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,: Er_91{ciilelHrlrl{n .:'.I4. K.'I(uprurona

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_ Hoe Mecro AJrfl KpyltHoro .ropoAa, fl.peAna3lraqaBlrrerocf 6uru I4 Kpeno_crbro, u aAMr.rHr.rcrparI{BHbIM rl,eHrpoM 4.nn o6runpnoro fipar. Oxaealoct BarpyAHHreJrbHbnM o6ecne,rtlrl yao6sue. TpaHgrIopTHbIe oBfl3H C'IOpOAOM, ,r(poMe TO|O, OH CTpaAaJI OT-

., Becegnrrx pa3Jrr,rBoB peK f,nxa n

Opn. Bosuux;ra n-eo6xo4r+B 1740 rcAy eroflbrraJrr.rcb ocHoB_arb Hr,rx(e no peKe y ypoqaqa Kpacnort ropu : '(ceri'rac ce.lo Kpacroropcxoe), nplrcroue ropoAy y ycrbfl p,eKH Opl Hasnaune Opcxoft (nuue-ropon O-pcx)' Eo n oro Bropoe Mecro 6u.noKpenocrn npnsnaHo HenpfiroAnbrM AnE Open6ypra, u a 1742 roAy [ocJreAoBaJro peruenue nocrpor,rrb.ropoA OpeH6ypr y ycrbfl pexu Caxuapbr, r. e. rarra, rAe orr -' crol{T t{ ceft,{ac. Hunlua'rop aKoneAn.rlilu,He AolKHn Ao MoM eHTa ociuo,Baul{fl: Op-en6ypra Ha HoBoM Mecre. H. ,K. rl(upruron yMep B, , 1737 roay, B ropoAe Carrlape (Kyfi6Haues). 14 xotr ina,xolr- crtso n. V. Puqro,sa c H. K. Kupulonuu ue du;ro Hn ,q,JrE-TeJIHI{bIM, nru 6Jr&sxurtvl, TeM ,He MeHee oHo cblrtpaJlo 6ontruyn, ponb E ero ,>Kr.rgrrH. ,llo,{ /BJ'rIirf,HLrsM LI. K. Krnrpu;roBa y MoJro-' . Aoro Puqrosa pa3BuBaJrcfl I4HTepec K HaWrHbrM t43brcrKaulrflM,." 't .' B qatTHocrr{ x cociagnenurc Jra,HAKapT (reonpa$Uvec,Klrx. Mocrb nepeHeceHnfl ropoAa B Apyroe Mecro.

^ xapr) u reonpaQnqecKlrM orrr{ca.HnflM. flocne aMeprlr H. K. Krpr{roBa Harrarr'HrimoM Open6yproxoft xoiruuccll,n (rar rofAa HMeHoBaJracr Open6yp'ncKaff: -:::.'--_ "-gKoneAnqun) 6ntil;Haefia,.reH B. H. Tarnues-nn4nuft rocy.,: :{opc?Besuuft AeflTeJrb u xpynueftrunft ucropnx r.r reorpaQ,

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XVIII sera. B. H. Taruqen

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, '

B. H. Taruqes BeJI HenpLIMIrpI'IMyrc 6opt6y .4B. H. Tarrutesa. 3acuJrr,reM HHocrpaHIIen e AxaAeMHH HayK H BpeMeHI{}IKoM Bnponona AHsu HsaHoeHH xouu'ocreft Tarulqeny nptlV'npaBJrtrrb OpeH,6yp'rcroft ,nrMOCb orreHb HenpoAoJr,xureJrbHoe BpeMfi. B 1739 noAy oII H eroro Henpo'6ur yxe orcrpaHeH or groft Ao.rr'xtro,crl.l. Ho ^rofixlrrerblloro cpoxa 6u;to Aocraroq,Ho, qro6u Me)I{Ay Ha-

o. .:

qaJrbHnKoM Open6yprcxofi xomuccul,I H PHqKogbIM Bo3HnKnlI

TecHbre, Ao r.rsBecTHoft Crenenu ApyxecKl,Ie otgoureHns. Pa3:

raKl{x ornouregnft cuoco6,croosaJlo cJlyx{e6goe nonoBeAeHI{e Bcex 'HZt Koroporo,6uno Bo3JIox(eHo xaHqenqpoKl{x AeJI. B nnrqe Tarnlrlersa PHqrorB rBcnperl,ul

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p'LrM rr

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O[II1ICa,HI{e BHOBb COqHHIITb; TOKMO ,OHOe AOAHeCb {ISBI'IAI{iMO, N 6UTCC M'HC AJIfl TOTO, IITO I,I3 IPYOCKLIX .MAJIO K

ToMy oxorHHKoB, a IrHo3eMIIaM rrasHefiuero o6croqrerbcrBa, -T. e. Poccaficrofi ncrop'trtt, HeAocraer>> 1.

<<fu6Hep,oBa reofpaQnr>>, ua

I fnyuega

Koropyn ocbrJraercr Tarvqeg,

B. (D. feorpa$uvecrufi 4enapraueur Axa4eunrr 1946, mp. 134.

XVIII sera, M.-JL,

HayK

.,1 ... '1

.,.

*l - i,-r;cj

'eTo oSeHb nolryJrflpHbrft a nonoguue xvil BeKa ,-l -nepnofi rpyA HeMerlKoro reorpaSa Horauna fro6nepa. B l7l9 roAy . er_o_'KHHfa 6ula nepeneAe,Ha ua pyccxnft tr3brK I.r Harreqaral{a B MocKBe [roA raKaM HasBarHHeM:',.3eMHosoAHofo

Kpy,ra Kpaicrapbrr H fi{oBbrff reonpaQaH ,tto BOnp@a'M r orBeraM ,l'pes fraHa fu6nepa co6pauilo6 n ,Ha ,Heue[xou AnaJreKre s JIeftnrIHKe HaneqaraHo. A snxe r{oB€JreHHeM Be: JrHKoro rocyAapff uapfi. H BeJrr.rKofo KHff3E .,Ilerpa flepno-ro ecepocenficxaro uuneparopa tlplr HacJreAcrBeHHoM u 6laropo4uerluenl rocyAape qapeBaqe flerpe flerponnve Ha poc= cuficrou Haue.raraHa B Mocrne. Jlera focno4un l7lg, B anpeJre Mecffrle>>. frc6nepa, ,npeAHa3fiarra,Brrraflcff 4;lr yuednux qe-(wrra reft, 6una cocra'BJrena n $opue BonpocoB u oiserots. feoPoc_cl.lr,r e Heft yAerrffJrocb Bcero AeBsrb crpa,Hurl -fpaSEH (rnana <O ,rau4xapre?oocnfiaKofiu). }rn crpaunrlu ne npuHaAJrelKaJrr{ caMoMy fro6nepy: opHr}rHaJr rJra,Bbr o pocCr.rr.r 6u.r Haso.nbxo AaJroK or 4eficlanreJrbnoerrr, s rarofi creneun trso6r.uros an ourn6ra uH I{ Q a'lrracruqecKlrM Lr AoMbIcJra MLr, rlro rlg yKa:|anurc lflerpa I ,rlta,sa r6rtra gauoiBo Halrlrcaua plc: cxaMn reonpaQaun Ho n n ylyuureunoM Br4Ae <ln6Hepona reorpaQzn>> Morura Aarb Jrrdrrb orreHb_cMyTHoe npe.qgratsJreH{.re o npnpoAe r.r Hace= JIe[IrrH Poccun. Ha no,npoc <I(a.xooa cocrofl;Hr{fl... BeMJrfl rauoruuss?>> cJreAoBaJr rxparxufi orBer: <<3eutg x{ orlafl ecrb tso MHorHx Mecrax He No,rJra, a oco6nzso x cauofi Agun unoro JIecoB R 6oror>>. kl aro, no cyqecrBy, Bce, tlro 6uro cKagago B KHHre o npnpoAe Poccr.ln, ecJrr.r He crrr{Tarb xpaftne cxya. Hbrx cFeAeunft o peKax. Pex s <lu6ueponoft reorpaduu> Ha3BaHo Bcero qerbrpe: Bo.nra, 06l, .(on, fl,anua. Oriucinr.le Rx AaHo B TaKoM ou4e: <Pera Aon, .nar. Tananc, TeqeT ropa3Ao KpHBg B BeJrr{Kyo MopcKyro 3aJrHBy, rox n Asoncxoe Mop€, Jrar. fla.uyc Meoru,c uMrHyeMoe>. Taxon 6u.n ypoaeHb crrpa,HoBeArrecxux reorpaQuuecxnx pa6ot iB Tor trepuoA,-fiofAa Psr'Ixoe ,HaqurHafi cBolo HayqHyro Koe orrHcaHue

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nayuuoft pa6ore ,no reorpa$En H r.rcropr{u Open6ypraroro xpar. 9ra noAAepxKa dr€,[peKparaJracb r.r inocte orarDanregt,tq 'l'arrrqesa or 4ur Opeg6ypncroft eKoneAHrtHH. Mexdy TarnuIeBbI'M H PHqrosbr,M frocJre 1739 roAa 3arBflsbrrBaeTcff [repenucra. Puqxos nopecauaer Taruuloay cBotr ,nep,Bble nray.lulre

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Itrrlr r€x HapoAoB, Koropble

pa3yMeIoTcfl>.

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inpuc.iraHHoe

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:, '

{MflJ'Ho pa3yMenll. OAga,xox KaK oHoe ecrb rtsp,Boe coqlr,HeHr;re, TaK MHOrO rpe6yer AaJrbruero u eHRrHefttlIero yBeAoMJICHfiff>> I. B roM x{e nucHMe Tarruqes Aaer oqenKy Kapre OpenGyprcxoft ,ry,6epnnn, cogra,BJren,Hofi noApyKoBoAcrBoM Pus. xoBa: <<Barua JrauAKapra xorff npeHsprAno coql{HeFa, rHe'BBI{paq Ha MaJrbIe lreAocrarKlr M monpe[rHocrH, AoBoJrH]ro cJryxl,rr, a cbnpeueHeM oAHo Mecro ilIo .EIpyroM uqnpanrqrb 'Uox<uo. r}Iofi coBgr Ba,M, ecJrl{ rsAlrrcff, uro6 ,ne AelaTL oAHy,'Ho pagA€Jitsrb [Ia rpn LUu.r qerHpe E Bce IIo oAHoMy MacIrITa,6y, To BaM rerrre flepenpaBJrflrb ].r AonoJrHnrb>> 2. I I'I Aaree cJreAyer erqe oAnH saDr$rHft cqBer: .,Apyroe: BecbM,a Hyx(AHbI npn oHblx onficanufl, fl6o sce nso6pasutr n

Kaprax uey4o6Ho>.

Coseru Taru'u1eoa rIaAaJrI{ Ha,lroAroroBJreul{yrc nopBy. fIpoxo4IIT.H€cKoJIbKo JIer, lr PEt.LKos InpeAcraBn*gr o AxaAerrrxlo ,Hayrx arJlac Open6yprtxofi r16epnufi, cocranJleguu* ?I. Kpacmbur.rKoBbrM, a K aroMy arJlacy B KaqecrBe npHJIq-' Aaer reKcr <Tononpa$un Open6yprtxoft>.

'r(eHnfl l( fl[rcbMy Tar:dqes ilpruranaer <Ha'nour'firenne'fia firpncJlafitro€ oflI{cauu€ HapoAoB, rrTo ts ornuca'Hu'H reorpa$uuecxoM Ha6.rroAarr rHyxAHo>. <Hanou,nesue> (nanounua'nre) npeAcraBJtfer r{iparKyro rnporpa}flMy neorpaQnuecKoro onncaHr{d

'€oxpaur,rrll r4'rrepec Ao ,Hacroflrrlero BpeMeHIr. >, fJIa'B-

I Tarnureg B. H. Hs6pauuare 2 Tan xe, crp.235.

1950, crp.234.

rpyAbr no reorpaQau Pocclru, M..

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o4UarO ,OTHLI TaK CBgSaHbI, -KaK 3eMJIf, E BOAa eAU,I{ IlIarp COCT,a.BJTfiIOT; TaK, OnItCyfi OAHO, He MO}KHO I1pHHaAJIeX{HOCTfiTMH.

.. ,, -. '

I{ BCe XI{JrHrqa BeJI}t'KHe LI MaJIbIe cTpOflTCff n'pH BoAax, flKo Mqpflx, saJIHBax, o3epax ,u pel(ax, a [IeKoropbre Ha ocrpoBax, u rKpyfoM o6HflTbr. A a.ns coql,rHeHns. o6crorrerbcr,B n npaBr.rJlhHbrx JraHAKapr Hyx{AHo peKE TaK on[caTb' tlro6 nx ]IcToK H ygTbe, no lra.noti Mepe T€X, Ko; TOPbIC ILIIfl X(T4JIHIII ,NOJIOX(I,ITb IHYXAHO, A NIPHTO{M A AOJI'TOTY TerleH[fi o:6rg'sllTb>> l. - ,{,pyrofi nyn'Kr <<Flanousesr.rfi>) rJracxr: <<Kaqegr.Ba reorparpnu HrHorAa KparKr.r, [HorAa flpocrlpanHbr co BceMu npI,rHaAHHIlaMn noJIOX(eHLIft,

JIe)KauI[rMrrc,o6croRrentcrBbl,

q,Ko, ocrpoHo'MllqecKoe, Quenue-

cKoe, froJrrlTr.{,qecKoe Lr rHcTopll,q,ec'Koe. B octpottol,tuileoKoM HyxAHo firo Bep,HbrM ua6.nrc4ennR'nr, a B HeAocrarKe roro no BbrqeroM paccroxunft, rpaAycbr rrru-

porbr

r.r AoJrrorbr o6rRallrr. lB QusrluecxoM cocronnrdu Bo3Ayxa 'r4 seMJrr{, or Ko'ropbrx npoilcxoAgr Bce AoBoJrbcrBa, o6unue I,I HeAocrarKn, KaK or no43euublx,'TaK I{ noBepxunx rIJroAoB; B /rroA3eMHbrx He TOKMO pyAbr KpyuIoB, HO KaMHH r,r SeMJrr.I so qro nu6o

noJre3HbIe...

florzruqecroe onficaH{.re,nipeAaraBJrfler fiopffAoK

rltpa,Br.r-

TeJrbcrBa DpaxAarHc'KoFo, AyxoBHoro rd ,IIp. I-Iorou HapoAbr, r{x HpaBbr, pyKoAeJrllfl I,I npoMblcJlbr, cwla BoeHiHafl, ceJleflufl rt yKpenJreHrIfl... fzcropnuecmoe or[ucanrlre or HarraJra Bce {rpeMeHbr r{ npsKJIIOqgHHff, CqaCTJrlrBble vilil HarIIac'r]BeHrHbre, Kacarcunecfi ToqHo onllcaHHoro>> 2. B c"rre4yrcu1eM nyHKre Tarlauee ,HarpucoBaJr no4po6uyn

cxeMy o[rr]ca,HHs rorpoAa.

iuac B ToM, qro sarJsAH PHsKoBa-reo:rpaQa $opur-rp,otsaJrucb B sHaqr{reJrtsofi Mepe rIoA BJIr.tflHHeM Tarnrqena. OAuaxo nepefiH,cKa PHqKoga c TarnueBbIrM fre HocHJra xapaKTepa npocrofo o6uena MHeHHflMI{ Mex{Ay yqI4TeJreM H yqeHEKoM. Tarurqen 6u.n ,na,cronbxo BbrcoKoro MHeHHq o Hay,q,Hblx Ilog,HaHrlflx Puuro,na, rITo LrHorAa

3tu 4oxyrrleuru y,6ex4a!or

_-r

1950.

Tarrirqes B. H. I4e6paunue rpyAbr

mp.

rro reorpa$uu poccun, M.,

230.

Taru xe.

.-1

:i'

*:..1

-sblcbrJraJr

eMy cBoH-pyKorra€u c fipocb6ofi fipocMorpeTb Hx\.g cAe.[aTb xparHrrecKue 3aMelra'Hl,rff. Elrle n l74l roAy TarnrqeB craBgr ,nep€A Axa,qeruiefi rrayx Bonpoc o npucyxAeHr{r.r Puuroey cepe6pxnoft Me,qaJr}r. flos)Ke Tarnqes 4o6r,raa.ncn npr{cBoeHaff Pnurony sBauufl

noqerHoro qJreua Axa4euan uayx. kl ro H Apyfoe-xoAaraficroa TaraqeBa ycnexa He HMeJrr..r.

:iT

.-.i

lis

pa,Hruax r.rcro'pnxo-reorpaQnuecxnx pa6or PuuKoBa, AOIUeAIII{X AO HaC B pyKOIIEC'HOM 'BI{Ae, gaCjIyXI{EaeT TBHI,IMa-

,'j .l

unn o6teuucraff pyxoinucr <<HeBesrue o EaqaJre H cocroflHxlt OpeH6yprcxofi xomiracclru no 'caMoe ro BpeMs, xax oHaff Ko-.

MtIccLIfi qe.noft ,ry6epuueri ytrruHeHa, c HerrcropbrMlr racrop[qe- -l

cxaMr{

reo,rpa$uqec,rEM{u tupltMerra.Hr.rqMn>. OHa saroiqeHa, .,,-1 1744 roAy. B or.ltll,rue or Bcex Apy,rHX nsBecrurbrx pa: 6m Pu.r,xosa AaHrrafl pyr(onlrcb r.uurovrpiEponaHa xopotuo uonoJI'HerrEIblMr{ Kapa'HAarnHbnMr.r pfircyHKaMl.r pflAa .ropoAoB, B ToM trr.rcJre roJrbKo rrro BacrpoenHoro Open6ypra _. K tonay xe 1744 FoAy oruoclrrcn cocra'srbHge Prr.nrosbrr,t

!u.ir1 s

JI,rIfl cJryxe6rrux

qeleft nogpo6uofo onncaHnr Open6ypra,

,Koropoe, no flexapcxoMy, <<BnocJreAcrBHH nocJryx{r{Jro ocHo-

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Sucrpouy upoABrrxeHuro PuqxoBa no cnyx66 cnarrafia a OpeuSyprcxofi er<cne4uquu, a ,noroM u a iy6epncrofi xag-

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' $unn npoLI3BeJIa

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".flepenl,IrcKa a3y fi{e, I]p HBJIeIfi a BH I,IrM aH I,Ie a KaAeM [rIeoKI'IX'I(pyrOB K IIeusnecruoruy Ao roro aBTOpy, XHBIITeMy ,SAO'6a'.BOX 'n r.nyxofi nporBurlrluu. <IlepenucKa> cofipoBoxAaercn o6crosrelrHnu ottncaHI{eM HcropHH pa3BHTIIfl <<xotrlepllnn>. flo MHeHIlrc 14. C. Eara, Pnrqxos 6Ha fleprBblM pyccKI'I'M atsrqpoM' AaBIIIIIM orlepK LIcropHLI <<KoMepIrHI{> 2. Ho MasHoe 3Har{eHHe crarbu PH.rr,KoBa 3al(Jrroqaercq He B STOM OqepKe HCropJrI4 <<KOMepqEIt>>, a ts Tex I{Aeflx, Koropble BbIoKaSaHbI PstqxoBbuu orlHoicu'

'ra

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qeqxre sarucxn, 16, AH CCCP, 1945, crp.

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ulero rroJrHoro gxouol,tNr{ecKoro oiracaH}rs crpaHbI. lB nepnoft qacrn <<fllrcbMa>> oH ortzcbrBaer saxHefiufie cerlcKoxosgficrBeH,Hbre opyAnfl (ca6a,n, rocy;rro), no nropofi o'6- ro,ceB,rynrpa6olxy geMJrH u y,6oprry rno rax.4oft Bo3AeJrbrBaeuoft rype B orAeJlbHocrll. Xapa'xrepHo, qro .g eroft crarbe, KaK H Bo MHorax Apyfnx, PHqxo's c r,ry'6orzu yBa'x(eHI4eM or3brrBaercfl o rHapoAHoM orrbrre. <<14,6o s cHX AeJrax Hep,eAKo'cJryqaercfl,

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cKlre 3anncKr.r, 16, AH CCCP, 1945, crp. 134.

2 Kap

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(1755), y Puuxona HaMerlIJIcfl

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I Puqxoe fl. trI. flucsrul,o o 3eMfleAeJlbcree s Kasaxcrofi u Opeu' CoqlHeuuq n [epeBoAbl K rIoJIb3e I{ yBeceJlenn}o 6vorcxofi rv6epnusx, "Cn'0., tZSg' crp. 521-522' *''';-R;p;;;;u "jtii*aurtre. H. K'n. I4. P-qu-i<ga;eur49rygIrficr pvcct<ufi exo' eQKa, Becrulr[ AH CQCP, i''l! 3, 1950' mp' E?' Hor-lrtq"'iflit ?5

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Moposos A. B. Mr'rxau'n

crp.923. - z Cr'r.

Bactr'fllesu'{ JloMogocos'

E' Mo.usaJIeBcxrfi,rl. 'cdtb.

""uy*' ""n crp.327--328

Pyxo-n-ucl'l

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M' B'

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CCCP' M' -

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"uv,, 031,

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efo B qJreHbr Axagenrvr.l Hayr yne4oir,rHrt o,6 -orotr Op'es_ 6yprcxyro KaHr{eJrffpr.rrc, 6naronapi uenay ..ue ,*;;; 6 ;;;;JIHCb MHe u y406uefiune cnoco6rr Bce ro cso60nHo "ryq[r'e qro B Halrleri cropoue ogag Axaaenazg H oxorHo flc[or'Iuqrb, Hr.rfl

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ero ceuer?uuna ..3anrcxaulr,

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xoppecnou4eHrllra, Koropyrc oH Bed{ c HHM,

lvlu.ir"rrepolur-.

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aKaAeMIIqeCKI-IX KoppeOIO{iAeHTO,B; o.Ho cJry}KHT B AoKa3a_ reJlb,crtso, roulr,r o,6pasou AxaAeuLrfl., B oA,Hy cropo.Hy yBa,>Kar 3acdyrl{ Bafirrefo,elrcoK,o,6,'rarop oAHfi , Koropble,Bbr K trocne,Iue_ cT o,Baft{,nrc ,EayK H' K [oJrbse oTeqecTBa y]Ke yqL{HIrJrI4, a B Apyfyrc' cKoJIbKo )KeJIaer oHa B'npeAb llMerb noJrb3bl or npilJrer(allrxfl I'r HloKyccrBa Baluero. Bu eqe r€prg61g e pocc';u,

t llexapcKltfi n. n. XHsHt r.r Jrr.rreDarvrpua' neperuqxa F;r;r;;i e'nd.; I ri6-i;;p. i'i"'" "' v

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noJlb3e coql{HI{JIH, TaKxe

MHOIO KOlppeC[oH,4eHqUIO, qepe3 KOTOpyFO Ara!,e'ltrng rpa3JII{q.

Huuu o6pa3aMla no/'Ib3bl cBoH LIMeJIa. Cnn o6crogreJlbcrBa'H o6rsenqrcr HbIHe cyxlee Aocrol,IHcrso roii AnflroMbt...> r. Iloc.ne uz1pauua B q,IIeHbI-KoppecnoHAeHrbI,nepenllcKa 'PHnr,xoiBa c AraAeuneft Hayr npno6peraer perylrprnuft xapaKtrep. OH orBerlaer Ha M'HorIte ni{cbMeH,Hble Sarnpocbl co cropouu Axa4eMllr4 'IIayK, Bblcbl'Iaer q]^Iera peAKIrx xl{B'olHblx' C,oo6ulaer o Harl.{,6,or€e IlHTepeOHbIx lMecrax'u n,pupoArHblx ff'B' Jr,eHlrflx rpaa. 66lltuas rlacft, efo rKo'p,pecnouAeHquu Ha[Ipa{BJrflJracb s AxaAoNazlo Hay'K qepe3 MIa.n.nepa. B 1759 ro4y Puuxo,B BbIcbIJIaer s AxaAe['InFo HayK K,par' TY'IKOE OIPICAHI4C H IIYTICTO BbIXYXOJII{, TPI{ IH$AA PEMC3A ilrero rHe3Aocrpol{TeJlff cpeAI.I Halxux nrxq; B 176l roay sK3eM[Jrrrp oJIflIIKH (no4rnoro aopo6rn Cinclus cinclus L.); s 1763 ro ooo6utaer o'6 orKpbIrLIE una o Opeu6y,proKoM Kpae KoueHnJru Ha xly6nnre; s 1764 foAy B a4pec,,Ilououocoea onncaruie MeAHbIX pya OpeH6yprcroft ry6epunu; n LI qy'qero 3eM.nflHono safiqa (Alactaga 1767 -rogy -oTII,IcaHIde jaculus Pall.) u ap. Xapaxrep nLIceM Ia coo,6uleHufi cBI.IAereJIbcrByer o6 ocrpoft n a6.nnAaren bHo,crl4 P u'u t<oa a, €fo $M eiHrHI,I n'oArMerldrb H BbIAeJILITb TO, qefo lHe 3aMeqaJII{ AO Herro Apylfie. Hanrpruep, B nI,IcbMe oT 22vtons. 176l roaa PHnIKoe coo6' il{abr o c,sofix sa'6nrcAeHn flx 3a opaB,HI,ITeJIbHo pe4rofi t Opeu' 6yprcxom Kpae orqnKoil (eo4nuuru oopo6renn). <B Tonorpa' Szu Open6yprcxoft, - nurler oH, - o3HaqeHo yx{e or MeHs, rrro B 3Aeurieil ry6epnnl,I ecrb oco6lltsoft pog nopo6teB, Ko' Topbre rHe3Aa cBoII IIMelor ra 4ereft BbIBoAsr n 6eperonux uo' pax, KyAa o:H,Ir He u'Haqe BXoAfiT, KaK OKBO3b BOAy, I.l &IIfl TOrO tts6:lpanr raKl{e pexln, Koropbl€ sH,MoIo I{JII4 Bce He Mep3rIyT r.utn 6omurxe [,oJIbIHbn LIMe]or u 6ucrporo reqeHl'Iq. fl caM, s 1760 roay B flHBape Mecxqe 6yayun n Eaiur'xu'ptlu, Ha oAHoM

I 3anucrr flerpa

I,leasoguqa Puuxoea, Pyccxnfi apxnr, rn. 3, M., crp. 315. flepeso4 trncbMa c EeMeqKoro r3HKa Ha pyccrnfi BHnoJtneH caMuM

1905,

PHqroeuu. 29

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j-.?*-:

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i -

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Hyro BoAy BLrAerb 6u"no rraoxno. Beluqu,ua

no5olture

rr klr.p.ail,Lt norITI{ Ka)Kyricfl; no4so'60x, Ha rpyAn u na 5prcxe nepbfl

o6HKuoseHHo,ro aopo6tff, H,o flepbfl TeM,Hee rle,pHbnMr{ y HHX cepoBarbr)> r.

B 4,pyrorr,r rIrcHMe, or 29 arons 1762 rola, PHqros nlrcafil <<flocne Ao>I(AJrr{tsbrx nofoA, lpoAoJrx(arBlxlrxcfl 3Aecb c Mecflq, Ha noJrflx [IofirBLIJIOcb gA@b raKoe unoxeclgo nrepnefi, uro fi'pelr(Ae Hlr-rKonAa rix.croJrbK,o He BuAaHo. Ogn ru;nr.H tro Aop,oraM cTaAaMlI B TaKOTM M,HO'XeCTBe, qTO IIOqTH {BCIO 3eMJItO B HeKoropblx Mecrax floKpbrtsaJrJ.r. Cnepna Har:'aJrLr oiHrr Ha ttoCetrHiHbIe KOIIC}IJIH, Ha fOpOX LI ,!Ia MaK, Id rAe ,Ha,naAaJII{ TyT tsce Haqucro noeAaJrn. Vcmarpnnaubr y)Ke 6ruu onn n ga ApyroM xne6e, oco6rueo Ha qr{Meue, Ha oBcax u non6e, a vacrulrHo H Ha pxe, r.r Bcex 3AerxHr,rx o6usareneft npuaeln 6u.no B orqaqH[e xre6oe . (sic), Aa rrHaKoBo n 6url He r'lorno 6,

ex(eJrH 6 cag usororlnc/'IeHHafl ranu*a c raKolo x alq6oro .ll 6es pao,6opy rBce froxi]rparb craJra, KaK cneptsa HaqaJra. floc;re 'TOro KaK MI{.I{OBaJIHCb MOKpbIe nOrOAbI Ij CtIJIbtrbIe AO}KALr, ocranq xndlr, craJra oHa >Krparb rpaBy ne6q4y, ocor Ir ApyI'I{e'MrrrKHe. A nouexe cux rpan'Lr Mox{Ay rroceflr}rHbrx xne6oe 6stro necuua MHoro, To 'ocrarBJlflq x,'Ie6 B IIeJIocrl,I, oHylo TpaBy Ha MHoTHX AecflTrjHax Bcn noxpana H xne6 TaK, KaK BbrrroJroJra. f, cav c BeJrr.rKr{M yAr.rBJreHneM cMorpeJr Ha oAHy AecflTHHy noceflHuoro y MeHfl npoca, xoe 6u.no eqe He noJroro

r{ 3apocllln

i::

TpaBoI,o, Koto KpecTbflHe Ha3blBaror

ocor. ceti

AeCqTHHbI OAHy nOJIoBIIHy OHbIe rIepBL TaK TIIIICT0 BbIIOJIOJII4, tITo Hr4 o4Hoft TpaBr.rHKr,I s Hefi ue ocraJrocb, a npoco Bce B uepyKaMr.r TatK qr.rcro HI{IAe He Bbr[IoJI,OCTH. o,qinn'rvr CJrOtsoM - ocTaJracb Jroro; a Apyras noJrorB{fiHa a. TpaBoro r, tsbrnoJloTa

6a6av'u. Hune osuft raA noqru Becb yxe nponaJr BHA,Iro, cyxr4x n xapKr.tx .qneft... Be.nnqr.rna ouux -vepneft c se6o.nluruu e 4rcitm, qeeroM TeMuocepbre c x{eJrroBarbrMl,r no-

qro or i.'l r'

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I.I

geJlenoBarble...>

I flexapcf,nfi !, fl.Xngnr u nureparyptran -'

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a HeKorropue 6uan

Tau xg

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crp.96-97.

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ocBOeHHfl KOJIXo3aMI',I Tpa-

a-onorrgoft-.cl{creMbl SeMJIeAe,IIHl' 3TH H

Apyfl{e

BpeAHTeJII'I'

pa3MHO>KafCb B OTAeJIbHbIe roAbl B MaCCOBOM KOJIHqeCTBe, Hauocrulu 6o"rrrfiirofi yuep6 [oceBaM B creIIH'oM I'I Jlecocre'nrHoM

3asorxbe. PHqroe 6u;t .nurueu Bo3MoxHocru rlpl'{HnMarb yqacrl4e

ts AJrr4TeJIbHbIX Hayq,Hblx SKOneAI'IqXqX, KOTOpbIe B m Bp-eMfl I{IrorAa cHapflxaJla AxaAews nayr. B oBoeft rHayqHofi pa'6ore oH He a,MeJI rpaMorHblx rII'O,MO,IIIH}i|KOB, y Hero ge 6u;to caMbIX neo6xogrz,nlux npaa'6opon, Hex'BaraJlo BpeMeHLI I{' rJlats'Hoe' Ae'

'Her, TaK Ka,K ero Hayr{Hble li3blcKaHl',lfl H}lKeM ue QuHaucupoBaJIlIcb. Ero no44ep)KnrBaJIil'I mJIbKo HeyroJII'I'Mas crpacrb i< [osnanurc, K rIoLIcKaM ,HoBolo, H fopflqee cr'peMJIeHHe orAarb Bce 3HaHLIfl H yM Ha 6.naro orerlecrBa. Os se npoflycKaJl Hlr uanefturefi ,sosN{oxuocTH I'I HII OAHOTO CJIyqafl - 5u.lto fl'Ia codcrseHHoM I,.MeHI{I{ Hnn c.nyxe6ruaq noero 'npe6u,earHl,Ie

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ceHc,ro,ru MeAgn,ra,surutol4 gaBoAe e Eaurxuputt, Puqxog ysHaer o cyilrecrBc/BaHl'tl'{ KpynHoft neuepu, pacloJlo}Keuuofi Ha rIpaBoM 6epery Eenofi, o 12 aepcrax or 3atsoAa '!BHI43 IIo

pere. Hecvr,or'pr Ha rury6ornft ouet r orcyrcrBl4e_Bcfl,Kllx AoDor K ,rleulepe, orH peIxHJI 3a,Hrrbcfl ee tl3yqeHrueu. Pesynltaru hayueHrnn nivurepsi 6u.nu -ony6.rII'IKo'Ba'HbI Puqxogltvt B ro'M xe l76C roay s irame <<O,nracaH,ae neulepbl, HaxoAsuleftcs s Open6ypr,cxoft ry6epunn qpu peKe Ee;1ofi, Koropafi I'I3-Bcex ueureo. e EaurHpHLI Haxo,{,sulr4xcfl., 3a cJIaBHy}o u saH6olrruyto irountaercrr. Crarrn sra, noJlyqnBlxan BcKope ilrfipoxyio I{3BecrHocrb, 6ura HaneqaraHa, KaK H MHofI{e Apylze rpyAbl Prtuxoea, B xypHaJle <<CoqrHeunq u nepeBoAbl K rIoJIb3e H yEeceJIeH IrIo cJI y>I( a illEe)>. flernepa, rlo Aa,HHbIrM Pltu,xoBa, L{Meer oqeHb Kp}n[HI9 paaMepbr, r43 rHee BbIreKaeT peqKa, BnaAaloqafl n.6e;ryn. B6nnsu nee pas6,pocaHbl npoBaJIbHbIe fl MbI (nopottxH

), Aocrutaloilllle l2 cixen n r,'ry6nny. Hecuorpn sa ou.nvsnfi Mopo3 'Ha orKpblToM BosAyxe, B rleqepe 6uno ren.no. O6napyxnB B nelqepe

cJIeAbI npe,6urauna qeJloBexa, P Hn{xos BbIcKa3blB a'er MHe}II{e,

uro a o6pasoBaHun nelqepbl, snMaJI yrlacTue qeJIoBeK.

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t<Kor,Aa n eiipaiirr.iBan y 6aruxilpqobl of xoio 6 cue ionb lAunzrenslroe sAaHr{e nocrpoeuo? Bce uue orB,ercrBo,BaJri{, qro. To rBopeHue 6oxue; pyKaMH Lt cr4ilaMr qeJroBerrecKl,rMl{ ro'ro cAeJrarb,trfirKoMy He BosMolrnHo. Ho cre 6aurrapcrroe MilreHue ocH,oBaHo rla I{x HeBe)KecTtse; Bce paclloJrox{,efifie pve IIeqepbr A'oBoJrbHo 3Harrr{T, qro oHa xor4a-un6y4b, 14 BceMepHo B CarMbre Ape,n,ueftrune BpeMeHa, x'nepn,o6urHoMy 14 HarypaJrbHoMy ee cocroflHl{rc, exeJlri ,He Bcfl, ro no 6o.nnuroft uacru, pyKaMn rreroBeqecKllMl.{ crpoeHa, AJIrr xr4Ter'Isctea rtoAcrioro, LIJ'IH llaqe g,rn y6exulla, MoxeT 6urs, Bo BrpoMfr KaKI4X H[.1 ecrl 6brsur'[x no'lreHIzft n ouaronocreft>> l. Oloo4a rreroBeKy cronr'6o,nsllryn poJrb E cosAauzr4 rlrelr1epbr, Puqrog Bc,e xe oql{TaJI, qTo B oCHOBe EO3rHtrI(rHO'B€Htrf KarK eroft ueq,epbr, TaK It ,4lpyrrdx ,'rex(aT [pHpoAHbre Qaxroplr. lleulepu, IIo efo MtreIttztor o6paeyFo'r\cfi <<o,T rloA3eMrH,ono orufl lI or /npo,Tol{oB rIoABeMHbIx B,oA>> 2, qeJIorBeK )Ke B AaiHHorM c,'ryqae JIIIIIIb Lr3Me'HI{JI .

Buenruuii

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1896 noay 6u;ra

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tr oBoI{ g a 6;lropa,6ore PH.IKoBa. Vqacr,nzrn ooMorpa coqJru HyxHbnM [eqarHo o,lueltarr $am yAl{Br.rreJrbHo r,orrHoro }r npaBAr{Bono or}rcanus neqepu PuqI KoeHM 3. Crarss Puqxona fi,pegcraBJrfler 6o.nr,ruoft l,rHre,pec B ToM oTH'OIlIeHr{Id, qro oHa flBJrfleTcfl nep'noft uayurHofi pa6o'roft no rapicry Poceuz. flpan4a, ynouuuaHue o xapcre 'uoxmo BcrpeTJIaTb Lr g 6o.[ee paHHHx flgqarHblx r4g!\alrli:g-'.x, Ho'Boe orHll H@flT xapaKTep c,ryuaftuux, orpbriBorlHbrx,crne4eunfi, ,B To BpeMfl KaK y Pnuxona Mbr IlMeerM Ae,'ro c xpynnoft crartefi, o[eqtaaJrbHo nocBtr'u1efiIrHoft xa,pcry - oltlr'caHnro 14 tsbrrlcHeHun reHetsI{ca [erlepbl, a qacr]tqHo r{ Apyrurx rKspcroiBbrX Qoprtr pe;lte$a. Ec.nu x cKa3a'Hc{oMy 4o6arBurt eule cBeAeHHfl o Apyxax neuepax, co6paEHHe PH,rxoBbrM. B ero <<Ton'orpaQvn>, To craHer nonrnrnbrM, noqeMy KapcroBeAbr or,BoAflr Puuxo,ny flolrerHoe Mecro B r{cropr.ru cnoefi Hayr{u. <<C rroJlubrM npaBoM n. I4. Pnqxosa ,Mo)KHo cqr,rrarb, nlrrtuer M. A. 3v6aASHr,Iq C OTIIHCaHHeM rlleulerpbr, AaHHbiM

I Puqxos fl. H. Onucauue neqepbr,

HaxoAsqefics

n Open6ypr.

cxofi ry6epnuu nplr peKo De.nofi..., Co,{uueHus u [epeBoAbr K yBecenenr.rp cnyx(aque, 1760, crp. 215.

r Tau xg ctp.

rro.rrbse &

219.

.^^-3 Hsr._Open6yprcxoro orAerra leorparpnvecroro o6rqecrsa, eHn. 1897, 32

crp.

71.

i,:-",&ed'ro, *iiepbbiu liccjteisbiieJek haiicra Foccr*h, rgru 6d, rJree, lrff) oH r{e roJrbr(o co6pa;r o6runpn*fi $arruuecxNfi ,uarepdl{air fibrraJrcr yxe Aarb o6rrc,nemne sa6.nroAae9 Ka,pcrc,_Ho uuu Qarrau> l. BeAs'ilepeEncKy c A,raAeuuefi nayx, ycEneHHo pa6o,ran Iaa p asJrr.rEHoro poAa r{cropuro-rmnp aQuqeonrnMn rpyAaun, Prrvxos_o4nonpeueuuo cu-6upa.nlriarepua;ru ruln,mopofr qacru <TononpaQuu Open6,yprcxofi>. Oio 6nla rpvanai s KponorJrr{Bax p a60ra, r'pe60eanruas 6ec'rucJeHHoro xo.nu.re'crBa cnpaBox, BbInI{coK, ccbIJIoK Ha ncrorlHuK}I It r; A. K romy 'xe Ans cocraBJrerr[g ee Pryq,ros He BrrAeJr 60;rnuroro cru,MvJra: [eptsaff qacrb <Tonorpaenr.l>, o4o6peruas A,raAenrueft riayr ettle n_1755 roAy K usAaunrc, npoab;rxa;ra Jrexarb ts pvrKonlcn. Heo.Mgrpl Era sro, B a,npeJre lZ60 roAa ,nropan .licrs <l'onorpaQru Open6yprcrofi> 6ula sar(o,HqeHa. Yepe3 noJrropa roAa B flr{BapcKoilr HoMepe >rcy,prala <Coqr.rHeHr.rfl r.r nepeBoAbt K [OJrb3e H yBeceJreHHro cJrvxallHe> flerrararorrr nepBbre rJraobr <Tulonpa$un Open6jrprtxofi>. bcJreA 3a 9]rr.rM, -HenpepuBHo B KaXAOM X{oMepe xypna.na ffraBbr <TonorpaQna>> nosrBJrqrorcl oAHa 3a lpyrofi. ",8 no, r6prcrcn,t HoMepe xypr{aJra yBHAeJra cser uoc;iaHflE Hratsa saxuefiueroreorpaQuqecKotocoqHHeHIrffPuqxoea. _

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rrcroplltr accJre,rloBan.f,, t(apma BocrortBciporexai;;; roc. neA. f,.Hcrr'rlma,

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THHEI, (KyAa s 6nnsocm HI{KaKoMy cyAHy He Moxuo noAxoJllirb, I,t6o, orxnyg g. ce6g, 3aronJlffer>. Ho tarnx BbrcKa3blBaunfi, eo-nepeux, HeMHoro, vr, BoEToprilx, oun o6yc.noBJreHbr o6ttrutvt ypoBHeM HayKr,r roro BpeMeHr.r. B qacrHocru, rr{norega o noAseMHoM coo6qenun Apanlcxoro Mopff c Kacnnftcxau, KaK r{ saJrriBa I(apa-Eorasrol c CeeepHbrM r{IH Bocro,rHur,t MopflMri, gar{McrBoBana uM y B, H. Taraueea. floc.neAsnfi s 1749 roAy, B <<HanouueHr{H Ha npucJraHHoe oIIHcaHHe HapoAoB, llTo B orrEcaHHr,r f€o: rpaQnuecxoru sa6nrcAarb Hyx{AHo)>, nucaJr Pnvxony: <<Apan Mopqe eqe HeAocraToqHo onficaHo, a SHaHHe ero BecbMa IryxAHo, oco6,'raso KaK H3 Kacnnficxoro, TaK Eg ouofo BHAI{MbIx nporoKoB Her, oAHaKox( B onr,rcanflI-r CofiMouoea Kacuuftcroro Mopff Ha eocro'rnofi cropoHe B 3aJrr{B I(apa6yrac cHJIbHOe TeqeHue, BeJTHKOe LI He[pecraHHoe, CJIeACTBeHHO onoe He HHyAa, xar s CesepHoe HJIH BoctoqHoe rroA seMJIeIo. florouy norpe6uo HaBeAbrBarbcr o Apa.nrcKoM, He r{Meer JIU rAe raKoro 3HaKa Ha ganaAHofi cropoue I{JIH MexAo ocrpoBaMu> l. LIro xacaercq Kacnnftcroro Mops, To rrpn onncaHr{n ero' Pu,rxos ucnoJrb3oBa.n <Jlercuxon> Tarnulesa. 3ro Br.rAHo Hg ero cJroB: <<A sbr[reogHaqenHoe KacnNrlcroro Mopff ottncaHI.Ie coIrHHeHo rlacro ynoMLIHaeMbIM rocnoAunorvr rafiHuu coBeTHHKoM TaruqesHrvl r.I HaxoAHTcff B r{cropr,rqecxoM r{ r€o: rpa$uuecxoM.ero JreKcr.rKoHe>2. Tarfiurbe 3aKoHsHJr pyKonucl <<.IlexcuKorra>> (c 6yreu A lo <KnrouHLIx>>) s 1745 roay, Ho HaneqaraH on 6un nnepnue roJrbKo s 1793 foAy noA TaKuM Ha3BaHr-reu: <<,IIexcHKoH poccHficxoft ncropuqecxoft, reorpa$uuecrofi, no;rnrnuecxofi u rpax4aucxofi, coqnnesnofi rpcnoAr{HoM raftsu*r coBerHHKoM H acrpaxancxunt ry6epua' TopoM BacHrleu Hnxuruqeu Tarfiuresbrl{>. C.[eAosareJlbHo, qJlexcnxos> Taruqeea 6u.n gsaxou Pnvrony ro pyKonricn. Caelyer orMer[rb, .Iro goo6qe npn cocraBJleHun <<Tonorpa$un Opeu6yprcxofi> Pnqxos rlrrpoKo ncnoJrb3oBaJ

t T"""rqes B. H. I{s6paruuo rpy,[H no reorparfun 1950, crp. 232. r G6. cOpeu6yprcxr€ sreul...r, crg. 67.

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! C6. <Open6yprcxne crenr{...}, crp. 61, 76. 2 T arugrea B. H. He6paHnue rpyAr{ no reorpa$un Poccnt, M., 1950, crp. 150-151.

Tau xe, crp. l9b. C6. cOpeH'6ypncme cretrE...r, crp. 59-60. 6 Mnxees A. B. Haypayucxufi sanoseluux. GGGPT, r. 2, M., 1951, crp. 284. a

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AOM C IIeCKaMLI, BCTpeiIaFOUILIMI4Cfl B O6HaX<eHUgX, OH OnItCbIBaer H <<creflHble necKl]>>, KaK PblH-necKn, Bo,[bl.IIHe I,I Ma-

Jlbre BapcyKr.r, fIpI4apaJIbcKI,Ie Kapa-xytr.tu

ongrb

He orMerl{Tb

r. A. ['I

sAecr

3aMe-rlareJIbHyI,o cnoco6noctl Puqroea BbrAe,'IflTb fJIaBHoe H xapaKTepHoe, ero yMelII4e orTeHflTb re rreprbl npilpoAbr, Koropbre HMeror xogst?crgeggoe HeJ'rb3q

3naqeHr.re.

Hanpuuep, npo PUIH-necKI,I oH He ga6Hsaer yno-

MqHyTb, qro

necKH npeACTaBJIflIOT <<HaI{JIyqIIJee 14

CJIaBHOe

B npOTHBOnOJIOXHOCTb UII{HHCTbIM COJIoHqaKaM, 6oraru npecuoft rpyuroroii no4ofi, Koropaff, BAo6anor, Jrex{HT s6nusu nonepxnocru 1. B HgeecrHoft iuepe PHqKosa MoxHo Ha3Barb raKx(e Lt apxeo,'roroM. B nsrorl fJIaBe y Hero BbIAeJIes oco6uft pa3AeJI: <Pagsa.rustr crapaHnblx fopoAoB u crpoeuuil>>. B seu Puq' pa3rlrlHblx KoB nepeq[cIfler pasBaJIHHbI fopoAoB - cJIeAbI HapoAoB, saceJrflBrrrr{x reppr.IropHro Open6yprcxofi ry6epunu B AaJIeKOM npOIXJIOM. B saKrro,{HTeJIbHoM pagAeJle nsroft uIaBbI n a,rQaearuou nopflAKe oflucaHbr npeAcraBr,rreJlu x{I4BorHoro MI4p a. flocneAKOqeBaHbe>>, IITO OHH,

uptft Bo BpeMeHa PH.Ixosa 6orn 6orar n paanoo6pa3eH. B Opeu6yprcKoM Kpae Bcrperla,Ilocb rorAa MHoro raKl{x )KII-

B HacToflIrlee BpeMfl oqeHb peAKI,I Lrllr{ noJrHocrblo ucrpe6reHu. Msorue BHAbI B XVIII sexe LIMeJIH r.IJIr4 Apyroe pacnpgcrpaHeHlie, ,IeNI ceftqac, \uIvI HecKoJIbKo orJraqHylo or coBpeMeHHofi exororrilo. B crenqx orpoMHbrMn craAaMLI flac,rl]rcb asruronu-cafiraru. Ha ceBepe, B JrecocrenHoft uacru xpan (baurrnpur) BOTHbTX, KOTOpbre

' i(axe

cafirarn Bcrpeqa,'rzcb peAKo, r"laeHor? o6nacrrro pacnpocrpaHeHr,rs r4x ocraBaJrucb crena e paftoue fluxa H IolKHee. B paae cJryqaeB, noBr,rAr4MoMy, rrpoBoArrJr4cb yAaqHbre onbrrbr no npnpyrreHzn caftraxoe. <<MoroAble flfHqra B AoMax JIerKo npABbIKaIOT, LI TaK pyqHbIMI'l AeJIaIOTCfl, 9TO

AUpOUeUUOtfi

xors 6u Ir Ha crefib 6ur nunyqes> 2. Cafiraru cKopo noABepur[cr 6ecnoqaAHoMy ncrpe6.neuuro, a B HaHe yxoAlrr,

CTOqxIee BpeMfl OHLI LI3BeCTHbI. TOJIbKO

Ma!'IOHaCeJIeHHbIX

rroJrynycrbrHuux paft oHax. He meuee xapaKrepHbr 6amu Ann Open6yprcxzx creneft <<Tapnaun pocroM nporr.rB cpeAAr.rKrIe JrorrraAa - TapnaHbr. geft "nouaAr.r, To,'IbKo Kpyr.llee, uepcrblo caBpacble r.r foJry6ue, a xorn H Apyrr,rMr,r uepcrbMr.r 6uearor, Ho peAKo. Or C6. <Opeu6yprcKue crera...>, crp.

Tauxe,crp.9l.

76.

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= i*d:. i::i'

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KaftcaKH, co6Hpafcb qeJroBeK

no ABaArIar[

o-ABy-KoHb, Hx

JIOBET H IPI,IBfl3bIBAIOT K CBOIIM JIOUIAAfiM 3A UIEI4 APKAHAMI,I,

n TaK npr.rBflsaHHbrx AepxaT no Mecsqy n 6o,1ee H, TeM npr{o6br'{a ux, yttorpe6,'rfltor K esAe, KaK H cBoax JrorxaAeii> l. ' TapnanoB )KAaJIa eqe 6oree neqaJlbHafi yqacrb, rreM cafirar(oB. Vxe c aepeAr{Hbr XIX sexa rap,naHbt, rro 9. A. 3repc. MaHHy, Ha npocrpaHcrBe Mex{ay Bo;rroft il yparoM BcrpeqaJlr,tcb roJrbKo B 3oHe noJrynycTbrHb r{ nycTbrHb. lro3xe TapnaHbr 6brJrr,r ucrpe6.neuu v raM, H Mbr MoxeM ceftqac cyAr4Tb o HlIx ToJrbKo no AorrJeAruIrM A,o Hac JrHTepaTypHbrM onHcaHHflM STHX XHBOTHbIX.

KynaHu (.qaxre ocJrbr) sBecrHbr 6amu t4

9n6u.

nperaMyqe-

Capu-cy u <Pocrou oHH Bbrrre rapnaHoB, noA)Kapble, yun

crBeHHo Ha 3aflarlKofi crenn,

6accefiHe per<n

LIMeIOT AOJITI4e CTOflqHe, HO XBOCTbI KOpOqe, He)KeJrI,I

O6bIK-

Ixepcrb Ha HI,Ix rycraq LI HeMaJIafl, Cxox(a c Mbrlrlbeti, xoAfT BeilvKLrMu ra6yHaMI,I, TaK qro no rblcffqe w 6o.nrure cryqaercs. I(nprzsqu, crpeJrfffi nx, )rnorpe6Jrfror ce6e B nr{uly>>-2. B sacrosnree BpeMfl KyJraHoB Her Hrr e 6acceftHe 3u6u, HH s 6accertHe Capbr-cy. He6orltu^te KocflKrr r{x coxpaHr.rJrucb._ Ha roFo-Bocrore Typxruencroft CCP. finxne cBrrHbr{, unu t<a6asa\ x cesepy or flnra H e EauKr4pHH Bcrperlarncb peAKo, 6o.nltrre vx 6u.no K nry or fwxa, no peKe Vlnex u crennbrM o3epaM, 3apoclunM KaMbrrlroM. I4uorAa cJryqaJlocb, tITo y6xrbrx xa6aHoe npr{Bo3HJIH n Open6ypr anr npoAaxz. <<Vs fftrx raK BeJrr{KK 6uaarcT, qro B oAsoft ryrrre or nflrHaArlarr,r Ao ABaAqaflr nyAoB Mflca cJryqaercfi. Benpu, u.nn 6opona, LIMeIor o6gIKuoseuHo KrIbIKI4, To ecrt ey6rr Kpr{Bbre, Koropbre H3o pra HappKy Bbrpacraror, noAo6neu cepra, BepIIrKa Ha rpu, a y 6o,'rbrttlrx H Ha qeTBeprb, r.I TaK ocrpbr, IITo oHH EMr,I AepeBbfi B ot,'Io6JIIo h HoBeHHbIx, rpHBbI He6oJIbrIIHe,

ToJrxle oAHr.IM pasoM uepecexaor>>

Bo nropoft noJroBr{He XIX eera xa6anu s 6acceriHe Cp.Anero Vpara nepecraJlr.r Bcrpeqarbca H Ao HeAaBHero BpeMeHH Ha6JIroAar'rIIcb JrI{IIIb c.ny.rafluue sa6erl,I Hx B gToT pafton. Huerorcs cBeAeHHfi, rITo B nocJreAHr.re roAu ra6as BHoBb noflBr{Jlcfi B HecKoJIbKHx Mecrax t{xaloacrofi o6nacrn.

C6. <<Opes6yprcKr{e ererr...>, crp. 91.

2 Tau xe. 3 Tau Ne,'crP.90.

".54

\6uruooeHnblM xffiBorHbIM Bo BpeMeHa PHIIKoBa crrrr' raJlch 6o6p. <6o6p ecrb raKoe >KI{BorHoe, Koropoe xI'IBer Ha cyx.oM nyrlt Ir B BoAe, BIIAOM HeCKOJIbKO nOXOx Ha cBrrHblo, ToJIbKo HMeer Ixepcrb ocrlcryrc, H BMeCTO XBocra JIOrraTKy C qeuyeFo. fsegAo o6HxHoeeHHo AeJIaIOT OHI'I B 6epery, TaK ,no6H BcerAa cKBo3b BoAy B Hero npoxoAl'ITb; a elr(eJrr4 soAa o6lleneer, To AepeBbsMfi It xBopocroM noA' npyxllBalor no4y, uro6u BXoA B Hopy BcerAa 6stn noA Bo' Aoro) l. 6o6pu BoAI{JILIcb no 6auxupcKliM peKaM' rAe }Ix JIo' BHJII'I KANKAHAMI,I.

Buxyxo.nr 6ama peAKHM 3BepeM yxe B cepeAl{He XVIII sera. B Opeu6yprcxofi ry6epHnn oHa qaule Bcero

Bcrperlaracb Ha 3anaAe, n 6acceftHe Bo.nrN. PHqxogbrrvr 6u.no xopouro n3yqeno 3To xI'IBorHoe' TofAa IIoTITH Helr3BecrHoe B HayKe. <<Batxyxo.ltl, 3BepoK no4Ruoti, BHAoM Ic BeJluquHoto c 6o.nturyto MbIlIIb, xBocr' HMeer noao' 6eu 6o6poaoMy, c uleJlyxolo, rpeyroJlbHblfi. Koxa ero AJIfl oAHofo Ayxy ynorpe6nretcfl, Ir npeArloJlafalor, sro6u or Hee MoJIb He BpeAIIT n,Ilarbe>>.

1759 roAy, KorAa

AxaAe-

3a qyqeroM H oflr.rcaul{eM ee 6u.no peuleno o6parnmcr x Puuroay. PH'Ixoe He KJIaAer pearofi rpaHn Mex(Ay AIIKLIMLI H AoMarrrHr{MH }KrrBorHbIMr4. B pas4ene <<O crorax I{ sBepflx)> oH pflAoM c apxapoM onucblBaer nopo46l AoMaITIHI'IX oBeq, a [ocJre rapnaHoB oqenb no4po6no paccKasblBaer o AoMaIuHlIx Jroruailnx. Taxoe o6reAuneHne AHKHx H AoMaIIIHHx xHBorHbIx, KaKoe MbI Bcrperlaeu y PuuroBa, eABa JII{ IreJlecoo6paeuo. Onucauve AoMattrHHX >KLIBoTHrIX AoJIII(Ho 6Hm sHAeJIeHo s oco6ufi pa3AeJI rrJrr4 rJraBy H cJleAoBarb nocJle Mr.IH HayK 3aI4HTepeCOBaJIIlCb BbIXyXOJIbIO, TO

ecrecrBeusofi o6sopa scert Aaxofi Qaynu. Puuxoo -npexAe Bcero ocraHaBflepexoAq K HaceKoMbIM, JruBaercfl Ha nqeJlax, rrpuuocflulux qeJIoBeKy 6omuryrc

noJrb3y. fl.rerosoAcrsoM 3aHHMaJIocb pyccKoe n 6aurxnpcKoe HaceJIeHIre. B Eaurrupau npeo6.la4alv AHKrLe,. 6opreBbIe, nqeJIbI, <<K qeMy coAepx{aTeJILI Iax BblAa.ll6Jtt]sarcr HanoAo6ue yJIbeB cocHbl, .Ey6u, JIHnbI H Apyrile roJIcTbIe AepeBbfl, orlrero TeM AepeBbflM HI{KaKO|O BpeAa He Ae,lIaeTCs, LI K TOMy BpeMeHH, KaK pogrcg nqeJIbI, BbIqI{uIa}oT, a K 3I,IMe r.rx 3aKpbrBaot, uro6st MoKpora Ir cHer He BpeAHJII,I. SaurKaprlbr, y Koropblx JIecHbIe Mecra, or gTHx 6opreaux nuen

noryqaror ce6e seruxuft AoxoA,

C6. <Open6yprcKge crerlr...,, crp.

B pa3MHox{eHHH Idx raK

88.

-1

;' rrTo MHoro TaKvx, r.I3 KOTOpbIX y oAHOro no HecKo.rrbxy rblcffrr 6opreaux AepeBbeB l4Meercq, lr noroMy noqrH rleJrbre 6opreeue Jreca y Hr4x HaxoAqrcfr, 14 Ha oAHoM AepeBe 6Hgaer no ABe, a r.rHorAa r.r no rpr.t 6opra c nqeraMl{>> l.-

LICKyCHbT,

Cpaa" HaceKoMbrx r.r <<raAr{H>> Puuxony 6HnH ngsecrHtr MHorne runl{qH bre o6nr ar enu cp eAHea3HarcKHx rrycrbrnl. OnncblBaer oH HX co cJroB Ka3axoB H pyccKux ro,rlta.rerl (nepeao4vnroe), no6uaanuux n Cpe4neri Asuil. Hecuorpr ua 5ro, on cyMeJr I{3 STHX paccKa3oB COCTaBTZTb TaKHe TOqHbre xapaKTepI4cruKri, rITo no Hr.tl,l 6es rpyAa yAaercfl onpeA,eJruTb, KaKHx x{LlBorHbrx HMeJI B BHAy PHqxog. <<flo cxagxalt roJrMaqa

coo6uaer Ptruron, oKo,rro Typxecraua, r4e - Koqyror, ecrb raAlrna Ha, Kupfu3rlbr -Cpe4neii Op4u HepeAr{o no4o6ue nayKa, se.naqzuoii HeMHoro MeHb[e fpeqKoro opexa, IIBeroM rlepHas Lt MoxHarafl, x{r,IBer B Hope, Ha4 xoropoft 4e. Jlaer oHa reHera, H BbrxoAr,rr r43 Hopbr 6o.ulure no HoqaM, a AHeM peAKo. Korla oHa yKycr4r rreJroBeKa r4ilLr crorr.rHy, TorAa BbrnycKaer r{3 ce6n n4 6e.nuft, KaK MoJIoKo, or qero qeApanoea,

JIOBeK

CKOTHHa,

oBeII BpeAum He

pac[yxHyB, Apo>Krrr r4 yMr.rpaeT; ToJrbKo

Mo>xer>> 2.

flo4 ra4uHoft Hano4o6ne nayKa PHqxoe AoBoJrbHo Totrno onr.rcbrBaer KapaKypra (Lathrodectus tredecimguttatus rrAoBlrroro rrayKa, pacnpocrpaHeHHoro s Cpeaueft Ross) - l(asaxcraue. Asuw Lr Vxyctr KapaKypra, 4eficrnurenruo, rsJrrrlorcfi cMepreJrbHbrur4 r,Jrfl. KpyrrHoro pofarofo cKora H 6eeBpeAHbrMr{ A,rf oBer{. 3anonuHarorcrr cJIoBa o 3Mee oK-nx(HJraH. <<fIDo nnx roeopRr, rxo6u oHH, I(aK crpe/'ra 6pocatcl Ha qeroeeKa, HacKBo3b ero npo6nnalor; [oqeMy H HagbrBarorcr oHLI oK-A)KH,rIaH, To ecrb crpeJrffsue>. fIoA sNreerl oK-AxHJraH PHqKoe noApa3yMeBaer crpeJry-3Mero (Taphrometropan lineolatum). O6paulaeT Bnr.rMaHae >Kr.tByrrecTb H ruEpoKOe pacflpocrpaHeHHe 'JIefeHA,br, npaeo4nltoti PHqxosHIvI O cTpe,'Ie-3uee. B uaUe !Pe{x ee noqrH B Tex }Ke caMbrx Bbrpax(eHr4sx npr4BoAHT A. H. I(aurxapon. <<B 3aracnnftcxofi o6Jracrs,, - qr.rraeM Mbr y l(aruxapoBz, TypKMeHbr paccKa3brBarcr, 6y4ro oK-r{JraH (crpena-svea) nueeanHo /6unaer .nrc4er?, nouaAeri, nep6nroAoB, MyJIoB, oAr.il.IM rrpbrx(KoM npoH3afl r.rM cepAqe> 3.'tlro nocJIyx(lL'Io ocFroBarrHei\r ,lJrtr Bo3Hr.rKHoBeFil,rfl eroii crpaHuoft

I C6. <Opeu6yprcKHe crenu...>, crp. 94. z Tau xe, crp.95. 3 KarrrKapoB A. H. Xusorgue Typrecraua, uea.2.e, Taureur,

.-1931, crp. 84. -56

JIefeHAbr o crpeJre-3Mee, cKasarb rpyAHo. po ecaxorrt c.nyqae cTpeJra-3Mes A,'rff qeJroBeKa r4 KpynHbrx x{r.rBoTHbtx He ffAoBI{Ta r{ He IrpeAcraBnqer KaKofi-;rr,r6o onacrocru. B o4Hor ro,'IbKo cr'ryqae paccKa3bt oqeBnAqeB BBoAfr B sa6,ryx4eune PHqxosa. Co c,roe Ka3axoB oH coo6qaer o cyIlrecrBoBaHl,rrr oKo,ro pexn Cup-Aapbz TaKHX slreri, xoroplre 6yaro 6u nuercr c o6onx KoHuoB no roJroBe. I-lpr.r roil no.nHoft HeoceeAoMJreHnocrr4 o QayHe Cp"a".ft Aeun, Koroparr Ha6nrcAanacr B cepeAr.rHe XVIII BeKa, nprlxoAr,rrcff yAr.rBflqrbcfl He QauracrarrHocru paccKa3a o AByfJraBoli smee, a roMy, qro

3TOT paCCKa3 COCTaBJIfleT eAI4HCTBeHHOe HCKIIOIIeHLe LI3 BCerO

npaBABBOfO OqepKa o XHBOTHOM Mripe. Eoraruu ra pasnoo6pa3HbrM nao6paxaer Pu,rxoe nrlrqbe HaceJIeHHe Opeu6yprcr<oro Kpaf. fizt<ue fycr4 K oceHn pasMHOXaJIHCb B TaKOM KOIHqeCTBet qTO CTaHOBII.TIT{Cb O[aCHbIMr{ BpeAr{TeJrflMr.r

x.ne6sux noceBoB, noBcroAy Ha o3epax

rHe3Ard-

nucl ne6e4ri, Ha KpyrrHbrx peKax Bcrperraract nrnqa 6a6a. flraqa 6a6a- xopournft pu6oroa, nparreM nonur pu6y oHa (<yAIrBI{TeJIbHbrM o6pasou, a aMeHHo: co6panurucr Hx HecKoJIbKo oKod'Io necqaHoro Mecra, nJlbrByr x 6epery pflAoM, a KorAa s 6nugocrt 6epera npr4nJlbrByr, To cnJraqr.IBalor cBor.r KpbrJlbfl, H, 3anycr{afi zx nr.ny6l, AeJra}or noJryrlt4pKyJlb, }I Taxru o6pasoM, KaK 6pe4ueira, cfoHflror pu6y r Mecro; nplrfHaB >fie 9e x 6epery, HanaAaror IIa Hee Bce H floxr{parcr>> i. - flrnqa 6a6a, onucaHHarr Pnqxosul.{, - ero posonufi a xyAprnuii neJrr.rKaH (Pelecanus onocrotalus L., P. crispus Bruch.), rHegAquraftcr cerlqac no 6eperau Kacnraficxbro l,I,opt. KyApsgbrft nenuKaH rz3peAKa Bcrperraercfl B Hr{3oBbflx trJ;rexa. KaK eaAHo us 4pyrux uecr <<TonorpaQna>, neJrHKaH B cepeAnHe XVIII seKa 6Hr o6uqsofi nrlrueft e 6acceftHe Cpe4nero Vpana H Ha o3epax 3anaguofi Cw6wpu, r. e. raM, rAe oH HbIHe coBeplIeHHO

B pexax r

HeH3BeCTeH.

o3epHbrx BoAoeMax Opeu6yprcxofi ry6epnau -BoAHJrocb MHoro qenHoft npoMbrcJroBori pu6u. Cocras ee sa nocJIeArIHe ABa cro,rrerr4fl rz3MeHHJIcr MaJro. I(ax u cetivac, p_eAKo Bcrperraract 6e,nopu6uqa, 6enyra noAHZMaJracb no

-fnxy ronlro go Open6ypra, Aa H ro B HeMHofrzx c,'ryqaqx, c_paBHr.rreJrbso o6uxuoBeHHbrM^Br.rAoM B pailoue Opeu6ypra > 6u.n

uun.

Eo,ntruoe xosgrlcrseHHoe gHaiteHr.re HMeJr 6e,ryxufi H ocerpoBblfi npoMhrceJr y flr4qKrrx KasaKoB. Maccoebrrt .noa 6enyra

I C6. <Opeu6yprcKne

cren4...), crp. 95-g6. "57

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Ir ocerpa npol€BoAuJrcff ToJrbr(o B Hr{}rGeM TeqeHl,rn flnxa, unxe f nqxoro *agaqrero ropoAKa (Vpa.nlcra). K 6elyxueuy

npoMblcJly AolrycKaJrficb HcKJIroqI{Ted'rbHo oAHI{ Ka3aKn, Alrfl. aror Br,rA npoMbrcJra npeAcraBJlf,n caoeo6pasnylo [Jrary sa c.nyx6y. JIoe 6enyra npoBoAI4JIcff B snMnee I,I JIer. Hee BpeMs: stzlaoft c noMoIrlln 6arpoB, JIenJr aB Jr e H H-6arpeHI{e e, AJIfi KOTOpO|O npHMeHflJIHCb HeBOAbI. TOM - 6arpenvrfr y snr\Krtx Ka3aKoB 6u.nn nupa6orasu oco[.na

Koropbrx

6ue nparu.ua, co6.nnAeHr{e Koropbrx 6u,ro o6ssaremHo AJIn acex. .[I,o Ha3Haqenl{oro r 6arpeu[Io AHfl lon pu6u 3anpenJIerrraJrcfi, a 3a MecraMr.I cKonJleHar pu6u - uy6oxutull <<KorAa xe ycrpar.{BaJrcr crpoffifi na4sop. caMr.r H sMaMr.r r 6arpeulrc Ha3HaqeHHbIrt Aenl npLIAer (uro o6uruoBeHHo 6Heaer y Hrx flocJre PoxAecrsa Xpucrona), ro Bce IHIIKIIe Aer?ctefirerbno cJryxaune E )I(aJIoBaHHbte Ka3aKa (u6o orcraBHbrx H HecJryx(aqxx AeficrsureJlbuo x 6arpentn He Aonycxaror) co6uparcrcn x eoftcroeoft KaHIIeJIflpLH Ha JIoIIraAsx, 3anpflx{eHHbrx B caHr.r; lI KorAa Aaercfl clirHa,ll BblcrpeJloM H3 IIyIrIKI.r, ro xaxAuri Ns sceft Moqlt nocKaqer Ha ro Mecro, rAe

6arpenrrc 6arrl, n npI{cKaKaB, npo6no npopy6l, 6arpnr, u cKoJrbKo Kro noxeJlaer, croJlbKo npopy6efi npo6nuaer; ToJIbKo 6H scsr npo ce6x s oAHoft npopy6u 6arpu.tt, He ynorpe6.nax K roMy pa6oruuxoe. K cervry 6arpentrc ynotpe6' Jlrlercfl y Hrrx ocrpuft KpIoK, roropuft [oca)KeH Ha AJIIIHHoM IUeCTe, rI npI{KpenJIeH K BepufiHe, TO ecTb K ToHKOMy KOHIIy llecra, a roacrufi KoHeIr ocraercs BcerAa B pyKax y JIoBqa; LI TaK JroBerI, sanycrl{B ero B BoAy, noAo6uo KaK yAy, Bo Bce

cropoubr o6pauaer.

A rax

KaK craAo

pu6 Ha roft smnse or

MHorr,rx npopy6efi I4 JIoBIIoB 6Hsael rorAa norpeBox(eHo II, UIbIBff BHI,I3 no reqeHglo BoAbr, Bcfl pu6a xoAur BpogHb, To ocerpbr u 6enyru Ha re KpIoKH nonaAaror; I'I TaK Hx JIoBIIII reua 6arpaMn BbITacKIiBaIor Ha 6eper u MHorI{e ryr xe Ha Mecre np a$x(a totltu M ns B er nxop occxft cf I,IxJop oAoB lryfluqM, IIpu yAa-uuou 6aa Apyrne, orBosq B ropoAoK, npoAalon)

rpeHlrn Ha oAHoro KasaKa npaxoAllJloct ao 20

u 30

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xparraft ]rcropr.tgKoHoMHKo-reorpa$uqecxvtft oqepK rleerHorl (nreal)

H cltucKoM ropnbrx saBoAoB. 3ro r.r

u uepuoft _(xeneso) Merad'rJrypfr4r.r lopuue

Opeu6yprcxori ry6epuru.

3aBoAbr cyqecrBoBar'ra rofAa erqe Ha orpaHnueuHorZ Teppnropr4u ry6epuui.r ToJrbKo Eauxtpl.ru, no PuHKoe Mer{Taer o pacflpocrpaHeHHrl r4x rro BceMy OpeH6ypncr<,ortay

Kparo. On c yeepeHr{ocrbro roBoprrr

o roM, vro e OpeH6yprcxoft ry6ep:uur ns Bcero roro, qro [pr4poAa npor.rsBoAr.rr, t C6. <Opeu6yprcKne crenfi...), crp. 148.

z- C6. Kyft6urneacxofi o6aacru>, Kyfi6nruen, .lg5l, - -<llpupo,ua mp. 387-388.

t<ectr edMnfi

riep;uii n.odnrecfBy iioJiesnerXurfi npoayxt *

MeTaJIJIbI Ia MI4Hepa,{bI))

',.

flepeuNc.nnn l5 lre4en,raBr.rJrbHbix u 13 xe,reaoAe,{areJrbHbIX gaBoAoe, Prruxoe He coMHeBaerc.fl, r{To ouu 6,raro4apn Ha,'Ir4qnrc 6orarux 6anxupcxux pyA <<or BpeMenlr Ao BpeMeHH eure Mofyr yMHoxarbcs. Oco6eggo )Ke 14 rroroMy, lITo HbrHe HeAaBHo z sa peNofi fluxou B Knpfr43-Karlcaqxax lrecrax 6orarbre MeArrbre pyArr o6rtcKaHbl, r{ Aefrcrearer'rbHo yx{e pagpa6aruaam ux raM Haqarra>> 2. CneAoeare,rbHo, PH.rxos npeABr.iAeJr Bo3Mo)r(Hocrb pa3BnTprfl rloeruoft MeraJlJtyprlin Ha reppr4ropr.rn coBpeMeHHoro KagaxcraHa, rAe ceiiqac co3AaHbr

xpynueiiurue MeAenraBHJrbHbre rolr6lrsarn. Taxoeo coAepxarrae oAsoil a3 nepBbrx s Poccnr.r perr4oHa.rrbHbrx reorpaQuvecr(r4x cBoAox. Ecnn noJrb3oBarbcs conpenneuHoft repMr4Ho,'iofuerl,

ro nfiaH reorpa$uvecxoro

onu-

cat:afl Open6yprcxori ry6epnrfi, npeAnpr{Hqroro PH,rKoBbrM, MOX(HO npeACraBHTb B TaKOM BHAe. IIACTb NEPBAfl , OgUAfl XAPAKTEP UCTAKA

l. 4e

ucropr.rr.r o6pasonauua

Open6ypra z Open6yprcxori ry6epur.rn.

2. fpanrauur n nnbutaan ry6epiruu;-iapaxrepr.rcrr.rxa Menb, npHMr,rKarour{x

x Opeu6yprcxori

HapoAoB r.r 3e-

ry6epuur.r.

ANMI,IHI.ICTPATI,IBHOE ACJICHHC.

4. Hacqresze. 5. llpr.rpoanlre ycnoBlir:

a) reorpa(pnuecKoe rroJlo)KeHr4e; 6) r;tuuar; e) so.qbr (ruopa, osepa, peru);

r) penreQ; 4) noleauue

rlcKorlaeMue

gJIeMeHTaMn teoL[o,rurrecKoro crDoe-

HUfl,;

e) xusorur,rt

Mup.

6. Topronna n npoullc.lru. TIACTb BTOPAfl, PANOHHbIN OffiOP

(r"raau

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I-IX).

flpoBrz

Hrl]rs

CraaponoJrbcKoe Be.(oMcrBo

2. Vcetcxas, npoBnHrlur. 3. V$uucraa rrpoBuurl,r{r.

fl;lan.<<Tonorpa$aH OpeH6yprcxoii ry6epHnu> fiMeer

3aMerHbre oTJrKr{r,rfl

I C6.

2Ta

cTpaHoBeAqecKfix reorpaQuuecxax

<Opeu6yprcKue crenrr...>),

lr x e, crp.

cip.

200

204.

i!:!t,:.:'::. i :-,i:.::. _ii

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t, "' $i1 a

coqrueHufi cepeAr.rnbr XVIII sera. lionpo6yeu cpaauuir eio C nJraHoM <<O6u1ero reorpa$uvecKofo ottscaHuff Bcer Cn6upu>> Tarfinlega, cocraBJleHnoro s 1736 ro4y. O6o6uran <<flopn4ox o6cqaro reorpaSuuecKoro orllcallurl Bcer Cu6upu> TaruIIIeBa, Mo)I{Ho ero npeAcraBnTb B TaKoM gLIAe l.

l. O r,rruatr,{. 2. O rpannqax. 3. O BeJII4qnHe! 4. O eosayxe: 5. O soeerra;ru (ropu).7. O nnyrpellHlrx 3eMJIlt (o rauHax, flecKax, KaMHrx u r. A.). 8. O coagx. 9. O pyaax rrleralaefi. 10. O no;ryrvrerarr.Iluax. ll. O pocueHuax. 12. O xl,tBorlblx. 13. O xnturx

Aax.6. O noroxeunu

r.rru napo,iax. 14. O nnacru tio;ruruqecroti. 15. O rtpaBnenlIn qepKoBHoM. 16. O xapo4nr{x flpoMbrcJrax, o pyKoAeJrnqx codcrseuHblx, o Qa6ptxax. 17. O easoaax, o Qa6puxax MeraJlHbtx.

B cauo,ft nocneAHeri rraee TarfiIqeB npeAno,rafaJl onl{canue Cn6upx no orAeJlbHuna ry6epnnlM u npoBanuvtstvl: <f'Ae KoJII{Ko nponaHqIleft, ToJIHKo rnan 6um LIMeer, o xaxAofi cJIeAyI,OCqee on[caHlIe: flKo o HMf HI{ ropoAoB, BpeMffHI,l,

ri npoTqee nopfiAKoM reHepaJlbHoro onuca4o co6paH[q o6crosreJlbHblx nesecrfifi rJIaB I{

KOrAa nocTpoeH, HHff, Koroporo

crareft fipeAnucarb ueyAo6no> i

:'.

i., l:' Lr .J :.

gi:n

F = i,

a'. ::.. :

flo cpaaHennlo co cxeuoft Tarlzqeea, nnan <<TonorpaQnu>> orJlnqaercg 6onrruetl crpoftnocruo H 3aKoHqeHHocrblo, gerH paftonnyro. flocneAKHM AeJreHHeM Ha ABe qacrn - o6uryro oIIIlcaHI{r na o6qylo noApa3Ae,{eune reorpaQusecKoro Hee qacrl{ nocJle. pa6orut PHvroea nor'Iytluto trIHH pafionnyr,o poKoe rpnsHaHue e- reorpa$u'{ecxoft flI{reparype. B crpyrrypHoM orHoulesun <<Tonorp aQran Open6yprcraa>> r.rMeeT orrpeAeJleHHble npel{MyqecrBa Aaxe no cpaBHe,HHIo c BbrAalour!{Mca reorpaQnqecKnM rpyAoM cepeAHHbI XVIII se<<OnucaHHeM ra Kauqarru>> C. Kpaurenl{HHllKoBa. - roAy, KorAa.3eu,rr neqararcfl oror rpyA KpauennHuvtKoua, B 1755 PHqxoe [peAcraBr{Jr s AxaAer{Hro HayK pyKonilcb nepsofi qacrn <<TonorpaSau>.

<<Onncasue 3eir.lnu Kauqarxu>> KpawleHnnul{KoBa cocrol'lr

s3 r{erbrpex uacreli, o6reAaueHnltx e ABa roMa. flepnan uacrb o3arJraBJIeHa: <<O KauqarKe LI o crpanax, Koropble B

coceAcrBe c HeIo HaxoAflrcf>>. Kporrre reorpaQrauecKoro noJloxeH?Irr, KparuenznuuKoB B nepnori qacrl4 oflficblBaer no-

Apo6no pexn KalruarKn, a rax)Ke Kypu.nncxue ocrpoBa LI ceBepo-3ana.rr,Hyro Anaepr,rry. Bropan qacrb pacgKa3bIBaer

\ !. :t'

I TarnuIeB B. H. 1950,

I4e6pannqe rpyAH no reorpaQnn PoccRn, M.,

crp. 36-41.

au x

e, crp. 41.

li ! ,:-'.,

i ------'-.- ,--, '------r,-

.t,'',

csoilctsax notlBbl' <O eblroAe I,I o HeAocrarKax Kauqarxu> KJIHMara, fopax II By,TKaHax, ro,rle3HbIX HCKOnaeMblx' pacTI'ITeJrbHocrll I.l )KllBorl{oM ruape. Tperlfl qacTb IIoCBfI{eHa KaMqarcxuvt HapoAaM, s uereeproft qacril roBoplrrcq <<O noKopeHHH Kauuatxll, o 6ueurvx B pa3Hble BpeM.eHa 6yHrax n asMeHax r{ o HbtHeIrIHeM COCTOTIHHU pOCCI4I4CKUX OCTpOToB>).

B ornuque ot <<Tonorpa$uu Open6yprcroft> s

<<OnucaHI'rs

3enr.nn Kauqarxa>> He BblAeJlttercs oco6o paftonnan qacrb. HerpyAuo, oAHaKo, 3aMerltrb 14 HeAocrarKl{ B nocrpoeH}Iu <<Tonorpa$nt{>> PHqxoea. Tax, xapaKrepllcrnKy HaceJIeHHs c,rleAoBa.[o 6u Aarr fiocJle onucaHl,Ifl npllpor,bl, He orpblBafl HacedIIeHHe OT TOp|OB,'IH H IIpOMbICJIOB. EO,'IbUIZI\4 ynyuleHHeM fiBJIflercrr AaJIee orcyrcrBl.Ie cilequaJIbHoft rrastt o pacrHTeJIbHocrLI. 3ro reu 6utee HenoHflTHo, qro PHt{xoB ee -xopotilo gHaJI, o r{eM cBHAereJIbcrByIoT pasSpocauuble B pa3ublx Mecrax <<Tonorpa$ul4)> 3aMeqaHnfl o pacrxreJlbHocrl,I u ony6.nrKOBaHHbre [O3)Ke CTaTbLI, KaK, Ha[pI4MeP, <<o C6epeXeUnZ u pa3MHoxeHaI4 JIecoB)> (1767) . B uelonn nJ'raH Lr crpyKrypa <<Tonorpa$un OpeH6yprcxofi>> He Bbr3brBaer cepbe3Hbrx eoepaxeunfi Aa)Ke c nosuqfift coBpeMeHHoro ypoBufl reorpaSuuecroft nayxz. !,o Haurux AHefi s reorpaQuuecKnx onacaHuqx Mbr BcrpeqaeM s o6qeNa ry )Ke crpyKrypy, qro r{ B <TonorpaSuu>> .Pbrqrosa: sa o6ueii xapaKTeprzcrr{xoft npupoAubrx ycJroBaii, Hacenenus n xossftcrsa rep p xrop u 14 cJreAyer on r,rc a H H e p a ilo uoa HrH a4uvnvrcrp arr{B-

uux o6nacreft.

Ta"nasr reorpa$a-crpaHoBeAa

nosBoJrrdJr Puuxoey

co3AaTr) rpyA, HaMHofo ol]epeAr{srutrti csoe BpeMfl. B pyccxofi n nnuponor? reorpaQuuecroft .nnreparype AoJrroe BpeMff He

6uno noAo6sux pa6or. Hcxnrcqenue cocraBrqer KHlrra

C. KpaueHuHHHKoBa <<Onucanue 3elrnn l(anruarxvt>>, xoropas B HayqHoM orHotuenaa xorf H crorrr Bbrure <<Tonorpa$r.rr.r> PuuroBa, Ho Halr.rcaHa B. ApyfoM nJrane. <<Tonorpa-

Qnn> Puur<oBa'Ha nporffxeHuu MHorHx Jrer cJry)Kr.rJra o6paeqoM pernoHa,Tbnbrx reorpaQnvecKr{x orrucaHnft. flpxuqnnu,

no"{oxeHHble PuqroelrM B ocHoBy reHepaJrnsar1.LtLr - o16opa Marepr.raJra, KaK u cpaBHr{TeJrbuuft ueQaxraqecKoro - 3aqarKrz Koroporo rrcHo BHpaxeHbr B <<Tonorpa$nu>, ToA,

HaxoArr npr.rMeHeHne onHcaHI,If x.

u ceftqac B ryqufix reorpaQuuecxxx

Be.nNxo 3HaqeHr{e <<Tonorpa$uu OpeH6yprcxofi> r.r B ApyroM orHor.ueHr4H. OHa- seo6xoArllvruft noAroroBr,rreJrbnufi gtan, o6paaeq MarepuaJra, HyxHoro AJrrr cocraBJregufi

. .sl!

fedrpa$itn ricerci pyecxoio focyaapctba, noipe6nomr B rotdpoft ror4a ocrpo oqyqaJracb. I,I c eroft cropoHbr pa6ora Puukoea nonyur.{Jra caMyro BbrcoKy}o oqeHKy exre no [peAcraBJrenuu pyxonucn uepeoft qacrx <<TonorpaSun>>. B nnoape 1757 roAa, B aKaAeMI4r{ecKoM xypHaJle <<Exel{ecq.{Hble coqI,tHeHI,Ix>> 6rr.[a Hane,raraqa peAaKrlr,roHHafl crarbs, npr.rHaArexaqatr f. Mu.rurepy, Ha reMy <<flpe4.noxegr.re KaK rrcnpaBr{rb nofpeuHOCTI,I, HaXOAflIIIUeCfl B I,IHOCTpaHHbIX [I4CaTeJIflX, flUCaBIXIIX o Poccl.licxoM rocyAapcrBe>>. Anrop crarbu, roBopfl o neo6xoArrMocrrr co3AaHr.rs poccuficrofi l,tcropr]l,t rE reorpa$uu, JIIlueHHbrx se6u.rnq r.r HcKaxeHufi, npncyulllx HHocrpaHHbrM aBTopaM, 3aMeqaer: <<Ho x ceMy AeJry rpe6yercn MHoro BpeMeHH, r,r eABa ocraercfl'HaAex(Aa, qro6 o6croqrerrHasr r4cropnfl, 14 Aocrarovnoe onucauue Poccnu MofJnr KofAa Ha cBer 6Hm ueAaHbr; pa3Be eo ecsxofi ry6epuuH 6yaer qeJroBeK r.IcKyccrBoM r4 n pl.rJlerxa Hueq no4o6 Hu fi rocnoAuHy CoeerHnry Puuroey e Open6yprcr<ofi ry6epunu, roropoft B npolxeAueM roAy nplrcJrar e AraAeMr{r,o HayK orrficaHl{e noltanyrofi ry6epHHrr c ilper43prrAHbrMH JraHAKapTaMu>>'. Pa6ora PHqrosa saA <<TonorpaSueri Open6yprcxoli>> rula B oAHoM HarrpaB,'IeHaIr c AeflTeJlbHocrblo .IloNrottocosa R reo' rpaQnuecxoM AenapraMeure ATaAeMHH HayK. 6yay,Iu pyroeoAnreJela reorpa$uuecKoro AenapraMeHra c 1758 roAa, .I{oMouocoe npoqBrqr 6o,rturyrc sa6ory tto cocraBr]IeHalo HoBoro arJraca u reotpa$uuecxoro onzcaHufl Poccnn. C groli qeJrbro s 1759 roAy LIM 6tt.ra cocraBJleHa I,I 3areM pa3ocJlaHa no ry6epHLrsrrl oco6as aHKera, orBerbl Ha Bonpocbl xoropoft MorJrH 6H coctaenrb rlpexpacuuft tr.tarepuail niln SKoHoMH'recroft u Suauuecxoft reorpaQau Pocclin. K coxaleHurc, [cqep[brBarcIqllx orBeroB c Mecr Ha cBoro aHKery JloNtouocoe no,'Iyqur ua,ro. Vxe [oc,qe ero cMeprI.I qacrb orBeroB Ha aHKery 6u.na ony6,'u{KoBaHa Ar<aAeuueil HayK B cgoAxe <<Tonorpa$nuecKlre H3Becrl,rfl , cJlyxalqxe AJIn noJlHoro reorp aQuqecKoro ont,tcaHur Poccufi cxofi HMnepI4I,I>>. <<Tonorp

a$un

Op eH6yprcKafl )> p a clreHIrBaJIa

AxaAena z efi

yunrtcfl cocTaBJreHr.rrc ronorpaQnuecKHx oniacasuil Apyrl4e aBTopbI. B uapre 1763 roaa n <<ExeuecnuHblx couIIHeHLIfix H L.I3Becrnflx o yqeHblx AeJrax>> (crp. 269-270) coo6uaJlocb, tlro I M u;r n e p l. (D. llpeAroxeHlre rtaK nc[paBlrrb norpeluuocrl{, HaxoAsrqnecs B t4uocrpaHxblx nrcareJlflx, [ucaBlrlgx o Poccuftct<ou rocyrapcrBe, Exeuecsquuo coqr{Heurlt K [oJIbBe Ii yBeceJIeHI.Irc cJlyxaque, HayK KaK o6paeeq, Ha KoropoM Ao,'IxHbI 6u.nn

1757, nneapr, crp. 228.

;,;.-:]1r$':1.:"tffirl :

=.-_S_ffi:-. ouy6n_ur<oaaHHarr

1762

rory

'i _.

B oroM ixypua;re <Tonorpa$nn

Open6yprcxas> PHqrosa cKopo BbrxoAHT B cBer orAe.nlsriu llgAaHHeM, noqeMy xpaftue xeJrareJrbHo, <.1106 z B [poqnx ry6epnunx npocrpaHHofi Poccuftcrofi uuuepnn Harurr{cb rpyAo.nrc6nsble n K cerrugeHilro raKoro onncaHfis cnoco6nue JIroAH, xou 6n no npnMepy ceft ronorpaQuz xorelu corruntlrb paBHoMepHbre ry6epuunir.r cBor{M r.rJru npoBr{Hrlr4flM onucatr4fl.

t-:f

,'+:: :!*

r-.t;r

.r:i

Afiq Haneqara*nr. coo6ulsm AraAeur.ur. tlro sce npu raKoJtt eoqu*e*uu na1nndaro fladaectcLtr, I ro.tr Open1gpectean TonoepaQun sepHoto u docraroqnorc npe1eodurenuruuqetu cnAgtcurb tytoilceD [no4uepxHyro MHoro.

A. M.J. He ocraJrcr BryHe. B noc.neAnefi uernepru BeKa noflBJrrrrorcff oAHo sa Apyrr{M r.rcrop}rKo-Tonofpa.

flpvsue sror

XVIII

Quuecrue onncaHufl Caparoncxoro, To6oalcKoro, Cnna6npI(anyxcrono, Tau6oecroro, BonoroAcKoro, Kypcxoro,

c_Kofo,

Xaprxoacroro' HaMecrnnqecrB, B.na4uuapcxofi n Boponexcxofi ry6epnuft n nauorne Apyrne r. Ha crpyxrype a coAepxaHriH orux onucasuft saMerHo HecoMHeHHoe BJrHflHr{e rpyAa Puqxoea. Ho Aaxe flyqlune us HHx, TaKI{e, rat< <HcropavecKoe, reorpaQrauqcxoe lr gKoHoMr{qecKoe o[]rcanr.re BopoHeNcroft ry6epunt> E. EonxonnraHona (1800), He noAHr{Marorca Ao rofo HayrrHoro ypoBnfl, Ha KoropoM crout <TonorpaQun Open6yprcraq>. B 6o.ilrrufiHcrBe ceoelr sro 6u.nn pa6oibl, garsroqaBrrrue qeguuft Saxruvecxafi uarepua.n, Ho Jrn[rennble Teopâ&#x201A;ŹTr,rqecKrrx BbrBoAoB lr o6o6u1eHufi, He coAeplr(aBrrrue my6ororo ananrr4sa Qarron H orleHKr.r nepcnexrnn xossficrBeHuofo pasBrrrnff onr{cbrBaeMorl reppnropxr{, qeM KaK pag u 6ugra saMerrareJrbua <<TonorpaQnn> PH.rxosa. .-

flepeuenu_4 oqenKy u& B cBrsg c rpyAaMu

fI. I{,

! t_

Preqrosa, Moxrro

uafrrn y.H. fI, Hururnua. Crvr. Hnxnrnn H. fI.3apon<.uenne sxoncunqeoxoft_.reorpa$un e Poccn,u, Boupocu reorpa$iu, c6. 17, 1950, etp. 66-74.

O. H. MIJlbxoB ::*;l

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-=-NS -----: €/

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4. COTPyAHTTIECTBO B BOJIbHOM AHOIIOMTqECITOM OEIIIECTBE

1760 roAy, npocJly>KnB B Open6yprcxoft KoMHccl'II'I H ry-

6epucxoft KaHqeJIffpHIr 26 ner, PH.Ixoe npHHflJI pelxeHue yfirl.I n orcraery. 2l $enpa.rlr l76l roAa CeHar npHHflJI orcraBKy

!I oAHoBpeMeHHo xoAaraiicreoear nepeA I'IMneparpnqeft o Harpa)KAeHI4L.I ero qIlHoM crarcKoro coBerHI4Ka' B erou BbrcoKoM no roMy BpeMeHI{ tILIHe crarcKoro coBer' HHKa oH 6ur yreepxaen 16 AeKa6pfl 1764 toqa. Eonesnl, Ha Koropyo ccbIJIa,IIcff B rIpoIIJeHI4I4 o6 ortrasxe PHqKosa

Puuroe, 6bura, orIeBtAHo, ToJIbKo Qopua.nruuM nosoAolvf Arq yxoAa co c.nyx6u. Llcrwusan npuql.rHa 3aKJlroqaJlacl s APYrou. B 1758 roay c nocra Open6yprcxoro ry6epnaropa yrIeJI

suaurrft 'rocy4apcrseHHblft Vl. Vl. Henrrces (1693-1773) AesreJrb, BocrILraHHIzK Ia cnoABaxHIzK llerpa I. flpn Hen,rlloeBe PHqKos ec,'In ll He HaxoALIJI npnuoft noMoIIu B cBol{x HayqHbrx gaHqrasx, To, IIo rpaftnefi M€pe, He Bcrperlar H npoTr.rBoAeficrBufl, qero HeJIb3fl cKa3arb npo Apyrt4x ry6epHaro' poB, ynpaBJIflBIIr[x Open6yprcrllM KpaeM nocJle Hennrceea. 3ro 6unra orpaHuqeHHble, caMoAoBoJIbHbIe qaHoBHI4KIz, AJIff Koropbrx Hayqnarr I,I JluTeparypHafl AerTeJlbHoctr Puqrosa rlpeAcraBJIffJracb HeHyx(HbIM, noAo3pIETe./IbHblM 3aHflTIleM, BHOCIIBIIJI'IM 6CCNOTOft CTBO B PA3MCPCHHYIO NPOBI,,IHIIIAAJIbHYIO xH3Hb. floaromy BcKope nocJle yxoAa Hennpesa c nocra ry6epuaropa PHqros BbrHylI(.{,eH 6rt.n o6pararbcs B AraAeuurc 82

i:f, '

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no cauoft

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-TP""-os n. 14. o c6epexeunn u,pa3Mnoxegnn aecoe, Tp' Sxotlotrl. o6ut., q. 6, 1767, crp. 96-97' Bo.nrx. ';-'O;;; -c M a u u' 3. A. Ecrectsegxaq ucropns opeu6yprcxoro Kpas, q. 90

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MeroAbI, rreM ynorpe6.neuze naJroB. <<CxagusarcT, - [HcaJl Pu.Iron, lITo c)KeHr{eM. Tex ocraBrrluxcfl TpaB HecKoJIbKo - na[rHfl, H Ha Jryrax TpaBa cKopee H qHule pacrer. yTyrrHfleTcrr Ho uaAo6uo xpenvaftureuy r,r JyqrxeMy 6urs yqpex{AeHnro r.r cMorpeuurc eoo6qe, or Bcex o6usarerefi KaxAofo >NLrJra, KOfAa OHIT CBOr{ rIOJrff tI Jlyra 3ax{[raloT, I{J[r coBceM oHoe 3axHraHI,Ie 3anpeTHTb;

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UenoN{. Msoro JIer crlycrfl, e 1834 ro4y, A. C. flyruxutt, vs1aBafl <<l4croparc flyravesa>>, ony6.naxoea.n n <<Oca4y Open6ypra>> Puqxoea. <<OcaAa Open6ypra>, n,tu <<,Ileronucb PbrvKoea>, 3aHr.IMaer roqrl,I BcIo BTopyro uacrl <<I'Icropnn lfyrauena> llyruxrua (246 crpanuq rs 336). I( ocRonnouy TeKcry <<.IIeronucn Priqxoga>> npHcoeALIHeHbI TaKxe rpH <<flpu6aeneur{r>> K ueii, sanucaHuble reM )I(e aBropoM. PHqxoe e ceoeri <<.Iletonucu>> ,[,aer 6o,ree u.nu ueuee 6ecnpr{crpacrHoe orlr{canne co6uruft. flyurxzn no nropoft peEan\wr4 flpe4uc,ronnx r <<l,Icropnu flyraveBa > cJIeAytourHM o6pasol,l orobrBaercfl o PHqxose lI ero pyKonI4cLI: uTpyLo' rto6rebrft Pbtuxon, aBrop <<Opeu6yprcxort ronorpaQun> n

:i..'

t fI y u r r q A. C. Llcropun t22

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roro BPeMeHH> r. o 6ecnpncrpacrnocrll H-Ao6pocoBecruocrn Pblq' 3a6blKOBa npu Hsrox{eriu[ ocalu open6ypra, He c"IeAyer KpenocrHoro cropoHHl{Ka qio PbIqKoBa'IIOMeUII',IKa' BaTb, AJIfl flyrauee BcerAa ocraBaflcq <<pa36oftHl'lKoM> II <<Bo.... npaBa,pnr{rOs B CBorax pa6oTax H'rAe He nOAHI4MaJIC' AO pbrvr>. JIIoAeft Hblx "-l;"&;

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6oasoft xLI3HH. Pa6ora ua4 <OcaAofi Open6ypra> Iz ApyfHMI4 I{ccJIeAoBa' Hr.IffMlI nO hcroplrH KpecTbsHcKOft eofiHH OKOHlIaTe,/IbHo noc."p"nu PHqxoea cop^en6yprcruu ry6epHaropg:M' Ao'nxnocrl qBaHJIHBbIft rybepnaropa B To BpeMn IicnoJIHfJI..HeAaneKNfi H

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ee B LlHrepecax 6es4apuoft aAunHucrpaquu'- .. Ilepatre croRKnoseHun c ry6epuaropoM Peftuc4opnou uaqaJrricb BcKope nocJle nepe$Aa Pr,lqxoea n Open6ypr' PH'I-

B l77l topy HMeJI cMeJlocrb ornpaBlltrb B AxaAeuuto t fl y *. u u A. C. flo;tsoe bo6paune covllueultfi, r' 8, AH CCCP, 1951, mo- 475. -M.-JI., - n'furrrn'A. C. Hcropua flyraueaa, Co'{EHeHltg, 1949' crp'.678. ' KoB

123

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oAHo Hcmpnqecxoe coquHeHr,re c onncaHr.renn co6urnft, ueiIaBHo HMeBruHx Mgcr_o n Opeu6yprcxoft ry6epunu. flpoc.nuuanruarl o6 sroru Peftnc4opn B flHBape lTT2 rorc n,amer s Axa4euurc Hayr( Ha uvi 'Munnepa. nucsuo, cocroffrrree . cnJrorrrb..H3 rpy6rrx BbrnaAoB nporuB Pu.rxosa. B r,rso6paxe-

uuu Peftuc4op[a HayrrHare rpy4u Pu,rxoea serrrorcq 6es-

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a y caMoro PHvxoea

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n flerep6ypr 6es npe4napnreirtuofo

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ry6epnaropa.

Ilpo-cluuran o rax-oM <<caMoyrrpaBcrBe> pnurona, rs6e_ ulgngufi PeftHc4opn l6 oxrn6pn li74 rota naruer Mur.nepy: <I . PbIIIKOB noJIyqI,IJI oT MeHf I{ Apy|ux reHepaJloB Bce MaTepr{aJrbr Aflr nyraqescxoft Hcropnr{. .fl,eftcr:eure.ntso ou Hatrl{caJr ee H noKaSbIBaJr pa3HbrM JII'rUaM, HO A.lts MeHfl efo xapTHff Ao cux nop ocraercr rafiuorc, rr3 qero n c yaepeHsocrdro BrrBox(y' qro oH, no cBoeMy o6HxHoeeHHrOr HanoJrHI{JI ee CKa3xaMI,I E rN(aMH>>

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I fIexaDcKnfi n._I. z Tau xe, crp. l4b.

ri rrrrreparypuaa

I4sauosrqa PksroBa, Cn6., J,I-(-u_sur ig67, c"p. 124

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s srofi BpaxAe K HeMy open6yprcroro ry6epnarcpa. B [HcbMax x Puuxoey on lena.lr HaMeKH no sroMv noBHHoBHITM

BoAy z rnpeAJraraJr euy 6urt 6o.nee ,cr,oBopqfiBbrr,,r c P6riHcAopnoM. HeyuecrHoe nocpeAHr.rqecrso Munrepa Bcrperajro co

B giol,r oinoureHun ero nucbMo x Mu.nnepy or l9 Qenpa"rrn

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nr.rcarb. f no xpafiueft uoeft Bo3Mo)KHocrr,r craparccb coxpa.,,, Hqrb lrecrb Bcex nrc4eri, a Hannaqe rex, or KoLIx fl eure r.l ' oAoJrxeH 6uual; Ho paccyAure, Mr.rJrocrriaufi rocyAapt uor?, qero HeT, MOx(Ho JIH CKa3aTb, qTo oHo ecTb, n qTo ecTb, MOX{HO JrLr tsblrlo,B,oplrTb, qTo uer? f BO BCIO MOrc x(H3Hb JIa_ cKarerreM r.r KJreBerHrrKoM He 6usar, Aep)Kycb cnpaBeArlrBocrl{ lr pe3oHy Bo Bcex MoI{x noBeAeHnqx>> 2. Cne4yer noAr{epKHyrb KoppeKrHoe noBeAeuae pbrqxoea no orHorrreHnro x PeftucAoply. Ec.nn nocne4nuft, rax Mbr BH. Ae,/IU' noJIb3oBaJICX nro6uu cryqaeM, B TOM rIIlrCJIe A .IacrHofi , nepenncKoft, uro6u oqepHxTb pugxoea, csa6Anrl ero r4Ms caMbrMri o6uAHuull gnkre?aMa, ro pHqxos Hr{rAe He no3Bo_ JrrrJr ce6e cAe.narb HH oAHofo p$Kofo gaMeqaHufl B aApec Per?Hc4opna. !,axe e celreiiHbrx <<3auucxax>>, coBceM He npeAua3HaqaBrrlax-cfl AJrfl IIeqarH, pHuKoo, yrroMnHar He oAI.IH

pae ry6epHaropa PeftHc4opua, Hr{ oAHHM cJroBoM ne o6uo.r_ BHJIcff o ceoeft K HeMy Henpnfl3Hu. [,a n egza,tll prt,{xos [4or

r{Merb uro-uu6yAt JrHqHoe nporirB pefiHc4opna) Bcq ero

<<BEHa)> COCTOflJ'Ia B TOM, qTO OH OTKa3bIBaJICf CTaBHTb CBOTO Hay'ruyro pa6ory noA Kourpo.nl ry6epucxofo Haqa,rrbcrsa. Ho IlKe H eroro 6trlo AocraroqHo 4.nn roro, qro6u 3acraBl,rrb Pefincgopna noMbrruJrflrb s |TTS roAy o cBoeM or3brBe co

I llexapcxufi n. n.

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: t25

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cnficxoro Co6panur upN Moci<oBcKoM yHl'IBepcl{rett: -B :lo Pnqxoe HaxoAurcq n MocKle, I'l ropx(ecrBeHHoe I'I3cocrorJlocb,B ero [pllcyrcrBl'I]r' "p"t" 6paune B qreHbl Co6p-auna -PH'Iroea qncnnrbcr B cnl4cKax ^

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t{epeq roA rloc'Ile BcryrIJIeHLIfl Aeqre,'IlHocrl4. rtor unt"u"oft ;^;;;;; 8"";"oro Poccnft croro Co6paHI4n npr Mocxoecxol'I neqaraer B

srofo Co6paHuq ronoip-aQnu>>' He6onlA.?pu"utcxoft Mocxse <<BseAeHile o6reuy (76 ^nevarnur crpauraq) pa6ora 3ra Bflloil: ;;;; Hu" p^u^O-T: HeHa KaK ucropl4rlecroe uccJIeAoBaHI4e' Co4epxa K Acrpa<<bBeAeHI'Ie Ha3Barl'rr4:. noJIHoM ee DacKpblBaercff B qacrr4 pa3n-epeoft e npeAcraB"Isroqeg ;"norpaQnu, I;;;;;fi kI O6nranHbre lr3Becrr4rr o ApeBHeM COeroflHHH Ceft ry6epHvn cerc qapnoKopeHltl4 o aropofi Bo a r"* u neft uapo4bB; yHHBepcI,ITere oH Ha cpeAcrBa

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Rrau npoB aoieirure*He Ko BceMy 13 $-eapann -BsxoAs 1775 rot'a c ryopeu6yprcrofi us r;r3ouleJr necqacrsud cnyuaft.

ynaJl Ha 6epucrofi KaHqe,'IflpI'IH, PHuxoe nocKoJlb3HyJlcfl' ttto HenpoJlex(aJ'I uory, [paByro noBpeAI{JI nopore I{ TaK -6eg AelaxerlIu. Ocrpue 6o'nu se npeKpaurun"ao; Becb 1775 roA oH qyBcrBoBaJI ce6q nJloxo' 14 Bble3)Kan Afir' rlpncyrKaK nlluer oH o ce6e, rr <<xorr, a*onot<o Asefi Aoua

IBCJIHKI'IM TPY' CTBH'I K IIOPYTICHHbIM MHC AEJIAM' HO BCCIAA C I4Har{e rlpunoHbIHe eure n6o na ry 6o.nluyto MoIo Holy

, AoM,

crynllTb He Mofy, KaK TOrlHo cJIefKa rloant',Ipaflc'b noA rla3yxy

a c Apyroft cropoult

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r fIexaDcxufi n. n. Xusnl Ir Jlureparypgaa

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AJTHHHbIM KocrbIJIeM,

qerogeKoM>>

I4saHoenqa ':"'i'g;"i.xi.Plrqroea, 1905, crp' 338.

Cn6',

1867,

ri;;pt t'l"iito*"i

crp. 150' PiI'Iroea. Pycaxrai apxn'e, xn' 3, M''

t26

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Kasanocr, 6orestll orodqafeJibno BbrBera Puqrosa n3 crpoq. Ltuzanug, uotrrr{ norepflBrxnfi c[oco6Hocrb K nepeABH)KeHr.rrc, OH C TpyAOM r{CnoJrHffr'r CJyXe6HbIe O6g3aHHOCTLI,

H MoxHo 6u.no 6u flpeAnoJrararb, trro AJrrr HayqHoft pa6oru Hero He ocraBaJlocb ylKe HH BpeMeHI4, HLI CHJI. Teu 6o.nee yAraBr{TeJrbHoft npeAcTaBJrfleTcf HaM ero xHuyqaf I{ nJIoAOTBopHafl AeflTe,'IbHocrb B 3Ta nocJIeAHLIe roAbl XH3HH. OH ocTaBaJcq noJroH 3aMbrcnoB H npoeKToB. TpyxenuK, 0,8

HCIIbITbIBaJI BHyTpeHHnIO,HeyAOrBJIeTBOpeHfl,OCTb, eCJIH He 0TAaBaJr BCe CBOe CtsO6OAHOe BpeMf pa'6,oTe HaA OrIepeAHbIM Hayq,HbrM TpyAoM. 'iloerr,l,rY TaK xapaKTepHa Arq Puqro,ra cJIeAyIOqas 3a'Ilu,cb efo B rceMeriuux <<3anficKax)), [,oABOAsulaff r.{TOr co6brrr.rflM 3a 1776 mA: <<BnpoqeM AoMamHee Mo€ ynpa)KHeHr.re ,cocrorrJro 6o,rlurerc qacrbro B ooqHHeHHIz TonorpaQuqecKoro cJroBapfl Ha Bcro Open6yprcxyrc ry6epHLIFo> r.

AAes co3AaHr4f ronorpaSnuecKofo

(reorpaQnuecKorc)

cJroBapfl Opeu6yprcxoli ry6epnnu BosHr{K,'ra y Puuxona nocJle o3HaKOMJreHHfl C TOJTFJKO urO Ony6.nnKOBaHHbrM e MOCXSe reorpaQar{ecKrM c,'roBapeM O. A. flonyHuua (1773). C"nonapr llorynuna nMeer AJrr.rHHoe Ha3BaHlre Aax(e A.IIfl KHIir

XVIII

eeKa: <<feorpaSauecxnft ,rexcuron Poccnftcroro ro-

cyAapcrBa r{rrr,r c"yloBapb, onilcyrcilIaii no as6yvuouy [opsAKy peKn, o3epa, Moprr, fopbr, IopoAa, KpenocTl4, 3HaTHbre MoHacTbrplr, ocrpor[, flcarr]Hbre SHMoBbtr, pyAr+bre 3aBoAbr H xporrge Aocro[aMrrnb{e Mecra o6rur.rpuofi Poccnficxofi r,rMnepHLI, c o6rgereHaeM ri rex Mecr, Koropble B rrpex{Hroro H HbrHeIIrnroro Typeqxyo eoftuy, a HeKoropbre npe)K roro Lr or flepcnu

poccnficxoro xpa6pocrrro oBJraAaeMbr 6atnu,

Lr3 AocronaMffTHbrx H3Becrafi co6pauuuil xo.n.nexcKr.rM aceccopoM H ropoAa Bepeu BoeBoAoro <De4opou flo,nyuuHuru, a c no[paBJIeHr.rsMI4 14 rIo[o,IIHeH:zg.ulr Anfl no,'Ib3bl o6ruecrea B neqarb Iz:Aagguft rpyAaMr.r Ll c rrpeAacr'roBlrena... fepapaa @peaepura Mn.n-

Jlepa)>. Jlexcuxos flolyuuua ilpeAcraBJlfler nepeuft e Poccuu ony6nnxoaaruuuft reorpa$uuecxuft cJroBapb 2. Pr,r.rnos cpa3y )Ke IIOCJIe BbIXOAa efo B CBer OqeHr4JI BCe BalKHOe 3HaqeHUe yBHTaKnx reorpa$uuecKhx rpyAoB H ttoueJ errle AaJrbrxe Aen neo6xoAr{Mocrb cocreBJreHnf He roJIbKo o6illepoccuri-

I 3anucxu flerpa

I,Isaxosnqa Pbrqrosa. Pyccrr.ul apxne, ru. 3, M., mp. 339. 2 Eur,e paulrue, s 1745 r., 6u;t Hanlrcau ncropr.rKo-reofpaQnvecrrfi <Jlexcuron> Taruf{esa, ,{oJrroe nperua (ao 1793 r.) ocranamunficl e pyKonncg. C <.Ilexcrrouolr> Tamuesa PHqroe 6un rarxe eua,rorra (crrr, enure, rn. 3). 1905,

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pana|776IoAaoHnHcaJITyAa,-qToxornc6opMaTepuaJIa

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AJIff JreKcr.tKoHa

f,Ioerolry oH flpocr{T AraAeuulo 'H,ayK Hainu'carb [IHcbMo ry6ep u aropy, qto6u ror coAe frcrso B aJI cocra BJIeH I{Io JIeInc}IKoH a lr <(He AonyuiaJr '6u 6ecnoxol{rb MeHn or naroft neroAnoft u rpe4uofi Kpr{rr.rKr.r. Cruury, qro 3AeuIHI.Ift nporypop flpLIHHMaer B ueft yvacrue,'cJlyilxaa flp[Ka3HbIX c.ltyxure.nefi caMblx

I 3Aecr Pbrqxos nMesr B Brrry JreKcltKou

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Hecuorpa Ha Bce rpyAHocrr.r, pa6ora HaA cJroBapeM nor yxe 8 4exa6pn 1776 rola PHqroe ornpaBHJI reHepaJr-npoKypopy A. A. BsseN.{cKoMy repByro. qacrb c.rloBapq Ha 6yKBbr or A 4o M. B $eepad're cJ'reAynu{ero roAa (1777) JreKcHKoH 6lrn gaxouqeH noJrHocrbro. flepenr4caHubrfi B HecKoJrbKr.rx oK3eM[r'rflpax, JreKcuxos 6un Hanpaeleu n llerep6ypr pa3HbtM ,'rI,rrIaM, r.t B ,rrucJ're zx II, xolo- Eralepnne par, o4o6pt4iB ero, pac[opqAar']a,cb ,BbrAarb Puuxony AeHe)KABuraJracr 6ucrpo,

HOe BO3HarpaX{AeHr.re.

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3eMn,rrp <<Jlexcuxosa>>, roropufi 6srn eurcraH PHqxoaHN4 8 4exa6ps 1776 foAa feHeparr-npoKypopy A. A. BRsetrcxolry, O qCM CBHACTEJIbCTBYET COOTBCTCTBYIOUIAfl .qATA OKOHqAHHS pyKo[[cr4 s oco6oe nocBflrqeHr{e ee feHepaJr-rnpoxypopy.

t fIexapcKr.rfi n. n. Xnsrrs

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152.

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XVIII 77.

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XIX eera K coxa.neHap,

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'' -l 6yprcrofi ry6epnr.rz. r.r3AaHEe eroft pa6orn cu. i ,i Co,{EHeHus H nepeBoAbr K noflb3e I.r yBeceJrenr,rrc cny)Kaur[e, Cn6., 1759), Puqxoe n. H.-OnrcaH,ue reqepbr, uaxoAaqefics n Open6ypr-.: ..'l cxofi ry6epnnlr npu peKe 6e;rofi, Koropar r.t3 Bcex [€rqep, e Earrxnprn, ' ': HaxoAruluxcq, 3a cJraBuyro u nan6otruryp noquraercs. Cosrneu[g t{ :''i I rl€peBoabr K norrb3e E yBecenenup cny)Karque. Mapr, 1760, crp. 195-220.' .'l

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Puqxos lL

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I B currcox nureparypbr BKJrroqeHH rpya,u fI. H. Puuxoea, trpe,trcraanrrculue rHTepec Anr reorpa@B.

ncdibreflhxe, s paccyxienirrr Openbypli:riofi q. ?, 1767, ctp. lll-212. crp. ll o6m.. u. o6q., Sxouonr. Srouonr. ronr. o6q.. npoaonxeHl{e o uqefiax, Tp. Bo;rlrt 9roepBoe nP fl. H. IlePrioe Puqxos 't.7, 1768, crP. l-27. solr. o6q., q. 9, 1768, rpaequHx KopeuKax H ceM€HdX; rlptrroluHx Pu-qxoe fL H. O tpaenri 1768, crp' 74-82' 9, l7q8' 3xosor'1. o6ur., q. I' Butrs'. Sxosotl. irl*". Tp. Bo.nrn'. x e""*fi-iu,nre. BoflbH' 3t(ouoM' "*fw q r o e II. h. O ropro'leit yrollttofi 3eM[e, Tp. Tp. P

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vnorp,64X'

I /ov' lJ' 1769' o6q.' q. o6u., '{. 13,

44-M. ' ' Puqxoe n. IZ. O rpanuenoft KyAeJII'I u o ynorpe6.ttel{l{H ee B ' .norxv I.I B .4pyrl4e gxouolrl,Lt'iecxue uaAo6uocru, Tp. Bo;tltt' Sxouo'tvI' o6tu.,'u. 15, l7i\, crp. 7l-75. Puqros n' Ll. Haxaa A.na ynpaeuteilfl riJrr4 npuKaull{Ka o rtopqcrD.

goltHoMcojlepxaHlt'I'lIy'[paBneHl{t,IAepeBeHbBo.TcyTcTBI,IltrocIIoAEHa' Skoirolr. o6ut., q. 16, 1770, crp. I l-68. fp. " Bo.nrn. pu"*ou n. H. o'npflxe I{3 g6rofier I{ rpfinfiu Ia o ynorpe6neq. 17, 1771, ur-tu. ottofi B pa3nbIe pyxo,4elrr'ra, Tp. Bonru. 3xonorvr. o6ul',

erp. ' 167-174.

Pt"xos tl. tr4: O KpanI4BHoM xoJlcre' Tp. Bonlu' Srono*r' o6ul', P u q i o s' fI. H. Onucaure l4,neqrofi coJII{' Tp' Bonun' 3rosou' q. 20, 1772, crp. 25-62. o6ut., 'P 'n.' Ll.- Bse,4eHEe x Acrpaxaucro,ri ronorpa$uu' I H'r ro s M.,' 1774. p rn q x o e II. 14. 3anucrn flrrpa I4nauosrqa Phl'lrosa' Pycexuii '

q. 18, 1771, crp. 215*222.

apxi{o,'1905, xir. 3, M., 1905, cfp. 2}9-340.

ti Il. H. Psqxose Sroxolt'llqeoKl{e Bos3pegrls tl. V' PH'Irosa'

Kpariuft cnrcor.pa6oi B a x I'I. C.

qecK[e.3aII]IcKLI. -16.

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- . Mnrilxos O. H'-K 175-.nerno co AIIS cMeprI'I ll. l4-'^Pl'lqKoBa' Ks"e;;s- n*"t.""" trayx bCCP, cePus reorpaQr'ruecxar, 1952' Nb 5' crp. 34-39. --'n;*ipcxnfi II. fl.-Cuouenus II' I4' Pnrqroea c Araaer'ruefi ' \.

EayK B XViII cro.rrernu. C6. crarefi, qI'IraHHbIx B or.q'eJleuull -pyccKoro tsuKa H c,IoBecHocrr'r AH, roru l, N! 3, Cn6., 1866, crp' l-16'

flerapcxnfi n. fl.-XueHb u Jl[reparypHal 1867.

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