2 BAC (part 2)

UNIT SIX

CULTURAL VALUES

1-VOCABULARY

2-EXPRESSIONS:

3-GRAMMAR   (phrasal verbs)

Phrasal verbs	Definitions / Synonyms
call off	Cancel
break up	end a relationship with somebody
put up with	tolerate
get on with	have a good relationship with sb.
let somebody down	fail to help, disappoint
run out of something	have none left
take after	look like, resemble
put on	get dressed in
put up	increase, raise
put off	postpone, delay
put on	increase weight
put out	extinguish
give up	stop; abandon
check in	register
look forward to	long for, anticipate with pleasure
fill in	complete
set up	establish, start
turn down	reject
put somebody up	give accommodation to
cut down on	reduce
go on	happen
get over	recover from an illness
get rid of	throw away
look up	search for
look after	take care of
pull down	demolish
figure out	understand
go off	ring

 

		ENGLISH PHRAZAL VERBS translated and editted By abdessamad
	Phrasal  Verb		Meaning	Example	Its  Arabic equivalent
A	abide by		respect or obey. (the law, a decision, a rule)	If you want to stay at this school, you must abide by the rules.	الالتزام
	account for		explain, give a reason	I hope you can account for the money you spent!	بَرَّرَ,
	add up		make sense, seem reasonable	Her story just doesn’t add up.	تضيف ما يصل
	advise against		recommend not doing something	The doctor advised him against carrying heavy loads.	ننصح بعدم
	agree with		have the same opinion as somebody else.	I agree with you. I think she deserves the award too.	نتفق مع
	aim at		point something in the direction of  a target	The policeman aimed his gun at the hijacker.	تهدف
	allow for		take into consideration,  include in a calculation	You’d better leave early to allow for traffic jams.	سماح
	answer back		reply rudely	Don’t answer back your mother!	إِجَابَة, رَدّ  impolite
	appeal to		1) plead or make an earnest request  2) be attractive or interesting	1) The organizers appealed to the crowd to stay calm. 2) A trekking holiday doesn’t appeal to me.	نناشد
	apply for		make a formal request for something  (job, permit, loan etc.)	He applied for the job he saw advertised in the newspaper.	التقدم بطلب للحصول
	avail (oneself) of		take advantage of something (an opportunity)	When the company is privatized, you should avail yourself of  the opportunity and buy some shares.	أفاد و استغل
B	back away		move backwards, in fear or dislike	When he saw the dog, he backed away.	تراجع
	back down		withdraw,  concede defeat	Local authorities backed down on their plans to demolish the building.	نْسَحَبَ
	back up		1) give support or encouragement 2) make a copy of (file, program, etc.)	1) If I tell the boss we’ve got too much work, will you back me up?  2) It is recommended to back up all files in a secure location.	النسخ الاحتياطي
	bail out		1) pay money to secure someone’s release 2) rescue from financial difficulties	1) When he was arrested, his family refused to bail him out. 2) The government bailed out the bank.	إنقاذ
	bank on		base your hopes on someone/something	Don’t forget the date. I’m banking on your help.	على عتماد ا ال
	beef up		improve, make more substantial	He beefed up his presentation with diagrams and statistics.	تدعيم
	black out		faint, lose consciousness	When he fell off the horse he blacked out.	أُغْمِيَ عليه
	block off		Separate using a barrier.	The area was blocked off during the demonstration.	اغلاق
	blow up		1) explode; 2) be destroyed by an explosion	1) The terrorists said the bomb would blow up at 9 o’clock.  2) The car blew up but luckily there was nobody in it.	نسف
	boil down to		be summarized as	The problem boils down to a lack of money.	يختصر
	boot up		start a computer by loading an  operating system or program.	Just give my a few minutes to boot up the computer.	اقلاع الحاسوب
	break away		escape from captivity	A few horses broke away from the paddock.	اِنْفَلَتَ, هَرَبَ
	break down		1) go out of order, cease to function 2) lose control of one’s emotions	1) John’s car broke down so he had to take the bus.  2) The parents broke down when they heard the bad news.	تَعَطَّلَ
	break into		enter by force	Burglars broke into the house around midnight.	اقتحام
	break out		start suddenly	Rioting broke out as a result of the strike.	تندلع
	break out of		escape from a place by force	Three prisoners broke out of jail.	فرار
	break up		come to an end (marriage, relationship)	After her marriage broke up, Emma went to live in London.	فض
	bring up		raise (a child)	She stopped working in order to bring up her children.	رَبَّى, نَشَّأَ
	brush up on		improve, refresh one’s knowledge of something	Mary had to brush up on her Spanish before going to South America.	صَقَلَ, جَدَّدَ
	bump into = come across		meet by accident or unexpectedly	Pedro bumped into his English teacher at the supermarket.	يلتقي به مصادفة, صَادَفَ
	burn out		1) stop (something) working 2) become exhausted from over-working	1) The fuse has burnt out. 2) Tom will burn himself out if he doesn’t slow down.	انطفأ     مَنْهُوك
	butt in (on sth)		interrupt impolitely	It’s rude to butt in on a conversation like that!	يقاطع كلام
C	call back		return a phone call	I’ll call you back as soon as possible.	رَدَّ الاتصال
	call off		cancel	The meeting was called off because of the strike.	الغاء
	call on /upon sb		formally invite or request	I now call upon the President to address the assembly.	دَعَا رسْمِيّا الى
	calm down		become more relaxed, less angry or upset	He was angry at first but he eventually calmed down.	أهدأ
	carry on		continue	He carried on gardening in spite of the rain.	ظَلَّ, إِسْتَمَرَّ,
	carry out		1) do something as specified     (a plan, an order, a threat) 2) perform or conduct (test, experiment)	1) The plan was carried out to perfection. 2) Tests are carried out to determine the efficiency of a new drug.	نَفَّذَ, أَجْرَى, قَامَ بـ
	carry over		postpone until later	As regards holidays, can you carry over any days from one year  to the next?	أَجَّلَ, مَاطَلَ
	check in		register at a hotel or airport	For security reasons you have to check in two hours before your flight.	دَخَلَ إلى فُنْدُق
	check out		1) pay one’s bill and leave (a hotel) 2) investigate	1) Is Mr. Blair still at the hotel?  No, he checked out this morning.  2) I don’t know if the address is still valid. I’ll check it out.	راجع   خَرَجَ مِنْ, فُنْدُق
	clam up		refuse to speak	When the teacher arrived she clammed up.	كَتُوم  صَمُوت
	clamp down on		act strictly to prevent something	The government has decided to clamp down on smoking in public places.	قَمَعَ, كَبَتَ, كَتَمَ
	close down		stop operating (company, restaurant, cinema).	When the factory closed down, the employees lost their jobs.	إغلاق
	come across		1) find by chance 2) appear, seem, make an impression	1) Julie came across some photographs of her grandparents in the attic. 2) The candidate came across as a dynamic person during the interview.	يلتقي به مصادفة, صَادَفَ
	come forward		present oneself	The police have asked any witnesses to come forward.	يتقدم
	come up against		be faced with or opposed by	The project came up against a lot of criticism.	نصطدم
	conk out		1) stop working 2) stop or fall asleep (from exhaustion)	1) The car conked out on the motorway.  2) He was so exhausted, he conked out in front of the TV.	يتعطل عن العمل, أُغْمِيَ عليه
	count on		rely or depend on (for help)	I’m counting on the taxi driver to find the theatre.	الاعتماد على
	cross out		remove by drawing a line through	In some exercises, you are asked to cross out the incorrect word.	شطب
	cut down on		reduce in number or size	The doctor told him to cut down on cigarettes.	خفض
	cut out		1) remove using scissors 2) stop doing something	1) She cut out a picture in a magazine.  2) I’m going to cut out eating between meals.	قطع
D	deal with		handle, take care of  (problem, situation)	The manager is good at dealing with difficult customers.	التعامل مع
	die down		calm down, become less strong	When the applause died down, she started to sing.	هدأ
	do without		manage without	The shops are closed so we’ll have to do without sugar.	الاستغناء
	drag on		last longer than expected	We expected a short speech but it dragged on and on!	تطول
	draw up		write (contract, agreement, document)	An agreement was drawn up and signed by the two parties.	, خَطَّطَ, رَسَمَ
	dress up		1) wear elegant clothes 2) disguise oneself	1) Do people dress up to go to the opera in your country?  2) Children love to dress up at Halloween.	اللباس
	drop in		visit, usually on the way somewhere	I sometimes drop in to see my grandparents on my way home from school.	يزور زيارة قصيرة
	drop off		1) deliver someone or something 2) fall asleep	1) I’ll drop you off at the bus stop if you like.  2) Granddad often drops off in front of the TV.	إِنْزَال غلبه النعاس
	drop out		leave school without finishing	She decided to go to art school then dropped out after the first term.	‏ترك (الدراسة) قبل الحصول على الشهادة
E	ease off		reduce, become less severe or slow down  (pain, traffic, work)	After Christmas the workload generally eases off.	خفف
	end in		finish in a certain way; result in	Their marriage ended in divorce.	إِنْتَهَىب
	end up		Fi nally reach a state, place or action	If he continues his misconduct he’ll end up in prison.	في نهاية المطاف
	even out		1) eliminate differences of opinion. 2) become level or regular	1) After a long discussion they managed to even out their differences.  2) The road was evened out  to make it safer.	مُتَسَاوٍ, مُتَعَادِل
F	fall through		fail; doesn’t happen	Our planned boat trip fell through because of the storm.	فَشِلَ
	figure out		understand, find the answer	I’m trying to figure out how to assemble the bookshelves.	معرفة
	fill out		complete (a form/an application)	Please fill out the enclosed form and return it as soon as possible.	ملء
	find out		discover or obtain information	I’m going to call the cinema to find out what time the film starts.	عَثَرَ على .معرفة
	focus on		concentrate on something	The advertising campaign will focus on the quality of the product.	التركيز على
	figure out		understand; find a solution	We’ll have to figure out a way to deliver the goods faster.	إِكْتَشَفَ, فَهِمَ, إِسْتَنْتَجَ,
G	get along (with)		be on good terms; work well with	I get along (well) with my mother-in-law.	ينسجم مع
	get at		imply	What exactly are you trying to get at?	قَصَدَ, لَمَّحَ إلى
	get away		escape	The robbers got away in a black car.	الابتعاد
	get by		manage to cope or to survive	It’s difficult to get by on a low salary.	يبقى حياً
	get in		enter	How did the burglar get in?	ENTER
	get into (+noun)		enter	How did the burglar get into the house?	دخول (اسم)
	get off		1) leave (bus, train, plane) 2) remove	1) You should get off the bus at Trafalgar Square.  2) She can’t get the stain off her sweater.	النزول
	get on		board (bus, train, plane)	You can pay when you get on the bus.	يركب (السيارة)
	get on with (something)		continue to do; make progress	Be quiet and get on with your homework.
	get on (well) with (somebody)		have a good relationship with	I get on very well with my colleagues.	الحصول على (جيد) مع (شخص ما)
	get out		leave	How did he get out?	الخروج
	get out of (+noun)		leave	How did he get out of the house?	الخروج من (اسم)
	get out of		avoid doing something	Some husbands manage to get out of doing any housework.	الخروج من
	get over		recover from (illness, disappointment)	My grandmother had pneumonia but she got over it.	تَغَلَّبَ على
	get rid of		eliminate	It’s difficult to get rid of old habits.	تخلص من
	get together		meet each other	Let’s get together for lunch on day.	معا
	get up		rise, leave bed	I usually get up at 7 o’clock.	نَهَضَ, إِنْتَهَضَ
	give up		stop doing something	Sarah gave up smoking 5 years ago.	التخلي عن
	go through		experience	Pete went through a lot of pain after the accident.	تمر
	grow up		spend one’s childhood; develop; become an adult	He grew up in a small village in the mountains.	يكبر
H	hand in		submit (report, homework)	All application forms must be handed in before the end of the month.	يسلم باليد
	hand out		distribute	Samples will be handed out at the end of the demonstration.	وَزَّعَ, أَعْطَى
	hang out		spend time in a particular place,  or with a group of friends	Where does he hang out these days?  Who does he hang out with?	صحابه مع يخرج ل التجو أ ل
	hang up		end a phone conversation	“Don’t hang up. I haven’t finished yet.”	يقفل سماعة التلفون
	hit at		aim a blow at	He hit at the wasp with the newspaper.	, ضَرَبَ, صَادَمَ
	hit back		retaliate; reply to an attack	When he was attacked by the others, the boy hit back.	, ضَرَبَ, صَادَمَ بالرد
	hit on/upon		find unexpectedly or by inspiration	She hit upon an idea for her new collection.	وَجَدَ فَجْأَةً فِكْرَة
	hold on		-wait  -grip tightly	– ‘Hold on please.  I’ll put you through to Mr. Brown.” – She held on to the railing as she crossed the bridge.	اصمدوا
	hurry up		be quick, act speedily	Hurry up! We’ll miss the bus.	بعجلة
I	iron out		resolve by discussion, eliminate differences	The meeting tomorrow will be an opportunity to iron out difficulties.	تسوية
J	join in		participate	She was too shy to join in the game.	التسجيل في
	join up		-engage in, become a member of – meet and unite with	– John was in the Army and  Tom joined up as soon as he left school. – The two groups of tourists joined up at the hotel.	ينضم
	jot down		take quick notes	I jotted down the address while watching the programme on TV.	ندون
K	keep on		continue doing something	It told him to be quiet but he kept on making noise.	تبقي على
	keep up with		stay at the same level as someone or  something	Bill walks so fast it’s difficult to keep up with him.	مواكبة. جَارَى, سَايَرَ
	kick off		begin, start	The football match kicked off at 3 o’clock.	انطلاق
L	leave out		omit, not mention	The child’s name was left out of the report.	ترك
	let down		disappoint	You promised to come to the party, so don’t let me down!	خذل
	look after		take care of	A babysitter looks after the children when they go out.	الاعتناء
	look ahead		think of the future	It’s time to forget the past and look ahead.	نتطلع إلى الأمام
	look down on		consider as inferior	He tends to look down on anyone who is not successful.	استهتر اِزْدَرَى, إِحْتَقَرَ
	look on		be a spectator at an event	Billy didn’t take part in the fight.  He just looked on.	تَفَرِّج شَهِدَ
	look for		try to find something	Jane went to the shops to look for a pair of shoes.	ابحث عن
	look forward to		await or anticipate with pleasure	I look forward to seeing you soon.	نتطلع إلى
	look up to		admire	He was a wonderful teacher and many students looked up to him.	شعر بالإعجاب
M	make fun of		laugh at/ make jokes about	The old lady dresses so strangely that the kids make fun of her.	يسخر من
	make up		invent (excuse, story)	Some employees make up excuses when they arrive late for work.	إِخْتَلَقَ ذَرِيعَة, عُذْر, مُبَرِّر
	mix up		mistake one thing or person for another	I don’t know my neighbours’ names yet.  I keep mixing them up.	خلط
	move in		arrive in a new home or office	You’ve bought a new house? When are you moving in?.	رْتَحَلَ
	move out		leave your home/office for another one.	My neighbour is leaving.  He’s moving out next Saturday.	الخروج
N	nod off		fall asleep	My grandfather often nods off in front of the television.	نَامَ, رَقَدَ
	note down		write something	I’ll call the station and note down the departure times.	يدون
O	opt out		leave a system or decide not to participate	I enjoy tennis but I’m so busy I had to opt out of the tournament.	الانسحاب
	own up		admit or confess something	The boy owned up.  He said he kicked the ball through the window.	ُاعترف, اُقِرّ
P	pass away		die	The old lady passed away peacefully.	رَحَلَ تُوُفِّيَ
	pass out		faint	She passed out when she heard the bad news.	فقد صوابه
	pay back		reimburse	I’ll lend you 20€ provided you pay me back before the end of the week.	تسديد
	put off		postpone, arrange a later date	The meeting was put off because of the strike.	أَجَّلَ, مَاطَلَ
	put on		PUT STH ON : put on sth	I always put on my coat ,	إِرْتَدَى, لَبِسَ
	put out		extinguish	It took a long time to put out the fire.	اخماد
	put up		accommodate, give somebody a bed	We can put you up if you’d like to come for a week-end.	آوَى ,,مُبَيَّت,
	pick up		collect somebody	I’ll pick you up at the station when you arrive.	التقط
	point out		indicate/direct attention to something	She pointed out the mistake.	أَشَارَ إلى
R	rely on		count on, depend on, trust	Don’t worry.  You can rely on me.  I can keep a secret.	الاعتماد على
	rule out		eliminate	The police ruled out political motives.	استبعاد
	run away		escape from a place or suddenly leave	He ran away from home at the age of fourteen.	هرب
	run into		meet by accident or unexpectedly (also: bump into)	Sophie ran into Maria at the shopping centre.	لاقَى
	run out of		have no more of something.	What a nuisance!  We’ve run out of coffee.	نفدت
S	set off		start a journey;	Early Saturday morning we set off for the ski slopes .	أَثَارَ, بَدَأَ, اِبْتَدَأَ
	set up		start a business	She set up her own company 10 years ago.	أَقَامَ ;  شَرَعَ في
	shop around		compare prices	It’s always wise to shop around before buying anything.	يتسوق
	show off		brag or want to be admired	There’s David showing off in his new sports car!	تباهي
	show up		appear/arrive	We expected David to come but he didn’t show up.	ظهر
	shut up  (impolite)		be silent, stop talking	Oh shut up, you idiot!	اسكت
	sit down		take a seat	Please come in and sit down.	الجلوس
	stand up		rise from a sitting position	The pupils stood up when the headmaster arrived.	الوقوف
	stick up for		defend	It’s important to stick up for one’s principles.	حَمَى, دَافَعَ عن, حَافِظ
T	take after		resemble, in appearance or character	Jamie really takes after his dad.	تَشَابُه
	take care of		look after	I’ll take care of your plants while you’re away.	رعاية
	take off		leave the ground	The plane took off at 6 a.m.	أَقْلَعَ
	take on		hire or engage staff	Business is good so the company is taking on extra staff.	أَدْخَلَ
	take out		remove; extract	She took out a pen to note the address.	أخرج
	tell off		reprimand/criticize severely	The teacher told her off for not doing her homework.	وَبَّخَ .عَتَبَ على
	think over		consider	I’ll have to think over the proposal before I decide.	تَعَمَّقَ في,
	try on		wear something to see if it suits or fits	I’m not sure about the size.  Can I try it on?	حَاوَلَ جَرَّبَ
	turn down		refuse	I couldn’t turn down an offer like that!	رفض
U	use up		finish a product (so that there’s none left)	The kids have used up all the toothpaste.	أَنْفَدَ, إِسْتَهْلَكَ
V	vouch for		express confidence in, or guarantee something	You can give the keys to Andy.  I can vouch for him.	يدعو للشهادة ثِقَة,
W	watch out		be careful	Watch out! There’s a car coming.	احترس/ في حذر
	wear out		1) become unusable  2) become very tired	1) Julie wore out her shoes visiting the city.  2) At the end of the day Julie was worn out.	تَآكَلَ تَعِب,
	work out		1) do physical exercise  2) find a solution or calculate something	1) I work out twice a week at the gym club.  2) It’s expensive but I haven’t worked out the exact cost yet.	تَمَرَّنَ حَلَّ (المشكلة)
	wipe off		clean (board, table).	The teacher asked Lee to wipe off the board.	محا

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MORE   Examples  

. How are you getting on with your new neighbours? I hope they are as nice as the previous ones. 

. The price of petrol has been put up several times over the last two years. 

. We can’t have lunch at home. We’ve run out of gas. We’d rather go to a restaurant and have lunch there. 

. I’m really thinking of moving to the country. I can’t put up with the city noise any longer.

. Put on your coat. It’s cold outside

. I’m sorry to be nuisance, but could we put off our meeting until next week? 

. The manager is off sick, so we need to call off all his appointments today.

. If you’d like to keep fit, cut down on fatty food and exercise three times a week.

“All country women who are willing to set up their own businesses can now get loans from the bank.” said

  the social affaires minister in a recent interview.

. On international flights, passengers need to check in about two hours before departure. 

. I’ve put on five kilos since last January. I ought to go on diet.

. I miss you a lot. I’m really looking forward to seeing you soon.

. You needn’t stay at a hotel. We can put you up 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MORE   Examples    

. How are you getting on with your new neighbours? I hope they are as nice as the previous ones. 

MORE   Examples  

MORE   Examples             

UNIT 7   

CITIZENSHIP

1- VOCABULARY

Charity	صدقة  :إحسان عمل الخير
Sacrifice	تضحية
Lobbying	ضغط
Censorship	رقابة
Community	المجتمع
Globalization	العولمة
Human rights	حقوق الإنسان
Trade union	اتحاد نقابات العمال
Responsibilities	المسؤوليات
Citizen	مواطن
Volunteering	تطوع
rights	حقوق

 

Idiomatic expressions	its meaning
right as rain	everything is going well for you
right royal	memorable and funny one
right up my alley	it suits you perfectly
right up your street	it is ideal for you

 

expressions related to citizenship
to have a job		to believe in human dighnity and equality
to tell the truth		to be tolerant
to be respected		to respect the rules and laws
to do your personal best		to have somewhere to live
to respect others		to vollunteer  in your  community service
to earn you livelihood		to respect the environment
to have access to leisure facilities		to have access to health care
to be concerned for the common good		to be safe
to have a say in what happens		To have access to education
to respect the flag of your country		to be free to move
to be free to tell your opinion		to pay taxes
		to vote

2- EXPRESIONS

Asking for, giving and responding to advice:   

Asking for advice	Giving Advice	Responding to advice
What do you think I should do?What do you suggest?What would you do if…?What’s your advice for…?What would you advise me to do?How can I …?What’s the best…?I don’t know what to do.What should I do?	I think you should…May be you should…It’s best not to…It’s a good idea not to…Why don’t you…?If I were you, I would…You’d better (not)…Whatever you do, don’t…You should(n’t)/ought(n’t)to…	That’s a good idea. Thanks.Thanks for your advice, but I really…Thank you for your advice, but I really…Sorry, I can’t. I’m… ing…It sounds like a good idea.Thanks, but I’ve already…Thanks, but I doubt whether…

Patient:  I’m afraid I’m putting on weight, doctor. What do you think I should do?

Doctor:  It’s a good idea not to eat between meals and you’d better exercise at least three times

               a week. May be you should eat more vegetables and less fatty food.

Patient:  It sounds like a good idea! Thanks for your advice, doctor.

3-GRAMMAR    REPORTED SPEECH

Read this excerpt from Kofi Anna’s speech and notice the changes.

“ Leadership is needed more than it was 60 years ago. In these days, the security of every one of us is linked to that of everyone else. Global solidarity is both necessary and possible. Powerful states have a special responsibility to take account of global views and interests. We can only do all these things by working together… We have achieved much since 1945, but much remains to be done tomorrow.”

A spokesperson of the UN has reported K. Annan’s speech. Study and notice the changes.

Kofi Annan said that leadership was needed more than it had been 60 years before. He added that in those days, the security of every one of us was linked to that of everyone else. He stated that global solidarity was both necessary and possible. He also stressed that powerful states had a special responsibility to take account of global views and interests. He insisted that they could only do all these things by working together… Finally, he declared that they had achieved much since 1945, but much remainedto be done the day after.

SUMMARY

 Time and place words changes reporting statements or questions: Here are some changes that may to be made WITH EXAMPLES:

EXCEPTION

 EXAMPLES/

“I’m awfully sorry I am late.”

He apologised for being late.                                  

“Congratulations on having successfully passed this exam,”

My English teacher congratulated me for having successfully passed my exam.

“You’d better take up computer science next year,”

My classmate advised me to /that I should take up computer science.

“I will help you with your computer science,”  I am a computer literate,”

My classmate also offered to help me with my computer science.

“You really must work harder to pass the mathematics test,”

My teacher of math ordered me to work harder.

“Anouar should go to university,”

The English teacher suggested that Anouar should go to university.

“Why don’t we go to the library?”

My friend suggested our going / that we should go to the library.

“It’s freezing cold today,”

My Mum complained about the freezing cold.

“Go on! You’ll never have another chance to visit Spain,”

The travel agent encouraged me to visit Spain.

“Hurry up!”

The headmaster ordered me to hurry up.

“Where Hassan Tower, please?”

 He asked me where Hassan Tower is.

“Does the charter company run cheap flights to Japan?

He asked me if the charter company runs cheap flights to Japan.

“Have you bought a Moroccan Arabic phrasebook?”

 I asked him if he had bought a Moroccan Arabic phrasebook.

“How long are you going to stay in Morocco?”

I asked him how long he was going to stay in Morocco.

“Is Japanese easy to learn?”

I asked him if he thinks Japanese is easy to learn.

 

UNIT 8

ITERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION

 

VOCABULARY:

The following acronyms stand for:

UN → the United Nations

UNESCO → The UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation

UNICEF → The UN Children’s Emergency Fund

UNHCR → The UN high Commissioner for Refugees

WHO → World Health Organisation

FHO → Food and Agriculture Organisation

ICRC → International Committee of the Red Cross / Crescent

TI → Transparency International

 AI → Amnesty International

WTO → World Trade Organisation

DWF → Doctors Without Frontiers

 

EXPRESSIONS                RESPONDING TO GOOD    AND BAD NEWS:      

RESPONDING TO GOOD NEWS	RESPONDING TO BAD NEWS
That’s great! / Congratulations! / That’s wonderful! / I’m glad to hear that/ Great news!/ Incredible!/ Superb!/ Sounds great! / Lucky you! / Oh, how wonderful! / Really? I can’t believe that! / Wow! That sounds exciting! / That’s fantastic!	I’m awfully sorry that… / I’m sorry to hear that. / I hope there is nothing wrong. / I’m ever so sorry. / It’s such a frightening experience. / I’m sorry to hear such terrible news/ My goodness! / I can’t believe it! Poor you! / I’m awfully sorry to hear that. / I do sympathize with you. / Please, accept my deepest sympathy. / I know how you must be feeling. / that must be awful!

Examples:

Rim:  I’ve passed my driving test.

Ilias: That’s great!

Rim:  Thank you very much.

 

Karima: I’ve learnt all my irregular verbs by heart.

Souad:   That’s wonderful!

Karima: Thanks.

Loubna:  What’s the problem, Oualid?

Oualid:    My father had a bad car accident this morning.

Loubna:  I’m sorry to hear such terrible news.

Jalila:     You look pale, Lamiae! Are you sick?

Rajae:    No, but somebody wanted to steal my handbag a few minutes ago. I was so scared because 

                 he was holding a knife, but fortunately he ran away when he saw a policeman coming   

                 towards us.

Jalila:     It’s such a frightening experience.

 

3- GRAMMAR          LINKING WORDS

1. Enumeration
first(ly),… second(ly),… third(ly),… first,… furthermore,… finally,… one,… two,… three,… to begin/start with,… in the second place,… moreover,… and to conclude,… next,… then,… afterward,… lastly/finally…[/list]above all, last but not the least
first and foremost, first and most inportant(ly)

2 Adition
a) adding new info: Also, again, furthermore, further, moreover, what is more, then, in addition, besides, above all, too, as well (as)
b) comparing: Equally, likewise, similarly, similar to, correspondingly, in the same way, in a like manner
c) summation: in coclusion, to conclude, to sum up, in brief, briefly, to summarise, altogether, overall, to make the long story long, for all that, all in all, all things considered, generally, on the whole
d) result: so, therefore, as a result, as a consequence, accordingly, consequently, now, then, because of this, thus, hence, for this reason, due to, owing to, that implies
e) contrast: however, nevertheless, only, still, while, (al)though, yet, in any case, is spite of, despite that, after all, on the other hand, even if, unlike, different from, in contrast, conversely, (on the) conterary, instead
f) explanation: in other words, such as, to clarify, for instance, to explain, to ilustrate, for example, to put it (more) simply
g) showing opinion: in my opinion, to/from my way of thinking, in my view, to me, I believe, I think, I agree, I guess, I hope, I imagine, I suppose, seemingly, possibly, perhaps, maybe, probably, certainly, almost, doubtless, definitely, it seems to me that, it appears that, to my mind

LINKING WORDS   TRANSLATED INTO FRENCH:

Pour commencer	to begin with,in the first place
avant tout	first and foremost
tout d’abord	first of all
ensuite	then
enfin	finally
d’une part…d’autre part	on the one hand…on the other hand
pour conclure,nous pouvons dire que	to conclude,we may say that
donc,par conséquent	so,therefore,consequently,as a result
ainsi	thus
aussi	also
d’ailleurs	besides
de plus	furthermore,moreover,in addition
en effet	indeed
en fait	actually
actuellement	currently
par exemple	for example,for instance
c’est à dire	that is to say
à savoir	namely
Bien que+S+V	Although+S+V
Malgré+N	Despite+N
cependant	however
néanmoins	nevertheless,nonetheless
Je ne suis pas d’accord avec…	I don’t agree with…
parce que	because
puisque	since
grâce à	thanks to
à cause de	because of

 

UNIT  9

  ADVANCES IN SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

 1– VOCABULARY

fundamental : important

headways : progress, strides

Scientists are making headways in many technological fields such as biotechnology and cellular phones technology.

Science        :  mathematics         physics                   chemistry

 

Technology   :   engineering                      biotechnology        robotics           

 Technology is applied science. It focuses on designing tools and systems for practical purposes whereas science focuses on general knowledge by investigating natural phenomena.

2- EXPRESSIONS           

CERTAINTY AND UNCERTAINTY

EXPRESSIONS OF CERTAINTY	EXPRESSIONS OF UNCERTAINTY
undoubtedly – crystal clear – no one can deny – won’t be – are sure – certainly – must be	may –could – might – unlikely – probably – I doubt if… – It’s improbable that…..-I think /guess    etc

Expressing certainty: 

Here are some phrases you can when you are sure that something will not happen in the future.

For example, to the question “ Do you think that scientists will find a cure to AIDS in the near future?”, you may respond as follows:

 

No,	I’m	absolutely sure quite sure certain positive	they won’t.
	definitely not. certainly not. absolutely not.

Yes	I’m	absolutely sure quite sure certain positive	they will.
	definitely. certainly. of course.

Expressing uncertainty:

When you are not sure whether something will happen in the future, you can use these useful phrases:

Well,	it’s possible. there might be. it could happen. it’s not possible.	I suppose	but	I wouldn’t like to say for certain. I’m not really sure. I doubt it. I have my doubts. it’s doubtful. it’s highly unlikely. it’s improbable.
	you never know of course. no  one can say for certain.

 Functional meaning of modals:

must: certainty, obligation, ( 100% necessary to do something.)

mustn’t: prohibition  ( 100% necessary not to do something.)

may: possibility – probability  ( it’s about 50% possible )

might: possibility  ( less than 50% possible )

needn’t:  ( lack of necessity )

should:  advice    ( it’s a good idea ) 

shouldn’t:  ( it’s a bad idea )

can’t : impossibility 

 3- GRAMMAR                      CONDITIONAL S

 

Conditional Sentence Type 1

→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

Conditional Sentence Type 2

→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

Conditional Sentence Type 3

→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.

Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

• EXERCISE. Conditional sentences.

• Directions: Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses.
• 1. If I (have)    …………….      enough money, I will go with you.
• 2. If I (have)    ……………      enough money, I would go with you.
• 3. If I (have)……………. enough money, I would have gone with you.
• 4. If the weather is nice tomorrow, we (go)………………… to the zoo.
• 5. If the weather were nice today, we (go)………………. to the zoo.
• 6. If the weather had been nice yesterday, we (go)…………… to the
• 7. If Sally (be)………………… at home tomorrow, I am going to visit her.
• 8. Jim isn’t home right now. If he (be)…………… at home right now, I …………………(visit) him.
• 9. Linda wasn’t at home yesterday. If she (be)……………… at home yesterday, I (visit) her.
• 10. A: Shh! Your father is taking a nap. Uh-oh. You woke him up.
• B: Gee, I’m sorry, Mom. If I (realize)…………… he was sleeping, I
• (make, not)…………… so much noise when I came in. But
• how was I supposed to know?