UNIT SIX
CULTURAL VALUES
1-VOCABULARY
2-EXPRESSIONS:
3-GRAMMAR (phrasal verbs)
Phrasal verbs | Definitions / Synonyms |
call off | Cancel |
break up | end a relationship with somebody |
put up with | tolerate |
get on with | have a good relationship with sb. |
let somebody down | fail to help, disappoint |
run out of something | have none left |
take after | look like, resemble |
put on | get dressed in |
put up | increase, raise |
put off | postpone, delay |
put on | increase weight |
put out | extinguish |
give up | stop; abandon |
check in | register |
look forward to | long for, anticipate with pleasure |
fill in | complete |
set up | establish, start |
turn down | reject |
put somebody up | give accommodation to |
cut down on | reduce |
go on | happen |
get over | recover from an illness |
get rid of | throw away |
look up | search for |
look after | take care of |
pull down | demolish |
figure out | understand |
go off | ring |
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ENGLISH PHRAZAL VERBS translated and editted By abdessamad |
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Phrasal Verb |
Meaning |
Example |
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A |
abide by | respect or obey. (the law, a decision, a rule) | If you want to stay at this school, you must abide by the rules. |
الالتزام |
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account for | explain, give a reason | I hope you can account for the money you spent! |
بَرَّرَ, |
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add up | make sense, seem reasonable | Her story just doesn’t add up. |
تضيف ما يصل |
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advise against | recommend not doing something | The doctor advised him against carrying heavy loads. |
ننصح بعدم |
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agree with | have the same opinion as somebody else. | I agree with you. I think she deserves the award too. |
نتفق مع |
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aim at | point something in the direction of a target |
The policeman aimed his gun at the hijacker. |
تهدف |
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allow for | take into consideration, include in a calculation |
You’d better leave early to allow for traffic jams. |
سماح |
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answer back | reply rudely | Don’t answer back your mother! |
إِجَابَة, رَدّ impolite |
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appeal to | 1) plead or make an earnest request 2) be attractive or interesting |
1) The organizers appealed to the crowd to stay calm. 2) A trekking holiday doesn’t appeal to me. |
نناشد |
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apply for | make a formal request for something (job, permit, loan etc.) |
He applied for the job he saw advertised in the newspaper. |
التقدم بطلب للحصول |
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avail (oneself) of | take advantage of something (an opportunity) | When the company is privatized, you should avail yourself of the opportunity and buy some shares. |
أفاد و استغل |
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B |
back away | move backwards, in fear or dislike | When he saw the dog, he backed away. |
تراجع |
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back down | withdraw, concede defeat | Local authorities backed down on their plans to demolish the building. |
نْسَحَبَ |
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back up | 1) give support or encouragement 2) make a copy of (file, program, etc.) |
1) If I tell the boss we’ve got too much work, will you back me up? 2) It is recommended to back up all files in a secure location. |
النسخ الاحتياطي |
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bail out | 1) pay money to secure someone’s release 2) rescue from financial difficulties |
1) When he was arrested, his family refused to bail him out. 2) The government bailed out the bank. |
إنقاذ |
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bank on | base your hopes on someone/something | Don’t forget the date. I’m banking on your help. |
على عتماد ا ال |
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beef up | improve, make more substantial | He beefed up his presentation with diagrams and statistics. |
تدعيم |
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black out | faint, lose consciousness | When he fell off the horse he blacked out. |
أُغْمِيَ عليه |
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block off | Separate using a barrier. | The area was blocked off during the demonstration. |
اغلاق |
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blow up | 1) explode; 2) be destroyed by an explosion |
1) The terrorists said the bomb would blow up at 9 o’clock. 2) The car blew up but luckily there was nobody in it. |
نسف |
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boil down to | be summarized as | The problem boils down to a lack of money. |
يختصر |
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boot up | start a computer by loading an operating system or program. |
Just give my a few minutes to boot up the computer. |
اقلاع الحاسوب |
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break away | escape from captivity | A few horses broke away from the paddock. |
اِنْفَلَتَ, هَرَبَ |
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break down | 1) go out of order, cease to function 2) lose control of one’s emotions |
1) John’s car broke down so he had to take the bus. 2) The parents broke down when they heard the bad news. |
تَعَطَّلَ |
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break into | enter by force | Burglars broke into the house around midnight. |
اقتحام |
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break out | start suddenly | Rioting broke out as a result of the strike. |
تندلع |
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break out of | escape from a place by force | Three prisoners broke out of jail. |
فرار |
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break up | come to an end (marriage, relationship) | After her marriage broke up, Emma went to live in London. |
فض |
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bring up | raise (a child) | She stopped working in order to bring up her children. |
رَبَّى, نَشَّأَ |
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brush up on | improve, refresh one’s knowledge of something | Mary had to brush up on her Spanish before going to South America. |
صَقَلَ, جَدَّدَ |
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bump into = come across | meet by accident or unexpectedly | Pedro bumped into his English teacher at the supermarket. |
يلتقي به مصادفة, صَادَفَ |
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burn out | 1) stop (something) working 2) become exhausted from over-working |
1) The fuse has burnt out. 2) Tom will burn himself out if he doesn’t slow down. |
انطفأ مَنْهُوك |
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butt in (on sth) | interrupt impolitely | It’s rude to butt in on a conversation like that! |
يقاطع كلام |
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C |
call back | return a phone call | I’ll call you back as soon as possible. |
رَدَّ الاتصال |
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call off | cancel | The meeting was called off because of the strike. |
الغاء |
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call on /upon sb | formally invite or request | I now call upon the President to address the assembly. |
دَعَا رسْمِيّا الى |
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calm down | become more relaxed, less angry or upset | He was angry at first but he eventually calmed down. |
أهدأ |
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carry on | continue | He carried on gardening in spite of the rain. |
ظَلَّ, إِسْتَمَرَّ, |
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carry out | 1) do something as specified (a plan, an order, a threat) 2) perform or conduct (test, experiment) |
1) The plan was carried out to perfection. 2) Tests are carried out to determine the efficiency of a new drug. |
نَفَّذَ, أَجْرَى, قَامَ بـ |
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carry over | postpone until later | As regards holidays, can you carry over any days from one year to the next? |
أَجَّلَ, مَاطَلَ |
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check in | register at a hotel or airport | For security reasons you have to check in two hours before your flight. |
دَخَلَ إلى فُنْدُق |
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check out | 1) pay one’s bill and leave (a hotel) 2) investigate |
1) Is Mr. Blair still at the hotel? No, he checked out this morning. 2) I don’t know if the address is still valid. I’ll check it out. |
راجع خَرَجَ مِنْ, فُنْدُق |
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clam up | refuse to speak | When the teacher arrived she clammed up. |
كَتُوم صَمُوت |
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clamp down on | act strictly to prevent something | The government has decided to clamp down on smoking in public places. |
قَمَعَ, كَبَتَ, كَتَمَ |
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close down | stop operating (company, restaurant, cinema). | When the factory closed down, the employees lost their jobs. |
إغلاق |
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come across | 1) find by chance 2) appear, seem, make an impression |
1) Julie came across some photographs of her grandparents in the attic. 2) The candidate came across as a dynamic person during the interview. |
يلتقي به مصادفة, صَادَفَ |
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come forward | present oneself | The police have asked any witnesses to come forward. |
يتقدم |
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come up against | be faced with or opposed by | The project came up against a lot of criticism. |
نصطدم |
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conk out | 1) stop working 2) stop or fall asleep (from exhaustion) |
1) The car conked out on the motorway. 2) He was so exhausted, he conked out in front of the TV. |
يتعطل عن العمل, أُغْمِيَ عليه |
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count on | rely or depend on (for help) | I’m counting on the taxi driver to find the theatre. |
الاعتماد على |
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cross out | remove by drawing a line through | In some exercises, you are asked to cross out the incorrect word. |
شطب |
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cut down on | reduce in number or size | The doctor told him to cut down on cigarettes. |
خفض |
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cut out | 1) remove using scissors 2) stop doing something |
1) She cut out a picture in a magazine. 2) I’m going to cut out eating between meals. |
قطع |
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D |
deal with | handle, take care of (problem, situation) | The manager is good at dealing with difficult customers. |
التعامل مع |
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die down | calm down, become less strong | When the applause died down, she started to sing. |
هدأ |
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do without | manage without | The shops are closed so we’ll have to do without sugar. |
الاستغناء |
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drag on | last longer than expected | We expected a short speech but it dragged on and on! |
تطول |
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draw up | write (contract, agreement, document) | An agreement was drawn up and signed by the two parties. |
, خَطَّطَ, رَسَمَ |
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dress up | 1) wear elegant clothes 2) disguise oneself |
1) Do people dress up to go to the opera in your country? 2) Children love to dress up at Halloween. |
اللباس |
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drop in | visit, usually on the way somewhere | I sometimes drop in to see my grandparents on my way home from school. |
يزور زيارة قصيرة |
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drop off | 1) deliver someone or something 2) fall asleep |
1) I’ll drop you off at the bus stop if you like. 2) Granddad often drops off in front of the TV. |
إِنْزَال غلبه النعاس |
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drop out | leave school without finishing | She decided to go to art school then dropped out after the first term. |
ترك (الدراسة) قبل الحصول على الشهادة |
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E |
ease off | reduce, become less severe or slow down (pain, traffic, work) |
After Christmas the workload generally eases off. |
خفف |
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end in | finish in a certain way; result in | Their marriage ended in divorce. |
إِنْتَهَىب |
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end up | Fi nally reach a state, place or action | If he continues his misconduct he’ll end up in prison. |
في نهاية المطاف |
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even out | 1) eliminate differences of opinion. 2) become level or regular |
1) After a long discussion they managed to even out their differences. 2) The road was evened out to make it safer. |
مُتَسَاوٍ, مُتَعَادِل |
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F |
fall through | fail; doesn’t happen | Our planned boat trip fell through because of the storm. |
فَشِلَ |
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figure out | understand, find the answer | I’m trying to figure out how to assemble the bookshelves. |
معرفة |
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fill out | complete (a form/an application) | Please fill out the enclosed form and return it as soon as possible. |
ملء |
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find out | discover or obtain information | I’m going to call the cinema to find out what time the film starts. |
عَثَرَ على .معرفة |
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focus on | concentrate on something | The advertising campaign will focus on the quality of the product. |
التركيز على |
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figure out | understand; find a solution | We’ll have to figure out a way to deliver the goods faster. |
إِكْتَشَفَ, فَهِمَ, إِسْتَنْتَجَ, |
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G |
get along (with) | be on good terms; work well with | I get along (well) with my mother-in-law. |
ينسجم مع |
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get at | imply | What exactly are you trying to get at? |
قَصَدَ, لَمَّحَ إلى |
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get away | escape | The robbers got away in a black car. |
الابتعاد |
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get by | manage to cope or to survive | It’s difficult to get by on a low salary. |
يبقى حياً |
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get in | enter | How did the burglar get in? |
ENTER |
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get into (+noun) | enter | How did the burglar get into the house? |
دخول (اسم) |
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get off | 1) leave (bus, train, plane) 2) remove |
1) You should get off the bus at Trafalgar Square. 2) She can’t get the stain off her sweater. |
النزول |
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get on | board (bus, train, plane) | You can pay when you get on the bus. |
يركب (السيارة) |
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get on with (something) | continue to do; make progress | Be quiet and get on with your homework. |
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get on (well) with (somebody) | have a good relationship with | I get on very well with my colleagues. |
الحصول على (جيد) مع (شخص ما) |
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get out | leave | How did he get out? |
الخروج |
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get out of (+noun) | leave | How did he get out of the house? |
الخروج من (اسم) |
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get out of | avoid doing something | Some husbands manage to get out of doing any housework. |
الخروج من |
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get over | recover from (illness, disappointment) | My grandmother had pneumonia but she got over it. |
تَغَلَّبَ على |
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get rid of | eliminate | It’s difficult to get rid of old habits. |
تخلص من |
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get together | meet each other | Let’s get together for lunch on day. |
معا |
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get up | rise, leave bed | I usually get up at 7 o’clock. |
نَهَضَ, إِنْتَهَضَ |
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give up | stop doing something | Sarah gave up smoking 5 years ago. |
التخلي عن |
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go through | experience | Pete went through a lot of pain after the accident. |
تمر |
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grow up | spend one’s childhood; develop; become an adult | He grew up in a small village in the mountains. |
يكبر |
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H |
hand in | submit (report, homework) | All application forms must be handed in before the end of the month. |
يسلم باليد |
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hand out | distribute | Samples will be handed out at the end of the demonstration. |
وَزَّعَ, أَعْطَى |
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hang out | spend time in a particular place, or with a group of friends |
Where does he hang out these days? Who does he hang out with? |
صحابه مع يخرج ل التجو أ ل |
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hang up | end a phone conversation | “Don’t hang up. I haven’t finished yet.” |
يقفل سماعة التلفون |
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hit at | aim a blow at | He hit at the wasp with the newspaper. |
, ضَرَبَ, صَادَمَ |
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hit back | retaliate; reply to an attack | When he was attacked by the others, the boy hit back. |
, ضَرَبَ, صَادَمَ بالرد |
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hit on/upon | find unexpectedly or by inspiration | She hit upon an idea for her new collection. |
وَجَدَ فَجْأَةً فِكْرَة |
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hold on | -wait -grip tightly |
– ‘Hold on please. I’ll put you through to Mr. Brown.” – She held on to the railing as she crossed the bridge. |
اصمدوا |
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hurry up | be quick, act speedily | Hurry up! We’ll miss the bus. |
بعجلة |
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I |
iron out | resolve by discussion, eliminate differences | The meeting tomorrow will be an opportunity to iron out difficulties. |
تسوية |
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J |
join in | participate | She was too shy to join in the game. |
التسجيل في |
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join up | -engage in, become a member of – meet and unite with |
– John was in the Army and Tom joined up as soon as he left school. – The two groups of tourists joined up at the hotel. |
ينضم |
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jot down | take quick notes | I jotted down the address while watching the programme on TV. |
ندون |
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K |
keep on | continue doing something | It told him to be quiet but he kept on making noise. |
تبقي على |
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keep up with | stay at the same level as someone or something |
Bill walks so fast it’s difficult to keep up with him. |
مواكبة. جَارَى, سَايَرَ |
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kick off | begin, start | The football match kicked off at 3 o’clock. |
انطلاق |
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L |
leave out | omit, not mention | The child’s name was left out of the report. |
ترك |
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let down | disappoint | You promised to come to the party, so don’t let me down! |
خذل |
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look after | take care of | A babysitter looks after the children when they go out. |
الاعتناء |
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look ahead | think of the future | It’s time to forget the past and look ahead. |
نتطلع إلى الأمام |
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look down on | consider as inferior | He tends to look down on anyone who is not successful. |
استهتر اِزْدَرَى, إِحْتَقَرَ |
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look on | be a spectator at an event | Billy didn’t take part in the fight. He just looked on. |
تَفَرِّج شَهِدَ |
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look for | try to find something | Jane went to the shops to look for a pair of shoes. |
ابحث عن |
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look forward to | await or anticipate with pleasure | I look forward to seeing you soon. |
نتطلع إلى |
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look up to | admire | He was a wonderful teacher and many students looked up to him. |
شعر بالإعجاب |
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M |
make fun of | laugh at/ make jokes about | The old lady dresses so strangely that the kids make fun of her. |
يسخر من |
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make up | invent (excuse, story) | Some employees make up excuses when they arrive late for work. |
إِخْتَلَقَ ذَرِيعَة, عُذْر, مُبَرِّر |
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mix up | mistake one thing or person for another | I don’t know my neighbours’ names yet. I keep mixing them up. |
خلط |
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move in | arrive in a new home or office | You’ve bought a new house? When are you moving in?. |
رْتَحَلَ |
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move out | leave your home/office for another one. | My neighbour is leaving. He’s moving out next Saturday. |
الخروج |
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N |
nod off | fall asleep | My grandfather often nods off in front of the television. |
نَامَ, رَقَدَ |
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note down | write something | I’ll call the station and note down the departure times. |
يدون |
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O |
opt out | leave a system or decide not to participate | I enjoy tennis but I’m so busy I had to opt out of the tournament. |
الانسحاب |
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own up | admit or confess something | The boy owned up. He said he kicked the ball through the window. |
ُاعترف, اُقِرّ |
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P |
pass away | die | The old lady passed away peacefully. |
رَحَلَ تُوُفِّيَ |
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pass out | faint | She passed out when she heard the bad news. |
فقد صوابه |
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pay back | reimburse | I’ll lend you 20€ provided you pay me back before the end of the week. |
تسديد |
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put off | postpone, arrange a later date | The meeting was put off because of the strike. |
أَجَّلَ, مَاطَلَ |
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put on | PUT STH ON : put on sth | I always put on my coat , |
إِرْتَدَى, لَبِسَ |
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put out | extinguish | It took a long time to put out the fire. |
اخماد |
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put up | accommodate, give somebody a bed | We can put you up if you’d like to come for a week-end. |
آوَى ,,مُبَيَّت, |
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pick up | collect somebody | I’ll pick you up at the station when you arrive. |
التقط |
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point out | indicate/direct attention to something | She pointed out the mistake. |
أَشَارَ إلى |
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R |
rely on | count on, depend on, trust | Don’t worry. You can rely on me. I can keep a secret. |
الاعتماد على |
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rule out | eliminate | The police ruled out political motives. |
استبعاد |
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run away | escape from a place or suddenly leave | He ran away from home at the age of fourteen. |
هرب |
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run into | meet by accident or unexpectedly (also: bump into) | Sophie ran into Maria at the shopping centre. |
لاقَى |
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run out of | have no more of something. | What a nuisance! We’ve run out of coffee. |
نفدت |
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S |
set off | start a journey; | Early Saturday morning we set off for the ski slopes . |
أَثَارَ, بَدَأَ, اِبْتَدَأَ |
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set up | start a business | She set up her own company 10 years ago. |
أَقَامَ ; شَرَعَ في |
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shop around | compare prices | It’s always wise to shop around before buying anything. |
يتسوق |
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show off | brag or want to be admired | There’s David showing off in his new sports car! |
تباهي |
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show up | appear/arrive | We expected David to come but he didn’t show up. |
ظهر |
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shut up (impolite) |
be silent, stop talking | Oh shut up, you idiot! |
اسكت |
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sit down | take a seat | Please come in and sit down. |
الجلوس |
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stand up | rise from a sitting position | The pupils stood up when the headmaster arrived. |
الوقوف |
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stick up for | defend | It’s important to stick up for one’s principles. |
حَمَى, دَافَعَ عن, حَافِظ |
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T |
take after | resemble, in appearance or character | Jamie really takes after his dad. |
تَشَابُه |
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take care of | look after | I’ll take care of your plants while you’re away. |
رعاية |
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take off | leave the ground | The plane took off at 6 a.m. |
أَقْلَعَ |
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take on | hire or engage staff | Business is good so the company is taking on extra staff. |
أَدْخَلَ |
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take out | remove; extract | She took out a pen to note the address. |
أخرج |
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tell off | reprimand/criticize severely | The teacher told her off for not doing her homework. |
وَبَّخَ .عَتَبَ على |
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think over | consider | I’ll have to think over the proposal before I decide. |
تَعَمَّقَ في, |
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try on | wear something to see if it suits or fits | I’m not sure about the size. Can I try it on? |
حَاوَلَ جَرَّبَ |
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turn down | refuse | I couldn’t turn down an offer like that! |
رفض |
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U |
use up | finish a product (so that there’s none left) | The kids have used up all the toothpaste. |
أَنْفَدَ, إِسْتَهْلَكَ |
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V |
vouch for | express confidence in, or guarantee something | You can give the keys to Andy. I can vouch for him. |
يدعو للشهادة ثِقَة, |
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W |
watch out | be careful | Watch out! There’s a car coming. |
احترس/ في حذر |
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wear out | 1) become unusable 2) become very tired |
1) Julie wore out her shoes visiting the city. 2) At the end of the day Julie was worn out. |
تَآكَلَ تَعِب, |
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work out | 1) do physical exercise 2) find a solution or calculate something |
1) I work out twice a week at the gym club. 2) It’s expensive but I haven’t worked out the exact cost yet. |
تَمَرَّنَ حَلَّ (المشكلة) |
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wipe off | clean (board, table). | The teacher asked Lee to wipe off the board. |
محا |
MORE Examples
. How are you getting on with your new neighbours? I hope they are as nice as the previous ones.
. The price of petrol has been put up several times over the last two years.
. We can’t have lunch at home. We’ve run out of gas. We’d rather go to a restaurant and have lunch there.
. I’m really thinking of moving to the country. I can’t put up with the city noise any longer.
. Put on your coat. It’s cold outside
. I’m sorry to be nuisance, but could we put off our meeting until next week?
. The manager is off sick, so we need to call off all his appointments today.
. If you’d like to keep fit, cut down on fatty food and exercise three times a week.
“All country women who are willing to set up their own businesses can now get loans from the bank.” said
the social affaires minister in a recent interview.
. On international flights, passengers need to check in about two hours before departure.
. I’ve put on five kilos since last January. I ought to go on diet.
. I miss you a lot. I’m really looking forward to seeing you soon.
. You needn’t stay at a hotel. We can put you up
MORE Examples
. How are you getting on with your new neighbours? I hope they are as nice as the previous ones.
MORE Examples
MORE Examples
UNIT 7
CITIZENSHIP
1- VOCABULARY
Charity |
صدقة :إحسان عمل الخير |
Sacrifice |
تضحية |
Lobbying |
ضغط |
Censorship |
رقابة |
Community |
المجتمع |
Globalization |
العولمة |
Human rights |
حقوق الإنسان |
Trade union |
اتحاد نقابات العمال |
Responsibilities |
المسؤوليات |
Citizen |
مواطن |
Volunteering |
تطوع |
rights |
حقوق |
Idiomatic expressions |
its meaning |
right as rain | everything is going well for you |
right royal | memorable and funny one |
right up my alley | it suits you perfectly |
right up your street | it is ideal for you |
expressions related to citizenship |
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to have a job |
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to believe in human dighnity and equality |
to tell the truth |
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to be tolerant |
to be respected |
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to respect the rules and laws |
to do your personal best |
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to have somewhere to live |
to respect others |
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to vollunteer in your community service |
to earn you livelihood |
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to respect the environment |
to have access to leisure facilities |
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to have access to health care |
to be concerned for the common good |
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to be safe |
to have a say in what happens |
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To have access to education |
to respect the flag of your country |
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to be free to move |
to be free to tell your opinion |
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to pay taxes |
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to vote |
2- EXPRESIONS
Asking for, giving and responding to advice:
Asking for advice |
Giving Advice |
Responding to advice |
What do you think I should do?What do you suggest?What would you do if…?What’s your advice for…?What would you advise me to do?How can I …?What’s the best…?I don’t know what to do.What should I do? | I think you should…May be you should…It’s best not to…It’s a good idea not to…Why don’t you…?If I were you, I would…You’d better (not)…Whatever you do, don’t…You should(n’t)/ought(n’t)to… | That’s a good idea. Thanks.Thanks for your advice, but I really…Thank you for your advice, but I really…Sorry, I can’t. I’m… ing…It sounds like a good idea.Thanks, but I’ve already…Thanks, but I doubt whether… |
Patient: I’m afraid I’m putting on weight, doctor. What do you think I should do?
Doctor: It’s a good idea not to eat between meals and you’d better exercise at least three times
a week. May be you should eat more vegetables and less fatty food.
Patient: It sounds like a good idea! Thanks for your advice, doctor.
3-GRAMMAR REPORTED SPEECH
Read this excerpt from Kofi Anna’s speech and notice the changes.
“ Leadership is needed more than it was 60 years ago. In these days, the security of every one of us is linked to that of everyone else. Global solidarity is both necessary and possible. Powerful states have a special responsibility to take account of global views and interests. We can only do all these things by working together… We have achieved much since 1945, but much remains to be done tomorrow.”
A spokesperson of the UN has reported K. Annan’s speech. Study and notice the changes.
Kofi Annan said that leadership was needed more than it had been 60 years before. He added that in those days, the security of every one of us was linked to that of everyone else. He stated that global solidarity was both necessary and possible. He also stressed that powerful states had a special responsibility to take account of global views and interests. He insisted that they could only do all these things by working together… Finally, he declared that they had achieved much since 1945, but much remainedto be done the day after.
Time and place words changes reporting statements or questions: Here are some changes that may to be made WITH EXAMPLES:
EXCEPTION
EXAMPLES/
“I’m awfully sorry I am late.”
He apologised for being late.
“Congratulations on having successfully passed this exam,”
My English teacher congratulated me for having successfully passed my exam.
“You’d better take up computer science next year,”
My classmate advised me to /that I should take up computer science.
“I will help you with your computer science,” I am a computer literate,”
My classmate also offered to help me with my computer science.
“You really must work harder to pass the mathematics test,”
My teacher of math ordered me to work harder.
“Anouar should go to university,”
The English teacher suggested that Anouar should go to university.
“Why don’t we go to the library?”
My friend suggested our going / that we should go to the library.
“It’s freezing cold today,”
My Mum complained about the freezing cold.
“Go on! You’ll never have another chance to visit Spain,”
The travel agent encouraged me to visit Spain.
“Hurry up!”
The headmaster ordered me to hurry up.
“Where Hassan Tower, please?”
He asked me where Hassan Tower is.
“Does the charter company run cheap flights to Japan?
He asked me if the charter company runs cheap flights to Japan.
“Have you bought a Moroccan Arabic phrasebook?”
I asked him if he had bought a Moroccan Arabic phrasebook.
“How long are you going to stay in Morocco?”
I asked him how long he was going to stay in Morocco.
“Is Japanese easy to learn?”
I asked him if he thinks Japanese is easy to learn.
UNIT 8
ITERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION
VOCABULARY:
The following acronyms stand for:
UN → the United Nations
UNESCO → The UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
UNICEF → The UN Children’s Emergency Fund
UNHCR → The UN high Commissioner for Refugees
WHO → World Health Organisation
FHO → Food and Agriculture Organisation
ICRC → International Committee of the Red Cross / Crescent
TI → Transparency International
AI → Amnesty International
WTO → World Trade Organisation
DWF → Doctors Without Frontiers
EXPRESSIONS RESPONDING TO GOOD AND BAD NEWS:
RESPONDING TO GOOD NEWS |
RESPONDING TO BAD NEWS |
That’s great! / Congratulations! / That’s wonderful! /I’m glad to hear that/ Great news!/ Incredible!/ Superb!/ Sounds great! / Lucky you! / Oh, how wonderful! / Really? I can’t believe that! / Wow! That sounds exciting! / That’s fantastic! |
I’m awfully sorry that… / I’m sorry to hear that. /I hope there is nothing wrong. / I’m ever so sorry. /It’s such a frightening experience. / I’m sorry to hear such terrible news/ My goodness! / I can’t believe it!Poor you! / I’m awfully sorry to hear that. / I do sympathize with you. / Please, accept my deepest sympathy. / I know how you must be feeling. / that must be awful! |
Examples:
Rim: I’ve passed my driving test.
Ilias: That’s great!
Rim: Thank you very much.
Karima: I’ve learnt all my irregular verbs by heart.
Souad: That’s wonderful!
Karima: Thanks.
Loubna: What’s the problem, Oualid?
Oualid: My father had a bad car accident this morning.
Loubna: I’m sorry to hear such terrible news.
Jalila: You look pale, Lamiae! Are you sick?
Rajae: No, but somebody wanted to steal my handbag a few minutes ago. I was so scared because
he was holding a knife, but fortunately he ran away when he saw a policeman coming
towards us.
Jalila: It’s such a frightening experience.
3- GRAMMAR LINKING WORDS
1. Enumeration
first(ly),… second(ly),… third(ly),… first,… furthermore,… finally,… one,… two,… three,… to begin/start with,… in the second place,… moreover,… and to conclude,… next,… then,… afterward,… lastly/finally…[/list]above all, last but not the least
first and foremost, first and most inportant(ly)
2 Adition
a) adding new info: Also, again, furthermore, further, moreover, what is more, then, in addition, besides, above all, too, as well (as)
b) comparing: Equally, likewise, similarly, similar to, correspondingly, in the same way, in a like manner
c) summation: in coclusion, to conclude, to sum up, in brief, briefly, to summarise, altogether, overall, to make the long story long, for all that, all in all, all things considered, generally, on the whole
d) result: so, therefore, as a result, as a consequence, accordingly, consequently, now, then, because of this, thus, hence, for this reason, due to, owing to, that implies
e) contrast: however, nevertheless, only, still, while, (al)though, yet, in any case, is spite of, despite that, after all, on the other hand, even if, unlike, different from, in contrast, conversely, (on the) conterary, instead
f) explanation: in other words, such as, to clarify, for instance, to explain, to ilustrate, for example, to put it (more) simply
g) showing opinion: in my opinion, to/from my way of thinking, in my view, to me, I believe, I think, I agree, I guess, I hope, I imagine, I suppose, seemingly, possibly, perhaps, maybe, probably, certainly, almost, doubtless, definitely, it seems to me that, it appears that, to my mind
LINKING WORDS TRANSLATED INTO FRENCH:
Pour commencer | to begin with,in the first place |
avant tout | first and foremost |
tout d’abord | first of all |
ensuite | then |
enfin | finally |
d’une part…d’autre part | on the one hand…on the other hand |
pour conclure,nous pouvons dire que | to conclude,we may say that |
donc,par conséquent | so,therefore,consequently,as a result |
ainsi | thus |
aussi | also |
d’ailleurs | besides |
de plus | furthermore,moreover,in addition |
en effet | indeed |
en fait | actually |
actuellement | currently |
par exemple | for example,for instance |
c’est à dire | that is to say |
à savoir | namely |
Bien que+S+V | Although+S+V |
Malgré+N | Despite+N |
cependant | however |
néanmoins | nevertheless,nonetheless |
Je ne suis pas d’accord avec… | I don’t agree with… |
parce que | because |
puisque | since |
grâce à | thanks to |
à cause de | because of |
UNIT 9
ADVANCES IN SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
1– VOCABULARY
fundamental : important
headways : progress, strides
Scientists are making headways in many technological fields such as biotechnology and cellular phones technology.
Science : mathematics physics chemistry
Technology : engineering biotechnology robotics
Technology is applied science. It focuses on designing tools and systems for practical purposes whereas science focuses on general knowledge by investigating natural phenomena.
2- EXPRESSIONS
CERTAINTY AND UNCERTAINTY
EXPRESSIONS OF CERTAINTY |
EXPRESSIONS OF UNCERTAINTY |
undoubtedly – crystal clear – no one can deny – won’t be – are sure – certainly – must be | may –could – might – unlikely – probably – I doubt if… – It’s improbable that…..-I think /guess etc |
Expressing certainty:
Here are some phrases you can when you are sure that something will not happen in the future.
For example, to the question “ Do you think that scientists will find a cure to AIDS in the near future?”, you may respond as follows:
No, |
I’m |
absolutely surequite surecertainpositive |
they won’t. |
definitely not.certainly not.absolutely not. |
Yes |
I’m |
absolutely surequite surecertainpositive |
they will. |
definitely.certainly.of course. |
Expressing uncertainty:
When you are not sure whether something will happen in the future, you can use these useful phrases:
Well, |
it’s possible.there might be.it could happen.it’s not possible. |
I suppose |
but |
I wouldn’t like to say for certain.I’m not really sure.I doubt it.I have my doubts.it’s doubtful.it’s highly unlikely.it’s improbable. |
you never know of course.no one can say for certain. |
Functional meaning of modals:
must: certainty, obligation, ( 100% necessary to do something.)
mustn’t: prohibition ( 100% necessary not to do something.)
may: possibility – probability ( it’s about 50% possible )
might: possibility ( less than 50% possible )
needn’t: ( lack of necessity )
should: advice ( it’s a good idea )
shouldn’t: ( it’s a bad idea )
can’t : impossibility
3- GRAMMAR CONDITIONAL S
Conditional Sentence Type 1
→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future
Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.
Conditional Sentence Type 2
→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)
Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.
Conditional Sentence Type 3
→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.
Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)
Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.
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EXERCISE. Conditional sentences.
- Directions: Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses.
- 1. If I (have) ……………. enough money, I will go with you.
- 2. If I (have) …………… enough money, I would go with you.
- 3. If I (have)……………. enough money, I would have gone with you.
- 4. If the weather is nice tomorrow, we (go)………………… to the zoo.
- 5. If the weather were nice today, we (go)………………. to the zoo.
- 6. If the weather had been nice yesterday, we (go)…………… to the
- 7. If Sally (be)………………… at home tomorrow, I am going to visit her.
- 8. Jim isn’t home right now. If he (be)…………… at home right now, I …………………(visit) him.
- 9. Linda wasn’t at home yesterday. If she (be)……………… at home yesterday, I (visit) her.
- 10. A: Shh! Your father is taking a nap. Uh-oh. You woke him up.
- B: Gee, I’m sorry, Mom. If I (realize)…………… he was sleeping, I
- (make, not)…………… so much noise when I came in. But
- how was I supposed to know?