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Digital - Speech and VIsion Lab

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<br />

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5)Ra.3,.0J=¨ATT3,$JW3,=F3;*;$)'<br />

40<br />

Combined<br />

Spectral<br />

30<br />

Prosody<br />

Miss probability (in %)<br />

24<br />

22<br />

20<br />

18<br />

16<br />

14<br />

12<br />

10<br />

9<br />

8<br />

7<br />

6<br />

5<br />

5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 30 40<br />

False Alarm probability (in %)<br />

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5)Ra.3,.0J=¨ATT3,$JW3,=F3;*;$)'<br />

40<br />

Combined<br />

Spectral<br />

30<br />

Prosody<br />

Miss probability (in %)<br />

24<br />

22<br />

20<br />

18<br />

16<br />

14<br />

12<br />

10<br />

9<br />

8<br />

7<br />

7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 30 40<br />

False Alarm probability (in %)<br />

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