratus 325 Eleutherodactylus calcarulatus 325 Eleutherodactylus capitonis 325 Eleutherodactylus caribe 325 Eleutherodactylus casparii 326 Eleutherodactylus cavernicola 326 Eleutherodactylus celator 619 Eleutherodactylus ceuthospilus 326 Eleutherodactylus colodactylus 327 Eleutherodactylus colomai 327 Eleutherodactylus colostichos 328 Eleutherodactylus condor 328 Eleutherodactylus cooki 328 Eleutherodactylus cornutus 328 Eleutherodactylus corona 329 Eleutherodactylus cosnipatae 329 Eleutherodactylus counouspeus 329 Eleutherodactylus cremnobates 329 Eleutherodactylus crenunguis 330 Eleutherodactylus crucifer 330 Eleutherodactylus cryophilius 330 Eleutherodactylus cryptomelas 330 Eleutherodactylus cubanus 331 Eleutherodactylus cundalli 331 Eleutherodactylus charlottevillensis 326 Eleutherodactylus chlorophenax 327 Eleutherodactylus chrysops 327 Eleutherodactylus darlingtoni 331 Eleutherodactylus degener 331 Eleutherodactylus deinops 332 Eleutherodactylus dennisi 332 Eleutherodactylus devillei 332 Eleutherodactylus diaphonus 332 Eleutherodactylus dilatus 333 Eleutherodactylus dimidiatus 619 Eleutherodactylus diogenes 333 Eleutherodactylus dissimulatus 333 Eleutherodactylus dixoni 333 Eleutherodactylus dolomedes 334 Eleutherodactylus dolops 334 Eleutherodactylus dorsopictus 334 Eleutherodactylus douglasi 334 Eleutherodactylus duellmani 335 Eleutherodactylus eileenae 619 Eleutherodactylus elassodiscus 335 Eleutherodactylus elegans 335 Eleutherodactylus emiliae 335

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Eleutherodactylus emleni 336 Eleutherodactylus eneidae 336 Eleutherodactylus epipedus 620 Eleutherodactylus eremitus 336 Eleutherodactylus eriphus 336 Eleutherodactylus ernesti 337 Eleutherodactylus etheridgei 337 Eleutherodactylus eugeniae 337 Eleutherodactylus eunaster 337 Eleutherodactylus euphronides 338 Eleutherodactylus fallax 338 Eleutherodactylus fetosus 338 Eleutherodactylus ﬂavescens 620 Eleutherodactylus ﬂoridus 338 Eleutherodactylus fowleri 339 Eleutherodactylus frater 339 Eleutherodactylus furcyensis 339 Eleutherodactylus fuscus 339 Eleutherodactylus galdi 620 Eleutherodactylus gentryi 340 Eleutherodactylus ginesi 340 Eleutherodactylus gladiator 340 Eleutherodactylus glamyrus 340 Eleutherodactylus glandulifer 341 Eleutherodactylus glanduliferoides 341 Eleutherodactylus glandulosus 341 Eleutherodactylus glaphycompus 341 Eleutherodactylus glaucoreius 620 Eleutherodactylus goini 342 Eleutherodactylus grabhami 342 Eleutherodactylus gracilis 342 Eleutherodactylus grahami 342 Eleutherodactylus grandis 343 Eleutherodactylus greyi 343 Eleutherodactylus griphus 343 Eleutherodactylus gryllus 343 Eleutherodactylus guanahacabibes 344 Eleutherodactylus guantanamera 344 Eleutherodactylus gundlachi 344 Eleutherodactylus haitianus 344 Eleutherodactylus hamiotae 345 Eleutherodactylus hedricki 345 Eleutherodactylus helonotus 345 Eleutherodactylus helvolus 345 Eleutherodactylus heminota 346 Eleutherodactylus hernandezi 346 Eleutherodactylus hybotragus 346 Eleutherodactylus hylaeformis 620 Eleutherodactylus hypostenor 346 Eleutherodactylus iberia 347 Eleutherodactylus ignicolor 347 Eleutherodactylus illotus 620 Eleutherodactylus incanus 347 Eleutherodactylus incomptus 347 Eleutherodactylus ingeri 348 Eleutherodactylus insignitus 348 Eleutherodactylus intermedius 348 Eleutherodactylus inusitatus 348 Eleutherodactylus ionthus 349 Eleutherodactylus jamaicensis 349 Eleutherodactylus jasperi 349 Eleutherodactylus jaumei 349 Eleutherodactylus johannesdei 350 Eleutherodactylus jorgevelosai 350 Eleutherodactylus juanchoi 620 Eleutherodactylus jugans 350 Eleutherodactylus junori 350 Eleutherodactylus kareliae 620 Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti 351 Eleutherodactylus katoptroides 351 Eleutherodactylus kelephas 351 Eleutherodactylus klinikowskii 351 Eleutherodactylus laevissimus 352 Eleutherodactylus lamprotes 352 Eleutherodactylus lancinii 352 Eleutherodactylus lasalleorum 352 Eleutherodactylus latens 353 Eleutherodactylus leberi 353 Eleutherodactylus lemur 353 Eleutherodactylus lentus 353 Eleutherodactylus leoncei 354 Eleutherodactylus leprus 354 Eleutherodactylus lichenoides 354 Eleutherodactylus limbatus 354 Eleutherodactylus lividus 355 Eleutherodactylus locustus 355 Eleutherodactylus longipes 355 Eleutherodactylus loustes 355 Eleutherodactylus lucioi 356 Eleutherodactylus luteolateralis 620 Eleutherodactylus luteolus 356 Eleutherodactylus maculosus 356 Eleutherodactylus manezinho 620 Eleutherodactylus marahuaka 356 Eleutherodactylus mariposa 357 Eleutherodactylus mars 357

Eleutherodactylus martinicensis 620 Eleutherodactylus megalops 620 Eleutherodactylus melacara 357 Eleutherodactylus merostictus 357 Eleutherodactylus minutus 358 Eleutherodactylus miyatai 620 Eleutherodactylus mnionaetes 358 Eleutherodactylus modestus 358 Eleutherodactylus modipeplus 358 Eleutherodactylus molybrignus 620 Eleutherodactylus monensis 359 Eleutherodactylus montanus 359 Eleutherodactylus muricatus 359 Eleutherodactylus museosus 359 Eleutherodactylus necopinus 360 Eleutherodactylus nephophilus 360 Eleutherodactylus nigrogriseus 360 Eleutherodactylus nivicolimae 360 Eleutherodactylus nortoni 361 Eleutherodactylus nubicola 361 Eleutherodactylus nyctophylax 361 Eleutherodactylus ocreatus 361 Eleutherodactylus oeus 621 Eleutherodactylus olanchano 362 Eleutherodactylus orcutti 362 Eleutherodactylus orestes 362 Eleutherodactylus orientalis 362 Eleutherodactylus ornatissimus 363 Eleutherodactylus orpacobates 363 Eleutherodactylus oxyrhyncus 363 Eleutherodactylus pantoni 621 Eleutherodactylus parabates 363 Eleutherodactylus paramerus 364 Eleutherodactylus parapelates 364 Eleutherodactylus pardalis 364 Eleutherodactylus parectatus 364 Eleutherodactylus pastazensis 365 Eleutherodactylus pataikos 365 Eleutherodactylus patriciae 365 Eleutherodactylus paulsoni 365 Eleutherodactylus pechorum 366 Eleutherodactylus penelopus 366 Eleutherodactylus pentasyringos 366 Eleutherodactylus percnopterus 621 Eleutherodactylus percultus 366 Eleutherodactylus petersorum 367 Eleutherodactylus pezopetrus 367 Eleutherodactylus phalarus 367 Eleutherodactylus phragmipleuron 367 Eleutherodactylus pictissimus 368 Eleutherodactylus pinarensis 368 Eleutherodactylus pinchoni 368 Eleutherodactylus pituinus 368 Eleutherodactylus platychilus 369 Eleutherodactylus polemistes 369 Eleutherodactylus polychrus 369 Eleutherodactylus poolei 369 Eleutherodactylus portoricensis 370 Eleutherodactylus principalis 370 Eleutherodactylus probolaeus 370 Eleutherodactylus prolatus 370 Eleutherodactylus proserpens 371 Eleutherodactylus pteridophilus 371 Eleutherodactylus pugnax 371 Eleutherodactylus pycnodermis 371 Eleutherodactylus pyrrhomerus 372 Eleutherodactylus quantus 372 Eleutherodactylus quinquagesimus 372 Eleutherodactylus renjiforum 372 Eleutherodactylus repens 373 Eleutherodactylus rhodesi 373 Eleutherodactylus rhodoplichus 373 Eleutherodactylus rhodostichus 373 Eleutherodactylus ricordii 374 Eleutherodactylus richmondi 374 Eleutherodactylus riveti 621 Eleutherodactylus rivularis 374 Eleutherodactylus rivulus 374 Eleutherodactylus ronaldi 375 Eleutherodactylus rosadoi 375 Eleutherodactylus roseus 621 Eleutherodactylus rubicundus 375 Eleutherodactylus rubrimaculatus 375 Eleutherodactylus ruedai 376 Eleutherodactylus rufescens 376 Eleutherodactylus ruﬁfemoralis 376 Eleutherodactylus ruizi 376 Eleutherodactylus ruthae 377 Eleutherodactylus ruthveni 377 Eleutherodactylus sanctaemartae 621 Eleutherodactylus sandersoni 377 Eleutherodactylus sanguineus 621 Eleutherodactylus satagius 377 Eleutherodactylus savagei 621 Eleutherodactylus saxatilis 378 Eleutherodactylus sciagraphus 379

Eleutherodactylus scoloblepharus 379 Eleutherodactylus scolodiscus 379 Eleutherodactylus schmidti 378 Eleutherodactylus schultei 378 Eleutherodactylus schwartzi 378 Eleutherodactylus semipalmatus 379 Eleutherodactylus serendipitus 380 Eleutherodactylus shrevei 380 Eleutherodactylus signifer 380 Eleutherodactylus silverstonei 621 Eleutherodactylus simonbolivari 380 Eleutherodactylus simoteriscus 381 Eleutherodactylus simoterus 621 Eleutherodactylus simulans 381 Eleutherodactylus siopelus 381 Eleutherodactylus sisyphodemus 381 Eleutherodactylus sobetes 382 Eleutherodactylus spilogaster 382 Eleutherodactylus spinosus 621 Eleutherodactylus suetus 382 Eleutherodactylus sulculus 382 Eleutherodactylus supernatis 383 Eleutherodactylus surdus 383 Eleutherodactylus symingtoni 383 Eleutherodactylus syristes 383 Eleutherodactylus tamsitti 621 Eleutherodactylus tayrona 622 Eleutherodactylus tenebrionis 384 Eleutherodactylus tetajulia 384 Eleutherodactylus thomasi 384 Eleutherodactylus thorectes 384 Eleutherodactylus thymalopsoides 385 Eleutherodactylus toa 385 Eleutherodactylus tonyi 385 Eleutherodactylus torrenticola 385 Eleutherodactylus trepidotus 386 Eleutherodactylus tribulosus 386 Eleutherodactylus truebae 386 Eleutherodactylus turpinorum 386 Eleutherodactylus turquinensis 387 Eleutherodactylus turumiquirensis 387 Eleutherodactylus unicolor 387 Eleutherodactylus urichi 387 Eleutherodactylus vanadise 622 Eleutherodactylus varians 388 Eleutherodactylus veletis 388 Eleutherodactylus ventrilineatus 388 Eleutherodactylus verecundus 388 Eleutherodactylus verrucipes 389 Eleutherodactylus versicolor 389 Eleutherodactylus vertebralis 389 Eleutherodactylus vicarius 622 Eleutherodactylus vidua 389 Eleutherodactylus viridicans 390 Eleutherodactylus viridis 622 Eleutherodactylus vulcani 390 Eleutherodactylus warreni 390 Eleutherodactylus wetmorei 390 Eleutherodactylus wightmanae 391 Eleutherodactylus xylochobates 391 Eleutherodactylus zeus 391 Eleutherodactylus zongoensis 391 Eleutherodactylus zophus 392 Eleutherodactylus zugi 392 elongatus, Plethodon 639 emcelae, Craugastor 302 emiliae, Eleutherodactylus 335 emleni, Eleutherodactylus 336 empusus, Bufo 182 endjami, Hyperolius 284 eneidae, Eleutherodactylus 336 engelhardti, Bolitoglossa 558 ensatus, Dicamptodon 637 enseticola, Afrixalus 280 ensicauda, Cynops 600 epeirotica, Rana 503 ephemera, Plectrohyla 270 Epipedobates anthonyi 614 Epipedobates bassleri 614 Epipedobates cainarachi 231 Epipedobates ingeri 231 Epipedobates planipaleae 231 Epipedobates tricolor 232 epipedus, Eleutherodactylus 620 Epirus Water Frog 503 epochthidius, Craugastor 302 eques, Polypedates 536 ercepeae, Paa 630 eremitus, Eleutherodactylus 336 Ericabatrachus baleensis 469 eriphus, Eleutherodactylus 336 erlangeri, Ptychadena 631 ernesti, Eleutherodactylus 337 erythrogaster, Elachistocleis 626 erythrogaster, Leptodactylodon 152 erythromma, Ptychohyla 276

erythrophthalmus, Philautus 522 erythropus, Atelopus 165 escoces, Craugastor 303 esmeralda, Hyalinobatrachium 218 espeletia, Gastrotheca 395 etheridgei, Eleutherodactylus 337 Ethiopian Banana Frog 280 eugeniae, Eleutherodactylus 337 eugenioi, Aplastodiscus 615 eunaster, Eleutherodactylus 337 Eungella Torrent Frog 465 eungellensis, Taudactylus 465 Euparkerella robusta 392 Euparkerella tridactyla 392 euphorbiacea, Hyla 616 euphronides, Eleutherodactylus 338 Euproctus asper 641 Euproctus platycephalus 601 Eupsophus contulmoensis 393 Eupsophus insularis 393 Eupsophus migueli 393 Eupsophus nahuelbutensis 393 Eupsophus roseus 622 Eupsophus vertebralis 622 Eurycea chisholmensis 572 Eurycea junaluska 572 Eurycea latitans 572 Eurycea nana 572 Eurycea naufragia 573 Eurycea neotenes 573 Eurycea rathbuni 573 Eurycea sosorum 574 Eurycea tonkawae 574 Eurycea tridentifera 574 Eurycea tynerensis 639 Eurycea waterlooensis 574 eusebianus, Atelopus 165 euthysanota, Ptychohyla 617 everetti, Rhacophorus 635 excubitor, Gastrotheca 396 exechopygus, Rhacophorus 539 Exerodonta catracha 246 Exerodonta chimalapa 246 Exerodonta juanitae 247 Exerodonta melanomma 247 Exerodonta perkinsi 247 Exerodonta pinorum 247 Exerodonta xera 248 exiguus, Atelopus 165 exiguus, Cophixalus 625 exilispinosa, Paa 490 eximius, Philautus 139 expectata, Mantella 427 exquisita, Plectrohyla 270 exspectata, Pseudoeurycea 587 exsul, Bufo 183 extirpo, Philautus 139

F fallax, Astylosternus 149 fallax, Eleutherodactylus 338 fallax, Leptodactylus 401 famelicus, Atelopus 166 Fanged River Frog 483 farci, Atelopus 166 fascianiger, Colostethus 613 fasciatus, Hemiphractus 622 fasciatus, Rhacophorus 540 fasciculispina, Paa 490 fastidiosus, Bufo 183 fastigo, Polypedates 537 fazilae, Lyciasalamandra 602 fecundus, Craugastor 303 Fejervarya greenii 478 Fejervarya murthii 479 Fejervarya nilagirica 479 femoralis, Philautus 522 fernandoi, Centrolene 208 ferreus, Aneides 637 festae, Rhamphophryne 612 fetosus, Eleutherodactylus 338 Fiji Ground Frog 499 Fiji Treefrog 630 fimbriata, Phrynomedusa 137 fimbrimembra, Ecnomiohyla 245 firscheini, Pseudoeurycea 587 fisheri, Rana 139 fitzgeraldi, Flectonotus 394 fitzroya, Batrachyla 297 flammocaerulea, Spicospina 464 Flatwoods Salamander 544 flavescens, Atelopus 166 flavescens, Eleutherodactylus 620 flavimembris, Bolitoglossa 558

Index of Extinct, Threatened and Near Threatened species accounts

flavimembris, Lyciasalamandra 603 flavipunctatus, Aneides 637 flaviventris, Bolitoglossa 638 flavomaculatus, Phrynopus 405 flavomaculatus, Ranodon 553 flavus, Speleomantes 592 Fleay’s Barred-frog 422 fleayi, Mixophyes 422 Flectonotus fitzgeraldi 394 fleischmanni, Craugastor 303 Florida Bog Frog 509 floridus, Eleutherodactylus 338 fluviaticus, Bufo 183 folicola, Philautus 522 Forest Rain Frog 446 formosanus, Hynobius 550 fortinuptialis, Bombina 155 Fourche Mountain Salamander 583 fourchensis, Plethodon 583 Four-eyed Frog 623 fowleri, Eleutherodactylus 339 fractus, Bufo 183 fragile, Hyalinobatrachium 219 fragilis, Limnonectes 482 francei, Arthroleptis 146 franciscus, Atelopus 166 frankenbergi, Philautus 522 franklini, Bolitoglossa 558 frater, Eleutherodactylus 339 fraterdanieli, Colostethus 613 French Cave Salamander 641 Freycinet’s Frog 258 freycineti, Litoria 258 Frog, Albanian Water 511 Frog, Amami Tip-nosed 500 Frog, Andean Poison 229 Frog, Archey’s 292 Frog, Armoured 258 Frog, Baw Baw 423 Frog, Bicol Narrow-mouthed 626 Frog, Black-legged Poison 614 Frog, Black-spotted Pond 633 Frog, Bloody Bay Poison 233 Frog, Blue Poison 228 Frog, Blyth’s River 629 Frog, Booroolong 256 Frog, Bornean Flat-headed 155 Frog, Broadley’s Ridged 500 Frog, Buzzing 625 Frog, Cainarachi Poison 231 Frog, Cascades 632 Frog, Cauca Poison 228 Frog, Common Mist 261 Frog, Corroboree 463 Frog, Corsican Painted 615 Frog, Crawfish 631 Frog, Cretan 503 Frog, Chimanimani Stream 515 Frog, Chiricahua Leopard 502 Frog, Darwin’s 541 Frog, Desert Rain 446 Frog, Dring’s Horned 625 Frog, Du Toit’s Torrent 468 Frog, Dusky Gopher 511 Frog, Epirus Water 503 Frog, Ethiopian Banana 280 Frog, Eungella Torrent 465 Frog, Fanged River 483 Frog, Fiji Ground 499 Frog, Florida Bog 509 Frog, Forest Rain 446 Frog, Four-eyed 623 Frog, Freycinet’s 258 Frog, Giant Burrowing 421 Frog, Giant Rain 446 Frog, Glandular 262 Frog, Golden Poison 236 Frog, Golfodulcean Poison 236 Frog, Goliath 478 Frog, Gopher 631 Frog, Granular Poison 229 Frog, Green and Golden Bell 256 Frog, Green Bromeliad 265 Frog, Green Poison 230 Frog, Green-thighed 257 Frog, Guerreran Leopard 509 Frog, Hamilton’s 292 Frog, Harlequin 177 Frog, Hewitt’s Ghost 237 Frog, Hispaniolan Ditch 401 Frog, Hochstetter’s 293 Frog, Hogsback 467 Frog, Holst’s 504 Frog, Hosmer’s 448 Frog, Hula Painted 137 Frog, Iberian 632

Frog, Indian Flying 499 Frog, Inyangani River 474 Frog, Ishikawa’s 504 Frog, Italian Agile 506 Frog, Jamaican Snoring 264 Frog, Javan Torrent 479 Frog, Johnston’s River 474 Frog, Kalinga Narrowmouth 452 Frog, Karpathos 501 Frog, Kinabalu Horned 625 Frog, Knysna Banana 280 Frog, Kobayashi’s Horned 625 Frog, Kokoe Poison 614 Frog, Kroombit Tinker 466 Frog, Lake Oku Clawed 474 Frog, Landdros Moss 627 Frog, Las Vegas Leopard 139 Frog, Lehmann’s Poison 229 Frog, Liem’s Tinker 627 Frog, Lightfoot’s Moss 627 Frog, Loveridge’s 424 Frog, Luzon Fanged 629 Frog, Luzon Narrow-mouthed 452 Frog, Malesian 629 Frog, Marañón Poison 229 Frog, Martinique Volcano 221 Frog, Maud Island 293 Frog, Mcdonald’s 448 Frog, Mindanao Fanged 629 Frog, Mindanao Horned 438 Frog, Mount Glorious Torrent 138 Frog, Mountain 424 Frog, Mountain Yellow-legged 508 Frog, Namaqua Stream 516 Frog, Natal Banana 281 Frog, Neglected 449 Frog, Ngoni Moss 468 Frog, Northern 489 Frog, Northern Corroboree 464 Frog, Northern Gastric-brooding 143 Frog, Northern Tinker 466 Frog, Olongburra 259 Frog, Orange-bellied 462 Frog, Oregon Spotted 510 Frog, Ornate Horned 618 Frog, Oxapampa Poison 231 Frog, Paciﬁc Horned 297 Frog, Palawan Horned 438 Frog, Panamanian Golden 178 Frog, Philippine Flat-headed 154 Frog, Pickersgill’s Reed 287 Frog, Piping Peeping 383 Frog, Pleasing Poison 614 Frog, Polkadot Poison 228 Frog, Pyrenean 510 Frog, Ramsey Canyon Leopard 512 Frog, Rancho Grande Harlequin 164 Frog, Rattling 625 Frog, Red-legged 631 Frog, Relict Leopard 509 Frog, Rock 449 Frog, Rough Horned 437 Frog, Ryukyu Brown 509 Frog, Ryukyu Tip-nosed 508 Frog, Scanty 625 Frog, Seep 630 Frog, Seychelles Palm 542 Frog, Sharp Snouted Day 465 Frog, Skunk 220 Frog, Small-headed 489 Frog, Southern Bell 260 Frog, Southern Gastric Brooding 143 Frog, Spanish Painted 615 Frog, Sphagnum 425 Frog, Splendid Poison 230 Frog, Stuttering 422 Frog, Sunset 464 Frog, Table Mountain Ghost 238 Frog, Tamá Harlequin 177 Frog, Tarahumara 513 Frog, Tlaloc’s Leopard 514 Frog, Tomato 626 Frog, Transverse Volcanic Leopard 633 Frog, Tusked 623 Frog, Uluguru Blue-bellied 450 Frog, Usambara Blue-bellied 450 Frog, Usambara Torrent 468 Frog, Venezuelan Yellow 162 Frog, Volcano Clawed 628 Frog, Wager’s Stream 634 Frog, Walpole 627 Frog, White-bellied 462 Frog, Yaeyama Harpist 510 Frog, Yellow Bromeliad 265 Frog, Yellow-throated 234 Froglet, Tinkling 462

frontalis, Hyperolius 285 frosti, Philoria 423 fuhrmanni, Cryptobatrachus 313 fuliginea, Ansonia 157 fulvus, Philautus 523 furcyensis, Eleutherodactylus 339 fuscus, Eleutherodactylus 339 fuscus, Micrixalus 630 fuzhongensis, Paramesotriton 605

G gadgili, Micrixalus 485 gadovii, Pseudoeurycea 587 galactogaster, Atelopus 167 galdi, Eleutherodactylus 620 galeanae, Pseudoeurycea 640 gallardoi, Bufo 184 gamezi, Nototriton 578 garciae, Cochranella 213 gardineri, Sooglossus 542 garo, Philautus 523 Gastrophrynoides borneensis 450 Gastrotheca andaquiensis 622 Gastrotheca angustifrons 394 Gastrotheca antomia 394 Gastrotheca aureomaculata 622 Gastrotheca bufona 394 Gastrotheca christiani 395 Gastrotheca chrysosticta 395 Gastrotheca dendronastes 395 Gastrotheca espeletia 395 Gastrotheca excubitor 396 Gastrotheca gracilis 396 Gastrotheca guentheri 396 Gastrotheca lauzuricae 396 Gastrotheca litonedis 397 Gastrotheca orophylax 397 Gastrotheca ovifera 397 Gastrotheca plumbea 397 Gastrotheca pseustes 398 Gastrotheca psychrophila 398 Gastrotheca riobambae 398 Gastrotheca ruizi 398 Gastrotheca splendens 399 Gastrotheca stictopleura 399 Gastrotheca trachyceps 399 Gastrotheca zeugocystis 399 gauni, Rhacophorus 635 geckoideum, Centrolene 209 gemmatum, Centrolene 209 gemmifer, Bufo 184 Gene’s Cave Salamander 592 genei, Speleomantes 592 gentryi, Eleutherodactylus 340 Geobatrachus walkeri 400 Geocrinia alba 462 Geocrinia lutea 627 Geocrinia vitellina 462 Georgia Blind Salamander 575 gephyra, Oedipina 580 ghanensis, Phrynobatrachus 471 Giant Barred-frog 423 Giant Burrowing Frog 421 Giant Rain Frog 446 gibbosus, Breviceps 446 gigantea, Pseudoeurycea 588 giganticus, Xenophrys 444 gigas, Telmatobius 413 gilli, Xenopus 474 ginesi, Eleutherodactylus 340 gladiator, Eleutherodactylus 340 glamyrus, Eleutherodactylus 340 Glandular Frog 262 glandulifer, Eleutherodactylus 341 glanduliferoides, Eleutherodactylus 341 glandulosa, Plectrohyla 271 glandulosus, Eleutherodactylus 341 glandulosus, Philautus 523 glaphycompus, Eleutherodactylus 341 glaucoreius, Eleutherodactylus 620 glaucus, Craugastor 303 Glyphoglossus molossus 626 glyphus, Atelopus 167 godmani, Tlalocohyla 280 goebeli, Pseudoeurycea 588 goini, Eleutherodactylus 342 Golden Coqui 349 Golden Mantella 426 Golden Poison Frog 236 Golden Toad 137 Golden-striped Salamander 600 Golfodulcean Poison Frog 236 Goliath Frog 478 goliath, Conraua 478

gongshanensis, Polypedates 635 gongshanensis, Scutiger 441 Gopher Frog 631 gorganensis, Batrachuperus 547 gottlebei, Scaphiophryne 461 grabhami, Eleutherodactylus 342 graceae, Isthmohyla 254 gracilis, Bolitoglossa 558 gracilis, Eleutherodactylus 342 gracilis, Gastrotheca 396 gracilis, Leptolalax 625 gracilis, Oedipina 580 graﬁ, Rana 632 grahami, Eleutherodactylus 342 grahami, Rana 632 graminirupes, Philautus 523 grandis, Eleutherodactylus 343 grandis, Oedipina 580 grandis, Thorius 594 Grandisonia brevis 608 Granular Poison Frog 229 Granular Salamander 545 granuliferus, Dendrobates 229 granulosum, Ambystoma 545 granulosus, Oreolalax 438 Great Piebald Horned Toad 444 Green and Golden Bell Frog 256 Green and Red Venter Harlequin Toad 173 Green Bromeliad Frog 265 Green Coqui 343 Green Mantella 429 Green Poison Frog 230 Green Salamander 637 greenii, Fejervarya 478 Green-thighed Frog 257 greggi, Craugastor 304 greyi, Eleutherodactylus 343 griet, Philautus 524 grifﬁthsi, Cochranella 214 griphus, Eleutherodactylus 343 gryllatus, Dendropsophus 242 gryllus, Eleutherodactylus 343 Guacamayo Plump Toad 201 guacamayo, Osornophryne 201 guairarepanensis, Hyalinobatrachium 219 guanacaste, Nototriton 578 guanahacabibes, Eleutherodactylus 344 Guangxi Warty Newt 605 guantanamera, Eleutherodactylus 344 guanujo, Atelopus 167 guanxiensis, Paramesotriton 605 guaramacalensis, Bolitoglossa 559 guatemalensis, Plectrohyla 271 guentheri, Bufo 184 guentheri, Gastrotheca 396 guentheri, Pelophryne 202 guentheri, Platymantis 494 guentherii, Nannophrys 138 guentherpetersi, Plethodontohyla 457 Guerreran Leopard Frog 509 guerreroensis, Craugastor 304 guibei, Ansonia 157 guibei, Mantidactylus 430 guineensis, Phrynobatrachus 628 guitarraensis, Atelopus 167 gulolineatus, Gyrinophilus 575 gulosus, Craugastor 304 gundia, Indirana 480 gundlachi, Bufo 184 gundlachi, Eleutherodactylus 344 gunungense, Leptobrachium 435 gunungensis, Philautus 524 guttatus, Hemisus 238 Gyrinophilus gulolineatus 575 Gyrinophilus palleucus 575 Gyrinophilus subterraneus 575

H haematopus, Boophis 426 Haideotriton wallacei 575 Hainan Knobby Newt 607 hainanense, Leptobrachium 436 hainanensis, Amolops 475 hainanensis, Rana 504 hainanensis, Tylototriton 607 haitianus, Eleutherodactylus 344 Hakuba Salamander 551 halihelos, Atelopus 168 halyi, Philautus 140 hallidayi, Philautus 524 hamidi, Leptolalax 436 Hamilton’s Frog 292

751

hamiltoni, Leiopelma 292 hamiotae, Eleutherodactylus 345 hammondii, Spea 636 hanitschi, Ansonia 610 Haraldmeier’s Mantella 428 haraldmeieri, Mantella 428 Harlequin Frog 177 harrissoni, Rhacophorus 635 hartwegi, Bolitoglossa 638 hartwegi, Plectrohyla 271 hauthali, Telmatobius 413 haydeeae, Nephelobates 235 hazelae, Platymantis 494 hazelae, Plectrohyla 271 hedricki, Eleutherodactylus 345 heilprini, Hypsiboas 253 heimorum, Phrynopus 405 heinrichi, Limnonectes 482 heiroreias, Bolitoglossa 559 Heleioporus australiacus 421 helenae, Stumpfﬁa 461 Heleophryne hewitti 237 Heleophryne rosei 238 helmrichi, Bolitoglossa 638 heloderma, Centrolene 209 helonotus, Eleutherodactylus 345 helverseni, Lyciasalamandra 603 helvolus, Eleutherodactylus 345 Hellbender 636 heminota, Eleutherodactylus 346 Hemiphractus bubalus 622 Hemiphractus fasciatus 622 Hemiphractus johnsoni 400 Hemisus guttatus 238 herminae, Mannophryne 614 hernandezi, Eleutherodactylus 346 Herveo Plump Toad 201 hesperium, Centrolene 209 Heterixalus carbonei 617 Heterixalus rutenbergi 617 Hewitt’s Ghost Frog 237 hewitti, Heleophryne 237 hidamontanus, Hynobius 551 hiemalis, Bolitoglossa 559 hillmani, Balebreviceps 446 Hispaniolan Crestless Toad 183 Hispaniolan Ditch Frog 401 Hispaniolan Giant Treefrog 265 Hispaniolan Yellow Treefrog 265 hobartsmithi, Craugastor 304 hockingi, Telmatobius 414 Hochstetter’s Frog 293 hochstetteri, Leiopelma 293 hoffmanni, Philautus 524 Hogsback Frog 467 Hokuriku Salamander 552 holdridgei, Bufo 185 Holoaden bradei 400 Holst’s Frog 504 holsti, Rana 504 Holy-mountain Salamander 559 Hong Kong Warty Newt 642 hongkongensis, Amolops 628 hongkongensis, Paramesotriton 642 Hoplophryne rogersi 450 Hoplophryne uluguruensis 450 horridus, Mantidactylus 430 horstockii, Hyperolius 285 horstpauli, Phrynopus 405 hosii, Philautus 634 Hosmer’s Frog 448 hosmeri, Cophixalus 448 Houston Toad 185 houstonensis, Bufo 185 howelli, Stephopaedes 205 huayra, Telmatobius 414 huberi, Oreophrynella 199 hubrichti, Phaeognathus 582 hubrichti, Plethodon 583 Huia masonii 479 Hula Painted Frog 137 humayuni, Nyctibatrachus 488 humilis, Colostethus 223 hussaini, Nyctibatrachus 488 Hyalinobatrachium antisthenesi 218 Hyalinobatrachium aureoguttatum 613 Hyalinobatrachium cardiacalyptum 218 Hyalinobatrachium crybetes 218 Hyalinobatrachium chirripoi 613 Hyalinobatrachium esmeralda 218 Hyalinobatrachium fragile 219 Hyalinobatrachium guairarepanensis 219 Hyalinobatrachium ibama 219 Hyalinobatrachium orientale 219 Hyalinobatrachium pallidum 220

752

Hyalinobatrachium pellucidum 220 Hyalinobatrachium revocatum 220 Hyalinobatrachium vireovittatum 613 hybotragus, Eleutherodactylus 346 Hydromantes brunus 576 Hydromantes shastae 576 Hyla andersonii 615 Hyla bocourti 248 Hyla chlorostea 248 Hyla euphorbiacea 616 Hyla walkeri 248 hylaeformis, Eleutherodactylus 620 Hylomantis lemur 249 Hyloscirtus alytolylax 616 Hyloscirtus bogotensis 616 Hyloscirtus callipeza 616 Hyloscirtus colymba 249 Hyloscirtus charazani 249 Hyloscirtus denticulentus 250 Hyloscirtus jahni 616 Hyloscirtus larinopygion 616 Hyloscirtus lindae 250 Hyloscirtus lynchi 250 Hyloscirtus pantostictus 250 Hyloscirtus piceigularis 251 Hyloscirtus platydactylus 251 Hyloscirtus psarolaimus 251 Hyloscirtus ptychodactylus 251 Hyloscirtus simmonsi 252 Hyloscirtus staufferorum 252 Hyloscirtus torrenticola 252 Hynobius abei 549 Hynobius amjiensis 549 Hynobius arisanensis 549 Hynobius boulengeri 550 Hynobius chinensis 550 Hynobius dunni 550 Hynobius formosanus 550 Hynobius hidamontanus 551 Hynobius okiensis 551 Hynobius sonani 551 Hynobius stejnegeri 551 Hynobius takedai 552 Hynobius tokyoensis 552 Hynobius yiwuensis 552 Hynobius yunanicus 552 hypacra, Bolitoglossa 559 Hyperolius acutirostris 617 Hyperolius ademetzi 617 Hyperolius bobirensis 283 Hyperolius bopeleti 617 Hyperolius castaneus 283 Hyperolius cystocandicans 284 Hyperolius chlorosteus 618 Hyperolius chrysogaster 283 Hyperolius dintelmanni 284 Hyperolius discodactylus 284 Hyperolius endjami 284 Hyperolius frontalis 285 Hyperolius horstockii 285 Hyperolius kihangensis 285 Hyperolius laurenti 285 Hyperolius leleupi 286 Hyperolius leucotaenius 286 Hyperolius minutissimus 286 Hyperolius nienokouensis 286 Hyperolius nimbae 287 Hyperolius pickersgilli 287 Hyperolius polystictus 287 Hyperolius riggenbachi 287 Hyperolius rubrovermiculatus 288 Hyperolius tannerorum 288 Hyperolius thomensis 288 Hyperolius torrentis 288 Hyperolius viridigulosus 289 Hyperolius wermuthi 618 Hyperolius zonatus 618 hypomelas, Bufo 611 hypomelas, Philautus 140 hypomykter, Ptychohyla 277 Hypopachus barberi 451 hypostenor, Eleutherodactylus 346 hypselocephalus, Telmatobius 414 Hypsiboas alboniger 616 Hypsiboas cipoensis 616 Hypsiboas cymbalum 252 Hypsiboas heilprini 253

I iatamasi, Phrynopus 406 ibama, Hyalinobatrachium 219 ibanorum, Limnonectes 629 ibarrai, Bufo 185 iberia, Eleutherodactylus 347

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Iberian Frog 632 Iberian Midwife Toad 614 iberica, Rana 632 iboundji, Werneria 206 Ichthyophis orthoplicatus 608 Ichthyophis pseudangularis 608 ignavus, Telmatobius 414 ignescens, Atelopus 136 ignicolor, Duellmanohyla 243 ignicolor, Eleutherodactylus 347 ignota, Cochranella 612 igorota, Rana 504 illotus, Eleutherodactylus 620 Imperial Cave Salamander 641 imperialis, Speleomantes 641 inachus, Craugastor 305 incanus, Eleutherodactylus 347 incomptus, Eleutherodactylus 347 indeprensus, Platymantis 494 Indian Flying Frog 499 indicus, Melanobatrachus 453 Indirana brachytarsus 479 Indirana diplosticta 480 Indirana gundia 480 Indirana leithii 480 Indirana leptodactyla 480 Indirana phrynoderma 481 infernalis, Thorius 594 infraguttatus, Colostethus 613 infraimmaculata, Salamandra 642 Ingerana liui 481 Ingerana tasanae 481 ingeri, Eleutherodactylus 348 ingeri, Epipedobates 231 ingeri, Limnonectes 629 ingeri, Philautus 525 insignitus, Eleutherodactylus 348 insolita, Isthmohyla 254 Insuetophrynus acarpicus 400 insularis, Eupsophus 393 insularis, Polypedates 537 insulata, Platymantis 495 intermedia, Brachytarsophrys 434 intermedius, Eleutherodactylus 348 intermedius, Kalophrynus 451 inusitatus, Eleutherodactylus 348 Inyanga Toad 186 inyangae, Afrana 474 inyangae, Bufo 186 Inyangani River Frog 474 Inyo Mountains Salamander 554 ionthus, Eleutherodactylus 349 irangi, Phrynobatrachus 472 isarog, Platymantis 495 Ischnocnema simmonsi 401 Ishikawa’s Frog 504 ishikawae, Rana 504 Isthmohyla angustilineata 253 Isthmohyla calypsa 253 Isthmohyla debilis 253 Isthmohyla graceae 254 Isthmohyla insolita 254 Isthmohyla picadoi 254 Isthmohyla pictipes 254 Isthmohyla rivularis 255 Isthmohyla tica 255 Isthmohyla zeteki 255 Italian Agile Frog 506 Italian Cave Salamander 641 italicus, Speleomantes 641 iteratus, Mixophyes 423 Ixalotriton niger 576 Ixalotriton parva 576 ixil, Plectrohyla 272 izecksohni, Bokermannohyla 239 izecksohni, Crossodactylodes 619

J jacksoni, Bolitoglossa 560 jacobsoni, Philautus 525 jacobuspetersi, Colostethus 223 jaegeri, Boophis 426 jahni, Hyloscirtus 616 Jamaican Snoring Frog 264 jamaicensis, Eleutherodactylus 349 Japanese Giant Salamander 636 japonicus, Andrias 636 jasperi, Eleutherodactylus 349 jaumei, Eleutherodactylus 349 Javan Torrent Frog 479 jeanneae, Discoglossus 615 jeffersoniana, Oreophryne 626 jeinimenensis, Atelognathus 618 jelskii, Telmatobius 623

Jemez Mountains Salamander 640 jerboa, Meristogenys 485 Jeweled Toad 184 jingdongensis, Oreolalax 439 jingdongensis, Rana 505 jinjiangensis, Amolops 476 jinxiuensis, Philautus 525 jiulongensis, Paa 490 johannesdei, Eleutherodactylus 350 johni, Rana 505 johnsoni, Hemiphractus 400 Johnston’s River Frog 474 johnstoni, Afrana 474 johnstoni, Petropedetes 627 Jollyville Plateau Salamander 574 jordani, Plethodon 639 jorgevelosai, Eleutherodactylus 350 juanchoi, Eleutherodactylus 620 juanii, Colostethus 223 juanitae, Exerodonta 247 juarezi, Pseudoeurycea 588 jugans, Eleutherodactylus 350 juliani, Rana 633 Junaluska Salamander 572 junaluska, Eurycea 572 jungguy, Litoria 616 juninensis, Phrynopus 406 junlianensis, Rana 505 junori, Eleutherodactylus 350 justinianoi, Bufo 186 jynx, Alexteroon 282

K kaiseri, Neurergus 604 kajangensis, Leptolalax 437 kajau, Rhacophorus 635 kalimantanensis, Barbourula 155 Kalinga Narrowmouth Frog 452 kalingensis, Kaloula 452 Kalophrynus baluensis 626 Kalophrynus intermedius 451 Kalophrynus minusculus 451 Kalophrynus nubicola 626 Kalophrynus palmatissimus 451 Kalophrynus punctatus 452 Kalophrynus subterrestris 626 Kaloula kalingensis 452 Kaloula kokacii 626 Kaloula mediolineata 626 Kaloula rigida 452 kandianus, Adenomus 136 kangtingensis, Amolops 476 kareliae, Eleutherodactylus 620 karissimbensis, Leptopelis 290 karlschmidti, Batrachuperus 547 karlschmidti, Eleutherodactylus 351 Karpathos Frog 501 karunaratnei, Microhyla 453 Kassina arboricola 289 Kassina cochranae 618 Kassina lamottei 289 katoptroides, Eleutherodactylus 351 kauneorum, Phrynopus 406 keithae, Phlyctimantis 292 kelaartii, Adenomus 156 kelephas, Eleutherodactylus 351 kempfﬁ, Phrynopus 406 kerangae, Philautus 525 Kern Canyon Slender Salamander 554 Kern Plateau Salamander 638 kezeri, Rhyacotriton 641 khare, Pterorana 499 kihangensis, Hyperolius 285 Kihansi Spray Toad 196 Kinabalu Horned Frog 625 kinabaluensis, Meristogenys 630 Kings River Slender Salamander 554 kingsburyi, Colostethus 223 kisiwamsitu, Callulina 447 kitumbeine, Strongylopus 515 kivuensis, Leptopelis 618 klemmeri, Mantidactylus 430 klinikowskii, Eleutherodactylus 351 Knysna Banana Frog 280 knysnae, Afrixalus 280 Kobayashi’s Horned Frog 625 kobayashii, Megophrys 625 kokacii, Kaloula 626 Kokoe Poison Frog 614 kopsteini, Callulops 447 kotagamai, Bufo 186 kottigeharensis, Micrixalus 485 koynayensis, Bufo 186 krebsi, Arlequinus 282

krefftii, Phrynobatrachus 472 kriegi, Pleurodema 623 Kroombit Tinker Frog 466 kuangwuensis, Rana 505 kumquat, Bufo 187 kundagungan, Philoria 424 kweichowensis, Tylototriton 607

L Lace-lid, Australian 264 lacertosa, Plectrohyla 272 lacteus, Afrixalus 281 laetissimus, Atelopus 168 laevigata, Mantella 624 laevissimus, Eleutherodactylus 352 Lake Lerma Salamander 545 Lake Oku Clawed Frog 474 lamarcai, Mannophryne 233 lamottei, Kassina 289 lamprotes, Eleutherodactylus 352 lancinii, Eleutherodactylus 352 Landdros Moss Frog 627 landdrosia, Arthroleptella 627 Lanza’s Alpine Salamander 606 lanzai, Salamandra 606 Lanzarana largeni 628 Larch Mountain Salamander 639 Large-crested Toad 182 largeni, Lanzarana 628 Large-spined Bell Toad 155 larinopygion, Hyloscirtus 616 larselli, Plethodon 639 Las Vegas Leopard Frog 139 lasalleorum, Eleutherodactylus 352 latastei, Rana 506 latens, Eleutherodactylus 353 lateralis, Rhacophorus 540 laticeps, Aglyptodactylus 425 laticeps, Craugastor 619 laticeps, Leptodactylus 622 laticeps, Telmatobius 415 latidisca, Ansonia 157 latirostris, Telmatobius 415 latitans, Eurycea 572 lauraster, Craugastor 305 laurenti, Astylosternus 150 laurenti, Hyperolius 285 lauzuricae, Gastrotheca 396 lavae, Chiropterotriton 568 lawtoni, Platymantis 495 leberi, Eleutherodactylus 353 legleri, Ptychohyla 277 Lehmann’s Poison Frog 229 lehmanni, Colostethus 613 lehmanni, Dendrobates 229 Leiopelma archeyi 292 Leiopelma hamiltoni 292 Leiopelma hochstetteri 293 Leiopelma pakeka 293 leishanensis, Vibrissaphora 444 leitensis, Philautus 526 leithii, Indirana 480 leleupi, Hyperolius 286 lemur, Bufo 187 lemur, Eleutherodactylus 353 lemur, Hylomantis 249 lentus, Eleutherodactylus 353 leoncei, Eleutherodactylus 354 leonhardschultzei, Ptychohyla 277 leopardalis, Colostethus 224 Leora’s Stream Salamander 545 leorae, Ambystoma 545 Lepidobatrachus asper 622 leprosa, Pseudoeurycea 588 leprus, Eleutherodactylus 354 Leptobrachella baluensis 434 Leptobrachella brevicrus 434 Leptobrachella palmata 434 Leptobrachella parva 435 Leptobrachella serasanae 435 Leptobrachium banae 435 Leptobrachium gunungense 435 Leptobrachium hainanense 436 leptodactyla, Indirana 480 Leptodactylodon albiventris 151 Leptodactylodon axillaris 151 Leptodactylodon bicolor 152 Leptodactylodon boulengeri 152 Leptodactylodon bueanus 152 Leptodactylodon erythrogaster 152 Leptodactylodon mertensi 153 Leptodactylodon ornatus 153 Leptodactylodon ovatus 610 Leptodactylodon perreti 153

Leptodactylodon polyacanthus 153 Leptodactylodon stevarti 154 Leptodactylodon ventrimarmoratus 154 Leptodactylodon wildi 154 Leptodactylus dominicensis 401 Leptodactylus fallax 401 Leptodactylus laticeps 622 Leptodactylus magistris 401 Leptodactylus nesiotus 402 Leptodactylus pascoensis 402 Leptodactylus silvanimbus 402 Leptolalax alpinus 436 Leptolalax arayai 436 Leptolalax dringi 624 Leptolalax gracilis 625 Leptolalax hamidi 436 Leptolalax kajangensis 437 Leptolalax maurus 625 Leptolalax pictus 437 Leptolalax tuberosus 437 Leptopelis barbouri 289 Leptopelis karissimbensis 290 Leptopelis kivuensis 618 Leptopelis macrotis 618 Leptopelis occidentalis 618 Leptopelis palmatus 290 Leptopelis parkeri 290 Leptopelis ragazzii 290 Leptopelis susanae 291 Leptopelis uluguruensis 291 Leptopelis vannutellii 291 Leptopelis vermiculatus 291 Leptopelis xenodactylus 292 Leptopelis yaldeni 618 Leptopelis zebra 618 Leptophryne cruentata 195 leptopus, Ansonia 610 lermaense, Ambystoma 545 leucocephalus, Mantidactylus 624 leucomaculatus, Mantidactylus 624 leucomyos, Bufo 187 leucorhinus, Philautus 140 leucotaenius, Hyperolius 286 levigata, Platymantis 495 lewisi, Necturus 641 liangbeiensis, Oreolalax 439 liberiensis, Nimbaphrynoides 198 liberiensis, Phrynobatrachus 628 lichenoides, Eleutherodactylus 354 Lichuan Bell Toad 155 lichuanensis, Bombina 155 lichuanensis, Oreolalax 625 Liem’s Tinker Frog 627 liemi, Taudactylus 627 lifanensis, Amolops 628 ligayae, Megophrys 438 Lightfoot’s Moss Frog 627 lightfooti, Arthroleptella 627 lighti, Pelophryne 203 lignicola, Nototriton 578 lignicolor, Bolitoglossa 560 limbatus, Eleutherodactylus 354 limbus, Philautus 526 Limestone Salamander 576 Limnonectes acanthi 481 Limnonectes arathooni 482 Limnonectes asperatus 629 Limnonectes blythii 629 Limnonectes dammermani 629 Limnonectes diuatus 482 Limnonectes fragilis 482 Limnonectes heinrichi 482 Limnonectes ibanorum 629 Limnonectes ingeri 629 Limnonectes macrocephalus 629 Limnonectes macrodon 483 Limnonectes magnus 629 Limnonectes malesianus 629 Limnonectes microtympanum 483 Limnonectes namiyei 483 Limnonectes nitidus 483 Limnonectes paramacrodon 629 Limnonectes parvus 484 Limnonectes rhacoda 629 Limnonectes toumanofﬁ 484 Limnonectes tweediei 629 Limnonectes visayanus 484 limnospectator, Nototriton 578 limosus, Atelopus 168 lincolni, Bolitoglossa 638 lindae, Hyloscirtus 250 Lineatriton lineolus 577 Lineatriton orchileucos 577 Lineatriton orchimelas 577 lineatus, Craugastor 305 lineolus, Lineatriton 577

Index of Extinct, Threatened and Near Threatened species accounts

litodryas, Agalychnis 239 litonedis, Gastrotheca 397 Litoria andiirrmalin 255 Litoria aurea 256 Litoria becki 256 Litoria booroolongensis 256 Litoria brevipalmata 257 Litoria castanea 257 Litoria cooloolensis 257 Litoria daviesae 258 Litoria freycineti 258 Litoria jungguy 616 Litoria lorica 258 Litoria lutea 258 Litoria nannotis 259 Litoria nyakalensis 259 Litoria olongburensis 259 Litoria pearsoniana 616 Litoria piperata 260 Litoria quadrilineata 260 Litoria raniformis 260 Litoria rheocola 261 Litoria spenceri 261 Litoria subglandulosa 262 Litoria wisselensis 262 liui, Ingerana 481 liui, Paa 491 liupanensis, Scutiger 441 lividus, Eleutherodactylus 355 Locust Coqui 355 locustus, Eleutherodactylus 355 lochites, Phyllonastes 623 loloensis, Amolops 476 londongensis, Batrachuperus 548 Longdong Stream Salamander 548 longibrachius, Atelopus 168 longicauda, Pseudoeurycea 589 longicrus, Philautus 634 longicrus, Rana 506 longidigita, Ansonia 610 longinasus, Bufo 187 longinasus, Polypedates 537 longipes, Amnirana 475 longipes, Eleutherodactylus 355 longipes, Xenophrys 625 longipes, Xenopus 474 longirostris, Atelopus 136 longissima, Bolitoglossa 560 lonnbergi, Bufo 611 lorica, Litoria 258 loustes, Eleutherodactylus 355 Loveridge’s Frog 424 loveridgei, Philoria 424 lozanoi, Atelopus 169 lucida, Phrynopus 407 lucioi, Eleutherodactylus 356 luminosa, Cochranella 214 lunaris, Thorius 594 lunatus, Philautus 526 lungshengensis, Rana 633 luschani, Lyciasalamandra 603 lusitanica, Chioglossa 600 lutea, Geocrinia 627 lutea, Litoria 258 luteolateralis, Eleutherodactylus 620 luteolus, Eleutherodactylus 356 lutzi, Thoropa 421 Luzon Fanged Frog 629 Luzon Narrow-mouthed Frog 452 luzonensis, Platymantis 630 luzonensis, Rana 633 Lyciasalamandra antalyana 602 Lyciasalamandra atiﬁ 602 Lyciasalamandra billae 602 Lyciasalamandra fazilae 602 Lyciasalamandra ﬂavimembris 603 Lyciasalamandra helverseni 603 Lyciasalamandra luschani 603 lynchi, Atelopus 169 lynchi, Centrolene 210 lynchi, Hyloscirtus 250 lynchi, Pseudoeurycea 589 lythrodes, Duellmanohyla 243

M macconnelli, Oreophrynella 199 macdougalli, Thorius 594 macrinii, Bolitoglossa 560 macrocephalus, Limnonectes 629 macrocristatus, Bufo 188 macrodactylus, Probreviceps 458 macrodon, Limnonectes 483 macroglossa, Rana 506 macrogranulosus, Melanophryniscus 195

macrops, Breviceps 446 macrops, Rana 633 macropus, Philautus 526 macrorhina, Rhamphophryne 204 macrostomus, Batrachophrynus 297 macrotis, Leptopelis 618 macrotympanum, Ptychohyla 277 maculatus, Scutiger 441 maculifera, Microhyla 453 maculosa, Paa 491 maculosus, Eleutherodactylus 356 machalilla, Colostethus 614 mache, Cochranella 214 Madagascan Mantella 428 madagascariensis, Mantella 428 madagascariensis, Scaphiophryne 627 Madecassophryne truebae 452 madecassus, Mantidactylus 431 magistris, Leptodactylus 401 magnifica, Bolitoglossa 561 Magnificent Broodfrog 463 Magnificent Web-footed Salamander 561 magnipes, Chiropterotriton 568 magnipes, Thorius 595 magnus, Limnonectes 629 major, Nyctibatrachus 488 major, Oreolalax 439 majori, Boophis 624 malcolmi, Altiphrynoides 156 malcolmsmithi, Philautus 140 Malesian Frog 629 malesianus, Limnonectes 629 Mallorcan Midwife Toad 237 mandelorum, Colostethus 224 mandingues, Atelopus 169 manezinho, Eleutherodactylus 620 Mangshan Horned Toad 625 mangshanensis, Xenophrys 625 mangyanum, Rana 507 Mannophryne caquetio 232 Mannophryne collaris 232 Mannophryne cordilleriana 232 Mannophryne herminae 614 Mannophryne lamarcai 233 Mannophryne neblina 233 Mannophryne olmonae 233 Mannophryne riveroi 233 Mannophryne trinitatis 234 Mannophryne yustizi 234 Mantella aurantiaca 426 Mantella bernhardi 427 Mantella cowanii 427 Mantella crocea 427 Mantella expectata 427 Mantella haraldmeieri 428 Mantella laevigata 624 Mantella madagascariensis 428 Mantella milotympanum 428 Mantella pulchra 428 Mantella viridis 429 Mantella, Beautiful 428 Mantella, Bernhard’s 427 Mantella, Black-eared 428 Mantella, Blue-legged 427 Mantella, Climbing 624 Mantella, Cowan’s 427 Mantella, Golden 426 Mantella, Green 429 Mantella, Haraldmeier’s 428 Mantella, Madagascan 428 Mantella, Yellow 427 Mantidactylus ambohitra 429 Mantidactylus bertini 624 Mantidactylus blanci 624 Mantidactylus brunae 429 Mantidactylus corvus 429 Mantidactylus decaryi 624 Mantidactylus elegans 430 Mantidactylus guibei 430 Mantidactylus horridus 430 Mantidactylus klemmeri 430 Mantidactylus leucocephalus 624 Mantidactylus leucomaculatus 624 Mantidactylus madecassus 431 Mantidactylus massorum 431 Mantidactylus microtis 431 Mantidactylus microtympanum 431 Mantidactylus pauliani 432 Mantidactylus plicifer 624 Mantidactylus rivicola 432 Mantidactylus salegy 432 Mantidactylus schilfi 432 Mantidactylus silvanus 433 Mantidactylus spiniferus 624 Mantidactylus striatus 433

Mantidactylus tandroka 433 Mantidactylus webbi 433 marahuaka, Eleutherodactylus 356 maranguapensis, Adelophryne 293 Marañón Poison Frog 229 margaritifer, Nyctixalus 516 margaritifer, Rhacophorus 540 mariae, Centrolene 210 marianae, Osteopilus 265 maridadi, Churamiti 194 mariposa, Eleutherodactylus 357 maritima, Oedipina 580 marmorata, Nannophrys 487 marmorata, Scaphiophryne 461 marmoratus, Telmatobius 415 marmorea, Bolitoglossa 561 mars, Eleutherodactylus 357 martiensseni, Arthroleptides 468 martinicensis, Eleutherodactylus 620 Martinique Volcano Frog 221 masonii, Huia 479 massorum, Mantidactylus 431 matudai, Craugastor 305 matudai, Plectrohyla 272 Maud Island Frog 293 maurus, Alytes 614 maurus, Leptolalax 625 mavomavo, Platypelis 456 mayoloi, Telmatobius 415 mayorgai, Nephelobates 235 mcdiarmidi, Colostethus 614 Mcdonald’s Frog 448 mcdonaldi, Cophixalus 448 mcgregori, Ansonia 158 medemi, Bolitoglossa 561 mediolineata, Kaloula 626 megacheira, Cochranella 214 megalops, Eleutherodactylus 620 megalotympanum, Craugastor 306 megapoda, Rana 507 megarhinus, Dendrotriton 571 Megastomatohyla mixe 262 Megastomatohyla mixomaculata 262 Megastomatohyla nubicola 263 Megastomatohyla pellita 263 meghalayanus, Bufoides 193 megistra, Cochranella 613 Megophrys edwardinae 437 Megophrys kobayashii 625 Megophrys ligayae 438 Megophrys stejnegeri 438 melacara, Eleutherodactylus 357 Melanobatrachus indicus 453 melanogaster, Cardioglossa 148 melanomma, Exerodonta 247 melanomolga, Pseudoeurycea 589 Melanophryniscus cupreuscapularis 612 Melanophryniscus devincenzii 195 Melanophryniscus dorsalis 195 Melanophryniscus macrogranulosus 195 Melanophryniscus montevidensis 196 Melanophryniscus moreirae 612 Melanophryniscus orejasmirandai 196 Melanophryniscus sanmartini 612 melanostictus, Craugastor 306 meliana, Bolitoglossa 561 Melodius Coqui 391 merendonensis, Craugastor 306 meridensis, Dendropsophus 242 meridensis, Nephelobates 235 meridianus, Plethodon 584 meridionalis, Notophthalmus 605 Meristogenys amoropalamus 484 Meristogenys jerboa 485 Meristogenys kinabaluensis 630 Meristogenys phaeomerus 630 Meristogenys poecilus 630 Meristogenys whiteheadi 630 merostictus, Eleutherodactylus 357 mertensi, Colostethus 224 mertensi, Leptodactylodon 153 mertensiana, Werneria 206 Mertensiella caucasica 603 merumontanus, Strongylopus 515 Metaphryniscus sosae 196 mexicanum, Ambystoma 546 mexicanus, Bufo 611 miadis, Rana 507 Micrixalus fuscus 630 Micrixalus gadgili 485 Micrixalus kottigeharensis 485 Micrixalus nudis 485 Micrixalus phyllophilus 486 Micrixalus saxicola 486 Microbatrachella capensis 469 microdeladigitora, Bombina 155

Microhyla karunaratnei 453 Microhyla maculifera 453 Microhyla perparva 626 Microhyla petrigena 626 Microhyla sholigari 453 Microhyla zeylanica 454 microspilotus, Neurergus 604 microtis, Mantidactylus 431 microtympanum, Bufo 188 microtympanum, Limnonectes 483 microtympanum, Mantidactylus 431 microtympanum, Philautus 527 Micryletta steinegeri 454 Michoacan Stream Salamander 546 migueli, Eupsophus 393 milesi, Craugastor 138 miliaria, Ecnomiohyla 245 milotympanum, Mantella 428 milloti, Platypelis 456 mimula, Platymantis 630 Mindanao Fanged Frog 629 Mindanao Horned Frog 438 mindoensis, Atelopus 169 minera, Ecnomiohyla 245 Minervarya sahyadris 486 minica, Paa 491 minima, Rana 507 minor, Copiula 449 minor, Nyctibatrachus 488 minusculus, Kalophrynus 451 minuta, Ansonia 610 minutissimus, Hyperolius 286 minutissimus, Thorius 595 minutula, Bolitoglossa 562 minutulus, Atelopus 170 minutus, Eleutherodactylus 358 minutus, Nectophrynoides 197 minydemus, Thorius 595 miotympanum, Ecnomiohyla 615 mirei, Wolterstorffina 207 misera, Pelophryne 203 Mistfrog, Mountain 259 mittermeieri, Philautus 527 mixe, Megastomatohyla 262 mixomaculata, Megastomatohyla 262 Mixophyes balbus 422 Mixophyes fleayi 422 Mixophyes iteratus 423 miyatai, Eleutherodactylus 620 mjobergi, Philautus 634 mnionaetes, Eleutherodactylus 358 modestus, Eleutherodactylus 358 modipeplus, Eleutherodactylus 358 moellendorffi, Rana 633 molinarii, Nephelobates 235 moloch, Nyctixalus 517 molossus, Glyphoglossus 626 molybrignus, Eleutherodactylus 620 mombachoensis, Bolitoglossa 562 Mona Coqui 359 monensis, Eleutherodactylus 359 monohernandezi, Atelopus 170 montalentii, Discoglossus 615 montana, Anodonthyla 445 montana, Platymantis 496 montana, Ramanella 626 montanus, Alsodes 294 montanus, Astylosternus 610 montanus, Eleutherodactylus 359 Monte Albo Cave Salamander 592 montevidensis, Melanophryniscus 196 monticola, Cophixalus 448 monticola, Oreophryne 455 monticola, Rhacophorus 635 montium, Phrynopus 407 monzoni, Cryptotriton 569 mooreorum, Philautus 527 moratoi, Odontophrynus 403 moreirae, Melanophryniscus 612 Morelet’s Treefrog 239 moreletii, Agalychnis 239 morerei, Afrixalus 281 mormorata, Ramanella 459 mortenseni, Rana 633 mosaueri, Chiropterotriton 568 Mount Glorious Torrent Frog 138 Mountain Chicken 401 Mountain Frog 424 Mountain Mistfrog 259 Mountain Toad 181 Mountain Yellow-legged Frog 508 Mountain-top Nursery-frog 448 mucubajiensis, Atelopus 170 muelleri, Ansonia 158 muisca, Atelopus 170 muletensis, Alytes 237

753

muliensis, Scutiger 442 multidentatus, Chiropterotriton 568 multipunctatus, Oreolalax 439 mulleri, Bolitoglossa 562 muniﬁcus, Thorius 595 muricatus, Eleutherodactylus 359 murisipanensis, Colostethus 224 murthii, Fejervarya 479 muscosa, Rana 508 Muscular Salamander 640 museosus, Eleutherodactylus 359 mustersi, Batrachuperus 548 Myers’ Surinam Toad 473 myersi, Pipa 473 mykter, Plectrohyla 272 mystax, Pseudoeurycea 589 mysteriosus, Dendrobates 229

N nagaoi, Ramanella 459 nahuelbutensis, Eupsophus 393 nahumae, Atelopus 171 Namaqua Stream Frog 516 namiyei, Limnonectes 483 nana, Eurycea 572 nanay, Atelopus 171 Nankiang Horned Toad 444 nankiangensis, Xenophrys 444 Nannophrys ceylonensis 486 Nannophrys guentherii 138 Nannophrys marmorata 487 nannotis, Litoria 259 Nanorana pleskei 630 nanus, Philautus 140 naomiae, Platymantis 496 narina, Rana 508 narismagnus, Thorius 596 narisovalis, Thorius 596 nasalis, Cryptotriton 570 Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis 467 nasuta, Rana 508 nasutus, Philautus 141 Natal Banana Frog 281 Natalobatrachus bonebergi 469 natator, Petropedetes 627 naucampatepetl, Pseudoeurycea 590 naufragia, Eurycea 573 neblina, Mannophryne 233 nebulosus, Pleurodeles 606 necerus, Craugastor 306 necopinus, Eleutherodactylus 360 necopinus, Telmatobius 416 Nectophrynoides asperginis 196 Nectophrynoides cryptus 197 Nectophrynoides minutus 197 Nectophrynoides poyntoni 197 Nectophrynoides pseudotornieri 197 Nectophrynoides vestergaardi 198 Nectophrynoides viviparus 198 Nectophrynoides wendyae 198 Necturus alabamensis 598 Necturus lewisi 641 Neglected Frog 449 neglectus, Cophixalus 449 negrosensis, Platymantis 496 nelsoni, Bufo 188 nemus, Philautus 527 neomexicanus, Plethodon 640 neotenes, Eurycea 573 neovolcanica, Rana 633 nepalensis, Scutiger 442 Nephelobates alboguttatus 234 Nephelobates duranti 234 Nephelobates haydeeae 235 Nephelobates mayorgai 235 Nephelobates meridensis 235 Nephelobates molinarii 235 Nephelobates orostoma 236 Nephelobates serranus 236 nephila, Charadrahyla 241 nephophilus, Eleutherodactylus 360 nepiozomus, Atelopus 171 nerostagona, Philautus 528 nesiotes, Bufo 188 nesiotus, Leptodactylus 402 Nesomantis thomasseti 542 nettingi, Plethodon 640 Neurergus crocatus 604 Neurergus kaiseri 604 Neurergus microspilotus 604 Neurergus strauchii 604 Neuse River Waterdog 641 Newt, Algerian Ribbed 606 Newt, Anderson’s Crocodile 601

754

Newt, Black Knobby 643 Newt, Black-spotted 605 Newt, Chinhai Spiny 601 Newt, Danube Crested 642 Newt, Dayang 600 Newt, Guangxi Warty 605 Newt, Hainan Knobby 607 Newt, Hong Kong Warty 642 Newt, Poiret’s 606 Newt, Red-tailed Knobby 607 Newt, Southern Marbled 642 Newt, Spot-tailed Warty 642 Newt, Striped 642 Newt, Sword-tailed 600 Newt, Taliang Knobby 643 Newt, Wanggao Warty 605 Newt, Wenxian Knobby 607 Newt, Yunnan Lake 144 newtoni, Ptychadena 500 nganhanus, Astylosternus 150 ngongoniensis, Arthroleptella 468 Ngoni Moss Frog 468 nicefori, Atelopus 171 nicefori, Cryptobatrachus 314 nicefori, Rhamphophryne 204 niedeni, Boulengerula 607 nienokouensis, Hyperolius 286 niger, Ixalotriton 576 niger, Telmatobius 416 nigeriensis, Afrixalus 617 nigra, Oreophrynella 200 nigriventer, Discoglossus 137 nigrogriseus, Eleutherodactylus 360 nigromaculata, Cardioglossa 610 nigromaculata, Pseudoeurycea 590 nigromaculata, Rana 633 nigropunctatus, Polypedates 635 nikeae, Arthroleptis 146 nilagirica, Fejervarya 479 nimbae, Hyperolius 287 Nimbaphrynoides liberiensis 198 Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis 199 ningshanensis, Scutiger 442 nitidus, Limnonectes 483 nitoi, Atelognathus 295 nivicolimae, Eleutherodactylus 360 nocturnus, Aromobates 220 nodosus, Alsodes 618 noellerti, Bufo 189 nola, Cochranella 613 North African Fire Salamander 606 Northern Corroboree Frog 464 Northern Frog 489 Northern Gastric-brooding Frog 143 Northern Tinker Frog 466 nortoni, Eleutherodactylus 361 Nothophryne broadleyi 470 Notophthalmus meridionalis 605 Notophthalmus perstriatus 642 Nototriton abscondens 639 Nototriton barbouri 577 Nototriton gamezi 578 Nototriton guanacaste 578 Nototriton lignicola 578 Nototriton limnospectator 578 Nototriton picadoi 639 Nototriton richardi 639 Nototriton saslaya 579 novaebritanniae, Austrochaperina 445 nubicola, Cophixalus 449 nubicola, Eleutherodactylus 361 nubicola, Kalophrynus 626 nubicola, Megastomatohyla 263 nudis, Micrixalus 485 Nursery-frog, Beautiful 448 Nursery-frog, Mountain-top 448 Nursery-frog, Tapping 447 nyakalensis, Litoria 259 Nyctanolis pernix 579 Nyctibatrachus aliciae 487 Nyctibatrachus beddomii 487 Nyctibatrachus deccanensis 487 Nyctibatrachus humayuni 488 Nyctibatrachus hussaini 488 Nyctibatrachus major 488 Nyctibatrachus minor 488 Nyctibatrachus sanctipalustris 489 Nyctibatrachus vasanthi 489 Nyctimystes avocalis 263 Nyctimystes dayi 264 Nyctimystes rueppelli 264 Nyctixalus margaritifer 516 Nyctixalus moloch 517 Nyctixalus pictus 634 Nyctixalus spinosus 517

Threatened Amphibians of the World

nyctophylax, Eleutherodactylus 361 nyikae, Bufo 189

O obesus, Craugastor 307 obscura, Ramanella 626 occidentalis, Amnirana 475 occidentalis, Boophis 624 occidentalis, Leptopelis 618 occidentalis, Nimbaphrynoides 199 Occidozyga baluensis 630 Occidozyga borealis 489 Occidozyga diminutivus 489 ocellata, Cochranella 613 ocellatus, Philautus 528 ocreatus, Eleutherodactylus 361 ocularis, Philautus 528 Odaigahara Salamander 550 odonnelli, Bolitoglossa 562 Odontophrynus achalensis 402 Odontophrynus moratoi 403 Oedipina alfaroi 579 Oedipina altura 579 Oedipina gephyra 580 Oedipina gracilis 580 Oedipina grandis 580 Oedipina maritima 580 Oedipina paucidentata 581 Oedipina poelzi 581 Oedipina pseudouniformis 581 Oedipina stenopodia 581 Oedipina uniformis 582 oeus, Eleutherodactylus 621 Oita Salamander 550 okaloosae, Rana 509 Oki Salamander 551 okiensis, Hynobius 551 okinavana, Rana 509 Oklahoma Salamander 639 olanchano, Eleutherodactylus 362 olfersioides, Colostethus 225 Olm 599 olmonae, Mannophryne 233 olongburensis, Litoria 259 Olongburra Frog 259 Olympic Torrent Salamander 599 olympicus, Rhyacotriton 599 Omei Horned Toad 625 omeimontis, Oreolalax 440 omeimontis, Xenophrys 625 omiltemana, Rana 509 omiltemanus, Craugastor 307 omiltemi, Thorius 596 omoaensis, Craugastor 307 onca, Rana 509 One-toed Amphiuma 636 opisthomelas, Dendrobates 229 Orange-bellied Frog 462 orculus, Chiropterotriton 569 orcutti, Eleutherodactylus 362 orchileucos, Lineatriton 577 orchimelas, Lineatriton 577 ordinarium, Ambystoma 546 oreas, Cardioglossa 148 Oregon Slender Salamander 555 Oregon Spotted Frog 510 oreites, Scinax 617 orejasmirandai, Melanophryniscus 196 Oreolalax chuanbeiensis 438 Oreolalax granulosus 438 Oreolalax jingdongensis 439 Oreolalax liangbeiensis 439 Oreolalax lichuanensis 625 Oreolalax major 439 Oreolalax multipunctatus 439 Oreolalax omeimontis 440 Oreolalax pingii 440 Oreolalax puxiongensis 440 Oreolalax rhodostigmatus 440 Oreolalax rugosus 625 Oreolalax schmidti 625 Oreophryne anulata 454 Oreophryne celebensis 454 Oreophryne jeffersoniana 626 Oreophryne monticola 455 Oreophryne variabilis 455 Oreophrynella cryptica 199 Oreophrynella huberi 199 Oreophrynella macconnelli 199 Oreophrynella nigra 200 Oreophrynella quelchii 200 Oreophrynella vasquezi 200 oresbia, Bolitoglossa 563 orestes, Bolitoglossa 563

orestes, Eleutherodactylus 362 orientale, Hyalinobatrachium 219 orientalis, Eleutherodactylus 362 ornata, Ansonia 158 ornata, Ceratophrys 618 Ornate Horned Frog 618 ornatissimus, Eleutherodactylus 363 ornatus, Leptodactylodon 153 orophilus, Afrixalus 281 orophylax, Gastrotheca 397 orostoma, Nephelobates 236 orpacobates, Eleutherodactylus 363 orphicus, Cynops 600 orthoplicatus, Ichthyophis 608 osgoodi, Spinophrynoides 204 Osornophryne antisana 200 Osornophryne bufoniformis 612 Osornophryne guacamayo 201 Osornophryne percrassa 201 Osornophryne sumacoensis 201 Osornophryne talipes 201 Osteopilus crucialis 264 Osteopilus marianae 265 Osteopilus pulchrilineatus 265 Osteopilus vastus 265 Osteopilus wilderi 265 ouachitae, Plethodon 640 ovatus, Leptodactylodon 610 ovifera, Gastrotheca 397 Oxapampa Poison Frog 231 oxycephalus, Buergeria 516 oxycephalus, Telmatobius 416 oxyrhyncus, Eleutherodactylus 363 oxyrhynchus, Atelopus 172 oxyrhynchus, Philautus 141

P Paa annandalii 630 Paa arnoldi 630 Paa boulengeri 490 Paa ercepeae 630 Paa exilispinosa 490 Paa fasciculispina 490 Paa jiulongensis 490 Paa liui 491 Paa maculosa 491 Paa minica 491 Paa robertingeri 491 Paa rostandi 492 Paa shini 492 Paa spinosa 492 Paa verrucospinosa 630 Paa yunnanensis 492 Paciﬁc Horned Frog 297 pachyderma, Plectrohyla 273 pachydermus, Atelopus 172 Pachyhynobius shangchengensis 553 pageoti, Bufo 611 pakeka, Leiopelma 293 pakenhami, Phrynobatrachus 472 Palawan Horned Frog 438 palmata, Bolitoglossa 563 palmata, Leptobrachella 434 palmata, Ramanella 460 palmatissimus, Kalophrynus 451 Palmatorappia solomonis 493 palmatus, Leptopelis 290 palmipes, Petropedetes 470 palpebralis, Chirixalus 634 paludicola, Poyntonia 628 palleucus, Gyrinophilus 575 pallidipes, Philautus 528 pallidum, Hyalinobatrachium 220 Panamanian Golden Frog 178 panayensis, Platymantis 496 panchoi, Ptychohyla 278 pandi, Bolitoglossa 563 pantherinus, Bufo 189 pantoni, Eleutherodactylus 621 pantostictus, Hyloscirtus 250 papaloae, Thorius 596 papenfussi, Pseudoeurycea 640 papillosus, Philautus 529 parabates, Eleutherodactylus 363 paramacrodon, Limnonectes 629 paramerus, Eleutherodactylus 364 Paramesotriton caudopunctatus 642 Paramesotriton deloustali 605 Paramesotriton fuzhongensis 605 Paramesotriton guanxiensis 605 Paramesotriton hongkongensis 642 parapelates, Eleutherodactylus 364 pardalis, Eleutherodactylus 364 parectatus, Eleutherodactylus 364

Parhoplophryne usambarica 455 parietalis, Bufo 611 parkeri, Leptopelis 290 parkeri, Phrynopus 407 parkeri, Platymantis 497 parva, Ixalotriton 576 parva, Leptobrachella 435 Parvimolge townsendi 582 parvipalmata, Wolterstorfﬁna 207 parvus, Limnonectes 484 pascoensis, Leptodactylus 402 pastazensis, Eleutherodactylus 365 patagonicus, Atelognathus 295 pataikos, Eleutherodactylus 365 patriciae, Eleutherodactylus 365 paucidentata, Oedipina 581 pauliani, Mantidactylus 432 paulsoni, Eleutherodactylus 365 Peaks Of Otter Salamander 583 Pearson’s Green Treefrog 616 pearsoniana, Litoria 616 pechorum, Eleutherodactylus 366 pedimarmoratus, Atelopus 172 Pedostibes rugosus 612 Pedostibes tuberculosus 202 pefauri, Telmatobius 416 Pelobates cultripes 627 Pelobates varaldii 467 Pelophryne albotaeniata 202 Pelophryne api 202 Pelophryne guentheri 202 Pelophryne lighti 203 Pelophryne misera 203 Pelophryne rhopophilius 203 Pelophryne scalptus 203 Pelophryne signata 612 pellita, Megastomatohyla 263 pellucidum, Hyalinobatrachium 220 penangensis, Ansonia 158 penelopus, Eleutherodactylus 366 pengilleyi, Pseudophryne 464 pennatulus, Thorius 597 pentasyringos, Eleutherodactylus 366 pentheter, Plectrohyla 273 Peppered Treefrog 260 percnopterus, Eleutherodactylus 621 percrassa, Osornophryne 201 percultus, Eleutherodactylus 366 pereger, Phrynopus 407 periglenes, Bufo 137 peripatetes, Bufo 189 peristictum, Centrolene 210 perkinsi, Exerodonta 247 pernix, Nyctanolis 579 perparva, Microhyla 626 perplexus, Bufo 190 perreti, Astylosternus 150 perreti, Bufo 190 perreti, Leptodactylodon 153 perreti, Petropedetes 470 Persian Mountain Salamander 637 persicus, Batrachuperus 637 persimilis, Craugastor 307 perstriatus, Notophthalmus 642 peruensis, Atelopus 172 peruvianus, Phrynopus 408 peruvianus, Telmatobius 417 pesrubra, Bolitoglossa 564 petersorum, Eleutherodactylus 367 petraeus, Plethodon 584 petrigena, Microhyla 626 petriruizi, Atelopus 173 Petropedetes cameronensis 627 Petropedetes johnstoni 627 Petropedetes natator 627 Petropedetes palmipes 470 Petropedetes perreti 470 petrophilum, Centrolene 210 petropolitana, Thoropa 421 pezopetrus, Eleutherodactylus 367 Phaeognathus hubrichti 582 phaeomerus, Meristogenys 630 phalarus, Eleutherodactylus 367 phantasmagoria, Ecnomiohyla 245 Philautus acutirostris 517 Philautus acutus 517 Philautus adspersus 139 Philautus alto 518 Philautus amoenus 518 Philautus asankai 518 Philautus aurantium 518 Philautus auratus 519 Philautus beddomii 634 Philautus bobingeri 519 Philautus bombayensis 519 Philautus bunitus 519

Philautus caeruleus 520 Philautus cavirostris 520 Philautus cuspis 521 Philautus chalazodes 520 Philautus charius 520 Philautus decoris 521 Philautus dimbullae 139 Philautus disgregus 521 Philautus dubois 521 Philautus erythrophthalmus 522 Philautus eximius 139 Philautus extirpo 139 Philautus femoralis 522 Philautus folicola 522 Philautus frankenbergi 522 Philautus fulvus 523 Philautus garo 523 Philautus glandulosus 523 Philautus graminirupes 523 Philautus griet 524 Philautus gunungensis 524 Philautus halyi 140 Philautus hallidayi 524 Philautus hoffmanni 524 Philautus hosii 634 Philautus hypomelas 140 Philautus ingeri 525 Philautus jacobsoni 525 Philautus jinxiuensis 525 Philautus kerangae 525 Philautus leitensis 526 Philautus leucorhinus 140 Philautus limbus 526 Philautus longicrus 634 Philautus lunatus 526 Philautus macropus 526 Philautus malcolmsmithi 140 Philautus microtympanum 527 Philautus mittermeieri 527 Philautus mjobergi 634 Philautus mooreorum 527 Philautus nanus 140 Philautus nasutus 141 Philautus nemus 527 Philautus nerostagona 528 Philautus ocellatus 528 Philautus ocularis 528 Philautus oxyrhynchus 141 Philautus pallidipes 528 Philautus papillosus 529 Philautus pleurotaenia 529 Philautus poecilius 529 Philautus ponmudi 529 Philautus poppiae 530 Philautus procax 530 Philautus refugii 530 Philautus reticulatus 530 Philautus rhododiscus 634 Philautus rugatus 141 Philautus rus 634 Philautus sanctisilvaticus 531 Philautus sarasinorum 531 Philautus saueri 531 Philautus schmackeri 531 Philautus schmarda 532 Philautus shillongensis 532 Philautus signatus 532 Philautus silus 532 Philautus silvaticus 533 Philautus simba 533 Philautus similis 533 Philautus sordidus 634 Philautus sp. nov. ‘Amboli Forest’ 533 Philautus sp. nov. ‘Munnar’ 534 Philautus steineri 534 Philautus stellatus 141 Philautus stictomerus 634 Philautus stuarti 534 Philautus surrufus 534 Philautus tectus 535 Philautus temporalis 141 Philautus tinniens 535 Philautus travancoricus 142 Philautus umbra 535 Philautus variabilis 142 Philautus viridis 535 Philautus worcesteri 536 Philautus wynaadensis 536 Philautus zal 142 Philautus zimmeri 142 Philautus zorro 536 Philippine Flat-headed Frog 154 Philoria frosti 423 Philoria kundagungan 424 Philoria loveridgei 424 Philoria pughi 424

Index of Extinct, Threatened and Near Threatened species accounts

Philoria richmondensis 424 Philoria sphagnicolus 425 Phlyctimantis keithae 292 pholeter, Amphiuma 636 phragmipleuron, Eleutherodactylus 367 Phrynobatrachus acutirostris 470 Phrynobatrachus alleni 627 Phrynobatrachus annulatus 471 Phrynobatrachus bequaerti 471 Phrynobatrachus cricogaster 471 Phrynobatrachus ghanensis 471 Phrynobatrachus guineensis 628 Phrynobatrachus irangi 472 Phrynobatrachus krefftii 472 Phrynobatrachus liberiensis 628 Phrynobatrachus pakenhami 472 Phrynobatrachus phyllophilus 628 Phrynobatrachus steindachneri 472 Phrynobatrachus uzungwensis 473 Phrynobatrachus versicolor 473 Phrynobatrachus villiersi 473 phrynoderma, Indirana 481 Phrynomedusa appendiculata 616 Phrynomedusa fimbriata 137 Phrynopus adenobrachius 403 Phrynopus bagrecitoi 403 Phrynopus barthlenae 403 Phrynopus bracki 404 Phrynopus brunneus 404 Phrynopus carpish 404 Phrynopus cophites 404 Phrynopus dagmarae 405 Phrynopus flavomaculatus 405 Phrynopus heimorum 405 Phrynopus horstpauli 405 Phrynopus iatamasi 406 Phrynopus juninensis 406 Phrynopus kauneorum 406 Phrynopus kempffi 406 Phrynopus lucida 407 Phrynopus montium 407 Phrynopus parkeri 407 Phrynopus pereger 407 Phrynopus peruvianus 408 Phrynopus simonsii 408 Phrynopus spectabilis 408 Phyllobates aurotaenia 614 Phyllobates bicolor 614 Phyllobates terribilis 236 Phyllobates vittatus 236 Phyllodytes auratus 266 Phyllomedusa ayeaye 266 Phyllomedusa baltea 266 Phyllomedusa ecuatoriana 266 Phyllonastes lochites 623 phyllophilus, Micrixalus 486 phyllophilus, Phrynobatrachus 628 Physalaemus atlanticus 408 Physalaemus soaresi 409 picadoi, Isthmohyla 254 picadoi, Nototriton 639 piceigularis, Hyloscirtus 251 Pickersgill’s Reed Frog 287 pickersgilli, Hyperolius 287 pictipes, Isthmohyla 254 pictissimus, Eleutherodactylus 368 pictiventris, Atelopus 173 pictus, Callixalus 283 pictus, Leptolalax 437 pictus, Nyctixalus 634 Pigeon Mountain Salamander 584 pinangoi, Atelopus 173 pinarensis, Eleutherodactylus 368 pinchoni, Eleutherodactylus 368 pinchonii, Batrachuperus 548 Pine Barrens Treefrog 615 pingii, Oreolalax 440 pingwuensis, Scutiger 442 Pink-sided Treefrog 239 pinorum, Exerodonta 247 Pipa myersi 473 piperata, Litoria 260 pipilatum, Centrolene 211 pipilodryas, Sooglossus 542 Piping Peeping Frog 383 pisanoi, Telmatobius 417 pituinus, Eleutherodactylus 368 planipaleae, Epipedobates 231 planispina, Atelopus 173 Platanna, Cape 474 platycephalus, Euproctus 601 platycephalus, Telmatobius 417 platychilus, Eleutherodactylus 369 platydactyla, Bolitoglossa 638 platydactylus, Hyloscirtus 251 Platymantis akarithyma 493

Platymantis banahao 493 Platymantis cagayanensis 493 Platymantis cornuta 494 Platymantis guentheri 494 Platymantis hazelae 494 Platymantis indeprensus 494 Platymantis insulata 495 Platymantis isarog 495 Platymantis lawtoni 495 Platymantis levigata 495 Platymantis luzonensis 630 Platymantis mimula 630 Platymantis montana 496 Platymantis naomiae 496 Platymantis negrosensis 496 Platymantis panayensis 496 Platymantis parkeri 497 Platymantis polillensis 497 Platymantis pseudodorsalis 497 Platymantis pygmaea 497 Platymantis rabori 498 Platymantis sierramadrensis 498 Platymantis spelaea 498 Platymantis subterrestris 498 Platymantis taylori 499 Platymantis vitiana 499 Platymantis vitiensis 630 Platypelis alticola 455 Platypelis mavomavo 456 Platypelis milloti 456 Platypelis tetra 456 Platypelis tsaratananaensis 456 platysoma, Ansonia 159 Pleasing Poison Frog 614 Plectrohyla acanthodes 267 Plectrohyla arborescandens 267 Plectrohyla avia 267 Plectrohyla calthula 267 Plectrohyla calvicollina 268 Plectrohyla celata 268 Plectrohyla cembra 268 Plectrohyla crassa 269 Plectrohyla cyanomma 269 Plectrohyla cyclada 270 Plectrohyla charadricola 268 Plectrohyla chryses 269 Plectrohyla chrysopleura 269 Plectrohyla dasypus 270 Plectrohyla ephemera 270 Plectrohyla exquisita 270 Plectrohyla glandulosa 271 Plectrohyla guatemalensis 271 Plectrohyla hartwegi 271 Plectrohyla hazelae 271 Plectrohyla ixil 272 Plectrohyla lacertosa 272 Plectrohyla matudai 272 Plectrohyla mykter 272 Plectrohyla pachyderma 273 Plectrohyla pentheter 273 Plectrohyla pokomchi 273 Plectrohyla psarosema 273 Plectrohyla psiloderma 274 Plectrohyla pycnochila 274 Plectrohyla quecchi 274 Plectrohyla robertsorum 274 Plectrohyla sabrina 275 Plectrohyla sagorum 275 Plectrohyla siopela 275 Plectrohyla tecunumani 275 Plectrohyla teuchestes 276 Plectrohyla thorectes 276 pleione, Taudactylus 466 pleskei, Nanorana 630 Plethodon ainsworthi 144 Plethodon amplus 582 Plethodon asupak 583 Plethodon caddoensis 639 Plethodon cheoah 583 Plethodon elongatus 639 Plethodon fourchensis 583 Plethodon hubrichti 583 Plethodon jordani 639 Plethodon larselli 639 Plethodon meridianus 584 Plethodon neomexicanus 640 Plethodon nettingi 640 Plethodon ouachitae 640 Plethodon petraeus 584 Plethodon punctatus 640 Plethodon shenandoah 584 Plethodon sherando 584 Plethodon shermani 585 Plethodon stormi 585 Plethodon virginia 640 Plethodon welleri 585

Plethodontohyla brevipes 457 Plethodontohyla coronata 457 Plethodontohyla coudreaui 457 Plethodontohyla guentherpetersi 457 Plethodontohyla serratopalpebrosa 458 Plethodontohyla tuberata 458 Pleurodeles nebulosus 606 Pleurodeles poireti 606 Pleurodeles waltl 642 Pleurodema bibroni 623 Pleurodema kriegi 623 pleurotaenia, Philautus 529 plicifer, Mantidactylus 624 plumbea, Gastrotheca 397 podiciferus, Craugastor 308 poecilius, Philautus 529 poecilus, Meristogenys 630 poelzi, Oedipina 581 Poiret’s Newt 606 poireti, Pleurodeles 606 pokomchi, Plectrohyla 273 polemistes, Eleutherodactylus 369 polillensis, Platymantis 497 Polkadot Poison Frog 228 polyacanthus, Leptodactylodon 153 polychrus, Eleutherodactylus 369 polymniae, Craugastor 308 Polypedates eques 536 Polypedates fastigo 537 Polypedates gongshanensis 635 Polypedates insularis 537 Polypedates longinasus 537 Polypedates nigropunctatus 635 Polypedates yaoshanensis 537 Polypedates zhaojuensis 635 polystictus, Hyperolius 287 ponmudi, Philautus 529 poolei, Eleutherodactylus 369 poppiae, Philautus 530 porrasorum, Bolitoglossa 564 portoricensis, Eleutherodactylus 370 posadae, Cochranella 215 poyntoni, Nectophrynoides 197 Poyntonia paludicola 628 pozo, Craugastor 308 praebasalticus, Atelognathus 295 praecellens, Pseudoeurycea 590 prasina, Cochranella 215 prasinatus, Rhacophorus 635 Praslinia cooperi 608 pretiosa, Rana 510 preussi, Werneria 206 principalis, Eleutherodactylus 370 priscus, Chiropterotriton 638 probolaeus, Eleutherodactylus 370 Probreviceps macrodactylus 458 Probreviceps rhodesianus 458 Probreviceps rungwensis 459 Probreviceps uluguruensis 459 procax, Philautus 530 Proceratophrys bigibbosa 623 prolatus, Eleutherodactylus 370 proserpens, Eleutherodactylus 371 Proteus anguinus 599 psaltes, Rana 510 psarolaimus, Hyloscirtus 251 psarosema, Plectrohyla 273 psephosypharus, Craugastor 308 pseudangularis, Ichthyophis 608 Pseudoamolops sauteri 499 pseudodorsalis, Platymantis 497 Pseudoeurycea altamontana 585 Pseudoeurycea aquatica 586 Pseudoeurycea bellii 586 Pseudoeurycea boneti 586 Pseudoeurycea brunnata 586 Pseudoeurycea cephalica 640 Pseudoeurycea cochranae 587 Pseudoeurycea exspectata 587 Pseudoeurycea ﬁrscheini 587 Pseudoeurycea gadovii 587 Pseudoeurycea galeanae 640 Pseudoeurycea gigantea 588 Pseudoeurycea goebeli 588 Pseudoeurycea juarezi 588 Pseudoeurycea leprosa 588 Pseudoeurycea longicauda 589 Pseudoeurycea lynchi 589 Pseudoeurycea melanomolga 589 Pseudoeurycea mystax 589 Pseudoeurycea naucampatepetl 590 Pseudoeurycea nigromaculata 590 Pseudoeurycea papenfussi 640 Pseudoeurycea praecellens 590 Pseudoeurycea robertsi 590 Pseudoeurycea saltator 591

755

Pseudoeurycea scandens 591 Pseudoeurycea smithi 591 Pseudoeurycea unguidentis 591 Pseudoeurycea werleri 592 pseudomalabaricus, Rhacophorus 540 Pseudophryne australis 463 Pseudophryne bibronii 627 Pseudophryne corroboree 463 Pseudophryne covacevichae 463 Pseudophryne pengilleyi 464 pseudotornieri, Nectophrynoides 197 pseudouniformis, Oedipina 581 pseustes, Gastrotheca 398 psiloderma, Plectrohyla 274 psychrophila, Gastrotheca 398 pteridophilus, Eleutherodactylus 371 Pterorana khare 499 Ptychadena broadleyi 500 Ptychadena erlangeri 631 Ptychadena newtoni 500 Ptychadena superciliaris 631 ptychodactylus, Hyloscirtus 251 Ptychohyla dendrophasma 276 Ptychohyla erythromma 276 Ptychohyla euthysanota 617 Ptychohyla hypomykter 277 Ptychohyla legleri 277 Ptychohyla leonhardschultzei 277 Ptychohyla macrotympanum 277 Ptychohyla panchoi 278 Ptychohyla salvadorensis 278 Ptychohyla sanctaecrucis 278 Ptychohyla spinipollex 278 pueblae, Rana 510 Puerto Rican Crested Toad 187 pughi, Philoria 424 pugnax, Eleutherodactylus 371 pulchellus, Colostethus 225 pulcher, Atelopus 174 pulchra, Cardioglossa 148 pulchra, Mantella 428 pulchrilineatus, Osteopilus 265 pulmonaris, Thorius 597 puma, Smilisca 279 punctariolus, Craugastor 309 punctatus, Kalophrynus 452 punctatus, Plethodon 640 punctulata, Cochranella 215 puxiongensis, Oreolalax 440 puyoense, Centrolene 211 pycnochila, Plectrohyla 274 pycnodermis, Eleutherodactylus 371 pygmaea, Platymantis 497 pygmaea, Stumpfﬁa 461 pygmaeus, Craugastor 309 pygmaeus, Triturus 642 pyrenaica, Rana 510 Pyrenean Brook Salamander 641 Pyrenean Frog 510 pyrrhomerus, Eleutherodactylus 372 pyrrhoscelis, Arthroleptis 610

Q quadranus, Chaparana 628 quadrilineata, Litoria 260 quantus, Eleutherodactylus 372 quecchi, Plectrohyla 274 quechua, Bufo 190 quelchii, Oreophrynella 200 quimbaya, Atelopus 174 quindianum, Centrolene 211 quinquagesimus, Eleutherodactylus

R rabbi, Dendrotriton 571 rabori, Platymantis 498 ragazzii, Leptopelis 290 Ramanella montana 626 Ramanella mormorata 459 Ramanella nagaoi 459 Ramanella obscura 626 Ramanella palmata 460 Ramanella triangularis 460 Ramsey Canyon Leopard Frog Rana amamiensis 500 Rana areolata 631 Rana attigua 500 Rana aurantiaca 501 Rana aurora 631 Rana banjarana 631 Rana boylii 631 Rana bwana 501

512

372

Rana capito 631 Rana cascadae 632 Rana cerigensis 501 Rana cretensis 503 Rana curtipes 632 Rana charlesdarwini 501 Rana chevronta 502 Rana chichicuahutla 502 Rana chiricahuensis 502 Rana chitwanensis 632 Rana chosenica 503 Rana dunni 503 Rana epeirotica 503 Rana fisheri 139 Rana grafi 632 Rana grahami 632 Rana hainanensis 504 Rana holsti 504 Rana iberica 632 Rana igorota 504 Rana ishikawae 504 Rana jingdongensis 505 Rana johni 505 Rana juliani 633 Rana junlianensis 505 Rana kuangwuensis 505 Rana latastei 506 Rana longicrus 506 Rana lungshengensis 633 Rana luzonensis 633 Rana macroglossa 506 Rana macrops 633 Rana mangyanum 507 Rana megapoda 507 Rana miadis 507 Rana minima 507 Rana moellendorffi 633 Rana mortenseni 633 Rana muscosa 508 Rana narina 508 Rana nasuta 508 Rana neovolcanica 633 Rana nigromaculata 633 Rana okaloosae 509 Rana okinavana 509 Rana omiltemana 509 Rana onca 509 Rana pretiosa 510 Rana psaltes 510 Rana pueblae 510 Rana pyrenaica 510 Rana sevosa 511 Rana shqiperica 511 Rana sierramadrensis 512 Rana similis 633 Rana spinulosa 512 Rana subaquavocalis 512 Rana subaspera 512 Rana supranarina 513 Rana tarahumarae 513 Rana temporalis 633 Rana tenggerensis 513 Rana tiannanensis 633 Rana tientaiensis 633 Rana tipanan 513 Rana tlaloci 514 Rana utsunomiyaorum 514 Rana vibicaria 514 Rana warszewitschii 634 Rana weiningensis 514 Rana wuchuanensis 515 Rancho Grande Harlequin Frog 164 raniformis, Litoria 260 Ranodon flavomaculatus 553 Ranodon shihi 637 Ranodon sibiricus 553 Ranodon tsinpaensis 553 ranoides, Astylosternus 150 ranoides, Colostethus 225 ranoides, Craugastor 309 rathbuni, Eurycea 573 Rattling Frog 625 rattrayi, Anhydrophryne 467 Red Hills Salamander 582 Red-crowned Toadlet 463 Red-cheeked Salamander 639 Red-legged Frog 631 Red-legged Salamander 585 Red-tailed Knobby Newt 607 refugii, Philautus 530 regius, Batrachoseps 554 reichei, Arthroleptis 610 Relict Leopard Frog 509 renjiforum, Eleutherodactylus 372 repens, Eleutherodactylus 373 resplendens, Cochranella 215

756

reticulatus, Atelopus 174 reticulatus, Philautus 530 reverberii, Atelognathus 295 revocatum, Hyalinobatrachium 220 rhacoda, Limnonectes 629 Rhacophorus angulirostris 538 Rhacophorus annamensis 538 Rhacophorus arvalis 538 Rhacophorus aurantiventris 538 Rhacophorus baliogaster 539 Rhacophorus baluensis 635 Rhacophorus bifasciatus 635 Rhacophorus bimaculatus 539 Rhacophorus calcadensis 539 Rhacophorus calcaneus 635 Rhacophorus dulitensis 635 Rhacophorus everetti 635 Rhacophorus exechopygus 539 Rhacophorus fasciatus 540 Rhacophorus gauni 635 Rhacophorus harrissoni 635 Rhacophorus kajau 635 Rhacophorus lateralis 540 Rhacophorus margaritifer 540 Rhacophorus monticola 635 Rhacophorus prasinatus 635 Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus 540 Rhacophorus ruﬁpes 635 Rhacophorus taipeianus 636 Rhamphophryne festae 612 Rhamphophryne macrorhina 204 Rhamphophryne nicefori 204 Rhamphophryne rostrata 204 Rheobatrachus silus 143 Rheobatrachus vitellinus 143 rheocola, Litoria 261 rheophilus, Astylosternus 151 rheophilus, Taudactylus 466 Rhinoderma darwinii 541 Rhinoderma rufum 541 rhodesi, Eleutherodactylus 373 rhodesianus, Probreviceps 458 rhodesianus, Strongylopus 515 rhododiscus, Philautus 634 rhodopis, Craugastor 309 rhodoplichus, Eleutherodactylus 373 rhodoscelis, Boophis 624 rhodostichus, Eleutherodactylus 373 rhodostigmatus, Oreolalax 440 Rhombophryne testudo 460 rhopophilius, Pelophryne 203 rhyacobatrachus, Craugastor 310 Rhyacotriton cascadae 641 Rhyacotriton kezeri 641 Rhyacotriton olympicus 599 ricordii, Eleutherodactylus 374 Rich Mountain Salamander 640 richardi, Nototriton 639 Richmond’s Coqui 374 richmondensis, Philoria 424 richmondi, Eleutherodactylus 374 riggenbachi, Hyperolius 287 rigida, Kaloula 452 riletti, Bolitoglossa 564 rimarum, Tepuihyla 279 Rio Carauta Stubfoot Toad 162 riobambae, Gastrotheca 398 riveroi, Cochranella 216 riveroi, Mannophryne 233 riveroi, Stefania 410 riveti, Eleutherodactylus 621 rivicola, Mantidactylus 432 rivularis, Eleutherodactylus 374 rivularis, Isthmohyla 255 rivulus, Eleutherodactylus 374 robertingeri, Paa 491 robertsi, Pseudoeurycea 590 robertsorum, Plectrohyla 274 robledoi, Centrolene 211 robusta, Conraua 478 robusta, Euparkerella 392 robustus, Batrachoseps 638 Rock Frog 449 rogersi, Hoplophryne 450 romeri, Chirixalus 516 ronaldi, Eleutherodactylus 375 rosada, Cochranella 216 rosadoi, Eleutherodactylus 375 Rose’s Mountain Toad 194 rosei, Capensibufo 194 rosei, Heleophryne 238 roseus, Eleutherodactylus 621 roseus, Eupsophus 622 rostandi, Paa 492 rostralis, Craugastor 619 rostrata, Bolitoglossa 564

Threatened Amphibians of the World

rostrata, Rhamphophryne 204 Rough Horned Frog 437 rouxae, Anodonthyla 445 rubicundus, Eleutherodactylus 375 rubigina, Ansonia 159 rubrimaculatus, Eleutherodactylus 375 rubropunctatus, Bufo 190 rubrovermiculatus, Hyperolius 288 ruedai, Eleutherodactylus 376 rueppelli, Nyctimystes 264 rufescens, Eleutherodactylus 376 rufifemoralis, Eleutherodactylus 376 rufioculis, Boophis 624 rufioculis, Duellmanohyla 243 rufipes, Rhacophorus 635 rufum, Rhinoderma 541 rugatus, Philautus 141 ruginosus, Scutiger 443 rugosus, Oreolalax 625 rugosus, Pedostibes 612 ruizi, Cochranella 216 ruizi, Colostethus 225 ruizi, Eleutherodactylus 376 ruizi, Gastrotheca 398 rumbolli, Bufo 191 rungwensis, Probreviceps 459 Rupirana cardosoi 623 rus, Philautus 634 rutenbergi, Heterixalus 617 ruthae, Eleutherodactylus 377 ruthveni, Colostethus 226 ruthveni, Eleutherodactylus 377 Ryukyu Brown Frog 509 Ryukyu Tip-nosed Frog 508

S sabrina, Plectrohyla 275 sabrinus, Craugastor 310 sagorum, Plectrohyla 275 sahyadrensis, Nasikabatrachus 467 sahyadris, Minervarya 486 salai, Atelognathus 296 Salamander, Abe’s 549 Salamander, Ainsworth’s 144 Salamander, Alpine Stream 548 Salamander, Amber-coloured 551 Salamander, Ambrosi’s Cave 641 Salamander, Austin Blind 574 Salamander, Barton Springs 574 Salamander, Bell’s False Brook 586 Salamander, Berry Cave 575 Salamander, Big Levels 584 Salamander, Black 637 Salamander, Blue Ridge Graycheeked 582 Salamander, Caddo Mountain 639 Salamander, California Giant 637 Salamander, California Tiger 544 Salamander, Cascade Caverns 572 Salamander, Cascade Torrent 641 Salamander, Caucasian 603 Salamander, Clouded 637 Salamander, Columbia Torrent 641 Salamander, Comal Blind 574 Salamander, Cumberland Dusky 638 Salamander, Cheat Mountain 640 Salamander, Cheoah Bald 583 Salamander, Chinese Giant 547 Salamander, Chisholm Trail 572 Salamander, Del Norte 639 Salamander, Flatwoods 544 Salamander, Fourche Mountain 583 Salamander, French Cave 641 Salamander, Gene’s Cave 592 Salamander, Georgia Blind 575 Salamander, Golden-striped 600 Salamander, Granular 545 Salamander, Green 637 Salamander, Hakuba 551 Salamander, Hokuriku 552 Salamander, Holy-mountain 559 Salamander, Imperial Cave 641 Salamander, Inyo Mountains 554 Salamander, Italian Cave 641 Salamander, Japanese Giant 636 Salamander, Jemez Mountains 640 Salamander, Jollyville Plateau 574 Salamander, Junaluska 572 Salamander, Kern Canyon Slender 554 Salamander, Kern Plateau 638 Salamander, Kings River Slender 554 Salamander, Lake Lerma 545 Salamander, Lanza’s Alpine 606 Salamander, Larch Mountain 639

Salamander, Leora’s Stream 545 Salamander, Limestone 576 Salamander, Longdong Stream 548 Salamander, Magniﬁcent Webfooted 561 Salamander, Michoacan Stream 546 Salamander, Monte Albo Cave 592 Salamander, Muscular 640 Salamander, North African Fire 606 Salamander, Odaigahara 550 Salamander, Oita 550 Salamander, Oki 551 Salamander, Oklahoma 639 Salamander, Olympic Torrent 599 Salamander, Oregon Slender 555 Salamander, Peaks Of Otter 583 Salamander, Persian Mountain 637 Salamander, Pigeon Mountain 584 Salamander, Pyrenean Brook 641 Salamander, Red Hills 582 Salamander, Red-cheeked 639 Salamander, Red-legged 585 Salamander, Rich Mountain 640 Salamander, San Gabriel Springs 573 Salamander, San Marcos 572 Salamander, Sardinian Brook 601 Salamander, Scottbar 583 Salamander, Seepage 639 Salamander, Semirechensk 553 Salamander, Sharp-ribbed 642 Salamander, Shasta 576 Salamander, Shenandoah 584 Salamander, Shenandoah Mountain 640 Salamander, Siskiyou Mountains 585 Salamander, South Mountain Graycheeked 584 Salamander, Stream 548 Salamander, Streamside 636 Salamander, Supramonte Cave 592 Salamander, Tam Dao 605 Salamander, Taylor’s 546 Salamander, Tehachapi Slender 554 Salamander, Tennessee Cave 575 Salamander, Texas 573 Salamander, Texas Blind 573 Salamander, Tokyo 552 Salamander, Tsinpa 553 Salamander, Wandering 637 Salamander, Weller’s 585 Salamander, West Virginia Spring 575 Salamander, White-spotted 640 Salamander, Wushan 637 Salamander, Yellow-spotted 553 Salamander, Yenyuan Stream 549 Salamandra algira 606 Salamandra infraimmaculata 642 Salamandra lanzai 606 salegy, Mantidactylus 432 saltator, Agalychnis 615 saltator, Pseudoeurycea 591 saltuarius, Craugastor 310 saltuensis, Colostethus 226 salvadorensis, Ptychohyla 278 salvaje, Ecnomiohyla 246 salvavida, Duellmanohyla 243 salvinii, Bolitoglossa 565 San Gabriel Springs Salamander 573 San Marcos Salamander 572 sanctaecrucis, Ptychohyla 278 sanctaemartae, Eleutherodactylus 621 sanctibarbarus, Dendrotriton 571 sanctipalustris, Nyctibatrachus 489 sanctisilvaticus, Philautus 531 sandersoni, Eleutherodactylus 377 sanguineus, Eleutherodactylus 621 sanmartini, Melanophryniscus 612 sarasinorum, Philautus 531 Sardinian Brook Salamander 601 sartori, Craugastor 310 saslaya, Nototriton 579 satagius, Eleutherodactylus 377 satelles, Stefania 623 saueri, Philautus 531 sauteri, Pseudoamolops 499 savagei, Cochranella 216 savagei, Eleutherodactylus 621 saxatilis, Cophixalus 449 saxatilis, Eleutherodactylus 378 saxatilis, Thoropa 623 saxicola, Micrixalus 486 saxiscandens, Cochranella 217 scalptus, Pelophryne 203 scandens, Pseudoeurycea 591 Scanty Frog 625 Scaphiophryne boribory 460 Scaphiophryne gottlebei 461

Scaphiophryne madagascariensis 627 Scaphiophryne marmorata 461 Scarlet Harlequin Toad 176 sciagraphus, Eleutherodactylus 379 Scinax alcatraz 279 Scinax oreites 617 Scinax trapicheiroi 617 sclerocephalus, Bufo 191 scoloblepharus, Eleutherodactylus 379 scolodiscus, Eleutherodactylus 379 scorteccii, Bufo 191 Scottbar Salamander 583 scrocchii, Telmatobius 418 Scutiger chintingensis 441 Scutiger gongshanensis 441 Scutiger liupanensis 441 Scutiger maculatus 441 Scutiger muliensis 442 Scutiger nepalensis 442 Scutiger ningshanensis 442 Scutiger pingwuensis 442 Scutiger ruginosus 443 Scutiger tuberculatus 443 schilﬁ, Mantidactylus 432 schioetzi, Astylosternus 151 schioetzi, Cardioglossa 148 schirchi, Dasypops 450 schmackeri, Philautus 531 schmarda, Philautus 532 schmidti, Crossodactylus 619 schmidti, Eleutherodactylus 378 schmidti, Oreolalax 625 schmidti, Thorius 597 schmidtorum, Duellmanohyla 244 schreiteri, Telmatobius 417 schuberti, Stefania 410 schultei, Eleutherodactylus 378 schwartzi, Eleutherodactylus 378 sechellensis, Sooglossus 542 Seep Frog 630 Seepage Salamander 639 seminiferus, Atelopus 174 semipalmatus, Cycloramphus 619 semipalmatus, Eleutherodactylus 379 Semirechensk Salamander 553 senex, Atelopus 175 serasanae, Leptobrachella 435 serendipitus, Eleutherodactylus 380 sernai, Atelopus 175 serranus, Nephelobates 236 serratopalpebrosa, Plethodontohyla 458 sevosa, Rana 511 Seychelles Palm Frog 542 shangchengensis, Pachyhynobius 553 shanjing, Tylototriton 643 Sharp Snouted Day Frog 465 Sharp-ribbed Salamander 642 Shasta Salamander 576 shastae, Hydromantes 576 Shenandoah Mountain Salamander 640 Shenandoah Salamander 584 shenandoah, Plethodon 584 sherando, Plethodon 584 shermani, Plethodon 585 shihi, Ranodon 637 shillongensis, Philautus 532 shini, Paa 492 sholigari, Microhyla 453 Short-legged Horned Toad 444 shqiperica, Rana 511 shrevei, Eleutherodactylus 380 shuar, Colostethus 614 siamensis, Ansonia 159 sibiricus, Ranodon 553 sibiricus, Telmatobius 418 siegfriedi, Albericus 445 siemersi, Argenteohyla 239 sierramadrensis, Platymantis 498 sierramadrensis, Rana 512 signata, Pelophryne 612 signatus, Philautus 532 signifer, Eleutherodactylus 380 silus, Bradytriton 567 silus, Philautus 532 silus, Rheobatrachus 143 silvanimbus, Leptodactylus 402 silvanus, Mantidactylus 433 silvaticus, Philautus 533 silverstonei, Bolitoglossa 565 silverstonei, Eleutherodactylus 621 silvicola, Craugastor 311 sima, Bolitoglossa 565 simatus, Batrachoseps 554 simba, Philautus 533 similis, Philautus 533 similis, Rana 633

simmonsi, Hyloscirtus 252 simmonsi, Ischnocnema 401 simonbolivari, Eleutherodactylus 380 simonsi, Telmatobius 623 simonsii, Phrynopus 408 simoteriscus, Eleutherodactylus 381 simoterus, Eleutherodactylus 621 simulans, Eleutherodactylus 381 simulatus, Atelopus 175 siopela, Plectrohyla 275 siopelus, Eleutherodactylus 381 siren, Cochranella 217 sirensis, Dendrobates 230 Siskiyou Mountains Salamander 585 sisyphodemus, Eleutherodactylus 381 sjostedti, Didynamipus 194 Skunk Frog 220 Small-headed Frog 489 Small-webbed Bell Toad 155 Smilisca cyanosticta 617 Smilisca dentata 279 Smilisca puma 279 smithi, Pseudoeurycea 591 Snout-burrower, Spotted 238 soaresi, Physalaemus 409 sobetes, Eleutherodactylus 382 solitarius, Atelognathus 296 solomonis, Palmatorappia 493 somuncurensis, Somuncuria 409 Somuncuria somuncurensis 409 sonani, Hynobius 551 sonjae, Acanthixalus 617 sonsonensis, Atelopus 175 Sooglossus gardineri 542 Sooglossus pipilodryas 542 Sooglossus sechellensis 542 sooyorum, Bolitoglossa 565 soralia, Duellmanohyla 244 sordidus, Philautus 634 sorianoi, Atelopus 176 sosae, Metaphryniscus 196 sosorum, Eurycea 574 South Mountain Gray-cheeked Salamander 584 Southern Bell Frog 260 Southern Gastric Brooding Frog 143 Southern Marbled Newt 642 Southwestern Toad 611 Spadefoot, Western 627 Spadefoot, Western 636 Spanish Painted Frog 615 spatulatus, Craugastor 311 Spea hammondii 636 speciosus, Dendrobates 230 spectabilis, Phrynopus 408 spelaea, Platymantis 498 Speleomantes ambrosii 641 Speleomantes ﬂavus 592 Speleomantes genei 592 Speleomantes imperialis 641 Speleomantes italicus 641 Speleomantes strinatii 641 Speleomantes supramontis 592 spenceri, Litoria 261 sphagnicolus, Philoria 425 Sphagnum Frog 425 Spicospina ﬂammocaerulea 464 spiculata, Cochranella 613 spiculatus, Bufo 191 spilogaster, Eleutherodactylus 382 spilogaster, Thorius 597 spiniferus, Mantidactylus 624 spinifrons, Afrixalus 281 spinipollex, Ptychohyla 278 Spinophrynoides osgoodi 204 spinosa, Anotheca 615 spinosa, Paa 492 spinosus, Eleutherodactylus 621 spinosus, Nyctixalus 517 spinulifer, Ansonia 610 spinulosa, Rana 512 splendens, Gastrotheca 399 Splendid Poison Frog 230 spongai, Bolitoglossa 566 Spot-tailed Warty Newt 642 Spotted Snout-burrower 238 Spotted Treefrog 261 springbokensis, Strongylopus 516 spumarius, Atelopus 176 spurrelli, Atelopus 176 Squeaker, Cave 147 stadelmani, Craugastor 311 staufferorum, Hyloscirtus 252 Staurois tuberilinguis 634 stebbinsi, Batrachoseps 554 Stefania ackawaio 409

Index of Extinct, Threatened and Near Threatened species accounts

Stefania ayangannae 409 Stefania coxi 410 Stefania riveroi 410 Stefania satelles 623 Stefania schuberti 410 steindachneri, Phrynobatrachus 472 steinegeri, Micryletta 454 steineri, Philautus 534 stejnegeri, Hynobius 551 stejnegeri, Megophrys 438 stellatum, Theloderma 636 stellatus, Philautus 141 stenopodia, Oedipina 581 stephani, Telmatobius 418 Stephopaedes anotis 205 Stephopaedes howelli 205 Stephopaedes usambarae 205 sternosignatus, Bufo 612 stevarti, Leptodactylodon 154 steyermarki, Dendrobates 230 stictomerus, Philautus 634 stictopleura, Gastrotheca 399 stingi, Dendropsophus 242 stolzmanni, Ceratophrys 297 stormi, Plethodon 585 strauchii, Neurergus 604 Stream Coqui 351 Stream Salamander 548 Streamside Salamander 636 striatus, Mantidactylus 433 strinatii, Speleomantes 641 Striped Newt 642 Strongylopus kitumbeine 515 Strongylopus merumontanus 515 Strongylopus rhodesianus 515 Strongylopus springbokensis 516 Strongylopus wageri 634 stuarti, Bolitoglossa 566 stuarti, Craugastor 311 stuarti, Philautus 534 Stumpfﬁa helenae 461 Stumpfﬁa pygmaea 461 Stuttering Frog 422 subaquavocalis, Rana 512 subaspera, Rana 512 subglandulosa, Litoria 262 submontana, Werneria 206 subornatus, Atelopus 176 subpalmata, Bolitoglossa 566 subterraneus, Gyrinophilus 575 subterrestris, Kalophrynus 626 subterrestris, Platymantis 498 suetus, Eleutherodactylus 382 sulculus, Eleutherodactylus 382 sumacoensis, Osornophryne 201 sumatranus, Bufo 192 Sunset Frog 464 superciliaris, Ptychadena 631 supernatis, Eleutherodactylus 383 Supramonte Cave Salamander 592 supramontis, Speleomantes 592 supranarina, Rana 513 surdus, Eleutherodactylus 383 surrufus, Philautus 534 susanae, Leptopelis 291 susatamai, Cochranella 217 Sword-tailed Newt 600 sylvaticus, Afrixalus 282 sylvaticus, Dendrobates 614 sylvestris, Breviceps 446 symingtoni, Eleutherodactylus 383 synoria, Bolitoglossa 566 syntomopus, Atopophrynus 296 syristes, Eleutherodactylus 383

T tabasarae, Craugastor 312 Table Mountain Ghost Frog 238 tacanensis, Bufo 192 taeniopus, Charadrahyla 241 taiensis, Bufo 192 taipeianus, Rhacophorus 636 takedai, Hynobius 552 taladai, Bufo 192 Taliang Knobby Newt 643 taliangensis, Tylototriton 643 talipes, Osornophryne 201 Tam Dao Salamander 605 Tamá Harlequin Frog 177 tamaense, Atelopus 177 tamsitti, Eleutherodactylus 621 tandroka, Mantidactylus 433 tandyi, Werneria 207 tanneri, Arthroleptis 146

tannerorum, Hyperolius 288 Tapping Nursery-frog 447 Tarahumara Frog 513 tarahumarae, Rana 513 tarahumaraensis, Craugastor 312 tasanae, Ingerana 481 Taudactylus acutirostris 465 Taudactylus diurnus 138 Taudactylus eungellensis 465 Taudactylus liemi 627 Taudactylus pleione 466 Taudactylus rheophilus 466 taurus, Craugastor 312 Taylor’s Salamander 546 taylori, Ambystoma 546 taylori, Platymantis 499 tayrona, Centrolene 212 tayrona, Eleutherodactylus 622 tectus, Philautus 535 tecunumani, Plectrohyla 275 Tehachapi Slender Salamander 554 Telmatobius arequipensis 410 Telmatobius atacamensis 411 Telmatobius bolivianus 623 Telmatobius brevipes 411 Telmatobius brevirostris 411 Telmatobius carillae 411 Telmatobius ceiorum 412 Telmatobius cirrhacelis 412 Telmatobius colanensis 412 Telmatobius culeus 412 Telmatobius degener 413 Telmatobius edaphonastes 413 Telmatobius gigas 413 Telmatobius hauthali 413 Telmatobius hockingi 414 Telmatobius huayra 414 Telmatobius hypselocephalus 414 Telmatobius ignavus 414 Telmatobius jelskii 623 Telmatobius laticeps 415 Telmatobius latirostris 415 Telmatobius marmoratus 415 Telmatobius mayoloi 415 Telmatobius necopinus 416 Telmatobius niger 416 Telmatobius oxycephalus 416 Telmatobius pefauri 416 Telmatobius peruvianus 417 Telmatobius pisanoi 417 Telmatobius platycephalus 417 Telmatobius scrocchii 418 Telmatobius schreiteri 417 Telmatobius sibiricus 418 Telmatobius simonsi 623 Telmatobius stephani 418 Telmatobius thompsoni 418 Telmatobius truebae 419 Telmatobius vellardi 419 Telmatobius verrucosus 419 Telmatobius yuracare 419 Telmatobius zapahuirensis 420 Telmatobufo australis 420 Telmatobufo bullocki 420 Telmatobufo venustus 420 temporalis, Philautus 141 temporalis, Rana 633 tenebrionis, Eleutherodactylus 384 tenggerensis, Rana 513 Tennessee Cave Salamander 575 Tepuihyla rimarum 279 terribilis, Phyllobates 236 testudo, Rhombophryne 460 tetajulia, Eleutherodactylus 384 tetra, Platypelis 456 teuchestes, Plectrohyla 276 Texas Blind Salamander 573 Texas Salamander 573 Theloderma bicolor 541 Theloderma stellatum 636 thomasi, Eleutherodactylus 384 thomasseti, Nesomantis 542 thomensis, Hyperolius 288 thompsoni, Telmatobius 418 thorectes, Eleutherodactylus 384 thorectes, Plectrohyla 276 Thorius arboreus 593 Thorius aureus 593 Thorius boreas 593 Thorius dubitus 593 Thorius grandis 594 Thorius infernalis 594 Thorius lunaris 594 Thorius macdougalli 594 Thorius magnipes 595 Thorius minutissimus 595

Thorius minydemus 595 Thorius muniﬁcus 595 Thorius narismagnus 596 Thorius narisovalis 596 Thorius omiltemi 596 Thorius papaloae 596 Thorius pennatulus 597 Thorius pulmonaris 597 Thorius schmidti 597 Thorius spilogaster 597 Thorius troglodytes 598 Thoropa lutzi 421 Thoropa petropolitana 421 Thoropa saxatilis 623 Three-coloured Harlequin Toad 177 thymalopsoides, Eleutherodactylus 385 tiannanensis, Rana 633 tibetanus, Batrachuperus 548 tica, Isthmohyla 255 tientaiensis, Rana 633 Tinkling Froglet 462 tinniens, Philautus 535 tinnula, Crinia 462 tiomanica, Ansonia 159 tipanan, Rana 513 Tlaloc’s Leopard Frog 514 tlaloci, Rana 514 Tlalocohyla godmani 280 toa, Eleutherodactylus 385 toachi, Colostethus 226 Toad, Amargosa 188 Toad, Amatola 178 Toad, Arroyo 180 Toad, Betic Midwife 237 Toad, Black 183 Toad, Bleeding 195 Toad, Brongersma’s 611 Toad, Cannatella’s Plump 201 Toad, Cuban High-crested 184 Toad, Cuban Long-nosed 187 Toad, Cuban Pine 180 Toad, Cuban Small-eared 182 Toad, Cuban Spotted 192 Toad, Chirinda 205 Toad, Eastern Crested 183 Toad, Golden 137 Toad, Great Piebald Horned 444 Toad, Green and Red Venter Harlequin 173 Toad, Guacamayo Plump 201 Toad, Herveo Plump 201 Toad, Hispaniolan Crestless 183 Toad, Houston 185 Toad, Iberian Midwife 614 Toad, Inyanga 186 Toad, Jeweled 184 Toad, Kihansi Spray 196 Toad, Large-crested 182 Toad, Large-spined Bell 155 Toad, Lichuan Bell 155 Toad, Mallorcan Midwife 237 Toad, Mangshan Horned 625 Toad, Mountain 181 Toad, Myers’ Surinam 473 Toad, Nankiang Horned 444 Toad, Omei Horned 625 Toad, Puerto Rican Crested 187 Toad, Rio Carauta Stubfoot 162 Toad, Rose’s Mountain 194 Toad, Scarlet Harlequin 176 Toad, Short-legged Horned 444 Toad, Small-webbed Bell 155 Toad, Southwestern 611 Toad, Three-coloured Harlequin 177 Toad, Varaldi’s Spadefoot 467 Toad, Western 611 Toad, Western Leopard 189 Toad, Wyoming 137 Toad, Yosemite 180 Toadlet, Bibron’s 627 Toadlet, Red-crowned 463 togoensis, Bufo 612 Tokyo Salamander 552 tokyoensis, Hynobius 552 Tomato Frog 626 tonkawae, Eurycea 574 tonyi, Eleutherodactylus 385 tormotus, Amolops 476 Torrent Treefrog 259 torrenticola, Eleutherodactylus 385 torrenticola, Hyloscirtus 252 torrentis, Amolops 477 torrentis, Ansonia 160 torrentis, Hyperolius 288 toumanofﬁ, Limnonectes 484 townsendi, Parvimolge 582

trachyceps, Gastrotheca 399 trachydermus, Craugastor 312 Transverse Volcanic Leopard Frog 633 trapicheiroi, Scinax 617 travancoricus, Philautus 142 Treefrog, Blue-sided 238 Treefrog, Cape Melville 255 Treefrog, Cooloola 257 Treefrog, Fiji 630 Treefrog, Hispaniolan Giant 265 Treefrog, Hispaniolan Yellow 265 Treefrog, Morelet’s 239 Treefrog, Pearson’s Green 616 Treefrog, Peppered 260 Treefrog, Pine Barrens 615 Treefrog, Pink-sided 239 Treefrog, Spotted 261 Treefrog, Torrent 259 Treefrog, Yellow-spotted 257 Treehole Coqui 345 trepidotus, Eleutherodactylus 386 triangularis, Ramanella 460 tribulosus, Eleutherodactylus 386 tricolor, Atelopus 177 tricolor, Epipedobates 232 tridactyla, Euparkerella 392 tridentifera, Eurycea 574 trifasciata, Cardioglossa 149 trinitatis, Mannophryne 234 Triturus dobrogicus 642 Triturus pygmaeus 642 troglodytes, Arthroleptis 147 troglodytes, Thorius 598 truebae, Eleutherodactylus 386 truebae, Madecassophryne 452 truebae, Telmatobius 419 truncata, Xenohyla 617 trux, Charadrahyla 241 tsaratananaensis, Platypelis 456 Tsinpa Salamander 553 tsinpaensis, Ranodon 553 tuberata, Plethodontohyla 458 tuberculatus, Bufo 612 tuberculatus, Scutiger 443 tuberculosus, Pedostibes 202 tuberilinguis, Staurois 634 tuberodepressus, Amolops 477 tuberosus, Leptolalax 437 tumultuosus, Alsodes 294 turpinorum, Eleutherodactylus 386 turquinensis, Eleutherodactylus 387 turumiquirensis, Eleutherodactylus 387 Tusked Frog 623 tutelarius, Bufo 193 tweediei, Limnonectes 629 Tylototriton asperrimus 643 Tylototriton hainanensis 607 Tylototriton kweichowensis 607 Tylototriton shanjing 643 Tylototriton taliangensis 643 Tylototriton wenxianensis 607 tynerensis, Eurycea 639

U Uluguru Blue-bellied Frog 450 uluguruensis, Afrixalus 282 uluguruensis, Hoplophryne 450 uluguruensis, Leptopelis 291 uluguruensis, Probreviceps 459 umbra, Philautus 535 unculuanus, Chaparana 477 unguidentis, Pseudoeurycea 591 unicolor, Eleutherodactylus 387 uniformis, Oedipina 582 uno, Craugastor 313 Upland Coqui 370 uranochroa, Duellmanohyla 244 urichi, Eleutherodactylus 387 Usambara Blue-bellied Frog 450 Usambara Torrent Frog 468 usambarae, Stephopaedes 205 usambarica, Parhoplophryne 455 utsunomiyaorum, Rana 514 uzunguensis, Bufo 193 uzungwensis, Phrynobatrachus 473

V vagrans, Aneides 637 valancifer, Ecnomiohyla 246 vanadise, Eleutherodactylus 622 vannutellii, Leptopelis 291 vanzolinii, Alsodes 294

757

Varaldi’s Spadefoot Toad 467 varaldii, Pelobates 467 variabilis, Oreophryne 455 variabilis, Philautus 142 varians, Eleutherodactylus 388 varius, Atelopus 177 vasanthi, Nyctibatrachus 489 vasquezi, Oreophrynella 200 vastus, Osteopilus 265 veletis, Eleutherodactylus 388 vellardi, Telmatobius 419 Venezuelan Yellow Frog 162 ventrilineatus, Eleutherodactylus 388 ventrimarmoratus, Leptodactylodon 154 venusta, Cardioglossa 149 venustus, Telmatobufo 420 veraepacis, Cryptotriton 570 verecundus, Eleutherodactylus 388 vergeli, Colostethus 226 vermiculatus, Leptopelis 291 verrucipes, Eleutherodactylus 389 verrucospinosa, Paa 630 verrucosus, Telmatobius 419 versicolor, Eleutherodactylus 389 versicolor, Phrynobatrachus 473 vertebralis, Colostethus 227 vertebralis, Eleutherodactylus 389 vertebralis, Eupsophus 622 vestergaardi, Nectophrynoides 198 vibekensis, Afrixalus 617 vibicaria, Rana 514 Vibrissaphora ailaonica 625 Vibrissaphora boringii 443 Vibrissaphora echinata 443 Vibrissaphora leishanensis 444 vicarius, Eleutherodactylus 622 vidua, Eleutherodactylus 389 villiersi, Bufo 193 villiersi, Phrynobatrachus 473 vireovittatum, Hyalinobatrachium 613 Virgin Islands Coqui 378 virginia, Plethodon 640 viridicans, Eleutherodactylus 390 viridigulosus, Hyperolius 289 viridimaculatus, Amolops 628 viridis, Dendrobates 230 viridis, Eleutherodactylus 622 viridis, Mantella 429 viridis, Philautus 535 virolinensis, Dendrobates 231 visayanus, Limnonectes 484 vitellina, Geocrinia 462 vitellinus, Rheobatrachus 143 vitiana, Platymantis 499 vitiensis, Platymantis 630 vittatus, Phyllobates 236 viviparus, Nectophrynoides 198 vogli, Atelopus 136 Volcano Clawed Frog 628 vulcani, Eleutherodactylus 390

W Wager’s Stream Frog 634 wageri, Strongylopus 634 walkeri, Atelopus 178 walkeri, Bolitoglossa 638 walkeri, Geobatrachus 400 walkeri, Hyla 248 Walpole Frog 627 waltl, Pleurodeles 642 wallacei, Haideotriton 575 Wandering Salamander 637 Wanggao Warty Newt 605 warreni, Eleutherodactylus 390 warszewitschii, Rana 634 Waterdog, Alabama 598 Waterdog, Neuse River 641 waterlooensis, Eurycea 574 wayuu, Colostethus 227 webbi, Mantidactylus 433 weiningensis, Rana 514 Weller’s Salamander 585 welleri, Plethodon 585 wendyae, Nectophrynoides 198 Wenxian Knobby Newt 607 wenxianensis, Tylototriton 607 werleri, Pseudoeurycea 592 wermuthi, Hyperolius 618 Werneria bambutensis 205 Werneria iboundji 206 Werneria mertensiana 206 Werneria preussi 206 Werneria submontana 206 Werneria tandyi 207

758

West Virginia Spring Salamander 575 Western Leopard Toad 189 Western Spadefoot 627 Western Spadefoot 636 Western Toad 611 wetmorei, Eleutherodactylus 390 weygoldti, Aplastodiscus 615 White-bellied Frog 462 whiteheadi, Meristogenys 630 White-spotted Salamander 640 wightmanae, Eleutherodactylus 391 wilderi, Osteopilus 265 wildi, Leptodactylodon 154 williamsi, Boophis 426 wisselensis, Litoria 262 wolterstorffi, Cynops 144 Wolterstorffina chirioi 207 Wolterstorffina mirei 207

Threatened Amphibians of the World

Wolterstorfﬁna parvipalmata 207 worcesteri, Philautus 536 wrightorum, Batrachoseps 555 wuchuanensis, Rana 515 Wushan Salamander 637 wynaadensis, Philautus 536 Wyoming Toad 137

X xanthocheridia, Cochranella 217 xenodactylus, Arthroleptis 147 xenodactylus, Leptopelis 292 Xenohyla truncata 617 Xenophrys baluensis 625 Xenophrys brachykolos 444 Xenophrys dringi 625

Xenophrys giganticus 444 Xenophrys longipes 625 Xenophrys mangshanensis 625 Xenophrys nankiangensis 444 Xenophrys omeimontis 625 Xenopus amieti 628 Xenopus gilli 474 Xenopus longipes 474 xera, Exerodonta 248 xolocalcae, Dendrotriton 571 xucanebi, Craugastor 313 xylochobates, Eleutherodactylus 391

Y Yaeyama Harpist Frog 510 yakusini, Arthroleptides 468

yaldeni, Leptopelis 618 yaoshanensis, Polypedates 537 Yellow Bromeliad Frog 265 Yellow Mantella 427 Yellow Mottled Coqui 353 Yellow-spotted Salamander 553 Yellow-spotted Treefrog 257 Yellow-throated Frog 234 Yenyuan Stream Salamander 549 yenyuanensis, Batrachuperus 549 yiwuensis, Hynobius 552 Yosemite Toad 180 yucatanensis, Craugastor 619 yunanicus, Hynobius 552 Yunnan Lake Newt 144 yunnanensis, Paa 492 yuracare, Telmatobius 419 yustizi, Mannophryne 234

Z zal, Philautus 142 zapahuirensis, Telmatobius 420 zebra, Leptopelis 618 zeteki, Atelopus 178 zeteki, Isthmohyla 255 zeugocystis, Gastrotheca 399 zeus, Eleutherodactylus 391 zeylanica, Microhyla 454 zhaojuensis, Polypedates 635 zimmeri, Philautus 142 zonatus, Hyperolius 618 zongoensis, Eleutherodactylus 391 zophus, Eleutherodactylus 392 zorro, Philautus 536 zugi, Eleutherodactylus 392